Al74 social, and political fronts, we are obliged to remember the sacrifices of the American Federation of Labor men and women who, from 1881 until our time, struck and bled and died for the working people of this land. We are the heirs of a superb tradition, We are the hetre of the American Federation of Labor workers of 1892 who fought the bloody battle of Homestead, Pa., against the tyranny of Carnegie Steel. We are the heirs of the A. F. of L. Danbury Hatters, who by their persistence and by their valor exposed the corruption of the company court. We are the heirs of those of the breed of Andrew Furuseth, who, through his sailors, sent the call of liberty out to all the water fronts of the world. We had great fathers in the labor move~ ment. We must never forget them. We must never forget those American Federation of Labor workers who met in shacks, and shanties, and hovels and who there planned, and plotted, and schemed for the welfare and security of every man and women in this auditorium, They faced overwhelming odds. They were hounded, outlawed, and persecuted. They looked across the barricades of indus- trial dispute in that nineteenth century and saw alined against them the power of organ- ized wealth, a prostitute press, and a con- trolled government. They looked at the odds of a thousand to one and they said: “To hell with the odds, and to hell with their wealth, and their press, and their political hacks. We have riches no money can buy. We have the sacrifice of our kind. We have our union, and the union makes us strong.” And so they maintained that inspiring struggle, the fruits of which we know and enjoy today. They bullt a movement which survived the criminal assaults of nine~ teenth century capitalism and which has be- come in our day the largest free labor organ- igation the world has ever known. Surely it would ill become us ever to forget Samuel Gompers and the men who founded that movement with their heart, their brain, and their blood. We stand today arrayed against great op- position, against organized wealth and com- mercial power. However, we are no longer frail. We stand today before the Nation 8,000,000 strong, But however strong we are, or however strong we may become, God forbid that we should ever forget Samuel Gompers and the hungry, hunted men who built the American Federation of Labor. Remember always, brothers and aisters, that if we keep faith with them, then, what- ever the tide of battle, the last victory must and shall be ours. The American Legion Has a Job To Do EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. OLIN D. JOHNSTON OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Monday, January 15 (legislative day of Monday, January 8), 1951 Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp a speech delivered by the State commander of the American Legion of South Carolina, Mr. O. D. Freeman, of Loris, 8. C., on Monday night, January 8, 1951, at Loris, 8. C. The speech is en- ued “The American Legion Has a Job re) ad This speech bears upon one of the problems we are facing in the United States and, in my opinion, it would be worth the time of all of us to read every word of it. There being no objection, the address was ordered to be printed in the RecorD, as follows: Tur AMERICAN LEGION Has a Jos TO Do We veterans who have fought in two wars, and especially those of us of World War I who recall the founding of the American Legion in Paris, France, in 1918, know that the American Legion was founded as a serv< ice organization. The first part of our pre- amble states that “For God and Country we associate ourselves together to uphoid and defend the Constitution of the United States of America, to maintain law and or- der, and to foster and perpetuate a one hundred percent Americanism” Although we veterans have fought and won two wars in the past 32 years, yet he have not lived up to our ideal of service, for we have failed to win the peace. The result is that the youth of America is engaged in another struggle in Korea and are being killed by the thousands and are being wounded and man-~ gled for life. Although we are told by our Government officials that we are not at war with Russia or Red China, still our boys are being killed by the Chinese Communists, We of the American Legion who have fought in two wars and know the hardships would like to point out to our policy makers that it is high time the American people woke up to the realization that the spread of communism throughout the world 1s bleeding America and weakening our re- sources, both material and manpower. V. I. Lenin, founder of the communistic govern- ment in Russia in 1917, at that time de- clared “the historical mission of the Soviets to be the gravediggers, the heirs, and the successors” to the governments of the world. Mr, Lenin further stated, and I quote from page 172, volume 10, of the Belective Work of Lenin, “First we will take Eastern Europe, then the masses of Asia. Then we will encircle the United States, which will be the last bastion of capitalism. We will not have to attack it. ¥t will fall like an overripe fruit into our hands. Let us prove to the bourgeoisie there is not, nor can there be, a sphere or fleld of work that cannot be won by Communists”—end of quotation, We know our Government is under attack; the enemy ts communism. We cannot sit idly by and let communism win. Therefore, we urge all our Representatives and Sena- tors in Congress to act und act now. We are tired of the pussyfooting and dilly-dallying of our policy makers and we believe it is time to call