the poverty levels of incoming or prospective clients 
of microenterprise institutions, and shall require 
that all private partners use one of the certified 
methods. 
(d) 
PRIVATE
PARTNERS.—Assistance 
provided 
through the Microenterprise Fund shall emphasize the use 
of private partners who— 
(1) match such assistance, to the greatest ex-
tent practicable, with non-United States Government 
resources, including funds from other donors, com-
mercial or concessional borrowing, participant sav-
ings, and program income; 
(2) maintain low overhead and administrative 
costs; 
(3) are highly technically competitive; 
(4) design their programs to meet the needs of 
women; 
(5) target their resources at the very poor; 
(6) design their programs for maximum finan-
cial sustainability; and 
(7) adopt robust client protection principles and 
incorporate them into their practices. 
SEC. 1113. OFFICE OF MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT. 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is established within 
the Agency an Office of Microenterprise Development 
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(hereafter in this section referred to as the ‘‘Office’’), 
which shall be headed by a Director who shall be ap-
pointed by the Administrator and who should possess tech-
nical expertise and ability to offer leadership in the field 
of microenterprise development. 
(b) RESPONSIBILITIES.—The Office shall be respon-
sible for— 
(1) administering the Microenterprise Fund es-
tablished under section 1112; 
(2) developing a comprehensive and coherent 
plan, which shall be made available to the public, for 
promoting financial inclusion for all through micro-
finance and microenterprise development programs; 
(3) ensuring that such plan is integrated into 
the Global Strategy for Economic Growth described 
in section 1103 and other country and sector strate-
gies for development, as appropriate; 
(4) advising and providing technical support to 
Agency missions regarding the design and implemen-
tation of microfinance and microenterprise develop-
ment programs, including through incorporation of 
such programs into Country Development Coopera-
tion Strategies; 
(5) setting performance goals and indicators to 
ensure that microfinance and microenterprise devel-
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opment activities benefit the very poor and women; 
and 
(6) collecting and disseminating detailed data to 
document the impact of microfinance and microen-
terprise development activities on the very poor and 
women. 
SEC. 1114. DEFINITIONS. 
In this subchapter: 
(1) MICROENTERPRISE.—The term ‘‘microen-
terprise’’ means a firm of 10 or fewer employees, in-
cluding unpaid workers, which is owned and oper-
ated by someone who is poor. 
(2) MICROFINANCE.—The term ‘‘microfinance’’ 
means activities to provide, or to increase the avail-
ability of, credit, savings, insurance, and other finan-
cial services to microenterprises. 
(3) VERY POOR.—The term ‘‘very poor’’ refers 
to individuals whose incomes are— 
(A) in the bottom 50 percent of those 
below the poverty line in their country of resi-
dence; or 
(B) below the World Bank international 
extreme poverty line. 
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Subchapter B—Small and Medium Enterprise 
Development 
SEC. 1121. FINDINGS AND STATEMENT OF POLICY. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 
(1) Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are 
key drivers of competition, growth, and job creation, 
particularly in developing countries. They make up 
an estimated 90 percent of businesses and over 50 
percent of employment worldwide. 
(2) Access to financial services for SMEs re-
mains severely constrained in many emerging mar-
kets. 
(3) The global financial crisis created a financ-
ing gap that particularly affected SMEs, making it 
more difficult for these enterprises to find the cap-
ital to grow their businesses and create jobs. 
(4) Even as liquidity is restored to financial in-
stitutions, lending volumes remain depressed and 
SMEs still have limited access to financing. 
(5) The lack of agribusinesses in rural areas 
has contributed to the growth of urban slums and a 
burgeoning population of disaffected youth. 
(6) Increasing access to finance for SMEs is 
best achieved by increasing the depth and breadth of 
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local financial markets and boosting the competitive-
ness of the private financial sector. 
(7) Enabling growth—and ensuring that poor 
people can participate—requires an environment 
where people are able to start and grow businesses, 
as well as create more jobs. 
(b) STATEMENT OF POLICY.—It is the policy of the 
United States to encourage entrepreneurship and expand 
the formal sector in partner countries by— 
(1) building the capacity of SMEs; 
(2) increasing SME access to financial services, 
technology, training, and other resources; and 
(3) reducing the legal and bureaucratic hurdles 
to starting a business. 
SEC. 1122. ASSISTANCE FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTER-
PRISES. 
The Administrator is authorized to use funds made 
available under this chapter for programs to encourage en-
trepreneurship and strengthen small and medium enter-
prises in partner countries, including: 
(1) Training in entrepreneurship, including 
basic business management, accounting, book-
keeping, marketing, risk management, and computer 
skills. 
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(2) Agriculture entrepreneurship training, par-
ticularly to increase employment opportunities in 
rural areas. 
(3) Establishing youth entrepreneurship pro-
grams in schools or through community partnerships 
with business and youth organizations to promote 
economic skills, ethics, integrity, and healthy life 
skills among youth. 
(4) Strengthening laws, regulations, and en-
forcement mechanisms to protect national and inter-
national intellectual property rights and to protect 
the people and industries of developing countries 
against imported counterfeit goods. 
(5) Combating anti-competitive, unethical, and 
corrupt practices. 
(6) Improving the technology and information 
resources of financial institutions and small and me-
dium enterprises. 
