substantial number of consumers will continue 
to hold misleading and inaccurate views of their 
own creditworthiness that may impact how and 
whether they shop for credit. 
(D) In February 2011, a Consumer Fed-
eration of America and VantageScore study also 
found that the general public lacks a clear un-
derstanding of what credit scores represent. 
The report found that half of the consumers 
surveyed did not know that a credit score is de-
signed to indicate the risk of not repaying a 
loan. Consumers also did not know who makes 
credit scores available, what numerical range 
constitutes excellent credit standing, or the fi-
nancial implications of having a low credit 
score. 
(E) Many consumers do not realize that 
they have more than just ‘‘one’’ credit score. 
Because the submission of credit information to 
CRAs is voluntary and not all furnishers submit 
information to every CRA, the information con-
tained in a consumer’s credit report also varies 
among CRAs. As a result, the credit score gen-
erated by each CRA is likely to vary, resulting 
in potentially different credit decisions based on 
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an evaluation of different credit reports ob-
tained from different CRAs. 
(F) A February 2015 Bureau report titled 
‘‘Consumer Voices on Credit Reports and 
Scores’’ found that consumers had questions 
about what actions to take to improve their 
scores once they had seen them, suggesting that 
additional disclosures and educational content is 
necessary. The Bureau found that consumers 
were confused by conflicting advice on how to 
improve their scores. 
(G) That report noted that consumers 
found the process for obtaining consumer re-
ports and credit scores confusing. Consumers 
also were uncertain whether and under what 
circumstances they could obtain a consumer re-
port for free. 
(11) DECEPTIVE AND MISLEADING MARKETING 
PRACTICES.— 
(A) The Bureau’s February 2015 report ti-
tled ‘‘Consumer Voices on Credit Reports and 
Scores’’ found that some consumers did not 
check their consumer report because of con-
cerns about security or being trapped into pur-
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chasing unwanted products like an additional 
report or a credit monitoring service. 
(B) CRAs frequently lure consumers into 
purchasing products and services that they may 
not want or need by offering such products or 
services ‘‘free of charge’’ for an introductory 
trial period before such products automatically 
convert into an ongoing subscription service at 
the regular price until the offer is cancelled. 
(C) Given the ubiquitous use of consumer 
reports in consumers’ lives and the fact that 
consumers’ participation in the credit reporting 
system is involuntary, CRAs should prioritize 
providing consumers with the effective means to 
safeguard their personal and financial informa-
tion and improve their credit standing, rather 
than seeking to exploit consumers’ concerns for 
their companies’ financial gain. 
(D) Vulnerable consumers, who have legiti-
mate concerns about the security of their per-
sonal and financial information, deserve clear, 
accurate, and transparent information about 
the credit reporting tools that may be available 
to them, such as fraud alerts and audit freezes. 
(12) LOAN COMPARISON SHOPPING.— 
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(A) The Bureau’s February 2015 report ti-
tled ‘‘Consumer Voices on Credit Reports and 
Scores’’ found that while consumers stand to 
benefit when they shop for credit, some con-
sumers are reluctant to shop for loans and 
other types of consumer credit products out of 
fear that in doing so they will harm their credit 
scores. 
(B) The Bureau found that one of the 
most common barriers for people in reviewing 
their own consumer reports and shopping for 
the best credit terms was a lack of under-
standing of the differences between ‘‘soft’’ and 
‘‘hard’’ inquiries and whether requesting a copy 
of their own consumer report adversely impacts 
their credit. 
(C) The Bureau revealed that a consumer 
with an accurate perception of his or her credit 
standing may be better equipped to shop for fa-
vorable credit terms. 
(13) PROTECTIONS
FOR
CONSUMERS’ CREDIT 
INFORMATION.— 
(A) Despite heightened awareness, inci-
dents of identity theft continue to rise. In Feb-
ruary 2015 the FTC reported that identity 
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theft was the top consumer complaint that it 
received for the 15th consecutive year. As these 
incidents continue to rise, consumers experience 
significant financial loss and emotional distress 
from the inability to safeguard effectively and 
inexpensively their credit information from bad 
actors. 
(B) According to Javelin Strategy & 
Research’s 2015 Identity Fraud study, $16 bil-
lion was stolen by fraudsters from 12.7 million 
American consumers in 2014. Similarly, the 
United States Department of Justice found an 
estimated 7 percent of all United States resi-
dents age 16 or older (about 17.6 million per-
sons) were victims of one or more incidents of 
ID theft in 2014, and the number of elderly vic-
tims age 65 or older (about 86 percent) in-
creased from 2.1 million in 2012 to 2.6 million 
in 2014. 
(C) Consumers report that they are ex-
tremely worried about the security of their fi-
nancial information. According to a 2015 
MasterCard survey, a majority of consumers 
(77 percent) are anxious about their financial 
information and Social Security numbers being 
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stolen or compromised, with about 55 percent 
of consumers indicating that they would rather 
have naked pictures of themselves leaked online 
than have their financial information stolen. 
(D) The 2015 MasterCard survey revealed 
that consumers’ concerns about the online secu-
rity of their financial information even out-
weighed consumers’ worries about other phys-
ical security dangers such as having their 
houses 
robbed 
(59 
percent) 
or 
being 
pickpocketed (46 percent). 
(E) Despite the increasing risks consumers 
face, there is no Federal requirement that en-
sures victims, the elderly and other vulnerable 
consumers have access to credit freezes, the 
best tool for protecting against new account 
fraud, free of charge. Nor is there a Federal re-
quirement to ensure that consumers regardless 
of where they live can proactively place a credit 
freeze on their consumer report to guard 
against the risk of identity theft and fraud for 
a fair and reasonable fee. 
(F) As a result of varying State laws, 
many consumers may be unable to quickly lift 
a credit freeze they place on their consumer re-
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port, either for a specific creditor or category of 
creditors, when the time comes for the con-
sumer to obtain credit. Indeed, many consumers 
may not be taking advantage of existing credit 
freeze rights provided at the State level if they 
perceive the benefits of this protection to be 
outweighed by the burden associated with using 
it. 
(G) According to Consumer Reports, 
roughly 50 million American consumers spent 
about 3.5 billion in 2010 to purchase products 
aimed at protecting their identity, with the an-
nual cost of the services ranging from $120 to 
$300. As risks to consumers’ personal and fi-
nancial information continue to grow, con-
sumers need additional protections to ensure 
that they have fair and reasonable access to the 
full suite of identity theft and fraud prevention 
measures that may be right for them. 
SEC. 4. EFFECTIVE DATE. 
Except as otherwise specified, the amendments made 
by this Act shall take effect 2 years after the date of the 
enactment of this Act. 
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TITLE I—FIXING THE DISPUTE 
PROCESS 
SEC. 101. ESTABLISHES A NEW RIGHT TO APPEAL DIS-
PUTES COMPLETED BY CONSUMER REPORT-
ING AGENCIES AND FURNISHERS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 611(a) of the Fair Credit 
Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681i(a)) is amended to read 
as follows: 
‘‘(a) REINVESTIGATIONS
OF DISPUTED INFORMA-
TION BY A CONSUMER REPORTING AGENCY.— 
‘‘(1) REINVESTIGATIONS REQUIRED.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Subject to subsection 
(f), if the completeness or accuracy of any item 
of information contained in a consumer’s file at 
a consumer reporting agency is disputed by the 
consumer and the consumer notifies the agency 
(either directly or indirectly through a reseller 
or an authorized third party) of such dispute, 
the agency shall, free of charge— 
‘‘(i) conduct a reasonable reinvestiga-
tion using the process described in para-
graph (3) to determine whether the dis-
puted information is inaccurate, incom-
plete, or cannot be verified; 
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‘‘(ii) notify the consumer that a nota-
tion described in section 605(e) will be 
added to the consumer’s file until the re-
investigation has been completed and that 
such notation can be removed at the re-
quest of the consumer; and 
‘‘(iii) before the end of the 30-day pe-
riod beginning on the date on which the 
consumer reporting agency receives the no-
tice of the dispute from the consumer or 
the reseller— 
‘‘(I) record the current status of 
the disputed information; or 
‘‘(II) delete or modify the item in 
accordance with paragraph (3)(D). 
‘‘(B) EXTENSION OF PERIOD TO REINVES-
TIGATE.—Except as provided in subparagraph 
(C), the 30-day period described in subpara-
graph (A) may be extended for period not to ex-
ceed 15 days if the consumer reporting agency 
receives additional information from the con-
sumer or the reseller regarding the dispute 
after the date on which the consumer reporting 
agency notified any person who provided any 
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item of information in dispute under paragraph 
(2)(A). 