Russia's hand. Look at Russia’s record. They have broken all their promises to the allied nations; to be exact, they have broken 69 treaties and have cast 47 vetoes in the United Nations. From 1939 to 1941, while Germany and Rus- sian were on the same side in the European war, Communists sabotaged our arms face tories and spied on our Government for Hit- ler as well as for Stalin. But when Germany attacked Russia they wrapped themselves with the American flag overnight and imme- diately demanded that we go to war for Rus- sia'’s sake. Since that time when we took Russia in as one of the allied nations, Amer- ica has supported Russia to the tune of $11,- 000,000,000. But let’s take a look at the conquered nations across Europe and Asia, We see that the Communists rule more peo~ ple than any other system of government on the earth—more people than any govern« ment has ever ruled in the history of the world. In fact, Mr, Stalin today dominates more people than the Allies liberated in World War II. Yet we allow Russia to be a member of the United Nations where they APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD continue to block every effort for peace pre- sented by the allied nations. And we people of America sit idly by and let our interna- tional policy makers tell us that peace is pos- Bible and that we are closer to peace than at any time during the conflict. We of the American Legion fully realize and believe that we cannot make peace with puch an aggressor; yet we are a peace-loving Nation and we pray that with the help of God an everlasting peace may come to the world. We do not want war, but knowing that every effort that has been made has failed, we now ask that our policy makers call the hand of Mr. Stalin and we further plead to our Senators and Representatives that the universal military training bill, which the American Legion has advocated and recommended for the past 30 years, be passed immediately and that America be re- armed to full wartime strength on the ground, in the alr, and at sea, Our only hope to bring peace to the world 1s through strength. We have the resources and the manpower, but we must mobilize them im- mediatcly to stop the onrush of commu. nism which is threatening our very survival, Instead of manufacturing materials so vi- tally needed for war, our factories are turn- ing out their greatest quantities of civilian products, such as automobiles—in the past year the production of cars and trucks ex- ceeded 1949’s all-time record of 6,500,000 cars and trucks by 1,600,000. Automobiles and trucks were being turned out at the rate of 15 a minute when there are many of our American boys who lay in hospitals this very minute and who would thank God if they had two legs to walk on. On the other hand everything has gone up, including the wages of the industrial worker. Food prices have increased 914 percent since the atart of the Korean police action. Everybody seems to be confused, even the manufac- turers and businessmen who went to Wash- ington to try to find out what war goods they could make; they received the answer, “Walt until you hear from us.” It seems that our policy makers are more confused than anyone else and do not know what steps to take. What are we going to do about the situation? We in the American Legion are getting tired of double talk and dilly- dallying and we ask for action for the sur- vival of the American people. Unless our international policy makers can work and act in favor of the American way of life, for which our forefathers fought and died, then we ask that they be removed and be replaced by ones who can work and act for Ameri- canism and the survival of the American way of life, We of the American Legion are willing and ready to answer the call on the home front and on the battleground to stop this dreadful disease—communism—which ig penetrating the heart of America, ee ennmnaneneel The Third American EXTENSICN OF REMARKS or HON. DWIGHT L. ROGERS OF FLORIDA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, January 15, 1951 Mr. ROGERS of Florida, Mr. Speak- er, under leave to extend my remarks in Appendix of the Recorp, I am pleased to include therein an editorial from the Stuart News, of Stuart, Fla., on January 4, 1951, which is published in my con- gressional district.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD The publisher of this paper is Mr. Ed- win A. Menninger and the editor is Mr. Ernest F. Lyons. Mr. Lyons was awarded the Florida Press Association’s “Oscar” for the best editorial in Florida in 1950 and I am glad to insert the edi- torial, The Third American, as further evidence and recognition of Mr. Lyon’s outstanding ability as an editorial writer. : The following editorial entitled “The Third American” convinces one that as nations go we have only begun to live. In these dangerous and troublesome times some consolation can be gleaned from this editorial: THE THIRD AMERICAN Today a child was born. As you read this, he is beating his fists on his bed and squall- ng to high heaven. He is the third Amer- can. He was born in a dark time, a time of crisis for his Nation, this America that he will learn to love, be proud to defend, help to build to even greater heights. Right now he wants his mother, so we'll leave the third American and go back to another dark time. It was July 4, 1776, when a band of brave men led an outraged people in the Declara- tion of Independence. We rebelled against England. We pledged our lives and eacred honors in a revolution against tyranny. Dark, dark were the times. Homes