APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD We can be sure of this, however: If un- wise legislation is enacted it will have a de- pressing, disturbing effect upon our economy and the welfare of the American people. In my opinion, there are no short cuts to the golution of our industrial and economic problems; absolutely no cure-alls. We can- not bring industrial peace by legislation. Such peace can come only when industry, public, and labor recognize character and ability, wherever it is found in the leader- ship of unions and management, and when public support is given such leadership in attacking the economic problem intelligently and courageously. Punitive legislation, in the guise of laws to regulate labor and to promote industrial peace, now being discussed by Congressmen. is a far more serious threat to our American system of free enterprise than all the Com- munists and crackpota combined—and they are a real menace. Whatever undermines the faith of the American worker in the hon- esty and the fairness of his Congress and his Government cannot help but shake the foun- dations of our economic system and provide fertile ground for the propagation of alien philosophies hostile to our way of life. The cure for industrial disturbance is not to be found in semislave laws intended to take away the hard-earned rights of the working people and chain tollers to jobs against their will. It is to be found only in understanding and cooperation between men of good will in industry and labor and public support of honest men who represent them. If those who cry loudest for laws to curb labor were sincerely desirous of industrial peace, rather than selfish and unwarranted advantage, they would explore the tried and proven ways. They would tackle the problem by the use of the only successful formula: better, closer relationships, confidence, and mutual understanding between those who speak for labor and capital. A few States already have passed laws, and Congress is now being importuned to pass further laws, to outlaw the union shop and the closed shop. Union people, however, are not being fooled by this campaign. They know, as do those who promote such legislu- tion, that its purpose is to destroy the strength of labor. Yet, without semislave legislation to force working people to remain at the machine against their will, such laws must fail. They will be as futile as the late, but unlamented, dry law. Such legislation certainly will not increase production or efficiency, both of which are essential to the welfure of capital as well as to the welfare of labor and the public. Jt is one thing to encourage an unfriendly em- ployer to hire individuals who will refuse to join unions but who will accept all the bene- fits that have been won through union activity. It is quite another thing to force union members to work side by side with such people. The doctors will not work with those who do not belong to their medical associa- tion, lawyers will not cooperate in their work with those who are not paid-up members of the bar association. T believe in free labor and in free industry. Unless both are free, we will lose our political liberties. Laws which take away the rights of labor also strike at political freedom. To protect free labor, the working people will be driven into political action to a greater extent than heretofore witnessed if unfair legislation is enacted. It is unfortunate that there should ever be strikes, yet the right to strike is so basic that any law which attempts to take it away, or to limit it, must necessarily and inevitably change the fundamentals of American liberty and, in so doing, alter our form of govern- ment. Laws which strike at liberty are dangerous; they should never be passed. They cannot be enforced except by unac- ceptable, dictatorial methods. Surely we have not forgotten the lessons of our tragic era of prohibition. In the end, such punitive laws create pressures which burst their bounds, often with painful consequences. They also encourage methods far more crip- pling to industry than the strike. Honest Americans today want industrial peace; they do not want strife and disorder. Honest men also know that such industrial peace cannot be established by law or by edict. Men, not laws, make peace—and war. Industrial peace must come through the process of equitable dealing by honorable men in both capital and labor. The charge that Jabor constitutes a “monopoly” is ridiculous. In fact, the very accusation comes from corporation chiefs who actually head giant business and in- dustrial monopolics. It is as silly to accuse labor of being a monopoly as it would be to accuse the Amcrican people of being a monopoly. There is no doubt, nor do we deny, that labor has at times had an occasional leader who proved to he without vision, or who was incompetent und arrogantly selfish, and even dishonest. Business and industry, even the honored professions, have had similar men, There have always been men, in every type of endeavor—even in the church—who proved disloyal and unworthy of their trust. Labor has no more time for such individuals than has the public. One group of Congressmen proposes pub- licity for labor’s finances, as if labor had something to hide. The plain fact is that unions today furnish frequent financial statements to their members and often pub- lish them in printed form, fur all who may be interested. Labor's financial statements are easy to understand; they are not like the complicated compilations of figures is- sued by corporations. I am not afraid of publicity of labor's finances. I believe, however, that if labor should be required to publish its financial matters, capital should be required to do likewise. That is only being fair and honest about it. Whatever information may be re- quired of unions should also be required of employers. I am not averse to making pub- lic all the incomes of both labor and capital, their employees, and administrators. I would go further than mere financial statements. If industry will agree, I will be willing to have both sides submit all of the facts about earnings, wages, expenses of all kinds, as well us profits, upon entering into collective-bargaining conferences. Let us also require the corporations to furnish sworn statements of their capital structures, showing actual, honest investment. I would agree that if either the union or the employer failed, or refused to submit all financial facts, then a Government regula- tory agency should step in, examine the books and records, and furnish the data. And make it all public. Perhaps it is time to end the long day of secrecy in corporate deal- ings; perhaps it is time to turn on the light, to give the public all of the facts, let every- body, including investors, know the truth about the giant business concerns as well as the small operators, including the salaries paid to the representatives of both capital and labor, In the end, we come right back to the fundamental principle that peace in indus- try, like peace between nations, is based on good will, understanding, and mutual respect. Peace can be maintained in industry only if labor and capital, each respecting the rights of the other, are willing to cooperate to find peaceful means for the settlement of dif- ferences. If joint publication of financial statements and salaries will help, I am for it. Democracy is often cumbersome and ineffi- cient but its final benefits justify its progress by trial and error. I do not say, nor do I believe, that all strikes will be, or can be prevented. I merely say that to prevent strikes should be our goal, that we should strive to reach this goal intelligently. There A307 will be strikes, from time to time, for there will be instances where nothing but strikes can bring labor and management together and clear the air so understandings can be reached. This 18 true because we, of labor, are as human and as prone to misjudgment, as are the humans who comprise management, and who own capital. Labor must ever kecp in mind that power brings responsibility and that we must meus- ure up to that responsibility. Labor must not retard, rather labor should encourage the introduction of labor-saving machinery and processes. We must not in- terfere with the mechanization of industry. We must encourage greater production and resultant lower consumer costs. We will create jobs in the delivery-service industry as we create added pay load and lower con- sumer costs. Thus may we increase jobs and shorten the hours of employment. The 40-hour week must not be used as a means of promoting overtime work at pre- mium pay. That is contrary to the inter- est of labor Labor must hold its agreemcnts sacred. Once we have signed with an employer, live up to every provision of the contract, no matter how unfavorable or unpleasant. Industry, on the other hand, must not be permitted to hold inventions off the market and thus retard industrial progress, even though capital investment may he tempo- rarlly impaired b: changes wrought by the inventor. Strikes must not occu” in public utilities or against the Government, but this implies that the utilities and the Government must not act to prevent collective barguining. They must meet the going wage scales of private industry. Government-operated utilities and mo- nopolies should pay wages and salaries equal to the prevailing scales in :imilar private business for similur work, and grant equal standards of hours and working conditions. This should also be the practice of all sub- divisions of Government, such as PUD's, the Bonneville Authority, the TVA. and city light. Monopoly, owned by Govern- ment, which increases consumer cost, is just as vicious us private monopoly that operates in like manner, Utilities and businesses, such as the city water department, should not be permitted to eurn excessive profits from the consumer for the benefit of the general tax fund. That is a direct move in the direction of socialism and, eventually, communism. It is but a short step from a state monopoly of one busincss to a state monupoly of other busi- nesses. Such monopolies are dangerous to our system of free enterprise, for tey pro- mote socialism. Publicly owned monopolics must be re- quired to so operate that their rates will provide no more than a just, a fair return on actual investment. Artificial barriers to commerce, which have been set up by law for the protection of invested capital—the certificate of public convenience and necessity and other similar regulatory machinery—should be scrutinized by our lawmakers, for they deny the very principle of free enterprise and prevent open competition. In our own State of Washington we have seen the Civil Acronautics Board awurd mo- nopolistic rights by means of the certificate of convenience and necessity to one com- mercial air line to operate between Seattle and San Francisco, and thus prohibit the competition of other lincs, to the great dis- advantage of the entire Pacific Northwest area. Is this free enterprise? Is this com- petitive industry? The other day a Seattle motorbus com- pany which is in protess of selling out to the Greyhound Lines showed a profit of ap- proximately 20 percent for the year 1946. Yet this company refused a wage increase
A308 to its employees and closed down its opera- tions for several weeks. Did this action of this company show a decent respect for the public welfare? During the entire period of the shut-down the public was denied serv- ice; no other bus company was permitted to te because this corporation held a cer- tificate of convenience and necessity which banned competition. Labor will not progress through the public operation of industry; labor can only pro- gress under free enterprise and competitive business, through collective bargaining. In the field of education, labor also has a great responsibility, for the children of labor, in almost al] instances, attend the public schools, both primary, secondary, as well as the higher institutions of learning. It is distinctly to labor’s interest that the best teachers be obtained, and, under our enter- prise system, we can only attract the finest educators, and retain them in their profes- sion, if we reward them with salaries, and conditions of employment and retirement, commensurate with their contribution to the public welfare. Salaries must be high enough to reward educators for the years of study and preparation required of them. Any other policy will prevent the proper develop- ment of our school system, make us de- pendent upon inferior instructors, to the great detriment not only of the schools but of our own children. The children of working people will suffer far more than the teachers, if we fail in our duty. Our public schools are the cornerstone of our democracy; our teachers are, to a great degree, entrusted with the development of young America. We cannot spend too much money for fine buildings, playgrounds, gymnasiums, ath- letic programs, debating teams, and clean competition. We must have adequate sta- diums and fields and competent instructors, well compensated, to guide our children dur- ing their formative years. We, of labor, believe that our judges should also be compensated adequately. We have not paid our judiciary well enough in the past. We should now recommend to our State legislature that the salaries of judges be raised. Unnecessary and incompetent personnel should be eliminated from the public pay roll, but ability and industrious energy and accomplishment in public service should be as well rewarded as it is in private business. Let us conduct our union organizations for the public welfare. Let us travel every avenue open to us to avoid strikes. Let us give an honest day's work for an honest day’s wages By percept and example, do every- thing within our power to preserve industrial peace. Let us study our industries and do what we can to make them prosperous, for we cannot obtain good wages and good condi- tions from unprofitable industry. We cannot by our efforts make industry profitable in all instances, because ment also has a tremendously important part to play, but we can do our share. We can do this by aiding management in every pos- sible way to reduce costs and to increase ef- ficiency. Let us operate our equipment as economically as possible. Let us maintain maximum pay loads, wherever possible, be- cause we will create more and better jobs when the efficiency of our industry results in lower costs to the consumer and increased de- mand for our services. Let us not forget that we are the best paid workers in the world. We enjoy finer living standards than workers of any other land. We built this country to these high standards through our system of private en- terprise. The schemes of the Communista and the crackpots offer us nothing but the ruin of our hopes and the destruction of all our gains. We shall not tolerate within our membership any individuals who advocate the alien philosophy of defeatism. Remem- ber, we have never known of a disciple of communism to ask for a passport to settle in Russia! If Russia likes communism and a com- munistic dictatorship, that is her own busi- ness. But we insist that Russia shall not send her propagandists to interfere in our domestic affairs and to promote the over- throw of our system and our way of life. We have had our disagreements with our employers and, perhaps, we will have more disagreements tn the future. But we have made progress far greater than have the workers of any other country. We are hopeful that the year 1947 will re- ward our organizations with progress and that we will be able to contribute something worth while to a better and happier in- dustrial America. Rural Mail Routes —ae REMARKS oF HON. E. C. GATHINGS OF ARKANSAS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, January 29, 1947 Mr. GATHINGS. Mr. Speaker, I am introducing at this time a bill for the purpose of providing for the improve- ment of unimproved rural mail routes throughout the United States. This bill supersedes House bill 5957, which I in- troduced in the last Congress, with one principal exception that the new bill is to be operative until July 1, 1952. This bill seeks to remedy the present situation in the United States which pre- vails in our rural sections. According to the reports of the Bureau of the Census, as of 1940, 53.8 percent of all farms in America are located on roads that are unimproved. Of the remainder, 27.4 percent were located on gravel or top- soil roads, and 18.8 percent were on hard surfaced or paved roads. Over half, Mr. Speaker, were on roads which were un- improved and which prevented all- weather travel. Those figures are for 1940, before the outbreak of the war. During the war, of course, lack of labor and shortages in materials and road machinery further deteriorated rural roads. It is apparent that such conditions affect our agricultural economy. Farm- ers deserve to have, and should have, all-weather roads. They should have farm-to-market roads that will aid them in transporting their products t. mar- kets and provide them with highways to get into town for their shopping. This bill will aid them in securing these farm- to-market roads. It is apparent that this lack of roads penalizes our systems of rural education. Today throughout America we have seen schools in the country consolidated, and the school children are gathered in schoo] busses and carried several miles from their farm homes to modern schools. We feel that this practice will likely continue and that greater benefits accrue to these students through such a system. Certainly, economy is practiced in such a program, but such benefits to APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD the students and to the economy of the rural schoo! districts are lost if bad roads hinder the regular transportation of the farm children to and from these schools. Such a program, as outlined in the bill which I am introducing, would insure the greatest value from our rural-school pro- grams in that these roads would be built. One of the greatest services to rural families is the rural-mail delivery. Eight million families in America are depend- ent on the rural-mail carrier for the de- livery of their mail. The approximate number of rural-mail patrons is 29,200,- 000. In rendering full service to these millions of American citizens, the rural carriers travel daily 1,420,970 miles. Cer- tainly this great service, giving delivery to 29,000,000 Americans daily, calls for all-weather roads. But the figures in- dicate that 53.8 percent of the farms are located on roads that are unimproved. Over half of the farms served by the rural mail delivery are handicapped by the lack of adequate roads. Under the bill which I have drawn these roads would be based on these rural-mail routes; for over a long period of years the rural-mail service has worked out routes to most economically serve the greatest number o: patrons. It has been general practice for the school-bus routes to parallel these rural- route roads. Farm-to-market roads would be provided best through use of these rural-route roads. Thus, in serv- ing the farm citizenship best, we would be increasing the efficiency of his mail service, bettering the benefits of the edu- cationail program for his children, and providing him with farm-to-market roads. The bill provides that this program shall be handled through grants of funds to the local county agency, which would mean either the county judge or the commissioners court or the equivalent agency in each county. The character of: such improvements by the county agency, however, will be subject to the approval of the Postmaster General of the United States and the Commissioner of the Public Roads Administration. The grants under this bill to any county shall not exceed $5,000 per mile of such routes. It is estimated that the average cost shall amount to about $3,000, and I know of nothing that will give the farmer greater benefit for his money. Such a program will link the farm and the town with all-weather highways which would increase the economy of both the farm and the city. It would be most beneficial to our educational pro- gram, and it would insure proper service to the patrons of the rural routes. It would mean equitable treatment of some 29,000,000 citizens who reside on farms in the United States. It would be re- flected in better farm operations that would be reflected in better agricultural price levels and would increase the rea] wealth of the Nation. This program, under my bill, is to be in operation for a period of & years. It will supplement the peacetime road program to endeavor to regain and make better the roads system prior to the out- break of the war. Any Member of Con-
