I 
119TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 1183 
To prohibit certain discrimination against athletes on the basis of sex by 
State athletic associations, intercollegiate athletic associations, and cov-
ered institutions of higher education, and for other purposes. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
FEBRUARY 11, 2025 
Ms. ADAMS (for herself, Ms. BONAMICI, Mrs. TRAHAN, Mr. DAVIS of Illinois, 
Ms. VELA´ZQUEZ, Ms. SA´NCHEZ, Mr. LARSEN of Washington, Ms. NOR-
TON, Mr. JOHNSON of Georgia, Ms. WATERS, Ms. KAMLAGER-DOVE, Mr. 
THANEDAR, Mr. GREEN of Texas, Ms. CLARKE of New York, Ms. CAS-
TOR of Florida, Ms. SALINAS, Mr. GRIJALVA, Ms. RANDALL, Mrs. SYKES, 
Mr. CARSON, Ms. SHERRILL, Ms. TLAIB, and Ms. TOKUDA) introduced 
the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Education and 
Workforce 
A BILL 
To prohibit certain discrimination against athletes on the 
basis of sex by State athletic associations, intercollegiate 
athletic associations, and covered institutions of higher 
education, and for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Fair Play for Women 
Act’’. 
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SEC. 2. FINDINGS. 
Congress finds the following: 
(1) More than 50 years ago, Congress passed 
title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (re-
ferred to in this section as ‘‘title IX’’), helping to 
transform participation in and support for women’s 
sports by barring discrimination on the basis of sex 
in all schools that receive Federal funding, including 
in their athletic programs. 
(2) Since the passage of title IX, millions more 
women and girls have had the opportunity to com-
pete in school-based athletics. In high school ath-
letics, athletic participation opportunities have in-
creased from nearly 300,000 in 1972 to more than 
3,400,000 in 2019. In intercollegiate athletics, op-
portunities have increased from nearly 30,000 in 
1972 to 215,000 in 2020 on teams sponsored by in-
stitutions who are members of the National Colle-
giate Athletic Association (referred to in this section 
as the ‘‘NCAA’’). 
(3) Despite progress, women and girls still face 
unequal opportunities and unfair treatment in 
school-based athletics. In high school athletics, girls 
have over 1,000,000 fewer athletic opportunities 
than boys, with schools providing girls with 43 per-
cent of all athletic opportunities while girls represent 
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nearly half of all students. In intercollegiate ath-
letics, colleges would need to provide women with an 
additional 148,000 sports opportunities to match the 
same ratio of sports opportunities per student as is 
offered to men. Overall, girls still do not have the 
participation opportunities provided to boys before 
the enactment of title IX, over 50 years ago. 
(4) Girls of color are often most impacted by 
unequal resources and unfair treatment. At high 
schools predominantly attended by white students, 
girls have 82 percent of the opportunities that boys 
have to play sports, while at high schools predomi-
nantly attended by students of color, girls have only 
67 percent of the opportunities that boys have to 
play sports. 
(5) As part of title IX athletics requirements, 
schools can show they are compliant by providing 
athletic participation opportunities for men and 
women that are substantially proportionate to their 
respective enrollment rates. Yet, a Government Ac-
countability Office report from 2024 found that 93 
percent of all colleges had athletic participation rates 
for women that were lower than their enrollment 
rate at the colleges. At 63 percent of colleges, wom-
en’s athletic participation rates were at least 10 per-
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centage points lower than their enrollment rates. 
Overall, the athletic participation rate for collegiate 
women was 14 percent less than their enrollment 
rate. Despite widespread noncompliance with title IX 
athletics requirements, no college has ever had Fed-
eral funding rescinded nor been sued by the Federal 
government for noncompliance. 
(6) The magnitude of current gaps in intercolle-
giate athletics participation opportunities is likely 
undercounted, as investigations of intercollegiate 
athletics data have found that the majority of NCAA 
member institutions inflate the number of women 
participating in sports by double- and triple-counting 
women athletes who participate in more than one 
sport more often than the institutions double- and 
triple-count their counterparts who are men, count-
ing men who are practice players on women’s teams 
as women athletes, and packing women’s teams with 
extra players who never end up competing. 