were burned, fathers of families killed or wound- ed, and there were bloody tracks in the snow at Valley Forge. A child was born—let’s call him the first American—at the instant John Hancock’s pen signed the Declaration. The first American knew nothing of the troublous times of his birth, but he lived to see even darker days—the burning of the city of Washington by invading British troops in the War of 1812, and when he died, ripe in years and old in wisdom, the Nation was in its blackest hour. This contemporary of Washington and Franklin lived for 87 years and 4 months, dying a contemporary of Lincoln and Lee. The Civil War was raging. Brother murdered brother. Pillars of smoke told of burning homes and the flower of a Nation was falling under musket fire. Dark, dark were the times, And a child was born on November 4, 1863, when the first American died. Let us call this child the second American. He beat on his bed with his tiny fists and squalled, though he knew nothing of the troublous times. He lived a full life, did this second Amer- iean, and ripe in years and old in wisdom, he died today at the age of 87 yeara and 2 months. In his dying moment, the second American feared for his Nation, target of communism spread across half the world. Dark are the times, was his last thought. And a child was born today at Martin County Hospital, the third American. Not yet 1 day old, caring naught for the world's troubles, if he lives as long 4s the first and the second, the third American will seo the year 2,088 roll around. What a heritage is his. He inherits a nation only two lifetimes old. Within the span of two men, one of whon. died only today, Washington’s men whipped the troops of King George, Decatur said his famous words, Pickett charged at Gettys- burg, the Maine was sunk, twice we con- quered Germany, once Japan. ‘The dark has always been followed by the bright, Just think how young we are: only two lifetimes between Patrick Henry's speech and the sprawling plants of today forming the hydrogen bomb. In two little Nfetimes America has grown from 18 tiny colonies to 48 great States, with navies girding the globe. Though we lick our wounds today from the foolish Chinese, we know, and they will know, that like all oppressors of the past they will pay, We're the youngest, most vital, most powerful Nation in the world. A lusty land where men are free—sprung in two lifetimes from some immortal words. Gird yourself, young third American. Feel the youth that surges in your country’s veins. As nations go, we've only begun to live. Old Russia, brazen with ancient cruel- ties, pretends to have been reborn in 1917— with all the oppressions of the Caars still in its character. The China of today is yet old, old China wearing & made-in-Moscow mask with all the old vices underneath. We alone are young in freedom, young in courage, gird- ing now for another crucial test. Put this down, remember it. Only 175 years and 6 months ago, when things looked darkest, the Thirteen Colonies rebelled, and defeated England. Only 189 years ago, after the city of Wash- ington was burned, we defeated England again. Only 53 years ago the Maine was sunk. We defeated Spain. Only 34 years ago German subs opened unrestricted warfare on United States ship- ping. We defeated Germany. Only 10 years ago Japan sneak-bombed Pear] Harbor and Nazi Germany declared war on the United States. We defeated both of them. Only 1 year ago Russia sicked the North Koreans on us, and we licked the tar out of the North Koreans. Only 1 month ago Russia sicked satellite China on us—and we will beat the living hell out of both Russia and China before this shindig ts through. We're only two lifetimes old. begun to fight. Should there still be wars and rumors of wars when this third American reaches his allotted span in 2,088 * * * if, from his deathbed, the video screen shows inter- planetary invaders approaching Earth, and dark is the picture, he may take comfort that this Nation still will be too young to die. There will be another squalling, fist- pounding infant to take his place in a Nation which even then will be only three lifetimes old. u A Nation which will have just begun to ve. We've just Resolution of Polish-American Congress EXTENSION OF REMARES HON. DANIEL J. FLOOD OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, January 15, 1951 Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Rec- orp, I include the following resolution adopted by the Polish-American Con- gress of northeastern Pennsylvania, as- sembled at the Hotel Redington, Wilkes- Barre, Pa., on Sunday, December 17, 1950, and letter of transmittal from At- torney Alexander J. Laffey, of Wilkes- Barre, Pa., chairman of the resolu- tons committee. The above-mentioned follow: The Polish-American Congress of north- eastern Pennsylvania, assembled at Hotel Redington, Sunday, December 17, 1950, here- by adopts and promulgates the following resolution: Al% ‘Whereas on May 26, 26, and 30, 1944, a pe- riod when the United States of America was engaged with its Allies in resisting by armed force brutal, unprovoked aggression on Po- Jand and other nations, by enemies of free- dom, there assembled in the city of Buffalo many hundreds of leading American citizens of Polish descent. They met to organize in-~ to a cohesive, militant, and closely knit or- ganization of national scope. They com- prised delegates who were elected and sent to this conclave by hundreds of societies, fraternal organizations, lay and religious as- sociations, clubs, and federations and pur- ported to reflect the