A1060 in dealing with administrative experts in the fields of economies and fiscal policy, It also seems to me that this stems from undue modesty in applying the basic laws of common sense to super- ficially complex situations. Needless to say, there are very few of us who qualify as technical experts in these fields, but it is also needless to say that there are very few among us who do not or could not easily understand the underlying principles of production and finance. In our dealings with administration spokesmen, we cannot, in conscience, forget that in a very real sense of the word, each is a special pleader for a spe- cial cause—a member of a superlobby. Unfortunately, some of them consider Congress an unnecessary road block to the achievement of their specific pro- As a result, they show at times a tend- ency to either overwhelm us with their special knowledge and prestige, or re- tire in the ivory towers of their post- graduate scholastic honors. As some of my older colleagues may recall, I used to be a school teacher. In fact, I taught economics at New York University, which might qualify me @s an expert. I can tell you, however, that there is very little in classical economics that would be useful in running a war-pro- duction program or finding the money with which to pay for it. Every intelligent adult can master the fundamentals involved by simply calling upon his common sense, vir I want to say at this time that I am very optimistic about America’s ability to retain a high standard of living in spite of the military burden upon our econ- omy—if the people are allowed the proper degree of freedom to produce. There is, to my knowledge, no acute shortage of anything that could not be overcome within 2 or 3 years at the most. America has doubled its productive ca- pacity with the last quarter century and can do it again if the conditions are suitable. We can have both guns and butter, after a short intermission for intensive rearmament, if the productive processes are not hamstrung by bureaucracy. The other day I saw an article on this subject. It is a good summary of the problem: There is nothing impogsible about our pro- auction problem unless we think there is. After all, what is production—what are its elements? Anything and everything manufactured is no more than some natural resources whose form, candition, and place have been changed by somebody applying to them some human energy with the aid of some tools, That's all there is to production—natural resources, human energy, and tools. So if we cannot increase production, it will be because we cannot or do not have enough of these three things. First, let’s see how we are off for natural resources. The most important of these {is steel, and we now have 30 percent more capacity than we had during the last war. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD On top of this, the Government does not need as much steel this time—we have an enormous amount of things made of steel left over from the last war. Unlesa we bungie the handling of our steel supply, we Will get along pretty well. As for copper, zinc, nickel, etc., there is ag yet no evidence that their present short supply is going to be a long or insurmount~ able problem. We have made good progress toward re- ducing our need for the tin and natural rubber from which we could conceivably be cut off in Asia. We have the best food production itn all the world. We will probably be short of cotton and wool for a while, but the situation does not look alarming. The plastic supply is in real trouble due to the benzol shortage, but that can be solved by making it synthetically. In fact, any and every shortage must be looked upon as temporary and as a challenge to our ingenuity and determination, and Government must allow us as much freedom as possible to overcome them. If we have trouble with lumber, tile, brick, etc., it will be because of a shortage in our second factor of production—human energy. How are we off for human energy—our working force? No one believes that mobilization will cut down the total number of people engaged in productive work, There is an enormous force of highly capable women (and retired men) able and willing to step into industry. So the quantity of human energy does not seem to present any serious problem. But the quantity ts only half the human- energy problem—in most industries the qual. ity 1s Just as important. This quality problem is not a problem of the people themselves: it is a problem of whether the people are given an under- standing of the importance of their produc« tion and properly trained in the work they are asked to do. If all of us know that the quality of our work will largely control our standard of living, we need not worry very much about that work being well done. To bring out this high quality of human energy, all we need to do js be sure that we do know what the problem is, Last but not least, we come to the third factor of production—tools, Here we have two problems: (1) the ex- isting tools must be replaced as they wear out, and (2) extra tools must be added. The excess-profits tax on the payments for the use of the tools (business profits) makes both of these problems extremely serious. The best-kept secret in American busi« ness is that the high profits of 1948, 1949, and 1950 are not high at all: They simply look high because the tools being worn out are carried on the company books at the acquisition price instead of their greatly in- creased replacement price. The cost expense item called “depreciation of plant and equipment” should be at least twice as large as it is. As matters now stand, business is not able to put aside enough money to replace the tools that will soon have to be scrapped, let alone attract new investment to increase its stock of tools. For the moment, let's ignore the welfare of the investors who own these tools and look at the other people who will suffer if tools disappear. Those other people ate everybody, because these tools account for 94.7 percent of our production. These tools make the difference between the American worker and the Ohinese coolle--they make the difference between the American standard of living and medio- oe the | jong run, our material welfare ts going to be what our tools of production make it, We can make some immediate progress by using the toole better, but that will never be 8 substitute for adding more and better tools. If we do not do that, then nothing else ‘we can do will save our living standards. It can be done, however, if our Govern- ment will let industry correct its cost ac- counting. VIIt The ideas set forth in that rather heartening quotation seem to me to be the basis of a pretty good checklist of the things that Congress could and should keep its eye on, Naturally, no administration and no bureau of the administration wants to be heckled while it works, but any good administration or good bureau welcomes ccnstructive criticism. And the people have a right to de- mand that Congress keep a watchful and helpful eye on the people who are car- rying out the intentions of the Nation, For example, there seems reason to believe that there is considerable con- fusion regarding certain scarce metals because of the administration’s policy regarding stockpiling. The criticism that has appeared in the press concerning the plans for the stock- piling of aluminum in ingot form when there are idle facilities for converting it into sheets seems well grounded. Another example, one which has been going on for many years, is the admin- istration’s stockpiling of tungsten, a metal supposedly in short supply. I quote from the Wall Street Journal of October 25, 1950, written by R. C. McKenna, a recognized authority on the subject: The folly of additional stockpiling— Writes Mr. McKenna— ° is well illustrated by the fact that at the time of Pearl Harbor the Government stock- pile was approximately 6,000,000 pounds of contained tungsten metal, and by the end of the war this emergency stock had been increased to 33,000,000 pounds. Thirty-three million pounds represented more than sufficient for three war years of maximum production. As a matter of fact, during a world-wide war, the 6,000,000 pounds on stockpile at the tine of Pearl Harbor were not used. The records show that the stockpile was increased by 27,000,000 pounds. It can be assumed that since VJ-day, the Government has added approximately 14,- 000,000 pounds to the stockpile. That would indicate a total stockpile now of about 47,000,000 pounds. Since the average annual consumption in this country during 1945-49 was about 8,000,- 000 pounds, this would mean enough tung- sten for 6 years’ use. Yet the Government plans to add 10,000,- 000 pounds more to its stockpile. The price of metallic tungsten in ore has increased since the invasion of Korea from $1.50 a pound to $2.25 a pound. Even the $1.50 price was artificial, for it was at this price that our Government was buying all the production of American mines, The complaint inyolved here seems to me to justify serious consideration.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD After all, the purpose of stockpiles should be to prevent shortages during emergencies. ™ the case of tungsten, however, a stockpile seems to be aggravating the shortage, Tt goes without saying that no sensible person would deny the existence of some critical shortages But that is all the more reason why the handling of the available supplies should be scrutinized. The people’s living standards and, in some cases, the people’s employment re- quire that government should not un- necessarily withhold scarce materlals from civilian production. I believe it the duty of Congress to ap- point committees to listen to any citizen or group of citizens wishing to present proper protests or to make constructive suggestions, We must not be deterred by emotional claims that such action would penalize our chances of victory or give aid and comfort to the enemy. It is all very well to dramatize the sit~- uation and to tell the people that they must make heavy personal sacrifices for the sake of survival, but there is no sense in imposing a single sacrifice that is not necessary, and there is no justification for Congress not doing all it can to de- tect and prevent needless hardship. Moreover, the speed with which we can overcome these shortages will, to a large extent, depend upon the degree of free- dom with which business can exercise its mgenuity and resourcefulness. Any unnecessary restrictions placed upon practically applied imagination and cre- ative determination of our industrial leaders only means prolonged shortages and prolonged sacrifices on the part of the people. The creation of new methods, the dis- covery of new sources, both natural and synthetic, must be encouraged by giving man the freedom to develop them. x Another responsibility which, in my opinion, rests squarely upon the shoul- ders of Congress is that of insuring proper revenue methods. We know, by now, the deteriorating effects of deficit spending. We know from experience that monetization of the public debt is just as inflationary as the printing of greenbacks. We also know that the sale of Govern- ment bonds to the people will not close the gap between tax receipts and Federal expenditures. Tt ‘s a healthy sign, therefore, that the administration has asked for a balanced budget, The question, however, is how to bal- anee the budget—and the Constitution plecés the burden of solution squarely upon the House of Representatives, The first question regarding the budget should be the size of the budget. Until we decide that we will not know the mag- nitude of the problem. This will also be affected by the size and type of our Armed Forces, a mat- ter which Congress should not fail to examine with great care and speak upon with complete candor. It is futile to wrangle with the admin. istrators of our Federal bureaus as to Which nonmilitary expenses shal) be cut and how much. In my opinion it is up to Congress to tell the nonmilitary how much money they can have and let them decide where the reductions are to be made. That is what we all, as private citi- zens, must do when we get into a finan- cial emergency: we see how much we have left and then decide how to use it. The administration has submitted to Congress a budget of 71,500,000,000 “bucks”; in addition to this, the continu- Ing obligations, loan and contract au- thorizations amount to about another $20,000,000,000, which brings the actual budget submitted up to about $90,000,- 000,000. xr Even after Congress fries much of the fat out of this budget it will still be several billion higher than our pres- ent revenue, which means that taxes must be raised if the budget is to be balanced. The question now is how they should be raised. Will this revenue emergency be used to further extend the socialistic prin- ciple of progressive or craduated taxa- tion of personal and corporate income? The pressure upon Congress to do so will be tremendous, We will hear impassioned speeches ex- tolling the virtues of the tax methods used in Socialist Britain—the methods which are destroying Britain's creative middie class. We will be urged to require equality of sacrifice from the so-called privileged classes. What is equality of sacrifice in regard to personal income tax If a man who neakes $50,000 9 year pays 10 times as much as a man who makes $5,000 per year, is that equality of sacrifice? Very few Americans today seem to think so. We are mostly agreed that the $50,000 man should pay more than 10 times as much as the $5,000 man. But how much more?. The $50,000 man is now taxed about $25,000, while the $5,000 man is taxed about $1,000. That is 25 times as much. And there will be, appearing before the Ways and Means Committee, peo- ple who will want to make it much more, I am profoundly convinced that un- less this Congress stands firm and holds the line on this Socialist-inspired prin- ciple of taxation, we will destroy the most precious asset we have: the ag- gressive initiative, imagination, and am- bition of the producing members of our society. And, again I say, whatever we do this year will not be undone for many, many years to came, To all practical purposes we simply must regard the present situation as being permanent. A1061. What then should be the principle behind our 1951 revenue policy? The principle should be one that will pre- serve and encourage the incentive and ambition of our people. Our forefathers gave us a political system thet wes unique in the world. It was the only private-property system in existence at that time. The Constitution, which is the basis for our private-property system, is the greatest political invention in ali his- tory, and it embodied the idea that every man, regardiess of origin or sta- tiun in life, could become just as pros- Perous as his energy, ability, and deter- mination could make him. This idea was the atomic power of the eighteenth century. It aplit the atom of human energy in the North American wilderness and released a current of ace tivity and individual planning that car- ried our people farther and faster down the road of progress than any other peo. ple had ever traveled before. Call it anything you wish—sales tax: most of our taxes embody some form of tax on spending; excise or corporation income tax—the result is the same: the people who do the spending pay the tax in proportion to what they spend. In my opinion, the most practical, in- expensive, and painless method would be a flat increase—not a graduated in- crease—on corporate income, The collection of such a tax is certain, inexpensive, and the volume of revenue to be derived from it can be pretty ac- curately forecast. A flat sales tax would be even more predictable, but it would be more 2x- pensive to collect and more unpopular with the people. This so-called corporation tax would not actually be a tax on the corpora- tians. That idea is fiction because all corporation taxes have always been an- ticipated by manageme.t and made part of the price that must be collected from the customer. The law may state with all piety that corporation taxes must not be passed on to the customer, but common sense tells us that there is no place for the corpo- ration to get the money except from the customer. This tax, therefore, would be an in- visible war tax collected from the people by the corporations and passed on to the Internal Revenue Department. There is no reason to believe that oor- porations would object to this role of tax collector because they Lave been Going it ever since corporate incomes have been subject to Federal taxes, uixt There is another phase of corporate taxatiton to which, in my humble opin- jon, this Congress should address its careful attention. As was mentioned a few minutes ago, there bas been no provision made in the present law governing corporation in. come taxes for the recovery of the re- Placement cost of the assets of produc. tion—the toois which are responsible for the amazing productivity of our Nation,
A1062 Every man who owns a house knows how the cost of replacing it would com- pare with the amount he paid for it. The reason, as we all know, is the mon- etary infiation—the deficit spending on the part of the Federal Government. This inflation affects industry the same way it affects individuals, An industrial plant that cost $10,000,- 000 ten years ago would cost about $25,~ 000,000 to replace today. ‘ Yet the tax law forbids the corpora- tion to apply more than $10,000,000 to its depreciation reserve. As a result, the corporation is forced to overstate its profits, pay profit taxes on amounts that are not in any sense of the word profits, and put part of the proceeds into what is erroneously called the surplus account. ' Using this method, which 1s the only method available to business, the corpo- ration wishing to replace the $10,000,000 plant would have to overstate its profits by $25,000,000 and pay about $10,000,000 ax, ' That would leave it the extra $15,000,- 000 needed to make up the deficit in the replacement reserve account. xiv This is not an academic problem. It is one that must be solved in order to protect the tools of production which constitute the big difference between America and the rest of the world. ‘ The tools may be precious to the peo- ple who own them and get dividends for their use, but they are far more precious to the men who make their living using them. ' As matters now stand, if the corpora- tions collect enough so-called profit, to be able to replace the tools when they wear out, they are castigated as profit- eers and there is a renewed hue and cry to raise their taxes. American business has probably over- stated its profits by $50,000,000,000 during the past 4 years and has been subjected to a vicious campaign of vitu- peration for having apparently made exorbitant amounts. The central problem involved here, however, is not the welfare of the corpo- rations, but the welfare of the Nation as a whole, which depends upon the proper renewal of these corporate assets. ' It is naive for us to assume that the Internal Revenue Department will voluntarily take any action to grant re- Mef to the corporations: their business is to collect taxes and collect as much as they can, But Congress cannot ignore the long- term implications of this situation. Without its magnificent stock of tools of production, America would be no more than a third-rate nation. The Communists have often boasted that if they could not conquer American capitalism, they could trick it into spending and taxing itself to death. The power to tax is the power to de- stroy, and we of the Highty-second Con- gress must not be guilty of introducing or perpetuating destructive methods of taxation. Drafting of Ex-Servicemen EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. WILLIAM H. AYRES OF OHIO Wednesday, February 28, 1951 *: Mr. AYRES. Mr. Speaker, during the past 2 months my congressional office, like many others, has received numerous complaints in connection with the draft- ing of ex-service men. In my humble opinion the inactive reservist is being discriminated against. He has not been receiving pay for his services and never thought he would be recalled just to build up a defense program. The active re- servist who has been drawing money is in an entirely different category than is the inactive man. It does not seem fair to recall those in the inactive reserve until all those who have been receiving money for their services have been recalled. The follow- ing letters are self-explanatory: Trousies, Acar, AnD Worry Sap MORALE or RESERVISTS Enrrorz, BrAcON JOURNAL: I have just returned from a 6-day visit to Fort Lawton, Wash., where, living on the post during that time, I was in an excellent posi-« tion to observe the general morale in the (he THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ’ camp. I found that the morale of the Regular Army officers and enlisted men there is good. I did not find, however, that this condition exists with the inactive reservists, category four, who were activated only a month ago and were already packed up and waiting shipment there for Japan and Korea. My observations, of course, deal with more than 100 Ohio inactive reservists who have received direct overseas orders and not with the many thousands of other inactive reserv< ists who have been called recently into the armed services. But I imagine that if they, too, received direct orders for overseas, this same lack of morale probably exists in their cases also. The chief complaints of these men are: They have been called back into the service with no consideration shown them by the Army in regard to their personal responsi- bilities at home or for hardships which are being suffered by many of their families while they are away. Many of the men made application for hardship appeals while at Fort Lawton, but these applications were turned down. They also complain bitterly against the Army’s system of calling them directly to overseas active service (combat in most cases) while much of the Regular Army and many of the active reservist units remain comforte ably safe in the States. They further complain that they, who have had no Army training since their release sev- eral years ago, are being given a mere 06-hour refresher classroom and field training course before they are shipped to Japan and Korea, Purthermore they are angered that the firing weapon they trained with during this 06 hours was an old type carbine. As far as the men could learn, they will use a new type carbine in the Korean battle. They aleo were instructed that they would ‘use a new 57-millimeter recoilless gun. The men received classroom instruction on firing this gun. But not one of the men who will use this gun has ever seen it fired. There are other complaints, but I feel they can be set down to the usual Army spirit of grousing. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD For your added information I would like to list a few personal hardship cases which I fan across in this group of men. Worrles at home are one of the chief reasons why these men feel they should not be sent overseas and into battle for a second time. One case is a first Meutenant from Cuya- hoga Falls. He went into the Army for the first time when he was 18, Of his 4 years in World War II service, two of them were spent overseas. He had three tanks shot out from under him. He was hospitalized twice for wounds received in action and his feet were frozen once. This man was an outstanding soldier in the Second World War. He was commis- sioned on the battlefield and also received the Silver and Bronze Stars, But he had had enough of Army life and upon his release he nesed to sign a paper joining a reservist ‘unit. Today this man is on 4 ship heading for Japan en route to Korea, His orders are that he will lead a platoon of tanks, At home he leaves an 18-month~old daugh- ter and a wife who, in a few days, will under- g0 an operation. He has the usual mortgage and other financial responsibilities, and his Army pay is about half what he was receiv- ing in civilian life. The Neutenant is more than mad. He feels he has been literally shanghaied. What 1s his attitude about going overseas again? He says, “I hope my men are brave, because they are going to have the yellowest platoon leader that ever set foot in Korea,” There is the infantry captain from Youngstown with a bad case of varicose veins. The Army passed him on his physical. But at Fort Lawton one Army doctor advised the captain “not to be on your feet much.” Another captain comes from Perry, Ohio. The man has already spent 6 years in the Army. Now his wife must sell their home because they cannot afford to keep it. The captain has two sons, aged 6 and 2. The oldest son has been and will be bedfast for some time with rheumatic fever. The cap- tain stated also that he would probably be more of a hindrance than a help to the defense effort. Other men with problems just as bad or even worse are more inclined to brooding rather than talking about the positions in which they find themselves and “their fam- jiies. Others are making more of a career of silent, gloomy drinking than of learning to be handy with a rifle or bayonet. The average age for infantry platoon lead- ers in this group is over 30, The men not only feel their responsibilities weighing on their shoulders but they also feel their age. One captain from Painesville spent 18 months overseas in World War Il. The man is now 40 years old. He feels he ts hardly at an age when he can keep up with 19- or 20-year-olds, much less lead them in battle, An Akron Meutenant served 4 yeara in World War II, two of these years being spent in Africa and Europe. Up until the Army recalled him he was receiving 20-percent dis- ability compensation for wounds he received in Europe. During fleld training at Fort Lawton the wounded leg flared up again. The lieutenant was still limping badly when T saw him 6 days after his training was finished. He is also angry. Besides the leg trouble the lieutenant has 4 wife, two small step- children, a mortgage on the house, and his wife had just written him that they will have @ child in August. The man honestly does not want to be away from home under thease circumstances. His worries are certainly not about how to fight the enemy. Like the rest of the officers he will spend his waking hours ot ways to protect himself so as to get home ely,