(7) Promoting the establishment of lending pro-
grams of financial institutions for small and medium 
enterprises. 
(8) Developing internal credit rating systems 
and credit assessment tools that improve the ability 
of financial institutions to evaluate risk. 
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(9) Programs specifically targeted to small and 
medium enterprises owned by women, youth, and 
displaced persons. 
SEC. 1123. DEFINITION. 
In this subchapter, the term ‘‘small and medium en-
terprise’’ means a corporation, sole proprietorship, part-
nership, or other legal entity that— 
(1) has its principal place of business in a part-
ner country; 
(2) is owned or controlled by persons who are 
citizens of such partner country; and 
(3) has fewer than 50 employees. 
Subchapter C—Other Programs 
SEC. 1131. DEVELOPMENT CREDIT AUTHORITY. 
(a) AUTHORIZATION OF CREDIT.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—The Administrator is au-
thorized to provide direct loans, loan guarantees, 
and other investments involving the extension of 
credit to achieve any of the goals of this subtitle in 
cases in which— 
(A) the borrowers or activities are deter-
mined to be sufficiently creditworthy and do not 
otherwise have access to such credit; and 
(B) the use of credit authority is appro-
priate to the achievement of such goals. 
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100 
(2) 
DESIGNATION.—Assistance 
authorized 
under this subsection shall be known as the ‘‘Devel-
opment Credit Authority’’. 
(b) PRIORITY ACTIVITIES.—To the maximum extent 
practicable, the Administrator shall give preference to pro-
viding assistance authorized under subsection (a) to pro-
mote— 
(1) the policy described in section 1111(b); 
(2) sustainable urban and environmental activi-
ties described in chapters 5 and 6; and 
(3) policy and institutional reforms in accord-
ance with the objectives of this chapter. 
(c) DEFAULT AND COMMODITY PROVISIONS.— 
(1) DEFAULT PROVISION.—For purposes of this 
Act, the default of a private sector recipient of as-
sistance provided under this section shall not be con-
sidered to be the default of the government of the 
country in which the private sector recipient is lo-
cated. 
(2) COMMODITY
PROVISION.—Assistance may 
be provided under this section without regard to 
commodity restrictions (as such term is defined in 
section 10001). 
(d) TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF CREDIT ASSIST-
ANCE.— 
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101 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—Assistance provided under 
this section shall be offered on such terms and con-
ditions, including fees charged, as the Administrator 
may determine. 
(2) LIMITATION.—The principal amount of 
loans made or guaranteed under this section in any 
fiscal year, with respect to any single country or bor-
rower, may not exceed $100,000,000. 
(3) FRAUD
AND
MISREPRESENTATION.—No 
payment may be made under any guarantee issued 
under this section for any loss arising out of fraud 
or misrepresentation for which the party seeking 
payment is responsible. 
(e) FULL
FAITH
AND
CREDIT.—All guarantees 
issued under this section shall constitute obligations, in 
accordance with the terms of such guarantees, of the 
United States of America and the full faith and credit of 
the United States of America is hereby pledged for the 
full payment and performance of such obligations to the 
extent of the guarantee. 
(f) CO-FINANCING AND RISK SHARING.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—Assistance provided under 
this section shall be in the form of co-financing or 
risk sharing. 
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102 
(2) REQUIREMENT.—Credit assistance may not 
be provided to a borrower under this section unless 
the Administrator determines that there are reason-
able prospects of repayment by such borrower. 
(3) ADDITIONAL
REQUIREMENT.—The invest-
ment or risk of the United States in any one devel-
opment activity may not exceed 80 percent of the 
total outstanding investment or risk. 
(g) ELIGIBLE BORROWERS.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—In order to be eligible to re-
ceive credit assistance under this section, a borrower 
shall be sufficiently credit worthy so that the esti-
mated costs (as defined in section 502(5) of the 
Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990) of the proposed 
credit assistance for the borrower does not exceed 30 
percent of the principal amount of credit assistance 
to be received. 
(2) ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENT.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—With respect to the eli-
gibility of a foreign government as an eligible 
borrower under this section, the Administrator 
shall make a determination that the additional 
debt of the government will not exceed the debt 
repayment capacity of the government. 
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103 
(B) CONSULTATION.—In making a deter-
mination under paragraph (A), the Adminis-
trator shall consult, as appropriate, with inter-
national financial institutions and other institu-
tions or agencies that assess debt service capac-
ity. 
(h) ASSESSMENT OF CREDIT RISK.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator shall use 
the Interagency Country Risk Assessment System 
(ICRAS) and the methodology approved by the Of-
fice of Management and Budget to assess the cost 
of risk credit assistance provided under this section 
to foreign governments. 
(2) CONSULTATION.—With respect to the provi-
sion of credit to nongovernmental organizations, the 
Administrator— 
(A) shall consult with appropriate private 
sector institutions, including large United 
States private sector debt rating agencies, prior 
to establishing the risk assessment standards 
and methodologies to be used; and 
(B) shall periodically consult with such in-
stitutions in reviewing the performance of such 
standards and methodologies. 
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104 
(3) USE OF COST AND RISK ASSESSMENT DE-
TERMINATIONS OF PRIVATE SECTOR CO-FINANCING 
ENTITIES.—In addition, if the anticipated share of 
financing attributable to public sector owned or con-
trolled entities, including the Agency, exceeds 49 
percent, the Administrator shall determine the cost 
(as defined in section 502(5) of the Federal Credit 
Reform Act of 1990) of such assistance by using the 
cost and risk assessment determinations of the pri-
vate sector co-financing entities. 