attitude and views of the 6,000,000 American citizens of Polish background resident in the United States. Their objective was to devise ways and means whereby they could beet assist the United States in the grave emergency and, coincidentally, provide aid and comfort to America’s first Ally, the Republic of Poland, in a struggle for its very existence as a free nation; and Whereas the said assemblage adopted by- laws which provided, inter alia, the following salient objectives: (a) To implement the American war ef- fort in such measure as to assure an early and successful termination of the struggle. (b) To fully support the United States Government in its defense program and in- sure & Just peace in accord with the concepts of the Atlantic Charter. (c) To coordinate the activities of its members in accordance with their obligations and responsibilities as citizens of a great, free Nation, through local branches of the organization in various sections of the coun- try. (d) To act as a ltaison organization be- tween representatives of the American and Polish peoples. {e) To disseminate true and impartial information to the American people con- cerning the historical role which the Repub- lic of Poland had played on the horizon of great and free nations. (f) To promote a closer understanding and greater cooperation between tho democ- racies of the United States and Poland in cultural, ideological, sociological, and eco- nomic activities; and Whereas from the date of its inception, the Polish American Congress, through its offi- cers and local divisions in various sections of the United States, did give great material and moral support to our Government, dedl- cated all of its resources to the task of win- ning the war, and insofar as it was practi- cable to do so, warned and advised our policy makers of the ulterior purposes which masked the activities of our ostensible ally, Soviet Ruasta, who had already sown the seeds of the third world war by enslaving Poland in the incipient stages of its present ruthless pro- gram of world conquest, and who was even then building up its war-making potential at our expense while planning our own de- struction; and Whereas shortly thereafter, representatives of our own Government participated in con- ferences with these international gangsters at Yalta, Tehran, and Potsdam, where the Mberties of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and other nations were bartered and sacrificed to them on the altar of appeasement; and Whereas the betrayal of Poland, a nation of 35,000,000 brave and God-fearing people who had first courageously bared their breasts in defense of world freedom, shocked and outraged the hearts and minds of the membership of the Polish American Con- gress. They protested vigorously against this crime toward humanity and openly predicted that by this betrayal we had unwittingly planted the seeds of another great world Dolocaust; and Whereas, in the supervening years, the warnings of the Polish American Congress that the world cannot survive half slave and
A176 half free, have unfortunately proven to be well-founded. We now find ourselves un- prepared militarily and economically and surrounded by the threatening, belligerent traitor, our alleged ally, Soviet Russia and its satellites who are spreading fear, death and destruction in the ranks of our own people and those of our friends within the frame- work of the United Nations; and Whereas this Frankenstein monster has ex- posed ita death dealing fangs and claws on the frontiers of many more free nations in Europe and Asia where American blood is be- ing needlessly spilled and is threatening the safety and freedom of America itself in such an uncompromising manner as to prompt our President Harry 8. Truman to declare & state of national emergency and order the mobilization of our manpower and resources in preparation to resist further aggression and defend liberty against the onslaught of these Communist gangsters wherever they might rear their heads. Now, therefore, the Polish-American Con- gress of northeastern Pennsylvania, hereby resolves: (a) That His Excellency Harry 8. Truman, our President and Commander in Chief be, and he hereby is, commended for the uncom- promising attitude which he had manifested against the aggressive tactics of Soviet Rus- sia and its Red collaborators in Korea and other parta of the world. (b) Approval is registered of the current policy of our Government in facing the pres- ent emergency without thought of further yielding to the demands of predatory tyrants by more appeasement. Such policy is con- gonant with the long history of American courage in times of danger. (c) That the United States and United Nations take necessary steps to insure the eventual restoration of freedom to Poland and all other enslaved nations. (ad) That the members of the Polish Amer- lcan Congress of northeastern Pennsylvania pledge their resources and all of the facilities at their individual and collective disposal to the Government of the United States in this period of national emergency. (e) That its membership hereby pledges unswerving loyalty to the Government of the United States and offers its services wherever the same may be needed in de- fense of our flag and all that it represents and particularly in tracing, rooting out, and destroying every evidence of communism in our mills and on our farms, in our mines and factories, in our schools, and our Govern- ment, wherever it may be detected. (f) That all Americans be adjured to re- main faithful in this time of