A1322 wants to encourage private enterprise, he recognizes the bourgeoisie as a permanent element in society, he doves not contemplate rural collectivism, etc. What of that, Colonel Eddy? My. Eppy. It doesn't mean anything at all to me. It seems to me that there ts only one thing we can be sure of—-that in each nation of the world these people want to be free from domination, free to misgovern them- selves, to ruin themselves, to damn them- selves, to be Democrats or Popullsts. We must appeal to them and say that if they want to stay free we will help them. Senator Smitu. I was in the Far East a year ago and went through a number of the areas out there and talked to many of the people. I was in Japan, Formosa, the Philip- pines, Korea, and Hong Kong. The only thing that people were talking about there was to be free to express thelr own indi- vidualities, and not to be exploited by any greater power. They were critical of what they called imperialism and colonialism; they were critical of the United States because they suid we had been the partners of those who had been guilty of these things in the Far East. What they wanted was to be free for self-expression and all they wanteu from us was assistance in getting that freedom. I agree with what Mr. Eddy said. I think that what comes from Mao is simply coming from Moscow. We know that China was conquered by Moscow We know that there must be millions of people in China today who are yearning to be free Just as much as those in these other countries. The ques- tion in my mind is whether we are going to win the confidence of the people in Asia who want to be free. There’s where our danger is—the great masses of people in the Far East who don’t understand us adequately. As I said earlier, we need a real crusade to tell them what it is all about and give tr -m what they are yearning for. I have been in contact with Mr. Dulles’ brother, John Foster Dulles '08, very closely in the last few months. The wonderful job that he has done in Japan is worthy of our consideration all through here in his efforts to convey to the Japanese people our eager- ness to give them the kind of freedom they want. To work out a peace treaty and yet give them the protection they need to pre- vent their being overrun by this Russian menace I think Mr. Barrett will agree with me that it 1s different from the problem in Western Europe. It ts something we have got to face with courage, realizing this yearning for freedom and the necessity of the United States prop- erly interpreting that freedom to them. We must understand thelr problema and not sit in an ivory tower here and say that be- cause we are free, therefore you ought to be free. It can’t be done that way. It has to be done by personal contact, personal under- standing and the man-to-man approach. Do Corporation Lobbyists Swarm Over Capitol Hill? EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. FRANK BUCHANAN OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr. BUCHANAN. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Recorp, I include the following article from the February 1951 issue of Sales Management, the magazine of market- ing: Do CorroraTION LOBBYISTS SWARM OVER Capitrot HILL? (By Jerome Shoenfeld) (The results of a congressional inquiry may disappoint the public and perhaps amaze most businessmen  Here’s a report on how much corporations have spent and tor what.) Fiom much that’s being written, you get the impression that the head of a company spends most of his time, not to mention his company’s money, crusading His cru- sades—-at best indirectly, often remotely and sometimes not at all sell his com- pany's products or reduce its costs, their connection with the earnings statement can be perceived only by the elite policy makers, not by mere operating men. He crusades because he's scared, scared of socialism, of government extravagance, of labor, of regue- lation. In command of a great company, he finds ever so much money to indulge his personal neuroses by mailing books all over the county, blanketing the press with insti- tutional ads As for himself, has he any- thing else, really, to do? The caricature gets a suggestion of accu- racy, perhaps, from the literature circulated by the publicity staffs of associations to which most of the big companies contribute. There were the trate and, so to speak, red- faced ads exploding that free enterprise is breaking down, there are the more recent patronizing ads featuring two men, one in a business sult and the other in overalls, in which the terms “profits,” “free enterprise,” “sales costs,” “high productivity,” etc, are explained or defended. Whether it’s the business suit or the overalls that's talking, is sometimes made clear by the presence or absence of grammar There are also the booklets on all sorts of things—taxes, labor law, etc, and the books, among which, in the past year, John Flynn's the Road Ahead, has taken the lead. Rarely does the picture fit anybody you meet, even though he happens to be the chairman of some board He doesn’t sound or look like a canned institutional ad, even when the conversation shifts to the insti- tutional subject matter; he's more likely to have some angle, which, plausible or silly, is his own and interesting And, despite the great war of books, booklets and ads, by now it’s probably a rare company chief who isn't in some way working with the Government or who hadn't been during the war. GROUP INFLUENCE “Our investigation,” declares the report of the House Select Committee on Lobbying Activities issued on January 1, “has con- vinced us that the business of influencing legislation is dominated by group effort, and that individual activities by persons known as lobbyists are subordinate. Much of the money expended to influence legislation 1s spent on pamphletcering or advertising to obtain legislative aims.” Previously, the House committee had pub- lished a booklet, Expenditures by Corpora. tions To Influence Legislation, in which ma- jor companies tell what propaganda they've circulated, what propaganda ads they've pub- lished, etc. Company by company, you get the answers to a long series of questions. Going through about 600 pages of tables, you come out with the impression that most of the big companies most of the time mind their own business. Their crusades are usu- ally close to home: power companies against public power, railroads against some twist in the regulations, ordinary vendors against 8 sales tax, liquor companies against the WwcrTu. The questions by the committee covered: (1) trips to Washington; (2) maintenance APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of District of Columbia offices; (3) distribue tion of Hterature dealing with legislative matters, (4) institutional ads of the same kind; (5) contributions to various propa. ganda agencies, (6) lobbying expenditures not covered otherwise. Take the expenditures for institutional ads Detroit Edisun from 1947 through 1949 spent more than §200,000, but didn’t re- port where or why. Late in 1948 Ford placed displays 1n each Washington, D C, news- paper, repeating the testimony of one of its executives before a congressional committee. General Electric didn't report to the Lobby- ing Committee, General Motors, which cir- culates pamphlets, didn’t advertise; Georgia Power reported upward of $100,000 spent as “dts share of the electric companies’ advertls- ing program" (presumably run by N. W. Ayer & Sons, Inc , over CBS). Gulf Oll placed seven ads 1n 1940, spending $150 on the aver- age, “favoring business profits” Interna- tional Latex merely cites five editorials that it republished, not listing the papers that were favored nor telling how much it spent. LISTS ADVERTISING COSTS Ohio Edison’s tabulation covers nine and one-half pages The business goes to dailies and weeklies within its territories. Its sub- ject matter has two themes: public power and creeping socialism. In addition to its Own advertisements, the company through the last 4 years spent around $70,000 ex- plained thus “payments to N W. Ayers & Sons, Inc., Washington Square, Philadelphia, Pa., the advertising agency that is conduct- ing the electric companies’ advertising pro- gram in various magazines having national circulation and radio broadcasts over CBS network " . Early in 1948 Schenley spent $279,370 on one ad: An ad that appeared in ‘daily news. papers throughout the country, in licensed beverage business papers and magazines, financial newspapers and magazines, news and press magazines, and similar publica- tions.” It dealt with the Luckman Commit- tee, which was tying up the grain supply. This spring it spent $14,000 in business papers to urge liquor dealers to fight the ex- cise tax. These sre some of the big ones. Most concerns do little or no advertising, the com. mittce’s tabulation indicates. If the reports are accurate and representative, companies don’t stray far from business The greatest spenders are the utilities, which are the rarest among product advertisers. Several companies spend a lot of money for books and pamphlets, chiefly about so- cialism, published by such organizations as American Enterprise Association, America’s Future, Committee for Constitutional Goy- ernment, Constitution and Free Enterprise Foundation, Economists National Committce for Economic Policy, Foundation for Eco- nomic Education, Public Affairs Institute, etc, Copies go to dealers, to employees, to executives, sometimes to customers. Hear- ings brought out that the organizations try hard to sell bulk subscriptions. One gets the impression that, with a few exceptions, company chiefs are prompted not so much by their own crusading zeal as that of the ener- getic publishers. Among companies that re- ported the distribution of this literature were: Allied Chemical, to supervisors; American Gas, “office use"; A T. & T., evidently far the company library, Judging by the smaj} amount spent; Armco Steel, employees, su- pervisors, executives; Carolina Power, per- sonnel, stockholders, ‘‘other friends”; Central Power & Light, employees; Champion Spark Plug, to people who request; Chrysler, not reporting recipients; Columbus & Southern Ohio Electric, employees, stockholders, and visitors in company lobby. Literature circulated by companies con- sists mostly of stuff written by their own
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD staffs or ad agencies and deals with things they're directly interested in. Here are some examples of big spenders: A. T. & T.: Its officials have repeatedly testified before various committees and com= missions. The company circulated their tes- timony, chiefly to the press, This 1s simply a service to the reporters. Testimony also goes to people within the organization dl« rectly interested and to interested Govern- ment officials. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe: Its officials make speeches, which are circulated, among others, to newspapers—again a service Detroit Edison: Literature from just about everywhere, mostly for the help and the cus~ tomers. Erie Railroad: All sorts of literature, dis- tributed almost everywhere—employees, civic associations, papers, etc. Ford: Dealers get testimony before Con- gress, General Motors: For dealers, the testimony of C. E. Wilson; company booklets reprint- ing radio speeches to a list of 30,000; com- pany official speeches to dealers, Congiess- men, employees, papers, etc. One of the greatest spenders. RCA’ Company testimony goes to the press, licensed stations, distributors, etc.—dis- tinctly a service. €chenley: Press releases prepared by Carl Byoir distributed nationally; Mterature on excises, grain allocations, etc., sent to dis- tributors, Some press releases get special distribution, for instance to the labor or the medical press. Most of the money consists of contribu- tions, The average big company joins cham- bers of commerce and trade assoctations all over the place. From the tables, you can see that there are thousands of then. What corporations spent on lobby ads Name of corporation and total expenditures reported under Federal Lobbying Act (Jan. 1, 1947- June 30, 1950): Allied Chemical & Dye Corp... ..------- - Allis-Chalmers Manufactuiiug Co__------- +--+ +--+ $15, 255 00 Aluminum Co. of Americal... .-.-..-.- - American Automobile Insur- ance Co... --- ene eee ee ene nee - American Can Co......------- Hanne ee ee - American & Foreign Power Co, Ince_. nn ne eee ee nee nee ~ American Gas & Electric Corp. ---.----- - American Gas & Electric Serv- ice Corp -..-- een eee enn ee - American Power & Light Co--. ~.--..... - American Telephone & Tele- graph Co....-.----------~-- 103, 632 01 American Tobacco Co...-----. 42, 104. 48 American Viscose Corp.....--- ---------- Anaconda Copper Mining Cu... ~--------- Armco Steel Corp._..-..-.-.- --------- “ Armour & C0___22- eee oe eee eee ee Armstrong Cork Co.._-.--.--. ~.-------= Association of Cusualty & 8urety Companies __..--.--- 29, 882 56 Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co._..-.--------------- 63, 732 02 Baltimore & Ohio R. R. Co Beech Aircraft Corp.....----. ----- Belden Manufacturing Co.-.. ---------- Bethlehem Steel Corp.....-.. 256 75 Borden Co -_-222 22 ee noe - Burroughs Adding Machine... ------.-- - Carolina Power & Light Co. (North Carolina) ........ ae eee wn ewee = Celanese Corp. of America...-. .--------. - Central Power & Light Co, (TOX88) ee eee eee eee nee een « Champion Spark Plug Co__... ....----- - Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co... 2, 199. 97 Chrysler Corp ._-.--.--.------ --------- - Cities Service Co.....-..-.--. --------- ° Name of corporation—Continued Coca-Cola Co... nn ee eon eee ee - Columbus & Southern Ohio Electric Co.__2 eee eee eee Commonwealth Edison Co... .-..-..-- - Commonwealth & Southern Corp... ene eee eee ween ee - Connecticut Light & Power CO. ee nee ween - Consolidated Edison Co. of New York, Inc__.-..--222.. 22--- ee Consolidated Vultee Corp..... ..------- - Consumer Power Co. (Michi- Ban) ~~~ ee eee - Continental Can Co., Ine... ~2-2 2-8. Curtiss-Wright Corp......-..0.2...----6 Deere & Co 2.2022 ene ween - Delaware Power & Light Co... 87,719 05 Detroit Edison Co, (Michigan). ..-.--22. - Distillers Corp.-Seagrams, Ltd. ..-..-.-- - Du Pont, E. I. de Nemouts.... 51 16 Eastman Kodak Co._......2. -...--.-- - Electric Power & Light Corp... -...--... - Empire Gas & Fuel Co, Ltd_. ....--- 2. Empire State, Inc Erie R. Ro Co. -. oie. eee nen eee Firestone Tire & Rubber Co_. Florida Power & Light Co Ford Motor Co....22..2-0.-2222. woe ue ne Fruehauf Trailer Co... 2.22. 4, 500. 00 General Electric Co'__o. 2 2__- 48, 427.33 General Motors Corp...--..-- 135, 165. 06 Georgia Power Co... ..-.2,.-- 6,386 03 Goodrich, B F,, Co.........-- 18, 2564. 76 Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co... 222... --- Great Northern Ry. Co__.__-- 3,784 69 Gult Ol Corp... 222 eee oes Harnischfeger Corp._.-----2-- 3,576 72 Humble Oil & Reflpiug Co... 19,440 86 Ulinols Central R R. Co. ...- 2. eee Indianapolis Power & Light Coe ee ween eee Inland Steel Co__ 2222... 10, 800, 00 International Elevator Co ~~. 22. .------ International Harvester Co_-. ---------. Internatioual Hydro-Electric System__.---- ene eee eee -« International Latex Corp..... ~.----.--- International Nickel Co., Inc_. .-..-----. international Paper Co... ~------.- - International Telephone & Telegraph Co......-.0----. o---- ---- Jersey Central Power & Light Co.. ween ee ee wee aoe Johns-Manville 12, 748 33h Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp... ....... ~< Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp . oo enw ee ee ee nee ee coe een en - Kaiser-Frazer Corp....------ «-------- - Kaiser Industries, Inc_..-.--. -..-.-.-- - Kalser Stecl Corp._---..----. -..--..--- Kresge, 8. S_..-------------~ --------- - Liggett & Meyers Tobacco Co_. ~~~. -- - Lilly & Co. EM. 22 ee oe eee Lone Star Gas Co CO. na ene ene wee eee enc eee nnn ~ Middle West Corp._.....-..-. ...------ = Monongahela Power Co....--. 2-2 4--- - Monsanto Chemical Co...---. ..------- - Montana Power Co_.....-..-. --.------< Montgomery Ward Co_..-.--. ~..--~.--- Mountain States Power Co... ....--..-. 7 $61,209 58 expended by General Electric Co. for distribution of a questionnaire “How Would You Revise Our Labor Laws?” not in~ cluded in this total, The fact that the exe penditure had been made was announced in a “Schedule B” filed at the same time as the quarterly lobby report tn April 1049, but GE did not include the amount on the form as an expenditure stating: “The company does not believe that such publication comes within the purview of the Federal Regula- tton of Lobbying Act since no opinion was expressed and no position taken or advo- cated one way or the other on the question listed.” Name of corporation-——Continued Nash-Kelvinator Corp.....-.. ..----.--- National Dairy Products Corp. —....--... National Distillers Products Corp ..-~--.----- ee ne eee woe National Power & Light Co... ....--2.. National Steel Corp..-....--. oo... - New York Airbrake Co... ooo e le - New York Central R R. Co... 2 ee Niagara Hudson Power Corp... ....- wanee Norfolk & Western Ry. Co..... North American Co___-2222-. .22- nee nee Northern Pacific Ry. Co 2, 503. 99 Owens Nilinols Glass Co._2.--. 2 Pacific Gas & Electric Co 89, 912.22 Pennsylvania Electric Co... 222k Pennsylvania Power & Light CO. Lan eee een nnn ee eee ee Pennsylvania RoR. Co_...---. 98,471 82 Petrol Corp... en. e ee ee wu. 8,976 66 Philadelphia Electric Co. 2. eee Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co... 22 22. lle Potomac Electric Power Co... ..-. 0.2... Procter & Gamble Co... 2.2.2. 22 .- 8. Public Service Co. of Colorado. 2.222.222. Public Service Co. of Indiana, Inc -.. 2-0 eee eee eee - Public Service Co. of New Hampshire_.____-2-- ne ee ek - Public Service Corp. of New Jersey (Public Service Flec- tric & Gas Co) elle. ee ee eee Public Service Co. of OKla- 7, 389. 85 Public Service Electric & Gas CO 2. eee eee - Puget Sound Power & Light Co. ... Pullman, Inc... en. ee eee wee eee Radio Corp. of America...0... 222-2. 2a. Reading Co,, The... 02. Republic Steel Corp... 6,849. 00 Reynolds, R. J., Tohaueeo Co... 57,376 28 Schenley Distillers Corp__--- 168, 957, 23 Seagram & Sons, Inc_...-2.-. eeu. ee Sears, Roebuck Co..__. 5, 721. 84 Shell Oil Corp..-..--.-20 2. 2 Cele Singer Manufacturing Co..... 2.002. 8e Bocony-Vacuum O11 Co, Ine... 36, 020. 13 S8outhern Californin Edison Co, Ltd 22 e eee Wee teen Southern Pacific Co ._.-._.. 14, 669 O1 Southern Rallway Co ._.....- 122 78 Southwestern Gas & Electric [ O00 ne 12, 728. 98 Standard Oil Co. of California. 222220. Standard O11] Co, (Indiana)... 2, 000. 00 Standard Oil Co. (New Jersey). .-.-.-. 2 - Bun Oil Co... wk Bwift & Co._....- 2... Texas Co., The Texas Electric Service Co. .._ Union Carbide & Carbon Corp. Union Electric Co of Miasourt_ Union Pacific R, R Co.....-. “ United Gas Improvement Co.. United Stutes Gypsum Co... U ted States Rubber Co... 22222. 8- United States Steel Corp... 22 wk Utah Power & Light Co._-.... Virginia Electric & Power Co.. 2.22.22. Washington Water Power Co., Westinghouse Electric Corp Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. 18, 375. 67 Total....-....--.--.--- 776, 466.02 Source: “Expenditures by Corporations to Influence Legislation,” by House Lobbying Committee,
