IV 
118TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION 
H. RES. 532 
Third Reconstruction: Fully addressing poverty and low wages from the 
bottom up. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
JUNE 21, 2023 
Ms. LEE of California (for herself and Ms. JAYAPAL) submitted the following 
resolution; which was referred to the Committee on Oversight and Ac-
countability 
RESOLUTION 
Third Reconstruction: Fully addressing poverty and low 
wages from the bottom up. 
Whereas, before the pandemic, there were over 140,000,000 
people who were poor, low wealth, or just one emergency 
away from economic ruin in the United States; 
Whereas pandemic relief programs that were long overdue 
temporarily relieved the load of poverty, reducing these 
numbers to 112,000,000, but were ended abruptly, pre-
cipitating a rise in these numbers once again; 
Whereas, during this same time period, billionaire wealth in-
creased by $1,500,000,000,000, or over $2,000,000,000 
per day; 
Whereas the injustice of poverty and low wealth is deeply en-
twined with the injustices of systemic racism, the denial 
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of health care and ecological devastation, militarism, and 
the distorted moral narrative of religious nationalism that 
seeks to blame the poor instead of addressing systems 
that cause poverty; 
Whereas there are devastating consequences to these injus-
tices, including that poverty is the fourth-leading cause of 
death in the Nation, higher than homicides, firearms, sui-
cide, and diabetes, taking 290,000 lives every year, or 
800 people a day, meaning we can no longer ignore policy 
violence nor deaths caused by policy; 
Whereas our entire society suffers when nearly 40 percent of 
the country who are poor and one emergency from eco-
nomic ruin cannot fulfill their potential or fully partici-
pate in society; 
Whereas these widespread conditions cannot be explained by 
blaming individual behaviors, nor are they inherent to our 
economy or society, but rather they are created and sus-
tained by unjust and immoral laws, policies, systems, and 
structures; 
Whereas we need the resolve to pass moral and just laws and 
policies that fully address these interlocking injustices, 
which were deepened during the COVID–19 pandemic; 
Whereas the official poverty measure (OPM) is an inadequate 
measure that does not account for today’s cost of living, 
including child care, health insurance, and transpor-
tation, and even the supplemental poverty measure 
(SPM) does not account for all modern necessities or 
debt burdens that siphon household resources away from 
meeting basic needs; 
Whereas among the 140,000,000 people who were poor, low 
wealth, or one emergency away from economic ruin, were 
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52 percent of children (39,000,000), 45 percent of 
women (74,000,000), 60 percent of Black people 
(24,000,000), 
percent 
of 
Latina/o 
people 
(38,000,000), 40 percent of Asian and Pacific Islander 
people (8,000,000), 59 percent of Native and Indigenous 
people (2,000,000), and 33 percent of White people 
(66,000,000); 
Whereas these tens of millions of poor and low-income people 
live in every region, State, and county of the Nation, in-
cluding approximately: 50,000,000 in the South (Ala-
bama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, 
Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Tennessee, Texas, Virginia), 40,000,000 in Appalachia 
(Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, 
North Carolina, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, South 
Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia), and over 
8,000,000 in New York alone, over 40,000,000 in the 
Southwest/Border (Arizona, California, Colorado, New 
Mexico, Nevada, Texas, Utah), 20,000,000 in California 
alone, 20,000,000 in the Midwest deindustrialized States 
(Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wis-
consin), 11,000,000 in the Northeast (Connecticut, Dela-
ware, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, New Hampshire, 
New Jersey, Rhode Island, Vermont), 7,000,000 in the 
Northwest (Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, Wyo-
ming), 7,000,000 in the Great Plains (Iowa, Kansas, 
Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, 
Oklahoma, South Dakota), 700,000 in Hawaii, and 
300,000 in Washington, DC; 
Whereas systemic racism takes the form of laws and policies 
that target people of color, especially poor people of color, 
