660 
(A) by striking ‘‘$90,500,000’’ and insert-
ing ‘‘$156,750,000’’; 
(B) by striking ‘‘2016 through 2020’’ and 
inserting ‘‘2023 through 2026’’; 
(C) by striking ‘‘$1,750,000’’ and inserting 
‘‘$3,000,000’’; and 
(D) by striking ‘‘$500,000’’ and inserting 
‘‘$750,000’’; 
(5) in paragraph (7) by adding at the end the 
following: 
‘‘(C) SPECIAL RULE FOR BUSES AND RE-
LATED EQUIPMENT FOR ZERO EMISSION VEHI-
CLES.—Notwithstanding subparagraph (A), a 
grant for a capital project for buses and related 
equipment for hybrid electric buses that make 
meaningful reductions in energy consumption 
and harmful emissions, including direct carbon 
emissions, and zero emission vehicles under this 
subsection shall be for 90 percent of the net 
capital costs of the project. A recipient of a 
grant under this subsection may provide addi-
tional local matching amounts.’’; 
(6) in paragraph (8)— 
(A) by striking ‘‘3 fiscal years’’ and insert-
ing ‘‘4 fiscal years’’; and 
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(B) by striking ‘‘3-fiscal-year period’’ and 
inserting ‘‘4-fiscal-year period’’; and 
(7) by striking paragraph (9). 
SEC. 2402. BUS FACILITIES AND FLEET EXPANSION COM-
PETITIVE GRANTS. 
Section 5339(b) of title 49, United States Code, is 
amended— 
(1) in the heading by striking ‘‘BUSES
AND 
BUS FACILITIES COMPETITIVE GRANTS’’ and insert-
ing ‘‘BUS FACILITIES AND FLEET EXPANSION COM-
PETITIVE GRANTS’’; 
(2) in paragraph (1)— 
(A) by striking ‘‘buses and’’; 
(B) by inserting ‘‘and certain buses’’ after 
‘‘capital projects’’; 
(C) in subparagraph (A) by striking 
‘‘buses or related equipment’’ and inserting 
‘‘bus-related facilities’’; and 
(D) by striking subparagraph (B) and in-
serting the following: 
‘‘(B) purchasing or leasing buses that will 
not replace buses in the applicant’s fleet at the 
time of application and will be used to— 
‘‘(i) increase the frequency of bus 
service; or 
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‘‘(ii) increase the service area of the 
applicant.’’; 
(3) by striking paragraph (2) and inserting the 
following: 
‘‘(2) GRANT
CONSIDERATIONS.—In making 
grants— 
‘‘(A) under subparagraph (1)(A), the Sec-
retary shall only consider— 
‘‘(i) the age and condition of bus-re-
lated facilities of the applicant compared to 
all applicants and proposed improvements 
to the resilience (as such term is defined in 
section 5302) of such facilities; 
‘‘(ii) for a facility that, in whole or in 
part, encroaches within the limits of a 
flood-prone area, the extent to which the 
facility is designed and constructed in a 
way that takes into account, and mitigates 
where appropriate, flood risk; and 
‘‘(iii) for a bus station, the degree of 
multi-modal connections at such station; 
and 
‘‘(B) under paragraph (1)(B), the Sec-
retary shall consider the improvements to head-
way and projected new ridership.’’; and 
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(4) in paragraph (6) by striking subparagraph 
(B) and inserting the following: 
‘‘(B) GOVERNMENT SHARE OF COSTS.— 
‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—The Government 
share of the cost of an eligible project car-
ried out under this subsection shall not ex-
ceed 80 percent. 
‘‘(ii) SPECIAL RULE FOR BUSES AND 
RELATED EQUIPMENT FOR ZERO EMISSION 
VEHICLES.—Notwithstanding clause (i), 
the Government share of the cost of an eli-
gible project for the financing of buses and 
related equipment for hybrid electric buses 
that make meaningful reductions in energy 
consumption and harmful emissions, in-
cluding direct carbon emissions, and zero 
emission vehicles shall not exceed 90 per-
cent.’’. 
SEC. 2403. ZERO EMISSION BUS GRANTS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 5339(c) of title 49, 
United States Code, is amended— 
(1) in the heading by striking ‘‘LOW OR NO 
EMISSION GRANTS’’ and inserting ‘‘ZERO EMISSION 
GRANTS’’; 
(2) in paragraph (1)— 
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(A) in subparagraph (B)— 
(i) in the matter preceding clause (i) 
by striking ‘‘in an eligible area’’; 
(ii) in clause (i) by striking ‘‘low or no 
emission’’ and inserting ‘‘zero emission’’; 
(iii) in clause (ii) by striking ‘‘low or 
no emission’’ and inserting ‘‘zero emis-
sion’’; 
(iv) in clause (iii) by striking ‘‘low or 
no emission’’ and inserting ‘‘zero emis-
sion’’; 
(v) in clause (iv) by striking ‘‘facilities 
and related equipment for low or no emis-
sion’’ and inserting ‘‘related equipment for 
zero emission’’; 
(vi) in clause (v) by striking ‘‘facilities 
and related equipment for low or no emis-
sion vehicles;’’ and inserting ‘‘related 
equipment for zero emission vehicles; or’’; 
(vii) in clause (vii) by striking ‘‘low or 
no emission’’ and inserting ‘‘zero emis-
sion’’; 
(viii) by striking clause (vi); and 
(ix) by redesignating clause (vii) as 
clause (vi); 
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(B) by striking subparagraph (D) and in-
serting the following: 
‘‘(D) the term ‘zero emission bus’ means a 
bus that is a zero emission vehicle;’’; 
(C) by striking subparagraph (E) and in-
serting the following: 
‘‘(E) the term ‘zero emission vehicle’ 
means a vehicle used to provide public transpor-
tation that produces no carbon dioxide or par-
ticulate matter;’’; 
(D) in subparagraph (F) by striking ‘‘and’’ 
at the end; 
(E) by striking subparagraph (G) and in-
serting the following: 
‘‘(G) the term ‘priority area’ means an 
area that is— 
‘‘(i) designated as a nonattainment 
area for ozone or particulate matter under 
section 107(d) of the Clean Air Act (42 
U.S.C. 7407(d)); 
‘‘(ii) a maintenance area, as such 
term is defined in section 5303, for ozone 
or particulate matter; or 
‘‘(iii) in a State that has enacted a 
statewide zero emission bus transition re-
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quirement, as determined by the Secretary; 