(7) Women and girls in sports also face unfair 
treatment. They are frequently provided worse facili-
ties, equipment, and uniforms than men and boys, 
and they receive less financial support and publicity 
from their schools. In the 2019–2020 academic year, 
women received $252,000,000 less than men in ath-
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letic-based scholarships, and for every dollar colleges 
spent on recruiting, travel, and equipment for men’s 
sports, they spent 58 cents, 62 cents, and 73 cents, 
respectively, for women’s sports. 
(8) Amid ongoing unfair treatment, athletes 
and athletics-related staff too often are unaware of 
the rights and obligations provided by title IX. In 
surveys of children and their parents, the majority 
report not knowing what title IX is. A study con-
ducted by the Government Accountability Office in 
2017 found that most high school athletic adminis-
trators were unaware of who their title IX coordi-
nator was or felt unsupported by their title IX coor-
dinator. In intercollegiate athletics, most coaches re-
port that they never received formal training about 
title IX as part of the preparation for their jobs. 
SEC. 3. PURPOSES. 
The purposes of this Act are to— 
(1) address unfair and discriminatory treatment 
of women and girls in sports in elementary and sec-
ondary schools, as well as institutions of higher edu-
cation; 
(2) improve the collection and transparency of 
data pertaining to participation in and support for 
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women’s and girls’ sports at schools receiving Fed-
eral financial assistance; 
(3) ensure all students participating in ath-
letics, as well as those who work in school-sponsored 
athletics, are aware of and understand the non-
discrimination rights of students related to their 
athletic opportunities; and 
(4) ensure all students have equal access to 
high-quality and supportive athletic opportunities. 
SEC. 4. DEFINITIONS. 
In this Act: 
(1) ESEA TERMS.—The terms ‘‘elementary 
school’’ and ‘‘secondary school’’ have the meanings 
given those terms in section 8101 of the Elementary 
and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 
7801). 
(2) COLLEGIATE.—The term ‘‘collegiate’’, used 
with respect to athletics, means intramural and club- 
level athletics or other athletics, in which all partici-
pants attend the same covered institution of higher 
education. 
(3) COVERED INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDU-
CATION.—The term ‘‘covered institution of higher 
education’’ means an entity that is described in sec-
tion 908(2)(A) of the Education Amendments of 
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1972 (20 U.S.C. 1687(2)(A)) and covered by section 
908 of those Amendments (20 U.S.C. 1687). 
(4) COVERED LOCAL EDUCATIONAL AGENCY.— 
The term ‘‘covered local educational agency’’ means 
such an agency that is described in section 
908(2)(B) of the Education Amendments of 1972 
(20 U.S.C. 1687(2)(B)) and covered by section 908 
of those Amendments. 
(5) 
INTERCOLLEGIATE
ATHLETIC
ASSOCIA-
TION.—The term ‘‘intercollegiate athletic associa-
tion’’ means any conference, association, or other 
group or organization, established by or comprised 
of 2 or more covered institutions of higher edu-
cation, that— 
(A) governs competitions among, or other-
wise exercises authority over intercollegiate ath-
letics at, such institutions of higher education 
who are members of or under the authority of 
the intercollegiate athletic association; and 
(B) is engaged in commerce or an industry 
or activity affecting commerce. 
(6) STATE ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION.—The term 
‘‘State athletic association’’ means any association, 
organization, or other group, established by or com-
prised of 2 or more elementary schools or secondary 
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schools that receive Federal funding, that governs 
competition among or otherwise exercises authority 
over elementary school, secondary school, or inter-
scholastic athletics, at such federally funded elemen-
tary schools or secondary schools. 
(7) TITLE IX COORDINATOR.—The term ‘‘title 
IX coordinator’’ means the individual who coordi-
nates the efforts of a covered school system to com-
ply with and carry out the responsibilities of the cov-
ered local educational agency under title IX of the 
Education Amendments of 1972 (20 U.S.C. 1681 et 
seq.). 