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD I wonder {f aomething can be done to he! aome of the worst hardship cases a ‘these inactive reservists who have been sent as. X feel that a directive releasing those with three dependents or those who have already seen combat duty in World War 1 and were wounded in this combat would be extremely helpful to the morale of these At least, thereby, even those who would not be affected by such directives would realize that they have not been entirely for- gotten by their Government. TI also believe that for efficiency purposes these men now are unhelpful, uneconomical, and a Hability to our defense effort. Many of them would be more helpful as civilians than if they continue to serve their country grudgingly. Vinctnté Roum Barvorrr. Tux Min-West INSURANCE AGENCY Co., CLEVELAND, OMIO, February 22, 1951. Hon. Wiurtam H, Avrzs, House Office Building, Washington, D. C. My Dear Mr. Ayres: During a recent ad- dress before a group of our local executives, at the Akron City Club, I am informed you expressed disfavor of the method now em- ployed by the armed services of recalling in- active reservists to active duty when no ap- parent critical need or actual duty assignment exists. The above was relayed to me by my father, W. H. Hackett, of B. F. Goodrich, whom you may recall having met after the dinner. It is particularly heartening to learn of your views toward this subject as I am one . of those inactive reservists apparently looked upon by the Army as essential to the rede- velopment of the service. I am inactive to the extent of never having participated in a single Reserve activity since release from active duty in 1946. I have never spent 5 minutes on Reserve matters or accepted 5 cents of the so-called participation pay for spending 2 hours an evening for a full day’s salary. My Reserve activity has so far consisted of signing my name on the Reserve list when separated at Camp Shelby, after I had been asked, “If your country was attacked again would you be willing to serve?” There is but one answer to that question and my signa- ture followed. Attempting not to burden you with a lengthy letter, the following is my present status: 1, Head up insurance agency business (six employees) which would be forced to cease operations with my recall to the service, No available successor. 2. Four-year veteran (Capt., MI), age 34, wife and two small children. Health ques- tlonable. 8. Now on 90-day delay in call, ordered to report to Reception Center, Fort Meade, Md., April 16, 1951. My situation obviously parallels hundreds of those in similar circumstances and ltke others of our generation I ask the question, “Just where does the end of our responsi- bility to the Government lie?” X do not believe it fair or just, nor do I believe the Government feels it so that any veteran of 4 years service should be recalled at the expense of his financial ruin, personal and family hardship. To be uprooted from a po- sition which has taken years to obtain and faced with the proposition of starting all over (2) years later is a burden un- fatrly imposed upon the writer or any other person similarly situated. Tf I honestly felt that my efforts in an Army uniform could be of any measurable agsistance to the present effort I might feel leas embittered toward having to make the required sacrifices. Ten years ago the burden of my responaibilities ‘was not an issue; let those of fewer responsi- bilittes {111 the required quotas now. The consensus appeare that inactive re- servists are receiving little if any considera- tion in matters relating to their personal, family, or business responsibilities, To sub- stantiate this I enclose copy of my letter written December 18, 1950, requesting a 6- month delay in call, which, I was informed, was in every event required prior to making application for discharge from the Reserve program altogether. Instead of 6 months, I received 80 days. As one small-business man to another, would your reaction to the prospect of losing your business and fortune be much different than mine? All that is asked is an honest review of individual cases rather than the present cur- sory treatment all too frequently afforded by lower echelon subordinates. If such a review was made many injustices would be obvi- ated. Your voice in behalf of those of our unfortunate generation, or category, will be greatly appreciated. Looking forward to your early reply, I am, Very truly yours, J. R, Hacxrrr, Se eemamnad AKRON, On10, December 19, 1950. Subject: Delay in call to active duty, Capt. James R. Hackett, MI, United States Air Reserve. ADJUTANT GENERAL, STATE OF Onti0, Columbus, Onto. Drax Ste: Your atttention is respectfully invited and thorough consideration earnestly solicited to the following circumstances re- sponsible for prompting the writer's request for a maximum or indefinite delay in call to active duty. The undersigned ts president of a com- pany, employing six persons, which would be forced to cease operations with my de- parture. The writer would, in addition, ex- perience extreme nal and financial hardship in being called to active duty as of January 17, 1961. My leaving would unquestionably cause a8 dissolution of a business enterprise, founded and incorpo- rated in 1925, and involve loss of personal fortune. The unfortunate aspect of the situation Mes in the lack of an available successor or adequate replacement who could carry on in the writer's absence. Our personnel includes but one other man, whose health will not permit his working more than a maximum of 2 hours per day. This person (Mr. M. J. O'Connor) has but within the past month returned to work following a third heart at- tack within the past 14 months and his con- dition will not permit an additional bure den without risk of fatal consequences, The business of the Mid-West Insurance Agency Co. primarily involves the procure- ment of insurance protection for large manu- facturing concerns who are presently engaged in the production of vitally essential war material, including airplanes, atrahips, rub- ber, and classified weapons. In order to serve these industries, the services of qualified and experienced persons sre necessarily re- quired. As such persons sre not readily ob- tainable on such ahort notice, a delay in call is of paramount importance to our clients as ‘well as the future existence of our company. In view of the above, the undersigned in- deed truste and most urgently requests that favorable consideration be made for a 6- month delay in call. I shall indeed be pleared to supply any additional informa- lon required, or appear in person, at my expense, to further enlarge upon the para- mount importance of my request, Yours very truly, J. R. BACmert, Captain, M1, United States Air Rescrve. x Legalined Scientific Pocket Picking of American Taxpayers Must End EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. DANIEL A. REED Or NEW YORE IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, February 19, 1951 Mr. REED of New York. Mr, Speaker, we have now reached the stage in the New Deal-Fair Deal administration where the pockets of the American peo~ ple are being legally and scientifically picked to support all kinds of programs entirely foreign to the concepts of con- stitutiona] government and the ideals of the founders of this Republic. Our people are being taxed to provide gifts, hand-outs, and bribes, or loans, if you please, to nations in various parts of the world. The tax burden is now almost unbear- able for those in the lower-income groups; and if this burden gets any heavier, it will remove one of the prin- cipal incentives to the competitive cree- enterprise system which has made this country truly a free nation. Today many of our small-business men find that they are unable to buy the necessary nonferrous metals needed in their norma] trade. Already copper, lead, zinc, nickel, and many other nonferrous metals have been placed under strict controls. Meanwhile, the American consumer or businessman who cannot get these non- ferrous metals is being taxed to supply the gift dollars with which the Marshall- plan nations have been and still are obtaining these critical and strategic metals from this country. Mr. Speaker, in the period from April 3, 1948, through September 30, 1950, the Marshall-plan countries have received over $100,000,000 worth of copper, lead, zinc, and nickel from United States pro- duction. Besides, we have paid for many millions of pounds bought from Canada, Latin-American countries, and other sources. The time has come, Mr. Speaker, when the Congress must act to stop this legalized pocket picking of the American people for the benefit of the people of other countries. To illustrate the folly of our ways, T submit as a part of my remarks, under consent heretofore granted, a table from the Washington News Bulletin of Febru- ary 28, 1961, detailing the shipments of nonferrous metals to the Marshall-plan countries from the United States: One Hounprrp Mnution Doutars IN Braatedic Nonrrerovs Metats Surermp To Eurore Unnen BOA Proconmmunt Paocrams From the commencement of the ECA aid programs, cumulative paid shipments of copper, lead, ginc, nickel, brass, and bronze, and other nonferrous metals, through Sep- tember 80, 1950, total well over 8100,000,000, Other procurement authorizations made in the past 5 months wili considerably increase the total of our gift shipments to the Marshali-plan countries. Many of the ship~ ments were authorized at the very time the
Al064 ‘ Economic Stabilization Agency was placing Fentrictions on domestic uses of such stra~ tegic nonferrous metals, The details of the cumulative paid ship- ments, in dollar volume, are shown in the table following: Paid shipmente of nonferrous metals to ECA countries for the period from Apr. 8, 1948, to Sept. 30, 1950 {In thousands of dollars} Besides the metals Hsted above, a total of $8,846,000 in other nonferrous metals, ex- cluding aluminum, but including precious and semiprecious metals were also shipped. As the further shipments authorized by ECA go forward, the domestic supplies in our own stockpiles will dwindle, so that Ameri- can consumers and especially small-business men who handle items requiring these met- als will be sorely pressed to find appropriate substitutes. Tribute to Lewis H. Brown EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. KENNETH S. WHERRY OF NEBRASKA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Wednesday, February 28 (legislative day of Monday, January 29), 1951 Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp an article from the New York Herald Tribune of February 27, 1951, which is a particu- larly appropriate tribute to a great American, Mr. Lewis H. Brown, whose death occurred on Monday, February 26, 1951. I also ask that there be printed an editorial from the Herald Tribune of February 28 relative to Mr. Brown. Mr. Brown devoted himself unselfishly to public affairs as well as to his per- sonal business, in which he was an out« standing success, There being no objection, the article and editorial were ordered to be printed in the Recorzp, as follows! [From the New York Herald Tribune of February 27, 1951] Lawis Brown, JOMNS-MANVILLE CHAIRMAN, Druse—Surrerry Heart ATTACK IN FLORIDA; Norep ror Lisrrat Cerep oF MaNageMENT Denar Brack, Fua., February 26.—Lewis BH. Brown, 87, chairman of the board and ohief executive of the Johns-Manville Corp., died unexpectedly of a heart ailment here this morning. Apparently in good health, he had come here for a few days’ rest. His home was in Deer Park, Greenwich, Conn. ‘Mir. Brown was born in Creston, Iowa, and began working on a farm at the age of 10. He worked his way through the University of Iowa and was graduated in 1915. He began his business career in the sales de- partment of the Fort Wayne Corrugated Paper Co., but left in May 1917 to join the Army. He served in France as a captain of infantry until May 1919. On his return he was engaged by Mont- gomery Ward & Co. in the personnel de- partment, and within 8 years Was assiat- ant general operating manager of all plants. The late T. F. Merseles, then president of Montgomery & Ward, took Mr. Brown with him as assistant when he became president of Johns-Manville in 1927, Mr. Brown suce ceeded him to that post on his death in 1929, As a manufacturer of housing materials, Mr. Brown pioneered in encouraging self- liquidating mortgages during the depression. He was also among the first business execu- tives to adopt the 40-hour week and collec- tive bargaining polices before they became law, to hold regional informal stockholders’ meetings and make financial reports to em- ployees, and to indemnify directors for ex- penses resulting from litigation involving the company. In 1938 he promulgated a creed of management embodying the principle that business management is a trusteeship for the mutual benefit of stockholders, employ- ees, customers, and the public. Mr. Brown was the first recipient of the Vermilye Medal of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania in 1939. He also received the Medal for Merit in 1946 as a result of his services as adviser to the Army Chief of Ordnance during World War II. He was elected chairman of the board of Johns-Manville in 1946. He was also a di- rector of the American Telephone & Tele- graph Co. and the Federal Reserve Bank pf New York. Surviving are his wife, the former Mary A. Allen, and three daughters, Mrs, Edward Townsend, Mre. William Homer Sweney, Jr., and Mrs. Charles E. B. Griggs, ee {From the New York Herald Tribune of February 28, 1951] Lewis H. Brown Lewis H. Brown, who at 35 became presi- dent of one of the country’s great corpora- tions, lived well and usefully throughout his 57 years. A farmer in his youth, a captain of infantry in France during the First World War, an outstanding leader of the business world, he knew many kinds of work and responsibility, facing them all with energy and breadth of view, It was tn the Johns- Manville Corp., however, that he found the chief outlet for both his administrative abil- ity and his vision. He pioneered in the field of self-liquidating mortgages during the de- pression; was in the van in introducing the APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD 40-hour week and collective bargaining, and brought both stockholders and employees into close participation in the company’s progress. As president and later as chair- man of the board, Mr. Brown made the name of Johns-Manville synonymous with sound products and enlightened management. Inevitably there came to him calls for a wider service, and he responded to these in a characteristic spirit. His best known governmental work was his survey of West- ern Germany, made in 1947 at the request of General Clay. His conclusions, set forth in a lively volume, foreshadowed many of the economic developments which have since taken place in that area. But this was only one of many public undertakings; and the last began this month, when Mr. Erio Johnston named him to an advisory come mittee to help in problems of economic sta- bilization. His unexpected death has de- prived the country of a citizen whose services would have been of great and growing value in difficult days. Responsibility of Public in Guarding Security EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. ALEXANDER WILEY OF WISCONSIN IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Wednesday, February 28 (legislative day of Monday, January 29), 1951 . Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, there ap- peared in the Washington newspapers recently an article by Mr. J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, which cites the respon- sibility of the public in guarding our security. This article was prepared at the request of the Associated Press. It diagrams the responsibility in the secu- rity field, including the role of the pri- vate citizen. I ask that the article be printed in its entirety in the Appendix of the Recorp. There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: FBI Curer Crres RESPONSIBILITY OF PUBLIC IN GuarpIne Srcuriry (By J, Edgar Hoover) The internal security of the United States can be maintained only with the full coop- eration of all patriotic Americans. As our mobilization program becomes a reality we must expect that those who would like to weaken America will move into action. The Communist Party, United States of America, has become more and more an underground organization. It is imperative that the public understand the present program of security and know the duties of the various agencies which have been designated to guard the Nation's mili- tary and economic secrets from foreign agents and its vital industrial facilities and critical areas from potential saboteurs and subversive groups Within the country. Every loyal citizen has a share in this re- sponsibility and if he knows and understands the importance of his role as it relates to the general program, the task ahead will be ap- proached with national unity and full con- dence, The plan ts cast on a Nation-wide basis. Certain investigative responsibilities have been delegated to various agencies of the Federal Government.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD “ MOPONSIBILITIES ARE OUTLINED ‘The public is eware that the FBI has been given rea pepe speponstbiltty for the in- vestiga age, sabotage a veraive activities within the United “Biates under the security program as defined by Executive orders and congressional enacte ments. Other phases of the responsibility have been assigned to various other agencies of the Government, for instance: The United States Coast Guard has the primary responsibility for the security and safety of the Nation's harbors and water fronts, The prevention of the illegal entry of aliens into the United States is the responsi. bilt at the Immigration and Naturalization The United States customs service of the Treasury Department has the responsibility for detecting the entry of contraband into the country as well as the export of restricted materials from the United States. This in« cludes the exporting of arms, ammunition, and implements of war which require an ex- port license. The exportation of critical materials from the United States is prohibited by the Export Control Act unless such shipments are Moensed by the Office of International Trade of the Department of Commerce. Such ship- ments are policed by the Bureau of Customs and the Office of International Trade investi- gates violations of the Export Control Act. Also in the Department of Commerce, the Office of Technical Services acts as a clearing house for businessmen, scientists, public officials, and private citizens who would like to get the views of appropriate Government agencies regarding the advisability of releas- ing or withholding specific technical infor mation in their possession. . RADIO CONTROL UNDER FCC The Federal Communications Commission has the responsibility for detecting the oper ation of unauthorized and clandestine radio transmitting stations within the confines of the United States and the Territorial pos- sessions. The issuance of visas for aliens to visit this country and passports for Americans going abroad is strictly a function of the Btate Department. The Atomic Energy Commission hag the responsibility for the physical security of all atomic installations. It is also responsi- ble for the security of classified documents and records within the confines of these installations and for pertonnel aecurity. The security of military and naval reser- vations as well as the investigation of civilian personnel for employment on these reserva- tions is the duty of the intelligence and security agencies of the armed services. The physical protection of the Nation's industrial plants engaged in the manufac- ture of matertals vital to the defense effort fs handled by the Munitions Board under thy Office of Secretary of Defense. The Munitions Board is responsible for formu- lating the policies, procedures, and standards from a security standpoint in those plants manufacturing defense materials, FBI COMBATS X&PLONAGE The general responsibility for coordinating the tnvestigations of espionage, counter- espionage, sabotage, subversive, and other related intelligence matters within the United Stetes, Alaska, Hawall, and Puerto Rico is a specific responsibility of the FBI. Intelligence operations outside the con- tinental limite of the United States and its Perritories and are handied by the Central Intelligence Agency and not hy the FBI. Through established channels of liaison there is a free flow of information between the various agencies which have designated responsibilities in the various fields pertaine ing to our national security. Th the Presidential directives of 1989, 1943, and July 24, 1050, which established the FBI's basic responsibilties in the internal security field, each individual citizen was requested by the President to assist in ot these duties by promptly reporting directly to the FBI all information which relates to espionage, sabotage, and subversive activities. This is a responsibility placed on all loyal citizens and patriotic organisations and a role which is vital to the successful opera- tion of the Nation’s general security program. The FBI's function in the security field is purely investigative in nature. It does not grant clearances of any type, nor does it classify any individual or organization as subveraive. Espionage may be generally defined as the obtaining of confidential information regard- ing the national defense and furnishing it to unauthorized persons to the detriment of the United States or the advantage of a foreign power. Sabotage is any act designed to destroy or damage national defense materlals—to im- pede production, injure plant premises, to destroy public utilities, or to produce defec~ tive national defense goods. PUBLIC RESPONBISILITY STRESSED Under the term “subversive activities” would be activities on the part of any indl~ vidual or organization which are intended to foreibly overthrow the American Governe ment or to give aid to its enemies, While these are only general definitions, the public should be alert to report all in- formation directly to the FBI which relates to the following specific matters: 1, Allegations of espionage, sabotage, or subversive activities. 