H. R. 2029—268 
Development shall be submitted to the Committees on Appropria-
tions of the Senate and the House of Representatives not later 
than 90 days after the date the fiscal year 2017 budget is submitted 
to Congress: Provided further, That such plan shall include details 
on the transition of programmatic responsibilities, efforts to consult 
with stakeholders, and mechanisms to ensure that the original 
purpose of the program will be retained. 
TITLE IV 
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, TRAINING, AND SERVICES 
UNITED STATES CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION SERVICES 
For necessary expenses for citizenship and immigration serv-
ices, $119,671,000 for the E-Verify Program, as described in section 
403(a) of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsi-
bility Act of 1996 (8 U.S.C. 1324a note), to assist United States 
employers with maintaining a legal workforce: Provided, That not-
withstanding any other provision of law, funds otherwise made 
available to United States Citizenship and Immigration Services 
may be used to acquire, operate, equip, and dispose of up to 5 
vehicles, for replacement only, for areas where the Administrator 
of General Services does not provide vehicles for lease: Provided 
further, That the Director of United States Citizenship and 
Immigration Services may authorize employees who are assigned 
to those areas to use such vehicles to travel between the employees’ 
residences and places of employment. 
FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING CENTER 
SALARIES AND EXPENSES 
For necessary expenses of the Federal Law Enforcement 
Training Center, including materials and support costs of Federal 
law enforcement basic training; the purchase of not to exceed 117 
vehicles for police-type use and hire of passenger motor vehicles; 
expenses for student athletic and related activities; the conduct 
of and participation in firearms matches and presentation of 
awards; public awareness and enhancement of community support 
of law enforcement training; room and board for student interns; 
a flat monthly reimbursement to employees authorized to use per-
sonal mobile phones for official duties; and services as authorized 
by section 3109 of title 5, United States Code; $217,485,000; of 
which up to $38,981,000 shall remain available until September 
30, 2017, for materials and support costs of Federal law enforcement 
basic training; and of which not to exceed $7,180 shall be for 
official reception and representation expenses: Provided, That the 
Center is authorized to obligate funds in anticipation of reimburse-
ments from agencies receiving training sponsored by the Center, 
except that total obligations at the end of the fiscal year shall 
not exceed total budgetary resources available at the end of the 
fiscal year: Provided further, That section 1202(a) of Public Law 
107–206 (42 U.S.C. 3771 note), as amended under this heading 
in Public Law 114–4, is further amended by striking ‘‘December 
31, 2017’’ and inserting ‘‘December 31, 2018’’: Provided further, 
That the Director of the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center 
shall schedule basic or advanced law enforcement training, or both,
H. R. 2029—269 
at all four training facilities under the control of the Federal Law 
Enforcement Training Center to ensure that such training facilities 
are operated at the highest capacity throughout the fiscal year: 
Provided further, That the Federal Law Enforcement Training 
Accreditation Board, including representatives from the Federal 
law enforcement community and non-Federal accreditation experts 
involved in law enforcement training, shall lead the Federal law 
enforcement 
training 
accreditation 
process 
to 
continue 
the 
implementation of measuring and assessing the quality and 
effectiveness of Federal law enforcement training programs, facili-
ties, and instructors. 
ACQUISITIONS, CONSTRUCTION, IMPROVEMENTS, AND RELATED 
EXPENSES 
For acquisition of necessary additional real property and facili-
ties, construction, and ongoing maintenance, facility improvements, 
and related expenses of the Federal Law Enforcement Training 
Center, $27,553,000, to remain available until September 30, 2020: 
Provided, That the Center is authorized to accept reimbursement 
to this appropriation from government agencies requesting the 
construction of special use facilities. 
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 
MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION 
For salaries and expenses of the Office of the Under Secretary 
for Science and Technology and for management and administration 
of programs and activities, as authorized by title III of the Home-
land Security Act of 2002 (6 U.S.C. 181 et seq.), $131,531,000: 
Provided, That not to exceed $7,650 shall be for official reception 
and representation expenses. 