and’’; and 
(F) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(H) the term ‘low-income community’ 
means any population census tract if— 
‘‘(i) the poverty rate for such tract is 
at least 20 percent; or 
‘‘(ii) in the case of a tract— 
‘‘(I) not located within a metro-
politan area, the median family in-
come for such tract does not exceed 
80 percent of statewide median family 
income; or 
‘‘(II) located within a metropoli-
tan area, the median family income 
for such tract does not exceed 80 per-
cent of the greater statewide median 
family income or the metropolitan 
area median family income.’’; 
(3) by striking paragraph (5) and inserting the 
following: 
‘‘(5) GRANT ELIGIBILITY.—In awarding grants 
under this subsection, the Secretary shall make 
grants to eligible projects relating to the acquisition 
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or leasing of equipment for zero-emission buses or 
zero-emission buses— 
‘‘(A) that procure— 
‘‘(i) at least 10 zero emission buses; 
‘‘(ii) if the recipient operates less than 
50 buses in peak service, at least 5 zero 
emission buses; or 
‘‘(iii) hydrogen buses; 
‘‘(B) for which the recipient’s board of di-
rectors has approved a long-term integrated 
fleet management plan that— 
‘‘(i) establishes— 
‘‘(I) a goal by a set date to con-
vert the entire bus fleet to zero emis-
sion buses; or 
‘‘(II) a goal that within 10 years 
from the date of approval of such plan 
the recipient will convert a set per-
centage of the total bus fleet of such 
recipient to zero emission buses; and 
‘‘(ii) examines the impact of the tran-
sition on the applicant’s current workforce, 
with a goal of identifying skills gaps, re-
training existing workers to operate and 
maintain zero-emission vehicles and related 
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infrastructure, and avoiding the displace-
ment of the existing workforce; and 
‘‘(C) for which the recipient has performed 
a fleet transition study that includes optimal 
route planning and an analysis of how utility 
rates may impact the recipient’s operations and 
maintenance budget.’’; and 
(4) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(8) 
LOW
AND
MODERATE
COMMUNITY 
GRANTS.—Not less than 10 percent of the amounts 
made available under this subsection in a fiscal year 
shall be distributed to projects serving predomi-
nantly low-income communities. 
‘‘(9) PRIORITY
SET-ASIDE.—Of the amounts 
made available under this subsection in a fiscal year, 
not less than— 
‘‘(A) 20 percent shall be distributed to ap-
plicants in priority areas; and 
‘‘(B) 10 percent shall be distributed to ap-
plicants not located in priority areas whose 
board of directors have approved a long-term 
integrated fleet management plan that estab-
lishes a goal to convert 100 percent of their bus 
fleet to zero-emission buses within 15 years.’’. 
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(b) METROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING.— 
Section 5303(b) of title 49, United States Code, is amend-
ed by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(9) MAINTENANCE AREA.—The term ‘mainte-
nance area’ has the meaning given the term in sec-
tions 171(2) and 175A of the Clean Air Act (42 
U.S.C. 7501(2); 7505a).’’. 
SEC. 2404. RESTORATION TO STATE OF GOOD REPAIR FOR-
MULA SUBGRANT. 
Section 5339 of title 49, United States Code, is 
amended by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(d) RESTORATION
TO STATE
OF GOOD REPAIR 
FORMULA SUBGRANT.— 
‘‘(1) GENERAL
AUTHORITY.—The Secretary 
may make grants under this subsection to assist eli-
gible recipients and subrecipients described in para-
graph (2) in financing capital projects to replace, re-
habilitate, and purchase buses and related equip-
ment. 
‘‘(2) ELIGIBLE
RECIPIENTS
AND
SUBRECIPI-
ENTS.—Not later than September 1 annually, the 
Secretary shall make public a list of eligible recipi-
ents and subrecipients based on the most recent 
data available in the National Transit Database to 
calculate the 20 percent of eligible recipients and 
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subrecipients with the highest percentage of asset 
vehicle miles for buses beyond the useful life bench-
mark established by the Federal Transit Administra-
tion. 
‘‘(3) URBAN
APPORTIONMENTS.—Funds allo-
cated under section 5338(a)(2)(L)(ii) shall be— 
‘‘(A) distributed to— 
‘‘(i) designated recipients in an urban-
ized area with a population of more than 
200,000 made eligible by paragraph (1); 
and 
‘‘(ii) States based on subrecipients 
made eligible by paragraph (1) in an ur-
banized area under 200,000; and 
‘‘(B) allocated pursuant to the formula set 
forth in section 5336 other than subsection (b), 
using the data from the 20 percent of eligible 
recipients and subrecipients. 
‘‘(4) 
RURAL
ALLOCATION.—The 
Secretary 
shall— 
‘‘(A) calculate the percentage of funds 
under section 5338(a)(2)(L)(ii) to allocate to 
rural subrecipients by dividing— 
‘‘(i) the asset vehicle miles for buses 
beyond the useful life benchmark (estab-
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lished by the Federal Transit Administra-
tion) of the rural subrecipients described in 
paragraph (2); by 
‘‘(ii) the total asset vehicle miles for 
buses beyond such benchmark of all eligi-
ble recipients and subrecipients described 
in paragraph (2); and 
‘‘(B) prior to the allocation described in 
paragraph (3)(B), apportion to each State the 
amount of the total rural allocation calculated 
under subparagraph (A) attributable to such 
State based the proportion that— 
‘‘(i) the asset vehicle miles for buses 
beyond the useful life benchmark (estab-
lished by the Federal Transit Administra-
tion) for rural subrecipients described in 
paragraph (2) in such State; bears to 
‘‘(ii) the total asset vehicle miles de-
scribed in subparagraph (A)(i). 
