157 
(1) should give priority to providing assistance 
to Afghanistan to establish a substantial economic 
infrastructure and a sound economy; and 
(2) should continue to provide economic and de-
velopment assistance to Afghanistan, including as-
sistance to the Afghan National Army and the police 
forces and border police of Afghanistan. 
(b) REPORT; CERTIFICATION.—Not later than 30 
days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 
30 days thereafter, the President shall submit to the rel-
evant congressional committees a report on the rec-
ommendations of the 9/11 Commission and the policy 
goals of section 305 of of the Afghanistan Freedom Sup-
port Act of 2002 (22 U.S.C. 7555) (as added by section 
7104(e)(4)(A) of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism 
Prevention Act of 2004 (Public Law 108–458)) for ensur-
ing a long-term commitment to Afghanistan. Such report 
shall include— 
(1) a certification by the President that such 
recommendations have been implemented and such 
policy goals have been achieved; or 
(2) if the President is unable to make the cer-
tification described in paragraph (1), a description 
of— 
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(A) the steps taken to implement such rec-
ommendations and achieve such policy goals; 
(B) when the President expects such rec-
ommendations to be implemented and such pol-
icy goals to be achieved; and 
(C) any allocation of resources or other ac-
tions by Congress the President considers nec-
essary to implement such recommendations and 
achieve such policy goals. 
(c) TERMINATION OF DUTY TO REPORT.—The duty 
to submit a report under subsection (b) shall terminate 
when the President submits a certification pursuant to 
subsection (b)(1). 
(d) GAO REVIEW OF CERTIFICATION.—If the Presi-
dent submits a certification pursuant to subsection (b)(1), 
not later than 30 days after the submission of such certifi-
cation, the Comptroller General shall submit to the rel-
evant congressional committees a report on whether the 
recommendations described in subsection (b) has been im-
plemented and whether the policy goals described in sub-
section (b) have been achieved. 
(e) DEFINITION.—In this section, the term ‘‘relevant 
congressional committees’’ means— 
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(1) the Committee on International Relations 
and the Committee on Government Reform of the 
House of Representatives; and 
(2) the Committee on Foreign Relations and 
the Committee on Homeland Security and Govern-
mental Affairs of the Senate. 
SEC. 302. ACTIONS TO SUPPORT PAKISTAN AGAINST EX-
TREMISTS. 
(a) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Con-
gress that— 
(1) the commitment of the President to provide 
$3 billion in assistance over the next five years to 
Pakistan should be commended; 
(2) the Government of the United States should 
provide assistance to Pakistan to improve Pakistan’s 
failing basic education system and to emphasize de-
velopment; and 
(3) the Government of the United States should 
strongly urge the Government of Pakistan to close 
Taliban-linked schools known as ‘‘madrassas’’, close 
terrorist training camps, and prevent Taliban forces 
from operating across the border between Pakistan 
and Afghanistan. 
(b) REPORT.—Not later than 90 days after the date 
of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of State shall 
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submit to the Committee on International Relations of the 
House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign 
Relations of the Senate a report on efforts by the Govern-
ment of Pakistan take the actions described in subsection 
(a)(3). 
SEC. 303. ACTIONS TO SUPPORT REFORM IN SAUDI ARABIA. 
(a) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Con-
gress that— 
(1) the Government of the United States and 
the Government of Saudi Arabia should accelerate 
efforts to improve strategic dialogue between the two 
countries, increase exchange programs, and promote 
pragmatic reforms in Saudi Arabia; and 
(2) the Government of Saudi Arabia should 
take additional steps to regulate charities and pro-
mote tolerance and moderation. 
(b) REPORT; CERTIFICATION.—Not later than 30 
days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 
30 days thereafter, the Secretary of State shall submit to 
the relevant congressional committees a report on the rec-
ommendations of the 9/11 Commission and the policy 
goals of section 7105 of the Intelligence Reform and Ter-
rorism Prevention Act of 2004 (Public Law 108–458) for 
improving dialogue between the people and Government 
of the United States and the people and Government of 
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Saudi Arabia in order to improve the relationship between 
the two countries. Such report shall include— 
(1) a certification by the Secretary of State 
that such recommendations have been implemented 
and such policy goals have been achieved; or 
(2) if the Secretary of State is unable to make 
the certification described in paragraph (1), a de-
scription of— 
(A) the steps taken to implement such rec-
ommendations and achieve such policy goals; 
(B) when the Secretary of State expects 
such recommendations to be implemented and 
such policy goals to be achieved; and 
(C) any allocation of resources or other ac-
tions by Congress the Secretary of State con-
siders necessary to implement such rec-
ommendations and achieve such policy goals. 