(i) RETENTION OF RECEIPTS COLLECTED.—Receipts 
collected pursuant to this section, and the Federal Credit 
Reform Act of 1990, in an amount not to exceed the 
amount appropriated for a fiscal year, shall be credited 
as offsetting collections for Development Support Funds, 
and shall be used to reduce, on a dollar-for-dollar basis, 
appropriations for that purpose. Amounts collected in a 
fiscal year in excess of obligations shall remain available 
until expended. 
SEC. 1132. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR FINANCIAL MAN-
AGEMENT. 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT OF PROGRAM.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of the Treas-
ury, in consultation with the Secretary of State and 
the Administrator, is authorized to establish a pro-
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105 
gram to provide technical assistance to foreign gov-
ernments and foreign central banks of partner coun-
tries. 
(2) ROLE OF SECRETARY OF STATE.—The Sec-
retary of State shall provide foreign policy guidance 
to the Secretary of the Treasury to ensure that the 
program established under this subsection is effec-
tively coordinated with United States foreign policy. 
(3) ROLE OF ADMINISTRATOR.—The Adminis-
trator shall provide development guidance to the 
Secretary of the Treasury to ensure that the pro-
gram established under this subsection is effectively 
coordinated with United States development policy 
and furthers the goals of this subtitle. 
(b) CONDUCT OF PROGRAM.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out the program 
established under subsection (a), the Secretary of 
the Treasury shall provide economic and financial 
technical assistance to foreign governments and for-
eign central banks of partner countries by providing 
advisers with appropriate expertise to advance the 
enactment of laws and establishment of administra-
tive procedures and institutions in such countries to 
promote financial integrity, financial inclusion, con-
sumer 
protection, 
financial 
education, 
macro-
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106 
economic and fiscal stability, efficient resource allo-
cation, transparent and market-oriented processes 
and sustainable private sector growth. 
(2) ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS.—To the ex-
tent practicable, such technical assistance shall be 
designed to establish— 
(A) tax systems that are fair, objective, 
and efficiently gather sufficient revenues for 
governmental operations; 
(B) debt issuance and management pro-
grams that rely on market forces; 
(C) budget planning and implementation 
that permits responsible fiscal policy manage-
ment; 
(D) commercial banking sector develop-
ment that efficiently intermediates between sav-
ers and investors; and 
(E) financial law development and enforce-
ment to protect the integrity of financial sys-
tems, financial institutions, and government 
programs. 
(3) EMPHASIS
ON
ANTI-CORRUPTION.—Such 
technical assistance shall include elements designed 
to combat anti-competitive, unethical, and corrupt 
activities, including protection against actions that 
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107 
may distort or inhibit transparency in market and 
trade mechanisms and, to the extent applicable, pri-
vatization procedures. 
(c) ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS.—In carrying 
out the program established under subsection (a), the Sec-
retary of the Treasury shall— 
(1) in consultation with the Secretary of State 
and the Administrator, establish a methodology for 
identifying and selecting foreign governments and 
foreign central banks to receive assistance under the 
program; 
(2) prior to selecting a foreign government or 
foreign central bank to receive assistance under the 
program, receive the concurrence of the Secretary of 
State with respect to the selection of such govern-
ment or central bank and with respect to the cost 
of the assistance to such government or central 
bank; 
(3) consult with the heads of appropriate Fed-
eral agencies and international financial institutions 
to avoid duplicative efforts with respect to those for-
eign countries for which such agencies or organiza-
tions provide similar assistance; 
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108 
(4) ensure that the program is consistent with 
the global, sector, and country strategies being im-
plemented by the Agency; and 
(5) establish and carry out a plan to monitor 
and evaluate the program, consistent with the re-
quirements of section 8201. 
(d) ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITIES.—The adminis-
trative authorities applicable to the Secretary of State 
with respect to funds made available under this Act shall 
also be applicable to the Secretary of the Treasury with 
respect to funds made available under this section. 
(e) ISSUANCE OF REGULATIONS.—The Secretary of 
the Treasury is authorized to issue such regulations with 
respect to personal service contractors as the Secretary de-
termines necessary to carry out this section. 
(f) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this sec-
tion shall be construed to infringe upon the powers or 
functions of the Secretary of State (including the powers 
or functions described in section 103 of the Omnibus Dip-
lomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986 (22 
U.S.C. 4802)) or of any chief of mission (including the 
powers or functions described in section 207 of the For-
eign Service Act of 1980 (22 U.S.C. 3927)). 
(g) TERMINATION OF ASSISTANCE.—The Secretary 
of the Treasury shall conclude assistance activities for a 
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109 
recipient foreign government or foreign central bank 
under the program established under subsection (a) if the 
Secretary of the Treasury, after consultation with the ap-
propriate officers of the United States, determines that 
such assistance has resulted in the enactment of laws or 
the establishment of institutions in that country that pro-
mote fiscal stability and administrative procedures, effi-
cient resource allocation, transparent and market-oriented 
processes and private sector growth in a sustainable man-
ner. 