SEC. 5. DISCRIMINATION BY STATE AND INTERCOLLEGIATE 
ATHLETIC 
ASSOCIATIONS, 
LOCAL 
EDU-
CATIONAL AGENCIES, AND COVERED INSTI-
TUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION. 
(a) ELEMENTARY
OR SECONDARY SCHOOL.—No 
State athletic association or covered local educational 
agency shall, on the basis of sex, subject any athlete to 
discrimination with respect to elementary school, sec-
ondary school, or interscholastic athletics, including dis-
crimination through— 
(1) the rules it sets for elementary school, sec-
ondary school, or interscholastic athletics; 
(2) the sports— 
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(A) required for membership in a State 
athletic association; 
(B) competitions sponsored by the State 
athletic association or covered local educational 
agency, respectively; or 
(C) championships sponsored by that asso-
ciation or agency; or 
(3) the location, facilities, or amenities provided 
for competitions or championships sponsored by that 
association or agency. 
(b) HIGHER EDUCATION.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—No intercollegiate athletic 
association or covered institution of higher education 
shall, on the basis of sex, subject any athlete to dis-
crimination with respect to intercollegiate or (subject 
to paragraph (2)) collegiate athletics, including dis-
crimination through— 
(A) the rules it sets for intercollegiate ath-
letics or collegiate athletics; 
(B) the sports— 
(i) required for membership in an 
intercollegiate athletic association, or re-
quired for participation in collegiate ath-
letics at a covered institution of higher 
education; 
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(ii) competitions sponsored by the 
intercollegiate athletic association, or colle-
giate athletic competitions sponsored by 
the covered institution of higher education; 
or 
(iii) championships sponsored by the 
intercollegiate athletic association, or colle-
giate athletic championships sponsored by 
the covered institution of higher education; 
(C) the location, facilities, or amenities 
provided for competitions or championships 
sponsored by the intercollegiate athletic associa-
tion, or for collegiate athletic competitions or 
championships sponsored by the institution; 
(D) the provision or arrangement for the 
provision of goods or services (including bene-
fits) for competitions or championships spon-
sored by the intercollegiate athletic association, 
or for collegiate athletic competitions or cham-
pionships sponsored by such an institution; or 
(E) the distribution of revenues or other 
benefits to members of or such institutions 
under the authority of the intercollegiate ath-
letic association, or to teams, clubs, or other en-
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tities participating in collegiate athletics at the 
institution. 
(2) LIMITATION.—Only a covered institution of 
higher education may be considered to have com-
mitted a violation of paragraph (1) with respect to 
collegiate athletics. 
(c) PRIVATE RIGHT OF ACTION.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—An individual who seeks to 
participate, participates, or previously participated 
in athletics covered under subsection (a) or (b), of-
fered under the authority of an intercollegiate ath-
letic association or State athletic association, or by 
a covered institution of higher education or covered 
local educational agency, may bring an action in any 
Federal or State court of competent jurisdiction 
against the athletic association, institution, or agen-
cy involved, alleging a violation of this section. 
(2) RELIEF.—The court may award all legal or 
equitable relief that may be appropriate for such a 
violation. The legal relief may include compensatory 
damages for all injuries, including financial injuries, 
unequal treatment, emotional distress, humiliation, 
and pain and suffering, as well as punitive damages, 
attorney’s fees, and expert fees. 
(d) TRAINING.— 
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(1) ASSOCIATIONS.—Each State athletic asso-
ciation or intercollegiate athletic association shall en-
sure that each employee of the State athletic asso-
ciation or intercollegiate athletic association receives, 
at least once per year, training on the provisions of 
this section, including the rights delineated under 
this section and the procedures for bringing actions 
under this section. 
(2) COVERED INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDU-
CATION.—Each covered institution of higher edu-
cation shall ensure that each employee of the institu-
tion with an employment function relating to colle-
giate athletics receives, at least once per year, such 
training. 