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD gress who has served as county judge or as county commissioner realizes the at- tention that is required to keep in op- eration a good-roads system. Any of the Members of Congress who are farmers know just how necessary such roads are to the farmer. Any Member of Con- gress who has been a teacher or an edu- cator will readily understand how valu- able such a program will be to our rural- schod] systems. Members of Congress who are merchants will appreciate how much such a roads program will aid our business economy. The rural-mail carriers who daily trav- el 1,420,970 miles will tell you how ncces- sary such a program is at this time; and those 29,000,000 Americans who are served by our rural-mail delivery will feel that you want to serve them well. It will aid our Nation in overcoming the serious handicap created by lack of road work during the war and in the increased traffic as a result of the war. Such a program is vital to the welfare of our Nation. New England Fisheries EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF HON. AIME J. FORAND OF RHODE ISLAND IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, January 29, 1947 Mr. FORAND. Mr. Speaker, the fish- ing industry—a vital part of the business life of New England—soon will be non- existent unless steps are taken to remedy the ills that now beset it. In an effort to call public attention to this important matter and in the hope of helping to solve the problems now facing this multi-million-dollar industry the Providence (R. I.) Journal recently as- signed one of its reporters, Leonard O. Warner, to study the industry and the problems now facing it and to write a series of five articles on the subject. So that every Member of the House and Senate may have the benefit of these ar- ticles, I propose to offer these articles for printing in the CoNnGRESSIONAL REcorD, and under permission already granted me, I include herewith the second article, as it appeared in the Providence Journal of January 13, 1947. It follows: NearBy FisHinc BANKS DEPLETED; New ENG- LAND DraGcers Must Go Far AFIELD—SOUTH CHANNEL, GEORGES BANK CATCHES HAVE DropPep From 25,000 ro 600 Pounps; PusBLic APATHY TOWARD PERIL TO INDUSTRY ALARMS FisHERMEN (By Leonard O. Warner) Capt. Bert Hemeon, short, blond skipper of Ben Pine’s trim Columbia, is one of those who understand the ills that beset the New England fishing industry. But he isn't quite sure what, as an individ- ual, he can do about it. “We keep going and we scrape up what fish we can,” he said as he sat on a plushy red hassock in Ben Pine’s cluttered loft over- looking Gloucester Harbor. It was a cold, wet day, and the Columbia rode uneasily at her moorings at the end of the dock, Ben Pine, owner of the Columbia and once skip- per of the famous Gertrude L. Thebaud, was out of town, and so ‘t wus all right for Cap- fain Bert to occupy the boss’ corner of the Ort, Captain Bert went on: “Other years we've been fishing pretty handy right around home,” he said, pointing southeast in the general direction of Georges Bank and South Channel, where haddock and cod once abounded. “Now, we're off Quereau and Suble, off Halifax, and that’s a long way from home. De you know, I started out from Quereau on a Friday and when do you suppose I got home with my load? Tuesday. That's quite a spell. “Tf a dragger wants to stay around home and fish Georges and South Channel, well maybe he'll get 500 pounds to a drag. Re- member, we used to get as high as 25,000 pounds to a drag. “This is the worst I have ever seen it. L've tried to get haddock for a couple of days— got only 9,000 pounds in 2 days when I should have gotten more than 200,000 pounds. 1 gave up and went for redfish somewhere else. “Why, the same boat is catching 5,000 pounds where it once caught 160,000 pounds. It’s bad, real bad.” Captain Bert sat quietly for a few moments looking out onto the harbor and at two men at a nearby dock who were repairing their drageger. In a few minutes he had completely and simply summarized the problem of the North Atlantic fisheries—depletion and over-ex- ploitation of haddock and cod with the re- sult that New England boats are being forced farther to the east and away from home to fill their pens. A little later, Capt. John “Oscar” Ribiero, skipper of Ben Pine's Puritan, came in and sat down, He wasn’t at home in the loft. He threw his hat from hand to hand and looked out longingly at the Puritan, PUBLIC INTEREST LAGS “Fish is scarce all right,” he said. ‘We fish where we never have before.” And then he left. It was growing dark and he wanted a Jast look around the Puritan. In Boston the next day, Austin Powers, the Atlantic Fishermen's Union business agent, was more eloquent in his description of the ills of the New England fisheries. “It's a terrible thing to sit around and watch an industry go to hell,” he shouted, “Some of the boys out there,” he said, point- ing to the adjacent union hall, “think this scarcity of fish is so obvious that anybody should be able to see it. But we've got to do some shouting. People don't seem to realize what's happening. “My God, can't Congress see what's hap- pening?” Powers, together with Patrick J. McHugh, secretary-treasurer of the Atlantic Fisher- men’s Union (AFL), has been active for years in attempting to bring the problem of deple- tion to the public eye. “We're Just running out of fish, that’s all,” said Powers, gesticulating wildly as he talked. “Why 9 or 10 years ago, we used to go off Cape Cod and in 6 or 7 hours catch all the redfish we wanted. It’s not only haddock that’s scarce; it’s cod, redfish, and yellow- tails, too. “Now, if we want redfish we go off Nova Scotia—650 miles, and that takes better than 2 days and 2 nights, one way. We're scrap- ing them up where we can. Look at the board outside in the hall; that'll tell you.” SMALL CATCHES PREDOMINATE Powers got up from hig desk and walked out from his office into the union hall. Fish- ermen were sitting around a small table on a low stage at the front of the large, cold room. A309 The catches listed on the blackboard aver- aged about 50,000 pounds to the boat—and these were boats that should be bringtng in 150,000 to 200,000 pounds each. “But selfish people, people who don’t care,” Powers added, “tell you it’s the weather, or there's no fish because it’s winter, or the practice bombs of the Navy killed all the fish. That's a lot of mularky.” He went on to explain his belief that the high costs of operating boats to far-off fish- ing grounds will place fishermen in a vise which will force many boats out of business, Fish prices have already started to tumble under the impact of a plentiful meat supply. “You're not going to buy a pound of fillet for 53 cents if you can get a steck for 59 cents,” said Peters, “And then what hap- pens to the fishermen?” He threw up his hands and shook his head. The high-powered Diesel draggers and trawlers lying along the smelly Boston fish pier, the largest such pier in the world, are mute evidence in this tale of depletion. These are the vessels which drag large otter trawls along the sea bottom, gathering everything in their path that is not too firmly attached to the bottom or fast enouzh to get out of the way. Because the mesh cf the net is only 2% inches, the small fish Cannot escape, and they are injured or crushed to death as the net fills. When the catch is hauled onto the deck and dumped, the young fish, then dead or dying, are culled and thrown overboard. Millions of these baby haddock (under 114 pounds) are “railroaded” overboard in a year. Sometimes the water is literally cov- ered with dead baby haddock cast aside by scores of fishing boats operating in the same general area. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that in 1 year the draggers and trawlers destroyed 63,000,- 000 baby haddock—63,000,000 potential main courses Of a fish dinner. In the late winter and early spring, fish- ermen grab shovels to dump overboard the jelly-like spawn that oozes from mature fish which were about to lay their eggs. That spawn, left in the hands of nature, would have developed into millions of fish. Things were different, prior to the in- troduction of the otter trawl from Europe in 1905. Those were the days of the dory trawler when haddock and cod were caught on long lines, laden with hundreds of baited hooks, suspended between buoys. The mother vessel, usually a schooner, waited for the dorymen to return with their catches. ADVANTAGES OF DORY FISHING The fish caught by the dory trawlers were mature and big. They had spawned and laid millions of eggs. Fish about to spawn did not bite; nature took care of that. Young fish would not bite on a hook, pre- ferring daintier morsels during their forma- tive years. Nature was given a chance by the dory trawlers. However many small fish the otter trawler destroyed, it alone was not responsible for the present severe over-fishing. Along about 1925 the development of filleted and quick-frozen fish rapidly ex- panded the market for fish. Fishermen raced to meet this new demand. New trawl- ers were built, more men went to sea, and the Georges Bank and South Channel were generously spotted with vessels, all raiding the bottom with power. For several years, those who saw the sea as an unlimited source of fish were right. There was fish everywhere, or so it seemed. But the ocean has given up. Some fishermen like to compare their busli- ness with farming. A rancher, they pointed out, would be hard put to market steers if he had killed off all his calves the year before.
A310 Reciprocal-Trade Agreements REMARKS HON. LEON H. GAVIN OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, January 29, 1947 Mr. GAVIN. Mr. Speaker, Webster defines reciprocate as follows: “To give and take mutually; interchange; to give something in return for.” What I would like to know is what we get in return for these reciprocal-trade agreements. All I can see in these agree- ments is that Uncle Sam takes another beating and it is about time to curb the authority of the State Department to enter into these agreements without giv- ing the Congress a careful look-in. I want to call the attention of the House to House Resolution 52, introduced by Representative Jenkins of Ohio, which requests the postponement of any action seeking the further adjustment of duties under section 350 of the Tariff Act of 1930, the so-called Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, as amended, un- til sufficient time has elapsed to permit further study of the necessity for fur- ther action under the reciprocal-trade- agreements policy. This resolution should receive the immediate considera- tion of the Ways and Means Committee. Pennsylvania is one of the greatest in- dustrial States in the Union. A State that, along with other industrial States, should be the first consideration of the State Department as to whether or not these agreements are going to urset the equilibrium of our economic life and throw thousands of Pennsylvania’s peo- ple out of employment. Pennsylvania is rightfully concerned, as are other States, about these agreements, because of its 10,000,000 people who are dependent upon it. It is a State which produced approximately 30 percent of all war ma- terials, and a State that sent 1,100,000 men and women into the armed forces. A State that must be given consideration when reciprocal-trade agreements are being discussed. I understand that the commercial pol- icy division of the State Department is now holding hearings with certain branches of industry as to the possibility of granting further tariff reductions as concessions to other countries. We have made enough concessions to other coun- tries thus far and it is about time to take inventory and look after our own back- yard. I am particularly concerned about the glass-container industry, which has 176 plants scattered throughout the Nation— 19 of these plants are in Pennsylvania, which produce 25 percent of all glass containers; and 8 of these plants are in my district, employing s+.veral thousand people. In a recent letter to the Honorable William L. Clayton, Assistant Secretary of State, I called his attention +o the fact that already substantial reductions have been made on these iteins running up to 50 percent through trade agreements made by our country with France, the United Kingdom, and Mexico. Because of disruptions in world trade during the war years, it is impossible to determine at this time the effect of these conces- sions on the glass-container industry. Therefore, I protest vigorously against any action being taken at this time or any trade agreements entered into which would affect or disturb the glass-con- tainer industry and the people it em- ploys. The glass-contairer industry has enough problems now without putting any further barriers in its path. We are deeply sympathetic to tre problems of other countries, and we are, and should do, everything we can to be helpful; how- ever, any agreements that would disrupt our economy and create difficulties for our people should not be considered. Re- covery in war-torn countries should not be at the expense of American labor. It must be recognized that we cannot com- pete with low-paid European labor un- less we are satisfied to reduce American labor’s standards of living. I know the Congress will agree with me that we must maintain a high standara oY wages and living conditions for our people, there- fore, we cannot afford to jeopardize the progress and prosperity of the glass-con- tainer industry, as well as many others upon which thousands or our people are dependent for their livelihood by mak- ing further reductions in tariff that will bring the glass-container industry down on its knees. It is about time we take away from the gentlemen in the State Department the authority previously granted them by which they may wreck important in- dustries. This Congress is the body to explore the whole tariff matter and write the answers, not the Department of State. I sincerely hope the Ways and Means Committee will bring out this resolution at an early date so the Members of Con- gress will have an opportunity tc be re- corded on this very important matter which will greatly affect the economic life of the Nation. [From the Washiugton (D. C.) Eveniig Star of January 24, 1947) ‘WORLD'S BEST HOPE Americans, more than any other people, should have an instinctive sympathy with the empire conception. Senator VANDEN- BERG says that, if 5 percent of the world’s population (meaning the Americans) enjoy 60 percent of the world’s 11:come, it is high time everybody adopted the American sys- tem. But what is the American system? It 1s adventurous free enterprise plus a large free-trade area protected by high tariffs. It is our view that the American system has been of benefit to the world. Imperial pref- erence is a step in the same direction. Brit- ain can perform the greatest service to hu- man welfare that lies within her power by developing and strengthening that system.— From the London Daily Express. Government and Medicine Don’t Mix EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. ROBERT B. CHIPERFIELD OF ILLINOIS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, January 29, 1947 Mr. CHIPERFIELD. Mr. Speaker, un- der leave to extend my remarks in the APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Recorp, ‘I include the following address of Dr. Everett P. Coleman, of Canton, Il., who is one of the outstanding physicians and surgeons of this country and presi- dent of the Illinois State Medical So- ciety, which I have entitled “Government and Medicine Don't Mix”: We are living in a changing world. Prog- ress in acientific medicine has advanced 80 rapidly in the past few years that it taxes the ingenuity of the trained scientific mind to keep abreast of it. In the same manner legislative and other affairs are also chang- ing so that the medical profession is having to protect itself on so many fronts that again the scientific doctor, accustomed to thinking only in terms of treating his patient, hardly knows which way to turn to defend himeelf. A presidential address at this type of meeting, is, in a sense, an accounting of stewardship, a report to you of ideas formu- lated during the past 2 years. A very few years ago your former presidents have given scientific papers on this occasion, containing their ideas along lines of scientific medicine which were instructive and which many times marked important advances in the science of medicine. Of more recent years these ad- dresses have been based on legislative prob- lems with which we were faced, and sug- gestions with reference to what might be done to overcome threats to the practice of medicine. All these have had an optimistic viewpoint. On this occasion, were we living in normal times, we too should have an optimistic out- look and there are many reasons why this should be. Our country has just won the greatest war in the history of mankind. Our victorious armies are rapidly being disbanded. The country should, under normal circum- stances, be returning to a period of post- war prosperity and the inhabitants should be in a position to enjoy more comforts and more happiness than they have had hereto- fore. Our returning medical veterans are coming back to their practices with their knowledge enhanced by great scientific ad- vances in the past 2 years, especially along the line of chemical and biologic medicine. For example, there is the selective study of physiology. It is now known that radio- active iodine can be introduced into the circulation and will lodge in the thyroid gland, permitting a better and more thorough study of the function of that organ. This same method of studying physiology shows the possibility of adding to our information in reference to all the other organs of the body. Corresponding medical and surgical advances have been obtained, and there are prospects of more. Infections are being over- come, The recent advances of surgery in radical resections of stomach and pancreas for can- cer, opens a new prospect for those interested in that type of work. Penetrating wounds of the eye are said to no longer require a loss of vision of that eye, or the loss of the eye itself, which I am told has been a routine procedure up until the last 2 or 3 years. With these, and many other examples in mind, a summation of the last 2 years of progress and the anticipation of things to come should bring an outlook of optimism. It should be based on the prospect of increas- ing length of life and health for the citizens of this country and of decreasing their ill- ness, and an outlook of added happiness, which we know the medical profession alone is able to give the public. Instead of these things an attitude of caution seems indi- cated, based on the fact that civilization which has been built up by the efforts of comparatively few, who then carried the masses to vistas beyond their capacity to imagine or appreciate, muy be voted down; it may even be lost by the ballot, which was originally used to free mankind. Europe for generations has developed a spirit of aggressiveness and fostered the de- velopment of armies and national hatred.