HRES 1258 IH 
fully executed’’, violated United States law by invading the 
sovereign country of Iraq in violation of the United Na-
tions Charter to wit: 
(1) International Laws ratified by Congress are 
part of United States Law and must be followed as 
evidenced by the following: 
(A) Article VI of the United States Con-
stitution, which states ‘‘This Constitution, and 
the Laws of the United States which shall be 
made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties 
made, or which shall be made, under the Au-
thority of the United States, shall be the su-
preme Law of the Land;’’. 
(2) The U.N. Charter, which entered into force 
following ratification by the United States in 1945, 
requires Security Council approval for the use of 
force except for self-defense against an armed attack 
as evidenced by the following: 
(A) Chapter 1, article 2 of the United Na-
tions Charter states: 
‘‘3. All Members shall settle their international 
disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that 
international peace and security, and justice, are not 
endangered. 
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HRES 1258 IH 
‘‘4. All Members shall refrain in their inter-
national relations from the threat or use of force 
against the territorial integrity or political independ-
ence of any state, or in any other manner incon-
sistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.’’. 
(B) Chapter 7, article 51 of the United 
Nations Charter states: 
‘‘51. Nothing in the present Charter shall im-
pair the inherent right of individual or collective self- 
defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member 
of the United Nations, until the Security Council 
has taken measures necessary to maintain inter-
national peace and security.’’. 
(3) There was no armed attack upon the 
United States by Iraq. 
(4) The Security Council did not vote to ap-
prove the use of force against Iraq as evidenced by: 
(A) A United Nation Press release which 
states that the United States had failed to con-
vince the Security Council to approve the use of 
military force against Iraq. [UN] 
(5) President Bush directed the United States 
military to invade Iraq on March 19th, 2003 in vio-
lation of the U.N. Charter and, therefore, in viola-
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HRES 1258 IH 
tion of United States Law as evidenced by the fol-
lowing: 
(A) A letter from President Bush to Con-
gress dated March 21st, 2003 stating ‘‘I di-
rected U.S. Armed Forces, operating with other 
coalition forces, to commence combat operations 
on March 19, 2003, against Iraq.’’. [WH] 
(B) On September 16, 2004, Kofi Annan, 
the Secretary General of the United Nations, 
speaking on the invasion, said, ‘‘I have indi-
cated it was not in conformity with the U.N. 
charter. From our point of view, from the char-
ter point of view, it was illegal.’’. [BBC] 
(C) The consequence of the instant and di-
rection of President George W. Bush, in order-
ing an attack upon Iraq, a sovereign nation is 
in direct violation of United States Code, title 
18, part 1, chapter 118, section 2441, gov-
erning the offense of war crimes. 
(6) In the course of invading and occupying 
Iraq, the President, as Commander in Chief, has 
taken responsibility for the targeting of civilians, 
journalists, hospitals, and ambulances, use of anti-
personnel weapons including cluster bombs in dense-
ly settled urban areas, the use of white phosphorous 
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as a weapon, depleted uranium weapons, and the use 
of a new version of napalm found in Mark 77 fire-
bombs. Under the direction of President George 
Bush, the United States has engaged in collective 
punishment of Iraqi civilian populations, including 
but not limited to blocking roads, cutting electricity 
and water, destroying fuel stations, planting bombs 
in farm fields, demolishing houses, and plowing over 
orchards. 
(A) Under the principle of ‘‘command re-
sponsibility’’, i.e., that a de jure command can 
be civilian as well as military, and can apply to 
the policy command of heads of state, said com-
mand brings President George Bush within the 
reach of international criminal law under the 
Additional Protocol I of June 8, 1977, to the 
Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and 
Relating to the Protection of Victims of Inter-
national Armed Conflicts, article 86(2). The 
United States is a state signatory to Additional 
Protocol I, on December 12, 1977. 
(B) Furthermore, article 85(3) of said 
Protocol I defines as a grave breach making a 
civilian population or individual civilians the ob-
ject of attacks. This offense, together with the 
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principle of command responsibility, places 
President George Bush’s conduct under the 
reach of the same law and principles described 
as the basis for war crimes prosecution at 
Nuremburg, under article 6 of the Charter of 
the Nuremberg Tribunals: including crimes 
against peace, violations of the laws and cus-
toms of war and crimes against humanity, simi-
larly codified in the Rome Statute of the Inter-
national Criminal Court, articles 5 through 8. 
(C) The Lancet Report has established 
massive civilian casualties in Iraq as a result of 
the United States invasion and occupation of 
that country. 
(D) International laws governing wars of 
aggression are completely prohibited under the 
legal principle of jus cogens, whether or not a 
nation has signed or ratified a particular inter-
national agreement. 
In all of these actions and decisions, President 
George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his 
trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subver-
sive of constitutional government, to the prejudice of the 
cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the 
people of the United States. Wherefore, President George 
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