2. Foreign submarine landings. 8. Suspicious parachute landings. 4. Possession and distribution of forelgn< inapired propaganda. 6. Theft or unauthorized possession or purchase of large quantities of firearms, ammunition, or explosives, or short-wave transmitters and receivers. 6. Poisoning of public water supplies. 7, Chartering of airplanes for fights over restricted areas. 8. Fires and explosions of an unusual na- ture affecting any phase of the defense proe am, 9. Suspicious individuals loitering near restricted areas. 10. Possession of radio-active materials. The protection of the Nation’s internal security is a twofold responsibility. It must encompass not only the safeguarding of the Nation’s secrets and vital areas, but also guarantee that the civil liberties of the citi- gen himself will not be violated. Private citizens are warned against at- tempting to conduct thelr own investiga- tions or engage in the circulation of mali- cious gossip or idle rumor. Vigilante action and “witch-hunta” only contribute to hys- terla. The task at hand must be carried out in a calm and organized manner if the results are to be effective. Local, county, and Btate police agencies since the inception of the emergency have been lending their assistance to the FBI and plans have been worked out to meet any eventuality which might arise. By making their information available to the PBI and the other interested agencies of the Government, without attempts at evale uation or to draw conclusions, private citi+ gens, law enforcement agencies, and patriotic tions will not only be safeguarding the righta of the innocent, but will also be making their own important contribution to the Nation’s general internal security pro- gram, A165. Development of the Missouri River Basia EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. KENNETH S. WHERRY | OF WEBRABICA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Wednesday, February 28 (legislative day of Monday, January 29), 1951 Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, on February 14, 1951, Hon, William £&. ‘Warne, Assistant Secretary of the Inte- rior for Water and Power Development, addressed the annual meeting of the Nebraska Reclamation Association in Lincoln, Nebr. I ask unanimous consent to have the text of Secretary Warne’s speech in- serted in the Appendix of the Recoarn. There being no objection, the address was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: An ACHIEVEMENT IX COORDINATION (By William E. Warne) A vew standard in cooperation and coore dination has been established by the Federal and State agencies engaged in the develop- ment of water resources in the Missourl River Basin. The differing backgrounds, in- terests, and authorities of these agencies have been successfully blended in the spirit of doing well a very large and complex taak, The Flood Control Act of 1944, incorparat- ing the approval of the Pick-Sloan plan, enunciated a refreshingly new concept of hasin-wide development. It was the first clear policy statement by the Federal Gov- ernment on the problem in the West of the interrelationship of water and other re- sources, It recognized conservation and control of water and soil as the key to broad-scale use of all resources and to gen- eral economic expansion in the Missourl River Basin, It placed irrigation and other repayment determinations on a regional basis for the first time. This made possible the carrying out of an irrigation program in the high plains where the reclamation law, by itself, had proved inadequate. The legislation approving the Missour! Basin project created no new Federal de- partment or agency. Instead it provided a vehicle whereby the existing agencies, through joint effort, could do the Job that needed to be done. The Missour! Basin plan put all the Federal programs for water and related resource development into the same hopper where they were fed into an over-all plan, and provided a means for drawing out the elements one by one in ace cordance with that plan. Some of the indi- vidual programs had to be speeded up. Some had to be broadened. Every one of them had to be geared to the needs of the whole and to the tempo of all the others. The strength of the pian is derived in large part from its flexibility and its re- sponsiveness to the needs of the people in the basin. But the authorization of the program was only the foundation. We can be proud of the structure which is being erected on that foundation, The Missourl River Basin occuples one- sixth of all the area in the continental United States. Ten States are drained in whole or in part by the Missourl River, Water use and control, or lack of it, in the upstream States obviously has a profound effect on those downstream. Clearly the task was beyond the scope and authority of the State governments, Nevertheless, each State has its own rightful interests in the
A1066 way its resources ars developed through the Federal project. The Missour! Basin Interagency Commit- ted was established to provide a formal means whereby coordination could be achieved among the Federal agencies in- volved and, no leas importantly, between these Federal agencies and agencies of the States of the basin. This committee was established in 1045 by the Federal Inter- agency River Basin Committee, just a few months after the Missouri Basin plan was enacted into law. The Missouri! Basin In- teragency Committee includes representa- tives of five departments and agencies of the Federal Government, and five State gov- ernors, selected by the chief executives of the 10 Missouri Basin States. All 10 gov- ernors belong to a parallel Missouri River Btates Committee. The five Federal mem~- bers of the Missouri Basin Interagency Com- mittee are the Departments of the Army, the Interior, Agriculture, and Commerce, and the Federal Power Commission. Since its organization, the committee has held 45 meetings in cities throughout the region. At each meeting of the committee, the Federal representatives discuss what is being done and what is being planned. The host State and local agencies discuss their pro- grams that are affected by the Federal proj- ect. These presentations are frank and open, They are fully reported to the people through the press and radio. Many times there has been disagreement in the Missour! Basin Interagency Commit- tee. Strenuous opposition has developed to a number of the proposals advanced by the Federal or State members, But from the discussion there has come understanding and adjustment, and there has developed strong support for the coordinated plan and the way it 1s being carried out. Never in its 5-year history has the Missouri! Basin Inter- agency Committee faced a difference it was unable to settle. Machinery exists whereby unresolved questions can be referred by the Missourt Basin Interagency Committee to the top level Federal Interagency River Basin Committee in Washington. But the Missouri group has so far not found !t neces- gary to use that machinery, One of the most useful contributions of the Interagency Committee to the orderly development of the Missour! River Basin project has been the publication annually of a moving 6-year program. This program contains the advance plans for investigation, construction, and operation of the related features of the project by all of the Federal and State agencies having an interest in it throughout the basin. By this means, every agency, Federal or State, engaged in the pro- Bram is advised 6 years in advance as to exactly what is contemplated by all the other agencies. Through the same medium, the people of the basin learn of the work con- templated and can see what adjustments in the program they might find to be desirable. The coordination machinery operates in a@ broad field. The Interagency Committee Geals not only with dams, reservoirs, and levees, power plants, and transmission lines—the impreasive engineering structures. The committee also deals with other phases of resource development such as soil con- servation, enhancement of fish and wildlife values, investigation and development of minerals, acquisition of basic data, and ‘watershed management, The recently issued report of the Presi- dent's Water Resources Policy Commission advocates the principle of “One basin—one plan.” This is the same objective we have been pursuing here in the Missour! River Basin. That report may lead to further strengthening of river-basin planning, car- ried out on an integrated baals. The policy of coordination in the Miasourt Basin has been effectively applied at levels of Government below that of the Inter~ agency Committee. The Missour! Basin Field Committee of the Interlor Department, for example, brings together for coordina- tion and long-range program development the princtpal field administrators of the seven departmental bureaus working on the Missourt Basin project. This type of coordi- nation is geared to the work of the Missour! Basin Interagency Committee. The field committee chairman represents the Depart- ment of the Interior on the Interagency Committee. Another example of secondary coordina- tion, this time on the State level, is found right here in Nebraska. In all of the States of the basin, there are agencies whose busi- ness is resource development. In your own State, you have the Department of Roads and Irrigation. But you also have the re- cently formed Nebraska Coordinating Com- mittee, The job of this coordinating committee, as Governor Peterson so aptly put it, is to act as a clearing house and to provide a means of facilitating and implementing the Missour! River Basin project as it concerns the State. The Governor said that he was anxious that the State should not be found wanting. He wanted the committee to be in e@ position properly to inform him of the developments, the possibilities, the prob- lems, and the suggested action programs in order to Assist him in his work in the Mis- sourl Basin Interagency Committee. The Nebraska Coordinating Oommittee held its first meeting a Mttle over a year ago. Since that time it has done a yeoman service toward bringing an understanding of the Missour! River Basin project into every farm and town in Nebraska. This is the sort of cooperation and coordination that will guarantee the successful culmination of the Missouri Basin project. Let’s look at a couple of specific examples of how this coordination machinery has worked in providing recognition of State views on the development of the Missouri River Basin, Some time ago, Avery Batson, regional director of the Bureau of Reclamation, ex- plained in an interagency meeting the plan for Glendo Dam and Reservoir on the North Platte River in Wyoming. The North Platte River, as you know, is an interstate stream and involves Nebraska, Wyoming, and to some extent, Colorado. Governor Peterson told the committee that the State of Ne- braska would not go along with the Glendo plan the way it was originally drawn. He asked that more study be given to the plan with particular reference to the height of the dam and its effect on the water supply for projects already built in Nebraska and those in prospect. The Bureau of Recla- mation took another look; in fact, it took several looks. The Bureau drew up a number of alternative plans for the operation of the reservoir. It also made additional extensive studies of the effect of the reservolr on the water in the stream. The discussions con- tinued until a plan was proposed which seemed agreeable to all the parties concerned, As soon as that plan is formally agreed to, construction at Glendo can proceed. Here's another example. About # year ago, at one of the regular interagency meetings, Governor Mickelson, of South Dakota, and Governor Aandahl, of North Dakota, ex- preased concern lest their States be precluded from securing power from the main-atem hydroelectric plants. The two Governors urged that the power policy of the Interior Department be set forth clearly in order that thelr States could plan to make the best use of the power that was to hecome available, The Secretary of the Interior enunciated a policy. Everyone concerned took another look at the immediate needs for power, Your Governor announced that he felt North Da- kota and South Dakota should have their fair share of the kilowatts available. Action followed in those two States. Transmission APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD lines are being constructed there today An equitable solution was found for another The machinery of coordination in the Mis- sour! Basin has been a revelation to all of us, even those of us who helped to plan it. This pattern of coordination and cooperation is getting results in the Missour! Basin, results in terms of control of floods, of concrete and steel placed in dams, results in the form of irrigated agriculture and in kilowatts of low- cost energy. As of today 17 dams in the basin with an aggregate storage capacity of somewhat more than 3,000,000 acre-feet have been completed or nearly so since the Missouri Basin over- all plan was approved, These are in addi- tion to the two score Federal reservoirs in the basin which were constructed under previous authorizations and which have a total capacity of about 23,000,000 acre-feet. In 1946 Federal hydroelectric power plants in the Missouri River Basin genetated 384,- 000,000 kilowatt-hours of power. In 1950, the Federal power plants increased their genera- tion by approximately 75 percent to over 607,000,000 kilowatt-hours. During 1950, two additional power plants were put into initial operation, Estes in Colorado and Kortes in Wyoming. Kortes is the first power plant to be finished under the Pick-Stoan authorizations. The two new plants have an ultimate capacity of 81,000 kilowatts. Irrigation development has proceeded at a somewhat slower pace primarily because It must await development of storage facilities, So far irrigation water has been supplied to 50,000 acres of new lands, largely in exten- sions of projects authorized prior to the adoption of the Pick-Sloan plan, Already a great deal of effective flood con- trol has been provided by the dams, reser- voirs, and other works which have been built. Even ‘now many communities which for- merly were devastated by floodwaters are rela- tively safe from further damage on this ac- count. Last year, floods which would have caused hundreds of thousands of dollars in damages at Mandan, N. Dak,, were averted by the storage in the Heart Butte Dam, com- pleted shortly before. Here in Nebraska, the people who live in the upper Republican River Valley have new security, provided by the Enders and Medicine Creek Damas, against the flood rampages of that unruly stream. Fish and wildlife resources have been maintained and improved, and the begin- nings of development of new recreational sites are taking shape, Construction is now going on at 11 dams with reservoirs having a combined storage capacity of 56,000,000 acre-feet. When they are all completed, major floods arising in the upper main stem of the Missouri River will be only an unhappy memory, The hydro- electric power plants of projects under con- struction will have an aggregate installed capacity exceeding 750,000 kilowatts by the middle 1950's. Another 750,000 kilowatts will be ready by the end of the decade. The Missour! Basin project backbone transmis- sion lines completed or under construction have a combined length of over 2,400 miles. Irrigation distribution systems to serve 850,- 000 acres are under way. It will be apparent, from these facts, that construction of the Missour! River Basin project is in high gear. The region ts on the verge of realizing tremendous benefits. Now ts the time to push forward harder than ever. Let us look for a moment at the activities of the Missouri! River Basin project in the Cornhuaker State. Nebraska’s share of the over-all basin project will include, ulti- mately, the irrigation of approximately 1,400,000 acres of new land, the provision of supplemental water supplies for an addi- tional 400,000 acres now irrigated, and the installation of hydroelectric generating ca- pacity totaliny 67,000 ktlowatts. In addi-
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD tion, Nebraska will share in the production from main-stem power plants, notably Fort Randall and Gavins Point, near ite borders, Btorage reservoirs planned for Nebraska call for 4.000.000 acre-feet behind 23 dams, ‘ar, the Medicine Creek and Enders Dams have been completed, providing 167,000 sore-feet of storage capacity. Harlan Coun- ty and Trenton Damas, currently under con- shuotion, will provide an additional 1,100,- 000 acre-feet of storage. In August 1950, a 115-kilovolt line was completed from the Fort Randall dam site in South Dakota to O'Neill, Nebr. Lines from Casper, Wyo., to Gering, from Gering to Sidney and Alliance, and from Sidney to Sterling, Colo., were also finished during 1950. Construction is under way on lines from Alliance to Chadron, from Sidney to Ogallala, and from Pine Bluff, Wyo., to Kimball. These lines will atrengthen the State net- work bringing power to markets which need it urgently, Negotiations are now under way to coordinate the Federal power de- velopment with the State pubitc power de- velopments for the benefit of the people in Nebraska. This coordination 1s expected to make available to Nebraskans adequate low- cost power without jeopardizing State in- vestments already made. We expect that public-power Nebraska «will share fully in ‘the Federal hydroelectric power develop- ment of the basin. Recently 11,500 acres were added to the Mirage Flats project in the Niobrara Valley near Hay Springs. Investigations are being made to determine the feasibility of other irrigation in the Platte and Niobrara Valleys, On the Missouri itself, the major con- struction job in Nebraska has been the Omaha project of the corps of engineers. It consists of levees and flood walls which proved very éffective in the 1950 flood. Re- maining work consists of completion of in- ternal drainage and pumping station faclli- tles and revetment work. Bank stabiliza- tion and channel improvement continues as funds permit. ‘The coordination which has achieved such fine results in the planning and construction of the project thus far will be carried on and intensified. It will be continued, I hope, into the operation phase of the project to assure that the benefits of basin-wide de- velopment on a coordinated basis will be fully realized. An interagency subcommittee is now col- lecting data on water supplies, use, and re- quirements in the Missouri River Basin, These data will be useful in the develop- ment of a plan for coordinated reservoir op~ erations so that the reservoir system will pro- vide maximum benefits in the generation ef power, the control of floods, the irriga- tion of land, and the other purposes of the project. Here again these results are ex- pected to be achieved through existing agen- cies by means of voluntary coordination, with adequate recognition of Btate interests. The spirit behind the coordination in the Missourl River Basin, the universal desire to see the project carried to its conclusion, is something that you can’t write into law and you can’t create artifictally. Fortunately, it was here in the Missouri! Basin, even be- The economic power that the project has added and will add to the Nation stems not alone from the reservoirs and the hydroelec- tric plants, The vigrr of the project and its Dpenefits to America are founded no less in the demonstrated desire of the people in the wor! Conditions in India EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. HERBERT H. LEHMAN OF NEW YORK IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Wednesday, February 28 (legislative day of Monday, January 29), 1951 Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp a special dispatch from India, reqently published in the Saturday Review of Literature. This dispatch was sent by Mr. Norman L. Cousins, the editor of the Saturday Re- view, who has been touring in Asia. He makes some very interesting observa. tions on conditions in India which are pertinent in connection with our forth- coming consideration of legislation for emergency food aid to India. There being no objection, the dispatch was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: New Deiw1.