A1324 Totals reported in response to questionnaire Corpora- tons re- portingex-| Amount penditures Bubdivision (a)... 66 $227, 256 62 Bubdivision (b). 2. 7 346, 407 65 mM) Subdivision (¢). 2... eee 65 1 RIL, 4th a4 Subdivision (d).. : 31] 2,0 7 Subdivision (e).. . 125 | 2b, O41, 452 57 Bubdivision (f).. - 37 406, 787 27 Grand total...... 2.0 .[.-cee seen 32, 124, 835 38 The Bankers’ Observation of the Value of Soil Conservation District Work EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. E. E. COX OF GEORGIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr. COX. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Recorp, I include a speech made by MYr. E. F. Vick- ers on November 20, 1950, before the Georgia Association of Soil Conservation District Supervisors. Mr. Vickers is president of the Citizens Bank & Trust Co., of Bainbridge, Ga., and former presi- dent of the Georgia Bankers Associa- tion. The speech follows: They say that an honest confession is good for the soul. Most of the progress I have ever made has been forced upon me. I say that, not with pride, but with shame and regret, Three years ago I was elected vice presi- dent of the Georgia Bankers Association. That meant that at the next convention I would be elected president. Shortly there- after I was requested to attend a soll-con- servation district award meeting, make a speech on soil conservation, and deliver the awards. If I had been asked to make a speech on astronomy, or the fourth dimen- sion, or the mth degree, I would not have been any more at sea. There I was, running a bank with resources of $3,500,000, with half of my loans to farmers, and utterly ignorant of the fact that our country, our State, and our Nation are suffering untold damages from soil erosion, exhaustion, and depletion, and likewise ignorant of the fact that a remedy is at hand. Do not misunder- stand me—I do not think that my feeble efforts since that time have corrected the situation or made any great contribution toward its correction. I do say that I have become alive to the importance and tmpli- cations of the subject and am doing my best to make up for lost time. My subject is entitled “The Bankers’ Ob- servation of the Value of Soil Conservation District Work" I may have approached this subject from the wrong angle—I took it to mean that Iam to appraise the appreciation of the banking fraternity of the vatue of soil-conservation district work, and my remarks will be predi- cated accordingly. Before I conclude I hope that I shall con- vince myself and you that the average banker does have an appreciation of the value of soil-conservation district work, even though there ig much room for improve- ment. The first genuine broad public interest in the conservation of natural resources was stimulated by Theodore Roosevelt during his Presidency. Attention was given, how- ever, principally to plans for conserving min- eral, forest, and water resources, and no of- ficial attention was directed to the conser- vation of the soil until 1929. In that year the Department of Agriculture began setting up erosion-control experi- ment stations and an intensive study of soil erosion was commenced. In 1933, when the depression was adding to the farmer's dif- ficulties, the Soll Erosion Service was set up in the Department of the Interior, and it began operation of erosion-control demon- strations in problem areas. In 1936, this service was transferred by act of Congress to the Department of Agri- culture, and its name changed to Soil Con- servation Service. This Service is purely a technical agency, staffed by soil scientists, engineers, biologists, chemists, hydrologists, agronomists, and other specialists, whose services are available to other Federal, State, and local agencies, which are engaged in promoting the soll-conservation movement, Through its research, educational activities, and on-the-job cooperation it has provided the basic leadership for the whole move- ment. Today, under this national program, 48 Stutes, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Ha- wall, and Alaska have passed enabling acts for the establishment of sotl-conservation districts. Nearly 2,300 local districts are in operation embracing approximately 1,205,- 000,000 acres and 4,661,000 farms. Approxi- mately 240,000,000 acres of the farm land included in the local districts have been cov- ered by individual farm-conservation plans totaling approximately 873,000. A conserva- tion plan, based on the needs and capacities of the land, and the means of the farmer, has been made for each farm. The practices called tor by the plans have been put into effect on nearly 121,000,000 acres of this land, The soil-conservation law of Georgia is found in Georgia laws of 1937, pages 377 to 404, as amended Georgia laws 1945, pages 190 and 191, and Georgia laws 1949, pages 584 to 587. These laws deal largely with the crea- tion of the State committee, define its func- tions and powers, with the creation of the districts, and the appointment and election of supervisors Throughout it all is the feel- ing of utter democracy that inheres in all of it Now as to the banker's role in all this vast movement. The American Bankers Association, through its xgricultural commission, has given a great deal of time and study to soil conservation, and has prepared and dis- tributed a considerable amount of valuable literature on the subject to its members Its 1946 program for country banks, issued Jan- uary 7, 1946, lists soil conservation as item No. 1, and states, with respect thereto, that the support of soll conservation should be a Nation-wide effort of organized banking. The then chairman of this commission, C. W. Bailey, president, First National Bank, Clarksville, Tenn., is one of the earliest and most ardent supporters of conservation. As proof of the fact that he practices what he preaches, it can be said that his bank has pioneered in soil conservation loans, and is actively and aggressively encouraging farm- ers to adopt better farming practices. In this connection his bank distributed in Septem- ber 1945, to the farmers in the community a very fine 4-page pamphlet captioned, “Take Care of the Sotl—It Will Take Care of You,” which explains in simple language the need for soil conservation, the procedure to be fol- lowed by the farmer for having his farm sur- veyed, and the benefits of soil conservation, APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD The pamphlet also urges the farmer to dis- cuss with the bank any financing that might be needed in the program, and in this con- nection the following statement is included: “The men who manage this bank think that there is nothing more important in farming than building up the soils * * * and keeping them productive” It is interesting to reflect that Mr. Batley has served with distinction as president of the American Bankers Association and is now much in de- mand as a speaker on agricultural subjects, The agricultural commission of the Amer- ican Bankers Association has recently is- sued a booklet outlining the entire soil prob- lem from the point of view of what the bankers can, and should, do about it, and how they should proceed in fulfilling their obligations in this respect. This booket, en- titled: “What Bankers Can Do About Soil Conservation,” is highly recommended as a “must” in the files cf all banks. The contributions of two of the Federal Reserve banks to the soil conservation program have been outstanding, and the probabilities are that, as a result, the bankers in their respective districts have a much clearer realization of the importance of con- servation, and their responsibility in the program. These banks are the Federal Re- serve Banks of Cleveland and St. Louis. Both of these banks have on their staffs ag- ricultural economists who are intimately familiar with the soils and soil problems of thelr respective districts, and who devote their full time to the development of pro- giams to acquaint the bankers of the need for soll conservation and improvement. I would be doing my friends over at the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta a great in- Justice if I should not say that it, too, has for several years been an earnest advocate of soil conservation. It has two agricul- tural economists who are very capable and well informed nd are always available when they can be of service in the cause. Their Bankers Farm Bulletin, which is published monthly, constantly exerts in favor of soil conservation. Many State bankers associations have taken an active part in furthering the banker's participation in soll conservation As evi- dence of this is the fact that the Kentucky Bankers Association recently decided to spend $10,000 a year for three years to pro- mote good farming practices in Kentucky. Further, the New York State Bankers Asso- ciation has been very active in urging bank- ers to attend a special five-day course in agronomy and farm management designed especially for them, which is being offered by the Agricultural College of Cornell Uni- versity. Numerous other State bankers asso- ciations have also taken positive action on the subject. Clearing house associations in many com- munities are taking a realistic view of the problem, as is shown by the decision made in April 1945, by the St. Joseph, Mo., asso- ciation, to earmark for soll conservation loans $500,000 of its $7,500,000 postwar credit pool, There is no question that perhaps thou- sands of individual banks have management that is alert to the opportunities and obli- gations presented to the banks tn the soil conservation movement. We know in count- less communities scattered throughout the land, the banker ig among the leaders of, and very active in soll conservation work. A groat many banks have farm specialists on their staffs, and are therefore in a good posl- tion to embark on this comparatively new type of lending. However, the rverage coun- try banker has been accustomed to making the conventional type of farm loans, such as feed, seed, and crop loans, which are usually short term. He does, of course, make
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD some long-term mortgage loans, but these are generally on the best farms and to the best credit risks. Soll conservation loans will fall in between the conventional) short- term loan and the long-term mortgage loan, as they will generally require three to ten year maturities. They will also require a knowledge and understanding of the con- servation program of the farmer, and of the loan repayment possibilittes of the program. In other words, the country banker will have to acquire the know-how to make a type of loan he {s probably not famillar with. The great danger in this situation ts that too many bankers may feel tt is too much trouble and effort to take on these loans on the theory that some other lender will take care of the prospective borrower. The bank- ing profession should never permit this to happen, as the inevitable result will probably be the familiar cry that the banks are not doing their job. In this event the Govern- ment would probably fee! it must take over the soil conservation finuncing job, and pri- vate banking would receive another set-back. Therefore, in the final analysis, the job of the banker in the soll conservation program must be done by the individual banks For many of the statistics used, many of the thoughts expressed, and much of the language employed in the foregoing, I am indebted to a book, Svil Conservation and the Bankor, by George H Emde, of the Fed- eral Reserve Bank of Cleveland. To the au- thor of this book I express my apologies for any Uberties I took and my thanks for the pleasure I had in reading it. Frankly, I think that .he Georgia Bankers Association was among the first of the Btate associations to acquire un adequate appre- ciation of the importance of the whole mat- ter—the loss or exhaustion of suil and the importance of preventive measures. It start- ed its system of awards to soil conservation district cooperators in 1943 and since that time it has held 26 meetings and has given 2,007 awards to farmers who have made the necessary 90 points out of a possible 100 and have achieved some proficiency in each of the listed practices, During the last 2 years, under tho leader- ship of George Bazemore, as chairman of the agricultural committee, the Georgia Bankers Association has devoted more time, effort, and money to the encouragement of scil conservation than it has to any other subject. This has been done through and by working with the State committee, dis- tricts, Soil Conservation Service conserva tionists, technicluns, and county agents. And yet I fear that a great percentage, I would not say & majority, of individual bank- ers are not using the district and technicians to the extent that they could. Perhaps I should not head the list. But it is not the fault of the organizations, the supervisors, or the technicians, I have never found them too busy to talk to me or to go to any farm and help the farmer tf I could assure them they would be welcome. So it is refreshing to get a letter like this one, which I received from banker friend in a neighboring county: “"Ay observation is the banks and the farm- ers are missing @ good bet in not using the soil-conservation program more extensively, Some years ago we had a good farmer with a large family who was barely meeting his in- terest payments each year. All of his child- ren worked and often had to say out of scho.l to help with the farm. Much of his land was low and wet and his row crops fre- quently were drowned out. I called him in my office one day and had a long talk with him, the net result of which was he agreed to let me bring a soil-conservation man out there to study his problem. was our sol) conservationist at the time and he did an excellent job. The first thing he did was to back off from the proposi~ tion and call in help to get a proper analysis Oi the soil So many weeks passed that I thought the matter was going by default. “One day , Another soil man, and the farmer came in my office. They had a com- plete new file, new serial photographs of the farm, and a complete program outlined. I was amazed at the work and the careful at- tention which had been given to this man’s program Their recommendations boiled down to a change in the system of terracing and drainage, abandoning row crops on some of the land and substituting pastures and livestock It all looked good to me and I turned to the farmer and asked him if he was willing to try. He suid, ‘Mr. , lam desperate I'll do anything these men say that you approve.’ “I told them all right. I had stuck my neck out and would finance him and asked what the cost would be. They suid, ‘We don't want any loan. The man ts in debt. We don’t want him to get any deeper in debt. He may have to borrow 6125 for wire to construct one cross fence. Otherwise, we want him to do it on his own resources.’ “Last spring I stopped by this man’s home, He was sitting on his front porch. When I drove up he walked barefoot out to my car and crawled up in the front seat with me. He said, ‘I was just thinking about you a few minutes ago and my wife and I were talking about what a wonderful thing you did for us.’ “T explained to him that I had done noth- ing, that he himself had done tt with the help of the sot] conservation program I had merely directed him to the right parties. “This man has had the money for 2 years without borrowing. He is ahead of the pay- ments on his insurance mortgage on the land. His children are in school, they are well fed and well dressed and the whole fam- ily are happy This is a true story exactly as it happened, “Since that time I have steered other cus- tomers to the soll conservationists in our county. They have been most cooperative and they are doing a good work in County ” So you can see that the conservation movement and the State committee and dis- tricts and technicians are not without friends. Progress may be slow but I can assure you that bankers everywhere are be- coming more and more appreciative of your efforts. Time does not permit, nor do I need to talk to you about soll conservation. You are its apostles. But I wish indeed that some- body could speak with a voice as loud and impressive as the thunders that came down from Mount Sinai and say: Our tnstitu- tions are in danger—our homes, our busi- nesses, our schools, our banks-—--indeed every- thing. Our population is Increasing fast— our cultivatable land is decreasing, not as fust as it was, but fast nevertheless. Under the tmpetus of price supports we are work- ing our land for all its worth, and under our benevolent attitude toward other lands and peoples we are sending away the strength of our lands to foreign countries, whence it never returns. Can a crisis be long deferred? Not unless everybody-——not alone the banks— becomes interested in soil conservation. The absolute necessity, the “without which not,” of soil conservation ts the soll- conservation district. Through it work the State committee, the supervisors, and tech- nicians and without them the whole effort would lack system, form, and body. That, my friends, is the way one banker feels about the matter you assigned me. And I thank you sincerely for the honor you con- ferred on me—and the banking fraternity, in inviting me here. A1325 Ishpeming GI Tells of Low Troop Morale EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. CHARLES E. POTTER OF MICHIGAN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr. POTTER. Mr. Speaker, an army is as good as its morale. I have con- tended that revision of the policy cover- ing our reservists is of immediate im- portance. Under permission granted to extend my remarks, I wish to commend for your reading the following article which appeared in a recent issue of the Mining Journal, Marquette, Mich., which quotes a letter from one of our soldiers: IsHPEMING GI TELLS or Low Troop Moras IsHPEMING, March $—“I've never seen the morale of troops 80 low before.” So writes Pvt. Charles Cowpland in a Ietter to the Mining Journal from Pusan, Korea. The soldier, tormerly of Ishpem- ing, is the son of the late Mr. and Mrs. Elliott Cowplaud and the grandson of Mrs. C, C, Cowpland. His letter, sounding a heavily pessimistic tone, is based on a series of searching ques- tions. Reprinted in its entirety, the letter reads as follows: “Deak Bin: Myself and a few thousand other GI's would like to know the answers to several questions. The biggest question at the present is, Just why are we over here? The Army has tried to answer that for some time now, but I’ve yet to hear anyone say he's convinced we ought to be fighting. The Korean people certainly aren't glad to have us. I’ve aeen that with my own eyes. You'll notice I said the people, and not the politi- cians. After all, it is the people of this world whom we are trying to satisfy, even though the scales show otherwise. WHERE WILL IT END? “Another good question 1s where wil it all end, and to what advantage? Also, do the people back home realize how disgusted the reservists are at the quick shuffle they've got- ten? I’ve never seen the morale of troops so low before. “It just about all boils down to this: How is @ Man going to fight or give his all when he can't see anything worth while behind !t? No one has satisfied us yet, so think twice before you try.” QUESTION OF RESERVISTS “Another question which all reservists would like answered: When we eigned up after the last war we were led to belleve we wouldn't be called until a national emer- gency existed. Most of us were called betore the emergency was declared. To us it was kind of a low blow dealt from what we once called a democratic nation. It's rough to be lied to, by our own Government, at that, This may sound harsh, but it's not half as harsh as all of us feel. “Why is it that our PX (post exchange) shelves are bare when the black market thrives to such an extent that the streets are lined with shops selling American cigarettes, candy, toilet articles, stationery, and every item of GI clothing—not used (but) brand new? BRITISH IN AMERICAN GARB “Why is it that our engineer battalions have to drive trucks and equipment made in Japan, when the Koreans use United States equipment and tear tt up within a month?