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, ACQUISITION, AND OPERATIONS 
For necessary expenses for science and technology research, 
including advanced research projects, development, test and evalua-
tion, acquisition, and operations as authorized by title III of the 
Homeland Security Act of 2002 (6 U.S.C. 181 et seq.), and the 
purchase or lease of not to exceed 5 vehicles, $655,407,000, to 
remain available until September 30, 2018. 
DOMESTIC NUCLEAR DETECTION OFFICE 
MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION 
For salaries and expenses of the Domestic Nuclear Detection 
Office, as authorized by title XIX of the Homeland Security Act 
of 2002 (6 U.S.C. 591 et seq.), for management and administration 
of programs and activities, $38,109,000: Provided, That not to 
exceed $2,250 shall be for official reception and representation 
expenses.
H. R. 2029—270 
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND OPERATIONS 
For necessary expenses for radiological and nuclear research, 
development, testing, evaluation, and operations, $196,000,000, to 
remain available until September 30, 2018. 
SYSTEMS ACQUISITION 
For necessary expenses for the Domestic Nuclear Detection 
Office acquisition and deployment of radiological detection systems 
in accordance with the global nuclear detection architecture, 
$113,011,000, to remain available until September 30, 2018. 
TITLE V 
GENERAL PROVISIONS 
(INCLUDING TRANSFERS AND RESCISSIONS OF FUNDS) 
SEC. 501. No part of any appropriation contained in this Act 
shall remain available for obligation beyond the current fiscal year 
unless expressly so provided herein. 
SEC. 502. Subject to the requirements of section 503 of this 
Act, the unexpended balances of prior appropriations provided for 
activities in this Act may be transferred to appropriation accounts 
for such activities established pursuant to this Act, may be merged 
with funds in the applicable established accounts, and thereafter 
may be accounted for as one fund for the same time period as 
originally enacted. 
SEC. 503. (a) None of the funds provided by this Act, provided 
by previous appropriations Acts to the agencies in or transferred 
to the Department of Homeland Security that remain available 
for obligation or expenditure in fiscal year 2016, or provided from 
any accounts in the Treasury of the United States derived by 
the collection of fees available to the agencies funded by this Act, 
shall be available for obligation or expenditure through a re-
programming of funds that— 
(1) creates a new program, project, or activity; 
(2) eliminates a program, project, or activity; 
(3) increases funds for any program, project, or activity 
for which funds have been denied or restricted by the Congress; 
(4) contracts out any function or activity presently per-
formed by Federal employees or any new function or activity 
proposed to be performed by Federal employees in the Presi-
dent’s budget proposal for fiscal year 2016 for the Department 
of Homeland Security; 
(5) augments existing programs, projects, or activities in 
excess of $5,000,000 or 10 percent, whichever is less; 
(6) reduces any program, project, or activity, or numbers 
of personnel by 10 percent; or 
(7) results from any general savings from a reduction in 
personnel that would result in a change in existing programs, 
projects, or activities as approved by the Congress, unless the 
Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and the House 
of Representatives are notified 15 days in advance of such 
reprogramming of funds. 
(b) Not to exceed 5 percent of any appropriation made available 
for the current fiscal year for the Department of Homeland Security
H. R. 2029—271 
by this Act or provided by previous appropriations Acts may be 
transferred between such appropriations. 
(c) Any transfer under this section shall be treated as a re-
programming of funds under subsection (a) and shall not be avail-
able for obligation unless the Committees on Appropriations of 
the Senate and the House of Representatives are notified 15 days 
in advance of such transfer. 
(d) Notwithstanding subsections (a), (b), and (c), no funds shall 
be reprogrammed within or transferred between appropriations 
based upon an initial notification provided after June 30, except 
in extraordinary circumstances that imminently threaten the safety 
of human life or the protection of property. 
(e) The notification thresholds and procedures set forth in this 
section shall apply to any use of deobligated balances of funds 
provided in previous Department of Homeland Security Appropria-
tions Acts. 
