(D) recognized that ‘‘there is substantial 
support in the record that the government de-
liberately omitted relevant information and pro-
vided misleading information in papers before 
the court. The information was critical to the 
court’s determination’’; and 
(E) stated that although the decision of 
the Supreme Court of the United States in 
Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 
(1944), remains on the pages of United States 
legal and political history, ‘‘[a]s historical 
precedent it stands as a constant caution that 
in times of war or declared military necessity 
our institutions must be vigilant in protecting 
constitutional guarantees’’. 
(19) The Commission on Wartime Relocation 
and Internment of Civilians, authorized by Congress 
in 1980 to review the facts and circumstances sur-
rounding the relocation and incarceration of Japa-
nese Americans under Executive Order 9066 (7 Fed. 
Reg. 1407 (February 25, 1942)), concluded that— 
(A) the decision of the Supreme Court of 
the United States in Korematsu v. United 
States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944), is overruled by 
the court of history; 
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(B) a grave personal injustice was done to 
the United States citizens and resident aliens of 
Japanese ancestry who, without individual re-
view or any probative evidence against them, 
were excluded, removed, and detained by the 
United States during World War II; and 
(C) the exclusion, removal, and detention 
of United States citizens and resident aliens of 
Japanese ancestry was motivated largely by 
‘‘racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a fail-
ure of political leadership’’. 
(20) The overturning of the conviction of Fred 
Korematsu and the findings of the Commission on 
Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians in-
fluenced the decision by Congress to pass the Civil 
Liberties Act of 1988 (50 U.S.C. 4211 et seq.) to 
request a Presidential apology and the symbolic pay-
ment of compensation to people of Japanese ances-
try who lost liberty or property due to discriminatory 
actions of the Federal Government. 
(21) On August 10, 1988, President Reagan 
signed the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 (50 U.S.C. 
4211 et seq.), stating, ‘‘[H]ere we admit a wrong; 
here we reaffirm our commitment as a nation to 
equal justice under the law.’’. 
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(22) On January 15, 1998, President Clinton 
awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the 
highest civilian award of the United States, to Fred 
Korematsu, stating, ‘‘[i]n the long history of our 
country’s constant search for justice, some names of 
ordinary citizens stand for millions of souls: Plessy, 
Brown, Parks. To that distinguished list, today we 
add the name of Fred Korematsu.’’. 
(23) Fred Korematsu remained a tireless advo-
cate for civil liberties and justice throughout his life 
by— 
(A) speaking out against racial discrimina-
tion and violence; and 
(B) cautioning the Federal Government 
against repeating mistakes of the past that sin-
gled out individuals for heightened scrutiny on 
the basis of race, ethnicity, nationality, or reli-
gion. 
(24) On March 30, 2005, Fred Korematsu died 
at the age of 86 in Marin County, California. 
(25) Fred Korematsu is a role model for all 
people of the United States who love the United 
States and the promises contained in the Constitu-
tion of the United States, and the strength and per-
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severance of Fred Korematsu serve as an inspiration 
for all people who strive for equality and justice. 
SEC. 3. CONGRESSIONAL GOLD MEDAL. 
(a) PRESENTATION AUTHORIZED.—The Speaker of 
the House of Representatives and the President pro tem-
pore of the Senate shall make appropriate arrangements 
for the posthumous presentation, on behalf of Congress, 
of a gold medal of appropriate design in commemoration 
to Fred Korematsu, in recognition of his contributions to 
civil rights, his loyalty and patriotism to the Nation, and 
his dedication to justice and equality. 
(b) DESIGN AND STRIKING.—For the purposes of the 
presentation referred to in subsection (a), the Secretary 
of the Treasury (referred to in this Act as the ‘‘Sec-
retary’’) shall strike a gold medal with suitable emblems, 
devices, and inscriptions to be determined by the Sec-
retary. 
(c) SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Following the award of the 
gold medal under subsection (a), the gold medal 
shall be given to the Smithsonian Institution, where 
it shall be available for display as appropriate and 
made available for research. 
(2) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of 
Congress that the Smithsonian Institution shall 
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make the gold medal received under paragraph (1) 
available for— 
(A) display, particularly at the National 
Portrait Gallery; and 
(B) loan, as appropriate, so that the medal 
may be displayed elsewhere. 
SEC. 4. DUPLICATE MEDALS. 
The Secretary may strike and sell duplicates in 
bronze of the gold medal struck pursuant to section 3 
under such regulations as the Secretary may prescribe, at 
a price sufficient to cover the cost thereof, including labor, 
materials, dies, use of machinery, and overhead expenses, 
and the cost of the gold medal. 
SEC. 5. STATUS OF MEDALS. 
(a) NATIONAL MEDALS.—The medals struck pursu-
ant to this Act are national medals for purposes of chapter 
51 of title 31, United States Code. 
(b) NUMISMATIC ITEMS.—For purposes of section 
5134 of title 31, United States Code, all medals struck 
under this Act shall be considered to be numismatic items. 
Æ 
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