(3) COVERED LOCAL EDUCATIONAL AGENCY.— 
Each covered local educational agency shall ensure 
that each employee of the local educational agency 
with an employment function relating to athletics re-
ceives, at least once per year, such training. 
SEC. 6. EXPANDING ATHLETICS DISCLOSURE REQUIRE-
MENTS. 
(a) INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION.—Section 
485(g) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 
1092(g)) is amended— 
(1) in paragraph (1)— 
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(A) in the matter preceding subparagraph 
(A)— 
(i) by inserting ‘‘collegiate (including 
intramural and club-level) or’’ before 
‘‘intercollegiate athletic program’’; and 
(ii) by inserting ‘‘collegiate and’’ be-
fore ‘‘intercollegiate athletics’’; 
(B) in subparagraph (B), by striking 
clause (i) and inserting the following: 
‘‘(i) The total number of participants, 
by team.’’; 
(C) in subparagraph (C)— 
(i) by striking ‘‘The total amount’’ 
and inserting the following: ‘‘(i) The total 
amount’’; and 
(ii) by adding at the end the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘(ii) For each men’s and women’s inter-
collegiate sport— 
‘‘(I) the total amount of athletically 
related student aid; 
‘‘(II) the total number of athletically 
related scholarships, and the average 
amount of such scholarships; 
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‘‘(III) the total number of athletically 
related scholarships that fund the full cost 
of tuition at the institution; 
‘‘(IV) the total number of athletically 
related scholarships that fund the full cost 
of attendance for the athlete; 
‘‘(V) the total number of athletically 
related scholarships awarded for a period 
equal to or less than one year; and 
‘‘(VI) the total number of athletically 
related scholarships awarded for a period 
equal to or greater than 4 academic 
years.’’; 
(D) in subparagraph (E), by inserting 
‘‘and disaggregated by each men’s sport and 
each women’s sport’’ before the period at the 
end; 
(E) in subparagraph (G), by inserting 
‘‘(which, for purposes of this subparagraph, in-
cludes compensation, bonuses, benefits, and 
buyouts paid to coaches and reportable by the 
institution or related entities, including booster 
clubs and foundations)’’ before ‘‘of the head 
coaches of men’s teams’’; 
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(F) in subparagraph (H), by inserting 
‘‘(which, for purposes of this subparagraph, in-
cludes compensation, bonuses, benefits, and 
buyouts paid to coaches and reportable by the 
institution or related entities, including booster 
clubs and foundations)’’ before ‘‘of the assistant 
coaches of men’s teams’’; 
(G) in subparagraph (I)— 
(i) by striking clause (i) and inserting 
the following: ‘‘(i) The revenues from the 
institution’s intercollegiate athletics activi-
ties, in the aggregate and disaggregated by 
each men’s sport and each women’s sport, 
including— 
‘‘(I) total revenues; and 
‘‘(II) each category of revenues de-
scribed in clause (ii).’’; and 
(ii) in clause (ii)— 
(I) by inserting ‘‘collegiate and’’ 
before ‘‘intercollegiate’’; and 
(II) by striking ‘‘, and adver-
tising, but revenues’’ and all that fol-
lows through the period at the end 
and inserting ‘‘, advertising, and, to 
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the extent practicable, student activi-
ties fees and alumni contributions.’’; 
(H) by striking clause (i) of subparagraph 
(J) and inserting the following: ‘‘(i) The ex-
penses made by the institution for the institu-
tion’s intercollegiate athletics activities, in the 
aggregate and disaggregated by each men’s 
sport and each women’s sport, including— 
‘‘(I) total expenses; and 
‘‘(II) each category of expenses as de-
scribed in clause (ii).’’; and 
(I) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(K) The numbers of participants who 
participate in 1, 2, or 3 intercollegiate sports at 
the 
institution, 
in 
the 
aggregate 
and 
disaggregated by each men’s sport and each 
women’s sport. 