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD The result has been wars which now have practically wrecked civilization as it existed there. In the United States a spirit of inter- nationalism has appeared with a tendency to foster class hatred until, with an impending return to the draft and to rationing, we well may be on the road to a governmental con- trolled economy, in which the individual may lose his identity until step by step we return to a life of regimentation which we have seen in Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Soviet Russia. To a condition which, while neces- sary in the Army and Navy, has brought about so much resentment of that type of life among our returning veterans, that the sys- tem of voluntary enlistment seems to have fallen down almost entirely This is due to the fact that our young men are only too anxious to get away from the regimentation which our present bu- reaucratic politicians are attempting to force upon the entire Nation. Races which have lived in serfdom and semislavery for years may find that for themselves regimen- tation 1s a step forward; for the citizens of this country, however, it is a long journey backward and what will be lost under these conditions may well require generations to regain. The medical advances of this country have practically overcome and al- most wiped out a great number of the major infections: tuberculosis, lues, typhoid fever, and many others. More recently traumatic surgery has taken a tremendous step forward as is shown by its remarkable ef- fectiveness in the hands of our military surgeons in the war. The treatment of peritonitis, hemorrhage, and shock has im- proved, and many surgical conditions which until recently caused death or permanent disability have responded to newer surgical methods. Such conditions as appendicitis, diseases of the thyroid gland, of the stomach, the gallbladder, the genitourinary organs, have been managed so well that persons suffering from these dread ailments are relatively safe when treated in the hands of the skilled American doctor of medicine. Increased length of life brings the penalty of added afflictions and of these old-age has been termed the most dreadful disease of all, but even the afflictions due to ad- vancing years have been lightened by med- ical science. For example, great progress has been made in recent years in the treat- ment of fracture of the hip, and in prostatic disease, two of the commoner disabling conditions of the aged. With all our accomplishments, we still have much to gain, new worlds to conquer. Al- though heart disease leads all others as the cause of death, perhaps a very potent factor in the production of the sclerotic arteries which tend to produce much of it, is that other prevalent disorder, chronic arthritis. These conditions, added to cancer, are now our major medical problems. The task is not simple and its solution needs the minds of the best medical men we can obtain, If we are to solve these problems we must as a pro- fession be free to study, to learn, and to ac- complish gains such as those which solved the problems of diphtheria, smallpox, and tuberculosis. When we consider the troubles of the busi- ness or economic world and see how it ts threatened by ill-advised attacks from poli- ticlans and ambitious agitators, and when we see the same agitators looking upon medi- cine with an envious eye, we must give thought as to what might occur if their plans should succeed. We must think of what medicine is now doing, and what it will be able to accomplish in the next decade if al- lowed to carry on at its normal rate of prog- ress, and then consider what medical stagna- tion would mean instead. We have as a profession several objectives. O..¢ 1s the care of the sick and here we have seen medical care develop until it is so com- plete and so readily available in this coun- try that the public takes it for granted. The public here expects and receives a grade of medical care and a type of personal atten- tion not available elsewhere in the world, Throughout this country any citizen is able to consult a doctor of medicine, is able to be hospitalized, and to receive scientific care from medical men who are interested in his welfare. He has a better chance of being restorec: to health than in any other coun- try. All this at a price which compared to autos, furnaces, and hovse repairs, is com- paratively cheap. In our cre of the sick we have done a marvelous job. We have also developed along economic lines. In any form of society there are those who through in- ability to plan ahead o: make provision for their future care, need in times of distress, help from the more prosperous members of their communities. Regardless of their financial status those who are unable to care for themselves in the State of Ilinois are as- sured of good medical care as is shown by the amount spent for this purpose, by the supervisors in their care of the indigent, by the old-age pension system as applied under the control of the Illinois Public Aid Com- mission with the assistance and advice of the Illinois State Medical Society, and those who receive blind and widow's pensions, and aid to dependent children. In addition we have some very excellent laws which take care of industrial injuries and unemploy- ment. Many of these are efficient and satis- factory in relieving the needs of the indigent or the substandard groups in every commu- rity. They are well worth-while projccts, and they are doing € great deal of good. Be- cause these are serving a useful purpose, and because they are .bject to some interest- ing political complications we now have Gov- ernment bureaus in Washington showing a desire to pension everyone, at least from a medical angle. The medical profession is not reactionary. To anyone who has given thought to the rapidly changing pace of advancing medical knowledge it is evident that the modern doctor has to be progressive, for otherwise he would not survive in this competitive field. From the economic angle he is inter- ested in voluntary prepayment insurance plans as advocated by the American Medical Association, and as now being introduced by your State society. He is interested in fur- thering needed and proper health legislation, which will secure more hospital beds, and legislation which is intended to protect the workman against lost time due to sickness, as well as unemployment. He is interested in any measure which protects the indi- vidual against truly catastrophic illness. We as medical men feel that we are competent to care for the sick, and that our methods of insurance for medical care will be man- aged far better and more in the public in- terest than anything managed politically from Washington, The repeated and fla- grant examples of bureaucratic inefficiency with which we are familiar gives us confi- dence that we surely can do a better job. We are interested in a constant sponsoring of scientific medical progress, in the corre- lation of accumulated experiences as dem- onstrated in medical journals, and in such meetings as this. We are interested in give ing the younger men an opportunity for in- creased scientific progress so as to increase their ability to serve the public. We are interested in having time and opportunity for study so as to crystallize our ideas when we review the results of the past day's work. By this means we hope to overcome the dis- eases Just mentioned, which are the greatest menace to the health of our citizens at the present time. If the Washington plan for the regimenta- tion of our profession should succeed, it may start out conservatively to gain as many sup- porters as possible, but in a short time will inevitably lead to the following objectionable features: First, domination by lay people, such as social-service workers who have en- A311 thusiasm and energy but with lttle medical knowledge. For example, in the Illinois Emergency Relief Commission, where regu- lations were made permitting the doctors to make only one or two visits to patients with scarlet fever; where it was ruled that no ob- stetrical cases should be taken to the hos- pital on Government funds, and no permis- sion given to treat the unfortunate on relief if the local officer did not happen to believe that there was such a thing as illness. As you know, there are some who question that, Second, there will be a free dispensary type of service to the public, such as in Germany, where prior to the war the ear, nose, and throat man was expected to treat 100 patients a day, in addition to his private patients; pediatricians 60 to 80 a day, and a general practitioner 75 to 80, in addition to private patients. There will be no chance to progress professionally or financially. In addition to the horde of neurotics who will try to mo- nopolize our time, which should be gtven to those who are really sick, there will be endless governmental reports to be filed, no time for constructive thought or study, and no time to organize mentally and to assimilate the results of the day's work. And, as you all know, these last factors are of vital impor- tance. If we cannot give thought to what we have done during the day, do not have time to analyze our problems, we will tend to deteriorate and the public will receive a much poorer grade of medical care. Since we are confronted by these problems let us give thought as to how these plans to regulate medicine, and ultimately the entire public, are introduced. They are put over by a long and devious method of propaganda, of quoting false statistics, in which the De- partment of Social Security has specialized in recent years. Statistics which are falsified. For instance, it is possible in considering the infant mortality in some European city to take a comfortably situated section of that city with a good mortality rate, and in order to compare it with a city in the United States with a slum population, pick out the worst ward in that latter city and use its figures as being typical of the entire city or even that State and then compure the two. Or to take a substandard Negro community, one of the few remaining black marks in our health rec- ord, quote its figures on infant mortality as being typical of the entire United States, and then to compare those figures unfavorably with some European country. Then to use that statement to the effect that we as a Nation are far down the list in infant mor- tality. This statement is also applied to ma- ternal mortality and the mortality of adoles- cents and adults, but those of you who have been in Europe and have seen the conditions of poverty and squalor under which a great many of these inhabitants live, you who have seen the slum districts in London, in Naples, hh. Alexandria, and have seen the moral deg- radation and filthy living conditions of Paris, you know that while in our country many things are not ideal they are still so far in advance of anything European that figures tending to prove those individuals are health- jer, and have less sickness than we, are defi- nitely based on erroneous statements. Fur- thermore, in those alleged stntistics no com- parison is made between cities of compara- tive population and climate. Another propaganda point is the stute- ment that the draft with 40 percent rejec- tions of our young men is a reflection on our medical care. It is more of a reflection on the qualifications which our Army cn- forced rather than the condition of the peo- ple who were examined. In addition to illit- eracy, there are several reasons for that 40 percent rejection. First of all, the high physical standards of the United States Army, higher by far than those of any foreign coun- try. The fact that many were rejected be- cause of nonpreventable diseases such as myopia and psychoneurosis, which are her- @ditary, Unless we are permitted to go into
A312 the field of eugenics and have a govern- mental enforced system of birth control we will never be able to overcome this hered- itary angle. We now have figures available here which show the real facts, which indicate beyond doubt that our country is by far the health- fest and has the best mortality and morbid- ity record of any country in the world. Our traducers in Washington speak gloatingly of the fact that cther countries, in Europe par- ticularly, have a lower maternal mortality rate than we have here. They fall to state that the pregnant woman in this country dying of heart disease or automobile accident is listed as a maternal death here, but not ir the other countries which they seem to admire so much. They also fail to call at- tention to the fact that while the Swedes in Sweden have a very good maternal mortality rate, the Swedes in Minnesota have a still better one. Facts of this type are not called to the public attention. What can we as a profession do to counter- act this propaganda? How can we protect our own interests and particularly those of the otherwise defenseless public? I think there are several satisfactory answers to this question, First of all, we can continue the good work that we are doing as a medical organization. This is our present bulwark against attack, the work at home by State societies. For example, in the past 20 years our State society has been contacting the public through meeting with the various service organizations and clubs, through the press, and sometimes by radio, telling the public of the accomplishments of scientific medicine, telling them of the things that organized medicine has been doing for their welfare. This has been a real accomplish- ment and on the basis of it we have made many friends throughout the State, we have many friends in legislative fields, and we have more in the grass roots of the country. We must continue this method of making friends and letting the public know what we are aiming to do, how our intentions are based on aiding their welfare. We must do it by contacting various organizations that represent the public. We can do it in a very efficient and thorough way throughout State and county medical societies. The major national problems perhaps can be at- tacked by the American Medical Association and the national physician’s committee but the real ground-work done at home must be through our State and county societies. Through them we must have closer contact and cooperation with druggist and dentist, with the lawyers who in many respects have as many troubles and as many threats as we have, and particularly in the Middle West section we must have closer and better con- tact with farmers and farm organizations. It is highly important that we realize their problems and that we get together with them so that they will also realize ours. By such contacts we can gradually and successfully overcome any shortage of physicians in rural areas, for we bave a mutual interest w'th the farmers as they have with us. In addition we must continue our Public Relations Department, both in the State Society and in the National organizations, and our representatives in the Public Rela- tions Department must be used to sell or- ganized medicine to the general public by all means available. This has been done in the past as I have just stated. We have taken an active part and accomplished much and we must now extend our efforts further by contacts through the press, radio, and by public addresses. Our new plan in the Pub- lic Relations Committee of the State Society holds great promise of making more direct and worth-while contacts in the future. Furthermore, we must aid the economic side of medicine by cooperation with one or more types of prepayment insurance, and perhaps a choice of two or three types may be advisable. We must have closer coopera- tion among ourselves. We cannot afford to let personalities interfere with the needs of the profeasion. A united sentiment among the medical profession is essential, We must continue to improve medical science and practice, for by best serving the public in- terests we best serve ourselves. Our prob- lems are many and our responsibilities are great but despite the threatening clouds of stifling bureaucratic oppression I feel that the profession which in a few short years produced a Lister, an Osler, a Crile, and a Mayo, a profession which has taken the plagues of yesterday and turned them into memories, will also be able to overcome fts problems of misguided bureaucratic legisla- tion as well as to advance further against the ramparts of cancer, heart disease, and the other perils of mankind. With a united medical profession we can accomplish in the coming generation, as we have in the past, things that make miracles seem common- place. Our hope is that with a free and un- trammeled profession we can raise the health and happiness of our American citizens to a level once thought to exist only in the dreams of the poets. Our Responsibility for World Peace EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. LISTER HILL OF ALABAMA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Wednesday, January 29 (legtslative day of Monday, January 27), 1947 Mr. HILL. Mr. President, I ask unani- mous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp an address en- titled “Our Responsibility for World Peace,” delivered by my colleague, the junior Senator from Alabama I[Mr. SpPaRKMAN] on the Methodist Hour, Jan- uary 12, 1847, and also the prayer de- livered at the same time by Hubert Quil- lian, president, La Grange College, and lay leader, North Georgia Conference. There being no objection, the address and prayer were ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: Our RESPONSIBILITY FOR WORLD PEACE (By Senator JOHN SPARKMAN) Let us discuss for a few minutes a subject of great concern to us all—of great concern to our children, and to generations yet un- born—our responsibility for world peace. During the little more than a century and a half that we have been a nation we have en- gaged in some of the greatest and deadliest wars of all time. Some of those wars pre- sented almost impossible tasks for us to per- form in order to win. Yet we have won every war. The secret of our success has been in the fact that in those great and deadly wars we had a united nation. Our people were united in the great effort. They were work- ing as one. They were all-out for war and were doing their best to win. Never was there a better example of this united and untiring effort to win a war than in the great World War just ended. Any im- partial appraisal of the winning of that war will certainly give a large part of the credit to the all-out effort on the part of America, Almost without exception, every man, woman, and child was working with a will to win. The heart of America was in the fight. This has been true in war. Why should it not also be true in peace? It should be! We must back up our lip service for peace with APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD the same fervent desire and with the same determined effort that we have manifested in time of war. As we work to win a war s0 must we work to win the peace. Much of the trouble, I believe, springs from our thinking. Wars are fought over princi- ples. In every war that we have fought there has been involved (we felt) a principle worth fighting for. We have gone to war to stop aggression or to prevent the invasion of hu- man rights. We have developed a feeling that winning the war corrects the