‘‘(C) LIMITATIONS ON EXTENSION OF PE-
RIOD TO REINVESTIGATE.—Subparagraph (B) 
shall not apply to any reinvestigation in which, 
during the 30-day period described in subpara-
graph (A), the disputed information is found to 
be inaccurate or incomplete, or the consumer 
reporting agency determines that the disputed 
information cannot be verified. 
‘‘(2) PROMPT
NOTICE
OF
DISPUTE
TO
FUR-
NISHER OF INFORMATION; PROVISION OF INFORMA-
TION REGARDING DISPUTE PROVIDED BY THE CON-
SUMER OR RESELLER.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Before the end of the 
period of 5 business days beginning on the date 
on which a consumer reporting agency receives 
notice of a dispute from any consumer or re-
seller under paragraph (1)(A), the consumer re-
porting agency shall provide notification of the 
dispute to any person who provided any item of 
information in dispute, at the address and in 
the manner established with such person. The 
notice shall include all information, including 
substantiating documents, regarding the dispute 
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that was submitted to the consumer reporting 
agency. 
‘‘(B) PROVISION OF ADDITIONAL INFORMA-
TION
REGARDING
DISPUTE
AFTER
NOTIFICA-
TION TO THE FURNISHER OF INFORMATION.— 
If a consumer reporting agency receives addi-
tional information regarding the dispute from 
the consumer or reseller after the agency pro-
vides the notification described under subpara-
graph (A) and before the end of the 30-day pe-
riod described in paragraph (1)(A), the con-
sumer reporting agency shall, not later than 3 
business days after receiving such information, 
provide such information to the person who pro-
vided the information in dispute. 
‘‘(3) REASONABLE STANDARDS FOR CONSUMER 
REPORTING AGENCIES FOR CONDUCTING REINVES-
TIGATIONS AND RESOLVING DISPUTES SUBMITTED 
BY CONSUMERS.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—In conducting a re-
investigation of disputed information, a con-
sumer reporting agency shall, at a minimum— 
‘‘(i) maintain sufficient resources and 
trained staff, commensurate with the vol-
ume and complexity of disputes received or 
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‘‘(B) CONSUMER
REPORTING.—The con-
sumer reporting agency shall not impose any 
limitation or otherwise impede the ability of a 
consumer to submit information about the dis-
puted item. 
‘‘(C) INDEPENDENT
ANALYSIS.—The re-
investigation conducted under subparagraph 
(A) shall be an independent analysis, separate 
from any investigation by a reseller or a person 
who provided the disputed information. 
‘‘(D) DELETION OR MODIFICATION OF IN-
FORMATION
CONTAINED
IN
A
CONSUMER 
FILE.—If the disputed information is found to 
be inaccurate, incomplete, or cannot be verified, 
the dispute resolution staff of the consumer re-
porting agency shall have the direct authority to 
delete or modify such information in the con-
sumer’s file, as appropriate, during the 30-day 
period described in paragraph (1)(A), shall 
promptly notify the consumer of the results of 
the reinvestigation as described in paragraph 
(4), and shall promptly notify any person who 
provided such information to the consumer re-
porting agency of the modification or deletion 
made to the consumer’s file. 
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‘‘(4) NOTICE TO CONSUMER OF RESULTS OF 
REINVESTIGATION.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 5 busi-
ness days after the conclusion of a reinvestiga-
tion conducted under this subsection, the con-
sumer reporting agency shall provide written 
notice to the consumer of the results of the re-
investigation by postal mail or, if authorized by 
the consumer for that purpose, by other means 
available to the agency. 
‘‘(B) CONTENTS OF NOTICE TO CONSUMER 
OF RESULTS OF REINVESTIGATION.—The notice 
described in subparagraph (A) shall include— 
‘‘(i) a statement that the reinvestiga-
tion of the disputed information has been 
completed; 
‘‘(ii) a statement informing the con-
sumer as to whether the disputed informa-
tion was determined to be inaccurate, in-
complete, or unverifiable, including a state-
ment of the specific reasons supporting the 
determination; 
‘‘(iii) if information in the consumer’s 
file has been deleted or modified as a re-
sult of the reinvestigation— 
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‘‘(I) a copy of the consumer re-
port and credit score or educational 
score (if applicable) that is based 
upon the consumer’s revised file; 
‘‘(II) a statement identifying the 
specific information from the con-
sumer’s file that was deleted or modi-
fied because such information was de-
termined to be inaccurate, incomplete, 
or unverifiable by the consumer re-
porting agency; 
‘‘(III) a statement that the con-
sumer has the right, free of charge, to 
obtain an additional consumer report 
and credit score or educational credit 
score (if applicable) within the 12- 
month period following the date of the 
conclusion of the reinvestigation, re-
gardless of whether the consumer ob-
tained or will obtain a free annual 
consumer report and credit score or 
educational score (if applicable) under 
section 612; and 
‘‘(IV) a statement that the con-
sumer has the right, free of charge, to 
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request under subsection (d) that the 
consumer reporting agency furnish 
notifications of the consumer’s revised 
report; 
‘‘(iv) a description of the procedure 
used by the dispute resolution staff of the 
consumer reporting agency to determine 
the accuracy or completeness of the infor-
mation, including the business name, mail-
ing address, telephone number, and Inter-
net website address (if available) of any 
person who provided information who was 
contacted by the staff in connection with 
the determination; 
‘‘(v) a statement that the consumer 
has the right, free of charge, to add a nar-
rative statement to the consumer’s file dis-
puting the accuracy or completeness of the 
information, regardless of the results of 
the reinvestigation by the agency, and the 
process for submitting such a narrative 
pursuant to subsection (b); 
‘‘(vi) a copy of all information relating 
to the consumer that was used by the con-
sumer reporting agency in carrying out the 
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reinvestigation and relied upon as the basis 
for the determination about the accuracy 
and completeness of the disputed informa-
tion; 
‘‘(vii) a statement that a consumer 
may, free of charge, challenge the results 
of the reinvestigation by appeal within 120 
days after the date the notice of the results 
of the reinvestigation was provided to the 
consumer and the process for submitting 
an appeal; 
‘‘(viii) a statement informing the con-
sumer that a notation described in section 
605(e) will be added to the file of the con-
sumer during the period in which the con-
sumer appeals the results of a reinvestiga-
tion and that such notation can be re-
moved at the request of the consumer; and 
‘‘(ix) any other information, as deter-
mined by the Bureau. 
‘‘(5) REQUIREMENTS RELATING TO REINSER-
TION OF PREVIOUSLY DELETED OR MODIFIED MATE-
RIAL.— 
‘‘(A) CERTIFICATION OF NEW DETERMINA-
TION
THAT
ITEM
IS
ACCURATE
OR
COM-
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PLETE.—A consumer reporting agency may not 
reinsert into a consumer’s file any information 
that was previously deleted or modified pursu-
ant to paragraph (3)(D), unless the person who 
provided the information— 
‘‘(i) requests that the consumer re-
porting agency reinsert such information; 
‘‘(ii) submits a written certification 
that the information is accurate and com-
plete; and 
‘‘(iii) provides a statement describing 
the specific reasons why the information 
should be inserted. 
