SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
(a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 
‘‘Department of Energy Science and Innovation Act of 
2018’’. 
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for 
this Act is as follows: 
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 
Sec. 2. Definitions. 
Sec. 3. Mission. 
Sec. 4. Basic energy sciences. 
Sec. 5. Advanced scientific computing research. 
Sec. 6. High energy physics. 
Sec. 7. Biological and environmental research. 
Sec. 8. Fusion energy. 
Sec. 9. Nuclear physics. 
Sec. 10. Science laboratories infrastructure program. 
Sec. 11. Authorization of appropriations. 
SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 
In this Act: 
(1) DEPARTMENT.—The term ‘‘Department’’ 
means the Department of Energy. 
(2) DIRECTOR.—The term ‘‘Director’’ means 
the Director of the Office of Science of the Depart-
ment. 
(3) NATIONAL LABORATORY.—The term ‘‘Na-
tional Laboratory’’ has the meaning given that term 
in section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 
U.S.C. 15801). 
(4) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means 
the Secretary of Energy.
SEC. 3. MISSION. 
Section 209 of the Department of Energy Organiza-
tion Act (42 U.S.C. 7139) is amended by adding at the 
end the following: 
‘‘(c) MISSION.—The mission of the Office of Science 
shall be the delivery of scientific discoveries, capabilities, 
and major scientific tools to transform the understanding 
of nature and to advance the energy, economic, and na-
tional security of the United States.’’. 
SEC. 4. BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES. 
(a) PROGRAM.—The Director shall carry out a pro-
gram in basic energy sciences, including materials sciences 
and engineering, chemical sciences, physical biosciences, 
and geosciences, for the purpose of providing the scientific 
foundations for new energy technologies. 
(b) MISSION.—The mission of the program described 
in subsection (a) shall be to support fundamental research 
to understand, predict, and ultimately control matter and 
energy at the electronic, atomic, and molecular levels in 
order to provide the foundations for new energy tech-
nologies and to support Department missions in energy, 
environment, and national security. 
(c) BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES USER FACILITIES.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall carry out 
a program for the development, construction, oper-
ation, and maintenance of national user facilities.
(2) REQUIREMENTS.—To the maximum extent 
practicable, the national user facilities developed, 
constructed, operated, or maintained under para-
graph (1) shall serve the needs of the Department, 
industry, the academic community, and other rel-
evant entities to create and examine materials and 
chemical processes for the purpose of improving the 
competitiveness of the United States. 
(3) INCLUDED FACILITIES.—The national user 
facilities developed, constructed, operated, or main-
tained under paragraph (1) shall include— 
(A) x-ray light sources; 
(B) neutron sources; 
(C) nanoscale science research centers; and 
(D) such other facilities as the Director 
considers appropriate, consistent with section 
209 of the Department of Energy Organization 
Act (42 U.S.C. 7139). 
(d) BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES RESEARCH INFRA-
STRUCTURE.— 
(1) ADVANCED PHOTON SOURCE UPGRADE.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
provide for the upgrade to the Advanced Pho-
ton Source described in the publication ap-
proved by the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory
Committee on June 9, 2016, titled ‘‘Report on 
Facility Upgrades’’, including the development 
of a multi-bend achromat lattice to produce a 
high flux of coherent x-rays within the hard x- 
ray energy region and a suite of beamlines opti-
mized for this source. 
(B) DEFINITIONS.—In this paragraph: 
(i) FLUX.—The term ‘‘flux’’ means 
the rate of flow of photons. 
(ii) HARD X-RAY.—The term ‘‘hard x- 
ray’’ means a photon with energy greater 
than 20 kiloelectron volts. 
(C) START
OF
OPERATIONS.—The Sec-
retary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, 
ensure that the start of full operations of the 
upgrade under this paragraph occurs before De-
cember 31, 2025. 
(D) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized 
to be appropriated under section 11 for Basic 
Energy Sciences, there shall be made available 
to the Secretary to carry out the upgrade under 
this paragraph— 
(i) $93,000,000 for fiscal year 2018; 
and 
(ii) $130,000,000 for fiscal year 2019.
(2) SPALLATION
NEUTRON
SOURCE
PROTON 
POWER UPGRADE.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
provide for a proton power upgrade to the 
Spallation Neutron Source. 
(B) DEFINITION OF PROTON POWER UP-
GRADE.—For the purposes of this paragraph, 
the term ‘‘proton power upgrade’’ means the 
Spallation Neutron Source power upgrade de-
scribed in— 
(i) the publication of the Office of 
Science of the Department of Energy titled 
‘‘Facilities for the Future of Science: A 
Twenty-Year Outlook’’, published Decem-
ber 2003; 
(ii) the publication of the Office of 
Science of the Department of Energy titled 
‘‘Four Years Later: An Interim Report on 
Facilities for the Future of Science: A 
Twenty-Year Outlook’’, published August 
2007; and 
(iii) the publication approved by the 
Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee 
on June 9, 2016, titled ‘‘Report on Facil-
ity Upgrades’’.
‘‘Facilities for the Future of Science: A 
Twenty-Year Outlook’’, published Decem-
ber 2003; 
(ii) the publication of the Office of 
Science of the Department of Energy titled 
‘‘Four Years Later: An Interim Report on 
Facilities for the Future of Science: A 
Twenty-Year Outlook’’, published August 
2007; and 
(iii) the publication approved by the 
Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee 
on June 9, 2016, titled ‘‘Report on Facil-
ity Upgrades’’. 