conditions and that nothing further remains to be done. That is far from true. War corrects noth- ing—it does not build; it destroys. War beats down the opposition and makes it possible to proceed, to build, to correct. We have formed the habit of simply quitting when the war is won. That is the time which calls for the greatest effort—the united ef- fort—of our people. As organized might can win a war, so organized effort can win the peace. The heart of America must be in the fight for peace. Much time has been used in trying to get the nations together. Practically a whole year now has been used and even yet we are far from the position where we can confi- dently say that everlasting peace is assured on earth. But how far from final victory were we 1 year after Pearl Harbor! Perhaps a better comparison is with the formation of our own Government. The Con- stitution under which we live was presented to the Thirteen Original States more than a year before it became effective through rati- fication by the States which only a few years before won an impossible war of freedum by their united effort. They surely felt the need of sticking together. Yet they were slow to accept this new plan and did so only after promise of considerable amendment. Dur- ing the century and a half since that time more than a score of amendments have been adopted. It has taken us 150 years to get our own Government going just the way we want it and people still clamor for changes. Should we grow impatient if it takes us a year, or 2 years, or even 10 years, to build up an organization of nations to work mu- tually to prevent war? Today the largest single item in our na- tional budget is for our national defense. The nearly $15,000,000,000 we are called upon to spend this year for this one item alone is twice as much as our entire national budg- et a decade ago. The next fiscal year the figure is set at eleven and one-half billion. We dare not reduce our defenses below such a@ figure despite the crushing load of the enormous national debt. The world is loaded down with a tremendous burden—expense for national defense. It is an expense that cannot be endured forever. There is hope for a reduction of arma- ments. This time, however, it may be stated @s a certainty that such reductions will not be made unilaterally. Reduction must come, if at all, through united action in the organi- zation of nations. Cannot the millions of members of the Methodist Church make this fight for peace ® real fight, and make it a part of the pro- gram of the year of stewardship? In the Orusade for Christ, 1047 is the year of stewardship. The laymen and laywomen in the Methodist Church are responsible for the promotion of this cause and program. If ever there was a responsibility for stewardship it is in this matter of world peace. The fight for peace is perhaps not so glamorous as is that for war. It is not so apparent—but it is just as real and just as important. ; As I understand the real meaning of stew- ardship, it is that we are entrusted with something of value and of great worth. God Himself has placed the responsibility for the peace of the world on the shoulders of the citizens of the United States. We must ac- cept this responsibility, take it into our
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD hearts, and make it a part of our stewardship to God for life, liberty, and the future welfare of all mankind. Let us take just a minute to see how the spotlight of the world’s interest is playing upon the United States. Before the war ended, plans were well under way to form an Organization of the nations of the world to prevent war in the future. This first meet- ing of the representatives of the world was held in the United States. Since that time there has been a cessation of hostilities on all battle fronts; and where once there was war there is now starvation, distress, and pain, Thc United States has sent millions of dollars worth of food, clothing, and relief supplies to her allies and her former enemies. We are one of the few nations of the world not disturbed by want, hunger, cold, and fear. This has put us in the position where we can either be the big bully or the big brother. There may be some citizens in the United States who would prefer that we be a big bully among the nations of the world. But it is the responsibility of the church people of this Nation to play the part of a big brother to the starving and weary men, women, and children of other lands. Our lands have not been laid waste by the ravages of war. Our beautiful cities have not been blasted into rubble. Our ships still roam the seven seas—the greatest Navy in the world today. Our planes and rockets and airships of destruction are still able to fly the lanes of the stratosphere. Some- where in some secret storage place remains at least one atomic bomb, and in the files of the War Department and in the minds of the scientists remain the secrets for the manufacture of atomic bombs far more de- structive than those that dropped on the cities of Japan. Can we not see how other nations envy us? How perhaps they look with fear, and not favor, on what our representatives say and do? They are wondering whether we are not speaking softly and carrying a big stick. More than ever before the responsibility for world peace rests upon the people of the United States. We must recognize this. We muat understand it. We must reverence our responsibility and make it a stewardship for God and His children around the world. beg This Methodist Church, of which you and I are a part, is not a denomination centered in one small part of the country. It is a world-wide church. It has members, in as good standing as you or I, in almost every land under the sun. It is trite to say that the sun never sets on the altars of the open Bible of our church. Thus we can see that our own church has & great interest in this matter of world peace. Wars where brothers—even brothers in Christ—go to war against brothers must for- ever be no more. And if they are to be a thing of the past, brotherhood based on Christian love must take the place of anger, fear, and envy. Thus the congregation to which you belong must recognize its possibility of fostering friendship and understanding among ‘our brother congregations in other lands. What an excellent example of this was shown this past fall when hundreds of local Methodist churches sent packages of clothing to the ministers of Methodist churches in western and central Europe. I am told that city, town, and country churches all united in this endeavor to share with fellow Christians in an hour of tragic need. This is one way we recognize our responsibility for world peace, and seek to promote good will among all people. mz In the final analysis, keeping peace, like making war, comes back to the individual. The terms of peace will be fixed by the agreements of a few responsible men as they meet around the conference table. But the kind of peace they make will be determined by the desires of the individuals back home. What, then, can you as an individual church member, or as a friend of the church interested in living in a world of peace, do to further the cause of world peace? What is your responsibility? First, you must be informed about the conditions that exist at the present time, You must realize that each of us is a part of everything that happens and that we can- not live isolated and selfish lives. We cannot live in a world where part of the people are half-starved and the other part are half- stuffed. You must let your representatives in your local community know how you feel about this. For they too help make public opinion. You must let your representatives in Con- gress know what your idea of stewardship for world peace means to you, and how they should vote and speak. You must let us who are your Senators know what you think, be- lieve, and feel. We are there to serve you and we cannot serve you unless we know your desires. Then you must pray to God for guidance— that you at home and all those in positions of authority may be guided by God and that God's will may be done. We firmly believe it 1s God's will that all of his children shall live in a world of peace and plenty. But we must be guided by Him if we are to bring in an era of universal peace and good will. So this is your part. To work and pray and fight for peace. From pulpits and platforms all over this Nation there should come the messages need- ed to Kindle in the hearts of men an under- standing and a spirit of tolerance that make for peace. Ask your pastor to preach a sermon on world peace. Ask your Sunday school teach- er to discuss it as part of your Bible lessons. During the war you held special prayer meet- ings for victory and for the safety of your sons. Now, give over your prayer meeting some Wednesday night to a discussion of the meaning of stewardship and its relationship to world peace. You laymen are doing a splendid job in leading the members of this great church to a consideration of the place that stewardship plays in our total Christian life. Will you let me, as 2 Methodist layman, ask you lay- men to make our responsibility for world peace a large part of our stewardship pro- gram and let us bring to the mind and heart of every American his responsibility—his stewardship—for this great cause. If peace is to come to our world the consecrated Chris- tian leadership of America must lead the way. Please God, we must not fail. A PRAYER (By Hubert Quillian, president, La Grange College, and lay leader, North Georgia Con- ference) O God, our help in ages past Our hope for years to come Be Thou our guide while life shall last And our eternal home! Our times are in Thy hand and our faith is in Thee. Our souls are restless until they find rest in Thee. We lift our hearts in prayer this nforning, Sustained by the promise of Thy presence and Inspired by the communion and fellowship of Our common worship and devotion to Thee. We come this morning in meekness and humility As laymen of Thy Church, conscious of our Great need. Endue us, we beseech Thee with Courage and vision to attempt great things And to expect great things in Thy name. Give us, we pray, powers equal to our tasks, Rather than tasks equal to our powers. A313 Consecrate us anew to a sense of stewardship Of our time, talent, thought, and treasure, that We may best serve Thee and man and so fulfill The law of Christ. Amen. In Thy name, we pray. Marcus Allen Coolidge EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. THOMAS J. LANE OF MASSACHUBETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, January 29, 1947 Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Recorp, I include the following statement on the late Senator Marcus Allen Coolidge, in- dustrialist, Democrat, and public servant: We of Massachusetts, irrespective of political faith, regret the passing of one of our most distinguished citizens. It is customary at a time like this to pay honor to one we have regarded with respect and affection. Oftentime, this acknowledgment of our true thoughts and feelings comes too late. The alter- nating current of mutual help and sac- rifice and appreciation, upon which all human understanding depends, never comes to spiritual life between man and man. The life of Marcus Coolidge was an exception to this human failing. During his time with us he lived a full and useful life which we were privileged to recognize and reward. A brief biography of this typical Amer- ican deserves to be published in the Con- GRESSIONAL RECORD. Marcus Coolidge was born in West- minster, October 6, 1865. He was edu- cated in Westminster schools and at- tended a business college. He began in the chair and rattan business with his father, Frederick Spaulding Coolidge, who, himself, had a long and praise- worthy political career. His father was a Representative and was an elector for Grover Cleveland in the 1888 election. Marcus Coolidge became well known for financing construction of railroad and street-railway projects in the early 1900's. He began this line of activity in Chat- tanooga, Tenn., in 1902, and within a few years had engineered the building of sim- ilar projects in several Massachusetts and Vermont communities. In 1905 he went into manufacturing metal and wood-working machines and all during his political career, held a close interest in the firm. He was elected mayor of Fitchburg in 1916, and in 1920 became chairman of the Democratic State Convention. He had previously worked as a mem- ber of the campaign committee in the reelection of President Woodrow Wilson. After serving as a special envoy to Po- land, he returned to Fitchburg and won the Democratic nomination for lieuten- ant governor in 1920. He was defeated by Republican Alvan T. Fuller in the election.
A314 From then until 1930 Coolidge devoted most of his time to his work as president and treasurer of the Fitchburg Machine Works. In 1980 he was nominated for the United States Senate and won the elec- tion by a flattering majority. His campaign for the Senate was chief- ly marked by his frank antiprohibition stand. In the upper Chamber, he con- centrated his efforts on the solution of economic problems and unemployment issues. Mr. Coolidge was a truStee and vice president of Cushing Academy, Ashburn- ham, Mass. He married Ethel Louise Warren at Sprinefield, Vt, in 1893. Besides his wife, he is survived by three daughters, Mrs. Donald F. Carpenter, of Southport, Conn., Mrs. Gordon Hughes, of South Dartmouth, Mass, and Mrs. Harry H. Woodring, of Topeka, Kans., wife of the former Assistant Secretary of War and former Kansas Governor. From 1931 until 1937, he was a leader of the Democratic Party in Massachu- setts. A man of proven business ca- pacity, his wise counsel and temperate advice are surely missed. Quiet, sincere and self-effacing, Marcus Coolidge, was a man to inspire the broad tolerance and constructive teamwork which our age de- mands. Let those who read, be moved to emu- late the accomplishments of this fine American citizen. Reports That Show Drop in Flying Hazard Despite More Deaths EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. ALVIN E. O’KONSKI OF WISCONSIN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, January 29, 1947 Mr. O’KONSKI. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Rec- orp, I include the following article from the United States News of Janu- ary 31, 1947: Air travel, on the basis of miles flown by established lines, is safer now than at any time in the history of commercial flying. Recent accidents have given the public an impression that flying hazards are rising, but the official figures disclose a trend the other ‘way. The number of persons killed on scheduled flights set a new high in 1946. The number killed, however, in relation to miles flown and to passengers carried set a new low. As &@ result, airplane travel remained safer than travel in automobiles but less safe than travel either on trains or on busses. Air travel now is under investigation by Congress due to public reaction to recent accidents. Safety regulations are being tightened by the Civil Aeronautics Board, under Chairman James M. Landis. New equipment is beginning to be installed that will reduce accidents at airports. Airports themselves are to be improved gradually so that they will be safer. The facta show, however, that even with present rules and present equipment the accident trend is downward in relation to volume of traffic. Miles traveled reached 7,204,000 passenger miles in 1946. That is 79 percent over the 1045 traffic and more than four times the 1941 traffic. Lives lost totaled 149 in scheduled air-line accidents during 1946. Thus, 1946 traffic was 78 percent above 1945; fatalities, 29.5 percent higher. Ratio of lives lost to miles flown on sched- uled air lines gradually has been brought down since 1940 from 8.56 deaths per 100,- 000,000 passenger miles to 2.07 in 1946. The 1930's saw a spectacular drop, with intro- duction of modern planes. This trend toward greater safety has been held, despite more planes in the air and greater plane capacity, resulting in more deaths and injuries per accident. Air-acci- dent deaths are high in relation to !njuries ccmpared with accidents in trains, busses, and autos, where injuries dominate the acci- dent tolls. The record of plane operations, despite a headline-catching series of crashes that gave the public a confused impression of safety on the-air lines, is this: Scheduled air lines operate only 826 of the 85,000 civil planes in this country today. Out of an estimated 7,662 civil air accidents last year, scheduled air liners had 31, includ- ing 11 involving fatalities to passengers, com- pared with 10 fatal accidents in 1945. The air-line record is given in detail in the table. Nonscheduled services operate between 10,000 and 20,000 aircraft for charter and other uses. There are no exact figures be-~ cause Civil Aeronautics Administration is Just starting to get data on this type of air carrier, So a general safety record can- not be computed for nonscheduled carriers. It is known that noncertificated passenger carriers had 81 accidents resulting in 77 deaths last year. Personal aircraft encountered about 7,500 accidents last year, resulting in 667 deaths, according to preliminary estimates. Military-aircraft accident totals for 1946 are not fully known. Army Air Forces planes had 1,884 major accidents, causing 359 deaths in the United States. Accident figures of the Navy air arm are not available. Relative safety of air lines compared with autos, busses, and trains is shown for the last 6 years in the chart. Accidents and resulting deaths in autos and busses in- creased in 1946, as compared with 1945, just as did air-line accidents. The 1046 death rate for autos and busses on a mileage basis is not yet available. The train death rate for the first 6 months of 1946 went up slightly, as compared with 1045. Causes of accidents: Pilot errors still ac- count for about half the accidents. Very few crashes are traced to poor maintenance work on planes, and CAA finds no reason to think that overeconomy by air lines is a contributory factor. Findings in 11 fatal accidents on scheduled air lines in 1946 show pilot errors to be the primary cause in seven cases, Lax administration of the company and errors by ground personnel were partly responsible in two crashes. Engine failures caused two others. Analysis of 1945 accidents in unscheduled flying shows that pilot mistakes caused 73.9 percent of the total of all accidents; material failures caused 18.8 percent; weather and other causes accounted for the remainder. Remedies for accidents depend, in the opin- fon of CAA and the industry, upon better pilot training, tighter enforcement of safety rules, and better flight aids. Weather still is the No. 1 enemy of the air lines, increas- ing the opportunities for pilot errora. In 1946 the 11 fatal accidents on scheduled lines all occurred in the first and last 8 months of the year. Spring and summer months, with better weather, showed no fatal accidents. Pilot training and selection is given much attention by the CAA and air lines. But so APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD far they can report little definite progress in developing new safeguards against human errors. Use of more automatic controls grad- ually will cut down the area in which human errors are possible. Flight aids in use today still are not much more numerous than in prewar days, though improvements are expected soon. The major new flight aids: Instrument landing system—ILS—gives the pilot two radio beams to follow into an airport in fog or darkness. But no air line is using ILS in operations today, although pilots are being trained for it and early use is expected. The system