national dan- ger to the traditions of our forefathers by pledging their lives and their fortunes in defense of the freedom Of our country and that of other nations within the framework of the United Nations, because the liberty of all is dependent on the freedom of each in- dividual nation. (g) That the membership of our organ- ization redouble its efforte to obtain assure ances for as many more displaced persons as possible before expiration, next summer, of the enabling legislation making it possible for them to seek asylum in the United States, (h) That copies of this resolution be transmitted to our President, His Excellency Harry S. Truman, at the White House, Gov, James H. Duff, Governor-elect John 8. Fine, the Honorable Blair F. Gunther, our representatives in the United States Senate and House, Charles Rozmarek, our national president, and distributed to the press. ——e Winxgs-Barer, Pa., December 19, 1950, Hon, Danixn J. Fioop, Member of Congress, House Office Build- ing, Washington, D.C. My Dear Danie.: The Polish-American Congress of northeastern Pennsylvania, a Jocal unit of the national organization, whose headquarters are in Washington, D. C., held its annual meeting at Hotel Redington, this city, on Sunday, December 17, last. Approxi- mately 150 delegates were in attendance. They represented various organizations, pare ishes, societies, and clubs within the en- virons of the northeastern part of this State. The local unit is a part of the national organ~ ization which purports to reflect the views of the 6,000,000 Americans of Polish descent resident in the United States. The assemblage adopted a resolution com- mending our Government for the uncom- promising attitude manifested by it against the apgressive tactics of Soviet Russia and its Red cullaborators in Korea and other parts of the world. In its resolution, this organ- ization also pledges the lives and fortunes of its membership in defense of the freedom of our country and that of other nations, within the framework of the United Nations. It also points out that the world cannot exist half slave and half free, and that no perma- nent peace can be achieved in the world, unless the 35,000,000 people of the Polish nation that are held in subjection behind the fron curtain of Russian communism are berated. Congratulating you upon your recent mag- nificent victory in the election which re- turned you to your office as Congressman of our district, and praying God to guide your activities in Congress toward enacting legis- lation that will be beneficial to our own Nation and to free people throughout the world, I remain, Very sincerely yours, ALEXANDER J. LAFFEY, Chairman, Resolution Committee. aaa ennenenaee enema Government by Treaty EXTENSION OF REMARKS oF HON. F. EDWARD HEBERT OF LOUISIANA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, January 15, 1951 Mr. HEBERT. Mr. Speaker, I am s0 impressed with the vigorous fight which William H. Fitzpatrick, editor of the New Orleans States, has been making to arouse the American people to the reali- zation that government by treaty is a serious menace to America at this time, that I have decided to do something about it. At the proper time, at a not too far dis- tan date, I shall introduce in the Con- gress a proposed constitutional amend- ment which will forbid the invasion of domestic law by treaty unless specifically authorized by Congress: forbid the Con- gress to make treaties effective by laws not otherwise authorized by the Consti- tution, and forbid any fundamental change in our form of government, as now constituted, by the device of treaty ratification. The text of the proposed amendment advocated by Mr. Fitzpatrick in the New Orleans States is now under preparation and discussion by some of the outstand- ing legal authorities on the subject. It has been the subject of study over a period of time by a special committee of the American Bar Association. It has heen a subiect: to which Mr. Fitzpatrick APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD has devoted many months of study and research and to whom should go the major credit for bringing the problem to the attention of the American people. Mr. Fitgpatrick’s crusade, and it has been a crusade, to awaken the American people to the dangers of government by treaty has been one of the finest contri- butions in many years to an old and honored profession. He deserves the support and the commendation by ac~- tion, not only conversation, of every American who cherishes and believes in constitutional government. In this fight, I consider it a privilege to stand by his side and to be the instrument through which his high purpose shall be brought forcibly to the attention of the Congress and to the American people. This is an opportune time to bring the matter into the open for complete venti- lation. It is timely because at the mo- ment there is serious disagreement among public officials on the highest level as to the powers of the Executive to commit the American Nation without specific action of the Congress or the power of the Senate, through treaty, to circumvent the Constitution, and de- stroy the very guaranties which are the essence of the United States Constitution and constitutional government. From time to time I have placed be- fore you editorials from the pen of Mr. Fitzpatrick on this general subject. To- day I offer his latest and most poignant series which suggest a most affirmative approach to a solution of the problem. I, for one, wholeheartedly accept this af- firmative suggestion. Please note that