‘‘(5) APPLICATION
OF
OTHER
PROVISIONS.— 
Paragraphs (3), (7), and (8) of subsection (a) shall 
apply to eligible recipients and subrecipients de-
scribed in paragraph (2) of a grant under this sub-
section. 
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‘‘(6) PROHIBITION.—No eligible recipient or 
subrecipient outside the top 5 percent of asset vehi-
cle miles for buses beyond the useful life benchmark 
established by the Federal Transit Administration 
may receive a grant in both fiscal year 2023 and fis-
cal year 2024. 
‘‘(7) REQUIREMENT.—The Secretary shall re-
quire— 
‘‘(A) States to expend, to the benefit of the 
subrecipients eligible under paragraph (2), the 
apportioned funds attributed to such subrecipi-
ents; and 
‘‘(B) designated recipients to provide the 
allocated funds to the recipients eligible under 
paragraph (2) the apportioned funds attributed 
to such recipients.’’. 
SEC. 2405. WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT TRAINING GRANTS. 
Section 5339 of title 49, United States Code, is 
amended by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(e) 
WORKFORCE
DEVELOPMENT
TRAINING 
GRANTS.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not less than 12.5 percent 
of funds authorized to be made available for sub-
section (c) shall be available to fund workforce devel-
opment training eligible under section 5314(b)(2) 
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(including registered apprenticeships and other 
labor-management training programs), related to op-
erations or maintenance of zero emission vehicles. 
‘‘(2) ELIGIBLE RECIPIENTS.—Recipients eligi-
ble under subsection (c) shall be eligible to receive 
a grant under this subsection. 
‘‘(3) FEDERAL SHARE.—The Federal share of 
the cost of an eligible project carried out under this 
subsection shall be 100 percent.’’. 
Subtitle E—Supporting All Riders 
SEC. 2501. LOW-INCOME URBAN FORMULA FUNDS. 
Section 5336(j) of title 49, United States Code, is 
amended— 
(1) in paragraph (1) by striking ‘‘75 percent’’ 
and inserting ‘‘50 percent’’; 
(2) in paragraph (2) by striking ‘‘25 percent’’ 
and inserting ‘‘12.5 percent’’; and 
(3) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(3) 30 percent of the funds shall be appor-
tioned among designated recipients for urbanized 
areas with a population of 200,000 or more in the 
ratio that— 
‘‘(A) the number of individuals in each 
such urbanized area residing in an urban cen-
sus tract with a poverty rate of at least 20 per-
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cent during the 5 years most recently ending; 
bears to 
‘‘(B) the number of individuals in all such 
urbanized areas residing in an urban census 
tract with a poverty rate of at least 20 percent 
during the 5 years most recently ending; and 
‘‘(4) 7.5 percent of the funds shall be appor-
tioned among designated recipients for urbanized 
areas with a population less than 200,000 in the 
ratio that— 
‘‘(A) the number of individuals in each 
such urbanized area residing in an urban cen-
sus tract with a poverty rate of at least 20 per-
cent during the 5 years most recently ending; 
bears to 
‘‘(B) the number of individuals in all such 
areas residing in an urban census tract with a 
poverty rate of at least 20 percent during the 
5 years most recently ending.’’. 
SEC. 2502. RURAL PERSISTENT POVERTY FORMULA. 
Section 5311 of title 49, United States Code, as 
amended in section 2204, is further amended— 
(1) in subsection (a) by adding at the end the 
following: 
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‘‘(3) PERSISTENT
POVERTY
COUNTY.—The 
term ‘persistent poverty county’ means any county 
with a poverty rate of at least 20 percent— 
‘‘(A) as determined in each of the 1990 
and 2000 decennial censuses; 
‘‘(B) in the Small Area Income and Pov-
erty Estimates of the Bureau of the Census for 
the most recent year for which the estimates 
are available; and 
‘‘(C) has at least 25 percent of its popu-
lation in rural areas.’’; 
(2) in subsection (b)(2)(C)(i) by inserting ‘‘and 
persistent poverty counties’’ before the semicolon; 
and 
(3) in subsection (c) by striking paragraph (2) 
and inserting the following: 
‘‘(2) PERSISTENT POVERTY PUBLIC TRANSPOR-
TATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM.— 
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
carry out a public transportation assistance 
program for areas of persistent poverty. 
‘‘(B) 
APPORTIONMENT.—Of 
amounts 
made available or appropriated for each fiscal 
year under section 5338(a)(2)(E)(ii) to carry 
out this paragraph, the Secretary shall appor-
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tion funds to recipients for service in, or di-
rectly benefitting, persistent poverty counties 
for any eligible purpose under this section in 
the ratio that— 
‘‘(i) the number of individuals in each 
such rural area residing in a persistent 
poverty county; bears to 
‘‘(ii) the number of individuals in all 
such rural areas residing in a persistent 
poverty county.’’. 
SEC. 2503. DEMONSTRATION GRANTS TO SUPPORT RE-
DUCED FARE TRANSIT. 
Section 5312 of title 49, United States Code, is 
amended by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(j) DEMONSTRATION GRANTS TO SUPPORT RE-
DUCED FARE TRANSIT.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 300 days 
after the date of enactment of the INVEST in 
America Act, the Secretary shall award grants 
(which shall be known as ‘Access to Jobs Grants’) 
to eligible entities, on a competitive basis, to imple-
ment reduced fare transit service. 