is installed at only 31 airports. By April 1, about 70 airports will be equipped with ILS and 55 more will be equipped in the year starting June 1. That will cover major airports, but only a small percentage of the 1,331 airporte big enough to handle transport planes. Ground-controlled approach — GCA — en- ables radar operators on the ground to ree planes on a@ radar screen and talk them down to a landing. Army and Navy filers have made a nearly perfect safety record where they use GCA. But only recently has CAA been able to get three sets, borrowed from the Army, installed for civilian use. The Army has agreed to lend CAA 20 more GOA sets. The three sets installed now will be operated on an experimental basis until adapted foi commercial use. Omni-directional range: This gives pilots radio beams to follow from any place on the compass. Present airways provide four beams, and if a pilot strays he may be lost for good. Omni-range is installed now between New York and Chicago. Next year it will be in- stalled on new airways only. Present plans provide for no replacements of existing four- beam types. Radar sets: Radar gives ground personnel a picture of air traffic up to 100 miles from a control point. CAA is asking for money to buy 26 sets next year for airports, and two more sets for air-traffc control centers. A similar radar aid known as microwave-early- warning is being installed at the Washington, D. C., airport for experimental use. The Air Transport Association is financing another MEW set at New York City. Radar inside planes so far has not been used by air lines, on the ground that present equipment is not reliable enough. Delays in installing these flight aids for commercial use are acknowledged by CAA. The instrument-landing system was ready to be used in 1941, but for 5 war years the Army took over all such equipment. In the 16 months since the war ended CAA and the air lines have been trying to adopt the de- vices for commercial use, but the program has been delayed. Also, CAA points out that since 1941, the Budget Bureau and Congress have allowed CAA about 59 percent of the money it requested. For the coming fiscal year, the Budget Bureau has approved funds 20 percent below CAA requests. Aviation’s troubles have been made more dificult by widespread publicity given to safety problems. The industry recognizes that, for sound future growth, flying must be made safer and more regular. Congress now is investigating the present system of Government aviation aid. That system has been little changed to meet the needs of a postwar air fleet almost four times the size of the prewar fleet. AIR LINES’ SAFETY RECORD Here ig the story of air-line safety over the last 17 years. The number of deaths Tesulting from air-line accidents is going upward, but the rate of deaths per miles traveled is going down. Figures shown cov- er scheduled air-line operations of Ameri- ean companies here and abroad, as reported by the Civil Aeronautics Administration. Deaths include both passengers and crew
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD members; a passenger-mile (1 passenger be- ing carried 1 mile) is the basic unit in figur- ing miles flown: Deaths Year Miles fiown 100,060, miles 103, 747, 249 31.8 121, 122, 777 822 148, 186, 337 30, 4 199, 776, U34 140 4.26, O50, 857 16.8 362, 370, $20 80 480, 818, 89 13.9 134, 85, GS 12.5 (17, 820, 923 9.0 31, 818, 24% 318 1, 565, 104, GE 3. BU 1, 676, 949, 226 2,74 1, 750, 228, U&6 4.06 1, 926, GU, 565 2, 28 2, 616, 488, 615 2.87 4, 021, 777, GHB 2.86 7, 204, 00 000 2.07 Fource: National £afety Council, New England Fisheries EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. AIME J. FORAND OF RHODE ISLAND IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, January 29, 1947 Mr. FORAND. Mr. Speaker, the fish- ing industry a vital part of the business life of New England, soon will be non- existent unless steps are taken to remedy the ills that now beset it. In an effort to call public attention to this important matter and in the hope of helping to solve the problems now fac- ing this multi-million-dollar industry the Providence (R. I.) Journal recently as- signed one of its reporters, Leonard O. Warner, to study the industry and the problems now facing it and to write a series of five articles on the subject. So that every Member of the House and Senate may have the benefit of these articles, I propose to offer these articles for printing in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, end under permission already granted me, I include herewith the third article as it appeared in the Providence Journal of January 14, 1947. It follows: MANny LEADERS IN INDUSTRY S< ‘T NEED To CONSERVE NoRTHEASTERN FIsSH11::c8---OTHERS QuaLiry THEIR ADMISSION THAT DEPLETION Is REAL THREAT; DUMPING OF LOW-PRICED CaTcHES AMONG PRACTICES INCREASING WANTON WASTE (By Leonard O. Warner) Many men on the wind-swept Boston pier who both own boats and deal in fish are openly scornful of anyone who lays streks upon the depletion of the nearby New Eng- land fishing banks. Cigar-smoking Bart Whalen, of R. O’Brien & Co., put it this way: “You're talking to the wrong guy, Buddy. They always talk about depletion in the winter, but hell, in the spring the fish will be jumping aboard. They want us to worry about 200 years from now. I've got enough to do to worry about right now. There's plenty of fish.” He went on with his paper work. Whalen was one of the few dealer-boat owners who could be found working on the same floor with the noisy unloading and fish-packing operations. structed so that boats are unloaded on one The long, wide pier is con-. side, the fish are handled and packed as they come off, and then loaded onto trucks on the street side. Most of the operators are ensconced on the second floor of the pier building, in other words, encased by knotty pine and insulation which bars the blare and the smell of down- stairs. Some owners apparently realize, along with the fishermen, that they have wrested mil- lions of dollars from the sea without heed for even the most elementary conservation practices, The few who endorse conserva- tion do so qualifiedly. Edward H. Cooley, diplomatic president of the large Atlantic Coast Fisheries Co., is one of those on the Boston pier who gives double- edged answers to queries concerning his at- titude on this problem of depletion. “There is depletion, sure,” he says, “but it is not serious enough. There are areas (where fish are) which haven't been touched.” Cooley added his belief that the economics of the situation will take care of it, mean- ing. he said, that as fish become scarce or the price drops boats will be forced to tie up and during the ensuing period of relatively slight activity, the fish numbers will nat- urally increase. FORESEES GOOD FISITING He looked out of his largo office onto a neat trawler, the Red Jackct, lying alongside the pier. It was owned by his company. “I'll make you a sporting bet that next April that boat will bring in 250,000 pounds in one trip,” he said with a smile. The Atlantic Fishermen's Union men who see smaller and smaller catches—&0,0C0 to 70,000 pounds a trip being landed—would probably have taken Cooley's wager. Cooley, however, said he would favor the appointment of an international commission to rule the fishing banks. He explained that the regulations would have to be interna- tional in scope because the Cunadians, Nova Scotians, Newfoundlanders, French, Portu- guese, und Spanish, as well as Americans, fish off the banks near New England and near Nova Scotia, “It wouldn't do us here any good to tie up if those other fellows were to be allowed to get what we were leaving,” said Cooley CLOSED FOR SPAWNING It is his belief the fishing grounds should be closed during the spuwning season to allow the mature fish to lay their eggs. During the spawning time, he said, fish are thin and flabby, and the New England fleets would be missing very little by lying in dur- ing that period. Frank discussion of the problem comes from Thomas D. Rice, executive secretary of the Massachusetts Fisheries Association and of the Federated Fishing Boats of New Eng- land and New York. From his office in the Fish Exchange Building at the end of the Boston pier, Rice can see thousands of pounds of fish being sold every weekday morning.- “It’s touch-and-go to keep the boats oper- ating today,” said Rice, pointing out that the problem was about to be tackled in 1941 when the war broke out and canceled all plans for @ conservation program. Rice expressed the belief the Massachusetts association and the fishing-boat owners would be active to prevent disaster. He added, “Any conservation move would be uniformly accepted.” ONE CONSERVATION ATTEMPT An attempt at conservation was made by the Fishermen's Union early in the war. Under the terms of an agreement between owners and the unions, money received for baby haddock would be donated to the USO if the amall fish (under 144 pounds) brought in by a boat was more than 10 percent of the catch, The USO received several large checks as & result, and the donations were given wide publicity, A315 The effect was that boats stopped taking baby haddock. There was no profit in it. But gradually the compact was allowed to slip by, and in not too many months the boats were bringing in baby heddcck again. The short supply of fish on the nearby banks is responsible, too, for a wanton de- struction that is apparently inexcusable. According to the stories heard around the pier, and in Gloucester, skippers are often radioed by the owners to throw a pvor catch overboard rather than go through the ex- pense af bringing it in. There is no money in landing a small load. It is also an open sccret along the pier that skippers—both on their own initiative and on orders froin shore—dump their loads ecause the price ig low at the moment, Tnere are some who defend both prac- tices as economically sound, with no regard fo. the waste of natural resources. In some circles the recent rcstatement by the Atlantic Fishermen's Union of a restric- tion on the s:ze of cod catches also is de- scribed as wasteful. Because the price of cod dropped from about 10 cents to nbout 4 cents a pound, the union in December pro- hibited boats from catching more than 5,000 pounds of cod for each man aboard. Most olter trawlers carry a 17-man crew and 60 their restriction would limit them to 85,000 pounds to the trip. The union points to that as conservation of a sort, saying that a boat won't take more than it can sell, but others emphasize that @ boat can't always hit 85,000 pounds on the nose. As a result, many thousands of pounds of cod are tossed overboard. NO CHANCE OF DEPLETION Owners in Gloucester, the redfish center, apparently view the threat of depletion of the Georfpes Bank und South Channel with no great alarm. Everett R. Jodrey, Gloucester net dealer and operator of two small draggers, voiced the opinion that “there's not a chance of depiction.” He went on: ‘I've been hearing thin talk along Duncan Street (round lending to Gloucester dccks) tor 60 years. The fish get scarce now und then, but they always come back. I don't think a larger mesh in the net would save many fish, because once the fish ure in the net, they are injured and if they cscape they become prey for other fish.” Despite the skepticism, the trade publica- tions read by the fishermen and boat owners do carry items to kecp the danger of deple- tion before their readers. The much respected New England Trawler Equipment Co. of Chelsea, Mass., not long ago published a slick-paper book explaining the various trawling operations, In men- tioning the construction of smaller trawlers, the company had this to say: “They (smaller trawlers) ure not a re- placement * * * for the large trawlers if fish become scarce on the neurer banks. For trips to Emerald or western banks, the larger boats, able to fish under any condi- tions, are necessary.” This from a company whose business it is to foresee trends in fishing. Truman the True Friend of Labor and Industry EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. WARREN G. MAGNUSON OF WASHINGTON IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Wednesday, January 29 (legislative day of Monday, January 27), 1947 Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, I ask unanimous conrent that an article
A316 entitled “Truman the True Friend of Labor and Industry,” written by Charles T. McPherson and published in the Ore- gon Democrat, be printed in the Appen- dix of the Rrcorp. There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the Rrc- ORD, as follows: TRUMAN THE TRUE FRIEND OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY (By Charles T. McPherson) I have known President Harry 8S. Truman for several years, and entertain for him the highest personal regard. In respect to abil- ities, nature has by no means been unfriendly to him; and he has neither despised nor slighted her gifts. A severe course of mental training, combined with the mental] practice obtained by presiding over the United States Senate has fully developed his natural en- dowments. Above all these considerations, everyone respects President Truman for his stern, un- yielding, uncompromising patriotism, The permanent good of his country, the resto- ration of ite unity, and the perpetuation of the national power and glory through all coming time, are the objectives he keeps constantly in view. For almost 2 years after his assuming the Presidency, President Truman has without flinching endured the severest tests which come to the President of the United States, He has lost no time and shirked no hard- ships. In regard to President Truman's soldierly qualities, we are especially indebted for the clear and ready manner in which he seized the points of action and move- ment, and expressed in orders the ideas of the Commander in Chief, commanding, giv- ing universal satisfaction—to the surprise of military experts. President Truman is possessed of an in- tellect of remarkable clearness and force. With keen analysis, he finds the core of a question, and works from the center out- ward. He cares little for the mere graces of speech; but few men are so greatly endowed with the power of clear statement and unassailable argument. The path of his thought is straight— “Like that of the swift cannon ball, Shattering that it may reach, and Shattering what it reaches.” When President Truman has hit the mark, he uses no additional words, and seeks no decoration. These qualities, joined to his power of thinking quickly, places him in the front rank—high above his enemies, who seek to supplant him—and every year in- creases his power. It has been said by some that President Truman ts a partisan, a strong partisan, and that is true. In the estimation of some this Getracts from his fame. That evils arise from extreme partisanship, there can be no doubt. But it should not be forgotten that all free governments are party governments. Our great Americans have been great parti- sans. President Truman is not more parti- san than were Adams, Jefferson, Jackson, Clay, Calhoun, Benton, Lincoln, Wilson, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Strong men must have strong convictions, and “one man with @ belief is a greater power than a thousand that have only interests” Partisanship is opinion crystallized, and party organizations are the scaffolding whereon citizens stand while they build the walls of their national temple. Organizations may change or dis- solve, but when parties cease to exist liberty will perish. President Truman's position is that of a liberal, a careful protector of American in- Guatry, a true friend of labor—avoiding the extremes of either free trade or wholesale protection. By all means be should be re- elected in 1948, Charles J. Sharkey, Jr. EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. THOMAS J. LANE OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, January 29, 1947 Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Recorp, I wish to include herein an article which appeared in the Boston Daily Record, Thursday, January 9, 1947, by Bob Con- sidine. Mr. Sharkey, who was from Lawrence, Mass., was the pilot of the Chinese air liner which crashed near Tsintao, killing 42 persons. The article follows: On tHe Lins (By Bob Considine) New Yor«.—I knew that boy Charlie Sharkey, the American pilot who was killed with 41 others when his Chinese air liner crashed near Tsintao the other day. He was & handsome, devil-may-care lad who dif- fered from the pattern of most romantic ad- venture strip heroes only in one respect. He got killed. Yet, if such things are possible, he must have gone to his death with his flying hat cocked at the old rakish angle and a measure of contempt in his sturdy heart. For cer- tainly he had been familiar enough with death during his short, crammed life of high adventure. Sharkey was a kid out of a Lawrence, Mass., shoe factory. But he was born to grip a pilot’s stick, for he had the eye, the muscu- lar niceties, and the cascades of spirit that are needed. He haunted the little sight- seeing airfields near his home, jumped into the RCAF as soon as the Canadians began accepting American boys, and he was on his way. For a time after Pearl Harbor he ferried all types of ships across the South Atlantic for Pan America. But when the Army's Air Transport Command took over that contract he moved on across the world to China to fly the hump of the Himalayas for what remains the world’s most mysterious air line, the Chi- nese National Aviation Co. CNAO is owned partly by Pan American, but its inscrutable control is in the hands of Chiang Kai-shek, Madame Chiang, and her brother, T. V. Soong. General Chennault, our one-time Flying Tiger man, also is inter- ested in it. In the summer of 1945, while in China and Indta—where I last saw Sharkey—lI tried for weeks to get a comprehensive story about CNAC, but no one who knew its workings to lift the shroud. No ledgers or man- ifesta could be seen. Indeed, the Army Air Force men who shared some fields with CNAC and sometimes bunked with ite employees were as much in the dark as anyone else. “It's the Generalissimo's private air line,” this reporter would be told LINK WITH OUTER WORLD Rumors about it were a dime a dozen: That its Chinese copilota and radio navigators had amassed fortunes running luxury items into luxury-starved China, where a carton of American cigarettes might bring $100, a Sooo | Pen #200, and a case of whisky Occasionally the Chinese Government would shoot a smuggler; indeed, while I was there a major general was shot for making too much money. But the traffic continued. Ten-cent sulpha pills brought $5 in the Ohinese biack market, where the Chief buyers were the Japanese conquerom. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Sharkey and a few other Americans, some - of whom lived like , were China's only link with the outer world from late 1941 until our own air force, truck convoys, and gas- Pipe wizards backed open a tortuous back- door service entrance into China from India's upper Assam Valley. Flying stripped-down DC-3’s that had seen better years, these CNAC pilots carried the first lend-lease stuff into China over thin- aired, jagged mountain spires where only a James Hilton could imagine the existence of life. They flew by the seat of their pants, for there were no radio beams to guide them, And the prowling Jap fighters from Myitkyina shot them down like fat ducks. A Zero nailed Sharkey once and the boy put his creaking, unarmed DC-3 into a steep dive for a canyon formed by towering cliffs. There he zigzagged back and forth across the canyon, almost scraping its walls. After a terrible 20 minutes he lured the Jap into a wall and escaped. LIKE MODERN SLAVE SHIP Sharkey's winged crate sometimes was lit- tle more than a modern slave ship. Tough Chinese sergeants, invoking China's selective- service rules, would chase and catch scream- ing coolies who might range from 12 to 60. Tied hand to hand, they would be carried in cattle cars or trucks to Kunming and loaded into a CNAC plane for the trip to India, where they were outfitted, given a little train- ing, and sent into Burma to fight for Stilwell or the British. They flew in lots of 60, shoeless and in rags. Most of them had never seen a plane, Close-up. At 5,000 feet, Sharkey told me, they’d all be air sick. At 15,000 they’d hud- dle together for warmth, like freezing pup- pies. At 20,000 they’d begin passing out, for only the pilot, co-pilot, and radio-man had oxygen masks. They'd roll around danger- ously in the plane when !t was sucked down or flung upward in the incredible air currents of the region. As the plane nosed down into India they'd revive, get sick ugain, and then be kicked out. Many would try to walk home, unable to believe they were hundreds of miles from thetr rice paddy and that a frozen world of Everest-like peaks intervened. Sharkey carried thousands of them, but never could barden himself to their plight. Once he flattened a Chinese Heutenant for kicking a recruit. Without fail he'd give out Cigarettes and chocolates to the human fodder he fiew. They'd eat both. The pilot lost his life and the lives of his Passengers in a reconverted C-46, a big clumsy heap already weary from hauling freight before it was given to ONAC. The surprising thing ts that Obinese autaorities have ordered other liners grounded until an investigation can be made. Human life there, perhaps, begins to assume a value. The Economist and the State EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. FRANK BUCHANAN OF PEMNSYLVANIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESE TATIVES Monday, January 27, 1947 Mr. BUCHANAN. Mr. Speaker, un- der leave to extend my remarks in the Appendix of the Recorp, I include full text of the address of the retiring presi- dent of the American Economic Asso- ciation, delivered Saturday, January 25, 1947, at the annual meeting held in Atlantic City, N. J. It follows: In the charter of incorporation of the American Economic Association its pur-