‘‘(B) NOTICE TO CONSUMER BEFORE RE-
INSERTION CAN OCCUR.—Upon receipt of a re-
quest for reinsertion of disputed information 
under subparagraph (A), the consumer report-
ing agency shall, not later than 5 business days 
before the consumer reporting agency reinserts 
the information into the consumer’s file, notify 
the consumer in writing of such request for re-
insertion. Such notice shall include— 
‘‘(i) the business name, mailing ad-
dress, telephone number, and Internet 
website address (if available) of any person 
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who provided information to or contacted 
the consumer reporting agency in connec-
tion with the reinsertion; 
‘‘(ii) a copy of the information relat-
ing to the consumer, the certification that 
the information is accurate or complete, 
and the statement of the reasons sup-
porting reinsertion provided by the person 
who provided the information to the con-
sumer reporting agency under subpara-
graph (A); 
‘‘(iii) a statement that the consumer 
may obtain, free of charge and within the 
12-month period following the date the no-
tice under this subparagraph was issued, a 
consumer report and credit score or edu-
cational score (if applicable) from the con-
sumer reporting agency that includes the 
reinserted 
information, 
regardless 
of 
whether the consumer obtained or will ob-
tain a free annual consumer report and 
credit score or educational credit score (if 
applicable) under section 612; 
‘‘(iv) a statement that the consumer 
may appeal the determination that the pre-
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‘‘(A) prompt notice confirming the deletion 
or modification of the information from the con-
sumer’s file in writing or by other means, if 
agreed to by the consumer when the informa-
tion is disputed; 
‘‘(B) a statement of the consumer’s right 
to request that the consumer reporting agency 
furnish notifications of a revised consumer re-
port pursuant to subsection (d); 
‘‘(C) not later than 5 business days after 
deleting or modifying the information, a copy of 
the consumer report and credit score or edu-
cational score (if applicable) that is based upon 
the consumer’s revised file; and 
‘‘(D) a statement that the consumer may 
obtain, free of charge and within the 12-month 
period following the date the notice under this 
paragraph was sent to the consumer, a con-
sumer report and credit score or educational 
score (if applicable) from the consumer report-
ing agency, regardless of whether the consumer 
obtained or will obtain their free annual con-
sumer report and credit score or educational 
score (if applicable) under section 612. 
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‘‘(7) NO EXCUSE FOR FAILURE TO CONDUCT 
REINVESTIGATION.—A consumer reporting agency 
may not refuse to conduct a reinvestigation under 
this subsection because the agency determines that 
the dispute was submitted by an authorized third 
party, unless the agency has clear and convincing 
evidence that the third party is not authorized to 
submit the dispute on the consumer’s behalf. If the 
consumer reporting agency refuses to reinvestigate a 
dispute for these reasons, it shall provide a clear and 
conspicuous notice to the consumer explaining the 
reasons for the refusal and describing the specific in-
formation the consumer is required to provide for 
the agency to conduct the reinvestigation.’’. 
(b) ENSURING CONSUMER REPORTING AGENCIES 
FURNISH CERTAIN NOTIFICATIONS WITHOUT CHARGE.— 
Section 611(d) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681i(d)) is amended by inserting ‘‘and without 
charge’’ after ‘‘request of the consumer’’. 
(c) INCLUDING SPECIALTY CONSUMER REPORTING 
AGENCIES IN REPORTS.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Section 611(e) of the Fair 
Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681i(e)) is 
amended by inserting ‘‘or 603(x)’’ after ‘‘section 
603(p)’’. 
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(2) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—Paragraph (1) 
of such section (15 U.S.C. 1681i(e)(1)) is amended 
by striking ‘‘The Commission’’ and inserting ‘‘The 
Bureau’’. 
(d) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.—Such Act is fur-
ther amended— 
(1) in section 605B(c)(2), by striking ‘‘section 
611(a)(5)(B)’’ and inserting ‘‘section 611(a)(5)’’; 
(2) in section 611— 
(A) in subsection (c), by striking ‘‘unless 
there is reasonable grounds to believe that it is 
frivolous or irrevelant,’’; and 
(B) in subsection (f)(3)— 
(i) in subparagraph (A), by striking 
‘‘paragraph (6), (7), or (8) of subsection 
(a)’’ and inserting ‘‘paragraph (4) or (5) of 
subsection (a)’’; and 
(ii) in subparagraph (B), by striking 
‘‘in the manner required under paragraph 
(8)(A)’’; and 
(3) in section 623(b)(1)(B), by striking ‘‘rel-
evant’’ before ‘‘information’’. 
(e) GLOBAL TECHNICAL CORRECTIONS
TO REF-
ERENCES TO NATIONWIDE SPECIALTY CONSUMER RE-
PORTING AGENCY.—Such Act is further amended— 
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(1) by striking ‘‘section 603(w)’’ and inserting 
‘‘section 603(x)’’ each place such term appears; and 
(2) in section 612(a)(1)(A), by striking ‘‘(w)’’ 
and inserting ‘‘(x)’’. 
SEC. 102. CREATES REASONABLE DISPUTE PROCEDURES 
FOR FURNISHERS OF INFORMATION AND 
MEANINGFUL DISCLOSURES TO CONSUMERS 
ABOUT INVESTIGATIONS; NOTICES BY FUR-
NISHERS TO CONSUMERS OF REPORTING OF 
NEGATIVE ITEMS TO CONSUMER REPORTING 
AGENCIES. 
Section 611 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681i) is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing new subsection: 
‘‘(g) INCREASED CONSUMER AWARENESS OF DIS-
PUTE RIGHTS.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days 
after the date of enactment of this subsection, each 
consumer reporting agency described under sub-
section (p) or (x) of section 603 shall— 
‘‘(A) establish an Internet website acces-
sible to consumers; and 
‘‘(B) post on the home page of such 
website a hyperlink to a separate webpage es-
tablished and maintained solely for the purpose 
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of providing information to a consumer about 
how to dispute an item of information in the 
consumer report of the consumer. 
‘‘(2) DISPUTE WEBPAGE REQUIREMENTS.—For 
a consumer reporting agency described under sub-
section (p) or (x) of section 603, the separate dis-
pute webpage described in paragraph (1)(B)— 
‘‘(A) may not include any type or form of 
marketing, advertising, information, or material 
associated with any products or services offered 
or sold to consumers; 
‘‘(B) shall clearly and conspicuously dis-
close a concise statement regarding how to file 
a dispute through the agency, free of charge, in 
the manner and format prescribed by the Bu-
reau; 
‘‘(C) shall describe the types of documents 
that will be used by the agency in resolving the 
dispute, including the business name and mail-
ing address to which a consumer may send such 
documents; 
‘‘(D) shall include a clear and concise ex-
planation of and the process for using electronic 
or other means to submit such documents, free 
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of charge, and without any character or data 
limitation imposed by the agency; 
‘‘(E) shall include a statement that the 
consumer may submit information, free of 
charge, that the consumer believes will assist 
the consumer reporting agency in determining 
the results of the reinvestigation of the dispute; 
‘‘(F) shall clearly and conspicuously dis-
close a statement describing the procedure like-
ly to be used by the consumer reporting agency 
in carrying out a reinvestigation to determine 
the accuracy or completeness of the disputed 
item of information, including the time period 
in which the consumer will be notified of the re-
sults of the reinvestigation, and a statement 
that the agency may extend the reinvestigation 
period by an additional 15 days if the consumer 
submits additional information after a certain 
date; and 
‘‘(G) shall provide translations of all infor-
mation on the webpage in each of the 10 most 
commonly 
spoken 
languages, 
other 
than 
English, in the United States, as determined by 
the Bureau of the Census on an ongoing basis, 
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and in formats accessible to individuals with 
hearing or vision impairments.’’. 
SEC. 103. CREATES REASONABLE DISPUTE PROCEDURES 
FOR CONSUMER REPORTING AGENCIES AND 
MEANINGFUL DISCLOSURES TO CONSUMERS 
ABOUT REINVESTIGATIONS. 
Section 623 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681s–2) is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing new subsection: 
‘‘(f) DUTY OF FURNISHERS TO MAINTAIN RECORDS 
OF CONSUMERS.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—A person who furnishes in-
formation to a consumer reporting agency relating 
to a consumer who has an account with that person 
shall maintain all information necessary to substan-
tiate the accuracy and completeness of the informa-
tion furnished, including any records establishing the 
liability and terms and conditions under which credit 
was extended to a consumer and any payment his-
tory with respect to such credit. 
‘‘(2) RETENTION
PERIOD.—Records described 
under paragraph (1) shall be maintained until the 
information with respect to which the records relate 
may no longer be included in a consumer report pur-
suant to sections 605, 605C, 605D, and 605E. 
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‘‘(3) TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP.—If a person 
providing information to a consumer reporting agen-
cy is acquired by another person, or if another per-
son acquires the right to repayment connected to 
such information, the acquiring person shall be sub-
ject to the requirements of this subsection with re-
spect to such information to the same extent as the 
person who initially provided such information to the 
consumer reporting agency. The person selling or 
transferring the right to repayment shall provide the 
information described in paragraph (1) to the trans-
feree or the acquirer.’’. 
SEC. 104. INCREASES CONSUMERS’ AWARENESS OF DIS-
PUTE 
RIGHTS 
AND 
TOOLS 
FOR 
CHAL-
LENGING ERRORS. 