(c) TERMINATION OF DUTY TO REPORT.—The duty 
to submit a report under subsection (b) shall terminate 
when the Secretary of State submits a certification pursu-
ant to subsection (b)(1). 
(d) GAO REVIEW OF CERTIFICATION.—If the Sec-
retary of State submits a certification pursuant to sub-
section (b)(1), not later than 30 days after the submission 
of such certification, the Comptroller General shall submit 
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to the relevant congressional committees a report on 
whether the recommendations described in subsection (b) 
have been implemented and whether the policy goals de-
scribed in subsection (b) have been achieved. 
(e) DEFINITION.—In this section, the term ‘‘relevant 
congressional committees’’ means— 
(1) the Committee on International Relations 
and the Committee on Government Reform of the 
House of Representatives; and 
(2) the Committee on Foreign Relations and 
the Committee on Homeland Security and Govern-
mental Affairs of the Senate. 
SEC. 304. ELIMINATION OF TERRORIST SANCTUARIES. 
(a) NATIONAL COUNTERTERRORISM CENTER IDEN-
TIFICATION
OF TERRORIST SANCTUARIES.—Subsection 
(d) of section 119 of National Security Act of 1947 (50 
U.S.C. 404o) is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing new paragraph: 
‘‘(7) To identify each country whose territory is 
being used as a sanctuary for terrorists or terrorist 
organizations and each country whose territory may 
potentially be used as a sanctuary for terrorists or 
terrorist organizations and to develop a comprehen-
sive strategy to eliminate terrorist sanctuaries.’’. 
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(b) REPORT.—Such section is further amended by 
adding at the end the following new subsection: 
‘‘(k) REPORT ON TERRORIST SANCTUARIES.—Not 
later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this 
Act, and annually thereafter, the Director of the National 
Counterterrorism Center shall submit to the Committee 
on International Relations, the Permanent Select Com-
mittee on Intelligence, the Committee on Homeland Secu-
rity, and the Committee on Government Reform of the 
House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign 
Relations, the Select Committee on Intelligence, and the 
Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Af-
fairs of the Senate a report on terrorist sanctuaries, in-
cluding a description of the— 
‘‘(1) countries whose territory is being used as 
a sanctuary for terrorists or terrorist organizations; 
‘‘(2) countries whose territory may potentially 
be used as a sanctuary for terrorists or terrorist or-
ganizations; 
‘‘(3) strategy to eliminate each such sanctuary; 
and 
‘‘(4) progress that has been made in accom-
plishing such strategy.’’. 
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164 
SEC. 305. COMPREHENSIVE COALITION STRATEGY AGAINST 
ISLAMIST TERRORISM. 
(a) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Con-
gress that the United States— 
(1) should continue to engage other countries in 
developing 
a 
comprehensive 
coalition 
strategy 
against Islamist terrorism; and 
(2) should use a broader approach to target the 
roots of terrorism, including developing strategies 
with other countries to encourage reform efforts in 
Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, improving educational 
and economic opportunities in Muslim countries, 
identifying and eliminating terrorist sanctuaries, and 
making progress in the Arab-Israeli peace process. 
(b) REPORT; CERTIFICATION.—Not later than 30 
days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 
30 days thereafter, the Secretary of State shall submit to 
the relevant congressional committees a report on the rec-
ommendations of the 9/11 Commission and the policy 
goals of section 7117 of the Intelligence Reform and Ter-
rorism Prevention Act of 2004 (Public Law 108–458) for 
engaging other countries in developing a comprehensive 
coalition strategy for combating terrorism. Such report 
shall include— 
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165 
(1) a certification by the Secretary of State 
that such recommendations have been implemented 
and such policy goals have been achieved; or 
(2) if the Secretary of State is unable to make 
the certification described in paragraph (1), a de-
scription of— 
(A) the steps taken to implement such rec-
ommendations and achieve such policy goals; 
(B) when the Secretary of State expects 
such recommendations to be implemented and 
such policy goals to be achieved; and 
(C) any allocation of resources or other ac-
tions by Congress the Secretary of State con-
siders necessary to implement such rec-
ommendations and achieve such policy goals. 