‘‘(2) NOTICE.—Not later than 180 days after 
the date of enactment of the INVEST in America 
Act, the Secretary shall provide notice to eligible en-
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tities of the availability of grants under paragraph 
(1). 
‘‘(3) APPLICATION.—To be eligible to receive a 
grant under this subsection, an eligible recipient 
shall submit to the Secretary an application con-
taining such information as the Secretary may re-
quire, including, at a minimum, the following: 
‘‘(A) A description of how the eligible enti-
ty plans to implement reduced fare transit ac-
cess with respect to low-income individuals, in-
cluding any eligibility requirements for such 
transit access. 
‘‘(B) A description of how the eligible enti-
ty will consult with local community stake-
holders, labor unions, local education agencies 
and institutions of higher education, public 
housing agencies, and workforce development 
boards in the implementation of reduced fares. 
‘‘(C) A description of the eligible entity’s 
current fare evasion enforcement policies, in-
cluding how the eligible entity plans to use the 
reduced fare program to reduce fare evasion. 
‘‘(D) An estimate of additional costs to 
such eligible entity as a result of reduced tran-
sit fares. 
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‘‘(E) A plan for a public awareness cam-
paign of the transit agency’s ability to provide 
reduced fares, including in foreign languages, 
based on— 
‘‘(i) data from the Bureau of the Cen-
sus, consistent with the local area demo-
graphics where the transit agency operates, 
including the languages that are most 
prevalent and commonly requested for 
translation services; or 
‘‘(ii) qualitative and quantitative ob-
servation from community service providers 
including those that provide health and 
mental health services, social services, 
transportation, and other relevant social 
services. 
‘‘(F) Projected impacts on ridership. 
‘‘(G) Projected benefits in closing transit 
equity gaps. 
‘‘(4) 
GRANT
DURATION.—Grants 
awarded 
under this subsection shall be for a 2-year period. 
‘‘(5) SELECTION OF ELIGIBLE RECIPIENTS.—In 
carrying out the program under this subsection, the 
Secretary shall award not more than 20 percent of 
grants to eligible entities located in rural areas. 
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‘‘(6) USES OF FUNDS.—An eligible entity re-
ceiving a grant under this subsection shall use such 
grant to implement a reduced fare transit program 
and offset lost fare revenue. 
‘‘(7) RULE
OF
CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in 
this section shall be construed to limit the eligibility 
of an applicant if a State, local, or Tribal govern-
mental entity provides reduced fare transportation to 
low-income individuals. 
‘‘(8) DEFINITIONS.—In this subsection: 
‘‘(A) ELIGIBLE ENTITY.—The term ‘eligi-
ble entity’ means a State, local, or Tribal gov-
ernmental entity that operates a public trans-
portation service and is a recipient or sub-
recipient of funds under this chapter. 
‘‘(B) 
LOW-INCOME
INDIVIDUAL.—The 
term ‘low-income individual’ means an indi-
vidual— 
‘‘(i) that has qualified for— 
‘‘(I) any program of medical as-
sistance under a State plan or under 
a waiver of the plan under title XIX 
of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 
1396 et seq.); 
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‘‘(II) supplemental nutrition as-
sistance program (SNAP) under the 
Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 (7 
U.S.C. 2011 et seq.); 
‘‘(III) the program of block 
grants for States for temporary assist-
ance for needy families (TANF) es-
tablished under part A of title IV of 
the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 
601 et seq.); 
‘‘(IV) the free and reduced price 
school 
lunch 
program 
established 
under the Richard B. Russell National 
School Lunch Act (42 U.S.C. 1751 et 
seq.); 
‘‘(V) a housing voucher through 
section 8(o) of the United States 
Housing Act of 1937 (42 U.S.C. 
1437f(o)); 
‘‘(VI) benefits under the Low-In-
come Home Energy Assistance Act of 
1981; 
‘‘(VII) special supplemental food 
program for women, infants and chil-
dren (WIC) under section 17 of the 
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Child Nutrition Act of 1966 (42 
U.S.C. 1786); or 
‘‘(VIII) a Federal Pell Grant 
under section 401 of the Higher Edu-
cation Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 
1070a); or 
‘‘(ii) whose family income is at or 
below a set percent (as determined by the 
eligible recipient) of the poverty line (as 
that term is defined in section 673(2) of 
the Community Service Block Grant Act 
(42 U.S.C. 9902(2)), including any revi-
sion required by that section) for a family 
of the size involved. 
‘‘(9) REPORT.—The Secretary shall designate a 
university transportation center under section 5505 
to collaborate with the eligible entities receiving a 
grant under this subsection to collect necessary data 
to evaluate the effectiveness of meeting the targets 
described in the application of such recipient, includ-
ing increased ridership, impacts on fare evasion, and 
progress towards significantly closing transit equity 
gaps.’’. 
SEC. 2504. EQUITY IN TRANSIT SERVICE PLANNING. 
(a) BEST PRACTICES.— 
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(1) IN GENERAL.— 
(A) ASSISTANCE TO PROVIDERS OF PUBLIC 
TRANSIT.—Not later than 180 days after the 
date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary of 
Transportation shall issue nonbinding best 
practices to assist providers of public transpor-
tation in setting the threshold for a major serv-
ice change as described in Circular 4702.1B of 
the Federal Transit Administration. 
(B) SPECIFIC
PROVIDERS
OF
PUBLIC 
TRANSIT.—For the purposes of this section, the 
term ‘‘providers of public transportation’’ 
means providers that operate 50 or more fixed 
route vehicles in peak service and are located in 
an urbanized area of 200,000 or more in popu-
lation. 