(a) DUTY TO PROVIDE ACCURATE AND COMPLETE 
INFORMATION.—Section 623(a) of the Fair Credit Re-
porting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681s–2(a)) is amended— 
(1) in the subsection heading, by inserting 
‘‘AND COMPLETE’’ after ‘‘ACCURATE’’; 
(2) in paragraph (1)— 
(A) by inserting ‘‘or incomplete’’ after ‘‘in-
accurate’’ each place that term appears; and 
(B) in subparagraph (D), by inserting ‘‘or 
completeness’’ after ‘‘accuracy’’; and 
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(3) in paragraph (8)— 
(A) in subparagraph (A), by inserting 
‘‘and completeness’’ after ‘‘accuracy’’; and 
(B) in subparagraph (D), by inserting ‘‘or 
completeness’’ after ‘‘accuracy’’. 
(b) NEGATIVE INFORMATION NOTICES
TO CON-
SUMERS.—Section 623(a)(7) (15 U.S.C. 1681s–2(a)(7)) 
of such Act is amended to read as follows: 
‘‘(7) DUTY OF FURNISHERS TO INFORM CON-
SUMERS
ABOUT
REPORTING
NEGATIVE
INFORMA-
TION.— 
‘‘(A) GENERAL
NEGATIVE
INFORMATION 
WARNING NOTICE TO ALL CONSUMERS PRIOR 
TO FURNISHING SUCH INFORMATION.— 
‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—Any person that 
regularly furnishes negative information to 
a consumer reporting agency described in 
subsection (p) or (x) of section 603 about 
activity on any accounts of a consumer 
held by such person or transactions associ-
ated with credit extended to a consumer by 
such person shall provide a written general 
negative information warning notice to 
each such consumer before such person 
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may furnish any negative information re-
lating to such a consumer. 
‘‘(ii) CONTENT.—Such notice shall— 
‘‘(I) be clear and conspicuous; 
‘‘(II) describe the types of activi-
ties that constitute negative informa-
tion; 
‘‘(III) inform the consumer that 
the person may report negative infor-
mation relating to any such accounts 
or transactions to a consumer report-
ing agency described in subsection (p) 
or (x) of section 603; 
‘‘(IV) state that the negative in-
formation may appear on a consumer 
report of the consumer for the periods 
described in section 605 and that dur-
ing such periods, the negative infor-
mation may adversely impact the con-
sumer’s credit score; 
‘‘(V) state that in some limited 
circumstances, the negative informa-
tion may result in other adverse ac-
tions, including a denial of a new job 
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or a promotion from existing employ-
ment; and 
‘‘(VI) state that the consumer 
has right to— 
‘‘(aa) obtain a copy of their 
consumer report and credit score 
or educational score (if applica-
ble), which in some instances can 
be obtained free of charge, from 
any consumer reporting agency 
to which negative information 
may be been sent; and 
‘‘(bb) 
dispute, 
free 
of 
charge, any errors on a consumer 
report relating to the consumer. 
‘‘(iii) TIMING OF NOTICE.—Such per-
son shall provide such notice to a consumer 
not later than 90 days before the date on 
which the person furnishes negative infor-
mation relating to such consumer. 
‘‘(B) SPECIFIC
NEGATIVE
INFORMATION 
NOTICE TO A CONSUMER.— 
‘‘(i) IN
GENERAL.—Any person de-
scribed in subparagraph (A) that has fur-
nished negative information relating to ac-
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tivity on any accounts of a consumer held 
by such person or transactions associated 
with credit extended to a consumer by such 
person to a consumer reporting agency de-
scribed in subsection (p) or (x) of section 
603 shall send a written notice to each 
such consumer. 
‘‘(ii) CONTENT.—Such notice shall— 
‘‘(I) be clear and conspicuous; 
‘‘(II) inform the consumer that 
the person has furnished negative in-
formation relating to such accounts or 
transactions to a consumer reporting 
agency described in subsection (p) or 
(x) of section 603; 
‘‘(III) identify any consumer re-
porting agency to which the negative 
information was furnished, including 
the name of the agency, mailing ad-
dress, Internet website address, and 
toll-free telephone number; and 
‘‘(IV) include the statements de-
scribed in subclauses (IV), (V), and 
(VI) of subparagraph (A)(ii). 
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‘‘(iii) TIME OF NOTICE.—Such person 
shall provide such notice to a consumer not 
later than 5 business days after the date 
on which the person furnished negative in-
formation relating to such consumer. 
‘‘(C) NOTICE
EFFECTIVE
FOR
SUBSE-
QUENT SUBMISSIONS.—After providing the no-
tice described in subparagraph (B), the person 
may submit additional negative information to 
a consumer reporting agency described in sub-
section (p) or (x) of section 603 without pro-
viding additional notice to the consumer, unless 
another person acquires the right to repayment 
connected to the additional negative informa-
tion. The acquiring person shall be subject to 
the requirements of this paragraph and shall be 
required to send consumers the written notices 
described in this paragraph, if applicable. 
‘‘(D) 
NON-TRADITIONAL
DATA
FUR-
NISHERS.—Any person that furnishes negative 
information to a consumer reporting agency de-
scribed in subsection (p) or (x) of section 603 
relating to any accounts of, or transactions as-
sociated with, a consumer by such person in-
volving non-traditional data shall be subject to 
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scribed in subparagraph (A) or (D) to furnish 
negative information about a consumer to a 
consumer reporting agency described in sub-
section (p) or (x) of section 603. 
‘‘(G) SAFE HARBOR.—A person shall not 
be liable for failure to perform the duties re-
quired by this paragraph if the person reason-
ably believes that the person is prohibited, by 
law, from contacting the consumer. 
‘‘(H) EFFECTIVE
DATE.—The require-
ments of subparagraphs (A), (B), (C), and (D) 
shall not take effect until the date that is 6 
months after the date of the issuance of model 
forms for notices under subparagraph (E). 
‘‘(I) DEFINITIONS.—In this paragraph, the 
following definitions shall apply: 
‘‘(i) NEGATIVE
INFORMATION.—The 
term ‘negative information’ means infor-
mation concerning a consumer’s delin-
quencies, late payments, insolvency, or any 
form of default. 
‘‘(ii) NON-TRADITIONAL
DATA.—The 
term ‘non-traditional data’ relates to tele-
communications payments, utility pay-
ments, rent payments, remittances, wire 
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transfers, and such other items as deter-
mined by the Bureau.’’. 
(c) DUTIES OF FURNISHERS AFTER RECEIVING NO-
TICE
OF
DISPUTE
FROM
A
CONSUMER.—Section 
623(a)(8)(E) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 
1681s–2(a)(8)(E)) is amended to read as follows: 
‘‘(E) DUTIES OF FURNISHERS AFTER RE-
CEIVING
NOTICE
OF
DISPUTE
FROM
A
CON-
SUMER.—After receiving a notice of dispute 
from a consumer pursuant to subparagraph 
(D), the person that provided the information 
in dispute to a consumer reporting agency 
shall— 
‘‘(i) promptly provide to each con-
sumer reporting agency to which the per-
son furnished the disputed information the 
notice of dispute; 
‘‘(ii) review all information, including 
any substantiating documents, provided by 
the consumer about the disputed informa-
tion and conduct an investigation, separate 
from any reinvestigation by a consumer re-
porting agency or a reseller conducted with 
respect to the disputed information; 
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‘‘(iii) before the expiration of the pe-
riod under section 611(a)(1) within which 
a consumer reporting agency would be re-
quired to complete its action if the con-
sumer had elected to dispute the informa-
tion under that section, complete an inves-
tigation of the disputed information pursu-
ant to the standards described in subpara-
graph (G); 
‘‘(iv) notify the consumer, in writing, 
of the receipt of the dispute that in-
cludes— 
‘‘(I) a statement about any infor-
mation additional to the information 
that the person is required to main-
tain under subsection (f) that would 
support the person’s ability to carry 
out an investigation to resolve the 
consumer’s dispute; and 
‘‘(II) a statement that the con-
sumer reporting agency to which the 
disputed information was provided will 
include a notation described in section 
605(e) in the consumer’s file until the 
investigation has been completed, and 
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information about how a consumer 
may request that such notation is re-
moved by the agency; 
‘‘(v) if the investigation determines 
the disputed information is inaccurate, in-
complete, or unverifiable, promptly notify 
each consumer reporting agency to which 
the person furnished such information in 
accordance with paragraph (2); and 
‘‘(vi) notify the consumer of the re-
sults of the investigation, in writing, in ac-
cordance with subparagraph (H).’’. 