A1326 “Why was it that the reservists, the ma- jority of whom were more than qualified, weren't held in (the) States to train draftees instead of being sent overseas? “Why is it that British soldiers, from the Nation which claims to have the best tailors in the world, are seen wearing GI field coats and carrying M-1 rifles as they stroll through the PX buying up our ‘scarce’ items? Why, too, are Korean police, civilians, and soldiers wearing our GI uniform? How is an Ameri- can goldlers supposed to respect his uniform when it’s being worn by everyone in the world? IMPOSING FDIFICES “Why is it that the British, Dutch, and other European legations are housed in im- posing edifices when that Nation that foots the bill for the whole show is in a dump by comparison? “You try to answer these questions. the expendable GI's, can't! “CHARLES C. COWPLAND.” Anyone who feels he can answer sume of Piivaie Cowpland’s cUestions can reach him by aJdressing the envelope to Pfc Churles Cowpland, ER 46044518, 378th Engr. Util. Det, APO £9, care Postmaster, Sun Fran- cisco, Calif. We, Operations in the Chosin Reservoir Area EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. JAMES T. PATTERSON OF CONNECTICUT IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr PATTERSON. Mr. €peaker, under leave to extend my remarks 1n the REc- orD, I include the following statement: OPERATIONS IN THE CHOSIN RESERVOIR AREA 1 Early in November the First Marine Di- vision launched a drive from Hamhiing to- ward the Chosin Reservoir The Seventh Marines, in the lead, advanced noith steadily and by aggressive and determined fighting finally decimated the One Hundred and Twenty-fouwth CCF Diviston in the vicinity of Chinhung-ni The advance continued to 4 point west of Yudam-ni, when, on Novem- ber 29, due to the deteriorating situation on the Eighth Army front and the appearance of several fresh Chinese divisions in tho Chosin Reservoir area, orders were received to withdraw toward Hamhung This with- drawal, which was concluded when the last elements of the division closed the Hamhung area on December 11 will become an epic in the annals of the Marine Corps. Seldom, if ever, have marines been forced to battle against comparable odds The enemy in overwhelming force wag on all sides, necessi- tuting determined attacks to the front to clear the way, resolute rear guard actions to keep the enemy from closing in, and flank protection to guard the trains and the wounded in the center of the column Step by step the division fought its way for a distunce of 35 miles, always against unre- mitting pressure from the enemy. First the Fifth and Seventh Marines, with attached units, fought thelr way out of Yudam-ni, over a 4,000-foot mountain pass and into Hagaru-ri. The losses were heavy but the column was strengthened by the garrison at Hagaru-ri, the Third Battalion, First Ma- rines, the Forty-first Royal Marine Com- mandos, and headquarters and service units. Then the column fought its way from Hagn- ru-rl to Koto-rl. Again losses were heavy but the column was strengthened by the ad- dition of the headquarters of the First Ma- rines, the Second Battalion, First Marines, and attached units then in garrison at Koto- ri. For the final drive from Koto-ri to the relative security of Chinhung-ni at the southern end of the tortuous mountain road below Koto-ri the entire division partici- pated. While the bulk of the division fought down the mountain, the First Battalion, First Marines, fought up the mountain to a juncture, thus peimitting the trains to de- scend the mountain with reasonable safety. Much of the road over which this withdrawal was conducted was tortuous, narrow, and snow- and ice-coated. Temperatures ranged from 8" to 20° Fahrenheit imposing extreme hardship on men and causing considerable difficulty with motor vehicles There were road blocks, blown bridges, and cratered roads. Yet in spite of determined enemy re- sistance, hazardous roads, and bitter weather the division emerged from its ordeal a fight- ing division and inflicted heavy casualties on the six enemy divisions encountered. All wounded were evacuated, there were no stragglers, and usable eyuipment was not de- stroyed except by enemy action, 2 The performance of officers and men in this operation was magnificent Rarely have all hands in a@ diviston participated so inti- mately in the combat phases of an opera- tion Every marine can be justly pioud of his participation. In Korea, Tokyo, and Washington, there is tull appreciation of the remarkable feat of the division With the knowledge of the determination, profes- sionul competence, he1oism, devotion to duty, and soll-saciifce displayed by officers and men of this division, my feeling is one of humble pride No diviston cominander has ever been privileged to command a finer body of men. Onivrr P Smita, Major General, USMC, Commanding General Fust Marine Division, Confusion’s Ultimate EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF HON. THOMAS G. ABERNETHY OF MISSISSIPPI IN TUE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr. ABERNETHY. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Appendix of the Recorp, I include an editorial from a recent edition of the Commercial Appeal, which 1s as follows: ConFusION's ULTIMATE There aro limits to everything, even con. fusion, Price Stabilizer DiSalle achieved the ulti- mate Saturday when he released the cotton trade from the handcuffs of his first price ceiling order of January 26 and replaced them with o strait-jJuckot aud leg irons. The chaotic conditions of the cotton trade, which has persisted tor five long weeks, thus has been made most confusing. Contrary to the claims of Mr. DiSalle and his propagandists, the cotton trade is not asking tor higher prices for cotton, even though it Js asking that no ceilings be Im- posed, It is fighting for its existence as a busi- ness and a marketing system, and has agreed to rigid and severe regulations to prevent any rise in prices if only the market is lett intact. The futures and the spot markets, as now constituted, are essential for the marketing of the cotton in an orderly manner. With- APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD out one, the other cannot function efficiently and effectively. If the buyer of cotton has no hedge in the futures market, he cannot afford to buy the farmer's cotton in the fall If the merchant cannot buy the cot- ton, the problem of holding the cotton until there is a market reverts to the farmer and his banker, neither of whom is fitted to carry the burden. The cotton trade—producers and mer- chants—have been fighting alone to pre- vent the end of their marketing system, while the public and other industries stand by with little show of interest in the out- come. They are carrying the fight to Con- gress in the hope that the decisions of Price Stabilizer DiSalle and his staff of entrenched bureaucrats can be reversed. They point out that the communistic tactic when it desires to take over an industry is to make rules whic; Aamper operation, then rules which stifle Lusiness. Then they say, “You have been unable to operate, so we must take over.” They point out that the British cotton industry was nationalized by the same plan and the same procedure. They know that if they are unable to function us a market the Government will use that as an excuse to take over the buying and selling of cotton. They know they can- not function under the price-control pro- gram outlined by Mr. DiSalle They know that they must win this battle or become the first major industry to be sociulized in America. They do not know which will be next, whether coal, railroads, tiansportation, including railroads and truck lines, textile mills, automobile factories, in- surance companies, or doctors But they are certain that if one industry is socialized, it will be easier to nationalize the second, and the third, This 1s not cotton's fight alone It ts a fight in which everyone has a stake and in which every believer in flee enterprise should join Why We Fight EXTENSION OF REMARKS fe} HON. CLIFF CLEVENGER OF OHIO IN TUE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr, CLEVENGER Mr. Speaker, un- der leave to extend my remarks in the Recorp, I include the following article by Hon, Bruce Barton, from the Wash- ington Sunday Star of March 11, 1951: Wry WE Icur (By Bruce Barton) 1 was interested in a news dispatch which read. “Officers representing the Secretary of Detense and the Armed Forces begun yes- terday a revamping of orfentation programs, to help service men and women understand why they are being usked to risk their lives in the detense of democracy" This comes atter a long series of dispatches reporting that GI’s in Korea do not understand why they are there. As 4 student of history and a patriotic American, I am impressed by the fact that the wars of our country divide sharply into two categories—those that every soldier un- derstood, and those that many, if not a ma- jority, did not understand. There was no need for an orientation in 1776. The embuttled farmers at Concord were fighting for their independence and for that they were willing tn die. With our Spanish-American War our per- plexities begun We just couldn’t quite
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD make up our national mind whether we were fighti:-g for the freedom of the Cubans and the Filipinos, or whether, as Senator Beveridge blurted out: “American factorics are making more than the American can use; American soil is producing more than hecan consume. Fate has written our policy for us; the trade of the world must be ours.” In World War I—the war to end all wars— we set up only a relatively small orien- tation establishment. In World War II, a host of “ortentationers” was required— press agents, broadcasters, lecturers, mimeo- graph operators, makers of documentary films. Now in world war IIt we must have un- counted hordes of explainers In the same week I read two statements by Lt. Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway, commander of the forces in Korea. The first, presum- ably the work of one of the orientation boys, Was & very exalted message to the troops: “The real issues are whether the power of Western civilization as God has permitted it to flower in our own beloved lands shall defy and defeat communism ” The second declamation came a few days later. God had been dropped from the ranks along with the high-flown talk: “Lt Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway said today that his 13-day-old offensive was aiming at Killing the most Communists ot the least cost, and had no geographical objective.” A long, long road we have traveled since 1775. From “We hold these truths to be self-evident * * * that all men are cre- ated equal,” all the way down to “killing the most Communists at the Icast cost.” —— ARES a Ceiling on Raw Cotton EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF HON. JOSEPH R. BRYSON OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr. BRYSON. Mr. Speaker, undcr Jeave to extend my remarks in the Recorp, I include the following state- ment made by me before the Senate Committee on Banking and Currency, Hon. Burnet R. Maysank, chairman, March 9, 1951: Mr. Chairman, it is always an honor and a pleasure to appear before your dis- tinguished comimttees, but especially am I honored today in thus addiessing my own senior Senator’s committee, Assuming that my colleagues and those present are not as familiar with Senator MayYsanK’s back- ground as we are, I would remind you that the Senator’s entire background is wrapped up in the growing, marketing. and process- ing of cotton In our State, the names “Maybank” and “cotton” are synonymous. There are few men in the country and none in the Senate, in my judgment, who know quite so much about cotton as does the chairman of this distinguished committee. You will pardon me for a bilef personal ref- erence to my own background when I tell you that I too might be thought of as a product of the cotton industry. I giew up with cotton and now have the privilege of speaking for more textiles than any other Congressman in the world. As evidence of the seriousness of the pro- posal to put ceilings on raw cotton, I quote below a series of telegrams which I have Just received and my reply thereto: “On behalf of membership we urge your support removal ceilings raw cotton and sup- port of industry plan adopted by Depart- ment of Agriculture for control raw cotton prices. “J. FP. MCLAvRIN, “President, Carolina Ginners Associa- tion,” — “Textile industry our State supports posi- tion of National Cotton Council on main- taining open market on cotton We hope you agree and will work in this direction. . “JoHN K. CAUTHEN, Executive Vice President, S C. Cot- ton Manufacturers Association.” —_— “Request you attend Maybank meeting to- motrow urge rescinding of cotton ceiling and adoption of industry plan endorsed by De- partment of Agriculture. “FRANK A. JONES, Jr, “Greenville, S. C.” “I strongly recommend that you join with Senator Maysank in presenting the united front in testifying to the unworkability of the recent ceilhi gs on raw cotton. I believe it to be imperative that Congress back up the Agriculture Department’s plan of stabilizing prices on cotton which would prevent run- away prices without resorting to price cell- ings. This program ts workable and would have the full endorsement of the farmer as well as cotton merchants resulting in har- mony which is so necessary at this time to get out the very large quantity of cotton in this growing year to supply our vital textile in- dustry. “Waren REGNERY, “Joanna Cotton Mills Co., Joanna, S.C.” “Senator MayBANx« has called meeting of congressional “watchdog” committee for to- morrow to hear United States Department of Agriculture present its view on cotton price ceiling controversy. Secietary Brannan’'s testimony will also represent cotton indus- try’s position. Since this whole matter of such paramount importance would appre- ciate your attending hearing and obtain de- tails of plan suggested by cotton people to stabilize cotton prices without resort to price ceilings. Regards. “Robert R. CoKER, “Hartsville, $C.” “Urge you protest ceiling on cotton at joint committee meeting on defense production to be held March 8 and suggest the adoption of the industry plan as indorsed by Department of Agriculture. “REMSON BAUGHRIGHT, “Vice President. “D W. ANDERSON, “Assistant Vice President. “J. Lake WILLIAMS, “Secretary, Alice Manufacturing Co.” My answer to the above telegrams was as follows: “Have vigorously protested cotton ceilings, Shall follow through. “Joszeru R. Bryson, “Mem er of Congress.” Of all the features of the many controls imposed during the last war, those relating to cotton and textiles worked most gsatis- factorily. It will be recalled that no effort was made to put ceilings on raw cotton then. The controls were placed upon the finished products Why past experiences were so sud- denly and completely disregarded and this new unworkable plan instituted 1s beyond my understanding. In law, we follow the rule of “stare decists’—stand by a decision. In thig instance, no effort is being made to stand by a decision which was workable. I do not know Price Director DiSalle, but I am informed that he has had no experience whatsoever in dealing with cotton in any A1327 of its phases. I fear that he has not cone ferred with those best qualified to advise him on this Intricate and involved subject. In this connection, I am reminded of a atory about some government agent who came into our fair country years ago for the purpose of ascertaining the cause of hookworm. After spending much time and money, this agent filed a report stating that the presence of hookworm in the South was attributable to the excesstve use of a drink peculiar to our country called cotton gin. This report stated that the natives went in for the manufacture of this drink on a large , scale for at the principal crossroads would be seen sizable plants bearing large signs readiag “Cotton gin.” The conclusion was reached that hookworms were caused by drinking “cotton gin.” This story Mustretes the fact that there are those who know very little about cotton. It 1s inconceivable that controls could be imposed on raw cotton since there are more than 400 different varieties and staples of cotton At best, controls are objectionable but right thinking people are reconciled to the fact that controls are necessary during emergencies such as the present. Uniess we approach this difficult problem in the right attitude, greater confusion than we have ever known will ensue. I respectfully urge that the present theory or plan of controls be reconsidered and that further study be given to the system used in the last war. Livestock Ceiling Prices EXTENSION OF REMARKS oF HON. CHARLES B. BROWNSON OF INDIANA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr. BROWNSON. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Con- GRESSIONAL REcoRD, I include the follow- ing statement adopted by the board of directors of the Indiana Farm Bureau, Inc., in regular session on March 8, 1951, on livestock ceiling prices: Indinna farmers have heavy investments now in abundant production, Latest na- tional figures indicate 6 percent Increase in spring pig crop, with 4,000,000 more hogs for slaughter expected this year compared with last year, Cattle in Nation's teed lots 5 percent more now than a4 year ago. This extra meat production, as encouraged by free-market price conditions, can prevent rationing, while a discouraging, risky con- trolied-market-price situation would climt- nate the emphasis on full meat production and thus hasten the day for meat rationing and resulting food subsidies. Indiana formers would far rather take the financial risks of livestock production in free rarket than gamble with a Govern- ment-controlled market price where supply and demand are shoved aside for govern- mental considerations and decisions that no one can anticipate in long-range livestock pinnning. Our livestockmen have now filled their feed lots with purchases from free markets and if the rules are changed, these farmers with heavy investmenta could be facing known losses by having to sell in a set, con- trolled market. As the swelling flood of in- creasing costs chokes off livestock production under conditions of price fixing, confusing meat rationing, and costly food subsidies will follow directly, as ample World War II evi- dence shows. Despicable black markets, waste of valuable animal byproducts, and
A1328 disruption of normal channels of trade also go ulong with Government fixing of livestock prices, World War II experience displays. In short, Indiana farmers are strongly op- posed to Government tampering or fixing of prices for live hogs and cattle or other farm animals. Price ceilings on livestock are tak- ing production down the wrong road and hazards the Nation's food supply and strength now when we are mobilizing our might for the defense of freedom. Hassil E. Schenck, Lebanon, President; Larry Brandon, Auburn, First Vice President; Mrs. Russell Cushman, Fortville, Second Vice President; Emil Bannwart, Michigan City; Elmer Kol- merten, Fort Wayne; Arthur E Arnott, Rensselaer; C. E. Moseley, Peru; J. Walter Thompson, Crawfordsville; Wayne Mann, Orleans; Ernest Free- man, Muncie; George Doup, Colum- bus; Lowell Taylor, Owensville, George W Eliiott, Rising Sun. Food-Price Spiral and Postal Employees EXTENSION OF REMARKS oF HON. LOUIS C. RABAUT OF MICHIGAN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr. RABAUT. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Rec- ord, I include a letter, as signed by Mr. Roy Stokes, president, und Mr. Joseph Stempnik, legislative chairman, Local No. 295, National Federation of Post Office Clerks, Detroit, Mich., and also a clipping from the Detroit Free Press of January 11, 1951, entitled: “Detroit Food-Price Spiral Continues Unabated.” Spiraling living costs, as they affect the post office employees, are a direct concern of this Congress and I willingly call it to the attention of my colleagues. There is proposed legislation pending jn Congress to increase the salaries of our faithful postal employees and it is hoped by many Members of Congress that early action will be taken. The letter and article follow: DETROIT FEDERATION OF Post OFFICE CLERKS, Detrow, Mich, Hon. Louis Rapaut, House Office Building, Washington, D C. Dear CONGRESSMAN RABAUT: Enclosed 18 a& clipping from the Detroit Free Press dated January 11 which clearly MUlustrates how the price of food has increased trom 10 to 15 percent over the prices shown jor the same commodities as of last June The cost of living index as published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics has risen to new heights making the sularies of post office clerks and Federal employees totally inadequate to maintain a respectable standard of living. Private industry and local and State gov- ernments have granted wage increases in the past few months to their employees to offset the excessive rise in the cost of living, while Government employees must await favorable Salary legislation by the Eighty-second Con- gress. The postal deficit, the size of the national budget for the 1962 fiscal year nor a price and wage freeze law should be used by Con- gress to deny Government employees equi- table salary legislation. The postal deficit is not due to Inefficiency On the part of the pustal employees, but due to the high cost of operation, large subsi- dies paid to the transporters of the mails plus congressional reluctance to increase outmoded postal rates. The $71,000,C00,000 national budget for fis- cal year 1952 is due to heavy military ex- penditures while allowing only a small in- crease over the amount granted in the fiscal yeur 1951 budget for nondefense ltems Wage-freeze laws in the past have always provided exceptions to cover wage contracts being negotiated at the time the wage-freeze law went into effect, also permitted annual automatic raises and allowed wage increases after prior approval of a wage board or desig- nated agency. 8 355 and H. R 244, H.R. 340, H R. 487, H.R. 452, and H. R 1546 have been intro- duced by either the chairman or members of the Post Office and Civil Sei vice Committec in order to alleviate the economic distress of Federal and postal employees caused by their low wages and the high cost of living The membership of Local No. 295, Na- tional Federation of Post Office Clerks, ap- peals to you to urge the chairman and mcem- bers of the Post Office and Civil Service Com- mittee to schedule early hearings on reme- dial salary legislation. We thank you for your past interest in the welfare of all Government employees. Respectfully yours, Roy Sroxss, President, Local No. 295, NFPOC, Detroit, Mich. JOSEPH STEMPNIK, Legislative Chairman, Local No, 295, NFPOC, Detroit, Mich, [From the Detroit Free Press of January 11, 1951] Derroir Foop-Price Spat CONTINUES UNABATED (By John Griffith) Detroit food prices continued their steady advance Wednesday except in pork where prices were steady to slightly lower. A spokesman for a major independent supermarket chain said: ‘Prices are going up every day; they are not firm in anything. Nothing is stable” Meantime, Windsor food prices also edged higher but on @ lesser scale Canadian price increases were smaller and there ‘vere numerous reductions from 6 months ago. Detroit meat prices Wednesday generally averaged about 10 to 15 percent higher than in June, a survey revealed In that time, the cost of living index has risen 54 points to 175.6 Detroit dairies, meanwhile, announced that the price ot home-dellvered milk would be ralsed to 217. cents a quart within a tew days, the second tncrease in 30 days. Alex Bell, Detroit retailer, and spokesman for the Associated Food Merchants of Greater Detroit, listed prices in effect Wednesday for top grades of meat Round steuk was 88 cents to $1.05; porter- house, 115 to 61 20; rib roast, 90 cents; pot roast, 75 cents; pork chops, 80 cents; ham- burger, 65 cents, and lunch meat 7 percent above 6 months ago. Al that time, he said, round steuk was 90 cents; porterho'tse, 98 cents; rib roast, 80 cents; pot roast, 65 cents; pork chops, 85 cents (the ouly price drop); and hamburger, 55 cents. In dry groceries, a 5-pound bag of flour was 49 cents to 61 cents, due to a recent 2- cent increase. Tomatoes were two cans for 35 cents in contrast to 6 months ago when the charge was two cans for 27 cents Powdered soaps, 32 cents a box, against 25 cents; shortening, 3 pounds $1.07 now and 91 cents in June; coffee, 89 cents and 77 cents 6 months ago. Peaches now 47 cents a can againct 86 cents; sliced pineapple, 39 and 35 cents. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD The supermarket spokesman, who supplied the zrocery figures, outlined some of the reasons for food cost increases. “There is « general tendency on the part of manufacturers to edge prices upward, sometimes only 15 cents a case,” he sald. “Retailers can absorb only so many of these boosts and then we must pass them along to the customer. “Cost of paper bags and butcher paper have gone out of sight,” he sald. “Containers of all kinds, cardboard, glass and tin cans are all more expensive.” In Windsor, meanwhile meat prices were as much as 33 percent lower for similar meat cuts and grades than in Detroit butcher shops. Ralph Polsky, operator of an independent supermarket at East Chatham and Mac- dougall, quoted the following prices: Round steak, 75 cents; porterhouse, 85 cents; rib roast, boned and rolled, 72 cents, pork chops, 69 cents; hamburger, 57 cents; pot roast, 63 cents, leg of veal, 59 cents; sliced bacon, 56 cents; and smoked hams, 59 cents. Polsky, who said his prices were representa- tive of Windsor supermarket operation, said his prices in June were: Round steak, 77 cents; porterhouse, 79 cents; rib roast, 59 cents; pork chops, 57 cents; hamburger, 39 cents; pot ronst, 54 cents; leg of veal, 51 cents; sliced bacon, 55 cents, and smoked hams, 59 cents. His vegetable prices were higher, however, than those in Detroit, h? said. Canned to- matoes were quoted two of the 34-ounce cans for 33 cents, against two cans for 36 cents in June Milk sold generally in Windsor at 20 cents for the large Canadian quart, five of which would make six American quarts. This was 1 cent higher than in June Bread was 17 cents, coffee $105, lunch meats were 49 and 59 cents, while canned milk was sold at two tor 29 cen! Letter of Protest EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. HAROLD A. PATTEN OF ARIZONA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 8, 1951 Mr. PATTEN. Mr. Speaker, follow- ing is a letter written by Mr. Wilham R. Mathews, editor and publisher of the Arizona Daily Star, which was sent to Life magazine in answer to that maga- zine’s editorial on January 15 entitled “This Way to Suicide’: JANUARY 20, 1951, The Epitors, Lire, New York City. GENTLEMEN Becuuse it calls exactly for the fatal step that will destroy our free so- ciety, and reduce the world to chaos where communism can thrive, I rise to protest your editorial of this week, “This Way to Suicide.” When you denounce the President and Mr Acheson for believing in the possible co- existence of communism and Americanism; when, in addition, you demand the destruc- tion of “Soviet communism,” its ambitions and sources of power, you make mandatory that the people of the United States mobil- ize forthwith and wage a total war for com- pletely unlimited objectives. You confi- dently assume that such a victory is possible and that, although such a gigantic war will destroy much of Europe, once it is won there will be brighter possibilities of peace.