to create and deepen inequities in democracy, health, eco-
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nomic security, education, housing, jobs, policing, incar-
ceration, criminalization, and immigration, which has 
contributed to the disproportionate impact of COVID–19 
on poor communities of color; 
Whereas, since 2010, at least 25 States had passed new voter 
restrictions, imposing racist gerrymandering and redis-
tricting, restricting early voting and voting hours, purg-
ing voter rolls, closing polling stations, and instituting 
onerous voter ID laws; 
Whereas 10 years after the Supreme Court gutted the Voting 
Rights Act in Shelby v. Holder, voting rights remain un-
protected, unleashing an assault on voting rights and ac-
cess to democracy, including that, since the 2020 elec-
tions, over 1,000 voter restriction laws have been intro-
duced in all 50 States; 
Whereas voter suppression laws disproportionately target 
poor, Black, Brown, and Native people, they also pave 
the way for immoral policies that deny health care, living 
wages, immigrant rights, women’s rights, LGBTQ+ 
rights, and more; 
Whereas nearly 52,000,000 people are working for low wages, 
including at least 47 percent of Black workers, 46 per-
cent of Latina/o workers and approximately 30 percent of 
White workers, and a significant number (40 percent) of 
low-wage workers are women; 
Whereas approximately 12,000,000 essential workers are im-
migrants, including 5,000,000 undocumented immi-
grants, and Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders are 
the highest represented subgroup among essential work-
ers; 
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Whereas women carry a disproportionate share of unpaid 
care work, which would total $1,500,000,000,000 at the 
current minimum wage ($7.25); 
Whereas the average hourly wage that a full-time worker re-
quires to afford a modest two-bedroom apartment is over 
$25 per hour; 
Whereas there are 8,000,000 to 11,000,000 people at risk of 
homelessness, and an estimated 34,000,000 people are 
facing food insecurity, including a disproportionate share 
of Black, Latina/o, American Indian, Alaska Native, Na-
tive Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, and multiracial house-
holds, yet protections against evictions and hunger are 
being rolled back; 
Whereas of the approximately 60,000,000 adults with disabil-
ities in the country, 26 percent are living below the pov-
erty line, 10 percent are uninsured, and 7,000,000 stu-
dents with disabilities are enrolled in our public schools; 
Whereas the average cost of living in the Nation amounts to 
more than twice the OPM and SPM, close to $60,000 for 
a household of four; 
Whereas due to these limitations in the measure of poverty, 
social welfare and antipoverty programs have been under-
funded, to the extent that only 1 in 5 eligible families re-
ceived TANF or Federal housing assistance, expanded 
SNAP (food stamps) were reduced to just $6 per day 
and Head Start reaches only 54 percent of eligible 3- to 
4-year-olds; 
Whereas household debt burdens have grown to over 
$17,000,000,000,000, and more than two-thirds of our 
families are having difficulty meeting usual household ex-
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penses, including more than three-quarters of low-income 
households and Black and Latina/o families; 
Whereas student debt amounts to $1,600,000,000,000, im-
pacting 44,000,000 households, and 100,000,000 Ameri-
cans struggle with medical debt; 
Whereas alongside mounting poverty, low wealth, debt, and 
economic desperation, poor communities and poor com-
munities of color are hit first and worst by climate 
change, pollution, extreme weather, climate disaster, eco-
logical devastation, and related health disparities, includ-
ing during the COVID–19 pandemic; 
Whereas an expansion of oil and fossil fuel infrastructure led 
to over 5,000 significant oil and gas leaks or ruptures on 
United States pipelines, more than 2,400 oil spills in 
United States waters, and 1,100 coal ash ponds, all of 
which are disproportionately proximate to poor commu-
nities; 
Whereas decades of residential segregation continue to ex-
pose, especially, Black communities to greater air pollu-
tion, as well as Latina/o, Asian and Pacific Islander, and 
poor and low-wealth communities; 
Whereas Native and Indigenous reservations cover just two 
percent of the United States, and ancestral and sacred 