(d) ELIMINATING FURNISHERS’ AUTHORITY TO DIS-
MISS DISPUTES AS FRIVOLOUS OR IRRELEVANT.—Section 
623(a)(8) of such Act (15 U.S.C. 1681s–2(a)(8)) is 
amended by striking subparagraph (F) and redesignating 
subparagraph (G) as subparagraph (F). 
(e) ADDITIONAL DUTIES.—Section 623(a)(8) of such 
Act (15 U.S.C. 1681s–2(a)(8)) is further amended by add-
ing at the end the following new subparagraphs: 
‘‘(G) REASONABLE STANDARDS FOR FUR-
NISHERS
FOR
CONDUCTING
INVESTIGATIONS 
AND RESOLVING DISPUTES SUBMITTED BY CON-
SUMERS.—In any investigation conducted by a 
person who furnishes information to a con-
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sumer reporting agency of an item of informa-
tion being disputed by a consumer, the person, 
at a minimum— 
‘‘(i) shall maintain sufficient resources 
and trained staff, commensurate with the 
volume and complexity of disputes received 
or reasonably anticipated to be received, to 
conduct investigations; 
‘‘(ii) shall verify that the person has a 
record of the particular information being 
disputed, consistent with the requirements 
of subsection (f); 
‘‘(iii) shall verify that the personally 
identifiable information of the consumer 
submitting the dispute matches the person-
ally identifiable information contained on 
such records; 
‘‘(iv) shall conduct a reasonable re-
view to determine whether the disputed in-
formation is accurate, complete, and can 
be verified that considers all the informa-
tion, including any substantiating docu-
ments, provided by the consumer about the 
disputed information; 
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‘‘(v) shall ensure that the investiga-
tion is an independent analysis that is sep-
arate from any reinvestigation by a con-
sumer reporting agency or a reseller con-
ducted with respect to the disputed infor-
mation; and 
‘‘(vi) may not impose any limitations 
or otherwise impede the ability of a con-
sumer to submit information, including 
any substantiating documents, about the 
disputed information. 
‘‘(H) CONTENTS OF THE NOTICE TO THE 
CONSUMER ABOUT THE RESULTS OF THE IN-
VESTIGATION BY THE FURNISHER.—The notice 
of the results of the investigation described in 
subparagraph (E) shall include— 
‘‘(i) a statement informing the con-
sumer as to whether the disputed informa-
tion was determined to be inaccurate, in-
complete, or unverifiable; 
‘‘(ii) a statement of the specific rea-
sons supporting the results of the inves-
tigation; 
‘‘(iii) a description of the procedure 
used by the dispute resolution staff of the 
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person who furnishes information to a con-
sumer reporting agency to determine the 
accuracy or completeness of the informa-
tion, including the business name, mailing 
address, telephone number, and Internet 
website address (if available) of any person 
who was contacted by the staff in connec-
tion with the determination; 
‘‘(iv) a copy of all information relating 
to the consumer that was used in carrying 
out the investigation and was the basis for 
any determination about the accuracy or 
completeness of the disputed information; 
‘‘(v) a statement that consumer will 
receive, free of charge, a copy of their con-
sumer report and credit score or edu-
cational credit score (if applicable), from 
any consumer reporting agency to which 
the disputed information had been pro-
vided, regardless of whether the consumer 
obtained or will obtain a free consumer re-
port and credit score or educational credit 
score (if applicable) in the 12-month period 
preceding receipt of the notice described in 
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this subparagraph pursuant to section 
612(a)(1); 
‘‘(vi) if the disputed information was 
found to be inaccurate, incomplete, or un-
verifiable, a statement that the consumer 
report of the consumer shall be revised to 
reflect the change to the consumer’s file as 
a result of the investigation; 
‘‘(vii) a statement that the consumer 
has the right to appeal the results of the 
investigation under paragraph (10), free of 
charge, within 120 days after the date of 
the notice of the results of the investiga-
tion was provided to the consumer and the 
process for submitting an appeal; 
‘‘(viii) a statement that the consumer 
may add a narrative statement, free of 
charge, to the consumer’s file held by the 
consumer reporting agency to which the in-
formation has been furnished disputing the 
accuracy or completeness of the informa-
tion, regardless of the results of the inves-
tigation by the person, and the process for 
contacting any agency that received the 
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consumer’s information from the person to 
submit a narrative statement; 
‘‘(ix) a statement informing the con-
sumer that a notation described in section 
605(e) will be added to the consumer’s file 
during the period in which the consumer 
appeals the results of an investigation and 
that such notation can be removed at the 
request of the consumer; and 
‘‘(x) a statement that the consumer 
has the right to request a copy of their 
consumer report and credit score or edu-
cational credit score (if applicable), free of 
charge, within the 12-month period fol-
lowing the date of the conclusion of the in-
vestigation from any consumer reporting 
agency in which the disputed information 
had been provided, regardless of whether 
the consumer obtained or will obtain a free 
annual consumer report and credit score or 
educational credit score (if applicable) 
under 
this 
subparagraph 
or 
section 
612(a)(1).’’. 
(f) 
CONFORMING
AMENDMENT.—Section 
615(a)(4)(B) is amended— 
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(1) by striking ‘‘, under section 611, with a 
consumer reporting agency’’; and 
(2) by striking ‘‘furnished by the agency’’ and 
inserting ‘‘to a consumer reporting agency under 
section 611 or to a person who furnished informa-
tion to an agency under section 623’’. 
SEC. 105. ENHANCES ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS DU-
TIES FOR CONSUMER REPORTING AGENCIES 
AND FURNISHERS. 
(a) APPEALS OF REINVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED BY 
A CONSUMER REPORTING AGENCY.—Section 611 of the 
Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681i) is amend-
ed— 
(1) in subsection (b), by inserting ‘‘or if the 
consumer is unsatisfied with the results of an appeal 
conducted under subsection (h),’’ after ‘‘resolve the 
dispute,’’; and 
(2) by inserting after subsection (g) (as added 
by section 102) the following new subsection: 
‘‘(h) CONSUMER RIGHT TO APPEAL RESULTS OF A 
CONSUMER REPORTING AGENCY REINVESTIGATION.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Within 120 days after the 
date of receipt of the results of a reinvestigation 
conducted under subsection (a), a consumer (or au-
thorized third party) may, free of charge, appeal the 
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results of such reinvestigation by submitting a notice 
of appeal to the consumer reporting agency. 
‘‘(2) NOTICE OF APPEAL.— 
‘‘(A) REQUIREMENTS.—A notice of appeal 
described in paragraph (1) may be submitted in 
writing, or through a toll-free telephone number 
or other electronic means established by the 
consumer reporting agency (including on the 
Internet website described in subsection (g)), 
and— 
‘‘(i) shall identify the information con-
tained in the consumer’s file that is the 
subject of the appeal; 
‘‘(ii) shall describe the specific reasons 
for submitting the notice of appeal; and 
‘‘(iii) may provide any information the 
consumer believes is relevant to substan-
tiate the validity of the dispute. 
‘‘(B) CONSUMER REPORTING AGENCY NO-
TICE TO CONSUMER.—Upon receipt of such no-
tice of appeal, the consumer reporting agency 
shall promptly provide to the consumer a state-
ment confirming the receipt of the consumer’s 
notice of appeal that shall include— 
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‘‘(i) an approximate date on which the 
consumer’s appeal review will be com-
pleted; 
‘‘(ii) the process and procedures by 
which such review will be conducted; and 
‘‘(iii) an employee reference number 
or other employee identifier for each of the 
specific individuals designated by the con-
sumer reporting agency who, upon the re-
quest of the consumer, may discuss the 
substance and status of the appeal. 
‘‘(3) CONSUMER REPORTING AGENCY REQUIRE-
MENTS UPON RECEIPT OF NOTICE OF APPEAL.— 
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—Not later than 20 
days after receiving a notice of appeal, the con-
sumer reporting agency shall review the appeal. 
If the consumer reporting agency determines 
the information is inaccurate, incomplete, or 
cannot be verified, the consumer reporting 
agency shall delete or modify the item of infor-
mation being disputed by the consumer from 
the file of the consumer before the end of the 
20-day period beginning on the date on which 
the consumer reporting agency receives a notice 
of an appeal from the consumer. 