(2) BEST PRACTICES.—In developing the best 
practices described in paragraph (1), the Sec-
retary— 
(A) shall issue specific recommendations 
for setting the threshold of a major service 
change, which shall include, at a minimum, rec-
ommendations related to— 
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(i) changes in hours of operations, in-
cluding consideration of changes during 
nonpeak hours; 
(ii) changes in the frequency of serv-
ice; 
(iii) changes in coverage, including the 
opening and closing of stations and stops 
and the changing of routes; and 
(iv) the use of route-specific analyses 
in addition to service-area level analyses; 
(B) shall recommend specific percentage 
change standards for the elements described in 
clauses (i), (ii), and (iii) of subparagraph (A) to 
assist providers of public transportation in set-
ting the threshold for a major service change in 
a manner that ensures meaningful analyses and 
the provision of equitable service; and 
(C) may issue different best practices for 
providers of public transportation of different 
sizes and service types. 
(b) TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM 
REPORT.— 
(1) REVIEW.—Not later than 3 years after the 
issuance of the best practices described in subsection 
(a), the Transit Cooperative Research Program of 
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the National Academy of Sciences shall conduct a 
review of the manner in which providers of public 
transportation define the threshold for a major serv-
ice change for purposes of compliance with Circular 
4702.1B of the Federal Transit Administration, in-
cluding— 
(A) a survey of the standards used by pro-
viders of public transportation to define the 
threshold for a major service change; 
(B) a review of the differences in stand-
ards used to define the threshold for a major 
service change for providers of public transpor-
tation of different sizes and service types; 
(C) information on the considerations used 
by providers of public transportation when de-
fining the threshold for a major service change; 
and 
(D) the extent to which providers of public 
transportation are using the best practices de-
scribed in subsection (a). 
(2) REPORT.—After the completion of the re-
view described in paragraph (1), the National Acad-
emy of Sciences shall issue a report on the findings 
of the review and submit such report to the Com-
mittee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the 
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House of Representatives and the Committee on 
Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate. 
SEC. 2505. GAO STUDY ON FARE-FREE TRANSIT. 
(a) STUDY.—The Comptroller General of the United 
States shall conduct a study on the provision of fare-free 
transit service in the United States, including an assess-
ment of— 
(1) the extent to which fare-free transit is avail-
able in the United States; and 
(2) the potential impacts of fare-free transit, 
which may include— 
(A) increased transit ridership; 
(B) improved access to transportation for 
low-income riders and marginalized commu-
nities; 
(C) improved access to jobs and services; 
(D) enhanced equity of the surface trans-
portation system; 
(E) reductions in disputes or law enforce-
ment actions related to transit fares; 
(F) environmental impacts; 
(G) safety considerations; and 
(H) the challenges of replacing farebox 
revenue. 
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(b) REPORT.—Not later than 1 year after the date 
of the enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General shall 
submit to the Committee on Transportation and Infra-
structure of the House of Representatives and the Com-
mittee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the 
Senate a report containing the results of the study con-
ducted under subsection (a). 
Subtitle F—Supporting Frontline 
Workers and Passenger Safety 
SEC. 2601. NATIONAL TRANSIT FRONTLINE WORKFORCE 
TRAINING CENTER. 
Section 5314(b) of title 49, United States Code, is 
amended— 
(1) by striking paragraph (2) and inserting the 
following: 
‘‘(2) NATIONAL
TRANSIT
FRONTLINE
WORK-
FORCE TRAINING CENTER.— 
‘‘(A) 
ESTABLISHMENT.—The 
Secretary 
shall establish a national transit frontline work-
force training center (hereinafter referred to as 
the ‘Center’) and enter into a cooperative agree-
ment with a nonprofit organization with a dem-
onstrated capacity to develop and provide tran-
sit career pathway programs through labor- 
management partnerships and registered ap-
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prenticeships on a nationwide basis, in order to 
carry out the duties under subparagraph (B). 
The Center shall be dedicated to the needs of 
the frontline transit workforce in both rural and 
urban transit systems by providing training in 
the maintenance and operations occupations 
based on industry best practices. 
‘‘(B) DUTIES.— 
‘‘(i) IN
GENERAL.—In cooperation 
with the Administrator of the Federal 
Transit Administration, public transpor-
tation authorities, and national entities, 
the Center shall develop and conduct train-
ing and educational programs for frontline 
local transportation employees of recipients 
eligible for funds under this chapter. 
‘‘(ii) TRAINING
AND
EDUCATIONAL 
PROGRAMS.—The training and educational 
programs developed under clause (i) may 
include courses in recent developments, 
techniques, and procedures related to— 
‘‘(I) developing consensus na-
tional training standards, skills, com-
petencies, and recognized postsec-
ondary credentials in partnership with 
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industry stakeholders for key frontline 
transit occupations with demonstrated 
skill gaps; 
‘‘(II) 
developing 
recommenda-
tions and best practices for cur-
riculum and recognized postsecondary 
credentials, including related instruc-
tion and on-the-job learning for reg-
istered apprenticeship programs for 
transit maintenance and operations 
occupations; 
‘‘(III) building local, regional, 
and statewide transit training part-
nerships to identify and address work-
force skill gaps and develop skills, 
competencies, and recognized postsec-
ondary credentials needed for deliv-
ering quality transit service and sup-
porting employee career advancement; 
‘‘(IV) developing programs for 
training of transit frontline workers, 
instructors, mentors, and labor-man-
agement partnership representatives, 
in the form of classroom, hands-on, 
on-the-job, and web-based training, 
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delivered at a national center, region-
ally, or at individual transit agencies; 
‘‘(V) developing training pro-
grams for skills and competencies re-
lated to existing and emerging transit 
technologies, including zero emission 
buses; 
‘‘(VI) developing improved capac-
ity for safety, security, and emergency 
preparedness in local transit systems 
and in the industry as a whole 
through— 
‘‘(aa) developing the role of 
the transit frontline workforce in 
building and sustaining safety 
culture and safety systems in the 
industry and in individual public 
transportation systems; and 
‘‘(bb) training to address 
transit frontline worker roles in 
promoting health and safety for 
transit workers and the riding 
public; 
‘‘(VII) developing local transit 
capacity for career pathways pro-
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grams with schools and other commu-
nity organizations for recruiting and 
training 
under-represented 
popu-
lations as successful transit employees 
who can develop careers in the transit 
industry; 
‘‘(VIII) in collaboration with the 
Administrator of the Federal Transit 
Administration, the Bureau of Labor 
Statistics, 
the 
Employment 
and 
Training Adminstration, and organi-
zations representing public transit 
agencies, conducting and dissemi-
nating research to— 
‘‘(aa) provide transit work-
force job projections and identify 
training needs and gaps; 
‘‘(bb) determine the most 
cost-effective methods for transit 
workforce training and develop-
ment, including return on invest-
ment analysis; 
‘‘(cc) identify the most effec-
tive methods for implementing 
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successful safety systems and a 
positive safety culture; and 
‘‘(dd) promote transit work-
force best practices for achieving 
cost-effective, quality, safe, and 
reliable 
public 
transportation 
services; and 
‘‘(IX) providing culturally com-
petent training and educational pro-
grams to all who participate, regard-
less of gender, sexual orientation, or 
gender identity, including those with 
limited English proficiency, diverse 
cultural and ethnic backgrounds, and 
disabilities. 