SEC. 504. The Department of Homeland Security Working Cap-
ital Fund, established pursuant to section 403 of Public Law 103– 
356 (31 U.S.C. 501 note), shall continue operations as a permanent 
working capital fund for fiscal year 2016: Provided, That none 
of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available to the Depart-
ment of Homeland Security may be used to make payments to 
the Working Capital Fund, except for the activities and amounts 
allowed in the President’s fiscal year 2016 budget: Provided further, 
That funds provided to the Working Capital Fund shall be available 
for obligation until expended to carry out the purposes of the 
Working Capital Fund: Provided further, That all Departmental 
components shall be charged only for direct usage of each Working 
Capital Fund service: Provided further, That funds provided to 
the Working Capital Fund shall be used only for purposes consistent 
with the contributing component: Provided further, That the 
Working Capital Fund shall be paid in advance or reimbursed 
at rates which will return the full cost of each service: Provided 
further, That the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and 
the House of Representatives shall be notified of any activity added 
to or removed from the fund: Provided further, That for any activity 
added to the fund, the notification shall identify sources of funds 
by program, project, and activity: Provided further, That the Chief 
Financial Officer of the Department of Homeland Security shall 
submit a quarterly execution report with activity level detail, not 
later than 30 days after the end of each quarter. 
SEC. 505. Except as otherwise specifically provided by law, 
not to exceed 50 percent of unobligated balances remaining available 
at the end of fiscal year 2016, as recorded in the financial records 
at the time of a reprogramming request, but not later than June 
30, 2017, from appropriations for salaries and expenses for fiscal 
year 2016 in this Act shall remain available through September 
30, 2017, in the account and for the purposes for which the appro-
priations were provided: Provided, That prior to the obligation 
of such funds, a request shall be submitted to the Committees 
on Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives 
for approval in accordance with section 503 of this Act. 
SEC. 506. Funds made available by this Act for intelligence 
activities are deemed to be specifically authorized by the Congress 
for purposes of section 504 of the National Security Act of 1947 
(50 U.S.C. 414) during fiscal year 2016 until the enactment of 
an Act authorizing intelligence activities for fiscal year 2016.
H. R. 2029—272 
SEC. 507. (a) Except as provided in subsections (b) and (c), 
none of the funds made available by this Act may be used to— 
(1) make or award a grant allocation, grant, contract, other 
transaction agreement, or task or delivery order on a Depart-
ment of Homeland Security multiple award contract, or to 
issue a letter of intent totaling in excess of $1,000,000; 
(2) award a task or delivery order requiring an obligation 
of funds in an amount greater than $10,000,000 from multi- 
year Department of Homeland Security funds; 
(3) make a sole-source grant award; or 
(4) announce publicly the intention to make or award items 
under paragraph (1), (2), or (3) including a contract covered 
by the Federal Acquisition Regulation. 
(b) The Secretary of Homeland Security may waive the prohibi-
tion under subsection (a) if the Secretary notifies the Committees 
on Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives 
at least 3 full business days in advance of making an award or 
issuing a letter as described in that subsection. 
(c) If the Secretary of Homeland Security determines that 
compliance with this section would pose a substantial risk to human 
life, health, or safety, an award may be made without notification, 
and the Secretary shall notify the Committees on Appropriations 
of the Senate and the House of Representatives not later than 
5 full business days after such an award is made or letter issued. 
(d) A notification under this section— 
(1) may not involve funds that are not available for obliga-
tion; and 
(2) shall include the amount of the award; the fiscal year 
for which the funds for the award were appropriated; the type 
of contract; and the account from which the funds are being 
drawn. 
(e) The Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management 
Agency shall brief the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate 
and the House of Representatives 5 full business days in advance 
of announcing publicly the intention of making an award under 
‘‘State and Local Programs’’. 