(c) TERMINATION OF DUTY TO REPORT.—The duty 
to submit a report under subsection (b) shall terminate 
when the Secretary of State submits a certification pursu-
ant to subsection (b)(1). 
(d) GAO REVIEW OF CERTIFICATION.—If the Sec-
retary of State submits a certification pursuant to sub-
section (b)(1), not later than 30 days after the submission 
of such certification, the Comptroller General shall submit 
to the relevant congressional committees a report on 
whether the recommendations described in subsection (b) 
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have been implemented and whether the policy goals de-
scribed in subsection (b) have been achieved. 
(e) DEFINITION.—In this section, the term ‘‘relevant 
congressional committees’’ means— 
(1) the Committee on International Relations 
and the Committee on Government Reform of the 
House of Representatives; and 
(2) the Committee on Foreign Relations and 
the Committee on Homeland Security and Govern-
mental Affairs of the Senate. 
SEC. 306. STANDARDS FOR THE DETENTION AND HUMANE 
TREATMENT OF CAPTURED TERRORISTS. 
(a) REPORT; CERTIFICATION.—Not later than 30 
days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 
30 days thereafter, the Secretary of State, in consultation 
with the Attorney General, shall submit to the relevant 
congressional committees a report on the recommenda-
tions of the 9/11 Commission for engaging United States 
allies to develop a common coalition approach toward the 
detention and humane treatment of captured terrorists 
and the policy goals of sections 1002, 1003, and 1005 of 
the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Ap-
propriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, 
and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006 (Public Law 109–148). 
Such report shall include— 
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167 
(1) a certification by the Secretary of State 
that such recommendations have been implemented 
and such policy goals have been achieved; or 
(2) if the Secretary of State is unable to make 
the certification described in paragraph (1), a de-
scription of— 
(A) the steps taken to implement such rec-
ommendations and achieve such policy goals; 
(B) when the Secretary of State expects 
such recommendations to be implemented and 
such policy goals to be achieved; and 
(C) any allocation of resources or other ac-
tions by Congress the Secretary of State con-
siders necessary to implement such rec-
ommendations and achieve such policy goals. 
(b) TERMINATION OF DUTY TO REPORT.—The duty 
to submit a report under subsection (a) shall terminate 
when the Secretary of State submits a certification pursu-
ant to subsection (a)(1). 
(c) GAO REVIEW OF CERTIFICATION.—If the Sec-
retary of State submits a certification pursuant to sub-
section (a)(1), not later than 30 days after the submission 
of such certification, the Comptroller General shall submit 
to the relevant congressional committees a report on 
whether the recommendations described in subsection (a) 
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have been implemented and whether the policy goals de-
scribed in subsection (a) have been achieved. 
(d) DEFINITION.—In this section, the term ‘‘relevant 
congressional committees’’ means— 
(1) the Committee on International Relations, 
the Committee on Armed Services, and the Com-
mittee on Government Reform of the House of Rep-
resentatives; and 
(2) the Committee on Foreign Relations, the 
Committee on Armed Services, and the Committee 
on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of 
the Senate. 
SEC. 307. USE OF ECONOMIC POLICIES TO COMBAT TER-
RORISM. 
(a) REPORT; CERTIFICATION.—Not later than 30 
days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 
30 days thereafter, the Secretary of State, in consultation 
with the United States Trade Representative, shall submit 
to the relevant congressional committees a report on the 
recommendations of the 9/11 Commission and the policy 
goals of section 7115 of the Intelligence Reform and Ter-
rorism Prevention Act of 2004 (Public Law 108–458) for 
developing economic policies to combat terrorism. Such re-
port shall include— 
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(1) a certification by the Secretary of State 
that such recommendations have been implemented 
and such policy goals have been achieved, including 
a description of the extent to which the policy goals 
of paragraphs (1) through (4) of section 7115(b) of 
the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention 
Act of 2004 have been achieved; or 
(2) if the Secretary of State is unable to make 
the certification described in paragraph (1), a de-
scription of— 
(A) the steps taken to implement such rec-
ommendations and achieve such policy goals; 
(B) when the Secretary of State expects 
such recommendations to be implemented and 
such policy goals to be achieved; and 
(C) any allocation of resources or other ac-
tions by Congress the Secretary of State con-
siders necessary to implement such rec-
ommendations and achieve such policy goals. 