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD May I suggest *hat you read your history? Never in all history has any one idea, nor any one government, ruled all the world. Every time any nation has tried to do it, failure has resulted. Imperial Rome was not ablo to destroy Christianity Neither could Charlemagne, with his Holy Roman Empire, impose it on all the world Mohammedan-~ ism spread like a prairie fire until it was stopped by brave Christians, but Christians could not destroy Mohammedanism = It still exists. That communism is a similar his- toric force would be foolish to deny Conflicting great powers, espousing con- flicting ideals, have lived in this world in coexistence since the beginning of time. That they have fought cach other is a mat- ter of record, but the records also show that when one has tried to destroy the other, they have usually exhausted exch other to such an extent that the basic vitality of both has been sapped Communism will not be destroyed by de- stroying the present regime in the Soviet Union. What will take its place will be a Russian regime, most of whose personalities know nothing but communism What will follow will be a typically Russian autocratic, brutal, restless regime. To assume that the vitality of ths Com- munist idea will disappear amid the ruins of Western Europe. I believe is whsolutely un- warranted To the contrary, the total ex- huustion of Western Europe would crente the very revolutionary situation where organized Communists could seize power. Certainly it will mean the end of democracy. You are calling for more political capacity than exists in America or anywhere in the world To assume that here in the United States, after fighting such a war, with its subsequent period of disillusion which is sure to follow, we shall have a democracy, is, in my opinion, a specious assumption, In the circumstances that exist today I would call attention to the very quotation trom President Trumun and Secretary Ache- s0n which you criticize: “If we build our strength—and we are building 1t—the Soviet rulers may face the facts and lay aside their plans to take over the world. That is what we hope will hap- pen, and that is what we are trying to bring about ” That is the only realistic road to peace, and represents the basis of a wise policy. Whether we like it or not, America and or- ganized communism are going to coexist for many decades, if not generations, to come. During those decades, there {s bound to be conflict, just as there has always been conflict between opposing political interests, Surely, after the experience of two World Wars, in which we futilely sought to win unlimited and impossible objectives, our fu- ture policy should be to keep our objectives Umited and within our political capacities to support. At this time In our history we ought to be maturing to the point where we sec wars ns a social disease which can never be eliminated, but which can be reduced in their virulence and destruction. The same criticism I am writing to you I have already written editorially numerous times when President Truman, for instance, in his speech dedicating the Untted Nations building in New York, said in substance that thore can be no peace until our (note that word) ideals of freedom prevail everywhere. Note the unlimted scope of the word “every- where” That is an unlimited objective. On the other hand, the statement made by President Truman and Secretary Acheson and quoted by you above, confines our ob- jectives to historical realities and within our capacity to support. No editor in the United States has fought communism longer and more persistently than I have. I can produce a written record to show the warnings I sounded about our dealings with Soviet Russia in the last war. XCVII—App.——-84 What I write comes from a great deal of experience at home and abroad and from the reading of history. If this country should by chance shout itself into the total war that you and Gov- ernor Dewey call for, I have made up my mind what I am going to do. I am going to do my best to organize a rebellion against it. No plea tor unity is going to silence me into meekly submitting to fighting o third world war for the unlimited objectives you proclaim, but which history shows no nation has ever won Respectfully, WILLIAM R. MATHEWS, Editor and Publisher, the Arizona Datly Star. oaeeanneneneeeennenmenenemmnal Interoceanic Canals Commission Is Required EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. THOMAS E. MARTIN OF IOWA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr. MARTIN of Iov'a. Mr. Speaker, for many years I have studied the ques- tion of transisthmian canals with par- ticular reference to the problems of na- tional defense, including the atomic bomb. The Recorp is replete with au- thoritative information on these sub- jects by distinguished Members of Con- gress. The situation presented by this vital issue clearly calls for the creation of a broadly based and independent inter- oceanic canals commission composed of the best qualified men available under congressional authorization. This idea was evidently contemplated by Chair- man E. J, Hart of the House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries in the report on the activities of his com- mittee during the Eighty-first Con- gress—House Report No. 3246, Eighty- first Congress. An editorial supporting this proposal was published in Marine Progress of February 1951. It emphasizes the need for any such commission to be broadly based und to include representation from the maritime agencies which use the canal. The entire cditorial is quoted: PANAMA CANAL COMMISSION In a review of the work done by the House Committee on the Merchant Marine and Fisheries there is a report on the findings and recommendations of the subcommittee delegated to make a study of the trans- isthmian canal route question that has de- manded the attention of the Congress for some time. Representative Epwarp J, Hart, chairman of the committee, has suggested that a study of the transisthminan canal question be made by qualified engineers so that a good canal can be had, either through the modernization of the present waterway or the construction of a new canal at this or some other site. Congressman Hart’s suggestions has con- siderable merit but it is obviously necessary that any commission appointed to study this problem must have on it representatives from the Armed Services, from the Canal Zone Government and most particularly from the maritime industry which will not A1329 only use the canal but will also pay the greater part, of its cost, To restrict the com- mission to engin -ers will result only in an engineer's waterway, one that may be per- fect from a technical standpoint but may not be suitable tor the practical operation of large and fast vessels. Let the users of the canal outline in detall what they want, let the Armed Services show what must be had from their standpoint and then let the engineers build the waterway to meet these requirements. In that manner wa shall be getting the best canal possible. Wrong Approach to Cotton Ceiling EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. JOHN J. RILEY OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1981 Mr. RILEY. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Recorp, I include the following editorial from the March issue of the South Carolina Farmer with reference to the wrong ap- proach in placing ceilings on cotton and cotton products: To the average man who grows cotton, the action of Price Administrator DiSalle in clamping a ceiling on raw cotton just doesn't make sense. Senator MAYBANK expressed the thoughts of several million southern people when he dubbed DiSalle's action as “non- sense-—just another bureaucratic order.” For every action, particularly for one of so great importance, there must be a reason, The public mind is confused ag to Mr. Di- Salle’s real reason for taking this action. Obviously, it 1s not in the public interest, it will not do the thing that Mr. DiSalle says that he intends it to do—work In the in- terest of the consumer to protect him against higher prices in clothes and cotton goods, Any third grade school child of average in- telligence would be quick to realize that only cellings on cotton textiles would serve to protect consumers against higher prices During World War II, ceilings on textiles with a free market operating underneath proved fuirly effective Why does Mr. Di- Salle evade the use of this method and insist upon trying something new that everyone who knows anything about the cotton in- dustry knows will not work? Could it be that the huge profits being made in the textile industry have made the owners of this industry silent partners 10 Mr DiSualle’s action in order to protect the wide spread now existing between the price that the farmer is paid tor his cotton and the price that the consumer pays for textile products? Or could it be that the forces of organized Inabor, in the hands of its selfish leaders, are hehind this movement to pro- tect this wide spread in order that plenty of leeway be provided for justification of de- mands for tncrensed wages. Almost 100 years ago Abraham Lincoln said, “public opinion is everything. With it nothing can fail; and, without it, nothing can succeed.” In this case public opinion doos not support DiSalle’s action. The pub- lic mind is confused. There {s no clear pic- ture of the need for or any sound reasoning behind this action. While “big industry” and “big labor” argue as to who is in charge of our Government, neither accuse agriculture of being !n charge. Forty-five and seventy-six one-hundredths cents per pound as a ceiling would not be too bad if that were actually what the aver- age farmer could expect a8 an average price
A1330 for his 1951 cotton crop. During the fall months when farmers must dispose of their cotton, mills will be prone to buy sparingly because, under this celling on raw cotton, they would be protected against any advance in price. They would be sensible in waiting for a lower price This depresses the market. Most of the 1951 crop must walt to find a ready market. This means that the farmer who produces cottun must take enough less than 4576 cents per pound basis middling 16/16 to fully compensate those who buy and store this cotton for the expense of handling and storing and paying interest So the prospect is for an average price to our South Curolinn farmers for 195] cotton of something considerably below 45.76 cents per pound and perhaps much nearer to the prospective 90 percent of parity support price level of a little more than 30 cents. Experience has taught us (taught cotton buyers particularly) that farmers will not refuse to sell cotton at any price above the support-price level This support price cot- ton loan would afford farmers an opportunity to obtain 90 percent of its partty value and then store and hold and sell this cotton later; but experionce has tuught buyers of cotton not to fear this action, since farmers will not take advantage of it. If farmers would use this means of withholding the 1951 crop from the market, the lid would blow off soon. The net result of the whole thing as It applies to cotton is this—furmers must again enter into the production of an unusually high-cost crop, with labor scarce, wages higher, fertilizer more costly, insecticides higher tn price and short in prospect, and faced with a ceiling price but no real floor price A big crop, boll-weevil damage, storm damage during harvest time, late picking due ts Inbor shortage, drought, wet weather— anything can put a farmer’s average price far below coiling or parity prices; but it takes good management, good luck, good weather, good machinery, good labor, and the good graces of the Almighty for him to come out anywhere near the point in profit that the pencil] pushers and experts tell the public thot he has made This ceiling price on raw cotton will have little direct effect on the farmer's pocket- book until another crop is mnude. It will have only served to further confuse and discourage him — destroy his confidence in those charged with controlling his price destiny. Since the 1950 Defense Production Act authority for this kind of controlled economy expires next June 30, Congress will have an opportunity to take another lodk prior to extending authority for continuing this confusion Senator Mayspank, chairman of the Joint Senate-House “watchdog com- mittee,” seems in a mood to take a good look. Congress has conferred upon the President certain powers under the Defense Produc- tion Act of 1950 The President has in turn couferred upon Mr. DiSalle certain powers and responaibilities for doing a job of price control. Mr, DiSalle is besteged from every direction with suggestions and advice and Gemands that are conflicting. Perhaps he is doiug his dead-level best under the circumstances Having been a successful politician as mayor of Toledo ts no qualification for being @ successful price administrator. Complete lack of Knowledge of the production, market- ing, and processing of cotton perhaps made Mr. DiSalle easy to mislead in judging his duty with respect to ceilings on raw cotton. He has at least one good quality—that of de- termined action, whether right or wrong. Sooner or later Mr. DiSalle will find out that he has made a mistake if he were sincere in trying to act In the public interest and not in the interest of some special group closely allied with the political kingdom of which he is a part. In the meantime, ceilings on raw cotton, radio and newspaper publicity on mink coats and bribes, and shady political maneuverings are undermining public confidence in the in- tegrity and ability and sincerity of many of those in high places in our Government, This Nation has more than once demon- strated its willingness and ability to gear into a war economy and to produce and win. The only thing that will eventually make this impossible of attainment again 1s the destruction of public confidence because of the failure of our leadership. Our love of freedom demands action for the defense elfort. That same love of freedom demands action against Government regimentation and a tax-and-spend policy if 1t be only under the guise of emergency. Maybe Mr. DiSalle will soon become wise enough to substitute common sense for po- litical sense. Let us hope that the present state of confusion does not last long enough to destroy public confidence and to wreck our national economy. Although there is not much in the picture at present upon which to base any great degree of hope, we should produce all the cotton that we can this year without disrupting our individual balanced farm program tn the hope that Congress will act, or that Mr. DiSalle will be ft rced to act, to correct this evil situation before our crop is ready to market. Equal Rights EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. H. R. GROSS OF IOWA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I call atten- tion to the following article which was printed in the Shell Rock (Iowa) News: EQuaL RIGHTS FOR MEN AND WOMEN IN THE STATES (By Florence A. Armstrong, Ph. D.) Several of our States have taken quite an enlightened and realistic position in respect to their women citizens. They have—some of them—even put equal rights for men and women into their State constitutions; some have demanded, through their State legisiatures, that Congress approve the equal rights amendment and pass it on to the States so the people may have a chance to pass on it in their State legislatures. They merit much praise. The Wisconsin Legislature, in 1921 almost immediately after the ratification of the suffrage amendment to the Federal Consti- tution, wisely passed a law giving to women the same rights and privileges under the Jaw as men in the exercise of suffrage, free- dom of contract, choice of residence for vot- ing purposes, jury service, holding office, holding and conveying property, care and custody of children, and in all other re- aspects, (Section 6,015 of Wisconsin Stat- utes). If the same thing had happened on & national scale, the country would have benefited immeasurably. Besides Wisconsin, three other States have equal constitutional rights for men and women: Missouri, New Jersey, and Wyoming {the Equality State). Since some opponents of the equality principle for women and men almost shriek their alarm at the idea of the havoc it would cause, they should notice how these States move along smoothly enough. New Jersey, for example, took care of the minimum wage law (that bugaboo of labor APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD and welfare workers) by simply amending it to delete the existing definitions of women and minors and substituting the term “any person” for the words “a woman or minor” throughout, thus extending coverage to all workers (N. J. A. 166, 1950). “ould not any of the so-called “protective” (restrictive) laws be so handled after the equal-rights amendment passes? If existing laws of that type are undesirable, as some are, they could just be dropped, not extended to men also. On the Pucific coast, California, and on the Atlantic coast, New York, and some States in between, have engrossed resolutions to the Congress calling on the Members of both Houses to respond to the demand of American women, for equal rights in the laws of the Republic, by approving the equal- rights amendment and sending it to the States for consideration and final ratifica- tion. Other States will doubtles pass such resolutions this year. Many people do not realize how much the States want to treat their women more justly than they have been treated under the old English common law, which gave women very low status, Over the years, some States have removed some of their most flagrant discriminations, in response to the efforts of orgunized women's groups. I have been told that the National Woman's Party and the National League of Women Voters were each able to get about 150 discriminatory laws removed soon after the suffrage amendment was passed. After those 300 or so were taken care of, many hundreds more remained Yeur by year, some progress has been made but new discriminatory laws have been added too. So the most courageous and construc- tive of the women leaders, and women’s groups have turned to another Federal amendment as the only practicable instru- ment of doing the whole job. The National Woman's Party introduced the Lucretin Mott amendment, popularly known as the equal rights amendment, in 1923. It reads: “Equality of rights under the law shall not be dented or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex, “The Congress and the several States shall have power, within their respective jurisdic- tions, to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. “This amendment is supported by effect 1 year after the date of ratification.” This amendment is supported by more than 30 national groups and by innumerable individuals, men and women, in the States. I am asked very frequently what specific discriminations would be removed by the equal rights amendment. People want to know specific cases. I have myself seen seven types of discriminations which seem most hurmful to women. No doubt each woman would make a somewhat different list. My list includes: (1) Restrictions on hours and pay in gainful employment (12 States have passed laws requiring equal pay, These are very complicated). (2) Restric- tions on Ownership of property, These ald unjust laws cause untold hardship and agony to women, most of whom know nothing about property laws before they marry. Such laws can oasily be studied. The Wom- en's Bureau of the United States Depa: tment of Labor, Washington 25, D. C., publishes a pamphlet (1948) on the laws of each State which may be bought for 6 cents from the United States Government Printing Office. No woman should be without such data. In fact, until our laws become more workable for women, through the equal rights amena- ment no study could be more interesting and valuable for women than the Jaws af- fecting their lives in every sphere. (3) Re- strictions on guardianship of minor chil- dren. The worst laws give all rights to the husband, even to disposal of children un- born, without the consent of the mother. (4) Occupational restrictions based on sex and not on competence are particularly
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD harmful and cruel nowadays when more and more millions of women are employed (5) Restrictions on the right of women to sue result in bad situations, as in cases where a husband can sue his wife if she assaults him, but the wife cannot sue the husband i" he assaults her. Virginia and several other States still have these restrictions. (6) Re-~ strictions on the right to ownership and con- trol of her own earnings after marriage may wreck ® woman's life, as in New York, ete. Some States like Iowa have modified the old common law (which treats women as chat- tels) and provide for her the right to her separate earnings (code, sec 597 16) Lastly, (7) outmoded laws, originally discrimina- tory, have become worse, with time, even ridiculous An example of such is the old Iowa law (sec. 6276, subsec 22). In seizure of property for debt, the hus- band may keep the tools of his trade, but the woman may keep only one sewing ma- chine and $50 worth of poultry No one should be sad to have such laws—and many outmoded ones remain--made equally suit- able and just for men and women alike The picture is bright for equality in 1e- spect to jury service in the States After extensive effort on the part of organized women 40 States and 2 Territories now pro- vide for women to serve on Juries The lat- est addition to the list is Virginia, im 1950. Stil] lacking it are Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, and West Virginia, ‘The varlous laws vary considerably as to requirements, apph- cations, and exemptions The Federal cqual rights amendment would probably improve this situation without changing Jt much, except to extend it to all citizens, I went over to Congress on Febiuary 2 to hear Representative KATHARINE ST (+FORGE (Republican, New York) make i fine speech on the equal rights amendment (H J Res. 52) and introduce the 103 names of Mem- bers of the House who are sponsoring this nonpartisan measure. She called for straightforward action’ “Let us stop hy- pocrisy in this amendment o1 else drop it from our national platforms and tell the world that the women of the United States preter special privileges for the few rather than equality for all” On February 6 I heard Senator Herpenr O'Conor (Nemocrat, Maryland) in the Senate Chamber introduce the names ol 27 Senators who are sponsoring the equal-rights amend- ment. He made a brief speech in support of his hill, Senate Joint Resolution 3. He spoke frankly to his colleagues, referring to its be- ing ‘‘a late day to have decided the simple and single issue of whether such a great propore tion of our population should be guaranteed similar rights and privileges as are enjoyed by the remaining citizenry. Especially at this period of conflicting tdeologies should It be declared in unmistakable terms that Ameui- can citizens of both sexes are accorded equal rights. Those who espouse foreign ideologies point critically to the fact that women are denied certain privileges in the United States while members of their sex are entitled to every right guaranteed to men under foreign flugs We should tolerate no such conditions which is seized upon by our enemies to decry our institutions ” Ie then pointed out the singular fact that though this amendment had been hefore Congress since 1923 tt has never received an unitvorable report, yet has never achieved approval by both Houses. Senator O’Conor tossed us a lovely bou- quet in referring to the need for the peculiar talents and abilities which the women of America can bring to bear upon today’s prob- lems “In my own State of Muryland,” he said, “during the 8 years in which I was priv- fleged to occupy the Governor’s chair, we found it desirable, and in many cases I might even say necessary, to call upon outstanding women of the State for assistance In mat- ters of government. We can no longer tol- erate discrimination against American women either in the Nation as a whole or in the several States, The equal-rights amendment is the instrument by which this discrimination can be eradicated ” These words sound very good to women in every State who are trying to measure up to the demands put upon them without the rights that ought to go with their responsi- bilities, The IV-—F Scandal EXTENSION OF REMARKS to} HON. PAUL W. SHAFER OF MICHIGAN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr SHAFER Mr. Speaker, despite the insistence of the military that we must draft 18-year-olds, the obviously unsound draft standards have not been corrected. The military still rejects many men capable of serving in the Armed Forces Under permission to ex- tend my remarks, I include an article entitled “The IV-F Scandal,” by Milton Lehman, appearing in the March 1951 Cosmopohtan: Today, in the midst of the Nation’s great- est peril, the Armed Forces are rejecting usable men ata hideous rate As a result of arbitrary physical and mental standards, hundreds of thousands of potential soldiers, sailors, and alrmen are turned away. Deler- ments und exemptions are granted to pres- sure groups who declare that Uncle Sam needs you, but not them = We aro still Hsten- ing to the voice of smuguess and com- placency in the name of democracy—when our democracy itself is threatened After World War II, the Nation was shocked to discover that in the raising of an armed force of 14,000,000 men, more than 6,000,000 men had heen rejected as IV-F's Every city and town across the country watched the IV-F'’s come home, having been turned down by the military's induction centers. Vastly ularmed, ministers, journal- ists, and clubwomen declared that Anierica must be a Nation of physical and mental weaklings There would have been cause for alarm if the Armed Forces’ standards had been reasonable But the cause tor the huge military rejections during World War II was the military's lofty standards, which created an Army of discarded IV-F’s greater than the Armed Forces that served us in Europe. Among these IV-F's were highly usable troops The motion that we were weak in potential military manpower was the mili- tary'’s own delusion, This bleak view of Ametica’s manpower ts even more alarming today than it was in 1941, Despite the present emergency and the brave plans to expand the services to a standing force of 93,000,000, 4,000,000, or possibly 5,000,000 men, the Armed Forces sare now screening Americans us if they were consid- ering applicunts for King Arthur's Round Table. By force of habit, they are still as- suming that the model soldier, sailor, air- man, or marine must have both the physical stamina of an tnfantryman, who is some- times obliged to march 20 miles with a full field pack, and the mental agility of a judge advocate general Unless they abandon this medieval, encrusted attitude, we shall be ill- prepared indeed. Considering the Armed Forces’ standards of what makes a rookie, as well as congres- sionally approved laws on deferments and A1331 exemptions, Maj. Gen Lewis B. Hershey, di- rector of the Selective Service System, re- cently observed: “I don’t believe that out «? 