SEC. 508. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no agency 
shall purchase, construct, or lease any additional facilities, except 
within or contiguous to existing locations, to be used for the purpose 
of conducting Federal law enforcement training without advance 
notification to the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate 
and the House of Representatives, except that the Federal Law 
Enforcement Training Center is authorized to obtain the temporary 
use of additional facilities by lease, contract, or other agreement 
for training that cannot be accommodated in existing Center facili-
ties. 
SEC. 509. None of the funds appropriated or otherwise made 
available by this Act may be used for expenses for any construction, 
repair, alteration, or acquisition project for which a prospectus 
otherwise required under chapter 33 of title 40, United States 
Code, has not been approved, except that necessary funds may 
be expended for each project for required expenses for the develop-
ment of a proposed prospectus. 
SEC. 510. (a) Sections 520, 522, and 530 of the Department 
of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2008 (division E of Public 
Law 110–161; 121 Stat. 2073 and 2074) shall apply with respect
H. R. 2029—273 
to funds made available in this Act in the same manner as such 
sections applied to funds made available in that Act. 
(b) The third proviso of section 537 of the Department of Home-
land Security Appropriations Act, 2006 (6 U.S.C. 114), shall here-
after not apply with respect to funds made available in this or 
any other Act. 
(c) Section 525 of Public Law 109–90 is amended by striking 
‘‘thereafter’’, and section 554 of Public Law 111–83 is amended 
by striking ‘‘and shall report annually thereafter’’. 
SEC. 511. None of the funds made available in this Act may 
be used in contravention of the applicable provisions of the Buy 
American Act. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term 
‘‘Buy American Act’’ means chapter 83 of title 41, United States 
Code. 
SEC. 512. None of the funds made available in this Act may 
be used to amend the oath of allegiance required by section 337 
of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1448). 
SEC. 513. Not later than 30 days after the last day of each 
month, the Chief Financial Officer of the Department of Homeland 
Security shall submit to the Committees on Appropriations of the 
Senate and the House of Representatives a monthly budget and 
staffing report for that month that includes total obligations of 
the Department for that month for the fiscal year at the appropria-
tion and program, project, and activity levels, by the source year 
of the appropriation: Provided, That total obligations for staffing 
shall also be provided by subcategory of on-board and funded full- 
time equivalent staffing levels, respectively: Provided further, That 
the report shall specify the number of, and total obligations for, 
contract employees for each office of the Department. 
SEC. 514. Except as provided in section 44945 of title 49, 
United States Code, funds appropriated or transferred to Transpor-
tation Security Administration ‘‘Aviation Security’’, ‘‘Administra-
tion’’, and ‘‘Transportation Security Support’’ for fiscal years 2004 
and 2005 that are recovered or deobligated shall be available only 
for the procurement or installation of explosives detection systems, 
air cargo, baggage, and checkpoint screening systems, subject to 
notification: Provided, That semiannual reports shall be submitted 
to the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and the House 
of Representatives on any funds that are recovered or deobligated. 
SEC. 515. None of the funds appropriated by this Act may 
be used to process or approve a competition under Office of Manage-
ment and Budget Circular A–76 for services provided by employees 
(including employees serving on a temporary or term basis) of 
United States Citizenship and Immigration Services of the Depart-
ment of Homeland Security who are known as Immigration Informa-
tion Officers, Immigration Service Analysts, Contact Representa-
tives, Investigative Assistants, or Immigration Services Officers. 
SEC. 516. Any funds appropriated to ‘‘Coast Guard, Acquisition, 
Construction, and Improvements’’ for fiscal years 2002, 2003, 2004, 
2005, and 2006 for the 110–123 foot patrol boat conversion that 
are recovered, collected, or otherwise received as the result of nego-
tiation, mediation, or litigation, shall be available until expended 
for the Fast Response Cutter program. 
SEC. 517. The functions of the Federal Law Enforcement 
Training Center instructor staff shall be classified as inherently 
governmental for the purpose of the Federal Activities Inventory 
Reform Act of 1998 (31 U.S.C. 501 note).