—Once you have seen the look of hunger on the face of a man tt is diff- cult to put it out of your mind. I have geen the look of hunger on the faces of thousands of men, and I know I shall never forget it. I first saw the hungry in a jail on the island of Ceylon. They were illegal immi- grants fleeing the famine in the south of India, and the Government of Ceylon was detaining them in a prison in Jaffna until arrangements could be worked out for their return to India, They had come by small boat, landing during the night on the north coast of Ceylon, where some of them had been picked up by the police. No one knew how many Indians had fled to Ceylon In this manner, In the jail at Jaffna I spoke to a woman of 65 who looked closer to 80. I doubt that she weighed 80 pounds. Her face was little more than a bare skull out of which small eyes glowed feverishly. She had come to Ceylon to join her married daughter, who had escaped successfully 2 months earlier, This much she was willing to tell, but she would not tell the police where her daughter might be found, even though it meant she herself would be returned to India alone. I next saw the hungry in the south of India, where the auffering is most acute, I saw them against a background of parched and browned fields, with pale stubbles where rich rice paddies should have been. The reason for it was that the rains never came this year. They didn’t come last year either, or the year before that, or the year before that. “Four years, no monsoon,” one of the el- ders in @ village 40 miles from Madras told me, “The older people have thought hard but they do not remember when before the fields have been so dry. The wells are very low.” He looked up at the scudding clouds. “Clouds like this used to bring rain. Now they go out to sea and drop their rain where there is no need of it. The old people can eat little. If they are thin, it is no great harm, Gandhi wes thin, But the children are thin and they become sick quickly, Smallpox has killed many of them. Thirty had. smallpox in this village. Sixteen died. "We send men into the oities to work 20 they can buy rice to bring back to the village, there is rations #0 little rice and the heat they bring A1067 coconute—but very many people here atarving.” : I next aaw the faces ‘of the hungry on the streeta of Calcutta. Many of them were homeless. They had lost their homes dur- ing the partition of India when Pakistan was created. They were Hindus, who feared the Muslims, and they had abandoned thelr homes in Pakistan and crossed over into India. In India there are perhaps twelve or fifteen million such refugees—it might be millions more; no one knows exactly how many. Thousands of them came into Cal- cutta, the world's largest city, looking for food and homes. They elept in the street, Wherever you went at night, on the main thoroughfares or in the alleys or in the hall- ways, you could see the human forms huddled together against the coc! night, During the day they waited in linea for Government food or they begged. Near the luxurious Grand Hotel in Cal- cutta was a child of 8 or 9, with not enough clothes to conceal the bloated, empty belly of hunger. He was looking in the streets for scraps of food. Near by was a young woman of about 20, her body covered by the rags of what once must have been a handsome sari,’ A child of 2 was on her hip. The child was badly undernourished and his head rested on his mother’s shoulder, His face was emp- ty and expressioniess. I also saw the hungry of Bangalore. They sat against the walls of buildings and waited, Then I saw them in Delhi. There are more of the hungry and homeless in Delhi than in any other city in the world. Ag in Calcut- ta, many of them are refugees—maybe 500,- 000 or 600,000—and they have crowded into the city, setting up crude wood-and-straw shelters, most of them closet size. And every day the dead are carried out—by men who are little more than half-alive themselves. I stood on the corner of a busy atreet in Delht and watched the refugees as they passed.) For a full hour I watched to see whether J could spot a single person out of thousands who would be considered plump by Ameri- can standards. I saw only two. The Indians are reluctant to talk about themselves or their hardships, but after a while I was able to win over the confidence of the attendant assigned to my room. He told me about his 6-year-old son, the one with tuberculosis. He sald his son had been praying a great deal recently, much more than usual, and he had asked his son what he had been praying for. “My son was pray- ing that he might die. He wanted to die and he wanted God to make him into a crow. I had told him about the crowa that fly into the open windows of the hotel rooms and pick up food on the tables and then carry the food off. My son said he wanted to be & crow so he could fly wherever there was food and bring it back to our family.” Then the attendant, whose name was Arun, turned away from me and knelt down to fix the fire. “India has been hungry for many months,” he said. “They are saying that America has known about this need and that America has not wished to send us food.” I replied that what he had been told was not true. What had happened was that we had been too slow in responding to India’s need, and that was bad enough. Americans had to operate through their Government and often democratic government ts slow in doing what has to be done promptly. I asked him to believe that millions of Amere. feans were deeply concerned and were prod- ding our Government to action. I told him that we would do our best, our very best, and that the American people would be angry if any attempt were made to deprive other, peopie of food because we might disagree with their leaders, * * * Should we be so short-sighted as to send no wheat, let Congress finish the fob, Let
A1068 Congress recall the appropriation for the Voice of America and for all our information services abroad. Let us shut down all our efforts to combat Communist propaganda against us. There te no polnt telling our story to the world if there 1s nothing for us to say. All the Voice of America can do 4s to try to provide a real, true account of what is happening in America. What we say can and should be e reflection of what we do. We have heard a great deal in recent years about the need to speak to peoples and not only to governments. The most powerful language in the world today is food. It is clearly understood. It bultlds bridges mightier by far than radio broadcasts or published material, especially when people have no radios or cannot read. My purpose in coming to India was to try to tell the Indian people about America and to try to answer the many lies being told about us, Those lies are aimed at splitting America off from the rest of the world. Yet there is nothing Soviet propaganda can say about us that can do nearly the harm that we can do to ourselves if we should turn our back today not only on Indla but on the meaning of America itself. The Railroad Strike EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. WILLIAM LANGER OF NORTH DAKOTA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Wednesday, February 28 (legislative day of Monday, January 29), 1951 Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Aprendix of the Rrcorp an editorial entitled “Labor Dispute Could Have Been Bettled in 24 Hours,” published in the February 1951 edition of Labor. There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the Rrcorp, as follows: Ram Dispurs Coutn Have Been SxerTLep IN 24 Hours—GoverNmMtnt Rerusrp ResPon- SIBILITY AFTER SRIING CARRIMRS; ORACKED DowN ON WORKERS Labor wants to say once more—and it’s an appropriate occasion to say it—the contro- versy over hours, wages, and rules on the railroads could have been settled at any time, and within 24 hours—if the Government, after seizing the rallroads, had assumed the responsibility which attaches to control and operation of the Nation’s transportation system, Instead, an Army officer was made a mere figurehead for Uncle Sam, and the same old hard-boiled managements were left in full control of the carriers, their profits, and their employees’ wages and working conditions. The managements felt they were sitting pretty, because railroad employees could not strike against the Government, The Gov- ernment, 80 far as we know, did not make the slightest effort to adjust the employees’ grievances, Under those circumstances, management gaw no need to make concessions. It was content to operate as usual, ignore the union's offers of settlement, and pocket the profits. This was a deplorable and unnecessary sit- uation and tt has had, and will continue to have, most deplorable consequences. The beat that cati be said ts that the President was ill-advised by his assistant, Dr. John RB. Bteelman. The latter did not know how to meet the problem, or did not desire to do so, But the President of the United States, busy as he is, could afford to take the time to acquaint himself with issues so vitally af- fecting railroad workers, the great railroad industry, and the entire Nation. Labor repeats: If this controversy had been handled with ordinary common sense, !t could have been settled within 24 hours on a@ basis just to the employees, the carriers, and the Nation, Senatorial Election in Maryland EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. OWEN BREWSTER OF MAINE IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Wednesday, February 28 (legislative day of Monday, January 29), 1951 Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp a state- ment issued by Miss Bertha Adkins, Re- publican national committeewoman from Maryland. There being no objection, the state- ment was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: SaLissury, Mp., February 21, 1051.—Miss Bertha Adkins, Republican national com- mitteewoman from Maryland, today issued the following statement: “The voters of Maryland will resent the reflection upon their intelligence in the sur. prising statement of Millard E. Tydings be- fore a subcommittee of the United States Senate. “Ex-Senator Tydings now claims he was beaten last November by last-minute cam- paign literature. This statement contrasts strangely with the interview he gave to the United States News and World Report im~ mediately following the election. Then he attributed his defeat to a factional Aght within the Democratic Party in Maryland. “Does Mr. Tydings feel compelled to blame his defeat on somebody—anybody—rather than himself? Has it ever occurred to him that Maryland voters, to the tune of a 48,< 000 plurality, preferred Senator JoHN Mag- SMALL BUTLER? “Let Mr. Tydings honestly face the facts. The recent election reflected the desire of Maryland citizens for a change. Our Repub- lican Governor, Theodore M. McKeldin, re« ceived the biggest vote given any guberna- torial candidate—Democrat or Republican— in our State's history. Representative GLENN Beau's plurality of 27,178 was the largest he ever received. Representative Enowarp T. Miuier’s majority was 8,910 compared to 2,600 in 1948. General James P. Devereux carried the Second District by 8,000 votes against & Democratic plurality of 22,922 in 1948. “The people of Maryland aré intelligent, independent voters who want good govern- ment—and they vote their convictions. If the election for Senator were held tomorrow, Iam convinced the plurality of the Repub- lican candidate would be even larger than Senator Burizr’s because of the obviously inept and scandal-ridden administration of President Truman. “Mr, Tydings said the pamphlet, From the Record, was sent into 600,000 Maryland homes in the last minute of the campaign. I have checked with Republican officials in the counties where Senator Bourizn received his large majorities. These officials have ad- vised me that they didn't distribute this material nor can they find it was used in APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD their counties. Here are the counties, and the majorities they gave Senator Buri: “Montgomery, 5,000; Prince Georges, 5,000; Anne Arundel, 4,000; Allegany, 6,000; Wash- ington, ¢,000; Frederick, 2,000; Baltimore, 8,000; Wicomico, 500. "How could the voters have been influ- enced by something which they never saw? “Mr. Tydings has been in poiltics long enough to know that the custom of sending out last-minute campaign literature is so well established in Maryland that the voters have become immune to such appeals, whether true or false. “He should accept his defeat with good grace.” Establish the Office of Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Fine Arts EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. EMANUEL CELLER OF NEW YORK IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, February 26, 1951 Mr. CELLER. Mr. Speaker, Con- gressman KuLetn and I have introduced a bill to establish the office of Assistant Secretary of Fine Arts of the Department of the Interior. For as long as our great country has been in existence, the en- couragement and development of the culture of the Nation has been an all- pervading and consistent desire. Many cultural institutions and organizations have thrived and added a dimension of color, brilliance, sensitivity, and under- standing to our lives, and their signifi- cance increases as they preserve the cul- tural heritage and yearnings of our peo- ple. The infinite lift of morale which they engender can hardly be measured both in times of stress and in times of peace. It is the purpose of this bill fur- ther to encourage and assist the growth of the fine arts in the United States. The Assistant Secretary of Fine Arts would be appointed by the President, not to control or direct but only to assist entities which are now engaged in the presentation, perpetuation, or develop- ment of the fine arts, and to aid civic nonprofit organizations in their endeav- or to develop the fine arts, as expressed in the living drama, music, literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, ballet, dance, and the like. Civic nonprofit or- ganizations are defined as any public or private foundation, charitable trust, ac- credited college or university, or other organization—-whether or not incorpo- rated—no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any of its stockholders or members. , In addition, performances and produc- tions of civic nonprofit organizations would be exempt from the Federal ad- missions taxes. Educational, charitable, and other civic nonprofit institutions are tax exempt except in their presentations of fine-arts programs, one of the great cultural tasks which they were designed to perform, It is manifestly unfair to put obstacles in their development. The widening horizon of cultural at- tainments and greatness which can be envisaged in our Nation is a Hmitless one.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD No thought of domination, no inkling of control over the fine arts, can have a place in this endeavor, and is so stated apectfically in the bill. The purpose of this bill, as clearly outlined in its pro- visions, 1s only to promote, encourage, and develop a richness already latent in our heritage. The following is the text of the bill: Be tt enacted, ete., That tt is the purpose of this act, in recognition of the tremendous contributions made by the fine arts to the morale, health, and general welfare of the Nation, to ald im preserving the priceless American cultural heritage from destruction by its enemies, foreign and domestic, and to encourage the growth and development of the fine arts throughout the United States. TITLE I Sec. 101. There shal] be in the Department of the Interior an Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Fine Arts, ‘cho shail be ap- pointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Fine Arts shall receive compensation at the rate of $16,000 per annum. Sec, 102. The Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Fine Arts, under tbe direction of the Secretary of the Intertor, shall— (1) administer and have jurisdiction and control over the agencies, and exercise the functions, transferred by the President to the Department of the Interior under section 108 of this act; (3) encourage and assist but not domi- nate or control civic nonprofit organizations in the presentation, perpetuation, and de- velopment of the fine atts in the United States. Sec. 108. All agencies primarily engaged in the presentation, perpetuation, or develop- ment of the fine arts in the United States, and all functions exercised by other agencies with respect to the presentation, perpetua- tion, or development of the fine arts in the United States shall, within 90 days after the date of enactment of this act and in accordance with regulations prescribed by the President, be transferred to the Depart- ment of the Interior. Binc. 104. For the purposes of this title— (1) The term “fine arts” includes living drama and mustc, literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, ballet, and dance. (2) The term “agency” means any execu- tive department, commission, council, in- dependent establishment, Government cor- poration, board, bureau, division, service, office, officer, authority, administration, or other establishment, in the executive branch of the Government, including all parte of the municipal government of the District of Columbia except the courts thereof; but such term does not include the Library of Con- gress or any agency under its jurisdiction or control. (8) The term “civic nonprofit organiza. tion” means any public or private founda- tion, charitable trust, accredited college or university, or other organization (whether or not incorporated), no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any of ite stockholders or members. TITLE 1 Sac, 201. Subchapter A of chapter 10 of the Internal Revenue Code (tax on ns) ta hereby amended by adding at the end thereof the following new section: “Sec. 1705. Exemption From Tax. “No tax shall be Jevied under this sub- chapter in respect of any admission to @ performance, show, exhibit, or other produc- tion in the field of the fine arte conducted of presented by an organization engaged tn the conduct or presentation of such performances, shows, exhibita, or other productions, if no part of the net earnings of euch organizations inures to the benefit of any of its stockholders or members. For the purposes of this section, the term arts’ includes Itving drama and music, liter~- ature, architecture, sculpture, painting, ballet, and danoe.” Sec. 202. The amendment made by this title shali be applicable only with respect to amounts paid on or after the first day of the first month which begins more than 5 days after the date of enactment of this act for admissions on or after such first day. Mr, Speaker, I am pleased, indeed, with the ready response this bill has re- ceived and include herewith an article by Richard L. Coe, drama editor of the Washington Post, which appeared on February 28, 1951: Brit Gives BRrAK To THE Fink Arte (By Richard L. Coe) A sensible approach to the matter of American fine arts seems to have been made in a bill introduced in the House Monday by New York's Macawue. Ceiie: and ArTHur G. Even, This would provide for an Assistant Secre- tary of Fine Arts in the Interior Department. Such an official, to be appotnted by the Pres- ident, would: 1. Coordinate existing agencies in the Government which have to do with the fine arts. 2. Aid civic nonprofit oranizations de- voted to such spheres as music, dama, paint- ing, architecture, ballet, and sculpture. Such enterprises of nonprofit organizations would be exempt from Federal taxes which, ag things now stand, are anywhere from 50 to 100 percent of the annual deficits of such groups. It would, for instance, cut down or even eradicate the increasingly trouble- some annual fund drives of such oraniza- tions as the Metropolitan Opera, the Nation- al Symphony, and the New York Philhar- monic Symphony. The most importan point of their bill, ita cosponsors feel, is that the duty of the new Assistant Secretary would be not to control or direct, but to encourage and assist the growth of the fine arts. This, they emphasize, is to remove any taint of politicking and also to forestall eriticlem that arose against the public works programs of the early Roosevelt ad- ministration. The good that the Federal Theater and the art projects under Edward Bruce did in vi- the best of past and contemporary culture for the masses of the present is something that detractore of government-in- the-arts cannot effective’y argue about. Viewed from the perspective of history, the artists of the past were encouraged by @ bandful of the wealthy; with the rise of the masses, the most significant develop- ment of our time, has come the need to encourage a growth whose previous source of income has vanished. Both Ceiuer and Kxxr7 have been identi- fied in the past with efforts to bring official recognition to the fine arts and so have nu- merous other Members of Congress. This bill, H. BR. 2890, however, is the first this seasion to take a soundly practical approach, noting in the tax-exemption clause that while the income to the Federal Government is but a drop in an enormous bucket, the figure can mean life or death to culturally inevalu- able organizations. Thetr bill has been referred to the House Ways and Means (money) committee, and while it would be entirely too rosy to think it has a fruitful immediate futcuo, tt ie at least a step which merits the thoughtful con~ aideration of all concerned with the preser- ration end growth of our rich land's Sine One can expect the sneers of the sections of the press cnd the kate-provoking commentators as well as cracks that Demo- crats Cerne and Exe are simply thinking of their Mew York constituents, but the fact remains that something must be found to replace the great, ebbing fortunes, long the ehief supporters of the arta. The Switchmen’s Strike EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. WILLIAM LANGER OF NORTH! DAKOTA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Wednesday, February 28 (legislative day of Monday, January 29), 1951 Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I aak unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Reoorn an editorial entitled “This Is the Truth,” published in Trainman News of February 5, 1951. aoe editorial deals with the switchmen's e. There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: Tus Ie tHE TrurH On the 21st of December 1960, at the con- clusion of a White House session which lasted almost continuously for 26 hours, Presidential Assistant John Steelman pre- sented to us a proposal leading to the settle- ment of our nearly 2-year-old dispute with the rallroads. We advised Dr. Stcelman and the rallroad representatives that we would present this proposal to our organizations for considera- tion. Dr. Steelman announced at a press conference held in the White House that the proposal was subject to ratification. General chairmen, representing members of all four organizations, shortly thereafter assembled and considered the Steelman proposal, It was unanimously rejected by all four organizations end the respective chief executives and their negotiating com- mittees were directed to return to Wash- ington and to continue negotiations leading to a satisfactory and just settlement. The presidents of all four organizations notified Steelman at the White House that the Steelman proposal had been unanimously rejected, and that they were available to resume negotiations. (These telegrams are at the White House.) Through the Chairman of the National Mediation Board, the presidents of the four organizations were requested to return to Washington for a meeting at the White House scheduled for 10 9. m., January 17, 1961. The chief executives and their nego- tlating committees r a this request from the White House, and on January 17, 1961, they were in Washington, and notified the White House that they were available to resume negotiations, The presidents of the four organizations met with Steelman at the White House for 2 hours and 80 minutes, commencing at noon, January 18, 1961. Representatives of the negotiating committees were not present at this session in keeping with Dr. Steelman's request, At the conclusion of this session it was agreed that negotiations would be resumed as of 10 a. m., the following day, under the jurisdiction and in the presence of the National Mediation Board, Accordingly, the four presidents and repe resentativea of their negotiating committees met with the National Mediation Board as of 10 a. m., Priday, January 10, 1951, until 1p, m,, that day.