lands are at risk of being devastated by mining, extrac-
tion, and pollution, because of their vast mineral and nat-
ural wealth; 
Whereas tens of millions of Americans cannot afford access 
to clean water, 44,000,000 people are living with water 
systems that violated the Safe Drinking Water Act, and 
approximately 540,000 households lack access to com-
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plete plumbing, with Native American households more 
likely to face water access issues than other households; 
Whereas, despite these threats to health, 119 rural hospitals 
have been closed in 41 States since 2010, more than 450 
rural hospitals are at risk of closure and 104,000,000 
people were uninsured or underinsured leading into the 
COVID–19 pandemic; 
Whereas the United States has the worst-ranking public 
health outcomes including that average life expectancy is 
at its lowest point since 1996, with higher infant and ma-
ternal mortality rates than our peer countries, even 
though we spend twice the amount per capita on health 
expenditures compared to other industrialized nations; 
Whereas, during the deadliest phases of the pandemic, poor 
and low-income counties experienced death rates that 
were up to five times higher than wealthier counties; 
Whereas rather than addressing these pressing conditions im-
pacting our health, well-being, and general welfare, 62 
cents of every Federal discretionary dollar goes to the 
Pentagon and militarization; 
Whereas experts have identified up to $350,000,000,000 in 
defense spending cuts that would both save resources and 
keep the country safe and secure; 
Whereas the United States wars since 2001 have killed more 
than 937,000 people directly, and another 3,600,000 to 
3,700,000 indirectly, and displaced 3,000,000 more; 
Whereas local and State law enforcement agencies have re-
ceived over $7,600,000,000 worth of equipment from the 
Department of Defense since 1990; 
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Whereas of the 16,500,000 veterans in the Nation, 4,500,000 
have a service-connected disability, more than 33,000 are 
homeless, and 1,200,000 receive food assistance; 
Whereas the United States is home to less than 5 percent of 
the world’s population, but accounts for 20 percent of the 
world’s incarcerated people, most of whom are poor and 
the poorest of whom are women and people of color, and 
74 percent of those held in jail have not been convicted 
of any crime, but are unable to make bail and therefore 
unable to be free before trial; 
Whereas there have been over 1,000 police killings every year 
since 2013, with Black, Native, and Indigenous people 
more likely to be killed by police, yet 98 percent of police 
killings since 2013 have not resulted in a criminal 
charge; 
Whereas nearly every American will know a gun violence vic-
tim in their lifetimes; 
Whereas our strength as a Nation is greater when we wel-
come newcomers and immigrants, and immigrant families 
are vital members of our communities, yet our broken im-
migration system is harmful to immigrants and our soci-
ety as a whole, it is plagued by backlogs, processing 
delays, and overly complex policies, it criminalizes migra-
tion and prioritizes detention, deportation, and the eco-
nomic and political exclusion of immigrants, and it relies 
on a largely for-profit detention system that detains tens 
of thousands of people and separates families; 
Whereas, although immigrants, regardless of status, pay 
more than $490,000,000,000 in taxes, they are virtually 
excluded from nearly all safety net programs; 
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Whereas White supremacist and far-right extremist groups 
have been recognized by the Federal Government as a 
predominant domestic security threat; 
Whereas every year we spend over $1,000,000,000,000 in 
endless wars, mass incarceration, policing, immigration, 
and border enforcement, none of which make us safer; 
Whereas 
billionaires 
have 
added 
more 
than 
1,500,000,000,000 to their collective wealth over the past 
two years; 
Whereas these interlocking injustices are precipitating the 
deconstruction of our democracy and imposing unbear-
able 
costs 
to 
our 
economy, 
including 
that 
$1,000,000,000,000 is lost every year to the costs of 
child poverty, $1,900,000,000,000 of government revenue 
was lost by lowering the corporate tax rate in 2017, 
$8,000,000,000,000 has been lost in endless wars over 
the past two decades, the costs of the pandemic are esti-