(h) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 
(1) 
INTERNATIONAL
FINANCIAL
INSTITU-
TION.—The term ‘‘international financial institu-
tion’’ means the International Monetary Fund, the 
International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop-
ment, the International Development Association, 
the International Finance Corporation, the Multilat-
eral Investment Guarantee Agency, the Asian Devel-
opment Bank, the Asian Development Fund, the Af-
rican Development Bank, the African Development 
Fund, the Inter-American Development Bank, the 
Inter-American Investment Corporation, the Euro-
pean Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 
and the Bank for Economic Cooperation and Devel-
opment in the Middle East and North Africa. 
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110 
(2) TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE.—The term ‘‘tech-
nical assistance’’ includes— 
(A) the provision of expert advisers to as-
sist foreign governments and foreign central 
banks for the purposes described in subsection 
(b)(1); 
(B) training in the partner country, the 
United States, or elsewhere for the purposes de-
scribed in subsection (b)(1); 
(C) grants of goods, services, or funds to 
foreign governments and foreign central banks 
for the purposes described in subsection (b)(1); 
(D) grants to United States or local non-
profit organizations to provide services or prod-
ucts which contribute to the provision of advice 
to foreign governments and foreign central 
banks; and 
(E) study tours for foreign officials in the 
United States or elsewhere for the purpose of 
providing technical information to such officials. 
(3) FOREIGN PARTICIPANT.—The term ‘‘foreign 
participant’’ means a national of a partner country 
who has been designated to participate in activities 
under the program established under subsection (a). 
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111 
CHAPTER 2—PROMOTING FOOD 
SECURITY 
SEC. 1201. FINDINGS AND STATEMENT OF POLICY. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 
(1) Hunger robs the poor of a healthy and pro-
ductive life and stunts the mental and physical de-
velopment of the next generation. The persistence of 
widespread hunger and malnutrition constitutes an 
affront to shared moral values and humanitarian 
principles. 
(2) Food insecurity and chronic hunger are ex-
panding rapidly in developing countries, forcing mil-
lions of people into poverty, contributing to political 
and social instability, eroding economic growth, and 
undermining investments in basic education, health, 
environmental protection, and democratic institu-
tions. 
(3) Volatility and real increases in food prices, 
which are expected to grow as grain production fails 
to keep pace with rising demand, cause food insecu-
rity and hunger for poor people even when sufficient 
food is available on the market. 
(4) The changing global climate, as well as the 
degradation of land and water resources, threatens 
food security, livelihoods and the environment world-
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112 
wide but particularly for those already most vulner-
able: the millions of rural poor in developing coun-
tries. 
(5) The pressures on world food supplies and 
agricultural land use caused by population growth, 
rapid urbanization, energy, agricultural and trade 
policies in industrialized countries, water scarcity, 
and climate change require a global commitment to 
sustainable agriculture and the environment. 
(6) Lack of transparent regulations, incon-
sistent and unpredictable public policies in devel-
oping and developed countries, and unreliable mech-
anisms to enforce contracts between businesses serve 
to undermine development goals, deter private in-
vestment, and limit the ability of agricultural pro-
ducers and businesses to access capital. This situa-
tion reduces the incentives for agricultural producers 
to increase the quantity, quality, and value of their 
agricultural production. 
(7) Reducing chronic hunger is essential to 
build a foundation for investments in health, edu-
cation and economic growth. It is critical to the se-
curity and productivity of individuals, families, com-
munities, and nations. 
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113 
(8) Approximately three-quarters of people in 
developing countries live in rural areas, with the vast 
majority dependent on agriculture for their liveli-
hoods. Agricultural development is a proven engine 
of growth that reduces global hunger and poverty. 
(9) Women will be a pivotal force behind 
achieving a food secure world. In many developing 
countries, farming is done mostly by women. How-
ever, women only own 2 percent of land worldwide 
and often have limited access to agriculture inputs, 
loans, and opportunities to learn about improved 
techniques. When gains in income are controlled by 
women, they are more likely to be spent on food and 
children’s needs, thus amplifying the benefits of in-
vestments in women across families and generations. 
(10) The 1,000 days between a woman’s preg-
nancy and her child’s second birthday offer a unique 
window of opportunity to help families, communities, 
and countries break the cycle of poverty. Solutions 
to improve maternal and child nutrition in the 
1,000-day window are readily available, affordable, 
and cost-effective, including vitamins and minerals 
and 
good 
nutritional 
practices, 
such 
as 
breastfeeding. 
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114 
(11) A comprehensive approach to long-term 
food security should encompass improvements in— 
(A) food availability, such that sufficient 
quantities of appropriate, necessary types of 
food are consistently available to all persons; 
(B) food access, such that individuals have 
adequate incomes or other resources to consist-
ently maintain an adequate diet, and food is al-
located equitably within households; 
(C) food utilization and consumption, such 
that people have the knowledge and basic sani-
tary conditions to choose, store, prepare and 
distribute food in a way that results in good nu-
trition for all family members; 
(D) stability, such that the ability to ac-
cess and utilize food remains stable and sus-
tained over time, regardless of adverse weather 
conditions, political instability, or economic fac-
tors; and 
(E) food quality and safety, such that food 
supplies provide adequate nutritional value, are 
free of contamination, and are fit for human 
consumption. 
(12) The greatest potential for significantly ex-
panding availability of food for people in rural areas 
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115 
and augmenting world food production at relatively 
low cost lies in increasing the productivity of small 
farmers, who constitute a majority of the agricul-
tural producers in developing countries. 