Al070 At the conclusion of this session they were tola by the National Mediation Board that the Board would meet with representatives of the railroads that same afternoon, and thet a joint session with representatives of the four operating brotherhoods and the rail- roads would probably take place the same day, or perhaps Saturday morning, January 20, 1961. Late the evening of January 19, 1951, the brotherhood presidents were ad- vised that the National Mediation Board again wished to confer with them at 10 a. m,, the following day, Saturday, January 20, 1951. This request was respected. The four brotherhood presidents and rep- resentatives of thely negotiating committees aid meet with the National Mediation Board for 1 hour and 30 minutes. The presidents of the brotherhoods and thelr committee representatives were advised that the rall- roads had taken the position that the Steel- man proposal was, in fact, a firm contract, and that they, the representatives of the railroads, would meet with the negotiating committees of the four organizations only to complete the unfinished details relating to the Steelman proposal. To all intents and purposes, this attitude on the part of the railroads can be regarded &s a refusal to bargain collectively, for Dr. Steelman, as the President's assistant and appointed mediator in this dispute, had di- rected that renegotiations commence under the jurisdiction of the National Mediation Board as of January 19, 1951. Every day since the 20th of January 1951, with the exception of Sunday, January 21, the presidents of the four organizations and representatives of their negotiating com- mittees have responded to requests to meet with the National Mediation Board, and in every instance representatives of the railroads have not been present in joint session to bargain collectively for a settlement of this nearly 32-year-old controversy, The contention in newspaper ads through- out the country, over the signature of the eastern, southeastern, and western railroads, in view of the above, is of course untrue and absurd. Gambling With American Manpower EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. LYNDON B. JOHNSON OF TEXAS IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Wednesday, February 28 (legislative day of Monday, January 29), 1951 Mr, JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi- dent, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp, editorial entitled “Dangerous Gam- ling,” published in the Washington Daily News of February 27, 1951, There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the Rec- ord, as follows: ' Danoxnovus GAMBLING “Our basic problem in manpower ts this; ‘We must, with fewer men, do more than our enemy does with abundant men. ( “America's manpower pool is shallow; our enemy's pool 1s deep. From this fact there is no relief. We must stand or fall, succeed or fall, with what we have, 1 “Obviously, we can gamble on getting by for & few more months without making ad- @itional manpower eligible for military serv~ tee. But the gamble is dangerous. Under present circumstances, it could be fatal.” That is the cogent warning of able Senator Lynpon JoHNnson (Democrat, Texas), chair- man of the Senate Armed Services Commit. tee, in reporting out the universal military training and service bill, The measure goes before the Senate for debate today. The Senate bill authorizes the drafting of men at 18, but only after local boards have exhausted their pool of eligibles in the pres- ent 19-26 bracket, including nonveterans with not more than one dependent. The House Armed Services Committee is still trying for a compromise on the age tasue. A bill introduced by Chairman Vinson puts the draft age at 1814. And the committee has started another long series of hearings “to Msten to the arguments of Defense Secre- tary Marshall, Mrs. Anna Rosenberg, General Bradley, and the Chiefs of Staff on the ad- ministration program-particularly on the eligibility age. This newspaper believes a clear and strong case has been made for drafting the 18-year- olds and tor universal training and service in general. We gamble against time as we quibble and search for compromise, Con- gress should act with all speed possible to equalize the odds, Mayor Impellitteri Opposes Taxation of Municipal Bonds EXTENSION OF REMARKS _ HON. EUGENE J. KEOGH OF NEW YORK IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27,1951 Mr. KEOGH. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Rrc- orD, I include the following statement of Hon. Vincent R. Impellitteri, mayor of the city of New York, before the House ‘Ways and Means Committee on Febru- ary 26, 1951: Tt is a token of the seriousness of the issue we aré discussing today that the greatest city in the country is as deeply concerned as the thousands of small municipalities throughout the country. Size 1s no protec- tiou ayninst the devastating effect of the propused tax on municipal securities. Nor are political differences involved. Fiorello H, LaGuardia, one of my predeces- sors 88 mayor of New York City, had a very different political background. Yet, when the Treasury Department proposed that the exemption of municipal bonds should be ended, Mayor LaGuardia, faced with the same problems of preserving the financial credit of the city of New York, spoke from this witness chair against this proposal, as all municipal officials must. He said that this proposal came 150 years too late be- cause the present exemptions are part of the scheme of our Federal system. They are &@ part of the whole fabric of our financial structure. Twelve additional years have done nothing to alter the soundness of that basic truth. This committee, after hearing the evidence of State and municipal officers from all over the country, declined then even to report the matter to the floor of the House. And when the matter was moved in the Senate by way of floor amendments, it was de- Cisively defeated in 1940 and 1942 by large nonpertisan majorities. Nothing has hap- pened since to change the judgment of Con- gress. Then, as now, the argument was raised that a war emergency required the tax. Then, as now, the exaggerated issue of tax loophole was raised, and then, as now, APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD the serlous congequences to local governs ments were clear. I hesitated quite a while before asking for time to be heard on this subject. I respect the opinions of such well-known authorities as Secretary Snyder and those who advise him. I did not decide to oppose this pro- posal until I had fully convinced myself that their perspective was wrong. Knowing some of the history of this question and the problems it poses, I cannot understand how it can be pressed now a3 an urgent measure required to meet an emergency. Contrary to what has been inferred, this recommenda- tion, whatever its merits may be, shifts the tax burden to the millions of home owners throughout the country who must under our present tax system carry the onerous burden of paying the cost of local government. This proposal will rob Peter to pay Paul, and Peter is already up to his ears in financtal difficulties, This proposed tax is designed to increase Federal revenue by shifting the burden to municipalities in the form of increased in- terest costs. If adopted, however, it will achieve only one of these two aims. The shocking fact is that the increase in Federal revenue will be relatively small, but a crush- ing burden will be placed’on local govern- mental bodies. Let me demonstrate this. As I under- stand it, this is to apply to future bond issues only. There has been no serious suggestion that good faith be abandon d and suits for breach of contract invited by tmposing the tax on interest from outstanding bonds. On tts face, it is obvious that a tax on new issues can, at best, bring in only limited rev- enue for a number of years to come. When the issue was debated in this room a decade ago, Under Secretary of the Tresury Hanes conceded that the measure could hardly be supported on its revenue aspects alone. We may assume that some of these tax-exempt bonds are owned by millionaires and other wealthy tnvestors, although this assumption ie to a large extent contradicted by inherit- ance tax and other available statistics. It 4s well known, however, that a very substan- tial proportion of these bonds are owned by institutional investors which are not affected by the progressive rates of the individual income tax or are not at all subject to tax. It is conceded that the imposition of the tax will increase the rate of interest which municipalities and States will have to pay in order to market future bond issues, Ex- perts in the field of municipal bonds agree that the increase in interest on New York City bonds would at present be about 1 per- cent. But, consider how this would affect the individual of wealth who !s seeking to reduce his taxes by ownership of tax-exempt bonds. Would he be hampered? Would his taxes increase? For many years he can con- tinue to escape taxes to the same extent aa at present, The tax-exempt bonds that are now his, he can continue to own until they mature, and most of these bonds were {esued for long terms. Nor will he have any great problem in purchasing additional tax- exempt bonds. They will be readily avatl- able on the market since the corporations and institutions which do not pay a progres- sive tax or are tax-exempt will be glad to sell their holdings to be replaced by the new municipal bonds issued at the higher in- terest rate. The proposal is a delusion. It will not effectively close tax loopholes for years to come; it will not greatly increase Foderal revenue, One thing alone will be accomplished. The costs of local government will be in- creased—increased to a point which will curtail vital improvements, Municipalities Which have to come into the market next year to finance needed public improvements or refund outstanding issues will be hit bard,
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD and hit hard at once, by the extra tnterest cost they will be asked to pay. That extra interest cost is not a matter of conjecture, The Beerstary of the in his open- ing statement to this committee 2 weeks ago very frankly said that he was, in effect, asking this committee to recommend an in« crease in the cost of local borrowing, You gentlemen know as well as I that the one level of government where there is al- most no temaining ability and elasticity to meet “fixed added costs fs municipal gov- ernment. When the mayor of an American city recognizes that the cost of living has far outstripped the salary scale of falthful municipal employees, he has a titanic and frequently impossible burden to rectify the inequity because of his inability to raise the money needed to meet the pay raises. Our power to tax is strictly controlled by the State and by existing taxes imposed by the Federal Government. Local government has been left only the financial crumbs in taxes which are the most unpopular and the hardest to impose and collect. This is the equivalent of pilfering governmental poor boxes. The income tax, the estate tax, and all the other taxes that have any relation- ship to ability to pay have been preempted at the Federal and State levela. Real-estate taxes are concededly at the limit presently permitted by law. My city has already im-< posed the sales tax, and we are seeking to increase it. We have imposed a groas-re- ceipts business tax, a utility tax, and an oc- cupancy tax. We are planning to impose the other taxes, nuisance taxes though they are, which the State has given us power to impose. All this is essential to meet the current needs. We in municipal finance and our citizens who must pay the bill are at our wit’s end and simply cannot stand the additional burden you propose to ask us to assume. The tmposition of this tax would not hit the target aimed at. It would really hit the local governments of the country. We would be forced to pay the bill in the form of increased interest costs or to give up many needed local improvements which, since they are essential to our community life, would then have to be financed by the Federal Goy- ernment with the taxes you hope to collect by taxing our securities. All that would have been accomplished would be a shift in powers and e further weakening of the de- mocracy which inheres in strong and free local self-government, The city of New York, and the huge metro- politan srea of which it is the heart, have specific plans for municipal improvements essential to our millions of citizens. These are not luxury items but badiy needed public improvements and improved services. We have not yet caught up with the need for schools which our increasing and shifting population forces upon us and which the postponements of World War II have aggra- vated. We need approximately $200,000,000 to catch up on our deferred needs without even attempting to meet the petitions for an expanded schoo) system. We are fight- ing a transit problem with which we can hold our own only by the expenditure of more than one-half billion dollars for new construction of rapid transit. We have on the drawing boards plans for a Becond Ave- nue subway which cannot be fulfilled too soon to keep abreast of the need. We have approval from the State for the issuance of $150,000,000 of debt for badly needed hos- pital construction. To meet increased costs and needs, this must be increased to $300,« 000,000. Our port facilities, upon which the Nation must call for wartime shipments, need one hundred millions for moderniza- tion. We are plagued, as most cities are, with an enormous parking and traffic prob- lem which capital expenditures of at least $100,000,000 to alleviate the problem and miiions more to solve it. You have passed a civilian defense law which aske New York State and New York City to raise $250,000,000. The foreseeable program within the city of New York for the next 6 years will require an expenditure of more than three and one- half billion dollars. An increase of 1 per- cent, which is equivalent to 50 percent in the present interest cost, on this program would mean a substantial curtailment in the amount of work done and in some ceases complete abandonment of essential tmprove- ments, The above figure includes a $1,316,- 000,000 for public housing. In the case of public housing, the increase in interest cost would mean ejther higher rent for people who cannot afford it, or an increase in sub- sidy by the Federal and State Governments, which means you again increase your own problem. The taxing of municipal bonds which must be sold to finance the public improvements mentioned above, would in the present market mean an increase in interest cost to the city of as much as $35,000,000 in a peak year. If this increase were effected, only a small portion of this amount would finally reach the Federal tax collector, The main effect would be the serious curtailment of our program. Municipal governments have had their full share of financial concerna during the last two decades. With the ability to issue our securities on the traditional tax-exempt basis, we have done, in my opinion, an amazing job in meeting the major respon- sibilities of local government. If we are to continue to meet the tremendous problems which are go close to the lives of our people, we cannot stand the new and unreasonable costs which taxation of our instruments of credit would thrust upon us. In recent years, it is only by means of the ability to issue our securities without Federal taza- tion that we have been able to keep pace with the growth of our population and the demands which the Nation has placed upon us as the major metropolis of the country and the principal port on the eastern sea- board. Frankly, gentlemen, I am surprised that you who have such close ties and such inti- mate knowledge of your home communities are considering seriously the proposal to tax State and municipal obligations. These are times when the Federal Government must extend itself to foster unity and co- operation between it on the one hand and State and local governments on the other. ‘We must march shoulder to shoulder to achieve the solution of the great problems which have been thrust upon us. At @ time of crisis which calls for strength, we should not weaken local governments by placing added and crushing burdens upon them. T feel sure that at the close of this hear- ing you will reach the conclusion, as did your predecessors, that this proposal must be rejected, Wake Up, Labor EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. WILLIAM LANGER OF BORTH DAROTA IN THR SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Wednesday, February 28 (legislative day of Monday, January 29), 1951 Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recor, an editorial entitled ‘‘Wake Up, Labor,” published in Trainman News for February 19, 1951, _. Al07t There being no objection, the editorial: was ordered to be printed in the Recon, as follows: Waxx Ur, Lanor If the rest af the labor movement still. hea any Fatr Deal stardust feoks ita vision, now ts the time to apply the towel and face reality. Those timid elements which feared that the ratlroad man was rocking the boat should be told that the old tub was full of holes like a sieve and ready to sink anyway. The unstable wedding of President True man to the basic principles of his Fatr Deal program was evident to us long before he lowered the boum on the long-suffering rail- road worker, It showed up in many ways but especially in his handling of the defense mobilization program and the stabilization safeguards which American workers needed to keep them from being swallowed up by the fires of in- flation. Labor's interests were sidetracked in prac. tically every move and major appointment the President bas madc since his reslection by the votes of the United States working men and women. While the big business point of view is being protected—and pro- jected—in Government by a galaxy of big business appointments to high offices, labor must be content with second- or third-string Places in the picture, The reeult of this has been fantastic prof- its for industry and an invitation to mal. Ruirition for laboring men and thelr chile en. We have a great deal of respect for the integrity and ability of George M. Harrison, president of the Brotherhood of Railway Clerks, but his appointment as an underling to Stabilizer Eric Johnston is nothing but window dressing calculated to fool labor into thinking it finally was going to get some protection. President William Green of the A. F, of L., which, along with the CIO, is trying to keep aiplomatic relations going with the White House while it searches its heart and mind for the best move to make in the interests of labor and the Nation, had this to say: “The American worker is expected to carty a Aisproportionate share of the fight against inflation, “We find, for example, that under the Defense Production Act th. Government has unlimited and effective powers over the worker's income. On the other hand, under the same act, the Government's power over the prices of goods and services the worker has to buy are limited and substantially tess effective. Food prices, in particular, cannot be subject to effective price control. Con- trol over rents at the present time ts only partially effective, “On top of this burden, the worker is ex- pected to pay substantially higher taxes, while, at the same time loopholes in our present tax structure are likely to remain open for use by higher-income families and corporations.” If Mr. Truman as Chief Executive hed remembered his pledges to the American peo« ple made at Philadelphia when he was nom- inated and upon which this brotherhood and almost the entire labor movement based their support of his candidacy, the mess described by President Green just could not have occurred. This bungling not only threatens the in- terests of men and labor generally, tt jeopardiges national welfare since it fans discontent and unrest at a time when un- shakable unity ja needed to fight an un- scrupulous and propaganda-wise foreign foe. Communism is nurtured and thrives on the kind of unrest that grows hourly in America. When men are oppressed they are unreasonable. ‘The Russian press must be having great sport today showing how American rail work- ers like those of Argentina, a dictatorship
A107 country, are under the heel of the military and big business and that their just griev- ances have been turned aside to the vindic- tiveness of 8 head of state. We hasten to explain that Russian rail workers are not as well off under their yoke of totalitarianiam but that doesn’t prevent the U. 8. 8. BR. from using this insidious weapon against us in our fight to save de- mocracy elsewhere in the world. When the late A. F. Whitney made peace with Mr. Truman in a move which he sincere- ly believed to be in the interest of labor, and we believe that at the time it was, Presi- dent Truman said that the 1946 disagree- ment was the result of bad advice. The President is stili surrounded with those bad advisers and apparently he still fol- lows their advice, much to the sorrow of the workers of this country. Those men are weak, shallow men who haven't the slightest conception or appre- ciation of the grave problems that face our people at this late hour. The liberal, capable assistante Mr, Truman inherited from Frank- lin D. Roosevelt have long since either quit in disgust or been fired. At any rate they did not At in with the shocking mediocrity of the administration. At a time when depth and statesmanship are desperately needed, the President's cab- inet, aside from two or three, are limited men who have peculfar persuasion to big business’ point of view and an aversion to broad national interest. How, in a dispute as old as ours and in which the union case is go sound and where the workers involved have been so patient, could the President make or cause to be made three separate appeals during the un- authorized strikes that ignored any man- agement responsibility at all for the trouble and challenged only the patriotism of the workers ? More bad advice? Whatever it was, great and grievous damage has again been done, as in 1946, against a fine, loyal group of American workers and humilisted those working hard to sell democracy abroad. This bitter piece is not to be construed as & blanket indictment of the Democratic Party or 9 bid to labor to team up with any other party. Although we have good friends in the Republican Party, the fact remains the bulk of the Democrats have shown a more favorable action and attitude toward the in« terest of the working man. We are suggesting that labor make its plans now for 1952 and that the eligibles of both major parties be studied for support in the primaries and at the national conven- ons, Some consideration should be given to Sen- ator WaYNr Morsz as a Republican stand- ard bearer and Senator Pau, Dovaias as a Democratic standard bearer. Both are cou- rageous, honest liberals, who, regardless of the complexion of Congress, simply are in- capable of leading the country into a mess ike today's but would surely lead us out t. Television Channels for Educational Institutions EXTENSION OF REMARKS oF HON. JOHN W. BRICKER oF OHIO IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Wednesday, February 28 (legislative day of Monday, January 29), 1961 Mr. BRICKER. Mr. President, a few weeks ago I submitted a resolution, which has not yet been acted upon, ask. ing that the Senate express as its opinion that the Federal Communications Com- mission should reserve for educational institutions certain channels available for television transmission and recep- tion. At that time I was asked by the senior Senator from Pennsylvania [Mr. Martin] for the names of the land-grant colleges in the United States. I ask unanimous consent that the list, to- gether with three articles dealing with © the subject matter covered by the reso- lution, published in the Chicago Daily News, may be printed in the Appendix of the Recorp, There being no objection, the list and articles were ordered to be printed in the Rzcorp, as follows: List or LAND-GRANT COLLEGES IN THE Unrrep STATES Alabama A. & M., Normal, Ala. Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Ala. Alaska, University of, College, Alaska. Alcorn, A. & M., Alcorn, Miss. Arizona, University of, Tucson, Ariz. Arkansas A., M..& N., Pine Bluff, Ark. Arkansas, University of, Fayetteville, Ark, California, University of, Berkeley, Calif. Clemson Agricultural, Clemson, 8. C, Colorado A. & M., Fort Collins, Colo, Connecticut, University of, Storrs, Conn, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y¥. Deluware State, Dover, Del. Delaware, Universivy of, Newark, Del. Florida A. & M., Tallahassee, Fla, Florida, University of, Gainesville, Fla, Georgia State, Savannah, Ga. Georgia, University of, Athens, Ga. Hawaii, University of, Honolulu, T. H. Idsho, University of, Moscow, Idaho. n Tilinois, University of, Urbana and Chicago, 1, Iowa State College of Agriculture and Me- chanical Arts, Ames, Iowa. Kansas State College of Agriculture and Applied Science, Manhattan, Kans, Kentucky State, Frankfort, Ky. Kentucky, University of, Lexington, Ky. Langston University, Langston, Okla. Lincoln University, Jefferson City, Mo, Louisiana State University and A. & M. College, Baton Rouge, La. Maine, University of, Orono, Maine. Maryland State, Princess Anne, Md. Maryland, University of, College Park and Baltimore, Md, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. Massachusets, Amherst, Masa. Michigan State, East Lansing, Mich. Minnesota, University of, Minneapolis, Minn. Mississipp! State, State College, Miss. Missouri, University of, Columbia, Mo. Montana State, Bozeman, Mont, Nebraska, University of, Lincoln, Nebr, Nevada, University of, Reno, Nev. wie” Hampshire, University of, Durham, New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts, State College, N, Mex. North Carolina A. & T., Greensboro, N. C. N worth Carolina, University of, Chapel Hill, North Carolina State College of Agricul- ture and Engineering, Raleigh, N. C. Nn yortn Dakota Agricultural College, Fargo, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College, Stillwater, Okla. Oregon State, Corvallis, Oreg. per nnavivanis State College, State College, Prairie View Agricultural and Mechanical College, Prairie View, Tex. Ph aed Rico, University of, Rio Piedras, University of, APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. Rhode Island State, Kingston, R. I. Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J. South Dakota State College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts, Brookings, 8. Dak. Southern University Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, La. Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial Btate College, Nashville, Tenn. Tennessee, University of, Knoxville, Tenn, Utah State Agricultural, Logan, Utah. Vermont, University of, and State Agricul- tural College, Burlington, Vt. Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Biacks- burg, Va. Virginia State, Petersburg, Va. Washington, State College of, Pullman, Wash. West Virginia State College, Institute, W. Va. West Virginia University, Morgantown, W. a, Wisconsin, University of, Madison, Wis. Wyoming, University of, Laramie, Wyo. State Colored Normal, Industrial, Agricul- tural, and Mechanical College of South Caro- lMna, Orangeburg, 8. O. ——7 [From the Chicago Daily News of November 25, 1950 FOO Gets Puan—Uaces TV CHANNEL FoR EnpvcaTion (By Jack Mabley) No proposal before the Federal Communi- cations Commission makes more sense than the request of educators that one TV chane nel in every city be set aside for noncom- mercial use in education and public service, Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles have seven channels each. Can there be any normal person in these cities who does not want one of the seven channels put to con- structive use? The channele—the space in the broadcast- ing spectrum—do not belong to the broad- casters or the advertisers or the FCO. They belong to the people. Ig the people do not make themselves heard, everything in television is going by default to commercial broadcasters to use to sell soap and used cars and mouthwash. The Joint Committee on Education Tele- vision, made up of seven of the most im- portant educational groups, is carrying the request to the FCC. They said they are acting because of ex- perience learned from “commercial radio's unkept promises.” There is absolutely no indication today, after 2 years of full-scale commercial tele- vision, that television is going to pay any more attention to the welfare of the public than has radio, It certainly is not unreasonable to ask that 1 station in 7, or an eventual 25 percent of the 2,000 TV stations, be used for non- commercial purposes. Getting the channels will take some doing, Freida Hennock, the only woman member of the FCC, is strongly for it, and recognizes the atruggle ahead. “The boys in education move so slowly,” she eaid, “that the boys with profit motive move in ahead.” I can think of few worthier projects for Chicago organizations, or for individual TV owners, than to make their opinions of the educators’ plan heard in Washington. Wayne Coy is Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission. The address is Washington, 25, D. C. {Prom the Chicago Daily News of January 27, 1951} Laapre Rote—TV IcNorine a Dory? (By Jack Mabley) A week ago Thuraday night, at about 6 minutes after 0, a reader phoned the Dally News city desk. P