mated to be at least $16,000,000,000,000, and inaction 
on climate change threatens the loss of life itself; 
Whereas there was record turnout among the 85,000,000 
poor and low-income eligible voters in the 2020 elections, 
who did not vote for a return to ‘‘normal’’; 
Whereas moral policy that prioritizes the 140,000,000 poor 
and low-income people can lift this Nation from the bot-
tom up, rather than waiting for wealth to trickle down; 
Whereas social movements committed to the needs and de-
mands of poor and low-income people, including the Poor 
People’s Campaign: A National Call for Moral Revival, 
Repairers of the Breach and the Kairos Center for Reli-
gions, Rights and Social Justice, have been calling for 
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transformational change and putting forward a Third Re-
construction Agenda; and 
Whereas drawing on the history of the first Reconstruction 
after the Civil War and the second Reconstruction of the 
civil rights struggles in the 20th century, this moment 
demands a third Reconstruction to revive our political 
commitment to implement moral laws and policies that 
can heal and transform the Nation: Now, therefore, be it 
Resolved, That— 
(1) it is the sense of Congress to— 
(A) recognize that— 
(i) this country is founded on the 
moral commitment to establish justice, en-
sure domestic tranquility, provide for the 
common defense, promote the general wel-
fare, and secure the blessings of liberty; 
(ii) equal protection under the law is 
nonnegotiable; 
(iii) it is a moral abomination that 
there are 140,000,000 people in this coun-
try who are poor, low wealth, or one emer-
gency away from economic ruin; and 
(iv) economic security should be guar-
anteed to all, and to that end, every indi-
vidual is guaranteed access to fundamental 
economic rights, including the unqualified 
right to— 
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(I) the opportunity to work in a 
fulfilling occupation for a thriving 
wage; 
(II) an adequate income, suffi-
cient to meet basic needs and enjoy a 
life with dignity, including for care 
work inside of our own homes; 
(III) safe, well-maintained, and 
healthy housing for themselves and 
their families within affordable reach 
and without becoming cost-burdened; 
(IV) accessible, quality education, 
from child care to postsecondary edu-
cation; 
(V) comprehensive health care 
coverage with free choice of hospital 
and provider; 
(VI) access to free, secure, and 
accessible banking services, including 
fair credit and lending opportunities 
to build generational wealth; and 
(VII) a healthy environment and 
sustainable climate that embraces re-
newable energy, clean air and water 
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quality, and eliminates environmental 
health risks; 
(B) recognize that the United States Fed-
eral budget is a moral document that exposes 
the priorities and values of our Nation, how-
ever, addressing poverty has not been a top leg-
islative or budget priority; and 
(C) recognize that these times require 
moral policies aimed at fully addressing the 
interlocking injustices of systemic racism, pov-
erty, the denial of health care and ecological 
devastation, militarism, and the distorted moral 
narrative of religious nationalism, as a third 
Reconstruction to build an equitable, thriving, 
and resilient economy from the bottom up; and 
(2) Congress commits to heal the Nation, begin-
ning over the next two years, by— 
(A) prioritizing and centering the needs of 
the 140,000,000 in laws and legislation, includ-
ing in infrastructure development, by— 
(i) updating the poverty measure to 
reflect what it takes to have a decent 
standard of living in the United States 
today and to establish a new standard for 
social welfare programs that permanently 
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expand welfare benefits, provide cash as-
sistance programs, and guarantee regular 
adequate incomes to all; 
(ii) raising the minimum wage to a 
living wage and guaranteeing the right to 
form and join unions for all workers; 
(iii) expanding unemployment insur-
ance and ensuring paid family and medical 
leave for all workers; 
(iv) implementing a Federal jobs 
guarantee to increase public investments 
and infrastructure in poor and low-income 
communities that prioritize green and so-
cially beneficial industries, public health, 
public education, care work, public transit 
and roads, public utilities, broadband, sani-