‘‘(L) The total number of men that prac-
tice on women’s intercollegiate teams, in the ag-
gregate and disaggregated by each women’s 
sport. 
‘‘(M) Information regarding race and eth-
nicity for athletes and coaches (including assist-
ant 
coaches), 
in 
the 
aggregate 
and 
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disaggregated by each men’s sport and each 
women’s sport. 
‘‘(N) The number of male students, and 
the number of female students, participating in 
collegiate (including intramural and club) 
sports at the institution. 
‘‘(O) A certification that the institution 
has verified the information submitted in the 
report under this paragraph. 
‘‘(P) With respect to the sports participa-
tion opportunities requirements under title IX 
of the Education Amendments of 1972— 
‘‘(i) a certification that the institution 
complies with such requirements by show-
ing— 
‘‘(I) substantial proportionality; 
‘‘(II) a history and continuing 
practice of expanding sports participa-
tion opportunities; or 
‘‘(III) full and effective accommo-
dation of athletics interests; and 
‘‘(ii) an identification of the method of 
compliance described in subclauses (I) 
through (III) of clause (i) that the institu-
tion uses.’’; 
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(2) in paragraph (2), by striking ‘‘For the pur-
poses of paragraph (1)(G)’’ and inserting ‘‘For the 
purposes of subparagraphs (G) and (H) of para-
graph (1)’’; 
(3) by striking paragraph (4) and inserting the 
following: 
‘‘(4) 
SUBMISSION; 
REPORT; 
INFORMATION 
AVAILABILITY.— 
‘‘(A) INSTITUTIONAL
REQUIREMENTS.— 
Each institution of higher education described 
in paragraph (1) shall— 
‘‘(i) by October 15 of each year, pro-
vide the information contained in the re-
port required under such paragraph for 
such year to the Secretary; and 
‘‘(ii) by not later than February 15 of 
each year, publish such information on a 
public Internet website of the institution in 
a searchable format. 
‘‘(B) PUBLIC AVAILABILITY.—By not later 
than February 15 of each year, the Secretary 
shall make the reports and information de-
scribed in subparagraph (A) for the imme-
diately preceding academic year available to the 
public, which shall include posting the reports 
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and information on a public Internet website of 
the Department in a searchable format.’’; 
(4) by redesignating paragraph (5) as para-
graph (6); 
(5) by inserting after paragraph (4) the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘(5) REPORTS BY THE SECRETARY.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—By not later than 2 
years after the date of enactment of the Fair 
Play for Women Act, and every 2 years there-
after, the Secretary shall prepare and publish a 
report on gender equity using the information 
submitted under this subsection. 
‘‘(B) CONTENTS.—The report required 
under subparagraph (A) shall, in the aggregate 
for all institutions of higher education described 
in paragraph (1) and disaggregated by each in-
dividual institution— 
‘‘(i) identify participant gaps, if any, 
by indicating the number of participants 
that need to be added in order for partici-
pants of the underrepresented sex at the 
institution to match the proportion of en-
rolled full-time undergraduate students of 
the underrepresented sex at the institution; 
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‘‘(ii) identify funding gaps, if any, by 
showing the percentage differences, com-
pared to proportions of enrollment of men 
and women at the institution, in expendi-
tures for athletically related student aid, 
recruiting, promotion, and publicity in 
intercollegiate athletics; and 
‘‘(iii) identify any trends evident in 
such data that address relevant inequities 
in intercollegiate athletics participation and 
financial support.’’; and 
(6) in paragraph (6), as redesignated by para-
graph (4)— 
(A) by striking ‘‘DEFINITION.—For the 
purposes of this subsection, the term’’ and in-
serting the following: ‘‘DEFINITIONS.—For pur-
poses of this subsection: 
‘‘(A) OPERATING EXPENSES.—The term’’; 
and 
(B) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(B) PARTICIPANT.—The term ‘partici-
pant’ means an athlete in a sport who— 
‘‘(i)(I) is receiving the institutionally 
sponsored support normally provided to 
athletes competing at the institution in-
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