160,000,000 peovie in the Nation today, there are 6,000,000 who could pass present-day standards for induction into the armed services. Obviously we can't fight a war with such standards ” All of us, especially the military services, have a great deal of malarkey to get out of our systems—particularly if we are faced by a monolthic Russia with no Pollyanna in its nature At this writing, less than 25 percent of men in the draft-age group—19 to 26—can actually get Into the armed services While this age group provides a manpower pool of 8,000,000, the pool is quickly drained by deferments and exemptions. For instance, 3,000,000 veterans are exempted by law. An- other 1,150,000 men with dependents are exempted from the draft. Another 170,000, largely farmers, are deferred for occupational reasons, The pool is further reduced at the insistence of college presidents, who feel this 1h no time to wreck their freshman classes, and by men with clippling mental and phys- ical defects whom the draft boards never send to the induction station in the first place Unless draft standards are drastically changed, we shall never produce a 3,500,000- mun force, let alone the more ambitious 6,000,000-man armed service. Of our original 8,000,000-man pool, selective service is able to offer about 3,000,000 men to Armed Forces induction stations. From this decreased res- ervolr, the Armed Forces between last July and October turned awey 40 percent. These final rejections were based upon the Armed Forces’ physical standards, and its remark- able mental qualification test. Because the Army alone is now dependent on selective service, it has borne the brunt of the pro- tests against unreasonably high standards, Compared to what the Air Force, Navy, and Marines are doing, the Army has a case, which we shall examine later The three sister services are turning down volunteers at an even more shocking rate than the Army rejects selectees, Since the end of the Inst war, the services all handled budget cuts by raising their standards, and thus reducing their numbers They tntroduced « contro. versial mental examination, which has been responsible for the rejection of almost hulf the selectees, and they raised their physical standards above the requirements of World War II In the present emergency, however, the services must drop their suldier-as-usual concept as fast us the Nation must give up its business-as-usual fantaey But today, unless the Armed Forces are ordered to open their doors, they will con- tinue to screen usable Americans into the IV-F junk pile Consider this colloquy be- tween Congressman Cart VINSON, the acidu- Jous chairman of the House Armed Services Committee, and Maj. Gen Clovis Byerg, an officer in the Army's Personnel Division: “Representative Vinson What you want ts men; what you want ts soldters, isn't 10? “Major General Byrrs. No, sir. “Representative Vinson Allright, what do you want anyway, Ph D's? “Major General Byars I want a force—a leaven to put into the mass of Americans when any emergency comes-—that is capable of expansion effectively into combat units. “Representative Vinson (considering that rejoinder). I doubt whether Alvin York would have passed your test. * * ® No, sir, you've got those standards too high, General, This country js disturbed when so many men are sent buck home becauee you keep on saying, ‘Why, you just don't 1 the bill.” Under pressure, the Armed Furces are now moditying their postwar entrance require- ments in order to permit the acceptance of more men Simply loosening the reing a bit or accepting 18-ycar-olds won't du the jon
A1332 if war comes. What is required is the total uprooting of the military’s hidebound con~- cept of suitable manpower. The basic no- tion of the all-around, Class-A fighting man is purest nonsense. Any veteran of World War II can teil you that there is a vast differ- ence between the duties of the cumbat sol- dier and the rear-line soldier, and he will also point out that the rear-line soldier ts greatly in the majority. While the 1ront- line GI Joe needs a high level of physical and psychological stamina, he doesn’t require a knowledge of Cicero's orations. And his far more numerous buddies behind the divi- sion level can certainly manage their Jobs with flat feet, myopic eyes, trick knees, slight hernias, or even mild heart murmurs But today, the Armed Forces have raised, instead of lowered, the unreasonable stand- ards they applied during World War II. They have added an I. Q@ test to determine wheth- er to take men in, not merely what to do with them once they've got them. This new mental test would have elimi- nated some of our best fighting men in World War II, as Mr. Vinson suspected. It would even have knocked out Congressional Medal of Honor buys. I knew some of these heroes during the war and remember meet- ing them in Chicago in 1946, when they as- sembled as guests of the American Legion with all expenses paid. Maybe most of these Congressional Medal winners would have scored well on the present Armed Forces qualification test, but at least one of them would have flunked miserably. I interviewed this lad in southern France 7 years ago for the Stars and Stripes. Ho had Just received the medal. A western farm boy, he'd never gone past the fourth grade, and he answered questions in grunts. As one of his buddies told me, “Henry don’t say much because he can't think of all the words.” But Henry, who didn’t go to high school, saved his platoon at Anzio by wiping out two German machine-gun nests single- handedly with his BAR. One veteran infantry officer, who survived Italy's backbreaking campaigns, is now as- signed to classifying registrants at an in- duction center, and he isn’t sure he likes the Armed Forces’ current standards. Especially when he thinks back to his jeep driver in Italy. “Now there was a great soldier,” this offi- cer told me. “Johhny was a successful, intu- itive fighting man. But he would flunk our present mental test, and I'd have to turn him away. Fact it, Johnny was illiterate. I had to read him the letters he got from his girl friend back home and write out his an- swers.” A North Carolina draft board recently had the same unhappy feeling when it turned down a Negro regist-ant who really wanted to fight. The boy's brother had been killed in Korea, and this registrant wished to take his place. When he called his draft board to see how he hnd made out on the preinduc- tion examination, the board clerk informed him: “We're very sorry about this. You passed your physical examination nicely, but you didn’t do so well on the mental test.” “I don’t get it,” the boy replied. “Say, what kind of war ts this anyway—a figurin’ war Or a fightin’ war?” What kind of war this is deeply concerns General Hershey, the draft director, who ig the Nation's sharpest critic of present mili- tary draft standards. “On the battlefield,” he told me, “you throw away all this baloney and make do with what you have—and we find we have plenty, What counts ls when the doctor says & man can’t walk and he walks, when he says a man can’t survive on 50 little food and still he survives. With all these tests, these attempts to find the perfect: soldier, they aren't measuring the most vital pepecy—the will to survive and the desire to ght.” It's hard, if not impossible, to measure this vital quality, General Hershey believes. “I’m a careless sort of person,” he says, “and the perfectionist scares hell out of me. Trouble is, there aren't many perfect things or peo- ple around, but there are more than enough good people. I'm afraid of echelons and in- ventorles and classifications whenever you get too stuffy about them, because you can finally classify out everybody who might play on your team.” Of all the tests, General Hershey is most suspicious of the qualification test, a men- tal examination now administered to all men approved by their Selective Service boards The military argues that any man who has gone through the fifth grade can pass the test with its minimum rating of 13 and that standards go no lower, but there are two soft spots in this reason- ing: First, many unschooled men can't get a passing grade might be highly useful soldiers, and second, the test is being given to men who may not yearn to pass it. As General Hershey observed to the House Armod Services Committee: “This mental test 1s probably good, but not to apply to a man who is not seeking a job. It’s all right to take a dozen people wanting a job and test them to find which one you are going to hire. But it is no good when the fellow doesn't have any strong motivation to pass it. I don't mean that he ts necessarily going to Me down on the test He just doesn't get up. Several weeks ago I took the test, referred to officially as AFQT-1, in a barracks at Arlington Farms Induction Center. I was there as a reporter, not a selectee. I had no reason not to try for a high score. Bul I’m not sure my feeling was shared by everyone in the room Tho test took me the full 45 minutes al- lotted, and T was unable to complete all the questions I didn’t have any trouble figur- ing out synonyms; they are part of my busi- ness. I managed fairly well on arithmetic. But although the patterns problems—trying to work out how an unfolded blueprint would look if you folded the pieces together—would not have troubled an engineer, they gave me plenty of worry. The Armed Forces, aware that their mental test can be beaten by any average American who does not want to be a private, have or- dained that all high-school graduates be ac- cepted whether they pass the test or not. The induction sergeants make a little speech urging registrants to try for high scores be- cause their military futures depend on It. Also, induction officers are empowered to in- terview men who flunk, and to induct those who they think purposely failed the test. The obvious flunker was never better re- vealed than by some doctors recently called to service, Although these men had gone through high school, college, medical school, and active practice, some of them still man- aged to flunk the mental test. When they were challenged, they admitted sheepishly that they might do better if they were obliged to take the test again. Despite the checks and double checks on filunkers, 50 percent of the men rejected by induction stations between last July and October were turned down for failure to pass the mental examinations. After unfavorable comment in the press and a flurry of public criticism, the Armed Forces have now re- duced the number of these rejections. But it is remarkable that the mental examina- tion ts still considered a wise device for se- lecting soldiers, and even more remarkablo that it is administered to men who may not choose to pass. Physical standards are taking an equal toll of the available manpower. At this writ- ing, one out of every four registrants is re- jected for physica! defects. Let’s look into a Maryland induction station and watch the IV-F’s pile up. In one day, a roughing- machine operator failed for malocclusion— his teeth didn't meet in a proper bite; a car- penter was turned down for a perforated ear- APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD drum; a truck driver was rejected for flat feet; a real-estate broker flunked because of asthma; a lathe operator was dropped for a hernia. “If you get that hernia fixed, we'll be glad to take you,” the induction officer told him. The lathe operator merely smiled. Induction-station doctors give a very thor- ough physical examination, using the best of modern medical techniques No one can quarrel with their methods. They are told to examine the registrant for his physical capacity, his upper extremities, his lower extremities, his hearing, eyes, and neuro- psychiatric stability. When they finish the examination, they must grade the registrant 1, 2, 3, or 4 in each of these categories ac- cording to carefully specified standards. If the registrant gets one 4 on his physical ex- amination, he’s out. During World War II, these physical ex- aminations turned up 6,419,700 IV-—F’s, and we are now On the way to building a similar army of rejectees. Most of the IV-F’s took & beating back home; many would have gindly exchanged their uneasy freedom for a uniform. Probably half of them could have served in uniform in the thousund and one jobs behind the line if the Army hadn’t ap- Plied combat standards to base-command privates. Of all IV-F's, the services had the most trouble explaining the rejected athletes. Sports writers gave them unwelcome atten- tion. There was Byron Nelson, the greatest golfer of that day, rejected for hemophilla— his blood wouldn't clot; George Myatt, sec- ond baseman far the Washington Senators, rejected for a trick knee; Dave Ferris, Red Sox pitcher, for hay fever; George W. Case, one of the fastest runners in baseball, for a sinus ailment, Frank Sinkwich, professional football player, for flat feet; Creighton Mil- ler, Notre Dame's All-American football star, Hal Newhouser, left-hander for the De- troit Tigers, and Russ Christopher, winning pitcher for the Philadelphia Athletics—all for heart murmurs; and even Lippy Leo Du- rocher, who might have made a fine topkick, for a punctured eardrum. As the Army points out, the public was wrong in thinking of these athletes as class A fighting men. “It should be realized,” an Army spokesman says, ‘that there is a vast difference between the long and frequently arduous assignment of a soldier and the comparatively brief period of cxertion en- countered in a ten-round boxing match, a nine-inning baseball game, or a five-minute tap dance” But this adroit reply docsn't explain why these men and many of the 6,000,000 IV-F's weren't used in jobs in which no one expected a class A fighting man. A Washington physician who served 4 years in the Army tn the last war and rose to major in the Medical Corps still has trouble understanding the Army's Surgeon General. “T started out at an induction station, exam- ining recruits,” he told moe. ‘TI applied all the proper standards, and naturally, I kept rejecting men. Back then, I really belleved that every soldier ought to be a perfect physe ical specimen. “But when I got overseas, these standards no longer made sense to me. In Oran, 200 miles behind the front, we had a base hos- pital staifed by perfect physical specimens who took temperatures and emptied bedpans. We could have used plenty of mild hernia cases to do their Jobs and even a few heart murmurs, I could have recruited our whole enlisted contingent from the men I had re- jected back in the States.” Col. Warner Bowers, chief surgical con- sultant to the Army, also believes that the wholesale rejection of selectees was and is today a national disgrace. He said so at a recent meeting of Army officers, not realiz- ing there was a newspaperman in the room. He advocated that all men with minor phys- ical defects be classified for limited duty, and that the Army prepare to use these men in the millions of posts bshind the combat
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD lines. He even drew up a memorandum showing that the IV-F's could handle more than 60 percent of the Army's jobs. The memorandum has since been placed in a confidential classification, and only a curtailed report of Colonel Bowers’ comments appeared in the press. When I asked the Surgeon Gencral's office about the colonel’s proposal, they referred me to G-1. And G-1 said, “No comment” Under the mounting pressure for a power-~ ful armed force, the United States Army will have to give better answers than that. Fur- thermore, the Army does have a case. While 1t has borne most of the criticism for absurdly high standards, it is actually the least guilty of all the services. The Army is largely dependent on selective service to fill jts ranks, unlike the Air Force, Navy, and Marines, who pride themselves on taking only volunteers. Under pressure of the gen- eral draft, thousands of young Americuns rush to these services as shot-gun volunteers, rather than take their chances on the less glamorous Army. In recent months the Air Force, Navy, and Marines have combed over these volunteers and picked only the ones they like best. In this great grab act, they have rejected almost everybody who doesn’t resemble the square-jawed man in the re- cruiting poster. But the Army also likes these square- jawed heroes and has pegged its standards in order to get its share. One Army spokes- man, after asking me not to use his name, put the Army's case frankly: “If our present tests mean anything—-and they aren’t en- tirely meaningless—they give us an indica- tion of a selectee's physical and mental ability. The ones who do well on the tests will probably make more noncoms and off- cers than the ones who do badly. The ones who fail will probably turn up more men for sick call and the guardhouse. But we mustn't follow these tests too far, and we know it. What the Army objects to is the Navy and Air Forco's making privates of men we could use as company commanders. If every service were required to take its fair share from the same manpower pool, we wouldn't have any complaints" An Alr Force general, who also prefers to remain anonymous, agrees in part with the Army man, During World War II, he says, he was appalled at the number of potential officers serving as Air Force privates, “I saw them at every alr base,” he says “They'd come up to my plane to tute my Val-a-Pak, they'd tend bar at the officers’ club and {ill out manifests at headquarters. Some of these privates would have made excellent Army lieutenants and captains. We had plenty of topflight men whose talents were wasted.” But neither the Air Force nor the Navy will say such things in public. They ure still behaving with the acquisitive instincts of a supply sergeant, who stores up all the good things he can get his hands on, just in case he'll ever need them. While skim- ming the cream off the top of the vat, they look with outraged innocence at their critics. “Why, we're just following the good old American volunteer system,” they say, “We're giving men a chance to choose their branch of service. A common manpower pool would wreck the volunteer system” At recent hearings of the House Armed Services Committee, Admiral Forrest P. Sher- man, Chief of Naval Operations, declared it was essential to man the Navy with volun- teers and frowned on the common muan- power pool. “Life on board ship,” he reasoned, “is different from life on shore. Some people like it, others do not. It is very important, with men cooped up in small space, that as far as possible they be men, who choose that way of life.” To such reasoning, General Hershey of Selective Service shouts foul play. “I'm not quarreling witu the Navy and Air Force’s taking volunteers,” he says, “provided they really take the volunteers instead of re- jecting most of them. Let them all come to the same pool and draw from it vertically all the way down to the skimmed milk. If you let them skim off the whipping cream, you're going to cheat the Army. They know it, and the Army does too.” Despite this knowledge, it wil] still take an act of Congress to unify the Armed Forces on manpower. It may take another to make them recognize that their chief manpower shortage may be the shortage they create themselves. They must learn what every veteran knows: that the combat soldier and the rear-line soldier are two dif- ferent men, and that we need them both, Cotton Price Ceilings EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF HON. THOMAS H. WERDEL . OF CALIFORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr. WERDEL. Mr. Speaker, I want to make a few remarks in conncction with ceiling price regulation 8, issued on March 3, 1951, as it affects the produc- tion of cotton. There is no doubt but what an enor- mous problem exists from the viewpoint of the price stabilizer and from the view- point of the cotton industry. All of us are fundamentally concerned with the same thing—adequate supplies at rea- sonable and stabihzed prices. Some of us may differ as to the means by which we accomplish the ends, but certainly we are agreed as to what the ends should ie, The means adopted by ceiling price regulation 8 are unWorkable and unnec- essary when they place a ceiling on raw cotton. That order of March 3 should be immediately rescinded, It should be pointed out that consum- ers are at the present time fully pro- tected by ceilings on the finished cotton products which they buy. However, the Office of Price Stabilization has stated as a reason for the necessity of regula- tion 8 that price rises on raw cotton will create sufficient force to increise the ceiling on consumers’ products. I believe there is no one in this House who does not realize that the cotton industry is not seeking higher prices for cotton, and I doubt if there is anyone in the Congress who does not feel that during these days of rapid economic change to meet an emergency, sympathy should not be shown any farmer who is dissatisfied with the price of his com- modity when the market price is as far above parity as cotton is today. At the outset I want to make myself clear that I agree with you in those sen- timents and to tell you that within the past few weeks leading representatives of the industry have worked out with the Department of Agriculture a cotton price stabilization program which would as- sure that cotton prices would not average for this year a figure higher than the one now prescribed by the Office of Price Stabilization in their March 3 regulation. I am, therefore, not talking to you about whether cotton prices should be A1333 stabilized. The industry and all of us agree that that end should be accom- plished. My remarks are directed in criticism of regulation 8 and its prescrip- tion in how stabilization should be ac- complished. The cotton industry and the Depart- ment of Agriculture, which is the only Government agency qualified to deal with this subject, have recommended a stabili- zation program that will accomplish the objective without seriously disrupting the efficient operations and marketing traditions of the cotton industry. The Office of Price Stabilization, speaking through Mr. DiSalle, stands opposed to that program. Seeking to accomplish the same laudable purpose by wanting to function through his powers, Mr. DiSalle has said that the Office of Price Stabili- zation will not accept any method of stabilization of the price of raw cotton ,except a fixed ceiling on the producer no matter how much damage it may cause. I think everyone familiar with the cot- ton industry knows that regulation 8 can only result in damages that will be enor- mous Cotton's highly efficient market- ing system is marked for destruction. All of those who depend on that market- ing system in their daily business trans- actions—farmers, merchants, and mills— will suffer severe hardships. These losses cannot help but slow down their opera- tions and decrease their respective pro- ductivity during wartime. It would seem that we might learn something from past experience. Dur- ing World War II, the Office of Price Ad- ministration and the War Production Board both learned that the fewer units with which they had to deal the more effective their controls became. This was true both as to price enforcement and as to distribution and use of ma- terials. For instance, it is obviously easier to contro] the sellers as a whole, rather than buyers in the retail markets because the sellers are much fewer in number. I doubt if any of us know a single buyer who ever got into serious trouble violating a price regulation, The effective place to control prices was Jearned to be at the point of selling. Sellers were controlled effectively be- cause the means of enforcement reached them first. They were numbered in the thousands, whereas consumers were numbered in the millions. For example, the Office of Price Administration had prices on various sizes and grades of lumber. Generally enforcement was ef- fected at the saw mill—not at the con- sumer level. In the case of cotton, the least num- ber of people that will need to be con- trolled would be at the mill level. Yet, under this new, unworkable regulation 8, the Administration has taken the largest number, the producers, and then added to that all the merchants. It should be obvious to them, and I am in- clined to think that it is, that they not only have made their problem a million- fold more difficult, but they have literal- ly made it impossible. The speed of a railroad train is not determined by the amount of steam available through the size of the boiler. It is determined at the throttle. We