tation and water services, climate resil-
ience, sustainable food production and dis-
tribution, libraries, fire stations, and cul-
tural work; 
(v) guaranteeing safe and quality 
housing for all by enacting rent control 
policies, ending all evictions, canceling past 
due rent and mortgage payments and reha-
bilitating and expanding the stock of af-
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fordable and public housing, as well as 
public housing and rental assistance, and 
housing people experiencing homelessness 
through ‘‘Housing-First’’ principles, rather 
than expanding the shelter system; 
(vi) guaranteeing the right to water 
by ending water and utility shut offs and 
making clean water and sanitation services 
accessible to all; 
(vii) guaranteeing accessible, diverse, 
safe, high quality, equitable options for 
universally affordable child care and public 
education and accessible education infra-
structure from pre-K–12 for all children, 
ensuring that higher education is free to 
everyone who wants to attend, and pro-
tecting and expanding public resources for 
students with disabilities; 
(viii) guaranteeing quality health care 
for all, enacting a universal single payer 
national health care program that puts 
people ahead of profits, expanding our 
public health infrastructure to better ad-
dress social determinants of health, invest-
ing in Native American health through 
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fully funding the Indian Health Service 
and social support for Native Americans, 
and investing critical resources for health 
care services and infrastructure in urban 
and rural underserved communities; 
(ix) enacting relief from student debt, 
housing debt, utilities debt, medical debt, 
and other household and personal debt 
that cannot be paid; 
(x) ensuring every individual can ac-
cess financial and credit services free of 
deceptive or unnecessary fees and lending 
discrimination, but with meaningful com-
munity reinvestment; and 
(xi) ensuring that State, local, and 
Tribal governments are adequately funded 
so as to avoid bankruptcy or fiscal crisis; 
(B) expanding and protecting the right to 
vote, including by— 
(i) restoring the full power of the Vot-
ing 
Rights 
Act 
by 
updating 
the 
preclearance formula to cover all States 
and political subdivisions with deep-rooted 
histories of voter suppression and any and 
all jurisdictions that recently passed voter 
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suppression laws or utilized voter suppres-
sion policies or tactics; 
(ii) making election day a national 
holiday; 
(iii) establishing a fair redistricting 
process that eliminates all forms of racist 
and political gerrymandering, allows public 
input, and guarantees that every vote 
counts the same; 
(iv) increasing polling locations so all 
eligible voters have equitable access to the 
polls; 
(v) implementing no-excuse mail-in 
voting in every State and requiring all 
States to offer early voting to extend equi-
table timeframes and polling locations; 
(vi) modernizing voter registration by 
instituting online, same-day, and automatic 
voter registration; and 
(vii) ensuring the right to vote for for-
merly and currently incarcerated people; 
(C) complementing existing efforts and leg-
islation to eliminate persistent racial inequities 
in education, health care, housing, jobs, wages, 
Social Security and veteran benefits, land own-
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ership, financial assistance, food security, vot-
ing rights, and the justice system that are root-
ed in our Nation’s history of violence and dis-
possession of Native and Indigenous peoples, 
250 years of chattel slavery, systemic racism, 
and unjust immigration policies at the expense 
of Black, Latina/o, Asian American and Pac-
ifier Islander, and Native Hawaiian peoples, in-
cluding through— 
(i) a national commission to study 
and develop proposals on reparations for 
African Americans; and 
(ii) a national truth, racial healing 
and transformation commission, which can 
include recommendations for restorative 
processes and reparations for Indigenous 
and other dispossessed people; 
(D) protecting the constitutional rights of 
assembly and free speech, including from crit-
ical 
infrastructure 
legislation 
and 
other 
antiprotest legislation, including by— 
(i) removing criminal penalties, fines, 
or other costs for protest activities; 
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(ii) protecting all constitutional activ-