(b) TERMINATION OF DUTY TO REPORT.—The duty 
to submit a report under subsection (a) shall terminate 
when the Secretary of State submits a certification pursu-
ant to subsection (a)(1). 
(c) GAO REVIEW OF CERTIFICATION.—If the Sec-
retary of State submits a certification pursuant to sub-
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section (a)(1), not later than 30 days after the submission 
of such certification, the Comptroller General shall submit 
to the relevant congressional committees a report on 
whether the recommendations described in subsection (a) 
have been implemented and whether the policy goals de-
scribed in subsection (a) have been achieved. 
(d) DEFINITION.—In this section, the term ‘‘relevant 
congressional committees’’ means— 
(1) the Committee on International Relations 
and the Committee on Government Reform of the 
House of Representatives; and 
(2) the Committee on Foreign Relations and 
the Committee on Homeland Security and Govern-
mental Affairs of the Senate. 
SEC. 
308. 
ACTIONS 
TO 
ENSURE 
VIGOROUS 
EFFORTS 
AGAINST TERRORIST FINANCING. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 
(1) Financial institutions have too little infor-
mation about money laundering and terrorist financ-
ing compliance in other markets. 
(2) The current Financial Action Task Force 
designation system does not adequately represent 
the progress countries are making in combatting 
money laundering. 
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(3) Lack of information about the compliance 
of countries with anti-money laundering standards 
exposes United States financial markets to excessive 
risk. 
(4) Failure to designate countries that fail to 
make progress in combatting terrorist financing and 
money laundering eliminates incentives for internal 
reform. 
(5) The Secretary of the Treasury has an af-
firmative duty to provide to financial institutions 
and examiners the best possible information on com-
pliance with anti-money laundering and terrorist fi-
nancing initiatives in other markets. 
(b) REPORT.—Not later than March 1 of each year, 
the Secretary of the Treasury shall submit to relevant con-
gressional committees a report that identifies the applica-
ble standards of each country against money laundering 
and states whether that country is a country of primary 
money laundering concern under section 5318A of title 31, 
United States Code. The report shall include— 
(1) information on the effectiveness of each 
country in meeting its standards against money 
laundering; 
(2) a determination of whether that the efforts 
of that country to combat money laundering and ter-
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rorist financing are adequate, improving, or inad-
equate; and 
(3) the efforts made by the Secretary to provide 
to the government of each such country of concern 
technical assistance to cease the activities that were 
the basis for the determination that the country was 
of primary money laundering concern. 
(c) DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION IN REPORT.— 
The Secretary of the Treasury shall make available to the 
Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council for 
incorporation into the examination process, in consultation 
with Federal banking agencies, and to financial institu-
tions the information contained in the report submitted 
under subsection (b). Such information shall be made 
available to financial institutions without cost. 
(d) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 
(1) FINANCIAL
INSTITUTION.—The term ‘‘fi-
nancial institution’’ has the meaning given that term 
in section 5312(a)(2) of title 31, United States 
Code. 
(2) 
RELEVANT
CONGRESSIONAL
COMMIT-
TEES.—The term ‘‘relevant congressional commit-
tees’’ means— 
(A) the Committee on Financial Services, 
the Committee on Government Reform, and the 
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Committee on the Judiciary of the House of 
Representatives; and 
(B) the Committee on Banking, Housing, 
and Urban Affairs, the Committee on Home-
land Security and Governmental Affairs, and 
the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate. 
Subtitle B—Public Diplomacy 
SEC. 311. PUBLIC DIPLOMACY RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE 
DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND PUBLIC DIPLO-
MACY TRAINING OF MEMBERS OF THE FOR-
EIGN SERVICE. 