‘‘(C) COORDINATION.—The Secretary shall 
coordinate activities under this section, to the 
maximum extent practicable, with the Employ-
ment and Training Administration, including 
the National Office of Apprenticeship of the 
Department of Labor and the Office of Career, 
Technical, and Adult Education of the Depart-
ment of Education. 
‘‘(D) AVAILABILITY OF AMOUNTS.— 
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‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—Not more than 1 
percent of amounts made available to a re-
cipient under sections 5307, 5337, and 
5339 and not more than 2 percent of 
amounts made available to a recipient 
under section 5311 is available for expend-
itures by the recipient, with the approval 
of the Secretary, to pay not more than 80 
percent of the cost of eligible activities 
under this subsection. 
‘‘(ii) EXISTING PROGRAMS.—A recipi-
ent may use amounts made available under 
clause (i) to carry out existing local edu-
cation and training programs for public 
transportation employees supported by the 
Secretary, the Department of Labor, or 
the Department of Education. 
‘‘(iii) LIMITATION.—Any funds made 
available under this section that are used 
to fund an apprenticeship or apprentice-
ship program shall only be used for, or 
provided to, a registered apprenticeship 
program, including any funds awarded for 
the purposes of grants, contracts, or coop-
erative agreements, or the development, 
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implementation, or administration, of an 
apprenticeship or an apprenticeship pro-
gram. 
‘‘(E) DEFINITIONS.—In this paragraph: 
‘‘(i) CAREER
PATHWAY.—The term 
‘career pathway’ has the meaning given 
such term in section 3 of the Workforce 
Innovation 
and 
Opportunity 
Act 
(29 
U.S.C. 3102). 
‘‘(ii) RECOGNIZED
POSTSECONDARY 
CREDENTIAL.—The term ‘recognized post-
secondary credential’ has the meaning 
given such term in section 3 of the Work-
force Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 
U.S.C. 3102). 
‘‘(iii) REGISTERED
APPRENTICESHIP 
PROGRAM.—The term ‘registered appren-
ticeship program’ means an apprenticeship 
program registered with the Department of 
Labor or a Federally-recognized State Ap-
prenticeship Agency and that complies with 
the requirements under parts 29 and 30 of 
title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, as in 
effect on January 1, 2019.’’; 
(2) in paragraph (3) by striking ‘‘or (2)’’; and 
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(3) by striking paragraph (4). 
SEC. 2602. PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SAFETY PROGRAM. 
Section 5329 of title 49, United States Code, is 
amended— 
(1) in subsection (b)(2)(C)(ii)— 
(A) in subclause (I) by striking ‘‘and’’ at 
the end; 
(B) in subclause (II) by striking the semi-
colon and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 
(C) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(III) innovations in driver as-
sistance technologies and driver pro-
tection infrastructure where appro-
priate, and a reduction in visibility 
impairments that contribute to pedes-
trian fatalities;’’; 
(2) in subsection (b)(2)— 
(A) by redesignating subparagraphs (D) 
and (E) as subparagraphs (E) and (F), respec-
tively; and 
(B) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(D) in consultation with the Secretary of 
the Department of Health and Human Services, 
precautionary and reactive actions required to 
ensure public and personnel safety and health 
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during an emergency as defined in section 
5324.’’. 
(3) in subsection (d)— 
(A) in paragraph (1)— 
(i) in subparagraph (A) by inserting 
‘‘the safety committee established under 
paragraph (4), and subsequently,’’ before 
‘‘the board of directors’’; 
(ii) in subparagraph (C) by striking 
‘‘public, personnel, and property’’ and in-
serting ‘‘public and personnel to injuries, 
assaults, fatalities, and, consistent with 
guidelines by the Centers for Disease Con-
trol and Prevention, infectious diseases, 
and strategies to minimize the exposure of 
property’’; 
(iii) by striking subparagraph (G) and 
inserting the following: 
‘‘(G) a comprehensive staff training pro-
gram for the operations and maintenance per-
sonnel and personnel directly responsible for 
safety of the recipient that includes— 
‘‘(i) the completion of a safety train-
ing program; 
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‘‘(ii) continuing safety education and 
training; and 
‘‘(iii) de-escalation training; 
‘‘(H) a requirement that the safety com-
mittee only approve a safety plan under sub-
paragraph (A) if such plan stays within such 
recipient’s fiscal budget; and 
‘‘(I) a risk reduction program for transit 
operations to improve safety by reducing the 
number and rates of accidents, injuries, and as-
saults on transit workers using data submitted 
to the National Transit Database, including— 
‘‘(i) a reduction of vehicular and pe-
destrian accidents involving buses that in-
cludes measures to reduce visibility impair-
ments for bus operators that contribute to 
accidents, including retrofits to buses in 
revenue service and specifications for fu-
ture procurements that reduce visibility 
impairments; and 
‘‘(ii) transit worker assault mitigation, 
including the deployment of assault mitiga-
tion infrastructure and technology on 
buses, including barriers to restrict the un-
wanted entry of individuals and objects 
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into bus operators’ workstations when a re-
cipient’s risk analysis performed by the 
safety committee established in paragraph 
(4) determines that such barriers or other 
measures would reduce assaults on and in-
juries to transit workers; and’’; and 
(B) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(4) SAFETY COMMITTEE.—For purposes of the 
approval process of an agency safety plan under 
paragraph (1), the safety committee shall be con-
vened by a joint labor-management process and con-
sist of an equal number of— 
‘‘(A) frontline employee representatives, se-
lected by the labor organization representing 
the plurality of the frontline workforce em-
ployed by the recipient or if applicable a con-
tractor to the recipient; and 
‘‘(B) employer or State representatives.’’; 
and 
(4) in subsection (e)(4)(A)(v) by inserting ‘‘, in-
spection,’’ after ‘‘has investigative’’. 