(13) However, increasing the efficiency of agri-
cultural producers alone will not result in higher in-
comes and reduced hunger unless surplus harvest 
and products can be sold in well-functioning local, 
national, regional, or international markets. Develop-
ment of strong, integrated, local, national, and re-
gional agriculture and food markets will increase the 
availability of safe and nutritious food, decrease 
local prices, and expand economic growth. 
(14) The United States should emphasize poli-
cies and programs that assist developing countries to 
increase their national food security by improving 
their food policies and management and by strength-
ening national food reserves, with particular concern 
for the needs of the poor, through measures encour-
aging domestic production. 
(15) The long-term food security of developing 
countries requires that adequate legal and proce-
dural mechanisms are in place to protect local rights 
and the welfare of rural poor people who depend on 
agriculture for their livelihoods. 
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(16) While the United States cannot be ex-
pected to shoulder the majority of global investments 
in ending hunger and providing food security, the 
United States can and should lead the international 
community by demonstrating a sustained commit-
ment and a comprehensive approach to meeting 
international goals and targets for reducing hunger 
and undernutrition. 
(17) Partner countries should decide their 
needs, priorities, and strategies for agricultural de-
velopment and food security through an open, 
participatory and inclusive process that takes into 
account the needs and views of poor people, women, 
and other marginalized groups. International efforts 
to improve food security and nutritional status are 
not sustainable over the long term without robust 
leadership and ownership by partner countries. 
(18) Nongovernmental organizations and co-
operatives are particularly important for combating 
food insecurity and increasing the sustainability of 
public investments. Given their close ties to local 
communities, such organizations and cooperatives 
are often effective at ensuring that people who are 
very poor and vulnerable are consulted about and 
benefit from agricultural and nutrition programs. 
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(19) Educational and research institutions play 
a key role in developing the institutional capacity 
and human resources of developing countries, includ-
ing the establishment and strengthening of agricul-
tural research and extension services, the develop-
ment of networks for scientific collaboration, the dis-
semination of improved methods and technologies, 
and the training of students, teachers, researchers 
and practitioners. 
(20) With their convening authority and tech-
nical expertise, multilateral institutions play a cen-
tral role in efforts to enhance food security by pro-
viding emergency assistance, undertaking research 
and analysis, offering a platform for sector-wide in-
vestments in agriculture, and providing a significant 
portion of the external financing for investment 
projects and programs in developing countries. They 
are important not only to mobilizing and coordi-
nating donor country commitments, but also to pro-
moting global mutual accountability among donors, 
partner countries and other stakeholders. 
(21) Public sector investments alone, while im-
portant, are not sufficient to sustainably reduce pov-
erty and food insecurity. The private sector brings 
necessary financial resources, human capital, techno-
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logical resources, intellectual property, market ac-
cess, cutting-edge business practices, in-country net-
works, and other relevant experience. 
(b) STATEMENT OF POLICY.—It is the policy of the 
United States to recognize the human right to food and 
to work in cooperation with the international community 
to end hunger and achieve universal food security. 
SEC. 1202. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES. 
(a) GOAL.—The goal of assistance under this chapter 
is to sustainably reduce global hunger. 
(b) OBJECTIVES.—In furtherance of the goal of sub-
section (a), assistance under this chapter shall be designed 
to help partner countries achieve the following objectives: 
(1) Accelerating inclusive agriculture sector 
growth. 
(2) Improving nutritional status, especially of 
women and children and other vulnerable popu-
lations. 
(3) Increasing resilience in vulnerable rural 
communities. 
SEC. 1203. GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR FOOD SECURITY. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The strategy required under sec-
tion 1019 with respect to food security shall be known as 
the ‘‘Global Strategy for Food Security’’. 
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(b) CONTENTS.—The Global Strategy for Food Secu-
rity shall include, in addition to the elements required 
under section 1019(b), plans for achieving the goal and 
objectives of section 1202. 
(c) GUIDELINES.—The Global Strategy for Food Se-
curity should— 
(1) address the root causes of hunger that limit 
the potential of millions of people; 
(2) reduce gender inequality and integrate gen-
der concerns; 
(3) promote climate-resistant and environ-
mentally sustainable agricultural development; 
(4) concentrate efforts and resources on core 
countries where the Rome Principles (as defined in 
section 1208) can best be realized; 
(5) be tailored to improving the nutritional sta-
tus of women, infants and children, particularly dur-
ing the 1,000 day critical window of opportunity be-
tween a woman’s pregnancy and her child’s second 
birthday, in which a set of proven nutrition interven-
tions can dramatically improve the child’s chances of 
surviving and living a healthy and prosperous life; 
(6) invest in country-owned plans that are de-
signed through an open, participatory, and inclusive 
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process and support results-based programs and 
partnerships; 
(7) strengthen strategic coordination to mobi-
lize and align the resources of diverse partners and 
stakeholders; 
(8) ensure a comprehensive approach that ac-
celerates inclusive agricultural-led growth and im-
proves nutrition, while also bridging humanitarian 
relief and sustainable development efforts; 
(9) leverage the benefits of multilateral institu-
tions so that priorities and approaches are aligned, 
investments are coordinated, and financial and tech-
nical assistance gaps are filled; and 
(10) deliver on sustained and accountable com-
mitments, using benchmarks and targets to measure 
progress toward shared goals, and hold the United 
States and other stakeholders publicly accountable 
for achieving results. 