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‘‘(B) NOTICE OF APPEAL TO FURNISHER; 
INFORMATION REGARDING DISPUTE PROVIDED 
BY THE CONSUMER.— 
‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—Before the end of 
the period of 3 business days beginning on 
the date on which a consumer reporting 
agency receives a notice of appeal, the con-
sumer reporting agency shall provide no-
tice of the appeal, including all information 
relating to the specific appeal that the con-
sumer reporting agency has received from 
the consumer, to any person who provided 
any information in dispute. 
‘‘(ii) PROVISION OF ADDITIONAL IN-
FORMATION REGARDING THE DISPUTE.—If 
the consumer reporting agency receives ad-
ditional information from the consumer 
after the agency provides the notice re-
quired under clause (i) and before the end 
of the 20-day period described in subpara-
graph (A), the consumer reporting agency 
shall, not later than 3 business days after 
receiving such information, provide such 
information to any person who provided 
the information in dispute and shall have 
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an additional 10 business days to complete 
the appeal review. 
‘‘(C) MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR APPEALS 
EMPLOYEES.— 
‘‘(i) DESIGNATION.—Upon receipt of 
a notice of appeal under paragraph (1), a 
consumer reporting agency shall designate 
one or more specific employees who— 
‘‘(I) shall be assigned an em-
ployee reference number or other em-
ployee identifier that can be used by 
the consumer to discuss the appeal 
with the specific individuals handling 
the appeal; 
‘‘(II) shall have direct authority 
to resolve the dispute that is the sub-
ject of the notice of appeal from the 
review stage to its completion; 
‘‘(III) shall meet minimum train-
ing and ongoing certification require-
ments at regular intervals, as estab-
lished by the Bureau; 
‘‘(IV) shall be located within the 
United States; 
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‘‘(V) may not have been involved 
in the reinvestigation conducted or 
terminated pursuant to subsection (a); 
and 
‘‘(VI) may not be subject to any 
requirements linking incentives, in-
cluding promotion, to the number of 
appeals processed within a certain 
time period. 
‘‘(ii) REQUIREMENTS.—Such employ-
ees shall conduct a robust review of the ap-
peal and make a determination regarding 
the accuracy and completeness of the dis-
puted information by— 
‘‘(I) conducting an independent 
analysis, separate from any investiga-
tion by a reseller or person who pro-
vided the disputed information, and 
separate from any prior reinvestiga-
tion conducted by the consumer re-
porting agency of the disputed infor-
mation; 
‘‘(II) verifying that the personally 
identifiable information of the con-
sumer submitting the dispute matches 
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the personally identifiable information 
contained on the consumer’s file; 
‘‘(III) analyzing the notice of ap-
peal and all information, including 
any substantiating documents, pro-
vided by the consumer with the notice 
of appeal; 
‘‘(IV) evaluating the validity of 
any information submitted by any 
person that was used by the consumer 
reporting agency in the reinvestigation 
of the initial dispute; 
‘‘(V) verifying that the consumer 
reporting agency has a record of the 
information being disputed; and 
‘‘(VI) applying any additional 
factors or investigative processes, as 
specified by the Bureau. 
‘‘(D) NOTICE OF APPEAL RESULTS.—Not 
later than 5 days after the end of the 20-day 
period described under subparagraph (A) (or 
the 10-day extension period, as applicable) the 
consumer reporting agency shall provide the 
consumer with written notice of the results of 
the appeal by postal mail or, if requested by the 
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consumer, by other means. The contents of 
such notice shall include— 
‘‘(i) a statement that the appeal is 
completed and the date on which it was 
completed, the results of the appeal, and 
the specific reasons supporting the results 
of the appeal; 
‘‘(ii) a copy of all information relating 
to the consumer that was used as a basis 
for deciding the results of the appeal; 
‘‘(iii) a consumer report that is based 
upon the consumer’s file as that file may 
have been revised as a result of the appeal; 
‘‘(iv) a description of the procedure 
used to determine the accuracy and com-
pleteness of the information, including the 
business name, telephone number, mailing 
address, and Internet website address (if 
applicable) of any person who provided in-
formation that was contacted in connection 
with such information, if reasonably avail-
able; 
‘‘(v) information describing that the 
consumer may submit a statement, without 
charge, disputing the accuracy or com-
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pleteness of information in the consumer’s 
file that was the subject of an appeal 
under this subsection by submitting a 
statement directly to each consumer re-
porting agency that received the informa-
tion; 
‘‘(vi) a description of the consumer’s 
rights pursuant to subsection (d) (relating 
to furnishing notifications to certain users 
of consumer reports); and 
‘‘(vii) any other information, as deter-
mined by the Bureau. 
‘‘(E) NO EXCUSE FOR FAILURE TO CON-
DUCT APPEAL.—A consumer reporting agency 
may not refuse to conduct a review of an appeal 
under this subsection because the agency deter-
mines that the notice of appeal was submitted 
by an authorized third party, unless the agency 
has clear and convincing evidence that the third 
party is not authorized to submit the notice of 
appeal on the consumer’s behalf. If the con-
sumer reporting agency refuses to conduct a re-
view of the appeal for these reasons, it shall 
provide a clear and conspicuous written notice 
to the consumer explaining the reasons for the 
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refusal and describing any information the con-
sumer is required to provide for the agency to 
conduct a review of the appeal.’’. 
(b) APPEALS OF INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED BY 
FURNISHERS OF INFORMATION.—Section 623(a) of the 
Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681s–2(a)) is 
amended by adding at the end the following new para-
graph: 
‘‘(10) DUTY OF FURNISHERS OF INFORMATION 
UPON NOTICE OF APPEAL OF INVESTIGATION.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Within 120 days of 
the date of receipt of the results of an inves-
tigation conducted under paragraph (8)(E), a 
consumer may, free of charge, appeal such re-
sults by submitting a notice of appeal to the 
person who provided the information in the dis-
pute to a consumer reporting agency (hereafter 
in this paragraph referred to as the ‘furnisher’). 
‘‘(B) NOTICE OF APPEAL.—A notice of ap-
peal described in subparagraph (A) may be sub-
mitted in writing, through a toll-free telephone 
number, or by other electronic means estab-
lished by the furnisher, and— 
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‘‘(i) shall identify the information con-
tained in the consumer’s file that is the 
subject of the appeal; 
‘‘(ii) shall describe the specific reasons 
for submitting the notice of appeal; and 
‘‘(iii) may include any information, in-
cluding substantiating documents, the con-
sumer believes is relevant to the appeal. 
‘‘(C) FURNISHER ACTIONS.—Upon receipt 
of such notice of appeal, the furnisher shall— 
‘‘(i) before the end of the period of 3 
business days beginning on the date on 
which the furnisher receives the notice of 
appeal, notify each consumer reporting 
agency to which the person furnished such 
information a statement identifying the 
items of information that a consumer is 
appealing; and 
‘‘(ii) notify the consumer confirming 
the receipt of the consumer’s notice of ap-
peal, including an approximate date when 
the consumer’s appeal will be completed, 
the process and procedures by which a re-
view of the appeal will be conducted, and 
the specific individual designated by the 
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consumer reporting agency who, upon the 
request of the consumer, may discuss the 
substance and status of the appeal. 
‘‘(D) FURNISHER
REQUIREMENTS
UPON 
RECEIPT
OF
NOTICE
OF
APPEAL.—Not later 
than 20 days after receiving a notice of appeal, 
the furnisher shall determine whether the item 
of information being disputed by the consumer 
is inaccurate, incomplete, or cannot be verified, 
and shall notify the consumer reporting agency 
of the determination. If the furnisher cannot 
verify the accuracy or completeness of the dis-
puted information, the furnisher shall, before 
the end of the 20-day period beginning on the 
date on which the furnisher receives notice of 
an appeal from the consumer, submit instruc-
tions to the consumer reporting agency that the 
item of information being disputed by the con-
sumer should be deleted from the file of the 
consumer. 
‘‘(E) MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR APPEALS 
EMPLOYEES.—Upon receipt of a notice of ap-
peal under subparagraph (A), a furnisher shall 
designate one or more specific employees who— 
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‘‘(i) shall be assigned an employee ref-
erence number or other employee identifier 
that can be used by the consumer to dis-
cuss the appeal with the specific individ-
uals handling the appeal; 
‘‘(ii) shall have direct authority to re-
solve the dispute that is the subject of the 
notice of appeal on behalf of the furnisher 
from the review stage to its completion; 
‘‘(iii) shall meet minimum training 
and ongoing certification requirements at 
regular intervals, as established by the Bu-
reau; 
‘‘(iv) may not have been involved in 
an investigation conducted pursuant to 
paragraph (8); and 
‘‘(v) may not be subject to any re-
quirements linking incentives, including 
promotion, to the number of appeals proc-
essed within a certain time period. 