SEC. 2603. INNOVATION WORKFORCE STANDARDS. 
(a) PROHIBITION ON USE OF FUNDS.—No financial 
assistance under chapter 53 of title 49, United States 
Code, may be used for— 
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(1) an automated vehicle providing public trans-
portation unless— 
(A) the recipient of such assistance that 
proposes to deploy an automated vehicle pro-
viding public transportation certifies to the Sec-
retary of Transportation that the deployment 
does not eliminate or reduce the frequency of 
existing public transportation service; and 
(B) the Secretary receives, approves, and 
publishes the workforce development plan under 
subsection (b) submitted by the eligible entity 
when required by subsection (b)(1); and 
(2) a mobility on demand service unless— 
(A) the recipient of such assistance that 
proposes to deploy a mobility on demand service 
certifies to the Secretary that the service meets 
the criteria under section 5307, 5310, 5311, 
5312, or 5316 of title 49, United States Code; 
and 
(B) the Secretary receives, approves, and 
publishes the workforce development plan under 
subsection (b) submitted by the eligible entity 
when required by subsection (b)(1). 
(b) WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT PLAN.— 
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(1) IN GENERAL.—A recipient of financial as-
sistance under chapter 53 of title 49, United States 
Code, proposing to deploy an automated vehicle pro-
viding public transportation or mobility on demand 
service shall submit to the Secretary, prior to imple-
mentation of such service, a workforce development 
plan if such service, combined with any other auto-
mated vehicle providing public transportation or mo-
bility on demand service offered by such recipient, 
would exceed more than 0.5 percent of the recipi-
ent’s total annual transit passenger miles traveled. 
(2) CONTENTS.—The workforce development 
plan under subsection (a) shall include the following: 
(A) A description of services offered by ex-
isting conventional modes of public transpor-
tation in the area served by the recipient that 
could be affected by the proposed automated ve-
hicle providing public transportation or mobility 
on demand service, including jobs and functions 
of such jobs. 
(B) A forecast of the number of jobs pro-
vided by existing conventional modes of public 
transportation that would be eliminated or that 
would be substantially changed and the number 
of jobs expected to be created by the proposed 
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automated vehicle providing public transpor-
tation or mobility on demand service over a 5- 
year period from the date of the publication of 
the workforce development plan. 
(C) Identified gaps in skills needed to op-
erate and maintain the proposed automated ve-
hicle providing public transportation or mobility 
on demand service. 
(D) A comprehensive plan to transition, 
train, or retrain employees that could be af-
fected by the proposed automated vehicle pro-
viding public transportation or mobility on de-
mand service. 
(E) An estimated budget to transition, 
train, or retrain employees impacted by the pro-
posed automated vehicle providing public trans-
portation or mobility on demand service over a 
5-year period from the date of the publication 
of the workforce development plan. 
(c) NOTICE REQUIRED.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—A recipient of financial as-
sistance under chapter 53 of title 49, United States 
Code, shall issue a notice to employees who, due to 
the use of an automated vehicle providing public 
transportation or mobility on demand service, may 
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be subjected to a loss of employment or a change in 
responsibilities not later than 60 days before signing 
a contract for such service or procurement. A recipi-
ent shall provide employees copies of a request for 
a proposal related to an automated vehicle providing 
public transportation or mobility on demand services 
at the time such request is issued. 
(2) CONTENT.—The notice required in para-
graph (1) shall include the following: 
(A) A description of the automated vehicle 
providing public transportation or mobility on 
demand service. 
(B) The impact of the automated vehicle 
providing public transportation or mobility on 
demand service on employment positions, in-
cluding a description of which employment posi-
tions will be affected and whether any new posi-
tions will be created. 
(d) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 
(1) AUTOMATED
VEHICLE.—The term ‘‘auto-
mated vehicle’’ means a motor vehicle that— 
(A) is capable of performing the entire 
task of driving (including steering, accelerating 
and decelerating, and reacting to external stim-
ulus) without human intervention; and 
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(B) is designed to be operated exclusively 
by a Level 4 or Level 5 automated driving sys-
tem for all trips according to the recommended 
practice standards published on June 15, 2018, 
by the Society of Automotive Engineers Inter-
national (J3016l201806) or equivalent stand-
ards adopted by the Secretary with respect to 
automated motor vehicles. 
(2) MOBILITY ON DEMAND.—The term ‘‘mobil-
ity on demand’’ has the meaning given such term in 
section 5316 of title 49, United States Code. 
(3) 
PUBLIC
TRANSPORTATION.—The 
term 
‘‘public transportation’’ has the meaning given such 
term in section 5302 of title 49, United States Code. 