(a) REPORT; CERTIFICATION.—Not later than 30 
days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 
30 days thereafter, the Secretary of State shall submit to 
the relevant congressional committees a report on the rec-
ommendations of the 9/11 Commission and the policy 
goals of sections 7109 and 7110 the Intelligence Reform 
and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (Public Law 108– 
458), and the amendments made by such sections, regard-
ing the public diplomacy responsibilities of the Depart-
ment of State and public diplomacy training of members 
of the Foreign Service. Such report shall include— 
(1) a certification by the Secretary of State 
that such recommendations have been implemented 
and such policy goals have been achieved; or 
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(2) if the Secretary of State is unable to make 
the certification described in paragraph (1), a de-
scription of— 
(A) the steps taken to implement such rec-
ommendations and achieve such policy goals; 
(B) when the Secretary of State expects 
such recommendations to be implemented and 
such policy goals to be achieved; and 
(C) any allocation of resources or other ac-
tions by Congress the Secretary of State con-
siders necessary to implement such rec-
ommendations and achieve such policy goals. 
(b) TERMINATION OF DUTY TO REPORT.—The duty 
to submit a report under subsection (a) shall terminate 
when the Secretary of State submits a certification pursu-
ant to subsection (a)(1). 
(c) GAO REVIEW OF CERTIFICATION.—If the Sec-
retary of State submits a certification pursuant to sub-
section (a)(1), not later than 30 days after the submission 
of such certification, the Comptroller General shall submit 
to the relevant congressional committees a report on 
whether the recommendations described in subsection (a) 
have been implemented and whether the policy goals de-
scribed in subsection (a) have been achieved. 
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(d) DEFINITION.—In this section, the term ‘‘relevant 
congressional committees’’ means— 
(1) the Committee on International Relations 
and the Committee on Government Reform of the 
House of Representatives; and 
(2) the Committee on Foreign Relations and 
the Committee on Homeland Security and Govern-
mental Affairs of the Senate. 
SEC. 312. INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING. 
(a) REPORT.—Not later than 90 days after the date 
of the enactment of this Act, the Broadcasting Board of 
Governors shall submit to the relevant congressional com-
mittees a report on— 
(1) the activities of Radio Sawa and Radio Al- 
Hurra; and 
(2) the extent to which the activities of Radio 
Sawa and Radio Al-Hurra have been successful, in-
cluding an analysis of impact of the activities on the 
audience and audience demographics and whether or 
not funding is adequate to carry out the activities. 
(b) DEFINITION.—In this section, the term ‘‘relevant 
congressional committees’’ means— 
(1) the Committee on International Relations 
and the Committee on Government Reform of the 
House of Representatives; and 
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(2) the Committee on Foreign Relations and 
the Committee on Homeland Security and Govern-
mental Affairs of the Senate. 
SEC. 313. EXPANSION OF UNITED STATES SCHOLARSHIP, 
EXCHANGE, AND LIBRARY PROGRAMS IN THE 
ISLAMIC WORLD. 
(a) REPORT; CERTIFICATION.—Not later than 30 
days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 
30 days thereafter, the Secretary of State shall submit to 
the relevant congressional committees a report on the rec-
ommendations of the 9/11 Commission and the policy 
goals of sections 7112 of the Intelligence Reform and Ter-
rorism Prevention Act of 2004 (Public Law 108–458) for 
expanding United States scholarship, exchange, and li-
brary programs in the Islamic world. Such report shall 
include— 
(1) a certification by the Secretary of State 
that such recommendations have been implemented 
and such policy goals have been achieved; or 
(2) if the Secretary of State is unable to make 
the certification described in paragraph (1), a de-
scription of— 
(A) the steps taken to implement such rec-
ommendations and achieve such policy goals; 
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(B) when the Secretary of State expects 
such recommendations to be implemented and 
such policy goals to be achieved; and 
(C) any allocation of resources or other ac-
tions by Congress the Secretary of State con-
siders necessary to implement such rec-
ommendations and achieve such policy goals. 
(b) TERMINATION OF DUTY TO REPORT.—The duty 
to submit a report under subsection (a) shall terminate 
when the Secretary of State submits a certification pursu-
ant to subsection (a)(1). 
(c) GAO REVIEW OF CERTIFICATION.—If the Sec-
retary of State submits a certification pursuant to sub-
section (a)(1), not later than 30 days after the submission 
of such certification, the Comptroller General shall submit 
to the relevant congressional committees a report on 
whether the recommendations described in subsection (a) 
have been implemented and whether the policy goals de-
scribed in subsection (a) have been achieved. 