SEC. 1204. ASSISTANCE FOR PROMOTING FOOD SECURITY. 
(a) AUTHORIZATION.—The Administrator is author-
ized to use funds made available under section 1015 to 
further the goal and objectives of this chapter. 
(b) ACTIVITIES.—Assistance authorized under sub-
section (a) shall include— 
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(1) sustainably improving agricultural produc-
tivity by— 
(A) increasing access to agricultural in-
puts, techniques, and technologies that are af-
fordable and environmentally responsible; 
(B) developing inputs, techniques, and 
technologies that are adapted to local condi-
tions; 
(C) expanding access to knowledge through 
agricultural extension; 
(D) strengthening property rights to land 
and other productive assets; 
(E) enhancing sustainability and resilience 
of production through sound environmental and 
natural resource management; 
(F) increasing access to dependable and af-
fordable financial and risk management serv-
ices; 
(G) strengthening agricultural producer or-
ganizations; and 
(H) strengthening regional harmonization 
and coordination; 
(2) expanding markets and trade by— 
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(A) increasing the quality and availability 
of market information for producers and enter-
prise owners; 
(B) improving post-harvest market infra-
structure; 
(C) improving access to business develop-
ment and financial services; 
(D) enhancing animal, plant and food safe-
ty; 
(E) reducing the time and cost of moving 
goods across borders; 
(F) creating an enabling policy environ-
ment for agribusiness growth and private in-
vestment, including transparent regulations, 
consistent and predictable public policies, and 
reliable contract enforcement mechanisms; 
(G) expanding access to larger and better 
functioning regional markets; and 
(H) supporting regional development cor-
ridors; 
(3) raising nutritional status by— 
(A) supporting community-based programs 
to deliver nutrition education; 
(B) improving diet quality and diversity, 
including in food assistance programs; 
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(C) expanding access to clean water and 
improved sanitation and promoting good hy-
giene practices; 
(D) expanding delivery of nutrition serv-
ices; and 
(E) facilitating supplementary and thera-
peutic feeding; 
(4) increasing resilience in vulnerable rural 
communities by— 
(A) 
mitigating 
risks 
associated 
with 
drought, natural disasters, and disease; 
(B) promoting secure access to land and 
natural resources; 
(C) expanding access to financial services, 
training, and technical assistance for micro-
enterprises and small businesses; 
(D) supporting effective delivery and im-
plementation of productive safety nets and so-
cial protection systems; 
(E) building capacity to manage risk 
through early warning systems, vulnerability as-
sessment and mapping, emergency response 
strategies, and micro-insurance; 
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(F) increasing the benefits of local and re-
gional 
food 
assistance 
procurement 
to 
smallholder farmers; and 
(G) adopting and delivering extension and 
financial services and improved technologies to 
very poor communities; and 
(5) supporting a participatory and inclusive 
process for determining needs, priorities, and strate-
gies and holding stakeholders accountable for results 
by— 
(A) expanding and facilitating the inclu-
sion of women, rural poor people, and other 
marginalized groups in decisionmaking; 
(B) building the capacity of the groups de-
scribed in subparagraph (A) to participate ef-
fectively in decisionmaking; 
(C) developing and enforcing legal protec-
tions for the rights and welfare of the groups 
described in subparagraph (A); 
(D) setting meaningful benchmarks and 
selecting appropriate indicators for the chosen 
strategies; 
(E) improving the quality and availability 
in partner countries of relevant data and anal-
ysis; and 
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(F) establishing and strengthening mecha-
nisms for monitoring programs, measuring 
progress, evaluating outcomes, disseminating 
findings, and integrating best practices and les-
sons learned. 
SEC. 1205. COLLABORATIVE AGRICULTURAL AND NUTRI-
TION RESEARCH AND INNOVATION. 
(a) PROGRAMS AUTHORIZED.—The Administrator is 
authorized to use funds made available under this chapter 
for collaborative agricultural and nutrition research and 
innovation programs, including— 
(1) advancing the institutional capacity and 
human resources of developing countries, including 
the establishment and strengthening of national ag-
ricultural research and extension systems; 
(2) conducting long-term collaborative research 
support programs with institutions of higher edu-
cation in developing countries, including the training 
of students, teachers, extension specialists, nutrition-
ists, and researchers; 
(3) developing a global network for scientific 
collaboration on agricultural development, trade, re-
search, and extension services; 
(4) broadly disseminating agricultural research 
in developing countries, in partnership with public 
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and private extension systems, cooperatives, and 
other civil society organizations; 
(5) expanding learning opportunities about ag-
riculture and nutrition for students, teachers, small- 
scale food producers, school administrators, commu-
nity leaders, entrepreneurs, and the general public in 
developing countries through international intern-
ships and exchanges, graduate fellowships, faculty 
positions, and other means of education and exten-
sion, with a focus on reaching women food pro-
ducers; 
(6) incentivizing the development of new and in-
novative technology and methods to increase agricul-
tural productivity and improve nutritional status; 
(7) developing scalable and cost-effective pro-
grams for training the next generation of agricul-
tural researchers and research administrators in 
partner countries; 
(8) advancing women’s leadership in science 
and technology through proactive recruitment, men-
toring, and targeted research support; 
(9) formulating approaches to improving agri-
cultural and nutrition education and extension that 
is relevant to agricultural producers, their needs, 
and the local environment; 
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(10) creating platforms for improving national 
capacity to collect, develop, analyze, and disseminate 
agricultural, nutrition, and market data; and 
(11) developing mechanisms to hold research 
institutions accountable for delivering technologies to 
agricultural producers. 