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD poses are stated as follows: “(1) The en- couragement of economic research, (2) the issue of publications on economic subjects, and (8) the encouragement of perfect free- dom of economic discussion. The associa- tion as such will take no partisan attitude, nor will it commit its members to any position on practical economic questions.” Admirable purposes and principles. In pursuing them the association, over the 60 years of its life, has rendered invaluable service, to the profession. It has offered an opportunity for economists to present their ideas to colleagues and to have these ideas discussed at the meetings. It has enabled members through the Proceedings and the Review, to keep in touch with the work and thinking of fellow members. It has also—and this perhaps has been its greatest service—offered an opportunity for many members to get together once a year and to become acquainted with each other. It has created a degree of esprit de corps among economists. But it has remained aloof from practical affair.. It has been academic, though in the fine, not the derogatory, sense of the word. In the meantime profound changes have oc- curred in the life of the country. Not only has the elimination of time and space from travel and communications made all decis- jons necessarily more urgent and decisive, but the growth of economic units and the concentration of economic power have im- parted to a vastly larger proportion of pub- lic and private actions a nation-wide, nay, u world-wide significance. The United States can no longer remain complacently aloof be- hind the oceans, nor the economist behind the book stacks. An economist's study can no longer be his world; the entire world must be his study, To an ever-growing extent public author- ities and national and international business enterprises turn to economists for advice and guidance; and economists in increasing num- bers seek partial or total employment outside of academic halls. There are many 2cono- mists who, like other thinkers, remain aloof and follow their own thoughts in an arduous effort to discover the eternal verities. The world needs these men and the profession is proud of them. For every important prac- tical forward step in the progress of human- ity has had its origin in the abstract, sup- posedly impractical thinking and dreaming of the scholar; the physicist, biologist, phil- osopher, and student of social problems. The closet thinker may be compared to the scientist who invents and perfects means of achieving military and industrial objectives; other economists may be likened to the mil- itary or industrial army who muat utilize the results of the thinking of the scientist in helping to solve the problems of the day. Both phases of the economists’ work are necessary to society; the profession has a re- sponsibility for developing both kinds of economists—the thinker and the doer. But while it may be feasible for the thinker not to be a doer, it would be fatal for the doer to refrain from thinking. It should be recognized that for many, if not for most, economists the quiet and peace of the ivory tower has been lost. The confu- sion and struggle of the market place is upon them. Many have gone to work there and have rendered yeoman service to the econ- omy and the state. But they have done so as individuals, for they have had little, if any, organized sup- port from their colleagues in the association, little facility for sounding the trends of thought among their fellow workers. Some method should be devised by which the pub- lic, and more particularly members of this association, could find out how the econo- mists of the country stood on important is- sues. One way to promote this would be to create a small committee on public issues. Such a committee could select issues on which the views of members would be sought. It could take responsibility for wording the questions, calling for assistance on persons best qualified to give it. The entire associa- tion, or the portion of it which might be ex- pected to know most about the subject, would then be circularized. After the replies had been received the secretary of the association would issue a statement to the effect that the 4,000 members of the American Economic Association have been asked a certain ques- tion; of this number—so many replied: of the replies—so many took one view, und so many anothcr. This could be refined by classifying the replies geographically, by field of inter- est, and in other ways. Such a statement would not commit the association as such to any viewpoint, and therefore would not vio- late the letter or the spirit of its churter. But it would enable the public to know cur- rently how the profession stuod on an issue and would give economists themselves a way of knowing better what other members of their craft were thinking. An incidental, but not unimportant, ad- vantage of such a procedure would be that it would counteract the effect of pronounce- ments on controversial questions, appearing from time to time, attributed to a stated number of economists. For many reasons such statements are not the best way for economists to voice their views. There is no way of juauging whether those who are quoted represent a prevailing or a minority opinion. The questions on which the views are expressed are not sclected by a representa- tive group, but are vsually propounded by an energetic individual who wants to gather support for his position. Not infrequently the issues presented are minor from the viewpoint of the public interest. Also, be- cause of their unidentified origin and the unsystematic velection of signers (at least, as far as the public knows), such pronounce- ments are likely to be taken as propaganda efforts by an interested group. Finally, in practice the questions are often ambiguously worded and do not offer a good opportunity of indicating clear-cut views on well-defined issues. Experience shows that occasional pronouncements of this sort, well-inten- tioned and public-spirited as their objectives may be, have done nothing in most cases to enhance the prestige of the profession; but, on the contrary, have tended to bring it under suspicion of being either unrealistic or influenced by some pressure group. From the point of view of the association, this is important, because statements by a substantial number of its members are likely to be interpreted by some as expressing the views of the profession as a whole, or of the association itself. This is prejudicial to its interests and to those of the vast majority of its less-vocal members. Clearly, the asso- ciation would not wish and is not in a posi- tion to do anything to interfere with the freedom of its members to express themselves publicly in any way they choose. That is their privilege, and one consistent with the texture of democratic ideas. But while nothing can be done to prevent such state- ments or to discourage them, the establish- ment of official polls would go a long way toward counteracting their harmful effect on the standing of the profession. There are many issues on which there is practical unanimity among economists, while public opinion is widely divided. There are others, it is rumored, on which agreement has not been reached even among members of the profession, Clarification of the issues and focusing attention of the members on them would result in making many members feel a greater sense of their urgency and to induce them to review and organize their thinking in relation to the realities of the day in fields not confined to their imme- diate specialty. At no time has it been more important for economists to have the respect and con- fidence of the public, or more necessary for the country to make the best possible use A317 of the specialized training, knowledge, and vision of economists. For society today ts confronted with a vital issue. What must be decided in the immediate future is whether an answer to pressing economic problems can be found within the frame- work of capitalism and free enterprise or whether economic organization must move in the direction of sucialism or commu- nism, or whether a combination of the two systems offers the best solution. These altcr- natives involve political, moral, and spiritual dilemmas, but the fundamental question is economic: Shall enterprise continue largely under private Ownership, or shall it be in- creasingly or wholly turned over to the State? From the Socialist or Communist point of view, the important questions appear to have been solved—many decades ago, while for protagonists of private enterprise answers to the question are still to be developed. Com- munisin places a period ufter its dogmas, in fact, an exclamation point, while a question mark is still discernible at the end of de- liberations on economic dilemmas by pro- ponents of individual enterprise. This ap- peurs to give the Communist approach the ad- vantage of certainty, and leaves capitalism under the apparent handicap of indecision. But in the Jong term, free enterprise may gain the more important advantage of greater flex- ibility, which makes it more adaptable to changing economic forces. Its opportunities are many, the challenge of events is vibrant, and all intellectual resources must be di- rected toward meeting it. In this critical hour the economist and his association have a great opportunity and a corresponding responsibility. On the dis- charge of this responsibility depends not merely the standing and future of the pro- fession—but a vastly more important issue as well—the form of future economic life. For if economists cannot devise a way of making a system of free enterprise produce results satisfactory to the mass of the people, it is certain that the trend will be away from free enterprise and toward some form of Socialist state; and while experience has not shown conclusively that a Socialist state can tolerate spiritual freedom, which de- mocracies value above all, neither has it been demonstrated that socialism must nec- essarily be totalitarian and is irreconcilable with freedom. In the critical periou ahead, when these questions must be answered by events, econ- omists and their association are under obli- gation more than ever to help in the develop- ment of correct solutions to pressing prob- lems that confront the economy. The suggested method of testing the views of economists might be one helpful step. Other ways of strengthening the profession’s grip on reality need to be developed. Most of the members of this association are not only economic thinkers but teachers as well. Promotion of better understanding of eco- nomic problems by future men of affairs and statesmen is not the least of the economists’ obligations. But the economics they teach must reflect understanding of the forces that shape the changing economic world. Economists, therefore, are under double obligation—for themselves and for their disciples—to perfect their implements and processes of thinking. They must beware of dogmas; avoid blind faith in free enterprise, in the all-curing beneficence of the entre- preneur's profit dollar without reterence to the source whence it is drawn or the use to which it is put; as well as refrain from sole reliance on the hydraulic strength of the income stream, or the salutary nature of the dollar spent by the consumer, regardless of who he may be or the rationality or waste- fulness of his expenditure. They must sub- ject to searching analysis the effects of out- lays by the state, the investor, the producer, and the consumer. They must be conscious of the importance of all four phases of na- tional income: its source, its magnitude, its
A318 distribution, and its use. Likewise, ‘they must not fall into the error of depending on the quantity of money alone as an adequate regulator of economic developments, or adopt the reverse doctrine that the amount of money is an unimportant and irrelevant con- dition with little or no bearing on prices or the course of events. No set of statistical series, to say nothing of any single series, is 1 sufficient basis for determining causal relationships on which economic policy can be predicated with safety. They are only indications of where one should look for the causes and interrela- tionships that determine economic events. When it is said that statistics are the econo- mist's conscience, what is meant is that they indicate the limits of the territory in which the economist may tread with assurance on the hard surface of fact. They do not re- strict his freedom of exploration in the less easily traveled lanes of intelligent surmise and imaginative understanding. A good economist need not be a seer, but he must not wear blinders, and he must have the seeing eye. In order to perform their function ade- quately, economists must adhere rigidly to the discipline of through analysis of condi- tions as they are and not permit themselves to be blinded by preconceived theories or by transitory considerations of expediency. Lasting economic health would not be achieved by sole dependence on the encour- agement or limitation of savings or on the promotion of adequate investment or con- sumption; or on the expansion and contrac- tion of the supply of money. Great leaders who, under the stress of current conditions, have evolved systems of economic concepts modify, expand, or alter these concepts under different circumstances and as their own thinking progresses. Followers must be on the alert not to become more royalist than the King. Ig economics is the study of man in the process of producing and consuming what he needs and what he wants, then it is apparent that the subject matter of his inquiry is constantly shifting. Not so many years ago no one needed or wanted gasoline because the motor car had not been invented, and no one wanted moving pictures or radios because they had not yet been imagined. A “horse and buggy” economist in a motor age is of no greater use than an isolationist in the atomic era. An economist, in order to merit this designation, must keep his mind open to the realities of the ever-changing pattern of economic life. When his thinking becomes rigidly confined by a set of unchanging dog- mas, his usefulness rapidly declines while the amount of mischief he may do becomes formidable. The success of the economists’ efforts, how- ever, even if they do their best, will depend on the behavior of the different economic groups which make up society and on effec- tive organization of the state. But, while progress in the rationality of the behavior of economic units is necessarily a slow process to which understanding of economic forces can contribute a great deal but only grad- ually in the course of time, better adaptation of the machinery of Government to the tasks it must perform in modern society is an es- sential preliminary step long overdue in the upward climb toward a smoothly functioning economy. For progress on this road better organiza- tion of the Government, more direct and ef- fective ways of translating programs into action must be devised and instituted. Democracy, tt has been said, is the rule of mediocrity. There is an element of truth in the allegation. For meditocrtty repre- sents the average, and a rule of the majority cannot be too far removed from the under- standing of the average. While leadership in a democracy must remain in touch with the average, it should strive to be ahead. It should lead—not follow. Leadership that is below the average ts disastrous; leadership that is on the level of the average holds little promise of advancement. Leadership that is ahead of the average results in progress. It may make all the difference between a rise and a decline in the tide of a nation’s life. Consequently, Government must be so or- ganized as to encourage better-than-average leadership and assure tt of the country's sup- port. This ts the opposite of what actually prevails. It ts regrettably true that existing governmental organization is such as to make it weil-nigh tmpossible even for brilliant leadership to achieve progress, except at times of crisis and then only at great hazard and with much delay. We have a Congress which has great powers and ts controtied by one of the two leading poltttcal partfes. The position of Congress- men on vital issues, however, ts not deter- mined by their party allegiance. The eco- nomte views of progressive Democrats, for example, are much further removed from those of conservative Democrats than those of individual progressives or conservatives of either party are from each other. This is so well known that it is almost a platitude. And yet, at the risk of platitudinousness, ft needs to be restated because of less obvious implications. For this means that in choos- ing a Member of Congress the voter has no assurance that the party designation of his candidate insures his taking certain posi- tions, even on vital issues. Unless the voter knows the views of a candidate on a variety of problems, he votes in the dark. Some system under which the platsorm on which & party is elected to office will indicate the line of policy that its individual members are pledged to carry out is an essential part of a rational and effective Gemocracy. We have no such system. It ts imperative that one be established With such a system in effect, pressure groups representing special interests would have considerably less oppor- tunity to influence legistative action. In the course of time terms of office of Congressmen should be so modified as to make impossible the frustration and stalling of government that occurs when the major- ity of Congress belongs to a different party from that of the Executive. This, bowever, would require an amendment to the Consti- tution and would be a slow process. The urgency of such an improvement in legisis- tive machinery ts obecured by the lack of likemindedness within the parties. It is significant and hopeful, on the other hand, that many of the other changes most ur- gentiv required for rationalizing government can be accomplished not only within the existing terms of the Constitution but for the most part even without legisiation—by the adoption of effective practices and the establishment of a tradition of responsibility in government. Recent improvements in the internal or- to serve the purposes Of democracy, adequate means must be devised to make Congress a more efiective instrument for carrying out the will of the electorate. A o Government under which the President and Members of Congress, who were elected at the same time on the same platform and have the same party allegiance and the same mandate from the people, cannot cooperate on Major tasues ts one that frustrates the Gemocratic process. Coordinate with Congress stands the Execu- tive, with powers derived in part from Con- gress and in part directly from the Constitu- tion. To function effectively 1t must have organized machinery for cooperation with Congress. Experience has demonstrated that voluntary, irregular contacts are not enough. A regular statutory line of authority be- tween the executive and the legislative of the Government $s needed. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD The executive iteelf should be so organ- fzed as to be in a position to mitiate pro- grams expressive of broad national policy, and when approved by Congress, to carry them out as a coordinated undertaking— through the different parte into which the executive branch of the Government is sub- divided. As the Government is constituted, there was until recently no agency for for- mutating national policies, no provision for reguiar consultation with the legislative power, and no machinery for coordinating the activities of the 10 regular departments and the numerous independent agencies, boards, and commissions. The only piace where the power of coordination is lodged under the existing system fs the White House. And as a consequence, too much responsi- bility, too much detailed work, and too much omniecience is of one man—the President, who, in order to discharge the superhuman duties pile@ upon him, needs to be a paragon of physical endurance, of wisdom, energy, tact, and showmanship, as well as of political strategy. The result is that Presidente are killed by overwork and yet can rarely achieve a complete and con- tinuous program of national policy. Por the President does not have the sup- port of a Cabinet with joimt responstbiltty for national policy. Such a Cabinet does not exist mm this country. There ts only a group of men, charged with specific duties in seperate fields, with the President alone as a unifying and reconciling factor. The extent to which problems of national poltcy are Giscussed at Cabinet meetings ts not gen- erally known. But that there is no recog- nition of joint responsibility for adopting poticy is clear. It te aleo apparent that there are jeatousies and a constant jockeying for power. Furthermore, many of the most im- portant functions of the Executive are en- trusted to agencies not represented in the Cabinet table at all—and subject to no con- trol exeept by remote direction of Congress and infrequent contacts with the over- worked and necessarily tmaccessibie Chief Executive. The course of government may be pictured as an obstacle race—beset by many hurdies and run simultaneously on many courses, with but one judge who is under pressure to look in all dtrections at tmportanes. with t ri in many , out opportunity in many inetances to consider comprehenstvely all the elements imvoived. This system ts a herttage of a past era, when the duties of Peceral . were infinitely etmpier. It reeds to be remodeted in order to be equipped to handie effectively the numerous pressing problems of s modern state. It has been well satd that every human institution must change if tt ts to last. It would be tragte if at this critical time the country’s efforts to achteve domestic and wortd reconstruction were frustrated by worshtp at the shrine of vested error. This country abandoned traditional laissez- faire largely because recurrent booms and depressions had demonstrated the inefii- ciency of unregulated private enterprise, its inability to cope with the problems of a complex society. If government in turn shows itself incapable of dealing effectively with these problems, then in what direction will the country move? Will it be toward communism, fascism, or anarchy? There is Uttle solace for America in any of these al- ternatives. Preservation of democracy is the country's wish, but if democracy is to be preserved, it must function efficiently, Its ideals must be implemented and made secure by governmental machinery capable of carry- ing out the people's will effectively and with- out undue delay. The need for better organization of policy formation has been recognised for a long time and its urgency has become more appar- ent during the great depression of the thirties and during and after the Second World War.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Its acuteness has not abated, but increased, during the present period of reconstruction. One important move toward better coordi- nation of Government activities was taken when the act putting into effect the Bretton Woods agreements provided for a National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Problems to consist of the Secretaries of the Treasury, State, and Com- merce, the Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, and the Chairman of the Export- Import Bank. This Council has the func- tion of considering with the American rep- resentatives on the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Re- construction and Develogment the general policies to be pursued by the United States in the field of international finance, and particularly in which decisions of these two institutions are subject to approval by the United States. The Council is directed to coordinate, so far as practicable, the policies and operations of the representatives of the United States on the fund, the bank, the Export-Import Bank, and all other agencies of the Government engaging in foreign finan- cial transactions. It is required to make periodic reports to the President and to the Congress. Since its organization the Council has been extremely active and has repre- sented the United States in negotiations in connection with the British credit and the loans to France. Formal organization of interdepartmental cooperation in interna- tional finance through this Council is a constructive development of a high order to importance and promise. A potentially more important step was the adoption, after much discussion and debate, of a law known as the Employment Act of 1946, approved by the President on February 20, 1946. This date may mark the first step in the process of rationalizing the Govern- ment on an over-all basis and organizing American ‘democracy to fit modern condi- tions. The act, in effect, declares it to be the continuing policy of the Federal Gov- ernment to encourage opportunities of em- ployment for all who are willing and able to work, and to promote employment, produc- tion, and purchasing power. In form, the law deals primarily with one aspect of eco- nomic life, employment, but the different facets of economic activity are so interrelated that a successful policy assuring continuous employment would require and assure sta- bility of production, prices, and other phases of life as well. The statute is couched in negotiated language, representing compro- mises between different points of view. Per- haps this should make it easier for its admin- istrators to command broad support. It is beyond doubt that the act provides a foun- dation for coordinated national economic policy. It requires the President to transmit to Congress every year at the opening of the session, an economic report covering in sub- stance all important phases of the Nation's economic life, together with a program of action. In addition, the President may from time to time transmit supplementary reports. The act sets up a Council of Economic Advisers to assist the President in the formu- lation of his economic reports. It also cre- ates a joint committee of Congress to re- ceive these reports and to make studies of its own, and on this basis to transmit to the Senate and House of Representatives its own reports containing its findings and recommendations. This act contains, in embryo, what is necessary to start the Government on a road to more effective action. It recognizes the unity of the problems handled by the dif- ferent departments and agencies, it gives the President the kind of help and support that he requires and is entitled to in the discharge of his great responsibilities, and it improves the procedure for cooperation be- tween the executive and the legislative branches of Government. A stronger and more formal link must be forged in the near future, but the present law represents a step in the right direction. This statute has been enacted so recently and the Economic Council has been con- stituted for so short a time that it is too early to judge of its effectiveness in actual operation. Its possibilities, however are far reaching, it needs the support of all citizens, and more particularly of this as- sociation, whose former president has been appointed as chairman of the council. The country cannot afford to have this promis- ing start become lost in the mazes of off- cial red tape, or in conflicts for power among agencies. It must become the beacon light leading toward a new and more adequate machinery of government in a democracy. The Council is at present in the experi- mental stage. On how it is developed and how much importance it gains in shaping the country’s economic policy will depend whether it will signalize a momentous step forward in the democratic process or merely the emergence of another in a long series of agencies issuing reports. Programs worked out by the Council must be so realistic and convincing, so well thought out and adapted to the country’s needs, so thorough and so practical as to win accept- ance, in whole or in large part, by the Presi- dent. His report to Congress, prepared in the ght of the Council's recommendations, would then be such as to enlist the support of public opinion. Congress and the Executive should then stand together for the enact- ment and administration of such laws and policies as the country's needs demand. There is in this possibilities of gradual but vital improvement in our economic life. If the reports become established as the recognized authoritative basis of action, the recommendations would become binding on all heads of Government departments and agencies. There would be less bickering, mis- understanding, and cross-purposes between branches of the Government. A Cabinet member or the head of an agency would have the sole choice between supporting the program adopted by the Government or re- signing. The sound view that for an official on the Cabinet level the only alternative as a mat- ter both of effective public policy and of personal self-respect is to cooperate or to. resign has never been established in this country. There is instead a dangerous prac- tice of remaining in office against one’s con- victions in order not to split the party, and an inclination to refuse to quit under fire. These may be good rules of conduct when party loyalty or personal integrity is in ques- tion, but not when the issue is one of na- tional policy. The ideal attitude of a Cabinet minister toward the Cabinet is described by Viscount Grey in these significant words: “To put his mind into the common stock; to work sincerely in matters of difference of opinion and difficulty for a Cabinet decision. This does not mean that what is regarded by a minister as vital to the public interest should be compromised. A minister should resign rather than agree to that. It means that a minister should not press his personal views unduly about what is not essential, that he should contend for substance not for form, that he should consider without amour-propre how his own opinion can be reconciled with that of others. Subject to the one qualification of not sacrificing what he regards as vital to the public interest, he should not contend for victory, but for agree- ment in the Cabinet. “The other qualification is that of accept- ing full personal responsibility for Cabinet decisions, when once agreed to.” This is a statement about a responsible Cabinet of the British type—by a distin- guished member, Adoption of similar prin- ciples in an American setting appears to be A319 the only alternative to governmental fum- bling. A clear-cut administrative policy, with all the heads of government departments com- mitted to its support, would carry great weight with the public, which placed it in power. It would ulso impress Congress. Adoption in some form of the proposal for Cabinet members to appear before Congress in person and answe.ing questions in open meeting would contribute further to cooper- ation between branches of the Government and to recognition of complete accord on policy by the administration. It may be feasible for candidates for the Presidency to name their Cabinets before election, so as to make the ministers more conscious of their responsibility to the people, the ultimate source of their authority. An American form of responsible govern- ment could develop out of the beginning made by the Full Employment Act if it is supported by the adoption of practices that would increase its effectiveness. The organ- ization and principles laid down by the Con- stitution and sanctioned by American tradi- tion would be preserved, and at the same time the Government would become more purposeful and more responsive to the de- mands of changing conditions. To economists and to this association, the recent step toward a better formulated and better implemented public policy is not merely a matter of general interest. It is a Council of Economic Advisers that has been established and it is the Council's economic reports that are expected to constitute the heart of public policy. This new instru- ment of Government gives the profession of economists a broad opportunity of rendering greater service to the Nation and places on them and on this association a correspond- ingly grave responsibility. What Congress has said to the economist is in the language of the gaming table: “Put up or shut up.” That's the economist's dilemma, Since economists by occupational selection and by training are not able to shut up—the only alternative is to put up, that is, to produce the men, the data, and the understanding, and to promote the public support essential to the execution of effective economic policy. To this purpose the efforts of economists and of their association must be rededicated. The ivory tower has been conquered by events and razed to the ground. The economist is out in the open and must come to grips with problems of state. Give Tax Relief First to Low-Income Groups EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. LINDLEY BECKWORTH OF TEXAS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, January 29, 1947 Mr. BECKWORTH. Mr. Speaker, I wish to quote the pertinent part of a letter I have received from the Treasury Department written January 13 signed by Mr. Joseph J. O'Connell, Jr.: From the date in table 1, page A-15, of the enclosed extract from the Treasury Bulletin, together with an estimated 1944 total tax Mability of @18,300,000,000, a rough approximation may be obtained of the pro- portions of the total lability attributable to individuals with adjusted gross incomes of less than $2,500, $3,000, and 3,500. The percentages computed on this basis are as follows: For individuals with less than
A320 $2,500 adjusted gross income 16.1 percent, with less than $3,000, 23.9 percent, and with less than $3,500, 31.6 percent. Everyone is aware that low-income citizens of our Nation are facing tre- mendous difficulties financially. Many families are not in a position to pay, as they are obligated to pay, the income tax sums they are assessed. The Republicans have talked much about reducing income taxes. Before they and the Congress proceed to reduce income taxes in the higher brackets, by all means they should reduce materially taxes in the lower brackets. Another approach to the problem which would be especially helpful to low-income fami- lies particularly where these families have several children would be to in- crease appreciably exemption amounts. I sincerely feel our economy will be strengthened at this time if we make appropriate studies and work out a solu- tion to the income-tax problems of low- income families whereby their purchas- ing power will be considerably increased. There is no group with whose incomes I am more familiar than teachers; I taught in rural school 3 years. My mother and twin sister taught school. My father, the principal of a four- teacher school, along with his wife, yet teaches. I know teachers and people with similar incomes need income-tax reductions badly. I favor raising imme- diately and materially the salaries of our school teachers; this must be done. To this end I have worked and expect to work in the future. On the other hand the type of tax legislation to which I have referred will aid teachers ma- terially. How Many Soldiers Convicted of Mili- tary Crimes Are Taught and Educated To Make Good Citizens While Serving Their Sentences? EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. JAMES H. MORRISON OF LOUISIANA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, January 29, 1947 Mr. MORRISON. Mr. Speaker, under leave granted to extend my remarks in the Recorp, I include the following sum- mary of the program for rehabilitation of our prisoners at one of our United States disciplinary barracks, namely, Camp Gordon, Ga. The summary of this program was prepared by Lt. Col. Hugh D. Adair, commandant, who is doing very excellent work in the rehabilita- tion of these men whose foot slipped while in service at some time in the past. One of the most serious things con- fronting the American people today is the rehabilitation of these boys, many of whom participated in the very midst of battle in the war. While it is true few know and realize what is going on in these camps, this program while not as colorful or dra- matic as some, of aiding and restoring these boys, is of tremendous importance to the Nation. Many a youth who through indiscre- tion while in service will be so trained and restored in mind and spirit that they will become good citizens and thus thou- sands of lives saved from destruction and further criminal tendencies. I have visited Camp Gordon and have seen the camp in operation under its most able commandant, Lt. Col. Hugh D. Adair, and I offer praise most highly to him for his excellent administrative ability. The summary follows: SUMMARY OF PROGRAM CONDUCTED AT BRANCH Untren STATES DISCIPLINARY BARRACKS, Camp Gorpon, Ga. 1, HISTORY OF INSTALLATION The Southeastern Branch of the United States Disciplinary Barracks, Camp Gordon, Ga., was activated as a disciplinary barracks by authority of section III, War Department Circular 406, October 16, 1944, being activated at Fort Bragg, N. C., on October 20, 1944, as a class I installation under the com- manding general, Fourth Service Command. The installation was moved from Fort Bragg to Camp Gordon, Ga., on December 19, 1944, to occupy the area and facilities formerly utilized by the Camp Gordon prisoner-of-war camp. Col. J. E. Ardrey was commandant from the date of activation until May 28, 1945, when Lt. Col. Leroy Weaver was made comman- dant. Lieutenant Colonel Weaver was suc- ceeded as commandant on November 19, 1945, by the present commandant, Col. Hugh D. Adair, under whose command and leader- ship, with the assistance and cooperation of Higher headquarters, the institution has grown and developed to its present state of efficiency and good organization. 