H. R. 2029—274 
SEC. 518. (a) The Secretary of Homeland Security shall submit 
a report not later than October 15, 2016, to the Inspector General 
of the Department of Homeland Security listing all grants and 
contracts awarded by any means other than full and open competi-
tion during fiscal year 2016. 
(b) The Inspector General shall review the report required 
by subsection (a) to assess Departmental compliance with applicable 
laws and regulations and report the results of that review to the 
Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and the House of 
Representatives not later than February 15, 2017. 
SEC. 519. None of the funds provided by this or previous appro-
priations Acts shall be used to fund any position designated as 
a Principal Federal Official (or the successor thereto) for any Robert 
T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 
5121 et seq.) declared disasters or emergencies unless— 
(1) the responsibilities of the Principal Federal Official 
do not include operational functions related to incident manage-
ment, including coordination of operations, and are consistent 
with the requirements of section 509(c) and sections 503(c)(3) 
and 503(c)(4)(A) of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (6 U.S.C. 
319(c), 313(c)(3), and 313(c)(4)(A)) and section 302 of the Robert 
T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5143); 
(2) not later than 10 business days after the latter of 
the date on which the Secretary of Homeland Security appoints 
the Principal Federal Official and the date on which the Presi-
dent issues a declaration under section 401 or section 501 
of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assist-
ance Act (42 U.S.C. 5170 and 5191, respectively), the Secretary 
of Homeland Security shall submit a notification of the appoint-
ment of the Principal Federal Official and a description of 
the responsibilities of such Official and how such responsibil-
ities are consistent with paragraph (1) to the Committees on 
Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives, 
the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental 
Affairs of the Senate, and the Committee on Transportation 
and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives; and 
(3) not later than 60 days after the date of enactment 
of this Act, the Secretary shall provide a report specifying 
timeframes and milestones regarding the update of operations, 
planning and policy documents, and training and exercise proto-
cols, to ensure consistency with paragraph (1) of this section. 
SEC. 520. None of the funds provided or otherwise made avail-
able in this Act shall be available to carry out section 872 of 
the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (6 U.S.C. 452) unless explicitly 
authorized by Congress. 
SEC. 521. (a) None of the funds appropriated by this or previous 
appropriations Acts may be used to establish an Office of Chemical, 
Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives Defense until such 
time as Congress has authorized such establishment. 
(b) Subject to the limitation in subsection (a) and notwith-
standing section 503 of this Act, the Secretary may transfer funds 
for the purpose of executing authorization of the Office of Chemical, 
Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives Defense. 
(c) Not later than 15 days before transferring funds pursuant 
to subsection (b), the Secretary of Homeland Security shall submit 
a report to the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and 
the House of Representatives, the Committee on Homeland Security
H. R. 2029—275 
and Governmental Affairs of the Senate, and the Committee on 
Homeland Security of the House of Representatives on— 
(1) the transition plan for the establishment of the office; 
and 
(2) the funds and positions to be transferred by source. 
SEC. 522. None of the funds made available in this Act may 
be used by United States Citizenship and Immigration Services 
to grant an immigration benefit unless the results of background 
checks required by law to be completed prior to the granting of 
the benefit have been received by United States Citizenship and 
Immigration Services, and the results do not preclude the granting 
of the benefit. 
SEC. 523. Section 831 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 
(6 U.S.C. 391) is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a), by striking ‘‘Until September 30, 
2015,’’ and inserting ‘‘Until September 30, 2016,’’; and 
(2) in subsection (c)(1), by striking ‘‘September 30, 2015,’’ 
and inserting ‘‘September 30, 2016,’’. 
SEC. 524. The Secretary of Homeland Security shall require 
that all contracts of the Department of Homeland Security that 
provide award fees link such fees to successful acquisition outcomes 
(which outcomes shall be specified in terms of cost, schedule, and 
performance). 