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD He had just seen a television show in which &® game of Russian roulette was played. In Russian roulette, you put one bullet in ® revolver, spin the chamber, put the gun to your head, and pull the trigger. The onences ere one in six that you'll kill your- welt. The caller was trate. “Have they no sense at all,” he asked. “Don’t they realize that kids are up at that hour, and watch these shows, and pick up these ideas?” On Monday, thie newspaper carried on page 1 a story about five South Side teen- agers who watched the game on television, and decided to try it. One of them, 16, shot himself on his third try. He has since died. This was not an isolated incident. It was merely more dramatic and more im- mediate in its results. It would be good if American youngsters could take care of themselves. Unfortu- nately they can’t, They need leading. Leading them to Russian roulette, to crime, to passion, to horror, as shown on s0 many television shows, is the height of trresponal- bility. The death of this boy makes rather hollow the protest of a radio-TV spokesman that educators, who want some TV channels. “have failed dismally” in realizing the full potentialities of broadcasting. The implitation is that the commercial broadcasters have succeeded—that they alone are capable of assuming the new responst- bilities that television has brought to the Nation, . The stupidity of such statements only em- phasizes the need for educational and non- commercial control of at least one TV channel in every large community. {From the Chicago Daily News of February 6, 1951] Fuuu PorentviaLity The Federal Communications Commission thas been asked to reserve 25 percent of tele- vision channels for educational purposes. Commercial television asserts that education really is not entitled, on past performance, to any part of the broadcast spectrum. It cites the record in radio, With one or two exceptions, the TV spokes- man told the FOC, educators in their use of radio have shown a dismal failure to realize the full potentialities of the medium. This criticism is probably to some extent justified. And 25 percent of the channels sound like a lot of channels, But television would seem to have tremendous possibilities for visual education. TV's statement may Hift a few eyebrows even among the frank lowbrows, Are we to assume that commercial video itself has been realizing the full potentialities of the newer medium? Would “full” include wrestlers’ biceps and girl singers’ necklines? Pegler Says the Judge Mistakes the Issue EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. CLARE E. HOFFMAN OF MICHIGAN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27, 1951 Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. Speaker, under permission granted there ‘48 printed herewith a recent article by ‘Westbrook Pegler: Fam ENoucH (By Weatbrook Pegler) My respect for Judge Michael 1. Igoe, of Chicago, exceeds my regard for most of our XCVII—App.-——68 judiciary, but tt would be well to read him @ leason on the essentially «vil nature of our uvionisia. Judge Igoe revealed a want of knowledge in his pointless lecture from the bench in the switchmen's case at an hour when most of the railroads were out of busi- ness. He teed off with several irrelevancies, such as the hard and hazardous nature of the switchmen's work and the debatable condi- tions of their employment. “Nobody has questioned the patriotism of these men,” he continued, “The only issue here is whether or not the sovereignty of the United States is going to be sustained.” The judge tipped his hand, disclosing an ignoranoe common to even the best of that sordid bund known as the New Deal, when he said the issue here was an issue of the sovereignty of the United States. No such issue was present. A fraudulent edifice of assumptions had been erected since 1938 by a great band of traitors and racketeers on the pretext of @ spontaneous, peaceful revolution by labor. In the fateful days which debauched the workers, Judge Igce may not have been able to grasp the deep meaning of the acts that were put over. They were contrived to con- fuse. One, which seemed benevolent, was the assumption that the Government could umpire disputes over wages without becom- ing, in the end, the arbiter of wages. When the Government says how much you shall get and no more, that is fascism. That interference violates your right of contract. Then, having delivered you into this fix under unionism, the Government appoints a judge out of its own political ranks who says you violated the sovereignty of vour country in going off the job, en masse, In protest against the insufficiency of the wages which the Government has fixed. It is sedition to flout the sovereignty of government. The penalty of sedition may be death. Why didn’t Judge Igoe get to grips with those facts? The railroads were put under legal com= pulsions right away. But the unions are & political annex of the party in power and a source of campaign funds. The unions never have been put under serious com- Pulsions. Theoretically, the union in the case before Judge Igoe was guilty of a crime. But the total punishment which he imposed on both civil and criminal counts was 4 mere fine of $25,000. So, working men are, construc~ tively, subject to the punishment for trea- son for going sick in concert, but the union, which managed this challenge to national sovereignty was dealt with almost affec- tionately, Why didn’t the union bosses go to prison for the maximum term? Judge Igoe was nasty to the civilian rail- road executives, poor, embarassed masque- raders in soldier suits who were ordered into the Army months ago to accommodate a fraudulent subterfuge of the President. These men are not soldiers. They are rail- road men. They include some of the best railroad men in the world. As soldiers they couldn't make corporal, but when Trumen again invoked the fraudulent device of “seizing” the railroads and turning them over to the Army the process consisted solely of a change of clothing by a few hundred sedentary civilians who can’t even salute, But, even in their masquerade, these ratl- road men still couldn’t cope with the unions which Roosevelt and Truman had embraced as thetr political partners in crime. Finally, the farce exploded in the sick- strike, The ratiroad executives weren’t malingering. They were on the job long hours, doing their best while Truman's friends in the unions were holding up sup- piles for the Army that he sends away and Gisowns as soon ae the ships tie loose from our ports. A1073 Igoe bawled out “some of those Army of« ficers who have been strutting around this courtroom. Not men from the Fifth Army but the individuals who have heen appoint- ed to run the railroads. If they were per- { rming the duties of an officer of the Army, they would get some men to run the trains and they would got some soldiers to see that the roads operate, “They might better be concerned with that kind of activity rather than sitting around this courtroom and displaying the uniform that the Government has put on them.” Even a New Deal jurist could wish he nevar had said that. Those men weren't strutting. They were in uniform against their own will to help a corrupt political administration to redeem its mischief. If we are ever to untangle this horrible situation we will have t first abandon such hypocrisy and start fresh, Drafting of Women EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. THOMAS J. LANE OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, February 28, 1951 Mr. LANE. My. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I wish to include the following article from the Boston Sunday Post, Boston, Mass., February Drartina or Women Wovtn Mean tur Env or American Lin We Onxrisx—SHovip Kayo Prorosa, Prompriy—-Pxortxy Ware Revotren Wen Towa SimiLar To It Came Out or Portce STATES (By John Griffin) Mrs. Mildred McAfee Horton, former come. mander of the WAVES and former president of Wellesley College, has suggested that the ‘women of the United States be drafted for the armed services. And the proposal is being taken seriously. That, more than anything else in recent days, gives an ides of the twisted thinking that is dominating America’s emergency period, and is indicative of the change in values that certain American leaders are trying to foist onto the people, Of course, Mrs. Horton's suggestion is not new, because it was advocated several years ago in wartime by Mrs. Roosevelt and by Miss Virginia Gildersleeve, president of Bar- nard College. Now, in peacetime, we have it again, and the strange thing about it is that it will be taken seriously by many people. One editorialist referred to the suggestion in a wishy-washy manner, ending up by stating that the idea is “premature.” Well, if Americans stand for that kind of nonsense, there isn’t much cause for optimism as to the future of this country. The very fact that the suggestion isn’t ridiculed into obscurity indicates the length to which confused thinking has gone in this country, And that source of the suggestion is really quite remarkable, for Mrs, Horton's regson for the idea is that the present man- power policy “implies a fundamental dis- similarity between manpower and woman- power, which tends to put all women in the categ of a national luxury instead of an avalleble asset.” ONLY THE FIRST STEP In the first place, there is no need for the drafting of women, for General Hershey, di- rector of the draft, stated explicitly that they aren't needed. But thet, of course, has little to do with Mrs. Horton's suggestion or the
"A174 of Mrs. Roosevelt, for that is just an excuse they are ustng to put over a change 4n the status of women and to help remake the American systern of Itfe. Remember when such a suggestion was made tn Hitler's Germany and all America was horrified? Remember the revulsion in this country when it waa reported that the Russians and Japanese had women and girls in their combat units? But, these new remakers of America would say, this draft of women would not be for combat but would be for services connected with the Army in order to permit more men to be in combat. You can believe that one or not, but one thing is sure, that the move proposed now ta only the first step and com- bat training would come after a while. This is the time to stop the nonsense, not when the first step has been taken, not when girls are torn away from their families and their place in Hfe as part of a scheme de- signed to turn America into something dif- ferent from what it has been. Apparently some people are convinced that Army service is something that io great for the character and the moral and spiritual well-being. For Americans {t has always been a duty of the male population to be ready to fight to protect the country, but it has never been a work that appeals to democratic Amer- icans. It is something that the young men of the country must be prepared to do when the necessity arises; it is definitely not an ex- cuse to reduce the freedom and opportunity for peacetime pursuits. BTANDARDS BROKEN DOWN As & matter of fact, the principal motive for young men in fighting for Amerioa has been to protect and preserve the home and the way of life. Which is another way of say- ing that they want to protect the women of America, T suppose that sounds pretty corny in these days of strange activities, but a little analysis, based on fundamentals, will surely bring most people to a realization of its basic truth. What sort of faith in America have these people who want to disrupt the homes more than is necessary? One of them at least ought to qualify as an expert on broken homes. Another, Mrs. Horton, apparently has had some regard for traditional home lige, for the reason she gave up her position as president of Wellesley College was to be with her husband in New York. Over the recent years, so many atrange proposals have been taken seriously that a Jarge number of Americans have become ine ured to suggestions that are obviously de- ‘gigned to change the American way of life, They became astonished, alarmed, and in-- _dignant at the start, but constant assailing of moral positions has served to make them lethargic. . And unless this proposal for the drafting of women and girls meets with an intense and resentful opposition it will be pretty clear that the standards are being broken down through a sort of moral eroston. SHOULD TAKE ANOTHER LOOK There has been, for the last few weeks, 2 sharp difference of opinton about the draft- , ing of 18year-old boys. Would the acdvo- cates of drafting of women support the drefting of 18-year-old girls? And would any appreciable number of people go along with that idea? Well, at least one editotialist has no aver-— aion to the proposal except that he thinks it might be a little premature. And another,’ whose editoriais run in a paper with the greatest circulation in the country, thinks Congress ought to look into it, and “adopt it if 1¢ 1s found to have as much merit as it seems to have at first glance.” Let's hope he takes another look. If the suggestion for the drafting of women is just a trial balloon, which is a of trying out en ides on the people in order to learn their reaction, we can only hope that the reaction ts as violent and im- mediate as it should be, 20 that once and for all, such proposals will be ended. Maybe it fs fust nonsense but !t looks sus- piciously Hke part of the scheme to break down the family ond home life of this coun- try, to obliterate all moral sense and set up the theory that the State is all. Fair Play Scnaenaanmeneal EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. CLARE E, HOFFMAN OF MICHIGAN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, February 8, 1951 Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan, Mr. Speaker, Mr. Truman and his political leaders in Congress are always yelling about the need for unity; always crying and insisting that Republicans should join in backing the President's policies, whatever they may be. Then Mr. Trumar and his northern leaders insist that we must have FEPC, so everyone will be dealt with fairly, justly. But, when it comes to something that concerns Mr, Truman or his program, or even just a little part of it, how he and his leaders in the House put on the squeeze. One of the latest examples of Mr, Tru- man’s high-handed, arbitrary maneu- vering was when—defeated in the drive for the one-package appropriation bill, in which he was able to hide many of his requests for so-called social legislation under the guise of appropriations for the national defense—Mr, Cannon, chair- man of the House Appropriations Com- mittee, tyrannically—and, I might add, with malice aforethought and because he was motivated by revenge—set up subcommittees to which will be assigned the task of passing upon the requests for money which come up from the Gov- ernment agencies. Because party control of Congress may shift from time to time, it has always been the custom, in order to maintain some degree of fairness, to give the minority membership on subcommittees in the same ratio that the minority has in the House itself; that is, if the House was divided 5 to 8 between Democrats and Republicans, membership on com- mitiees and on subcommittees would he 5 to 3. But Mr. Cannon, who is determined to have his way, come heck or high water, mad and revengeful because his pet scheme of considering all requests for appropriations in one hill was turned down, refused to follow the old, equitable rule in setting up subcommiitees, To two of the subcommittees, he nated five Democrats and two Republi- cans, On three other subcommittees, he named four Democrats and two Re- publicans, Now, in the Hause, there ate 233 Demo- crats and 109 Republicoans—e ratio of APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD approximately 5.4 Democrats to 4.6 Re-. publicans. That is, 48 percent of the membership Is Republican. But again just take a look at what Mr. Cawnon, with his great, big heart,’ did to the Republicans. Five to two on! two subcommittees; four to two on three! subcommittees, Mr, Cannon surely must have been: afraid of those Republicans. Or was he! afraid that some Democrats might show! a little independence and refuse to trail; along at his chariot wheels? ‘You figure it out. I don't know. \ But one thing I do know—if the Re-' publican leadership takes it lying down,! . Republicans will not deserve anything: betier than they are getting. \ If they will not even fight against an outrageous insult like that and if the. fair-minded Democrats who do believe’ in fairness and precedent-——and there are plenty of them—will not go along, and! right this grievous wrong, then Congress' might just as well fold up: let Mr. Tru-| Man, “:an Acheson—Hiss’ sponsor;! Mrs, Rosenberg and General Marshali| run the show. Louis Henna EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. HOMER THORNBERRY GF TEXAS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, February 28, 1951 Mr, THORNBERRY. Myr. Speaker,’ during these days of strife and worry,' when selfish interests seern to predomi-! nate, it is often difficult to realize that! there are still some people to be found whose love of mankind and desire to do. for others rather than for one’s self en-' rich the lives of all who know them. | Mr, Louis Henna, who lives in Round Rock, Tex., is such a man. His life 1s, one which is filled with acts of generosity | and a strong desire to do good for his! fellow man. His sincere endeavor to help| those around him is evidenced through-: out the community. } In the February issue of the Texas Parade, a monthly publication by the Texas Good Roads Association, there ap- peared an article about Mr. Henna which I believe should be read by every Mem-., ber of Congress. I, therefore, respect-' fully request that this article be inserted in the Racorp: Lovis HENNA: Honsy—OnrHans {By Jimmy Banks) Louls Henna has made and given away sev-' eral fortunes since 1931, when he borrowed enough money to buy a Round Rock filling’ station that was famous for going broke.’ Henna, now only 86 years old, stood toe-to-' toe with the great depression, slugged it out, end won, j He found hard work, the ability to make wike decisions quickly, and the American fres enterprise aystem # winning camhbina- tion. Those 16-hour days be used to work regularly—-and which he still puts in when necessary—paid big dividends. Henna now owns three automobile agencies and larg ‘chunks of yaluable real estate. '