‘‘(F) REQUIREMENTS FOR APPEALS PROC-
ESS.—Such employees shall conduct a robust 
review of the appeal and make a determination 
regarding the accuracy and completeness of the 
disputed information by— 
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‘‘(i) conducting an independent anal-
ysis, separate from any reinvestigation by 
a reseller or consumer reporting agency, of 
the disputed information; 
‘‘(ii) verifying that the personally 
identifiable information related to the dis-
pute is accurate and complete; 
‘‘(iii) analyzing the notice of appeal 
and all information, including substan-
tiating documents, provided by the con-
sumer with the notice of appeal; 
‘‘(iv) evaluating the validity of any in-
formation submitted by any person that 
was used by the furnisher in the initial in-
vestigation into the dispute; 
‘‘(v) verifying that the information 
being disputed relates to the consumer in 
whose file the information is located; 
‘‘(vi) verifying that the furnisher has 
a record of the information being disputed; 
and 
‘‘(vii) applying any additional factors 
or investigative processes, as specified by 
the Bureau. 
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‘‘(G) EXTENSION OF REVIEW PERIOD.—If 
a consumer submits additional information re-
lated to the appeal after the period of 3 busi-
ness days described in subparagraph (C)(i) and 
before the end of the 20-day period described in 
subparagraph (D), the furnisher shall have an 
additional 10 business days to complete the re-
view of the appeal. 
‘‘(H) NOTICE OF APPEAL RESULTS.—Not 
later than 5 days after the end of the 20-day 
period described in subparagraph (D) (or the 
10 business day extension described under sub-
paragraph (G), as applicable) the furnisher 
shall provide the consumer with written notice 
of the results of the appeal by mail or, if re-
quested by the consumer, by other means. The 
contents of such notice shall include— 
‘‘(i) a statement that the appeal is 
completed and the date on which it was 
completed, the results of the appeal, and 
the specific reasons supporting the results 
of the appeal; 
‘‘(ii) a copy of all information relating 
to the consumer that was used as a basis 
for deciding the results of the appeal; 
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‘‘(iii) if the appeal results in any 
change to the consumer report, a notifica-
tion that the consumer shall receive a copy, 
free of charge, of a revised consumer re-
port (based upon the consumer’s file as 
that file was changed as a result of the ap-
peal) and a credit score or educational 
credit score (if applicable) from each con-
sumer reporting agency that had been fur-
nished incorrect information; 
‘‘(iv) a description of the procedure 
used to determine the accuracy and com-
pleteness of the information, including the 
business name, telephone number, mailing 
address, and Internet website address (if 
applicable), of any person who provided in-
formation that was contacted in connection 
with such information, if reasonably avail-
able; 
‘‘(v) information describing that the 
consumer may submit a statement, without 
charge, disputing the accuracy or com-
pleteness of information in the consumer’s 
file that was the subject of an appeal 
under this paragraph by submitting a 
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sradovich on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with BILLS
statement directly to each consumer re-
porting agency that received the informa-
tion; and 
‘‘(vi) a notification that the consumer 
may request the furnisher to submit to 
each consumer reporting agency the con-
sumer’s request to furnish notifications 
pursuant to section 611(d) (relating to fur-
nishing notifications to certain users of 
consumer reports).’’. 
(c) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—Section 623(a)(8)(A) 
of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681s– 
2(a)(8)(A)) is amended by striking ‘‘reinvestigate’’ and in-
serting ‘‘investigate’’. 
(d) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.—Section 609 of the 
Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681g) is amend-
ed— 
(1) in subsection (c)— 
(A) by striking ‘‘Commission’’ and insert-
ing ‘‘Bureau’’ each place that term appears; 
(B) in the subsection heading, by striking 
‘‘RIGHTS TO OBTAIN AND DISPUTE INFORMA-
TION IN CONSUMER REPORTS AND TO OBTAIN 
CREDIT SCORES’’ and inserting ‘‘KEY CON-
SUMER REPORTING RIGHTS’’; and 
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(C) in paragraph (1)— 
(i) in the heading, by striking ‘‘COM-
MISSION’’ and inserting ‘‘BUREAU’’; 
(ii) in subparagraph (B)— 
(I) in clause (ii), by striking ‘‘a 
consumer report without charge under 
section 612’’ and inserting ‘‘consumer 
reports and credit scores or edu-
cational credit scores (as applicable) 
without charge under subsections (f), 
(g), (i), or (j) or section 612’’; 
(II) in clause (iii), by inserting 
‘‘or section 623’’ after ‘‘section 611’’; 
(III) by striking clauses (iv) and 
(vi); 
(IV) in clause (v), by striking 
‘‘and’’ at the end; 
(V) by inserting after clause (iii) 
the following new clause: 
‘‘(iv) the right of a consumer to ap-
peal a determination of a reinvestigation 
conducted by a consumer reporting agency 
under section 611(h) or an investigation 
conducted by a furnisher of information 
under section 623(a)(10);’’; and 
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(VI) by adding at the end the fol-
lowing new clauses: 
‘‘(vi) the method and circumstances 
under which certain consumers can partici-
pate in credit rehabilitation or restoration 
under section 605C, 605D, or 605E; and 
‘‘(vii) the method and circumstances 
under which consumers can obtain a 1- 
year fraud alert, 7-year fraud alert, active 
duty alert, or credit freeze as described in 
section 605A through a consumer report-
ing 
agency 
described 
under 
section 
603(p).’’; 
(iii) in subparagraph (C), by inserting 
‘‘and the Commission’’ after ‘‘Bureau’’; 
and 
(iv) by adding at the end the following 
new subparagraph: 
‘‘(D) 
PUBLICATION
OF
SUMMARY 
RIGHTS.—A consumer reporting agency de-
scribed under subsection (p) or (x) of section 
603 shall display in a clear and conspicuous 
manner, including on the Internet website of 
the consumer reporting agency, the summary of 
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rights prepared by the Bureau under this para-
graph.’’; and 
(2) in subsection (d), by inserting ‘‘Bureau and 
the’’ before ‘‘Commission’’. 
SEC. 106. REQUIRES FURNISHERS TO MAINTAIN RECORDS 
NECESSARY TO VERIFY ACCURACY OF DIS-
PUTES. 
Section 611 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681i), as amended by section 105(a)(2), is further 
amended by adding at the end the following new sub-
section: 
‘‘(i) REQUIREMENT TO SEND REVISED CONSUMER 
REPORT TO CONSUMER.—Upon receiving a notice de-
scribed in section 623(a)(8)(E)(iv), each consumer report-
ing agency shall send to the consumer a revised consumer 
report and credit score or education credit score (if appli-
cable) based upon the consumer’s file as that file was 
changed as a result of the investigation.’’. 
SEC. 107. ESTABLISHES NEW REQUIREMENTS ON CON-
SUMER REPORTING AGENCIES WHEN NOTI-
FIED OF INACCURATE OR INCOMPLETE IN-
FORMATION FROM FURNISHERS. 
Section 605(e) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681c) (as so redesignated by section 401(a)(2)) 
is amended to read as follows: 
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‘‘(e) INDICATION OF DISPUTE.— 
‘‘(1) IN
GENERAL.—A consumer reporting 
agency shall include in any consumer report based 
on the consumer’s file a notation identifying any 
item of information that is currently in dispute by 
the consumer if— 
‘‘(A) a consumer disputes the completeness 
or accuracy of any item of information con-
tained in a consumer’s file pursuant to section 
611(a)(1); 
‘‘(B) a consumer files with a consumer re-
porting agency an appeal of a reinvestigation 
pursuant to section 611(h); or 
‘‘(C) the consumer reporting agency is no-
tified by a person that furnished any items of 
information that are currently in dispute by the 
consumer that— 
‘‘(i) a consumer disputes the com-
pleteness or accuracy of any information 
furnished by a person to any consumer re-
porting agency pursuant to paragraph (3) 
or (8) of section 623(a); or 
‘‘(ii) a consumer submits a notice of 
appeal under section 623(a)(10). 
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‘‘(2) OPT OUT.—A consumer may submit a re-
quest to a consumer reporting agency or a person 
who furnished the information in dispute, as applica-
ble, to have the notation described in paragraph (1) 
omitted from the consumer report. Upon receipt of 
such a request— 
‘‘(A) by a consumer reporting agency, such 
agency shall remove the notation within 1 busi-
ness day; and 
‘‘(B) by a person who furnished the infor-
mation in dispute, such person shall submit 
such request to each consumer reporting agency 
to which the person furnished such information 
within 1 business day and such agency shall re-
move the notation within 1 business day of re-
ceipt of such request.’’. 