(d) DEFINITION.—In this section, the term ‘‘relevant 
congressional committees’’ means— 
(1) the Committee on International Relations 
and the Committee on Government Reform of the 
House of Representatives; and 
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(2) the Committee on Foreign Relations and 
the Committee on Homeland Security and Govern-
mental Affairs of the Senate. 
SEC. 314. INTERNATIONAL YOUTH OPPORTUNITY FUND. 
(a) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Con-
gress that— 
(1) the Middle East Partnership Initiative 
(MEPI) and the United States Agency for Inter-
national Development should be commended for ini-
tiating programs in predominantly Muslim countries 
to support secular education improvements and the 
teaching of English, including programs that focus 
on the education of women; 
(2) the secular education programs of MEPI 
and the United States Agency for International De-
velopment are a constructive start to answering the 
challenge of secular education in predominantly 
Muslim countries ; 
(3) the secular education programs of MEPI 
and the United States Agency for International De-
velopment should be components of an overall strat-
egy for educational assistance—itself one component 
of 
an 
overall 
United 
States 
strategy 
for 
counterterrorism—targeted where the need and the 
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benefit to the national security of the United States 
are greatest; and 
(4) upon formation of a broader strategy for 
international educational assistance targeted toward 
the Middle East, a significant increase in funding 
for these initiatives should be provided. 
(b) INTERNATIONAL YOUTH OPPORTUNITY FUND.— 
There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary 
of State $50,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2007 and 
2008 to support the establishment of an International 
Youth Opportunity Fund pursuant to section 7114 of the 
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 
2004 (Public Law 108–458). 
Subtitle C—Nonproliferation 
SEC. 321. SHORT TITLE. 
This subtitle may be cited as the ‘‘Omnibus Non-
proliferation and Anti-Nuclear Terrorism Act of 2006’’. 
SEC. 322. FINDINGS. 
Congress finds the following: 
(1) LOOSE NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND MATERIALS 
IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION.— 
(A) There are in the world today enormous 
stockpiles of nuclear weapons and the materials 
required to make them. Counting materials 
both in assembled warheads and in other forms, 
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worldwide totals are estimated to encompass 
some 1,900 tons of highly enriched uranium 
(enough for 143,000 nuclear weapons) and 
1,855 tons of plutonium (enough for 330,000 
nuclear weapons). 
(B) The Russian Federation alone is esti-
mated to have over 1,000 tons of highly en-
riched uranium (enough for over 80,000 nuclear 
weapons) and 140 tons of plutonium (enough 
for over 30,000 nuclear weapons). 
(C) The United States has been working 
for over a decade to eliminate stockpiles of loose 
nuclear weapons and materials in the former 
Soviet Union, but the Department of Energy 
acknowledges that there is still a need to prop-
erly secure about 460 tons of weapons-usable 
Russian nuclear material (outside of warheads), 
enough for more than 35,000 nuclear weapons. 
(D) A recent report by the Central Intel-
ligence Agency faulted the security of nuclear 
arsenal facilities in the Russian Federation and 
assessed that ‘‘undetected smuggling has oc-
curred.’’ 
(E) There are at least 18 documented inci-
dents of ‘‘proliferation significant’’ fissile mate-
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181 
rial trafficking from facilities in the former So-
viet Union between 1991 and 2001. In one inci-
dent in 1998, an inside conspiracy at a Russian 
nuclear weapons facility attempted to steal 18.5 
kilograms of highly enriched uranium. In an-
other incident, 2 kilograms of highly enriched 
uranium taken from a research facility in 
Sukhumi, Georgia, has never been recovered. 
(F) In May 1994, German police found a 
small but worrisome quantity of supergrade 
plutonium in the garage of Adolf Jackle. Ex-
tremely expensive to produce, this rare item 
was likely stolen from one of Russia’s two pre-
mier nuclear weapons laboratories. 
(G) Comprehensive security upgrades are 
not yet completed at 90 percent of Russian nu-
clear warhead bunkers for Russia’s Strategic 
Rocket Forces. 
(H) Border security in the former Soviet 
Union is inconsistent at best. Existing infra-
structure helps at the outer borders of the 
former Soviet Union but many borders internal 
to the former Soviet Union, such as the border 
between Kazakhstan and the Russian Federa-
tion, exist only on a map. 