while opposition to these proposed treaties, such as the Gen- ocide Convention and the Covenant on Human Rights, is the main theme of these editorials because of the dangerous manner of their drafting, Mr. Fitzpat- rick’s approach is definitely not negative. His suggestion that the Constitution can be amended to allow us to enter into in- ternational compacts and still maintain our traditional rights and privileges is sound and a postive approach to inter- national understanding. Of particular and special interest to the Members of this body is the sixth editorial of this series which I submit to you. In this editorial you will note that Mr, Fitzpatrick, under the title of “Govern- ment by Treaty: Are Americans Ready for It,” observes: Under this concept the House of Repre- sentatives will have no voice in adoption of any domestic legislation contained in a self- executing valid treaty. This means that as far as it is con- cerned, any treaty which has teeth in it— self-executing—as these have, and any treaty upheld by the Supreme Court— valid—_the House might as well stay home. I recognize that the adoption of an amendment to the Constitution is a long, hard, up-hill fight, but that principle for which we shall fight is well worth the battle. I shall again come before the House when I introduce this proposed legisla- tion to elaborate and discuss more in de«
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD tail that which I have briefly touched on at the moment. In the interim I sug- gest that you read these editorials care- fully and weigh their impact in order that each of you will be familiar with the subject when I again bring it to your attention. Following are Mr, Fitzpatrick’s edi- torials: Tue Covenant ON Human Ricuts: Ir THREATENS Basic AMERICAN LIBERTIES In March 1949 this newspaper in a series of seven editorials pointed to the dangers in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in December 1948 by the General Assembly of the United Nations, The United States delegation voted for this declaration. It was said by its propo- nents to be merely a statement of aspirations and ideals. It was not intended to have any legal effect in the United States, It was to serve as a blueprint for a Cove- nant on Human Rights which would be le- gally binding upon any country which adopted it. The Declaration was likened to our Declaration of Independence and the Covenant to our United States Constitution, The Human Rights Commission of the United Nations drew up, during March, April and May of 1960, a Covenant which is near completion and which the Senate may be asked, in the next 12 months, to ratify as a treaty. The New Orleans States begins today a series of editorials on this Covenant, If the Senate ratifies it as a treaty, this Covenant will become the law of the land, and will supersede all State laws and consti- tutions where they conflict and will stand equal with the United States Constitution and laws of the Federal Government. Students of constitutional and interna. tional law point out that the effect of the Covenant may be even more far-reaching than that. It may be held to nullify articles of the Bill of Rights. There is much in the various articles of the Covenant which can be criticized. This series of editorials will discuss four articles only. For these four articles—articles 2, 13, 14, and 15-—strike at the very heart of the free- doms contained in the Bill of Rights while professing to guarantee wider freedoms for all the world. These four articles endanger some of our most precious heritages: Freedom of worship. Freedom of speech. Freedom of the press. Freedom of peaceful assembly. Each of these liberties has its inception in the first amendment to the United States Constitution: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the free- dom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.” There are no exceptions to these rights in the United States Constitution. But the Covenant on Human Rights contains 80 many restrictions, executions, and limitations that these rights are transmuted from the bright coinage of liberty to the fool's gold of dicta- torial statism. — Tue CoveNANT ON HuMAN RicuTs: We Caw Loss Our Riauts THROUGH TREATY The first amendment planted the seeds of freedom of worship, freedom of speech and the press, and freedom of peaceful assembly into the United States Constitution. But it took a long line of judicial decisions to firmly root them in constitutional law. XCVII—App.——12 The courts early recognized some limita tions on free speech; ag an example, Mr. Justice Holmes put it this way: “The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting ‘fre’ in a theater cnd causing a panic.” And, of course, there are laws of bel and slander to make certain that Mberty of lan- guage is not license, But as Mr. Justice Holmes also said of free speech: “The question in each case is whether the words are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has the right to prevent.” Holmes was the father of the “clear and present danger” doctrine—a philosophy of the widest possible latitude in the interests of liberty. This doctrine has since his time guided our courts in decisions bearing upon free speech and a free preas. All of this is endangered if we ratify as a treaty this covenant on human rights. For 4f ratified by the Senate, it will become the law of the land, and may be held even to override the Constitution by the courts. An American Bar Association committee, which had this covenant under study since its inception points out: “Free