(e) SAVINGS CLAUSE.—Nothing in this section shall 
prohibit the use of funds for an eligible activity or pilot 
project of a covered recipient authorized under current law 
prior to the date of enactment of this Act. 
SEC. 2604. SAFETY PERFORMANCE MEASURES AND SET 
ASIDES. 
Section 5329(d)(2) of title 49, United States Code, 
is amended to read as follows: 
‘‘(2) SAFETY COMMITTEE PERFORMANCE MEAS-
URES.— 
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‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The safety committee 
described in paragraph (4) shall establish per-
formance measures for the risk reduction pro-
gram in paragraph (1)(I) using a 3-year rolling 
average of the data submitted by the recipient 
to the National Transit Database. 
‘‘(B) SAFETY SET ASIDE.—With respect to 
a recipient serving an urbanized area that re-
ceives funds under section 5307, such recipient 
shall allocate not less than 0.75 percent of such 
funds to projects eligible under section 5307. 
‘‘(C) FAILURE
TO
MEET
PERFORMANCE 
MEASURES.—Any recipient that receives funds 
under section 5307 that does not meet the per-
formance measures established in subparagraph 
(A) shall allocate the amount made available in 
subparagraph (B) in the following fiscal year to 
projects described in subparagraph (D). 
‘‘(D) ELIGIBLE
PROJECTS.—Funds set 
aside under this paragraph shall be used for 
projects that are reasonably likely to meet the 
performance measures established in subpara-
graph (A), including modifications to rolling 
stock and de-escalation training.’’. 
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SEC. 2605. U.S. EMPLOYMENT PLAN. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 53 of title 49, United 
States Code, is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘§ 5341. U.S. Employment Plan 
‘‘(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 
‘‘(1) COMMITMENT TO HIGH-QUALITY CAREER 
AND
BUSINESS
OPPORTUNITIES.—The term ‘com-
mitment to high-quality career and business oppor-
tunities’ means participation in a registered appren-
ticeship program. 
‘‘(2) COVERED INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAM.— 
The term ‘covered infrastructure program’ means 
any activity under program or project under this 
chapter for the purchase or acquisition of rolling 
stock. 
‘‘(3) U.S. EMPLOYMENT PLAN.—The term ‘U.S. 
Employment Plan’ means a plan under which an en-
tity receiving Federal assistance for a project under 
a covered infrastructure program shall— 
‘‘(A) include in a request for proposal an 
encouragement for bidders to include, with re-
spect to the project— 
‘‘(i) high-quality wage, benefit, and 
training commitments by the bidder and 
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the supply chain of the bidder for the 
project; and 
‘‘(ii) a commitment to recruit and hire 
individuals described in subsection (e) if 
the project results in the hiring of employ-
ees not currently or previously employed by 
the bidder and the supply chain of the bid-
der for the project; 
‘‘(B) give preference for the award of the 
contract to a bidder that includes the commit-
ments described in clauses (i) and (ii) of sub-
paragraph (A); and 
‘‘(C) ensure that each bidder that includes 
the commitments described in clauses (i) and 
(ii) of subparagraph (A) that is awarded a con-
tract complies with those commitments. 
‘‘(4) 
REGISTERED
APPRENTICESHIP
PRO-
GRAM.—The term ‘registered apprenticeship pro-
gram’ means an apprenticeship program registered 
under the Act of August 16, 1937 (commonly known 
as the ‘National Apprenticeship Act’; 50 Stat. 664, 
chapter 663; 29 U.S.C. 50 et seq.), including any re-
quirement, standard, or rule promulgated under 
such Act, as such requirement, standard, or rule was 
in effect on December 30, 2019. 
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‘‘(b) BEST-VALUE FRAMEWORK.—To the maximum 
extent practicable, a recipient of assistance under a cov-
ered infrastructure program is encouraged— 
‘‘(1) to ensure that each dollar invested in in-
frastructure uses a best-value contracting framework 
to maximize the local value of federally funded con-
tracts by evaluating bids on price and other tech-
nical criteria prioritized in the bid, such as— 
‘‘(A) equity; 
‘‘(B) environmental and climate justice; 
‘‘(C) impact on greenhouse gas emissions; 
‘‘(D) resilience; 
‘‘(E) the results of a 40-year life-cycle 
analysis; 
‘‘(F) safety; 
‘‘(G) commitment to creating or sustaining 
high-quality job opportunities affiliated with 
registered apprenticeship programs (as defined 
in subsection (a)(3)) for disadvantaged or 
underrepresented individuals in infrastructure 
industries in the United States; and 
‘‘(H) access to jobs and essential services 
by all modes of travel for all users, including in-
dividuals with disabilities; and 
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‘‘(2) to ensure community engagement, trans-
parency, and accountability in carrying out each 
stage of the project. 
‘‘(c) PREFERENCE FOR REGISTERED APPRENTICE-
SHIP PROGRAMS.—To the maximum extent practicable, a 
recipient of assistance under a covered infrastructure pro-
gram, with respect to the project for which the assistance 
is received, shall give preference to a bidder that dem-
onstrates a commitment to high-quality job opportunities 
affiliated with registered apprenticeship programs. 
‘‘(d) USE OF U.S. EMPLOYMENT PLAN.—Notwith-
standing any other provision of law, in carrying out a 
project under a covered infrastructure program that re-
ceives assistance under this chapter, the recipient shall use 
a U.S. Employment Plan for each contract of $10,000,000 
or more for the purchase of manufactured goods or of 
services, based on an independent cost estimate. 
‘‘(e) PRIORITY.—The Secretary shall ensure that the 
entity carrying out a project under the covered infrastruc-
ture program gives priority to— 
‘‘(1) individuals with a barrier to employment 
(as defined in section 3 of the Workforce Innovation 
and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3102)), including 
ex-offenders and disabled individuals; 
‘‘(2) veterans; and 
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