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ‘But more important to Henna, and to his pretty young wife, than the things he owns are those he has given away. They include a $200,000 haven for homeless chil- dren, 14,000 toward the cost of a new church, @ modern, @8,000 dental clinic, a truck for an orphanage, and many miles of paved streets. You have to find out about those things from Henna’s friends. That takes in just about every one of Round Rock's 1,486 citi- zens. Louts is much too modest to talk about his own accomplishments and his generosity. Quiet and unassuming, Henna is tall, handsome, has black wavy wair and friendly, sincere eyes. He always has been deeply religious. His pride and joy is the 8200,000 ‘Texas Baptist Children’s Home, a friendly, cheerful place that was opened last fall. It is a home for 60 children of all faiths, including other unfortunates as well as or_ hans. Henna, who had owned tke 112 acres of fertile land on which the home is situated, built it .nd then presented a debt-free deed on the whole thing to Texas Baptists. Twenty children are housed in each of the three main bulldings. They are modern, cut-stone dwellings of colonial-type archi- tecture. In them, children live in real, home-like units. Even the menus of the three dormitories are different each day he- cause Henna and H. D. Dollahite, the home’s superintendent, want it to be different from most institutions, The children attend the public schools and the churches of thetr choice in Round Rock. Henna did the contracting on the home. He also did a lot of the hard labor that went into it, Other workmen followed the ex- ample he set and, as a result, the home was built in the near record time of just 3 months, “It was just like prewar days,” Henna said in praising the efforts of workmen who toiled at unusually low hourly wage rates and worked as fast as possible. Henna estimated the home would have cost at least $100,000 more without the wonderful cooperation he got from workers, contractors, and lumber dealers. All of the materials that went into the home were the best that money could buy, but for this worthy cause practically all of them were sold at cut rates. Henna’s only regret is that he could not make the home bigger. But he hopes to help it expand to an eventual capacity of 300 or 400 kids. “Louls can do anything but make a speech,” Dollahite said when the home was formally dedicated. “I feel sure he could do a wonderful job of that, too, if he would just try.” Henna was too modest to even take part {n the dedication program other than to actually hand the deed to the Baptist leaders for the benefit of the photographers. He had been scheduled to make a speech, but instead he persuaded Dollahite, a friend of long standing, to substitute for him in per- forming that chore. Round Rock brags that it has more miles of paved streets than any other town its size in Texas. And it brags that Louis Henna put most of them there. He is 4 hometown hero who has been interested in Round Rock’s civic welfare practically all of his life. In addition to providing most of the leadershtp necessary to get the streets paved, he put in a great deal of the money. When Louls’ father casually mentioned one day that the town badly needed a den- tist, young Henna went to work on the prob- lem immediately. His efforte unearthed a rominent dentist’s opinion that no mem- r of his profession would go to such a amall town, where “he would probably have an office in the back of a drug store or some- thing.” Henna constructed a 2-story dental clinic. When it was completed, he advertised in the Texas Dental Journal for a dentist. A few weeks later, Round Rock got a capable, popular young dentist who saves the towns- people countless trips to larger towns. Henna noticed one day that a truck be« longing to the Lutheran Children's Home ‘was about ready for the last mile. He bought a new truck, drove it out to the home and left it there without further ado. When told that construction of the First Baptist Church in Round Rock would have to be stopped for lack of funds, Henna went to the pastor and asked how much was needed. When he was told $14,000, he calmly sat down and wrote a check for that amount. When the church runs low on operating funds, Louls usually deeds it a piece of property to tide it over. Henna got a private fiier’s license before the start of World War II and after Pearl Harbor served for a while as a civilian in. structor for the Army Air Corps. Later, without trying to pull strings and get a commission, he went into the Army as a private. Most of his business ventures have been highly successful, but even this modern Midas who apparently has the touch of gold has had his failures. He has drilled a few wildcat ofl wells around Round Rock. His friends sre convinced he was aiming more at the prosperity oil would bring to the town rather than personal gains. At any rate, his wildcatters were all dry holes. Henna, his wife, and their two children live in a very modest house. But the big-hearted, kind Louls has pro- vided a comfort for his big St. Bernard dog that few dogs have, even in such fabulous places as Hollywood, Calif. When he noticed his pet suffering from the Texas heat, Louis went down and bought a big fan that he in- stalled in his garage. He then turned the air-cooled garage over to his St. Bernard. The American Flag EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. JAMES J. HEFFERNAN OF NEW YORK IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, February 28, 1951 Mr. HEFFERNAN. Mr, Speaker, un- der leave to extend my remarks in the Recorp, I include the following resolu- tion by the Patriotic Citizenship Asso- ciation, Thomas F, Flynn, chairman: RESOLUTION SPONSORED BY THE PATRIOTIC CIrizENSHIP ASSOCIATION Whereas the fiag of the United States of America was first adopted by the American Congress on June 14, 1777, with 13 stripes, alternate red and white, and the union of 13 stars, white with a blue field, represent- ing a new constellation and said date is now observed as Flag Day throughout Amer- ica; and Whereas our flag took the permanent form as we have it today under an enactment of Congress on April 4, 1819, decreeing that the flag of the United States be 13 horizontal stripes, alternate red and white; that the union have 20 stars, white in a blue field; that on the admission of every new State into the Union, 1 star be added to the union of the flag, and that such addition shall take effect on the 4th of July next succeeding euch admission; and Whereas the colors of the flag of our coun- try depict and represent the following at~ A10% tributes: The red is for valor, zeal, and fervency; the white is for hope, purity, clean- liness of life, and rectitude of conduct; the blue, the color of heaven, for reverence to God, loyalty, sincerity, justice, and truth, all of which commend themselves to their invocation by the youth of America; and Whereas George Waghington, the Father of our Country, in interpreting the symbolism of our flag enunciated: “We take the stars from heaven, the red from our mother coun- try, separating it by white stripes, thus show- ing that we have separated from her, and the white stripes shall go down to posterity rap- resenting liberty’; and Whereas the flag of the United States ts unique in the deep and noble significance of its message to the entire world, a message of national independence, of individual lib- erty, of idealism, of patriotism; and Whereas, our flag symbolizes national inde- pendence and popular sovereignty, in that it is not the flag of a reigning family or royal house, but of a hundred and Afty million free people welded into a nation, one and insep- arable, united not only by community of interest but by vital unity of sentiment and purpose; a nation distinguished for the clear individual conception of its citizens alike of their duties and their privileges, their obli- gations and their rights; and Whereas the flag incarnates for all man« kind the spirit of liberty and the glorious ideal of human freedom; not the freedom of unrestraint or the liberty of license, but the ideal of equal opportunity for life, liberty, and the pursuit of happinecs, safeguarded by the stern and lofty principles of duty, right- eousness and justice, and attainable by obedience to self-imposed laws; it embodies the essence of patriotism; its spirit is the spirit of the American nation; its history is the history of the American people, em- blagoned upon its folds in letters of living light are the nambs and fame of our heroic dead, the fathers of the Republic who de- voted upon its altars their lives, their fortunes and their sacred honor; twice told tales of national honor and glory cluster thickly about it; and Whereas our late President Theodore Roosevelt, in a last plea for Americanism, proclaimed: ‘We have room for but one flag, the American fiag, and this excludes the red flag, which symbolizes all wars against liberal government and civilization Just as much as it excludes any foreign flag of a nation to which we are hostile"; and Whereas for generations our school chil- dren have been taught the loyalty pledge as follows: I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Repub- lic for which it stands, one nation indivisible, with Mberty and justice for all. I belleve in the United States of America as a govern- ment of the people, by the people, for the people; whose just powers are derived from the consent of the governed; a democracy in & republic; a sovereign nation of many sovereign States; a perfect union, one and in- separable; established upon those principles of freedom, equality, justice, and humanity, for which American patriots sacrificed their lives and fortunes, I, therefore, believe it is my duty to love it, to support its Constitu- tion, to obey its laws, to respect its flag and to defend it against all enemies, for I am an American”; and Whereas auch pledge necessarily includes and constitutes a commitment to support the authority of the Nation in its effort ta safeguard this and future generations of our people by promoting the objeotives of just world order and international peace; and Whereas this Nation, by solemn treaty, is now a member of the United Nations, a group of many independent nations, organized to further those objectives; and Whereas it is contempinted by certain school authorities that the flag of the Duited
A076 Nations 1s being distributed or is about to be distributed for display tn the assembly rooms of the public school systems ¢! ont the several Btates of the Nation ts to be displayed and flown continuously from our public school buildings; and Whereas it appeare that such continuous display, aa distinguished from a display on. particular occasions for educative or inform- Btive purposes, may tend to confuse and dim the obligation of loyalty to this Nation and its flag by the introduction of a dual, divided, or additional allegiance; and ‘Whereas such continuots display of the flag of the United Nations beside and accom- panying the national fag may likewise tend to cloud and confuse the understanding of our people and particularly of our children respecting the functioning of the organiza- tion of the United Nations itself, and 80 to limit the usefulness of the United Nations in advancing the salutary purposes to which it ig dedicated: Now, therefore, be tt Resolved, That this organization petition the Congress and President of the United States to enact a law forbidding the continu- ous diaplay on school buildings or other pub- lic bulldings of any flag constituting the emblem of any nation or group of nations other than the United States; be {t further Resolved, That the Congress of the United States is hereby memorialized to propose an amendment to the Constitution of the United States for ratification by the several States of the Union in essence adopting the flag of the United States in its permanent form as the standard emblem of our Na- tion; and to adopt # loyalty pledge of alle- giance to our flag and to no other standard; and be it further Resolved, That the Congress of the United States fs urged to pass punitive legislation in respect to the compliance and enactment of the provisions of such proposed amendment to the United States Constitution; and be it further Resolved, That copies of this resolution be forwarded to Members of the Eighty-second Congress of the United States and members of the State legislative bodies of the several States of the Union. Tuomas F. FLYNN, Chairman, Attest: CragLes O'Hara, Secretary, Investigation of the Reconstraction Finance Corporation EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. JOHN J. WILLIAMS OF DELAWARE IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Wednesday, February 28 (legislative day ; of Monday, January 29), 1951 Mr. WILLIAMS. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have inserted in the Appendix of the Reconp an editorial entitled “The Final Touch,” which ap- peared in the Journal-Every Evening, of witaineton, Del., on Tuesday, February 27, 1951. There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the Rucoap, a8 follows: Tre Morar, Touce ‘When a Wheral Senator like Contes W. Torzy recommends that the Reconstruction Finanoe Corporation be abolished and when administered, It is true thet Mr. is listed as a Republican but he is thetic to many of the aims of the Fair and he has often yoted with the political op- poaition, th As anyone who has read the testimony : Mr. Tosxy’s declaration that the RFC has seam & political trading bureau reste on a sound basis of fact. It ts as sor~ did a story as has come out of Washington in years. It is a story of fast and loose play with the taxpayers’ money, of loans of small amounts made for useleas purposes and of loans of large amounts made es the result of influence, friendahip, and favoritiem, Compared to this performance the 5-per- center affair, -smelling though it may have been, was picayune business. If Mr, Truman still thinks that the charges which have been made against the RFC are asinine he is either completely blind to what is going on around him or ready to overlook the moral and ethical delinquencies of the men he has eppointed to office. So far as we sre concerned he can have his choice. The St. Lawrence Seaway EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. GEORGE D. AIKEN OF VERMONT IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Thursday, March 1 (legislative day of Monday, January 29), 1951 Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, the House Public Works Committee is holding hear- ings on the St. Lawrence seaway project. Important new factors are thus being made available to the Congress. On February 21, Mr. John D. Small, Chairman of the Munitions Board, De- partment of Defense, stated that the St. Lawrence seaway project is needed in the mobilization program from a logistic point of view, because it will supply a short inland transportation route for Taw materials and a short transportation route for goods and material to our Armed Forces abroad. Mr. Small proved that the St. Lawrence project would save the country large amounts of short sup- ply materials because it would provide needed transportation and hydroelec- tric power where otherwise they would have to be provided by more costly and more insecure means, He stated that there was a posaibility of growing danger to industrial plants on our sea coasts from guided missiles fired from submarines which would be able to approach fairly close to our coast The St. Lawrence seaway, he went on to point out, would reduce the task of providing patrols and convoys and would decrease loss from enemy action. Mr. President, the testimony of Mr. Small indicates that those who are op- posing and obstructing the St. Lawrence seaway and its related power plant are, in fact, opposing the national defense program. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ment was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: Gaxat LAxRs-S7. LAWRENCE SEAWAY AND Powsa (Statement of Mr. John D. Small, Chairman of the Munitions Board, before the Public Works Committee of the House of Repre- sentatives in connection with hearings on House joint resolution, to authoriae the St. Lawrence project, February 1951) Mr. Chairman and members of the com- mittee, I have been designated by ths Secre- tary of Defense to explain in detail the De- partment of Defense views with respect to the St. Lawrence seaway and power project, which legislation now before you would authorize. The Department of Defense and: ite predecessor departments have consistent- ly supported this legislation which would permit initiation of work on the 8&t. Law- Tense seaway and power project. We are favoring this legislation now, even more strongly than in the past, Much has been said end written on this subject. Practically every facet of the prob- lem has been carefully examined for many years. The project is important from a De- fense Department point of view, and has our full support. In summary—the projected seaway will give us an alternate transportation link to the Midwest of tremendous industrial and logistic value. In time of war, it would re- Neve the heavy rail traffic toward east coast ports and some of the Atlantic port conges- tion. The power project will furnish large quantities of additional cheap and depend- able electric power. The seaway and power projects would permit a good spread in the build up of our heavy industry, such as aluminum plante and shipyards. Fortu- nately the construction of these projects at this time requires so small a fraction of the available supply of such materials as steel, copper, and cement, as well as of manpower, that we need not hesitate to make this in- vestment in additional productive capacity and industrial strength. A factor with which we must steadily live js tho gradual depletion of the Mesabi deposits of high-grade iron ore. This was stressed in our testimony last apring and it warrants renewed emphasis today. There are two Qlternate sources of supply open to us, namely the use of low-grade domestic de- Posits and the importation of foreign high- grade ores. The importation and develop- ment of foreign ore must be accelerated, be- cause the extensive and costly research and development work and the construction of faciities required to perfect the beneficta- tion and use of taconite is a slow process re- quiring years to complete, There are two principal sources of foreign high-grade iron ore in this hemisphere, South America and Labrador, The high-grade ores of Labrador are of particular importance to National security. In time of war, if the seaway were completed, ore from Labrador could move to the Lake area by a sheltered route as contrasted with the hazardous open ocean routes from that source and from Bouth America. To the extent that the sea- way will be available instead of ocean routes the demands on our Navy for convoy escort , permitting that ces to devote its attention to the other pressing demands it Will have to meet. Another important aspect of the avalla-~ bility of the seaway for the shipment of Labrador ore is that it provides a much more direct route to the steel mills than if
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD we must rely on open sea transport to erst coast ports, where the ore would have to be transferred to what will then be an already heavily burdened rail system. The shorter and more direct route will result in a much shorter turn-around period. Fewer vessels can carry the same quantity of ore from Labrador than would be required for the longer open-Ocean route to east-coast ports. These vessels would be of the Jake bulk car- rier type. Ore carriers designed for ocean services require 11 percent more steel than lake-type carriers of the same capacity. This potential lessening of the drain on our steel supplies is worth striving for. Bene- fits of the more direct route, I might point out, will be equally available when we are not engaged in hostilities to the extent that the ultimate price of steel and steel prod- ucts should be lower than it would be if longer routes are used with consequent higher shipping charges. Still another important factor affecting industrial mobilization is that when the need arises these Labrador sources, which are open pit operations, can be expanded readily by the simple expedient of using more mining equipment. This has a great advantage when considered in connection with the availability of the seaway, for it would not be reasonable to expand this source of iron ore unless transportation of the ore could be accommodated readily. The seaway is a highly expandable traffic artery, which means that its availability will vastly increase the possibilities of exploiting the Labrador fields. There are other logistic Implications in the seaway which are of very substantial im- portance, The additional transportation fa- cilities would remove, to some extent, the strain on other types of transportation in time of war. Cargo from the Middle West destined for overseas points could be loaded at Great Lakes ports for final discharge at destination, thereby saving the rehandling of thousands of tons of cargo at seacoast ports. This would effect a very considerable saving of manpower and thus permit speedier deliv- ery to points of destination. Direct ship- ment from the Great Lakes ports would have the additional advantages of providing a wide Gistribution of port facilities and of reduc- ing transportation and storage bottlenecks, Short hauls from factories to shipping ports would release rolling stock and other inland transport facilities for other uses. Another important logistical consideration is that the seaway would reduce, by about 1,000 miles, the open sea route between the lake ports of the United States and the Brit- ish Isles, This would reduce the task of pro- viding our naval patrols and convoys, and ‘would decrease losses from enemy action. The hydroelectric power which the St. Lawrence project can furnish will be both plentiful and cheap, both characteristics which make it particularly desirable in de- fense production. Experience has demon- strated that defense production must be ex- pected to add very substantially to power demand. This is being superimposed upon the steady rise of normal demand, one which was earlier estimated to require by 1960 in the region served by the St. Lawrence sev- eral times as much power (in addition to that already planned) as the St. Lawrence project can supply. With respect to the effect of the proposed Seaway on the shipbuilding and ship repair industry, a stydy of the experience of the lest war indicates that it was necessary to ‘use such factlities on the Great Lakes as were available to their maximum capacity at that time in carrying on 8 small boat and bulk- type lake carrier program and in the cone struction of combat-service and supply ocean vessels for the armed services. Vessels con- structed in Great Lakes shipyards designed for ocean service were routed to the open sea by way of the existing 14-foot St. Lawrence Channel, which limited the size of those which could be bullt in the 8t. Lawrence area, or, with the aid of pontoons fitted at the expense of time, manpower, and mate- rials, had to be floated to the Gulf of Mexico by way of the Missiasipp! River system. The St. Lawrence seaway would provide a gateway for vessels directly to or from the open sea, thereby permitting the Great Lakes shipyards to build practically all types of cargo vessels designed for use with the United States sea-going merchant fleets. It would also permit Great Lakes shipyards to do part of the repair and reconversion work now performed by the tidewater shipyards. While shipbuilding anc repair yards on the sea- coast are now capable of caring for peacetime construction or repair programs, the addi- tional facilities that would be available in the Great Lakes would be of distinct advan- tage in the event of war. This advantage has another side. There js a possibility, which has been mentioned in the press, of a growing danger that Industrial plants on sea coasts may be subject to attack in future wars by guided missiles fired from submarines which would be able to approach fairly close to our coast line. To the extent that an industry vital to our war machine, such as our shipbuilding industry, can be maintained at locations remote from coastal areas the possibility of damage by auch ate tacks will be reduced. In effect, then, the seaway is a contribution in the direction of dispersion of manufacturing and industrial facilities. Question has been raised as to the vul- nerability of the major installations of the project to determined air attack. That vul- nerability is recognized. However, the same objection could be raised to any future proj- ect of a similar nature at any continental point. If this objection were to be the con- trolling factor we would be limited to the development of only minor and widely dis- persed natural resources. Further, the area is already one of high defense priority. The project will, therefore, not require commite ments for defense of the area that do not ale ready exist in large part. It is also recognized that the seaway is admittedly susceptible to serious traffic ine terruptions by enemy action, particularly sabotage. Although precautions against sab- otage would be necessary, vital portions of the project can be given defense protection on @ par with that accorded other comparatively vital installations. Reasonable protective measures will to a large extent minimize the risks, In thie connection, it has been pointed out that to destroy locks or render them in- operable for an appreciable period is one matter when done as a defensive measure and another when performed as a matter of sabotage. To accomplish such damage would normally require prolonged access to the lock and the installation of a considerable quan- tity of explosives. In summary, the St. Lawrence seaway and power projects are assuming &n ever increasing importance, especially from in- dustrial and logistical viewpoints. We need the power which it can produce. We need this reasonably safe and sure means of sup- plying the steel industry of the size which our industrial progress warrants and our security demands. We can use to full advantage a new water- communications link from our Industrial Midwest to the areas of our national interest throughout the world. We believe that a prompt start must be made so that these projects may be completed as soon as pos- sible. The payoff may be sooner than we think. Thank you. Al0T7 Twenty Years of Ridiculing the Cansti- tution of the United States EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. CARROLL D. KEARNS OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 1, 1951 Mr. KEARNS. Mr. Speaker, one of the finest Lincoln Day speeches deliv- ered in my congressional district last month was by Representative Jamzs E. Van ZanpT, Member of Congress from the Blair-Centre-Clearfield district in Pennsylvania. The occasion was the Lincoln-Victory dinner sponsored by the Council of Republican Women of Erie County and held in the Lawrence Hotel, Erie, Pa., on the evening of February 15, Representative Van ZaNDT was elected to Congress in 1988 and before that time he had served three consecutive terms as commander in chief of the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. He later served in the United States Navy during World War IT, resigning his seat in Congress when called for active duty. He was discharged in 1946 with the rank of captain, United States Naval Reserve, Representative Van Zanp?’s speech was well received by the large number of per- sons in attendance at the Lincoln-Victory dinner and was also the subject of sev- eral editorials in Erie County newspa- pers. The following editorial is taken from the February 17 issue of the Erie Datly mes: [From the Erle (Pa.) Daily Times of February 17, 1961] Twenty Years of RIDICOLING THE CONSTITU~ TION Represei.tative JaMEs VAN ZaNnor has long been a Member of Congress. He represents the district embracing Altoona. He is known for his straightforwardness, no pus- syfooting, determined stand on national problems. He is a veteran of World War I. His congressional record matches his war record—outstanding. His constituency rep- resenting all planes of life and political be- Nefs, must have faith in him. They’ve re- elected him again and again. Representative VAN Zanpr gave one of his straight-from-the-shoulder talks in Erie, Thursday night. The occasion was the Lin~ coln-Victory dinner by the Council of Repub- lican Women, Whether the occasion was partisan-sponsored would make no difference to the Pennsylvania Representative, who has observed at close range the operationa in Washington for many years, “For nearly 20 years we have lived under the banner of the so-called New Deal-Fair Deal and in reality raw deal concept of government. As a result we have seen the Constitution of the United States ridiculed and ignored while socialism and communism have been encouraged,” he declared. “The New Dealers in following their pro- gram of deceit experimented with every phase of our economic life and to such an extent that they lulled the American people into a sense of false security, They promised everybody something for nothing, even lure ing many Republicans with their sugas- coated remedies.”