(C) START
OF
OPERATIONS.—The Sec-
retary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, 
ensure that the start of full operations of the 
second target station under this paragraph oc-
curs before December 31, 2030, with the option 
for early operation in 2028. 
(D) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized 
to be appropriated under section 11 for Basic 
Energy Sciences, there shall be made available 
to the Secretary to carry out activities, includ-
ing construction, under this paragraph—
(i) $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2018; 
and 
(ii) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2019. 
(4) ADVANCED LIGHT SOURCE UPGRADE.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
provide for the upgrade to the Advanced Light 
Source described in the publication approved by 
the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee 
on June 9, 2016, titled ‘‘Report on Facility Up-
grades’’, including the development of a multi- 
bend achromat lattice to produce a high flux of 
coherent x-rays within the soft x-ray energy re-
gion. 
(B) DEFINITIONS.—In this paragraph: 
(i) FLUX.—The term ‘‘flux’’ means 
the rate of flow of photons. 
(ii) SOFT X-RAY.—The term ‘‘soft x- 
ray’’ means a photon with energy in the 
range from 50 to 2,000 electron volts. 
(C) START
OF
OPERATIONS.—The Sec-
retary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, 
ensure that the start of full operations of the 
upgrade under this paragraph occurs before De-
cember 31, 2026.
(D) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized 
to be appropriated under section 11 for Basic 
Energy Sciences, there shall be made available 
to the Secretary to carry out the upgrade under 
this paragraph— 
(i) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2018; 
and 
(ii) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2019. 
(5) LINAC COHERENT LIGHT SOURCE II HIGH 
ENERGY UPGRADE.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
provide for the upgrade to the Linac Coherent 
Light Source II facility described in the publi-
cation approved by the Basic Energy Sciences 
Advisory Committee on June 9, 2016, titled 
‘‘Report on Facility Upgrades’’, including the 
development of experimental capabilities for 
high energy x-rays to reveal fundamental sci-
entific discoveries. The Secretary shall ensure 
the upgrade under this paragraph enables the 
production and use of high energy, ultra-short 
pulse x-rays delivered at a high repetition rate. 
(B) DEFINITIONS.—In this paragraph: 
(i) HIGH ENERGY X-RAY.—The term a 
‘‘high energy x-ray’’ means a photon with
an energy at or exceeding 12 kiloelectron 
volts. 
(ii) HIGH
REPETITION
RATE.—The 
term ‘‘high repetition rate’’ means the de-
livery of x-ray pulses up to 1 million pulses 
per second. 
(iii) ULTRA-SHORT PULSE X-RAYS.— 
The term ‘‘ultra-short pulse x-rays’’ means 
x-ray bursts capable of durations of less 
than 100 femtoseconds. 
(C) START
OF
OPERATIONS.—The Sec-
retary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, 
ensure that the start of full operations of the 
upgrade under this paragraph occurs before De-
cember 31, 2025. 
(D) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized 
to be appropriated under section 11 for Basic 
Energy Sciences, there shall be made available 
to the Secretary to carry out the upgrade under 
this paragraph— 
(i) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2018; 
and 
(ii) $55,000,000 for fiscal year 2019. 
(e) 
ACCELERATOR
RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOP-
MENT.—The Director shall carry out research and devel-
opment on advanced accelerator and storage ring tech-
nologies relevant to the development of Basic Energy 
Sciences user facilities, in consultation with the Office of 
Science’s High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics pro-
grams. 
(f) SOLAR FUELS RESEARCH INITIATIVE.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Section 973 of the Energy 
Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16313) is amended 
to read as follows: 
‘‘SEC. 973. SOLAR FUELS RESEARCH INITIATIVE. 
‘‘(a) INITIATIVE.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall carry 
out a research initiative, to be known as the ‘Solar 
Fuels Research Initiative’ (referred to in this section 
as the ‘Initiative’) to expand theoretical and funda-
mental 
knowledge 
of 
photochemistry, 
electro-
chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science useful 
for the practical development of experimental sys-
tems to convert solar energy to chemical energy. 
‘‘(2) LEVERAGING.—In carrying out programs 
and activities under the Initiative, the Secretary 
shall leverage expertise and resources from— 
‘‘(A) the Basic Energy Sciences Program 
and the Biological and Environmental Research 
Program of the Office of Science; and
‘‘(B) the Office of Energy Efficiency and 
Renewable Energy. 
‘‘(3) TEAMS.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out the 
Initiative, the Secretary shall organize activities 
among multidisciplinary teams to leverage, to 
the maximum extent practicable, expertise from 
the National Laboratories, institutions of higher 
education, and the private sector. 
‘‘(B) GOALS.—The multidisciplinary teams 
described in subparagraph (A) shall pursue ag-
gressive, milestone-driven, basic research goals. 
‘‘(C) RESOURCES.—The Secretary shall 
provide sufficient resources to the multidisci-
plinary teams described in subparagraph (A) to 
achieve the goals described in subparagraph (B) 
over a period of time to be determined by the 
Secretary. 
‘‘(4) ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES.—The Secretary 
may organize additional activities under this sub-
section through Energy Frontier Research Centers, 
Energy Innovation Hubs, or other organizational 
structures. 
‘‘(b) ARTIFICIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS.—