A1334 should apply the same principle in the cotton business and put the controls at the smallest bottleneck, which is where the smallest number of people are. The problem of enforcement will in- crease in geometrical proportion as the number of people the Office of Price Stabilization seeks to control directly by their orders increases. This is bad administration. We have also learned from the past that which we may say here in the pres- eut in regard to these new cotton ceil- ings—they cannot be enforced because of the nature of the commodity, and all manner of bad practices, black markets, and chicanery will develop. We should also give attention to the 16,000,000 bale crop for this year, which has been the goal of the Government and the industry since the present scarcity developed last fall. That production is now being jeopardized. The ceiling price level of approximately 45 cents per pound, which the Office of Price Stabil- ization has set, is certainly not so low as to discourage production. However, farmers must have reasonable assur- ances that they will get somewhere near this price when they sell their cotton next fall, and they must have some rea- sonable assurance that their cotton can be easily turned into cash. If they do not have those assurances, the cotton industry now feels that we will not reach our 16,000,000-bale goal. With the tra- ditional marketing system in a state of chaos and collapse, farmers and banks and production credit agenctes who fi- nance them know that 16,000,000 bales of cotton could not be absorbed in the 3 or 4 months of the harvesting season without disastrous effects on the price. Last year, when we passed the Defense Production Act, we inserted section 402 (1), which emphatically authorizes the President to exempt certain products from price ceilings where such ceilings are, first, unnecessary; or, second, not in the interest of national defense. Raw cotton is one of such products as was recognized in both World War I and World War It. The cotton industry knows that a price ceiling on raw cotton is unnecessary in view of the alternative program that can be taken to effectively stabilize cotton prices, and such a ceil- ing is not in the interest of national de- fense because of the serious damage it will do to the efficient operation and to the production of all branches of the cotton industry from the farm to the I also want to point out that the cot- ton growers of California have protested against having the freight from Cali- Jornia to the Carolinas deducted from their price as now set forth in ceiling price regulation 8. We in California cannot understand such tactics or the purpose behind them. A large portion of the California crop has gone for ex- port each year and we think that the worst that should happen its that the prices in Los Angeles and San Francisco should equal the price in the Carolinas, Mr. Speaker, 1am advised that a meet- ing was held a few days ago, attended by Mr. DiSalle, and proper represent- atives of our Military Establishment and duly authorized representatives of lead- ing cotton mills." The question under discussion was whether the mills would enter into contracts to produce desired matériel for the Military Establishment. They stated that they were ready to go into production provided they could pro- tect themselves on the cost of cotton after signing the contracts. I am ad- vised Mr. DiSalle refused to recommend any procedure by which they could pro- tect themselves on the futures market. Certainly price regulation 8 does not solve that problem. He, like many other men in our bureaus, seeks to control every field of American business through the exercise of the powers of their bureau. I am not one to plead for the excess or opportunity for speculators on. the commodity market. I do, however, believe it 1s necessary that our mills and producers buy and sell on the futures market for their protection. I think we have to assume that before ceiling price regulation 8 was issued, the proper officials of the Office of Price Stabilization considered the traditional means of marketing cotton in this coun- try. I believe that we must also assume that they understood the certain conse- quences of their action. It, therefore, appears that they have created chaos in the cotton industry without regard to the results of such action, They set a ceiling on raw cotton knowing that cot- ton mills wanting to produce war maté- riels would have to protect themselves on the futures market. As reasonable men, they should have known that as soon as the restrictions against dealing on the futures market were removed, that the price of cotton would imme- diately move to that ceiling, and that cotton would still not be available to fulfill the contracts of the contracting mills in the production of war matériel Mr. Speaker, that happened this morning. The conclusion is obvious. Either the Office of Price Stabilization does not have the capacity to formulate workable regulations or they have de- liberately planned a chaotic condition to force Government regulation of agricul- ture in all of its phases, commencing with the highly important war crop— cotton. There is language in ceiling price reg- ulation 8 which should be a warning to this Congress as to the intentions of the Office of Price Stabilization in the field of agriculture. In the third paragraph of their order, the following language is set forth: Under the general freeze, raw cotton was exempted when sold by producers, since a freeze order at the farm level would be meaningless, but it was controlled when sox by merchants and other dealers in cot- n. I assume “freeze order” and “price order’’ to be of the same significance, yet in the next paragraph the statement is made: The structure of celling prices. This reg- ulation establishes ceiling prices for Ameri- can upland cotton in mixed or odd lots, by gerade and staple and by location for every seller including producers. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Mr. Speaker, by their own language, the Office of Price Stabilization, through coiling price regulation 8, has inter- fered with the production of a com- modity the value of which we hope will be $3,000,000,000 this year. In their own Janguage, they state that their regula- tion providing such interference will be meaiingless. Yet they did it knowing that it destroys any understandable means in free enterprise by which pro- ducers may turn their raw cotton to cash, or the financiers of producers may protect themselves from the destruction of a reasonably average yearly price by necessary quick sale of 16,000,000 bales during the harvest season. How To Obtain an RFC Loan EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. PATRICK J. HILLINGS OF CALIFORNIA IN TBE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr. HILLINGS. Mr. Speaker, I have received several inquiries in the past few days from businessmen inquiring as to the procedure necessary in obtaining a Reconstruction Finance Corporation joan. Apparently the RFC investigation conducted by a Senate committee has caused many small-business men to won- der if such Government loans are avail- able to any deserving business organiza- tion. On the basis of the disclosures made in the Senate investigation to date, I have listed some of the steps which might be taken by those desiring to obtain an RFC loan: > First. Be prepared to contribut- $1,000 or mort to the Democratic National Committee and get to know personally high-ranking Democratic Party leaders, Second. Obtain the services of a 714- pereenter—the rates of 5-percenters have gone up because of inflation. Third. Present a mink coat to a White House secretary, natural, royal, pastel mink preferred. Fourth. Invite an RFC official to spend several weeks at a fashionable resort hotel. Caution: Be sure to pick up the check. Fifth. Be prepared to employ in your company one or more former RFC offi- cials at a handsome salary immediately after the loan is obtained. Sixth. Seek a personal interview with an RFC director. If the director is not in his office, be might be found in the hip pocket of a Washington influence- peddler. Seventh. If some difficulty is encoun- tered in obtaining admission to the RFC offices, repeat the password “asinine” to the receptionist three times. Note: In addition to the above sug- gestions, the chances of obtaining the Joan are enhanced if your company has notoriously poor management or if one or more of the officers or directors of your company are under Federal indict- ment,
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD How Stupid Can We Get? EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. JAMES T. PATTERSON OF CONNECTICUT IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr. PATTERSON. Mr _ Speaker, a Ictter I received from L. A. Pettit, Jy., vice president of the Central Cable Corp. ends with the thought “I just don’t know how stupid we can get.” Irush to agree with the writer. His refersnce is to a clipping he en- closed relating to the shipment of metals under ECA to Britain. The metals used to manufacture products which, in turn, are exported to Russia in exchange for timber and grain. A corollary dispatch relates that Brit- ain's economic chief attaches enormous importance to the satisfactory outcome of discussions under way in Washington to divert United States stockpile mate- rials to the British. Brass workers in Connecticut are on part-time—plants throughout the Na- tion are experiencing difficulties in ob- taining raw metals for processing—yet we blithely, under ECA auspices, give these materials for eventual use by Rus- sia. Only through concerted effort was it possible to reduce copper stockpiling by 50 percent to aid distressed American industries, but we seriously consider di- verting stockpile materials to Britain, which trades directly with our potential enemy, Communist Russia. I do not know how stupid we can get. CENTRAL CABLE CORP, Freeport, Il, March 5, 1951. Hon JaAmMFs T PatTrerson, House of Representatives, House Office Building, Washington, D C. Drar Mr Patrerson I very much appreci- ate your letter of February 28 and wish to compliment you upon the forthrightness with which you approach problems of vital public interest. I am enclosing newspaper clipping under London date line, which states that seven British ports are piled high with United States gift metals, including 1,440 tons of copper, while other cargoes are en route. The article also points out that copper turned over to the British Government is being sold to British industrial users for the manufacture of electrical generators and other goods which the British Government in turn uses as barter with Russia in ex- change for timber and grain. I just don’t know how stupid we can get. Again thanking you, I remain, Yours truly, CENTRAL CABLE CORP., L. A. Perrir, Jr, * Vice President. 8r/EN BRITISH Ports Pitep HIGH WITH UNITED States Girt MeETats—Biccest HAND-OUTS ARRIVE AS ECA EXPl1RES (By Arthur Veysey) Lonvon, March 3.—The biggest gift ship- ments of metals in many weeks are being unloaded in British ports, the Marshall plan office announced, At seven ports, ships are discharging 4,857 tons of aluminum, 1,440 tons of copper, 1,416 tons of steel, 990 tons of zinc, and 600 tons of lend. Other saipments, paid for by the American taxpayer and sent to Brituin as a gift, include 13 tons of carbon black for tires und 4,285 tons of milo starch The Marshall plan office said that although its hand-out program js officially over as tar as Britain 1s concerned, gift cargoes will con- tinue to arrive here for several months. Metals shipped to Britain under the Muar- shall aid program already have cost $311,- 000,000, and Marshall plan officers estimate gifts costing another $100,000,000, most of it in metals or machinery, are still to come. INCREASE METAL GIFTS Gift metal shipments to Britain have in- crensed in recent months as the metals have become scarce and as metul prices have mul- tiplied. At British ports, the metals are turned over to the British Government which sells them to British industrial users. Much of the copper goes to electrical manufacturers who are turning out generators ance other goods which the British Government uses as barter with Russia in exchange for tim- ber and grain. The money the Britith Government re- ceives from British manufacturers for the gift metals Is used to pay off the British debt. During the Marshall plan program, the Brit- Ish debt has gone down at the fastest rate in British history At the same time the American Government's debt has gone up. EYES UNITED STATES STOCKPILE EASTBOURNE, ENGLAND, March 3.-~High Gaite skell, Britain's economic chief, has em- -phusized Britain’s need for some of the raw materials the United States is stockpiling. They are necded, he said, to stave off an eco- nomic crisis in this country. Without these critical raw materials, said the Chancelor of the Exchequer, Britain’s export drive, the key support In her own de- Tense program, would collapse, Speaking to a convention of more than 500 of Britain's dollar export manufacturers, he said the Government attaches “enormous tm- portance” to the satisfactory outcome of dis- cussions now under way in Washington by international commodity committees. These groups are studying ways of reallocating raw materials, . ILLUSORY ASSET Galtskell said: “We really must remember that we are rearming 1 peacetime, and that if peaceful trade and economic stability were gravely weakened for lack of raw materials, then the heaping up of unused materials tn stockpiles would, even in a military sense, be an illusory asset.” He estimated that Britain's increase in pro- duction this year would be 4 percent over 1950 Then he added: “But if the 4 percent increase were not achieved—and it certainly could not be if raw material supplies fell serfously short of requirements—then the economic outlook would, of course, be far worse." The Katyn Massacre EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. PHILIP J. PHILBIN OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr. PHILBIN. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Rec- orp, I include the following radio address by Hon, Arthur Bliss Lane, former United States Ambassador to Poland: A1335 THE KaTYN Massacre (By Hon. Arthur Bliss Lane, former United States Ambassador to Poland) One of the least publicized actions during the last war, yet one which had the most far-reaching consequences, was the murder of over 4,000 Polish officers in the forest of Katyn near Smolensk in the Soviet Union. This crime was so horrible that many persons hesitate to retell it. Yet the barbarity of the murder, which was discovered in April 1943 when the Nazis were in occupation of Smo- lensk in Russia, 15 miles west of the Katyn Forest, was shown by the condition of the bodies. They had been found with their hands tied behind their backs. All the men had been shot tn an identical manner, a bullet in the back of their necks. Some men who apparently had bitterly resisted at the moment of execution cartied cruel hayonet wounds. All wore great coats, indicating that the murder had taken place during intensely cold weather. When the Nazis declared publicly in April 1943 that seven mass graves containing these Polish officers had been found two most im- portant developments took place’ (1) The British and American Governments were strangely silent, being allied tothe U.S S.R. at that time. The Office of War Information, however, a United States agency, adhered to the thesis that this crime had been com- mitted by the Nazis (2) The Soviet Gov- ernment immediately broke off diplomatio relations with the Polish Government in exile in London, because the latter had had the alleged impudence of suggesting that the International Red Cross should impartially investigate the murder. From that moment on the Soviet Government continued to show its hostility not only toward the constitu- tional Polish Government in London, it also showed openly that it intended to set up a Communist Government within Poland and completely to destroy the independence of the Polish Nation. Despite the infamy of the murder of these Polish officers, human memory is 80 short that many of us have forgotten the facts. Let us recall them. In September 1939, when the Soviet forces invaded Poland for the purpose of freeing Poland, 80 Molotov said at the time, from its Fascist masters, over 15,000 Polish officers and noncommissioned officers were taken to three camps—Kozlcisk, Staroblelsk, and Ostachkov. Four hundred of these prisoners of war, so~ called despite the fact that the Soviet Union never declared war on Poland, were later found in another camp. It is through their testimony, us well as through the record of the diplomatic conversations hetween Gen- eral Sikorski, General Anders, and Ambassa- dor Kot, on the one hand, and Stalin, Molo- tov, and Vishinsky, on the other, that it ts possible today to reach a conclusion regard- ing the responsibility for the Katyn crime After the arrival of the Polish officers in the three camps they were permitted as nom- inal prisoners of war to correspond with thelr families in Poland. All letters, however, stopped in April and May of 1940 At that time, according to the testimony of some of the 400 who were transferred to another camp, the three camps were dispersed. It had been previously arranged among the offi- cers that messages would be written secretly in Polish in the prison trains which con- ducted them elsewhere telling of their fate. According to some of the 400 survivors, the writing on the walls of the prison trains Indl- cated that those who disappeared were taken to a place near Smolensk, where the Russian prison automobiles, known as the “black ravens,” headed the victims off to an une known destination, later identified as the Katyn Forest, It should be emphasized that in April and May 1940 the Smolensk area was occupied by the forces of the Soviet Govern- ment, which was still on friendly relations
A1336 with Hitler. In April and May in the vorth- ern climate of Smolensk it is etill cold, aud during the year 1940 the weather was espe- cially rigorous at that season The wearing of preatconts was, therefore, understandable, After the Navis attacked the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, the Soviet Government, largely on the suggestion of the British Gov~- ernment, established diplomatic relations with the Polish Government in London One of the conditions of recoguition was that all Poligh nationals in the Soviet Union should be freed and that a Polish Army should be recruited in the Soviet Union to fight against the Navis. Accordingly many conversations took place in Moscow between the highest offctals of the Soviet and Polish Govern- ments. One of the prin :tpal questions continually raised by the Poles was the fate an.: where- abouts of the 15,000 officers who had been in the three camps. The answers of the Rus- sians were evasive and inconsistent. On one occasion Stalin said that the officers might have escaped to Manchuria, on another occa- sion Molotov said they probably had been re- patriated; and on another occasion Vishin- sky raid that the Soviet Government had no information about them When the Evviet Government refused to be a party to any Investigation of the Katyn murder by the Internatonal Red Cross, that organization declined to participate as it did not wish to be a party to any political controversy. Thereupon, the Nau nuthori- ties invited an international medical com. mission composed of well-known doctors of Italian, Danish, Yugoslav, Bulgarian, Rou« Manian, Hungarian, and Swiss nationaltty to make a technical examination of the bodies, It ig true that with the exception of the SBwiss doctor, Professor Naville, ali of the countries of which the other doctors were nationals were then under the domination of Nazi Germany. For that reason the Soviets have claimed that these doctors were terrorized by the Nazis to muke accusations that the crimes were committed in the spiing of 1940 and thereby putting the onus on the Soviets While Hitler was capable, as was shown by the extermination of the Jews in the Warsaw ghetto, of perpetrating geno- cide, in this case he was so convinced of Sovlet guilt that he invited, first, the Inter- national Red Cross, and later eminent doce tors whose integrity vas beyond question, to make an juvestigation. For once, he knew that his hands were relatively clean. The unbelievable part of the Soviet story regarding the ciime ts that 15,000 officers in Polish unitorm could huve mysteriously dis- appeared in a police state where even a per- son in civilian clothes is suspected unless he belongs to the rullng class But the greatest tnoonsistency in the Soviet version was the Soviet reaction to the Nagi disclosure of the existence of the mass graves in April 1943. Then Pravda, the official Soviet news- paper, calmly stated that the Nazis had per-~ petrated the crime; that these 16,000 mise- ing Polish officers had been working on the roads in the region of Smolensk in August 1941 when the Nazis invaded that area and had been summarily executed by the Nazis, In August 1941 the weather records show that the weatber was extremely hot in north- ern Russia Why did all the officers wear great coats? Why had all thelr correspond- ence with their relatives in Poland censed between April 1940 and August 1941? And why did the Soviet Governmént tell General Sikorski in July 1941, one month earlier than the alleged murder by the Nazis, that there was no trace of any of the 15,000 in the Soviet Union? The Katyn story should be retold at the present time for two very practical reasons: (1) The same fate of the Polish officers has been meted out to many American GI's in Korea. Mass graves have also been found there, filled with bodies of American sol- diers with their hands tied behind their backs. Let us also remember Molotov’s state- ment in 1939 that the Soviel Government desired to free Poland from its Fascist mas- ters Compare this with the Communist- inspired statement of June 25, 1950, that the North Korean drive toward South Korea was to free Korea from its Fascist masters—thls time the United Statos of America. (2) The methods used by the Communists will stop at nothing in order to achieve the Com~ munist goal. In 1939 and 1940 the alm was to destroy the Polish nation. Today, it |s to destroy all free nations, including the United States. We must fight this destruc- tive policy—-to achieve world domination and world revolution—with every weapon we have, whether it be physical, financial or moral, It is only through union that we can win It is up to us Americans—and as Americans, proud of our citizenship, there is only one answer, We must win, no matter what the cost. Federal Tax on Local Government Securities EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. ALBERT RAINS OF ALABAMA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr. RAINS. Mr, Speaker, the Honor- able Cooper Green, mayor of the city of. Birmingham, recently appeared before the Ways and Means Committee of the House of Representatives in opposition to the levying of a Federal tax against local government securities. Mayor Green is immediate past presi- dent of the United States Conference of Mayors, is the present president of the Alabama League of Municipalities, and has established an outstanding record as the mayor of the greut city of Bir- mingham. His statement on the ques- tion of taxing local government secu- rities is of vital interest to all of our peo- ple. It follows: Shall the income from future issues of local government securitics be subjected to Federal income taxes, is the question again before us. I definitely feel that the same exploratory and conclusive statements against this proposal made at previous times before the Ways and Means Committee, should have the same continuing effect. Neither theoretically nor practically do we believe that present needs for additional Federal revenue justify a change in the po- sition taken by committees and Members of Congress on other previous occasions. The jdoa of the Federal Government taxing the instrumentalities of the local government ja just as repugnant today {n our constitu- tional set-up of dual sovereignties as li was at the time of similar hearings before the Committee on Ways and Means in 1939 and in other recent years. The question is not what has been or can be done, but whether as Representatives and citizens of this Nation, we should take any step which might threaten the position of local governments as independent units of our American democracy, or which would restrict the freedom of their political actions in thelr own respective territories any more than is imperatively required to preserve this Nation and what it stands for. The issue before us goes no further. It is proposed to tax the income derived from securities which may be issued in the future APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD by local public agenctes of this Nation. If that can be accomplished, who is there to say that the next step may not be to tax the securities already issued, or even the reve- nues earned by our public agencies in carrys ing on their public activities? If the one step is constitutionally sound, the other naturally follows. To the averuge citizen, the question of whether or not Congress is empowered to lay and collect taxes on income derived from investments in local government securities, is of secondary importance to the principle involved in so doing. and the effect such tax- ation would have on local governments’ ordinary prerogatives. In any event, with our long-standing American tradition of dual sovereignty in government, it 1s significant- ly important that technical legal rights as between the Nation and the State, should be neserted only as an urgently necessary and final resort. Under the clamor for additional tax reve- nue, the Federal Government must be care- ful not to encroach turther on the domain of the lycal governments lest the basic con- ception of dual sovereignty be utterly de- stroyed. An example of such encroachment ia the legislation under which our citizens are now required to pay a Federal admission tax for the privilege of using our city swim- ming pools and other recreatioual facilities. Thus, the purpose of our cities to cut down ou crime and juvenile delinquency is being obstructed and thwarted by the Federal Gov- ernment itself. The power to tax is unquestionably the power to destroy, In this instance it would be the power to destroy local governments which are the keystone of our American de- mocracy. The imposition of this tax as pro- posed, would matertally increase the cost of local government financing—iIn some cases even to the extent that the financing would not be possible. This unjustifiable interfer- ence by the Federal Government in purely local governmental affairs Is almost unthink-~ able. Financial and tax analysts are certain that the proposed taxation would increase local government financing costs as mu’h as 50 percent, or an Increased interest cost of perhaps as much asl percent. That amount of additional interest cost can very wel) put the cost thereof beyond the local ability to pay. There can't be any honest. denial of the fact that practically all of this addls tional cost is passed back to the issuing au- thority with only a very small part of It, if any, assumed by the security purchaser. In our immediate case, we are in the midst of negotiating a purchase agreement for the local domestic water plant, Involving an ex- penditure of some €22,000,000. If the pro- posed tax becume effective before these bonds were sold, the additional annual interest Cost of $200,000 or more, could very well kill the entire proposal. Birmingham's situa- tion in that way is no different from that of Nearly every local government authority throughout the United States. Some 3 weeks ago, the Southern Natural Gas Co. of Birmingham, a very splendidly operated and financed company, sold 817,- 500,000 of taxable revenue bonds. Their interest cost was 2.86 percent. We have re- peatedly been told within recent weeks, that our tax-exempt water revenue bonds should sell on @ 2 percent or less interest cost, thus reflecting a difference of nearl' 1 percent in interest savings to the city. It is being saved to the city—not to the investor, as some would bave you believe. Birmingham has bonds outatanding at this time amounting to about twenty million dol- lars. Assuming that the tncome from those bonds was taxable at an increased interest cost of 1 percent, we would have an additional annual interest cost of $200,000 today on these bonds, plus what would amount to ape proximately 6200,000 additional interest cost on the proposed water revenue bonds, or @