A1078 And putting the finger on wishy-washy Republicans, he said: “To be frank, in 1996 and again in 1940, the New Dealers had convinced many Repub- licans that their party had no future and it has not been so long ago that some Repub- licans actually apologized for their Repub- Hican faith. “With such @ condition prevalent through- out the Nation the Republican Party was faced with extinction and serious considera- tion was asked that the name “Republican” be changed and another adopted in its place. Mind you, this is the same party founded by Abraham Lincoln." Representative Van Zanor recalled that during the early days of the Roosevelt re- gime, he, with other Members of Congress, were publicly ridiculed because they refused to follow the dictates of the Chief Execu- tive, who, at the time, had as his advisers Harry Hopkins, Rex Tugwell, Henry Wallac3, Hiss, Lee Pressman, and others of in- famous Commie stamp. Like many other America-loving Mem- bers of Congress, Representative Van Zanor was pilloried for his defense of the ideals that made this country great. He fought the battle with little support from the White House and even his own col- leagues of his own party, against the fellow travelers and parlor pinks occupying high po- sitions of Government and who had a firm foothold in the State Department. This radi- cal-minded mob on the Federal payroll were writing directives designed to regiment the American people and destroy our form of government. What did Jimny VAN Zanpt do about this? He knew that the situation existed. He fought the battle, the good fight, but he ‘was outnumbered; he was smeared, like many of his sincere colleagues. But he kept up the battle as he is today. “Never before in the history of our country hag our national honor suffered such humili- ation and disgrace as by the crimes commit- ted at Yalta, Tehran, and Potsdam. The crimes of Pearl Harbor, the partitioning of Germany, the appeasement of Russia, the coddling of Communists in high Government positions, the dismantling of our national defense, and our blundering foreign policy which plunged us into the so-called police action in Korea, constitute national sina that ory to heaven for vengeance.” That is the picture he gave to his lis- teners, Harsh, fiery, but unfortunately truthful. The confusion in Washington is appalling, and the American people are en- titled to be told the truth, and it would take an army of JimMy VaN Zannts to give Amer- ica the scandalous picture, with the hope that such revelation would stir up patriotism and a drive to the ballot box for a change to some form of honest administration of our country. Anniversary of Lithuanian Independence EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. EDWARD A. GARMATZ OF MARYLAND IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 1, 1961 Mr. GARMATZ, Mr. Speaker, on Feb- ruary 16 the Council of Lithuanian So- cieties in Baltimore again joined with Lithuanians all over the world, in cele- brating the thirty-third anniversary of the declaration of Lithuantan independ- ence, Unfortunately, this celebration could not be a very joyous occasion, In view of the situation which still exists in Lithuania. But such an occasion can serve to remind us that we must continue our efforts to fight the spread of com- munism and to endeavor to work out, through the United Nations, a plan for the liberation of the countries enslaved by Russia. It was my privilege to attend the ban- quet held by the Council of Lithuanian Societies in Baltimore and I would like to place in the Recorp the address de- livered by the Honorable J. Kafeckas, counselor of the Lithuanian Legation on that occasion: THIRTY-THIRD ANNIVERSARY oF LITHUANIAN INDEPENDENCE (By J. Kajeckas) One more anniversary of the Declaration of Lithuania's Independence is being com- memorated in mourning. An anniversary without a krivule (a crooked staff used by Lithuanians in olden days to convoke their meetings), without a trumpet, without any propaganda whatsoever, dispelling every- thing that divides us, and in the name of that Lithuania, Lithuanians all over the world are united by common pain, common longing for right and justice for the Lithu- anian Nation, by common aspiration for Lithuania's independence. Wherever a Lithuanian may be today, in his homeland or in exile, free or enslaved, he lives with the one and the same thought, that Lithu- ania be freed. This anniversary is accompanied by nu- merous terrs, eapectally in the homeland and in exile in Russia, It is not Herodotus’ envoys today who rage in Judea to murder innocent children; neither is it Nero's hangmen raging in the streets of Rome in hunt of a Christian victim. According to Maironis: “The famous power of Caesar 6 asleep. The joyfulness of the Colosseum is long ailent. ‘Circenses,’ screams are no longer heard.” But this time, it is the terrible scourge of the twentieth century, far more bloody and brutal than that of Herodotus, or Nero, of Genghis Khan, or of Attilla that has af- fected holy Lithuania. It carries death, suffering, enslavement. The Kremlin's Bol- shevik imperialism, violence, the violation of the Lithuanian Nation's rights, are the causes of our pain, The Golgotha of the Lithuanian Nation has been going on for nearly 11 years. But in that Golgotha we note rays of hope which ere both comforting and encouraging. During all these years the Governor of the State of Maryland has solemnly and publicly prociaimed Lithuanian Day. Today again he reminds the world that the first victim of Bolshevik violence is not Korea but Lith- uania. These proclamations have ane nounced and continue to announce that the trampled rights and freedoma in Lithuania must be restored. We witness every year on this anniversary the brave proclamations of the mayor of Baltimore and the appropriate resolutions of the House of Delegates of Maryland. On this anniversary we have had here in our midst, as we have today, either the Governor himself or his delegate, the mayor of Baltimore, honorable Senators and Congressmen, and numerous friends who are in sympathy Pi the Lithuantan cause. wee a om, ue the deepest apprecia’ of the Lithwanian Nation. * Significant rays of hope during the last several weeks have multiplied. Here are but a few examples: 1. On the radio and in the world press we hear the following responsible statements: APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD “we are struggling °* ° * to uphold the basic values of freedom—of peace based on justice. * * * “We must remember that the fighting in Korea is but one part of the tremendous struggle of our time—the struggle between freedom and Communist imperialism. “Our objective is to build a world order based on freedom and justice. “The moral and spiritual dangers that flow from communism are a more serious threat to freedom than ite military power.” (From President Truman’s address to Youth Con- ference, New York Times, December 6, 1950.) “The threat of world conquest by Soviet Russia endangers our liberty and endangers the kind of world in which the free spirit of men can survive. This threat is aimed at ail peoples who strive to win or defend their own freedom and national independ- ence, * * ® “The threat is a total threat and the danger is a total danger. All free nations are exposed and all are in peril. * * * “The impertalism of the czars hes been replaced by the even more ambitious, more orafty, and more menacing imperialism of the rulers of the Soviet Union. * * ¢ “The free nations believe in the dignity and the worth of man. We believe in inde-~ Pendence for all nations. “Korea * * ° is also a symbol. It stands for right and justice in the world against oppression and slavery. * * * The free world must always stand for these prin- ciples—and we will stand with the free world, * * * “We will continue to work fbr peaceful settlements in international disputes. “But we will not engage in appeasement,” (Fi m Preaident Truman’s annual address to joint session of Congress on State of the inion, New York Times, January 9, 1951.) These words are the words of the Presi- dent of the United States. The Lithuanians understood their meaning and they are close to their hearts. They mean that we are not alone in our struggle and that the great- est enemy of Lithuania ts also the greatest enemy of the free world and of all mankind. They also mean that our aspirations are based on solid principles and that Lithu- snia’s freedom is not an empty dream. 3. Hon. Edward W. Barrett, Assistant Seo- retary of State for Public Affairs, spoke as follows: “It gives me particular pleasure to partict- pate in the opening program of the Lithu- enian language tranemisstons of the Voice of America, on this day, February 16, when Lithuanians and their many friends every- where are celebrating Lithuanian Independ- ence Day. “The and the Government of the United States, through these broadcasts, will seek to convey the genuine interest and concern which they take in the welfare of the Lithuanian people. The concern which is felt for the position of the Lithuanian perple ts not new. It was most forcefully expressed in 9 statement issued by the United States Government on July 23, 2040. On that date the United States Government issued the following declaration: ; “During these past few days the devious Processes whereunder the political inde- pendence and territorial integrity of the hree small Baltic Republice—Katonisa, Lat- via, and Lithuania—were to be deliberately annihilated by one of thelr more powerful neighbors, have been rapidly drawing to thelr conclusion. ° “ ‘From the day when the peoples of these Tepublics first gained their independent and democratic form of government, the people of the United States have watched their admirable progress in self-government with deep and sympathetic Interest. “'The policy of this Government fa unl- versally known. The people of the United
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD States are opposed to predatory activities no matter whether they are carried on by the use of force or by the threat of force. They are likewise opposed to any form of interven- tion on the part of one state, however pow- erful, in the domestic concerns of any other sovereign state, however weak. “These principles constitute the very foundations upon which the existing rela- tionship between the 21 sovereign republics of the New World rests. “"The United States will continue to stand by these principles, because of the convic- tion of the American people that unless the doctrine in which these principles are in- herent once again governs the relations be- tween nations, the rule of reason, of justice, and of law—in other words, the basis of modern civilization itself—cannot be pre- served.’ “That was a United States Government statement issued July 2c, 1940. “The adherence of the United States to the fundamental principles expressed at that time is indicated by the fact that this Gov- ernment has not recognized the incorpora- tion of Lithuania into the U. 8. 8. R. and continues to recognize the diplomatic and consular representatives of Lithuania in the United States. “The Lithuanian broadcasts of the Voice of America will convey to the Lithuanian people a factual unbiased picture of the motives and aims which guide the United States in its international relations. Our aims are: Peace, freedom, and justice for all. “These broadcasts will also endeavor to bring to the people of Lithuania a true re- port on the contemporary American scene and the efforts of the people of the United States to achieve a fuller and richer life for all those who cherish freedom and liberty. “It is with these thoughts that I transmit to the people of Lithuanila my own greetings as well as the greetings of the people and of the Government of the United States.” (De- partment of State, Press Release No. 119, February 15, 1951.) 3. On this same occasion today the Lith- vanian Minister to the United States, Hon. P, Zadeikis, spoke as follows: “Beloved brothers and eisters, as the song goes, today is a holiday in my soul, so, it 1s for me today. As the duly accredited Min- ister and Envoy of the free Republic of Lith- uania in the United States, I have the sig- nificant and memorable honor and duty of greeting my countrymen in our native lan- guage on this 16th day of February, which commemorates the thirty-third anniversary of the declaration in Vilnius of Lithuania's independence. “The inauguration of broadcasts by the Voice of America in the Lithuanian language on our national holiday indicates the 1m- portance which the free world continues to at‘ach to the commemoration of Lithuania’s Independence Day. On this significant oc- casion, the thoughts of Lithuanians and their many friends abroad everywhere turn to you who remain in the homeland carrying silently but steadfastly in your hearts an abiding faith in the future of free Lithu- ania, That faith receives a mighty measure of assurance from the fact that the right, which must ultimately prevail, is on our side. “The difficult conditions under which you must keep that faith and the tragic situa- tion in Lithuania gince 1940 are well known and viewed with the greatest sympathy in the Western World. As your official repre- sentative in this great land of freedom, the United States of America, I assure you that the American people are outstanding in thelr friendship and sympathy toward the Lithuanian people and I remind you that this attitude of: the American people is re- flected in the official refusal of the United States Government to recognize the enforced incorporation of our country into the Soviet Union. I also wish to remind you that the United States is not alone among the coun- tries who have refused to recognise Soviet sovereignty over Lithuanta, which reflects the friendliness and sympathy of other peoples as well. I should Ike to mention finally that the plight of Lithuanian people in the homeland has also been the subject of con- cern to delegates of various nations to the United Nations who have expressed their anxlety and sympathy on many occasions, “May this first attempt by the Voice of America to speak to you in the Lithuanian language, despite the so-called fron curtain established by the Soviets, be a signal to you of renewed hope for the restoration of the right of self-determination in Lithuania and the other countries of the world presently enslaved by the Communist horde. “Bowing my head before the altar of great hopes and of supreme sacrifices placed there by the fighters for Lithuania's independence, I conclude my remarks with the conviction that, with God's help, the sun of freedom will again shine upon our native country and that we must work in unity toward that great goal. “Such broadcasts in the Lithuanian lan- guage are of great value. They are a great comfort to the crucified Lithuanian nation in general and to its underground in pare ticular. “One could mention in this connection also the Declaration of the Aims and Prin- ciples of Liberation of the Central and Eastern European Peoples, adopted and signed in Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pa., on February 11, 1951, by representatives of nations behind the iron curtain, includ- ing Lithuania.” 4. The New York Times of this morning commenting on the above-mentioned wrote in an editorial which I quote: “THE VOICE OF LIBERTY “In a further effort to penetrate the iron curtain the Voice of America adds today another foreign-language program to the many it is broadcasting around the world. The new program is in Lithuanian and ts timed to begin on the thirty-third anni- versary of Lithuania’s declaration of inde- pendence during the First World War. That independence has since been obliterated by Soviet Russia, which annexed Lithuania and the two other Baltic states, Latvia and Estonia, as a result of its deal with Hitler. “Lithuanians who have managed to escape from behind the irom curtain have joined with representatives of other East European nations under the Soviet yoke in a continu- ing struggle for liberty. Several hundred such representatives from 10 countries met this week in Independence Hall in Phila- delphia to issue a declaration of thelr own independence from communism. This dec- laration calls for the formation of a Euro- pean federation modeled after the United Btates. The new program of the Voice of America offers evidence that our Govern- ment continues to recognize the independ- ence of the Baltic states.” (The New York Times, February 16, 1951.) These are all rays of hope, they are the first swallows announcing the approach of spring for the oppressed peoples. This time it comes not along the Carpathian Moun. tains but from along the shores of the At- Jantic. No despot is eternal. Each and every one of them has reached the same end. Accord- ing to the Lithuanian poet prophet: “Each scourge After scourging justice brenks each day.” Let us have confidence in Lithuania's freedom of tomorrow, let us work and let us sacrifice toward that end. The chains of alavery are breaking. Freedom's sun will Al079 Yise again. The future belongs to the free pressed nations, to op peoples, including Lithuania. Mr. Speaker, I would aiso like to insert in the Recorp a copy of the resolution approved by all those present at the ban- quet: We, citizens of Baltimore, Md., gathered under the sponsorship of the Counoll of Lithuanian Societies, in commemoration of the thirty-third anniversary of the declara- tion of independence by the people Lithu- ania, held on the 16th day of February 1961 at Lithuanian Hall, after due deliberations re- garding the present international aituation, take note of the following: The United States of America, together with other United Nations members, ia en- gaged in a bloody struggle in Korea defend- ing the freedom of peace-loving people against Communist aggressors. , We believe the bold and determined stepg taken by the United States of America to pro- tect a defenseless people emerging into a status of independent statehood rallied the forces of freedom everywhere and revived suffering mankind's faith in American policy objectives. Let it not be forgotten, however, that the Baltic States of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia constitute the original “Korea,” since they were the first to be overrun by the Com- munist forces more than 10 years ago. These same nations are still under Communist domination and they are being inhumanly subjected to extermination by the genocidal policy of the Soviet rulers. Furthermore, Lithuania, Latvia, and Es- tonia were members in good standing of the League of Nations. On the other hand, the Soviet Union, which had been expelled from the League because of the aggressive war it waged against Finland, is a member of the United Nations with a veto power to block the complaints of the victimized Baltic Btates. We agree with the statement of the Presi- dent of the United States in his last state of the Union message to Congress, that free and independent nations can band together in a world order based on law, and that the cornerstone of such a peaceful world has been. laid in the United Nations. But the Preei- dent's further statement: “The imperialism of the czars has been replaced by the even more ambitious, more crafty and menacing imperialism of the rulers of the Soviet Union,” tndicates to us that the Soviet Union does not intend to abide by the Charter of the United Nations. Wherefore it 1s respectfully requested that the United States of America continue to maintain its world leadership in its efforts to achieve international peace founded on principles of freedom and justice and we urge the President and the Secretary of State to adopt appropriate measures in order to accomplish the following: 1. To bring up the matter of the liberation of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, in the open international forum of the UN; 2. To invoke the ald of the UN in con- demning and stopping the crime of geno- cide which is being perpetrated in Lithuania and other Baltic countries by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and its ruling Com- munist Party; 3. The release of al) of the political pris- oners now in concentration camps and under forced labor in the Soviet Union; 4. To allow freedom of religion to all people; 5. To assist the Lithuanian Nation and the other Baltic States when the forces of Com- munist imperialism are crushed, in the re- establishment of a separate national sover- eignty and true freedom and independence; and