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182 
(2) LOOSE NUCLEAR MATERIALS AROUND THE 
GLOBE.— 
(A) Dangerous caches of weapons-usable 
nuclear materials, much of it poorly secured 
and vulnerable to theft, exist in a multitude of 
facilities around the world. For example, there 
are over 130 research reactors in over 40 coun-
tries that house highly enriched uranium, some 
with enough to manufacture an atomic bomb. 
In total, about 40 tons of highly enriched ura-
nium, enough for over 1,000 nuclear weapons, 
is estimated to remain in civilian research reac-
tors. 
(B) Over the last 50 years, the United 
States is known to have exported about 27.5 
tons of highly enriched uranium to 43 countries 
to help develop nuclear power production or bol-
ster scientific initiatives. In 1996, the United 
States began an effort to recover the more than 
17.5 tons of the nuclear material that was still 
overseas, but has recovered only about 1 ton, 
according to the Department of Energy and the 
Government Accountability Office. 
(C) It is especially important to keep high-
ly enriched uranium out of terrorists’ hands be-
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cause, with minimal expertise, they could use it 
to make the simplest, gun-type nuclear weap-
on—a device in which a high explosive is used 
to blow one subcritical piece of highly enriched 
uranium from one end of a tube into another 
subcritical piece held at the opposite end of the 
tube. 
(D) To Osama bin Laden, acquiring weap-
ons of mass destruction is a ‘‘religious duty’’. 
Al Qaeda and more than two dozen other ter-
rorist groups are pursuing capability to use 
weapons of mass destruction. 
(E) Osama bin Laden’s press spokesman, 
Sulaiman Abu Ghaith, has announced that the 
group aspires ‘‘to kill 4 million Americans, in-
cluding 1 million children,’’ in response to cas-
ualties supposedly inflicted on Muslims by the 
United States and Israel. 
(F) Al Qaeda documents recovered in Af-
ghanistan reveal a determined research effort 
focused on nuclear weapons. 
(3) SECURITY STANDARDS FOR ALL NUCLEAR 
WEAPONS AND MATERIALS.— 
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(A) There are no international binding 
standards for the secure handling and storage 
of nuclear weapons and materials. 
(B) Making a nuclear weapon requires only 
4 to 5 kilograms of plutonium or 12 to 15 kilo-
grams of highly enriched uranium. 
(C) In October 2001, the United States 
Government became very concerned that Al 
Qaeda may have smuggled a 10-kiloton Russian 
nuclear warhead into New York City. If placed 
in lower Manhattan, such a device would prob-
ably kill 100,000 people instantly, seriously in-
jure tens of thousands more, and render the en-
tire area uninhabitable for decades to come. 
(4) RUSSIA’S NUCLEAR EXPERTISE.— 
(A) Employment at the large nuclear facili-
ties in the Russian Federation’s 10 closed nu-
clear cities is estimated to be in the range of 
120,000 to 130,000 people, of whom approxi-
mately 75,000 were employed on nuclear weap-
ons-related work. 
(B) Poor wages and living conditions in 
Russian ‘‘nuclear cities’’ have inspired protests 
and strikes among the employees working in 
them. 
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(C) Insiders have been caught attempting 
to smuggle nuclear materials out of these facili-
ties, presumably to sell on the lucrative black 
market. 
SEC. 323. ESTABLISHMENT OF OFFICE OF NONPROLIFERA-
TION PROGRAMS IN THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE 
OF THE PRESIDENT. 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is established in the 
Executive Office of the President an Office of Non-
proliferation Programs (in this section referred to as the 
‘‘Office’’). 
(b) DIRECTOR; ASSOCIATE DIRECTORS.—There shall 
be at the head of the Office a Director who shall be ap-
pointed by the President, by and with the advice and con-
sent of the Senate, and who shall be compensated at the 
rate provided for level II of the Executive Schedule in sec-
tion 5313 of title 5. The President is authorized to appoint 
not more than four Associate Directors, by and with the 
advice and consent of the Senate, who shall be com-
pensated at a rate not to exceed that provided for level 
III of the Executive Schedule in section 5314 of such title. 
Associate Directors shall perform such functions as the 
Director may prescribe. 
(c) PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF DIRECTOR.— 
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