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD total additional annual interest cost of $400,- 0cO or more, That would mcan that we would simply have to do one of two things, either raise taxes to cover this e:.tra cost, or curtail local services Either would be serious Of course, authorities differ to some extent, but not greatly, in their estimate of the added interest cost that may be expected to follow. Proponents of the tax, most of whom perhaps have more of a theoretical viewpoint than one based on actual investment expe- rience, claim that the differentiul between ylelds of completely tuxable and wholly tax- exempt high-grade securities, varies from about 44 percent for the short maturities, to 14 percent for the long maturities Com- pared to the foregoing is the estimate ot a conservative group of experienced dealers, to the effect that the approximate minimum increased average interest cost would be as much as 1 percent or more. Of course, local governments are not con- cerned as to whether or not the Federal Gov- ernment taxes its own securities That ts their business to do as they see fit Local governments insist that legally, und equi- tably, they should be accorded the same priv. llege In the investment field the buyer largely creates or at least controls the market through his price-fixing methods If this buyer Knows in advance that the Govern- ment will demand additional taxes on in- come derived trom certain Investments, such taxes will be absorbed through a reduced price paid for the investment, or what amounts to the same thing, an increased interest cost that will be paid by the issuing authority rather than by the investor A number of the Government's own actunrles and staff members admit as much, The investor will remain only the medium through whom the tax will be collected There will be no escape for the local issuing authority and its tax-paying public. Local governments must remain untram- meled by the Federal Government, if they are to d.scharge those responsibilities that are properly theirs Let us preserve America as we have known it and have nothing to do with this pro- posal of Federal taxation of State and local financing The Federal Government does not need this method of financing, we as a Nation should not for a moment hazard the dangers it may foretell to our political system. Let us rather preserve to the Federal Gov- ernment those powers and functions which rightfully belong to it and to local povern- ments those rights and privileges which are theirs, and not mix them in any common pot out of which no one can say whit may come If this type of income is ever to become taxable, it should be done only after our entire people have been given an opportu- nity of expression thereon through the use of a constitutional amendment We must preserve our local governments and their freedom of action jn local govern- ment affairs It can't be done if the Federal Government is given the proposed strangu- latory power. Fitchburg Man Heads “Red Devils” EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF HON. PHILIP J. PHILBIN OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr. PHILBIN. Mr. Speaker, under unanimous concent to revise and extend my remarks in the Recorp, I include therein a recent article from the cele- brated Boston Post entitled “Fitchburg Man Heads ‘Red Devils.’ ” This fine account makes reference to the outstanding work of the Red Devils of the Ninety-second AFA Battalion commanded by my constituent, Lt. Col. Leon F, Lavoie, of Fitchburg, Mass, As Americans we can all be very proud of the gallantry and heroism of men like Colonel Lavoie and the boys of his com- mand and those associated with them in the Korean campaign, FitcHnurc Man Heaps “Rep DeEvILs’— ARMORED OvuTYIT Has SUPPORTED EVERY UniTep STATES CORPS (By John Thompson) CENTRAL Front, Korea, February 24—The American Army some day probably will get around to replacing World War I towed artil- lery with self-propelled artillery to support the Infantry. MODERN WARFARE Mennwhile, the three self-propelled (SP) Arullery battalions in Korea are proving to the satisinction of cannoneers and many and many infantrymen that this is the way artillery should move in modern warfare. Unattached (SU) battalions are armored field artillery (AFA), for only armored divi- sions are authorized to have such mobility. This Js despite the fact that division com- manders of the World War II in their joint information exchange after the war ended, voted unanimously in favor of (SP) artillery. One of the bij tests of modern mobile artil- lery has been racked up by the “Red Devils” of the Ninety-second (AFA Battalion, com- manded by Lt Col Leon F Lavoie, of Fitch- burg, Mass. His unit, taken from the Sec- ond Armored Division at Fort Hood, Tex, has supported every American corps, every American infantry division except the Sec- ond, several South Korean divisions, and now the marines, MOVES MORE QUICKLY The United States Army is heavy with towed artillery. (SP) guns and towed artil- lery guns are identicnl The difference ts one of mobility and maneuverability. The Nincty-second, which has 155-milli meter howitzers on the chassis of an M-24 light tank, moved forward 4 miles today over an unbeltevably poor road and was in posi- tion and ready to fire in 75 minutes. Towed battalions of 106-millimeter guns took 4 hours Address of Judge William T. McCarthy to Members of the Massachusetts Bar As- sociation EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. FOSTER FURCOLO OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr. FURCOLO. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I wish to include a speech made by one of the great judges of Massachusetts and the United States district court, the Honorable Wil- liam T. McCarthy. The occasion was the recent conference of the members of the Massachusetts Bar Association, held at Springfield, Mass. I want to express to Mr. Sears, Mr. Schneider, and the other members of the committee at the outset of my remarks my A1337 sincere appreciation for the invitation ex- tended to me to speak at the midwinter din- ner of the Massachusetts Bar Association. I have been particularly honored to be here at the head tuble because I have been privi- leged to break bread with a fine Amorican gentleman whose presence on the district court bench of the United States is a source of comtort and consolation to those who are anxious to preserve a godlike American civilization. I have read with considerable pride the decision of the circuit court of ap- peals in the cuse of Untied States v. Dennis, 1 was deeply interested in this case when I wns United States attorney because the pres- entation of the evidence to the United States grand jury against Dennis and his as- sociates was under the watchful eye of a then Assistant Attorney General by the name of Vincent Quinn He is my very deur friend. I therefore long before the indictment was returned had a little Knowledge ot its back- ground The guiding hand of the Almighty never was more conspicuously displayed than in the choice of the coprosecutors Vincent Quinn and Judge McGohey, who at that time was United States attorney, and the presid- ing judge rat this long and arduous trial, at present our guest, Judge Medina. I know of no better compliment that could be paid to a God-fearing man than the simple sentence from the long decision of Judge Learned Hand in which he said that his charges and the rulings were, if anything, too favorable to the defense. I speak of this only because I want to extend to him my greetings as a great American and as an associate of the United States district court and with no desire to invade the territories set aside for Judge Hudson. All the hurricanes from hell never caused him to shrink one minute from the obligation he owed his God and his country, su that I am happy for that reason alone to be present at the head table. I am also happy to meet the members of the bar of the State and Federal courts who practice in this western section I feel honored and I want to assure them that I am here with the deepest of appreciation and humility. I have a golden treasury of friendships in this section of the gieat Bay State which go buck muny, many years starting with my college days and continuing down to the present, They represent men of all races and religions and their frtendship and regard ta near and dear to my heart I am also happy to be present at a head table where the American Bar Association is blessed by having a man as its president. who has had the cournge to appoint a committee to combat communism, I want to congratulate him on his appoint- ment of Jackson Holtz to that committee. It is indeed insptring to me to know that the American Bar Association has begun to real- ize the almost irreparable harm that has been done to the civilization of the world. I want to leave a thought with you mem- bers of the bar of Massachusetts in these most critical days when we are having a ren- dezvous with destiny, when we are living tn & civilization torn apart by isms, by peculiar philosophies of life, by strange ideologies, by the mouthings of men and women who if they had thetr way would obliterate the sanctity of family life The Pilgrim Fore- fathers who came over here to this land of ours to escape persecution and the first civil documents drawn up on our shores by them acknowledged the supremacy of a God be- cause they solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one another conve- nanted and combined together into a civil body politic. The early charters and com- pacts gave a definite place to God. On December 7, 1682, a great pronouncement was made in Pennsylvanian which read as follows: “The glory of almighty God and the good of mankind is the reason and end of government, Therefore government in itself is a venerable ordinance of God” Notice these two ideals. Government 1s for God’s glory and wos ordained by Him. In
A138 the Declaration of Independence tho framers of that noble document three times emphasized God’s part in their struggle for independence and the closing paragraph fur- nished the finest basis in the world, that this Government was founded upon a natural order because it closed with the following phrase, “with a firm reliance upon the pro- tection of Divine Providence" And if that is not a statement of the firm conviction prevatling tn the hearts and minds of our founding fathers, then I must confess that I do not know the meaning and implication of words and phrases. Through these early days these men were the signers of this im- perishable declaration and were men who represented all races and all religions. They left their imprint in the oarly growth and development of this great republic of ours. Their philosophy was found in the utter- ances of the first President of the United States. They were found in the official pro- nouncement of Thomas Jefferson who in the early eighteenth century became the first president of the University of Virginia and who was responsible for establishing a school of religious training at the expense of the people of Virginia open to boys of all reli- gious denominations Even such an unor- thodox character as Benjamin Franklin said that there was no substitute for religion. We have had in history the Hves of simple great Americans who believed in the princi- ple of the Fatherhood of God and the broth- ernood of man and who more important than anything else practiced it. What a tragic transformation the little church in the village, the big church in the suburb, freedom of religious worship, men and wemen living in abodes of peace where men live and let live by looking toward a Su~ preme Being for guidance—the history of the great missionaries who helped to bring order out of chaos, Protestants, Jews, and Catho- lics, all a part of an army of fine men and women—the use of symbols such as found on our coins, ‘In God We Trust.” fine men and women leading in the fight to put down racial and religious discriminations and out of the mists of disbelief and treachery came these diabolical ideologies and unworthy leaders. And you can trace these ideologies back for over 50 years and through the writings of intellectuals they have reccived their tmpetus from the dangerous legal philosophies advanced by legal minds, minds that should have known better, men and women, advocates of the jungle law, who preach the principle that the essence of law is physical law It has spread its tentacles into law schools and it has ralsed up Frank- ensteins in our institutions of learning. It has given us the course of secularism and it, is {nescapably clear that the contributing factors have been powerful minds of the prolession of the law. I have no desire to be unkind whatsoever, but the obligation that a man owes to his own conscience, the obligation that & man owes to his own fam- fly, and the obligation a man owes to a God= like civilizution compels me to speak out. There ts a studied effort being made today to obliterate duc process. There has been a studied effort, and I am sorry to suy it has been successful to a degree to write into the Opinions of our courts these secular views which are the negation of law, the right of morality, of truth, and of man’s place in the world. These false legal prophets have very dinbolically succeeded in undermining our system of jurisprudence becuuse they practice the principle that the essential of luw is physical forco and it is inescapably certain that the corollary from that principle is one that might makes right Examine, if you will, the two recent de- eisions of the United States Supreme Court in the Treasury Bus case and the Illinois Release Time case. I do not intend to criti- cize the courts of the United States, but it is right and proper to refer to the fact that the strange ideologies advocated by a God- less and un-American school of thought find a full expression in these cases, particularly the Illinois case. Witness, if you will, the unjust imprisonment of churchmen In Com-~- munist-controlled countries. We deplore the menace of athetstic communism, and yet, leaders of some of the great institutions of learning encourage the presence on their faculties of men and women who openly ad- vocate atheistic communism. And this, if you please, is from the soil of the United States made sacred by the sweat, blood, and tears of God-fearing American men and women The most effective way to defeat atheistic communism is to see to it that written {nto our decisions is the philosophy underlying the natural law. Its contribu- tion toward the maintenance of a decent civilization is written into the story of the development of the arts and the sciences and the culture of the centuries, It was ex- pressed in the philosophy of the great leader of Judaism, Moses, who propounded to the then world the Ten Commandments, among which were the first two, “Love thy God" and “Love thy neighbor.” It was expressed in the philosophy of Socrates. Its leader in the court room was Demosthenes. 80 I trave] down through the golden corridors of centuries with men like Ciccro and Justinian carrying the torch. Under its aegis great jurists Hved and carried on and under its inspiration members of the bar did their duty toward their God and their country. Its true meaning was expressed in the writ- ings of the great philosopher St Thomas Aquinas in the Middle Ages He it was who said that all man-made laws must conform to the natural law and so on down the line came these great leaders of legal thought down into the early days of the American Government, climaxed when from the pen of Jefferson came the famous preamble of the Declaration that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights and the purpose of this Government is to secure these rights. It 1s itnescapably clear that the unity of America lies in the recognition of the prin- ciple that the inalienable rights of the in- dividual rest upon a foundation eternal and immutable I pay my homage to Mr. Justice Douglas who recently said that in the do- main of conscience there is a moral power highor than the State. Ladies and gentle- men, this is our birthright. This ts our haven of rest. This is the challenge to the jungle law school of philosophy which under the leadership of treasonable men has placed our country in jeopardy. Let us rcededicate ourselves to the philosophy founded upon the respect for God and duly constituted authority. Let the members of the bar assume the leadership in the fight aguinst these diabolical ideologies. 1 warn you that unless you do something about it, our standard of citizenship will change from freedom to that which is the denial of free- dom—tyranny. Let all leaders of all ro- gions manifest a spirit of love and affection for those who teach the undying philosophy that there is a brotherhood of man under the fatherhood of God. Let us drive the money changers out of the temple. Let us be God-tearing men. Let us be courageous men and women. Let us be stout-hearted men and women. Let us think of the classt- cal lines which run as follows: “God give us men! A time like this demands Strong minds, great hearts, true faith, and ready Lands; Men whom the lust of office does not kill; Men whom the spoils of office cannot buy; Men who possess opinions and a will; Men who have honor, men who will not le; Men who can stand before a demagogue And damn his treacherous flattery without winking: Tall men and sun-crowned who live above the fog In public duty and private life.” APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Yes, we need responsible leadership in our bar associations, but our greatest need ts for men and women who believe that fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom, men and women who believe that eternal vigtlance is the price of liberty, men and women who believe that the priceless heritage of Ameri- can citizenship is founded upon eternal truths, challenged today as they are, by false prophets in this country and in other coun- tries of the world, who bask in the sunshine of Karl Marx and his earthly representative, the outlaw of the Caucasus, Stalin. Let us safeguard our American civilization so that it will continue to be a haven of rest for men and women of good will. This is the issue that we face today. The lines have been drawn. What are you, Mr Toast- master, and your colleagues and brothers in the bar associations of this country going to do about it? Let me, in conclusion, urge you to cast aside partisan feelings and remember that @ person's duty to God and his country is not bounded and described primarily by his loyalty to cither one of our major political parties. The maintenance of a two-party form of government is essential to our country’s welfare. I pny homage to a great American in the person of our beloved Presi- dent who has been a powerful leader in the fight of our American civilization against atheistic communism. He is a God-fearing gentleman. He believes in the kind of an American civilization that is worth while maintaining. I urge you to be loyal and faithful to him as the first citizen of the land and as our commander-in-chief. I urge you to support the fine American lead- ers of both parties in the legislative halls of the United States, Members of the Senate, Members of Congress, And when I speak of Members of Congress, I ask you to remem- ber that one of the outstanding forces for the maintenance of a Godlike American civilization is one whose friendship I cherish, whose incorruptibility was never questioned, whose liberal point of view toward all re- ligions is a mutter of common knowledge, a powerful leader in the fight for the preser- vation of our American civilization against atheistic communism. I mean my cher« ished friend, Congressman JoHn W. McCor- MACK, I bespeak of you forbearance, patience, loyalty, and support for all our leaders, members of the Cnbinet, the President, and other high officials of the executive branch of the Government, leaders of our Armed Forces here and abroad, and for our judi- ciary, Federal and State. May Divine Provi- dence give them the strength of mind and body to carry on, so that the United States of America will continue to be a shield of protection for those peoples who believe in the perpetuity of a worth-while civilization. We Should Save Waste Paper EXTENSION OF REMARKS oF HON. JOHN W. BYRNES OF WISCONSIN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr. BYRNES of Wiscorsin. Mr. Speaker, during the present critical pe- riod, and into the foreseeable future, our Nation will undoubtedly be confronted with serious shortages in various vitally essential raw material fields. In many cases we can reduce the harmful impact of these shortages by common-sense con-