SEC. 525. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, none 
of the funds provided in this or any other Act shall be used to 
approve a waiver of the navigation and vessel-inspection laws 
pursuant to 46 U.S.C. 501(b) for the transportation of crude oil 
distributed from and to the Strategic Petroleum Reserve until the 
Secretary of Homeland Security, after consultation with the Secre-
taries of the Departments of Energy and Transportation and rep-
resentatives from the United States flag maritime industry, takes 
adequate measures to ensure the use of United States flag vessels: 
Provided, That the Secretary shall notify the Committees on Appro-
priations of the Senate and the House of Representatives, the 
Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the 
Senate, and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure 
of the House of Representatives within 2 business days of any 
request for waivers of navigation and vessel-inspection laws pursu-
ant to 46 U.S.C. 501(b). 
SEC. 526. None of the funds made available in this Act for 
U.S. Customs and Border Protection may be used to prevent an 
individual not in the business of importing a prescription drug 
(within the meaning of section 801(g) of the Federal Food, Drug, 
and Cosmetic Act) from importing a prescription drug from Canada 
that complies with the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act: 
Provided, That this section shall apply only to individuals trans-
porting on their person a personal-use quantity of the prescription 
drug, not to exceed a 90-day supply: Provided further, That the 
prescription drug may not be— 
(1) a controlled substance, as defined in section 102 of 
the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 802); or 
(2) a biological product, as defined in section 351 of the 
Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 262). 
SEC. 527. None of the funds in this Act shall be used to 
reduce the Coast Guard’s Operations Systems Center mission or 
its government-employed or contract staff levels.
H. R. 2029—276 
SEC. 528. The Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation 
with the Secretary of the Treasury, shall notify the Committees 
on Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives 
of any proposed transfers of funds available under section 
9703.1(g)(4)(B) of title 31, United States Code (as added by Public 
Law 102–393) from the Department of the Treasury Forfeiture 
Fund to any agency within the Department of Homeland Security: 
Provided, That none of the funds identified for such a transfer 
may be obligated until the Committees on Appropriations of the 
Senate and the House of Representatives approve the proposed 
transfers. 
SEC. 529. None of the funds made available in this Act may 
be used for planning, testing, piloting, or developing a national 
identification card. 
SEC. 530. None of the funds appropriated by this Act may 
be used to conduct, or to implement the results of, a competition 
under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76 for activities 
performed with respect to the Coast Guard National Vessel Docu-
mentation Center. 
SEC. 531. Any official that is required by this Act to report 
or to certify to the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate 
and the House of Representatives may not delegate such authority 
to perform that act unless specifically authorized herein. 
SEC. 532. None of the funds appropriated or otherwise made 
available in this or any other Act may be used to transfer, release, 
or assist in the transfer or release to or within the United States, 
its territories, or possessions Khalid Sheikh Mohammed or any 
other detainee who— 
(1) is not a United States citizen or a member of the 
Armed Forces of the United States; and 
(2) is or was held on or after June 24, 2009, at the United 
States Naval Station, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, by the Depart-
ment of Defense. 
SEC. 533. None of the funds made available in this Act may 
be used for first-class travel by the employees of agencies funded 
by this Act in contravention of sections 301–10.122 through 301– 
10.124 of title 41, Code of Federal Regulations. 
SEC. 534. None of the funds made available in this Act may 
be used to employ workers described in section 274A(h)(3) of the 
Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1324a(h)(3)). 
SEC. 535. Funds made available in this Act may be used to 
alter operations within the Civil Engineering Program of the Coast 
Guard nationwide, including civil engineering units, facilities design 
and construction centers, maintenance and logistics commands, and 
the Coast Guard Academy, except that none of the funds provided 
in this Act may be used to reduce operations within any civil 
engineering unit unless specifically authorized by a statute enacted 
after the date of enactment of this Act. 
SEC. 536. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, 
none of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by 
this Act may be used to pay award or incentive fees for contractor 
performance that has been judged to be below satisfactory perform-
ance or performance that does not meet the basic requirements 
of a contract. 
SEC. 537. In developing any process to screen aviation pas-
sengers and crews for transportation or national security purposes, 
the Secretary of Homeland Security shall ensure that all such