I 
119TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 3575 
To amend the Trade Act of 1974 to authorize the United States Trade 
Representative to impose remedial measures with respect to certain enti-
ties that evade or may attempt to evade duties imposed with respect 
to nonmarket economy countries, and for other purposes. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
MAY 23, 2025 
Mr. ARRINGTON (for himself, Mr. MOORE of Utah, Ms. VAN DUYNE, and Mr. 
STEUBE) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Com-
mittee on Ways and Means 
A BILL 
To amend the Trade Act of 1974 to authorize the United 
States Trade Representative to impose remedial meas-
ures with respect to certain entities that evade or may 
attempt to evade duties imposed with respect to non-
market economy countries, and for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Axing Nonmarket Tar-
iff Evasion Act’’ or the ‘‘ANTE Act’’. 
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SEC. 2. IMPOSITION BY TRADE REPRESENTATIVE OF REME-
DIAL MEASURES IN CASE OF EVASION OF DU-
TIES BY CERTAIN ENTITIES OF NONMARKET 
ECONOMY COUNTRIES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Title III of the Trade Act of 1974 
(19 U.S.C. 2411 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end 
the following: 
‘‘SEC. 311. REMEDIAL MEASURES REGARDING EVASION OF 
DUTIES BY CERTAIN ENTITIES OF NON-
MARKET ECONOMY COUNTRIES. 
‘‘(a) INQUIRY.—The Trade Representative may ini-
tiate an inquiry into whether a covered entity is estab-
lishing, planning to establish, or has established an invest-
ment in a third country that would avoid duties imposed 
under section 301 with respect to a nonmarket economy 
country. 
‘‘(b) REMEDIAL MEASURES.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—If the Trade Representa-
tive makes an affirmative determination under sub-
section (a) with respect to a covered entity and the 
investment of that covered entity in a third country, 
the Trade Representative, subject to the specific di-
rection, if any, of the President, may impose a reme-
dial measure with respect to goods produced in the 
third country by a covered entity, which may include 
the imposition of a duty equal to not less than the 
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Trade Representative may initiate an inquiry 
under subsection (a). 
‘‘(B) INFORMATION
FROM
OTHER
AGEN-
CIES.—Upon request of the Trade Representa-
tive, the head of a Federal agency shall submit 
to the Trade Representative any relevant infor-
mation of the agency that is necessary for the 
Trade Representative to carry out an inquiry 
under subsection (a). 
‘‘(3) DETERMINATION TO INITIATE INQUIRY.— 
Not later than 45 days after receipt of a request 
under paragraph (1), the Trade Representative shall 
determine whether an inquiry under subsection (a) is 
warranted. 
‘‘(4) DETERMINATION OF EVASION.—Not later 
than 180 days after a determination under para-
graph (3) that an inquiry under subsection (a) is 
warranted with respect to a covered entity, the 
Trade Representative shall make an affirmative de-
termination of duty evasion if it is found that the 
third-country investment— 
‘‘(A) is being established or acquired, or 
has been established or acquired, by the covered 
entity; and 
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‘‘(B) is producing or planning to produce 
a good subject to a duty under section 301. 
‘‘(d) ADDITIONAL MEASURES.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Based on the findings of 
an inquiry under subsection (a) with respect to a 
covered entity, the Trade Representative may, at the 
specific direction, if any, of the President, unilater-
ally impose a measure— 
‘‘(A) with respect to the covered entity; 
and 
‘‘(B) with respect to goods produced in a 
third country pursuant to the investment of 
that covered entity in the third country. 
‘‘(2) TIMING.—A measure may be imposed 
under paragraph (1) with respect to a covered enti-
ty— 
‘‘(A) if the covered entity has begun pro-
duction; or 
‘‘(B) prospectively, if the covered entity 
has immediate plans to establish production in 
the third country. 
‘‘(3) DECISION NOT TO IMPOSE A MEASURE.— 
If the Trade Representative does not impose a meas-
ure under paragraph (1) with respect to a covered 
entity, the Trade Representative shall submit to 
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Congress a justification as to why such a measure 
was not imposed, which shall include a description of 
the social and economic impacts of not imposing the 
measure. 
‘‘(4) DURATION OF MEASURE.—If a measure is 
imposed by the Trade Representative under para-
graph (1) with respect to a covered entity, the meas-
ure shall last as long as the remedial action with re-
spect to the relevant nonmarket economy country 
imposed under section 301 remains in effect, or as 
long as the relevant nonmarket economy country has 
a controlling interest in the third-country investment 
of the covered entity, whichever terminates sooner. 
‘‘(e) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 
‘‘(1) CONTROL.—The term ‘control’ has the 
meaning given that term in section 800.208 of title 
31, Code of Federal Regulations (as in effect on the 
date of the enactment of this section). 
‘‘(2) COVERED ENTITY.—The term ‘covered en-
tity’— 
‘‘(A) means an entity owned, controlled, 
subject to the jurisdiction or direction of, or op-
erated by a nonmarket economy country; and 
‘‘(B) includes any entity for which, on any 
date during the most recent 12-month period, 
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not less than 25 percent of the equity interests 
in that entity are held directly or indirectly by 
one or more entities organized under the laws 
of a nonmarket economy country, including 
through— 
‘‘(i) interests in co-investment vehi-
cles, joint ventures, or similar arrange-
ments; or 
‘‘(ii) a derivative financial instrument 
or contractual arrangement between the 
entity and a nonmarket economy country, 
including any such instrument or contract 
that seeks to replicate any financial return 
with respect to such entity or interest in 
such entity. 
‘‘(3) NONMARKET
ECONOMY
COUNTRY.—The 
term ‘nonmarket economy country’ means any coun-
try that is both— 
‘‘(A) determined to be a nonmarket econ-
omy country under section 771(18) of the Tar-
iff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1677(18)); and 
‘‘(B) included on the priority watch list, as 
defined in section 182(g)(3) (commonly known 
as the ‘Special 301 Priority Watch List’). 
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‘‘(4) 
TRADE
REPRESENTATIVE.—The 
term 
‘Trade Representative’ means the United States 
Trade Representative.’’. 
(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents 
for the Trade Act of 1974 is amended by inserting after 
the item relating to section 310 the following: 
‘‘Sec. 311. Remedial measures regarding evasion of duties by certain entities in 
nonmarket economy countries.’’. 
Æ 
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