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD servation programs and through the co- operation of our citizens in preserving waste products and channeling them back to industry. My purpose today is to outline the seri- ous situation confronting one of our most important industries and to call the at- tention of the American people to the fact that the situation can be greatly alleviated through increased effort on their part in returning to industry waste materials we can no longer afford to destroy. I will discuss the paper-and-pulp in- dustry primarily, although I am quite sure that a similar situation confronts many other industries and can probably be eased if the American people are made aware of the facts. There is no question but that the return of waste paper, through normal trade channels, will go far toward helping the paper-and-pulp industry meet the heavy demands which are now being made upon It. Right now, the pulp and paper indus- try faces a most serious situation. An unprecedented demand, both military and civilian, for paper, paper products and paperboard has created serious shortages in the raw material field mak- ing it more difficult each day for a manu- facturer to schedule his operations. Normal patterns of distribution have been disrupted because of shortages and the nonintegrated mills—those who do not manufacture their own pulp—find themselves 1n serious difficulty in replen- ishing raw material stocks. The Association of Pulp Consumers says, for example, that an optimistic estimate of market pulp available in 1951, under a relatively normal economy and without the added defense demand, would be 14 percent less than 1950, or a decrease of 440,000 tons. The full impact of this shortage cannot be accurately predicted because of the many variables in the picture, including the amount of increased demand, both military and clvilian, and the extent of the shortages of both pulp woods and chemicals for the industry. The shortage of new materials in the pulp and paper industry has been aggra- vated due to the requirement that sulfur, an essential chemical in the production of sulfite pulp, be exported in greatly in- creased quantities.» Europe Asaresult, one large producer of sulfite pulp has announced a cut of 15 percent on all pulp contracts, and it is anticipated that other producers will be forced to follow at the same rate. This rate of reduction re- flects the reduction necessary because of the allocation of sulfur on the basis of 85 percent of former tonnage by sulfur suppliers to pulp manufacturers, A 15 percent reduction in sulfur results in a like reduction of sulfite pulp production. Cne of the immediate effects of a shortage of pulpwood and sulfur will undoubtedly be that integrated mills will withdraw their surplus pulp production from the pulp market and consume it in their own mills. This has already been done by several large domestic and Canadian producers who formerly were important sources of supply for noninte- grated mills, This will cause a disrup- tion of output from the mills as noninte- grated mills are forced to reduce their production or change the grades of paper produced because of lack of raw ma- terials. Pulpwood inventories in the United States at the end of October 1950 were 3,746,000 cords as compared with 6,000,- 000 cords late in 1948. This inventory of 3,746,000 cords is slightly more than 2 months’ supply based on October pro- duction. Wood-pulp inventories at all paper and paperboard mills, mtegrated and nonintegrated, were 400,000 tons on October 31, 1950, as against 650,000 tons during the high point of 1948. Thus, in- ventories on hand constituted less than a 10-day supply based on October con- sumption. This reduction in pulpwood and wood-pulp inventories has occurred at a period of expanding production in the paper industry. Total production for the month of October 1950 was 14 percent higher than October of 1949. At the same time, Inventories of pulpwood at mills declined 28 percent from October 1949 to October 1950, with consumption 14 percent higher than a year previous. Consumption of wood pulp increased 23 percent during 1950 over a comparable 1949 period. The only remaining source of supply to the pulp and paper industry is waste paper. Waste-papcr receipts for the first 10 months of 1950 show an increase of 22 percent, or 1,143,000 tons, over a com- parable period of 1949, Consumption for a comparable period has increased 21 percent and mill inventories at the end of October were below those of a year ago, At the end of October, there was less than a 15-day supply on hand, based on current usage, From these facts, it can be seen that if we are to meet the growing need for paper and paper products with a de- creased supply of pulpwood and wood pul,, it can only be done by increasing the use of waste paper Increased use of waste paper is dependent upon in- creased supplics being made available through citizen help. The immediate steps which can be taken by all Americans are these: Save all wuste paper. Assist in the collection of waste paper. Deliver all collected paper into regu- lar trade channels so that it might be processed by the pulp and paper indus- try. It cannot be emphasized too strongly that “secare-buying” of paper products, or the purchase of products for which there is no immediate need, will only serve to make the situation critical. While the situation is undoubtedly serious, it will not reach a critical stage unless foolish hoarding takes place, par- ticularly if the utilization of waste paper can be stepped up. We can all cooperate by making the great need for waste paper known to the American people, and I am confident that they will then cooperate in saving it for reuse. By so doing, they will b2 making a sound contribution to the de- fense effort by helping to increase vitale ly needed pulp and paper production. A1339 Who’s Unpatriotic? EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. CLEVELAND M. BAILEY | OF WEST VIRGINIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr. BAILEY. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I would like to call attention to Murray Kempton’s article which appeared in the February 21, 1951, issue of the New York Post under the caption “Shearing the sheep.” The accusing finger has long been point- ing at the average workers of America, who, without organized labor, might still be forced to exist under sweatshop environments without a living wage. Since this is a fact, it cannot be right to make this country’s industrial magnates the forgotten men when their subversive a tics, going unnoticed, can cause a greater breakdown than those caused by strikes instigated by members of or- ganized labor. Mr. Kempton's column is a perfect portrayal of my thoughts on this matter. SHEARING THe SHEEP (By Murray Kempton) Last week end, 79,000 CIO woolen workers went on strike for a wage increase, It was the first major walkout since the collapse of the Wage Stabilization Board. Naturally, there were headlines all over What the headlines didn't sry was that wool had been on strike anyway all through February. From the January 26 price freeze to last week end, the wool industry had re- fused to sell tu the Government or to the consumer until 1t was allowed to raise prices. The CIO was just following its boss to the picket line President Truman has not yet announced that the National Association of Wool Manu- facturers is ucting like a bunch of Russians. Charles E Wilson has made no comment. Westbrook Pegler on February 13 said it was time for certain lying, double-crossing traitors to stop helping the enemy itn time of war But “Peg,” like the President, was talking about the railroad workers The wool com- panies were averaging 15 percent gross profits on sales when the strike began, so, of courpe, no one can classify them with second-class citizens like the switchmen, But, if this isn’t u strike against the de- fense effort, I’d like to know what is. Ou January 26, Michne] DiSalle froze the price of wool Three days later, Arthur Besse, president of the National Assoctation of Wool Manufacturers, wired DiSulle that the indus- try cannot operate After January 26, the wool companies stopped bidding on military contracts. On February 8, Women's Wear Daily reported that “Many (wool) firms are reportedly reluc- tant to take military contracts until they have more tormal assurance from OPS that they will nut be caught by the April 1 cut-off date and forced to return their prices to ceilings.” Last February 6, industry representatives visited price control officials to warn that “military contracts would continue to go begging” unless DiSalle dumped the price ceiling on finished fabrics. The next day, DiSalle promised to ease the wool price freeze to take care of “Individual hardship cases.” Industry spokesmen said
A1340 the promise was too vague and that “further clarification would be essential before the industry is in a position to fill the Govern- meut’s needs ” The fix wasn't yet tight enough. On Feb- ruary 13—Peg's day for the trainmen—the Daily News Record reported that military procurement officers couldn't get a satisfac- tory bid on an Air Force serge contract So last Thursday, the Pentagon's Munt- tions Board asked DiSalle to “lift its entire General Ceiling Price Regulation as applied to military goods until some of the more pressing current contracts have been placed ” The next day, DiSalle caved in and took wool textile orders for defense off the price control list. ‘Wool wasn’t alone on the price picket line. The Government hasn't been able to let a cotton fubric contract since February 6. Yes- terday the Journal of Commerce reported that the Cotton Exchange remained closed for the twentieth successive day of its strike against “unworkable” price regulations, The defense cconomy as of this moment 1g a moral slum where a hungry $11.56 a day trainman is a “lying traitor” and these not- yet-surfeited managers of a §2,500,000,000 industry are all honorable men and pillars of society. Mail Service in Tri-City Area of the Columbia Basin EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. THOR C. TOLLEFSON OF WASHINGTON IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr. TOLLEFSON. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Rzc- orp, I include the following resolution of the House of Representatives of the State of Washington: “STATE oF WASHINGTON, “HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. “Yo the Honorable Harry S. Truman, Prest- dent of the United States, and to the honorable members of the Civil Aeronau- tics Board: “We your memortalists, the House of Rep- resentatives of the State ot Washington in legislative session assembled, most respect fully represent and petition as follows: “Whereas that area of the Columbia Basin known as the Tri-City area, comprising the cities of Pasco and Kennewick, the unincor- porated area of Richland, and the rural area immediately adjacent thereto, now has a population of some seventy-five thousand; an “Whereas the importance of the Tri-City area as an atomic and national defense center makes it vital that rapid transportation facilities exist, and “Whereas the suid Tri-City area now has no direct or convenient air communication with constal cities in the Northwest; and “Whereas the public convenience and necessity of such air transportation service to the coast from the Tri-City area already has been proved: Now, therefore, be it “Resolved by the House of Representatives of the State of Washington in legtslative ses- sion assembled, That we respectfully petition the President and the Civil Aeronautics Board to act promptly to certificate regularly scheduled local airplane mail and passenger service from the Tri-City area to Seattle, via Yakima and Ellensburg, and be it futher “Resolved, That the chief clerk of the house of representatives be instructed to transmit copies of this memorial immediately to the Honorable Harry 8. Truman, President of the United States, to the honorable chairman of the Civil Aeronautics Board, and to each Member of the Congress from the State of Washington.” I hereby certify this to be a true and cor- rect copy of resolution adopted by the house of representaitves on March 1, 1951. S.R Howicoms, Chief Clerk, House of Represcntatives. President Truman Presents First Silver Quill Award of National Business Publi- cations EXTENSION OF REMARKS oF HON. GEORGE P. MILLER OF CALIFORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 12, 1951 Mr. MILLER of California. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my re- marks in the Recorp, I include excerpts from the proceedings of the business m(bilization dinner of the Society of Buttness Magazine Editors in Washing- ton, D. C., at which the President of the United States was the honored guest and at which he presented the first Silver Quill Award of National Business Publi- cations, Inc., Washington, D. C., to Paul Wooton for most distinguished services to the Business Press through his de- velopment of better understanding and more productive cooperation between the various agencies of the Federal Gov- ernment and the trade, technical, scien- tific and professional publications of America. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY CHATRMAN JOHN W. McPHERRIn, PresmIpent or THE Society or Busintss MaGazrne Epirors Mr. President, honored guests, ladies and gentlemen, as president of the Society of Business Magazine Editors, it is my great honor to welcome all of you to this business mobilization dinner, The Society of Busi- ness Magazine Editors is a professional group like the Society of Newspaper Editors. We have sponsored this occasion, because, as business editors, we realizo that the most important business of Americn right now is to demonstrate the productive power of free people in competition with those who pro- duce by slave power. We belicve that this production job is too big a job for big busi- ners alone. Small business must get in the production line, too In other words, total mobilization of productive capacity requires that all participate. This means that every business magazine editor, whether his readers are in small or big business, has the responsibility of letting each reader know what this war requires of him and why We must make our renders understand that this is a world struggle between those who believe in mankind and those who do not, ard that it is a showdown between slave workers and free workers as to who can produce the most of the best. This present world struggle may be the last opportunity to prove that free workers led by free management can produce more and better materials of war than slave la- bor driven by the whip of tyrants. America APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD has created production tools and methods that are the envy of the world. They are so good that the Communists claim to have invented them. They have at least copied them and, by using millions of slave work- ers, it 1s possible that the Communist world may match our past production records. That does not frighten us. We have in America something more important than machines and methods. I refer to the free spirit of the American people, and it is found among bench workers as well as board mem- bers. If that free spirit can be aroused, it can give our modern equipment the power to produce all that is needed and more. The problem is how to awaken it, and that is where we business editors may be helpful in this great national effort. The 100 editors of this society are thinking of their two and one-third million readers in business aud industry. Tbcy are even now wondering how their editorial pages can best express the idea of this meeting and arouse that vital spirit among their 2,000,000 renders. I can assure you, Mr. President, that the free spirit of each editor is enough to make him want to do something about it. And your presence here tonight, sir, is a great stimulus to our desire to help. To us, it is evidence of your knowledge of the Business Press and what it has done. We hope you have faith in what we can do. If so, we believe your fuith in the Business Press is largely due to one of our members who, for over 30 years, has been creating mu- tual understanding between Government leaders and business magazine editors. His statesmanlike servicc as a business maga~ zine editor has been so notable that one of the national associations of publishers has selected him to receive the first award of Its kind for outstanding service to the Business Press of America. To tell you more about the award and the man it honors, it is my pleasure to introduce Mr. Rufus Choate, who will speak as vice president of National Business Fublica- tions—Mr. Choate. ANNOUNCEMENT OF BILVER QUILL AWARD BY Rorvus CuHoate, Vick PRESIDENT OF NATIONAL Business PuBIICATIONS, INC, AND PREsI- DENT OF BooxHoUT-CHOATE-SCOTT, INC. Mr President. distinguished guests, mem- bers of the Society of Business Magazine Edi- tors, fellow publishers, ladies and gentle- men, over the years the editors and publish- ers of the Business Press have worked har- montously and understandingly with men of responaibility in Washington and elsewhere in the American economy. Many have par- ticipated in that effective and essential as- signment. But, to some it has been given to render long and outstanding service and, as is so often the case, in high and low places, the service has been its own reward. We publishers who are members of the associa- tion known as National Business Publica- tions desire that due recognition be given where it is so rightly deserved, and to that erd the silver quill of NBP annual award has been created. Those business publishers charged with the responsibility of selecting the first recipi- ent of the silver quill of NBP did not face a difficult task. Thirty years of conspicuous endeavor in behalf of the business press and the public interest had already determined the individual. To every member of the Business Press, it is a matter of signal pride that the first citizen of these United States should so graciously agree to be with us to- night as we honor the man and the task to which his energies have so long been dedicated. Mr. McPherrin, we of NBP are highly hone ored to have President Truman present this, our first annual silver-quill award, to his good friend and ours, Paul Wooton, for most distinguished services to the Business Press
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD through his development of better under- standing and more productive cooperation between the various agencies of the Federal Government and the trade, technical, scien- tific and professional publications of America, — PRESIDENT TRUMAN President Truman, It gives me a great deal of pleasure, Paul, to present this award to you. I have known you for a great many years. And knowing you that long—I still love you. [Laughter.] I know you have earned this award. I know, for example, that twice a month or so you had these gentlemen in to talk to me and sell me a bill of goods. And they have suc- ceeded. [Applause.] (The presentation of the silver-quill award was made at this point.) President TRUMAN. It secms that this oc- casion will not be complete if a politician doesn’t get a chance to say a few words. |Laughter.] Iam glad to congratulate Paul Wooton on this, because when I first came here to Wash- ington in 1935 Paul was our neighbor, And he was a real neighbor. You never forget your treatment when you move into a strange place. Just to show you the difference in attitude of people when a strange man comes to town, my daughter at that time was about 10 years old And I hope you won’t spread that around |[|Laughter.] Paul Wooton lived in the apartment below us, and he was as kind to Margaret as any- body could be And when anybody is kind to Margaret, I never forget it. I don’t even forget 1t when they are not. [Laughter and applause | Paul Wooton has done a great service to the city of Washington. He had so many honors that I don't know whether I could name them all or not. Joe Short, coming over here, said that Paul was the president of the Press Club 2 years before he was, and he taught Joe Short how to introduce distin- guished people. He was instrumental in bringing his organ- ization to the White House, ug I say, at least once a month since I have been President, and twice when he could get in. [Laughter ] This silver quill presented to Paul is be- cause of his work with this organization. And I think he has earned it. I have always been pleased when this organization has called on me. We have always had a good time. They have always given me some in- formation that I couldn't use [laughter| and a great deal that I could, for which I was highly appreciative. We are faced with two things right now. We are faced with aggression And we are faced with inflation. I want this organ- izution to help the Government of the United States to meet both. And you can make a great contribution if you do that I know you will, as your president has said. We ore faced with infintion because of the conditions in the world. I don't think there is any man here who would want to see the thing for which we are fighting lost because we are not able to control ourselves. I think w* can contro) ourselves. I think we can meet this situation I think that every man who has studied the position and the condition of the United States 1s in favor of trying to mect this program that the Government is now putting out with everything that he has. I don’t care whether he is in business, whether he is in politics, or whether he works with his hands for a living. I think that every patriotic American—and I don't know any unpatriotic ones at this minute—is anxious to see our success in meeting our home situation. And I think they are just as anxious to see us meet the situation with which we are faced, because fate has made us a leader in the world. We shirked it in 1920. We can't shirk it now because tt is on us. We must meet it. But it will take everything we have, with all the brains we can mobilize, to meet it. I don't pretend that I know everything that should be done. I have tried to sur- round myself with men who understand various branches of government, who under-= stand the world situation; and by pooling all those brains and ull the others that we can mobilize, we will be able to meet the situation, . It is a struggle between people who be- lieve in spiritual values and people who be- Heve in nothing but materialsm. We are fighting for freedom, for the right to wor- ship ag we please In any church we choose to attend, the right to read what we please, and the right to speak what we please, and the right to elect public officlals of our own choosing—and then to give them hell after they are elected. [Laughter and applause | Dictators don’t belleve in that. There is no difference between dictators If you will study your history, there hasn't been any difference in any police state that ever ex- isted in the history of the world. They are all alike They are all for the enslavement of the individual for the benefit of the state, We believe that the state exists tor the benefit of the individual, and that is what we are fighting for There isn't any difference between Hitler and Mussolini, the Tarquins of ancient Rome, the kings of Sparta, Charles the First of England, Louis the Fourteenth—and Stalin They are all just alike. Nicholas the First of Russia was Just as much of a dic- tator as anyone who ever lived. He belleved in the enslavement of the common people. This Kepublic of ours. has been founded on a different program. I think the greatest part in the Constitution of the United States is the Bill of Rights, and I believe that we ought to give everything we have io see that that Bill of Rights is maintained, for the benefit of the individual. [Applause | It 1s not the first time in the history of the world that the moral forces have been displaced by the materialist forces. When you go down through your history, you will find that this is just one of the incidents in which the fight has been to maintain the right to worship as we please, to talk as wo please, to act as we please, as long as we don't intertere with the rights of others. That has all down through the ages been the struggle I am just as sure a I am that I stand here that we will win that struggle, because there have been times tn the history of the world when we have been much closer to losing than we are now. There has never been a nation in the history of the world that has been placed on a stronger foundation than ours There has never been a nation in the history of the world as unselfish as ours, with ideals that include a belief in the welfare of every in- dividual in the world as well as those of our Nation. There has never been another na- tion in the world that in time of victory has helped the vanquished to recover. See if you can find a situation like that. I don't think you will find it in the history of the world anywhere. We have our troubles. Somebody sent me a cartoon from Punch a day or two ago in which the cartoonist was depicting an argu- ment in the senate of the Carthaginians. And one able senator of the Carthaginians was saying that “Hannibal should not be allowed to use elephants tn Italy, because the senate should control the use of those ele- phants.” (Laughter.} That has been going on ever since we have had senates and sen- ators. And I have served 10 years in the Senate, and I know just exactly how they feel. I know just exactly what the difficulty is. And we will meet it. There isn't a Sen- ator in the Senate who isn’t just as anxious A1341 to see the United States Government con- tinue as the free Government that it is as I am. And I know that no matter what they say for publication, when the time comes for action they will be right there. Iam just as sure of that as I can be It is an interesting thing, the study of the history of these things. When Louis the Fourteenth was trying to be the master of all Europe, there were men in the Parliament of Great Britain who decided that the best thing to do would be not to try to defend the forts of Belgium and the Continent but withdraw to the Island of Great Britain and wait for Louls the Fourteenth to come and get them. Thank God they didn't do that. They didn’t do it They met the situation, and freedom prevailed in the world. We are going to meet it, and freedom ts going to prevail in the world. But in order to do that, we must have the cooperntion of the people who make up this great Nation of ours. I am appealing to you gentlemen to put out the facts. Honest criticism is necessary. I don’t object to that. There is nothing you could say about me, anyhow. {Laughter.] But honest criticism is helpful Nobody objects to that. And when it comes to the fundamental things, I know that every one of you will be in there pitching. I wish I could have been here and had dinner with you, but, you know, in these times I have so many documents to read and so many papers to sign. Up to now T have had to sign my name 600 times a day, and now I think it is going up to 800 times. I don't have a chance to and I can't do the duties I am supposed to do and attend func- tions of this kind for pleasure, I came over here merely because Paul Wooton was our good neighbor, and because I wanted to say that I hope you will cooperate to the fullest extent possible to meet this situation with which we ure faced Thank you very much. — REMARKS OF PauL Wooton AFTER RECEIVING Su.ver QUILL AWARD Mr President, Mr. McPherrin, Mr. Choate, ladies and gentlemen, the National Business Publications have conferred an honor on me which I appreciate profoundly. You, Mr. President, have enhanced that honor by pre- senting me with this impressive symbol of their recognition, The fact that I am to head a list of those who will receive this award in the future is a further honor. It seems to me that this presentation is evidence that the publishers have over- valued what I have done. There is one thing, however, that they cannot overesti- mate That is the depth of my appreciation for this award and for the understanding be- hind it I also am greatly indebted to Prest- dent Truman for many favors. You publishers give me credit for having worked hard tn your interest. What I do for you is not work. To represent you in this fabulous city, where everybody treats you better than you deserve, is a thrilling ussign- ment. To be able to gather the extract of great. minds and give it circulation is not work, It is pleasure in ils most exciting form. When you regard as worth while my efforts to encourage the Business Press to pay more attention to Government and to encourage Government to make more use of the Busi- ness Press, it makes me very happy. In that activity I have consistently had the cooperation of the several Presidents, but this is the first time a President of the United States has recognized the Business Press to the extent of addressing one of Its dinners. All of us appreciate, Mr. President, that your sanction is very valuable. I have been requested to say @ word con- cerning the purpose of this gathering. Our ability as a nation to defend ourselves is [Applause.]