speech and a free press are not in express terms guaranteed by our Constitu- tion. It is only provided that Congress and the States may not pass laws impairing these rights; there is no similar express re- striction on the Senate and the President in making, ratifying, and approving treaties.” The United States Supreme Court already has held: That the treaty-making power extends to all proper subjects of negotiation between our Government and other nations; and That the treaty-making power 1s not sub- Ject to limitations tmposed by the Consti- tution on the power of Congress to enact legislation. If the Senate ratifies the covenant on human righta and the Supreme Court up- holds it under the established principles out- lined above, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of peaceful assembly may be destroyed by our own Government at any time by an official proclamation of a state of emergency. The covenant cuntaing that power, THE COVENANT ON HUMAN RIGHTs: THREAT TO FREEDOM OF WorsHIP The first amendment to the United States Constitution—article I of the Bill of Rights— reads in part: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; * * ¢” Those words are the cornerstone of free- dom of worship in the United States; under their protection Protestant, Catholic, Jew, Christian Scientist, Hindu, and Moslem have been secure in their right and desire to wore ship their God as they chose. Agnostic and atheist have been equally secure in their right to question or to disbelieve. Those words are unequivocal, given to no other judicial interpretation through the years than these: The Congress can establish no state rele gion; and The Congress is prohibited from interfere ing with religious worships or beliefs. After the United States Constitution had been ratified by the States, fear of a strong centralized government arose. The Bill of Rights was written to allay these fears, But the prohibition against Government inter- ference in religious worship did not lead the list of freedoms in the Bill of Rights by accident, THE A177 Freedom of worship was deep-rooted in the history and mores of the people, for those who believed in freedom of worship had helped found the country. It was a desire for religious freedom that brought the Pil- grims to Plymouth Rock, William Penn's Quakers to Pennsylvania, and Lord Balti- more’s Catholics to Maryland more than a century before George Mason wrote the Bill of Rights. ' This freedom of worship which Americans have recognized as the right of each indi- vidual is endangered hy the Draft Covenant of Human Rights. Paragraph 2 of article 13 of the Covenant on Human Rights reads: “Freedom to manifest one's religion or be- liefs shall be subject only to such limitations a8 are pursuant to law and are reasonable and necessary to protect public safety, order, health, or morals, or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others.” What effect will this have if this covenant is ratified by the Senate as a treaty? A treaty accepted by two-thirds of the Sena- tors present becomes the law of the land. If the Supreme Court validates this treaty, it can nullify the religious freedom in the Bill of Righta. The Committee for Peace and Law through the United Nations of the American Bar Ase sociation said in a report last September 20 the effects also would be these: “We are confronted with a concept of the freedom of religion embracing the free use of limitations reasonable and necessary to protect public safety, order, health, morals, or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others. The purported agreement of church and state in Hungary is an example of re- ligion under state regulation and control for public safety and order. “The people of the United States are asked to approve those restrictions for others on the assurance that perhaps they will not apply in the United States. The persecuted brethren of any religious group in any coun- try dominated by the Soviet shall be ase sured that such persecutions are legal and proper under a covenant on human rights because the public safety and order of thetr atate demand such protective action. Is this the message we shall send to persecuted worshippers in other lands? “Today, when an atheistic ideology of great ower and proportions confronts the re- igious groups of the world, an organ of the United Nations presents the doctrine of state regulation of religion, a codification of the right of regulation, and complete destruc- tion of the freedom of religion if laws based on alleged public sufety and order of the state shall so provide.” For this danger to religion, among other Teasons, the American Bar Association at its September meeting condemned the cove- nant in the following resolution: “Resolved, That the American Bar Ase sociation is of the opinion that the Draft International Covenant on Human Rights as prepared at the March-May 1950 ses- sion of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights is not in such form nor of such content as to be suitable for approval and adoption by the General Assembly of the United Nations, or for ratification by the United States of America,” — THE Covenanr oN Human Riaurs: THREAT TO A FREE Press AND Prise Serrce Article 14 of the Covenant on Human Rights sets forth rights and privileges of speech and the press, and then limits them to a degree heretofore unheard of in free countries, Similar restrictions are placed upon the right of peaceful assembly in article 15. Article 14 reads: “1, Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference.