I 
112TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 2193 
To amend title IV of the Social Security Act to ensure funding for grants 
to promote responsible fatherhood and strengthen low-income families, 
and for other purposes. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
JUNE 15, 2011 
Mr. DAVIS of Illinois (for himself, Ms. JACKSON LEE of Texas, Mr. RANGEL, 
Mr. TOWNS, Mrs. CHRISTENSEN, Mr. BRADY of Pennsylvania, Mr. CON-
YERS, Mr. CLAY, and Mr. RUSH) introduced the following bill; which was 
referred to the Committee on Ways and Means, and in addition to the 
Committees on Education and the Workforce, Energy and Commerce, 
and Agriculture, for a period to be subsequently determined by the 
Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within 
the jurisdiction of the committee concerned 
A BILL 
To amend title IV of the Social Security Act to ensure 
funding for grants to promote responsible fatherhood 
and strengthen low-income families, and for other pur-
poses. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
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SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
(a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 
‘‘Julia Carson Responsible Fatherhood and Healthy Fami-
lies Act of 2011’’. 
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents of 
this Act is as follows: 
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 
Sec. 2. Findings. 
TITLE I—PROMOTING RESPONSIBLE FATHERHOOD AND 
STRENGTHENING LOW-INCOME FAMILIES 
Sec. 101. State assessments of barriers to employment and financial support of 
children. 
Sec. 102. Grants to States to conduct demonstration projects to promote eco-
nomic opportunity for low-income parents. 
Sec. 103. Healthy marriage promotion and responsible fatherhood programs. 
Sec. 104. Elimination of separate TANF work participation rate for 2-parent 
families. 
Sec. 105. Ban on recovery of Medicaid costs for births. 
Sec. 106. Improved collection and distribution of child support. 
Sec. 107. Collection of child support under the supplemental nutrition assist-
ance program. 
Sec. 108. Grants supporting healthy family partnerships for domestic violence 
intervention and preventions. 
Sec. 109. Procedures to address domestic violence. 
TITLE II—REVENUE PROVISION 
Sec. 201. Increase in credit percentage under earned income tax credit for eligi-
ble individuals with no qualifying children. 
SEC. 2. FINDINGS. 
Congress makes the following findings: 
(1) The United States almost has the highest 
child poverty rate among 34 industrialized countries. 
(2) Thirty-one percent of all children in the 
United States lived with only 1 or neither of their 
parents. African-American children are the most 
likely of all children to live in such families—62 per-
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cent, compared to 48 percent of American Indian 
children, 33 percent of Hispanic children, 22 percent 
of non-Hispanic white children, and 15 percent of 
Asian-American and Pacific Islander children. 
(3) One of the most important factors in a 
child’s upbringing is whether the child is brought up 
in a loving, healthy, supportive environment. 
(4) Children who grow up with 2 parents are, 
on average, more likely than their peers in single- 
parent homes to finish high school and be economi-
cally self-sufficient. 
(5) Father-child interaction, like mother-child 
interaction, has been shown to promote the positive 
physical, social, emotional, and mental development 
of children. 
(6) Children typically live without both parents 
when their parents are divorced or did not marry. 
More than 1⁄3 of all first marriages end in divorce, 
and about 60 percent of divorcing couples have chil-
dren. More than 40 percent of all births are to un-
married women. 
(7) More than 1 in 4 families with children 
have only 1 parent present, and more than 1 in 3 
children live absent their biological father. 
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(8) Recent studies demonstrate that most 
unwed fathers in urban areas are highly involved 
with the mother of their child before and after the 
child’s birth, with 80 percent involved during the 
mother’s pregnancy, and 50 percent living with the 
child’s mother at the time of the child’s birth. How-
ever, the relationship between the parents often does 
not last, and many fathers do not maintain contact 
with their children as the children grow up. 
(9) An estimated 25 percent of the children 
who live in households without their father have not 
seen their fathers in at least 1 year. 
(10) Fathers’ love, care, and emotional support 
are positively linked to good social, emotional, and 
cognitive development in their children; their chil-
dren’s academic achievement; lower rates of risky 
behaviors and contact the juvenile justice system; 
positive social behavior; positive emotional health; 
and healthy self-esteem. 
(11) Research has demonstrated that most fa-
thers want to do well for their children. Rates of vis-
itation among non-custodial fathers are higher than 
expected and mothers do want fathers involved in 
the lives of their children. 
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(12) The inability of parents to sustain a 
healthy relationship with their child’s other parent 
and remain involved in their child’s life can have se-
vere negative consequences for the parents, the 
child, their community, and taxpayers. 
(13) Single-parent families are 4 to 5 times as 
likely to be poor as married-couple families. 
(14) Children raised in single-parent families 
are more likely than children raised in 2-parent fam-
ilies to do poorly in school, have emotional and be-
havioral problems, become teenage parents, commit 
crimes, smoke cigarettes, abuse drugs and alcohol, 
and have poverty-level incomes as adults. 
(15) High rates of unemployment and low 
wages are primary reasons why parents do not 
marry and why 2-parent families break up. 
(16) When components of family and jobs sup-
ports are paired with responsible fatherhood pro-
gramming, more fathers declare paternity, more live 
with their children, and more non-custodial men pay 
child support. 
(17) Domestic violence is also a significant 
problem leading to the nonformation or breakup of 
2-parent families. 
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(18) Unemployment for Black workers re-
mained almost double what it is for Whites, a ratio 
unchanged in at least 35 years. In metropolitan 
areas, Blacks are the racial group most spatially iso-
lated from available jobs. 
(19) A history of incarceration is a major bar-
rier to employment. Sixty percent of young African- 
American men who dropped out of high school have 
served time. When these men leave prison, they 
often have difficulty finding a job and supporting 
their children. 
(20) Youth who are disconnected from school 
and employment are more likely than others to en-
gage in crime, become incarcerated, and rely on pub-
lic systems of support. While all races and 
ethnicities are represented among this youth popu-
lation, research studies show that African-American 
males constitute a disproportionate share due to 
their overrepresentation in the child welfare and ju-
venile justice systems. 
(21) Over 1⁄2 of State prison inmates are par-
ents. When noncustodial parents go to prison, most 
of them are required to pay their child support obli-
gation, even though they have little ability to pay the 
support. When these parents leave prison, they typi-
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cally owe more than $20,000 in child support debt. 
Noncustodial parents leaving prison often re-enter 
the underground economy because of financial pres-
sures or to avoid the child support system, making 
it less likely that they will successfully rejoin society 
and reunite with their families. 
(22) Children should receive the child support 
paid by their parents, and the government should 
not keep the money to recover welfare costs. Regular 
child support income appears to have a greater posi-
tive impact on children dollar for dollar than other 
types of income. Researchers in Wisconsin found 
that when monthly child support was passed through 
to families receiving assistance under the Temporary 
Assistance for Needy Families program established 
under part A of title IV of the Social Security Act 
(TANF) and disregarded 100 percent in determining 
assistance for the families, fathers paid more child 
support, established their legal relationship with 
their children more quickly, and worked less in the 
underground economy. Moreover, the State costs of 
a full pass-through and disregard of child support 
were fully offset by increased payments by fathers 
and decreased public assistance use by families. 
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(23) Funding spent on Federal child support 
collection is cost-effective, especially when it address-
es fathers’ particular circumstances and passes pay-
ments through to the family. The child support pro-
gram collects $4.88 in support payments for families 
for every public dollar spent. 
(24) The Department of Health and Human 
Services National Child Support Enforcement Stra-
tegic Plan for fiscal years 2005 through 2009 states 
that ‘‘child support is no longer a welfare reimburse-
ment, revenue-producing device for the Federal and 
State governments; it is a family-first program, in-
tended to ensure families’ self-sufficiency by making 
child support a more reliable source of income’’. 
(25) Current law permits States to apply the 
cost of passing through child support to families re-
ceiving assistance under the TANF program toward 
their maintenance of effort (MOE) requirements, 
but only to the extent that the State disregards the 
child support payments in determining the amount 
and type of TANF assistance. 
(26) While the Federal government has over 40 
programs that provide some funding for employment 
and training, the United States is near the bottom 
of industrialized nations in spending on ‘‘active labor 
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market policy.’’ Low-income men have become in-
creasingly disconnected from school and work—and 
increasingly poor. A large portion of those men are 
non-custodial fathers. 
(27) The negative effect of a criminal conviction 
is substantially larger for Blacks than for Whites. 
(28) African-Americans constitute only 14 per-
cent of drug users, but they represent 34 percent of 
those arrested for drug offenses, 44 percent of drug 
convictions, and 45 percent of drug offenders in 
State prison. One in 15 African-American males 
over 18 is behind bars as opposed to 1 out of 36 for 
Latinos and one out of 106 for White males. In ad-
dition, approximately 650,000 men and women are 
released from State and Federal prison annually. 
This number does not include those who come home 
from city and county jails. If current trends con-
tinue, the chilling extrapolation is that 1 in 3 Black 
males born today can expect to spend time in prison 
during his lifetime. These men are disproportion-
ately removed from lower income, segregated, and 
disinvested communities, where they will eventually 
return—too often without the skills they need to be-
come successful husbands, fathers, neighbors, and 
wage earners. 
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(29) Programs that increase employment oppor-
tunity and reduce barriers by increasing employment 
opportunity and reducing recidivism will benefit chil-
dren and families. 
(30) Transitional jobs programs have shown 
promise in reducing unemployment among chron-
ically unemployed or underemployed population 
groups, including formerly incarcerated individuals, 
the homeless, and young African-American men. 
(31) To strengthen families it is important to 
improve the upward economic mobility of the custo-
dial and noncustodial parent wage-earners, as well 
as youth at risk of early parenthood or incarcer-
ation, by providing the skills and experience nec-
essary to access jobs with family sustaining wages 
and benefits. In families in which all the members 
do not live together, this is important to enable the 
prompt and consistent payment of adequate child 
support. 
(32) It is important and useful to foster local 
and regional economic development and job advance-
ment for workers, especially young custodial and 
noncustodial parents, by funding local collaborations 
among business, education, and the community in 
the development of pathways for preparing disadvan-
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taged citizens to meet the workforce needs of the 
local and regional economy. 
(33) Employers benefit from working with and 
being supported by the local education, postsec-
ondary, and workforce systems in identifying the 
academic and occupational skill sets needed to fill 
the skilled jobs in the changing economy. Local eco-
nomic and community development is enhanced 
when residents have access to higher wage employ-
ment, thus increasing the tax base, fueling the econ-
omy, and contributing to greater family economic se-
curity. 
(34) Public-private career pathways partner-
ships are an important tool for linking employers 
and workers with the workforce education services 
they need and for integrating community economic 
development and workforce education services. Tran-
sitional jobs programs can serve as the first step in 
a career pathway by giving unemployed individuals 
with multiple barriers to employment, valuable work 
experience and related services. 
(35) Evaluations of State child support enforce-
ment policies have shown that supportive child sup-
port enforcement policies, rather than coercive ones, 
have a positive impact on father involvement. 
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(36) The purpose of child support is to provide 
necessary income support for and increase the well- 
being of children living apart from a parent. To im-
prove the ability of low-income noncustodial parents 
to provide long-term support and care for their chil-
dren throughout their entire childhood, it is impor-
tant that child support polices support parental ef-
forts to pursue education and employment and to 
stay involved with their children. 
(37) Responsible parenthood includes active 
participation in financial support and child-rearing, 
as well as the formation and maintenance of a posi-
tive, healthy, and nonviolent relationship between 
parent and child and a cooperative, healthy, and 
nonviolent relationship between parents. 
(38) States should be encouraged to implement 
voluntary programs that provide support for respon-
sible parenting, including by increasing the employ-
ment and financial security of parents, and the pa-
rental involvement of noncustodial parents. 
(39) Promoting responsible parenthood saves 
the government money by reducing the need for pub-
lic assistance, increasing the educational attainment 
of children, reducing juvenile delinquency and crime, 
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reducing substance abuse, and lowering rates of un-
employment. 
(40) Programs to encourage responsible father-
hood or responsible motherhood should promote and 
provide support services for— 
(A) fostering loving and healthy relation-
ships between parents and children; 
(B) increasing responsibility of noncusto-
dial parents for the long-term care and finan-
cial well-being of their children; 
(C) increasing employment of low-income, 
noncustodial parents and improving compliance 
with child support obligations; and 
(D) reducing barriers to active 2-parent in-
volvement and cooperative parenting. 
(41) The promotion of marriage and responsible 
parenthood should not minimize the standing or par-
enting efforts of single parents or other caregivers, 
lessen the protection of children from abusive par-
ents, or compromise the safety or health of the cus-
todial or noncustodial parent, but should increase 
the chance that children will have 2 caring parents 
to help them grow up healthy and secure. 
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TITLE I—PROMOTING RESPON-
SIBLE 
FATHERHOOD 
AND 
STRENGTHENING 
LOW-IN-
COME FAMILIES 
SEC. 101. STATE ASSESSMENTS OF BARRIERS TO EMPLOY-
MENT AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF CHIL-
DREN. 
(a) STATE ASSESSMENTS AND REPORTS.—As a con-
dition of the continued approval of a State plan under part 
D of title IV of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 651 
et seq.), each State with an approved such plan, acting 
through the appropriate State agencies, shall assess the 
State policies with respect to the issues described in sub-
section (b) and submit a report to the Secretary of Health 
and Human Services on the results of such assessment 
not later than October 1, 2012. 
(b) ISSUES DESCRIBED.—For purposes of subsection 
(a), the issues described in this subsection are the fol-
lowing: 
(1) The process of setting and modifying child 
support obligations, particularly with respect to low- 
income parents, including— 
(A) the role and criteria for using imputed 
income in determining child support obligations; 
(B) the process of modifying obligations; 
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(C) the consideration of income and em-
ployment status, including efforts to identify 
unreported income; 
(D) the consideration of incarceration; 
(E) the consideration of disability; 
(F) the treatment of arrearages, including 
interest charged, and laws or procedures that 
interfere with forgiveness, adjustment, waiver, 
or compromise of arrears owed to the State by 
low-income noncustodial parents who lack suffi-
cient ability to pay such arrearages; 
(G) the procedures related to retroactive 
support; and 
(H) State pass-through and disregard poli-
cies for recipients of means-tested public bene-
fits. 
(2) The impact of State criminal laws and law 
enforcement practices on the employment acquisi-
tion, retention, and advancement prospects of indi-
viduals following arrest, conviction, or incarceration, 
including— 
(A) any efforts, including counseling or 
employment support, to assist ex-prisoners with 
reentry to a community and successful reunifi-
cation with their families; and 
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(B) an assessment of any efforts to seal or 
expunge arrest and conviction records and any 
efforts to grant certificates or other acknowl-
edgments of rehabilitation to ex-prisoners, and 
to examine State occupational licensing and cer-
tification procedures. 
(3) An assessment of the impact of debt on em-
ployment retention, including child support and non- 
child support debts imposed to recover costs related 
to welfare and criminal justice. 
(4) An assessment of State practices related to 
providing prisoners and ex-prisoners with valid iden-
tification documents upon release from prison. 
(5) Identification of any other barriers to 
healthy family formation or sustainable economic op-
portunity for custodial and noncustodial parents that 
are created or exacerbated by Federal or State laws, 
policies, or procedures, including an examination of 
the rules of Federal and State means-tested pro-
grams, the operation of the State workforce system, 
the availability of financial education services, and 
the availability of domestic violence services and 
child support procedures to help victims of domestic 
violence stay safe and obtain the child support they 
are owed. 
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(c) GRANTS TO STATES FOR COMMISSIONS ON STATE 
LAW IMPROVEMENTS IN THE BEST INTEREST OF CHIL-
DREN
AND FAMILIES.—The Secretary of Health and 
Human Services shall award grants to States to establish 
or support commissions to review the State assessment 
conducted in accordance with subsection (a) and to make 
recommendations on ways to improve State law in the best 
interest of children and families. 
(d) APPROPRIATIONS.—Out of any money in the 
Treasury of the United States not otherwise appropriated, 
there are appropriated to the Secretary of Health and 
Human Services for each of fiscal years 2011 through 
2015, $3,000,000, to remain available until expended, for 
the purpose of making— 
(1) payments to States to offset all or a portion 
of the costs of conducting the State assessments and 
reports required under subsection (a); and 
(2) grants to States under subsection (c). 
SEC. 102. GRANTS TO STATES TO CONDUCT DEMONSTRA-
TION PROJECTS TO PROMOTE ECONOMIC OP-
PORTUNITY FOR LOW-INCOME PARENTS. 
(a) COURT-SUPERVISED OR IV–D AGENCY-SUPER-
VISED EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMS
FOR NONCUSTODIAL 
PARENTS.— 
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(1) IN GENERAL.—To assist States in imple-
menting section 466(a)(15) of the Social Security 
Act, the Secretary of Health and Human Services 
shall award grants to States to conduct demonstra-
tion projects to establish, in coordination with coun-
ties and other local or tribal governments, court-su-
pervised or IV–D agency supervised-employment 
programs for noncustodial parents who have barriers 
to employment and a history of nonpayment of child 
support obligations, as determined by a court or the 
IV–D agency, and who are determined by the court 
or agency to be in need of employment services or 
placement in order to pay such child support obliga-
tions. A noncustodial parent described in the pre-
ceding sentence who is an ex-offender shall be eligi-
ble to participate in a program established under 
this subsection. 
(2) REQUIREMENTS.— 
(A) OPTION
TO
PARTICIPATE
PRIOR
TO 
CONTEMPT FINDING.—A State shall not be eli-
gible to receive a grant under this subsection 
unless any program established with funds 
made available under the grant provides non-
custodial parents described in paragraph (1) 
with an option to participate in the program 
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prior to the court or agency entering a finding 
that the noncustodial parent is in contempt for 
failure to pay a child support obligation and, 
potentially subject to criminal penalties. 
(B) PROGRAM
GOALS.—An employment 
program established with funds made available 
under a grant awarded under this subsection 
shall be designed to do the following: 
(i) To assist noncustodial parents de-
scribed in paragraph (1) obtain and main-
tain unsubsidized employment. 
(ii) To increase the amount of finan-
cial support received by children. 
(iii) To help noncustodial parents de-
scribed in paragraph (1) improve relation-
ships with their children and their chil-
dren’s custodial parent. 
(C) 6 MONTHS OF CONTINUOUS, TIMELY 
PAYMENTS.—An employment program estab-
lished with funds made available under this 
subsection shall not permit a noncustodial par-
ent placed in the program to graduate from the 
program and avoid penalties for failure to pay 
a child support obligation until the noncustodial 
parent completes at least 6 months of contin-
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uous, timely payment of the parent’s child sup-
port obligations. 
(D) USE OF FUNDS.— 
(i) Services provided under an employ-
ment program established with funds made 
available under a grant made under this 
subsection must include the following: 
(I) Job placement, including job 
development and supervised job search 
as necessary. 
(II) Case management, including 
educational assessment and advising, 
vocational assessment and career ex-
ploration services, and court liaison 
services. 
(III) Counseling on responsible 
parenthood. 
(IV) Referral for support and 
educational services. 
(V) Employment retention serv-
ices. 
(ii) Services provided under an em-
ployment program established with funds 
made available under a grant made under 
this subsection may include the following: 
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(I) Remedial education services 
or educational referral. 
(II) Support funds for services 
such as transportation, child care, or 
short-term training. 
(III) Transitional jobs programs. 
(IV) Public-private career path-
way partnerships established in ac-
cordance with subsection (b)(2). 
(V) Occupational skill training, 
including college credit programs. 
(VI) Curricula development. 
(E) ADMINISTRATION.—A State that re-
ceives a grant under this subsection may con-
tract with a public or private nonprofit organi-
zation, including a faith-based or community- 
based organization, to administer (in conjunc-
tion with the court of jurisdiction or the IV–D 
agency) the court-supervised or IV–D agency- 
supervised employment program. 
(b) TRANSITIONAL
JOBS
AND
PUBLIC-PRIVATE 
PARTNERSHIP GRANTS.—The Secretary of Labor shall 
award grants to States to conduct demonstration projects 
to carry out one or more of the projects described in para-
graphs (1) and (2). 
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(1) TRANSITIONAL JOBS GRANTS.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—To establish and ex-
pand transitional jobs programs for eligible in-
dividuals, including such programs conducted 
by local governments, State employment agen-
cies, nonprofit organizations, and faith-based or 
community-based 
organizations 
or 
inter-
mediaries, that— 
(i) combine time-limited employment 
in transitional jobs that may be subsidized 
with public funds, with activities that pro-
mote skill development and remove barriers 
to employment, such as case management 
services and education, training, child sup-
port-related services, and other activities, 
pursuant to individual plans; and 
(ii) provide such individuals with— 
(I) transitional jobs placements 
and job placement assistance, to help 
the individuals make the transition 
from subsidized employment in transi-
tional jobs to stable unsubsidized em-
ployment; and 
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(II) retention services after the 
transition to unsubsidized employ-
ment. 
(B) ELIGIBLE
INDIVIDUALS.—For pur-
poses of this paragraph, the term ‘‘eligible indi-
viduals’’ means individuals within any of the 
following categories of disproportionately chron-
ically unemployed individuals: 
(i) Individuals who have attained age 
16, but not attained age 36, and who have 
documented barriers to employment such 
as lack of a high school diploma, limited 
English proficiency, aging out of foster 
care, or offender status, particularly such 
individuals who are parents or expectant 
parents. 
(ii) Formerly incarcerated individuals. 
(iii) Homeless or formerly homeless 
individuals. 
(iv) Individuals with disabilities. 
(v) Individuals designated by a court 
or the IV–D agency to participate in tran-
sitional jobs programs. 
(C) LIMITATIONS ON USE OF FUNDS.— 
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(i) ALLOWABLE ACTIVITIES.—A State 
that receives a grant under this paragraph 
(or a subgrantee of such State) (referred 
to in this paragraph as the ‘‘program oper-
ator’’) shall use the funds made available 
under the grant to operate a transitional 
jobs program for eligible individuals con-
sistent with the following requirements: 
(I) JOBS.—The program oper-
ator shall place eligible individuals in 
temporary jobs, the incomes from 
which may be subsidized in whole or 
in part with public funds. An eligible 
individual placed in such a job (re-
ferred to in this paragraph as ‘‘a par-
ticipant’’) shall perform work directly 
for the program operator or another 
public, nonprofit, or private sector or-
ganization (which operator or organi-
zation may be referred to in this para-
graph as a ‘‘worksite employer’’) with-
in the community involved. 
(II) HOURS.— 
(aa) IN GENERAL.—Subject 
to item (bb), the transitional jobs 
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program shall provide a partici-
pant with not less than 30, and 
not more than 40, hours per 
week of a combination of paid 
employment and the services de-
scribed in subclauses (III), (IV), 
and (V). 
(bb) ACCOMMODATION
OF 
SPECIAL
CIRCUMSTANCES.—The 
number of hours per week re-
quired under item (aa) may be 
adjusted in the case of a partici-
pant who requires a modified 
work week to accommodate spe-
cial circumstances. 
(III) JOB
PREPARATION
AND 
SERVICES.—The 
program 
operator 
shall— 
(aa) develop an individual 
plan for each participant, which 
shall contain a goal that focuses 
on preparation of the participant 
for unsubsidized jobs in demand 
in the local economy that offer 
the potential for advancement 
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and growth (including increases 
in wages and benefits); 
(bb) 
develop 
transitional 
jobs placements for participants 
that will best prepare them for 
jobs described in item (aa) or 
participation in the public-private 
career pathway partnerships es-
tablished 
in 
accordance 
with 
paragraph (2); and 
(cc) provide case manage-
ment services and ensure that 
appropriate education, training, 
and other activities are available 
to participants, consistent with 
each 
participant’s 
individual 
plan. 
(IV) JOB
PLACEMENT
ASSIST-
ANCE
AND
RETENTION
SERVICES.— 
The program operator shall provide 
job placement assistance to help par-
ticipants obtain unsubsidized employ-
ment and shall provide retention serv-
ices to the participants for a minimum 
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(viii) how the workforce education 
providers in the partnership will assess the 
employment barriers and needs of local 
disadvantaged individuals who participate 
in the program and will identify resources 
for meeting those needs; 
(ix) how the workforce education pro-
viders will work with partnership employ-
ers, business and industry groups, labor 
organizations, where applicable, and local 
economic development organizations to 
identify the priority workforce needs of the 
local industry; 
(x) how the partnerships will ensure 
that the appropriate program delivery 
models and formal agreements are in place 
to ensure maximum benefits to the individ-
uals receiving career pathway partnership 
services and to the employers and labor or-
ganizations, where applicable, in the part-
nership and the industries or businesses 
they represent; 
(xi) how partnership employers and 
labor organizations, where applicable, will 
be actively involved in identifying specific 
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