(b) RESEARCH PRIORITIES.—In providing assistance 
for agricultural research under this section, the Adminis-
trator should give priority to research that— 
(1) is aimed at improving food security; 
(2) specifically addresses the nutritional needs 
of vulnerable populations; 
(3) is appropriate to local conditions and prac-
tices; 
(4) conserves the environment and natural re-
sources and adapts to and mitigates the impacts of 
climate change; and 
(5) builds local capacity. 
SEC. 1206. BOARD FOR INTERNATIONAL FOOD AND AGRI-
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT. 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is established a Board 
for International Food and Agricultural Development 
(hereafter in this section referred to as the ‘‘Board’’). The 
Board shall report to the Administrator. 
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(b) PURPOSE.—The purpose of the Board is to advise 
and assist the Administrator regarding the design and ad-
ministration of assistance under section 1205. 
(c) DUTIES.—The duties of the Board shall include— 
(1) participating in the formulation of criteria 
for program design and project selection; 
(2) evaluating the qualifications of interested 
institutions of higher education and the dem-
onstrated commitment of such institutions to the 
purposes of this section; 
(3) recommending appropriate focus countries 
for programs carried out under this section; 
(4) assessing the impact of programs carried 
out under this section and making recommendations 
for improving the effectiveness of such programs; 
and 
(5) advising the Administrator on such issues 
as the Administrator may request. 
(d) MEMBERSHIP.— 
(1) NUMBER AND APPOINTMENT.—The Board 
shall be composed of at least 7 members, of whom— 
(A) not less than four members shall be 
representatives of institutions of higher edu-
cation; and 
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(B) not less than three members shall be 
representatives of United States nongovern-
mental organizations or consortia of such orga-
nizations devoted to agricultural research, edu-
cation, and development. 
(2) TERMS.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—Subject to paragraph 
(2), the Administrator shall establish the term 
of membership for each member of the Board 
at the time of appointment. 
(B) LIMITATIONS.—A term of membership 
to the Board may not exceed two years and a 
member of the Board may serve not more than 
two consecutive terms during the tenure of an 
Administrator. 
(e) CHAIRPERSON AND VICE CHAIRPERSON.—The 
Chairperson and Vice Chairperson of the Board shall be 
designated by the Administrator at the time of appoint-
ment to the Board. 
(f) REPORT.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Board shall submit to 
the Administrator on an annual basis a report that 
describes the activities of the Board during the pre-
ceding year and contains any other information that 
may be required by the Administrator. 
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(2) AVAILABILITY TO PUBLIC.—The Adminis-
trator shall make the report publicly available on the 
Internet website of the Agency. 
(g) MEETINGS.—The Board shall hold not less than 
3 meetings each year. 
(h) SUBORDINATE UNITS.—The Board may create 
such subordinate units as may be appropriate for the per-
formance of its duties. 
(i) EXPENSES.—The Administrator may, on a case- 
by-case basis as the Administrator determines appro-
priate, reimburse members of the Board for expenses in-
curred in the performance of their duties (including per 
diem in lieu of subsistence while away from their homes 
or regular place of business). 
SEC. 1207. ASSISTANCE TO INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL 
ORGANIZATIONS. 
The Administrator is authorized to use funds made 
available under this chapter to build the long-term capac-
ity of international, regional, and sub-regional organiza-
tions engaged in agricultural research and development 
and food security activities, including— 
(1) the Food and Agricultural Organization; 
(2) the World Food Program; 
(3) the International Fund for Agricultural De-
velopment; 
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(4) the Global Agriculture and Food Security 
Program; and 
(5) the Consultative Group on International Ag-
ricultural Research. 
SEC. 1208. DEFINITIONS. 
In this chapter: 
(1) FOOD PRODUCERS.—The term ‘‘food pro-
ducers’’ includes farmers, pastoralists, fishers, and 
other persons who cultivate or harvest plants or 
raise animals (terrestrial or aquatic) for consump-
tion. 
(2) INSTITUTIONS
OF
HIGHER
EDUCATION.— 
The 
term 
‘‘institutions 
of 
higher 
education’’ 
means— 
(A) those colleges or universities in each 
State, territory, or possession of the United 
States, or the District of Columbia, now receiv-
ing, or which may hereafter receive, benefits 
under the Act of July 2, 1862 (known as the 
First Morrill Act), or the Act of August 30, 
1890 (known as the Second Morrill Act), which 
are commonly known as ‘‘land-grant’’ univer-
sities; 
(B) institutions now designated or which 
may hereafter be designated as sea-grant col-
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leges under the Act of October 15, 1966 
(known as the National Sea Grant College and 
Program Act), which are commonly known as 
sea-grant colleges; 
(C) Native American land-grant colleges as 
authorized under the Equity in Educational 
Land-Grant Status Act of 1994 (7 U.S.C. 301 
note); and 
(D) other United States colleges and uni-
versities which— 
(i) have demonstrable capacity in 
teaching, research, and extension (includ-
ing outreach) activities in the agricultural 
sciences; and 
(ii) can contribute effectively to the 
advancement of the goal and objectives of 
this chapter. 