ity that occurs in the course of a protest; 
and 
(iii) retaining liability for public or 
private actors for causing harm to pro-
testers; 
(E) enacting comprehensive and just immi-
gration reform, including by— 
(i) demilitarizing the southern border 
and immigration enforcement, closing Im-
migration 
and 
Customs 
Enforcement 
(ICE) Enforcement and Removal Oper-
ations, and limiting staff and authority of 
the Border Patrol; 
(ii) repealing and redressing manda-
tory detentions, deportations, child deten-
tions, and family separations, and reunit-
ing families; 
(iii) ensuring regular and timely ac-
cess to legal documentation and residency; 
and 
(iv) making public welfare programs 
available and accessible to all immigrants, 
regardless of legal status; 
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(F) ensuring all the rights of Native and 
Indigenous peoples and Tribal Nations, includ-
ing by honoring treaties, guaranteeing the right 
to the free expression of their religion, the right 
to Native and sacred lands, and otherwise pro-
tecting against legislation or land transfers that 
violate these sacred rights; 
(G) embracing a bold agenda to transform 
the economy away from climate chaos to a 
green renewable energy economy that prioritizes 
poor and low-wealth frontline communities and 
builds up publicly owned and controlled green 
energy infrastructure, including by— 
(i) investing in a green infrastructure 
package that provides for equitable public 
transit, fixes roads and bridges, ensures 
equitable and affordable housing, edu-
cation, and care work and access to 
broadband, electricity, water, sanitation, 
and other public utilities, expands public 
health infrastructure, sustainable food pro-
duction and distribution, and community- 
based institutions like libraries, fire sta-
tions, and recreation facilities; 
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(ii) dramatically curtailing air, water, 
land, and climate pollution; and 
(iii) creating resilient jobs to help 
communities prepare for and respond to 
climate-related disasters and promoting a 
just worker transition; 
(H) demilitarizing United States foreign 
policy, borders, and policing, including by— 
(i) cutting the Pentagon budget by 
phasing out outdated weapons systems and 
eliminating waste, fraud, and abuse; 
(ii) reviewing the moral, economic, 
and social consequences of spending 62 
cents of every Federal discretionary dollar 
on militarization; 
(iii) ending the forever wars, repealing 
existing Authorizations for the Use of Mili-
tary Force, and restoring Congress’ war 
powers, including over limited uses of force 
such as airstrikes and drone attacks; 
(iv) recognizing the three pillars of 
foreign policy (diplomacy, development, 
and defense) and pursuing diplomacy over 
war, including reconsidering forward mili-
tary deployments, instituting a nuclear no- 
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•HRES 532 IH 
first-use commitment, and moving toward 
nuclear disarmament and curtailing the 
use of broad economic sanctions that cre-
ate mass suffering; 
(v) repealing programs like the 1033 
program that provides military equipment 
and training to domestic law enforcement 
agencies; and 
(vi) ending mass incarceration and 
violent policing, based on the demands of 
grassroots organizations and communities 
who are most egregiously impacted by 
these injustices; 
(I) enacting fair taxes on corporations, 
Wall Street, and the wealthy, including by— 
(i) repealing the 2017 tax cuts that 
reduced the corporate tax rate and the top 
marginal tax rate; 
(ii) repealing tax breaks on fossil 
fuels; 
(iii) repealing tax breaks for pass- 
through income; 
(iv) instituting a financial transaction 
tax on Wall Street; 
(v) instituting a wealth tax; 
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•HRES 532 IH 
(vi) taxing investment income the 
same as income from work; and 
(vii) otherwise making the Tax Code 
less punitive for poor and low-income peo-
ple; 
(J) alongside cuts to the Pentagon budget 
and fair taxation, using deficit spending to meet 
these pressing needs so as to end systemic rac-
ism, poverty, the denial of health care and eco-
logical devastation, and militarism and address 
the distorted moral narrative of religious na-
tionalism; and 
(K) encouraging States and cities to enact 
policies that follow the direction provided by 
this resolution. 
Æ 
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