SEC. 108. INDICATION OF DISPUTE BY CONSUMERS AND 
USE OF DISPUTED INFORMATION. 
Section 607(b) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681e) is amended to read as follows: 
‘‘(b) ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS OF REPORT.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—In preparing a consumer 
report, a consumer reporting agency shall maintain 
reasonable procedures to ensure maximum possible 
accuracy and completeness of the information con-
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cerning the individual to whom the consumer report 
relates. 
‘‘(2) BUREAU RULE TO ASSURE MAXIMUM POS-
SIBLE ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS WITH CREDIT 
REPORTING PRACTICES.— 
‘‘(A) RULE.—Not later than 18 months 
after the date of enactment of this subsection, 
the Bureau shall issue a final rule establishing 
the procedures described in paragraph (1). 
‘‘(B) REQUIREMENTS.—In formulating the 
rule required under subparagraph (A), the Bu-
reau shall— 
‘‘(i) develop standards for matching 
the personally identifiable information in-
cluded in the consumer’s file with the per-
sonally identifiable information furnished 
by the person who provided the informa-
tion to the consumer reporting agency 
(hereafter in this subsection referred to as 
the ‘furnisher’), including the full name of 
a consumer, the date of birth of a con-
sumer, the full social security number of a 
consumer, and any other information that 
the Bureau determines would aid in assur-
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ing maximum possible accuracy and com-
pleteness of such consumer reports; 
‘‘(ii) establish processes for a con-
sumer reporting agency to monitor the in-
tegrity of the data provided by furnishers 
and the compliance of furnishers with the 
requirements of this title; 
‘‘(iii) establish processes for a con-
sumer reporting agency to regularly rec-
oncile data relating to accounts in collec-
tion, including those that have not been 
paid in full, by specifying the cir-
cumstances under which the consumer re-
porting agency shall remove or suppress 
negative or adverse information from a 
consumer’s file that has not been updated 
by a furnisher who is also a debt collector 
(as defined in section 803 of the Fair Debt 
Collection Practices Act) within the time 
period established by the Bureau; 
‘‘(iv) establish procedures to require 
each consumer reporting agency to review 
and monitor the quality of information re-
ceived from any source, including informa-
tion from public records, by regularly and 
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on an ongoing basis comparing the infor-
mation received to the information avail-
able from the original source and ensuring 
that the information received is the most 
current information; 
‘‘(v) develop standards and procedures 
for consumer reporting agencies to identify 
furnishers that repeatedly fail to provide 
accurate and complete information, to take 
corrective action against such furnishers, 
and to reject information submitted by 
such furnishers; 
‘‘(vi) develop standards and proce-
dures for consumer reporting agencies to 
adopt regarding collection of public record 
data, including standards and procedures 
to consider the ultimate data source, how 
the public record information is filed and 
its availability and accessibility, and wheth-
er information relating to the satisfaction 
of judgments or other updates to the pub-
lic record are available on a reasonably 
timely basis from a particular source; and 
‘‘(vii) establish any other factors, pro-
cedures, or processes determined by the 
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100 
Bureau to be necessary to assist consumer 
reporting agencies in achieving maximum 
possible accuracy and completeness of the 
information in consumer reports. 
‘‘(3) CORRECTIVE
ACTION
FOR
FURNISHERS 
THAT
REPEATEDLY
FURNISH
INACCURATE
OR
IN-
COMPLETE INFORMATION.—Upon identifying a fur-
nisher that repeatedly fails to furnish accurate, com-
plete, or verifiable information to consumer report-
ing agencies, the Bureau shall— 
‘‘(A) ensure the prompt removal of any ad-
verse information relating to a consumer’s ac-
counts submitted by such furnisher; and 
‘‘(B) take corrective action, which may in-
clude— 
‘‘(i) mandatory revised training and 
training materials for the staff of the fur-
nisher regarding the furnishing of accurate 
and complete information; 
‘‘(ii) sharing industry best practices 
and procedures regarding accuracy and 
completeness; or 
‘‘(iii) temporarily prohibiting a fur-
nisher from providing information to a 
consumer reporting agency.’’. 
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101 
SEC. 109. INCLUSION OF PUBLIC RECORD DATA SOURCES 
IN CONSUMER REPORTS. 
Section 605(d) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681c(d)) is amended by adding at the end the 
following: 
‘‘(3) PUBLIC RECORD DATA SOURCE.—Any con-
sumer reporting agency that furnishes a consumer 
report that contains public record data shall also in-
clude in such report the source from which that data 
was obtained, including the particular court, if any, 
and the date that the data was initially reported or 
publicized.’’. 
SEC. 110. INJUNCTIVE RELIEF FOR VICTIMS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Fair Credit Reporting Act 
(15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.) is amended— 
(1) in section 616— 
(A) in subsection (a), by amending the 
subsection heading to read as follows: ‘‘DAM-
AGES’’; 
(B) by redesignating subsections (c) and 
(d) as subsections (d) and (e), respectively; and 
(C) by inserting after subsection (b) the 
following new subsection: 
‘‘(c) INJUNCTIVE RELIEF.—In addition to any other 
remedy set forth in this section, a court may award injunc-
tive relief to require compliance with the requirements im-
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102 
posed under this title with respect to any consumer. In 
the event of any successful action for injunctive relief 
under this subsection, the court may award to the pre-
vailing party costs and reasonable attorney fees (as deter-
mined by the court) incurred during the action by such 
party.’’; and 
(2) in section 617— 
(A) in subsection (a), by amending the 
subsection heading to read as follows: ‘‘DAM-
AGES’’; 
(B) by redesignating subsection (b) as sub-
section (c); and 
(C) by inserting after subsection (a) the 
following new subsection: 
‘‘(b) INJUNCTIVE RELIEF.—In addition to any other 
remedy set forth in this section, a court may award injunc-
tive relief to require compliance with the requirements im-
posed under this title with respect to any consumer. In 
the event of any successful action for injunctive relief 
under this subsection, the court may award to the pre-
vailing party costs and reasonable attorney fees (as deter-
mined by the court) incurred during the action by such 
party.’’. 
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(b) ENFORCEMENT BY FEDERAL TRADE COMMIS-
SION.—Section 621(a)(2)(A) of the Fair Credit Reporting 
Act (15 U.S.C. 1681s(a)(2)(A)) is amended— 
(1) by amending the subparagraph heading to 
read as follows: ‘‘NEGLIGENT, WILLFUL, OR KNOW-
ING VIOLATIONS’’; and 
(2) by inserting ‘‘negligent, willful, or’’ before 
‘‘knowing’’. 
TITLE 
II—RESTRICTING 
THE 
USE OF CREDIT CHECKS FOR 
EMPLOYMENT DECISIONS 
SEC. 201. BANS THE USE OF CREDIT INFORMATION FOR 
MOST EMPLOYMENT DECISIONS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 604 of the Fair Credit 
Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681b) is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a)(3)(B), by inserting ‘‘, sub-
ject to the requirements of subsection (b)’’ after 
‘‘purposes’’; and 
(2) in subsection (b)— 
(A) in paragraph (1)— 
(i) by amending the paragraph head-
ing to read as follows: ‘‘USE
OF CON-
SUMER REPORTS FOR EMPLOYMENT PUR-
POSES’’; 
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(ii) in subparagraph (A), by redesig-
nating clauses (i) and (ii) as subclauses (I) 
and (II), respectively (and conforming the 
margins accordingly); 
(iii) by redesignating subparagraphs 
(A) and (B) as clauses (i) and (ii), respec-
tively (and conforming the margins accord-
ingly); 
(iv) by striking the period at the end 
of clause (ii) (as so redesignated) and in-
serting ‘‘; and’’; 
(v) by striking ‘‘agency may furnish’’ 
and inserting ‘‘agency— 
‘‘(A) may furnish’’; and 
(vi) by adding at the end the following 
new subparagraph: 
‘‘(B) except as provided in paragraph (5), 
may not furnish a consumer report with respect 
to any consumer in which any information con-
tained in the report bears on the consumer’s 
creditworthiness, credit standing, or credit ca-
pacity.’’; and 
(B) by adding at the end the following new 
paragraphs: 
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