(3) ROME PRINCIPLES.—The term ‘‘Rome Prin-
ciples’’ means the Rome Principles for Sustainable 
Food Security, endorsed by 193 countries at the 
2009 World Summit on Food Security, which are as 
follows: 
(A) Invest in country-owned plans, aimed 
at channeling resources to well-designed and re-
sults-based programs and partnerships. 
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(B) Foster strategic coordination at na-
tional, regional and global level to improve gov-
ernance, promote better allocation of resources, 
avoid duplication of efforts and identify re-
sponse-gaps. 
(C) Strive for a comprehensive twin-track 
approach to food security that consists of— 
(i) direct action to immediately tackle 
hunger for the most vulnerable, and 
(ii) medium- and long-term sustain-
able agricultural, food security, nutrition 
and rural development programs to elimi-
nate the root causes of hunger and pov-
erty, including through the progressive re-
alization of the right to adequate food. 
(D) Ensure a strong role for the multilat-
eral system by sustained improvements in effi-
ciency, responsiveness, coordination and effec-
tiveness of multilateral institutions. 
(E) Ensure sustained and substantial com-
mitment by all partners to investment in agri-
culture and food security and nutrition, with 
provision of necessary resources in a timely and 
reliable fashion, aimed at multi-year plans and 
programs. 
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CHAPTER 3—ADVANCING HEALTH 
SEC. 1301. FINDINGS AND STATEMENT OF POLICY. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 
(1) Saving and enhancing lives through better 
health is a moral imperative that reflects funda-
mental humanitarian values. 
(2) Strategic investments in global health can 
spur progress in economic development, job creation, 
education, agricultural development, gender equity 
and political stability. 
(3) Because disease knows no national bounds 
and can breed hopelessness and despair, support for 
global health bolsters United States national secu-
rity. Such support also builds constructive partner-
ships with other governments, with multilateral in-
stitutions, between public and private enterprises, 
and from people to people. 
(4) United States global health programs 
should prioritize the poorest and most vulnerable 
segments of the world’s population, including 
women, newborns and children, persons with disabil-
ities, and marginalized communities, and should be 
designed with their participation wherever possible. 
(5) Research and innovation play a critical role 
in achieving health objectives worldwide, fostering 
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the development and introduction of new and im-
proved health products and practices and contrib-
uting to better policies. 
(6) For maximum effectiveness, global health 
programs must be closely integrated with efforts to 
advance nutrition, improve hygiene, and expand ac-
cess to clean water, sanitation, and housing. 
(7) To make health investments sustainable 
over the long term, the United States should help 
build the capacity of— 
(A) governments of partner countries to 
plan and budget responsibly, allocate and dis-
burse funds equitably, and provide reliable and 
cost-effective health care; and 
(B) civil society to participate in decision-
making, carry out activities and monitor service 
delivery. 
(8) In order to provide for sustainable financing 
of health care, developing countries must create 
strong economies and stable tax bases. 
(9) By setting clear goals and targets and iden-
tifying appropriate resources, a comprehensive, 
multiyear global health strategy can help to ensure 
policy focus and consistency, promote program inte-
gration, strengthen transparency and accountability, 
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build congressional and public support, and accel-
erate results. 
(10) Multilateral approaches offer a vital and 
necessary complement to bilateral programs. By 
pooling their resources and harmonizing priorities, 
the United States and multilateral organizations are 
better able to meet global challenges, mobilize effec-
tive leadership and extend the reach and impact of 
programs. 
(b) STATEMENT OF POLICY.—It is the policy of the 
United States to work in cooperation with the inter-
national community to save the greatest possible number 
of lives and to help countries develop their own capacity 
to improve the health of their own people. 
SEC. 1302. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES. 
(a) GOAL.—The goal of assistance under this chapter 
is to achieve sustained improvements in health status and 
health systems in partner countries. 
(b) OBJECTIVES.—In furtherance of the goal of sub-
section (a), assistance under this chapter shall be designed 
to help partner countries achieve the following objectives, 
including by strengthening health systems: 
(1) Saving the lives of mothers and children. 
(2) Protecting communities from disease, both 
infectious and noncommunicable. 
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(3) Creating an AIDS-free generation. 
(4) Preventing unintended pregnancies and im-
proving reproductive health. 
SEC. 1303. GLOBAL HEALTH STRATEGY. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The strategy required under sec-
tion 1019 with respect to advancing health shall be known 
as the ‘‘Global Health Strategy’’. 
(b) CONTENTS.—The Global Health Strategy shall 
include, in addition to the elements required under section 
1019(b), plans for achieving the goal and objectives of sec-
tion 1302. 
(c) GUIDELINES.—The Global Health Strategy 
should— 
(1) focus on women, girls, and gender equality; 
(2) encourage country ownership and invest in 
country-led plans; 
(3) build sustainability through health systems 
strengthening; 
(4) strengthen and leverage key multilateral or-
ganizations, global health partnerships and private 
sector engagement; 
(5) increase impact through strategic coordina-
tion and integration, including with efforts in related 
areas such as nutrition, water, sanitation, and hy-
giene; 
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