2. DESCRIPTION OF INSTALLATION The barracks proper is composed of the en- tire area at the western extremity of Oamp Gordon formerly occupied by the large. pris- oner-of-war camp, with housing, messing, and other facilities for 2,000 prisoners, and with adequate housing, recreational and gen- eral facilities, and administrative offices for the operating personnel. Adjacent to the compound is a large vocational shop com- pound area, embracing eight large modern shop buildings, splendidly equipped for a varied vocational-training program. All buildings are of mobilization-type construc- tion with standard two-story barracks. The barracks is served by adequate paved roads, with good water and electrica) service pro- vided by the post. 3. THE CHAPLAIN (a) The ecclesiastical duties of a chaplain in a disciplinary barracks are not particularly different from such activities in any Army organization. The same religious services are held and the same religious sacraments are administered. Because the men are in confinement, it is always possible to insure their availability for attendance at such serv- ices. However, as the percentage of inmates who were deeply religious prior to their con- finement is very small, attendance at relig- ious services is not ordinarily very large. In most Army organizations, the chaplain is concerned with providing religious activi- ties for those who are already religious, while in a disciplinary barracks a chaplain's major problem centers in creating a religious interest among those who have not previously been church conscious. In fact, a chaplain’s work at :. disciplinary barracks is very largely an attempt to salvage the possibilities that still remain among the prisoners. One need not expect such an effort to be popular among the inmates, or to result in Jarge attendance, for such an effort appeals only to those who are sincerely concerned in finding a finer way of living. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD The essential value of the work of the chaplain of a disciplinary barracks is in direct proportion to the number of individuals who are able to ultimately achieve religious per- sonal and social integration. Although the work of a chaplain in such a situation is admittedly difficult, it is at the same time highly satisfactory. While, at present, much of the chaplain’s work centers in the rehabilitation of the in- mates of this institution, the work is never- theless on a religious basis rather than on a purely psychological and sociological founda- tion. Because the religio-group-therapy pro- gram is somewhat different from the work ordinarily done by g chaplain, it is outlined in detail. The chaplain is a regular member of one of the classification boards which meets twice each week and consumes a half day at each sitting. Periodic visits to the isolation build- ing, interviews with members of the families of prisoners, writing letters for prisoners, holding consultations with prisoners on per- sonal problems, acting as liaison between in- mates and the Red Cross field directors, de- livering sex-morality and orientation lectures to the USDB detachment are some of the not strictly religious activities which occupy the time of the USDB chaplain. (b) Religio-group-therapy program: For the religio-group-therapy classes conducted by the chaplain, a series of eight meetings is planned and scheduled. One meeting per week is held, each meeting lasting from 1300 to 1615, No coercion or overpersuasion is used to get men into the classes, and in the classes themselves men are encouraged to ask ques- tions and express their own opinions. The use of elaborate and technical terms is studiously avoided. The primary purpose of these classes is to help the men toward better and more co- herent thinking, a more realistic atfitude to- ward their own strong and weak points in character, and better adjustments to life here in the compound, during and after restora- tion to duty in the Army, or to civilian life with its duties and obligations. In many instances those improvement be- come apparent even before the end of the series of meetings. Note is made of the fact that in these classes chief stress is put upon the over-all improvement of the man himeelf and not upon the idea that it is a restoration class. A very real endeavor is made to help men toward restoration, but this is an expected result, more than a goal. The goal is to help the men to help themselves, in the com- pound, in the Army (if restored), or in civil- jan Hfe if they return there. A report is made after a complete study of each man's 201 file, his attitude and adjust- ment in the class, and an unhurried personal conference with the man in the chaplain’s office. Copies of reports are placed in the 201 files of those men attending these classes. Following is the outline of lectures used in the religio-group-therapy classes: 1. Orientation. 2, Personality development. 3. Motivation—basic drives. 4, Maturity or immaturity—adjustment or maladjustment. 5. Conflicts and personality difficulties as a cause for anxiety. What to do? 6. Means of self-discipline. 7. Alcohol and sex. 8. Popularity. Getting along with people. The professions of faith among the present group of inmates is as follows, approximately: 25 percent Catholic, 62 percent Protestant, 12 percent none, 1 percent Jewish and other. 4, SUPPLY SECTION (a) The supply office is responsible for the procurement and distribution of all quarter- master, signal, ordnance, and engineer sup- plies to all departments of this institution, including the vocational shops.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD (b) Prison supply: This section supplies all inmates with wearing apparel, toilet arti- cles, tobacco, and all items required during their period of confinement. Class X cloth- ing is furnished whenever it is available, and all clothing is imprinted with distinctive markings and colors, depending upon the grade of the prisoner to whom furnished. In addition, all prisoners, upon discharge or restoration, are furnished by this section with the necessary clothing and articles in ac- cordance with current regulations. (c) Maintenance and utilities: This sec- tion makes necessary alterations and repairs to physical property of this institution. The firing of boilers and water heaters outside of the compound ts done under the super- vision of this section and all prisoners as- signed to this duty are given instructions as to the proper method to use in their work. These instructions are as prescribed by the post engineers and are for the purpose of stopping fuel wastage and possible damage to the equipment. In addition, minor repairs are made to buildings, plumbing, and elec- trical appliances. (d) Subsistence: The ration break-down for all messes is operated by this section. All messes are inspected periodically by the food supervisor and any deficiencies or irregularti- ties noted are directed to responsible officers for corrective action. An inspection of messes is also made by the post sanitary in- spector and many favorable reports have been received from this source. (e) Commissary section; Toilet articles, auch as razor blades tooth brushes, etc., a8 may be necessary, not to exceed in value $1 per month for each general prisoner con- fined, are issued by the supply section semi- monthly. . Tobacco and matches not to exceed 50 cents in value per month is issued to pris- oners of this institution. Tobacco purchased for prisoners from their personal funds and tobacco issued gratis under provisions of AR 600-875, change 7, is done in strict compliance with provisions of War Department Circular 135, dated May 5, 1945. A tobacco ration card is maintained for each inmate. An individual record is maintained for each prisoner indicating articles drawn and the value of same, Through strict control of distribution of free toilet articles authorized under AR 66~375, it was possible to furnish needs of general prisoners confined to this institution for about 25 percent less than the amount authorized, i. e., 61 per month for each prisoner for toilet articles. (f) Articles furnished prisoner by quarter- master: The following articles are provided for issue to inmates by the Government at no expense to the inmate. Issues will be made periodically at such times as the items are available through normal supply chan- nels: Safety razors; shaving brushes; tooth brushes; combs; towels, hand or bath; shoe dubbin; double-edge safety-razor blades; shaving soap; tooth paste or powder; toilet soap; shoe laces; smoking tobacco. &. INFORMATION AND EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING (a) Information 1. The information and education branch is responsible for the arrangement of lec- tures, the outfitting of troop information centers, and exhibiting of films for all in- mates and military personnel. There are six troop information centers located at the fol- lowing points: - (a) Block C, for the use of inmates. (b) Disciplinary company. (c) Headquarters company. (d) Company E. (e) Company I. (f) Officers’ center. XCIII—App.——21 2. Weekly lectures are presented to the officers and military personnel. News maps are displayed in all troop information cen- ters. This branch alco aids the enlisted per- sonnel in their selection of U. 8. A. F. I. text- books. Approximately 24 courses have been secured. (b) Education 1. The educational branch of this institu- tion is consolidated under the academic training branch. Under this heading, there are three distinct schools—literacy school, upper grades, and commercial school. Each potential student is carefully tested und as- signed to the school that more clcesely fits his need. During the past year, a revised system of testing has been instigated and consequently the inmate's intellectual level is ascertained more readily. 2. During the past year, the school has been renovatcd, materially and academically. A civilian training program was inaugurated which was resultant in a better brand of instruction for all phases of the institution. All in all, the accomplishments of this branch during the year have been very note- worthy. (a) Literacy school: The literacy school caters to those inmates who are functionally illiterate. The aim of this school is basic, to teach the student to read, write, and com- prehend fundamental everyday problems. The potential student is given standard United States Army D. 8. T. tests and is Placed in his appropriate level, There have been 635 such tests administered. The in- struction of the student is complete when he is declared literate Motivation is the foremost consideration of the instructors. If the student is receptive, then he is placed into prep level, which prepares him for en- trance into the upper grades. During the year, 215 men were enrolied in literacy school. The number that graduated from this school was 150, therefore. 57 men are still attending. The remainder were dropped due to various reasons, such as ina- bility to learn, psychological or psychiatric reasons, to be discharged, or to be restored to duty. (b) Upper grades: Upper grades school was inaugurated the 14th of November of the past year. The purpose and aims of this school are to continue on where literacy school left off, and to furnish an education to those men who have been deprived the privilege through adverse circumstances. The courses offered here were designed to cover in 8 weeks material generally requiring @ school semester. To accomplish this aim unimportant material has been eliminated and stress placed on essential materials. The over-all aim of the upper-grades school is to prepare the student to meet existing standards of the modern world and to as- sist him in restoration to military service or adjustment as the case may be. Courses offered in upper grades include English, composition, history, social studies, and current events. A total of 186 inmates have attended the school out of which 44 have graduated. The remainder are still in school, or due to dis- charge, change of assignment, etc., no longer attend. (c) Commercial school: Commercial school enables the men to get a concrete idea of the modern American business world. Classes in typing, secretarial practice, business law, business management, salesmanship, eco- nomics, English, and bookkeeping are offered. Upon graduation of the students from typ- ing school, many are placed in responsible positions within the institution. At the end of a 12-week term the average speed of the students is approximately 25 words per min- ute. To increase accuracy and speed in typ- ing and shorthand, an advanced course is now being offered. During the year, 181 men were enrolled in business school; of this group, 72 were grad- A321 uated, 51 are now attending. The remainder were dropped due to various reasons. Inmate instructors are carefully selected for their educational background, previous experience, and background in teaching. Their efforts are cocrdinated and supervised by trained civilian personnel under the di- rect supervision of the supervisor of educa- tion and the educational officer. A teachers’ training program is conducted weekly, and the individual needs and weaknesses of the inmate instructors are discussed. A revised system of testing has been im- provised by the upper gradcs and commer- cial school through which a potential stu- dent is placed intc the level that more closely fits his educational background. In this way the school constantly undergoes improve- ment that benefits all concerned. (dad) Dee Bee News: The Dee Bee News is a mimeographed paper published for and by the personnel of this institution under the direct supervision of this branch. The pri- mary function of this weekly paper is to serve as the voice of the institution and as a register of the events that concern the in- mates. The weekly distribution as of June 80, 1946, was 2,000. (e) Visual aids: The visual-aids depart- ment is responsible for charts, maps, dia- grams, etc., which are used as training aids in the school. Visual education plays an important part in daily instruction within the classroom. 6, VOCATIONAL-TRAINING SHOPS The vocational-training shops in connec- tion with the vocational-guidance section permit the utilization of prison labor on useful work projects and, in addition, inmates receive vocational training as part of the rehabilitation program. Much suc- cess has been obtained in this direction, which is best exemplified by the volume of work projects accomplished and the number of prisoners who have become proficient in their trades. All assignments for work in the shops are made by the employment control officer upon the recommendation of the classification board. The basis for prisoner assignments are civilian occupation, aptitudes, individual desires, and custody classification. Military personnel instruct and supervise the pris- oners assigned to the various shops. (a) Auto mechanic shop: Major and minor repairs on automobiles and other engines and motors are made in this shop. Disassem- bly and reconstruction are taught to all of the students in this department. (b) Body and fender shop: This shop does very important work. Fenders are rolled out, bodies and doors are straightened, sanded, compounded, primer coat applied and painted. There is an average-size class of men who are always in the shop to learn the body and fender trade. Work performed is for the Disciplinary Barracks, Oliver General Hospital, Camp Gordon Exchange and the Augusta Arsenal, (c) Typewriter repair shop: All sizes and types of typewriters, adding machines and calculators are repaired, cleaned and oiled in the typewriter repair shop. Many parts are replaced which are won beyond use. (a) Blacksmith shop: General blacksmith- ing is done in this shop. Parts are repaired and manufactured for rakes, lawn mowers, barber chairs, meat slicers, tool dressing and many other items. (e) Print shop: The work in the print shop consists mainly of printing forms and other necessary items which are used in the admin- istration of the disciplinary barracks. Inmate rule books, note pads, ration re- ports, letterheads, file cards, PX order forms, time cards, job order forms, personal prope erty sheets, ration break-down forms, conduct and efficiency forms. prisoners stationery, home parole forms and many other items are printed in this shop.
A322 (f) Radio shop: Major and minor repairs are made on radios, amplifiers, public address system, and other electrical appliances which are used in the administration of the disciplinary barracks, (g) Welding shop: All types of welding are employed in this shop. Work is per- formed for the disciplinary barracks, Oliver General Hospital, and Augusta Arsenal, Work ranges from welding of tools to auto- mobile repair work. (h) Carpenter shop: All carpenter work for the disciplinary barracks is done in the carpenter shop. Bulletin boards, bread boxes, bookcases, file cabinets, tables, signboards, pallets, packing boxes, window frames, black- boards, and other items large and small. Large numbers of rifle and packing boxes have been made in this shop for the storage of guns and other military equipment for the Ordnance Department. (i) Cabinet and upholstery shop: Chairs, settees, divans, and many other items are made and repaired in this shop. Radio cabi- nets, speaker boxes, meat blocks, brushing machine spindles, and other items for the Red Cross, post exchanges, and athletic and recreation section are made and repaired in this shop. (j) Clothing repair shop: Seat covers, cov- eralls, curtains, caps, handbags, brief cases, arm bands, and many other articles are made and repaired in this department. Clothing is altered and chevrons and patches are’ sewn on for personnel attached to the disciplinary barracks. (k) Sign shop: All necessary signs for the disciplinary barracks are painted and hand- lettered in this department. Many signs and posters were made for the recruiting service. Furniture and fixtures, bulletin boards, broom racks, bookcases, and many other items are painted and refinished in the sign shop. Vehicles for the disciplinary barracks, Oliver General Hospital, Camp Gordon Ex- change, and the recruiting service and the Augusta Arsenal ure stenciled and hand- lettered. (1) Machine shop: The machine shop has a wide variety of work to do. Work is ac- complished for different organizations on the post which ranges from making nuts and bolts to highly specialized and intricate parts for the repair and upkeep of the many machines in the disciplinary barracks. (m) Shoe repair shop: Shoes, sandals, gloves, pistol holsters, and other items of leather goods are manufactured and repaired in this shop. 7. MEDICAL SECTION (a) Organization: The medical section of the SE Branch USDB, Camp Gordon, Ga,, is located in area C and consists of two medical officers, nine enlisted men, and four inmates. Its chief function is to safeguard the health of officers, enlisted men, and inmates of the branch USDB, Camp Gordon, Ga, (b) Infirmary: The infirmary, an annex to the dispensary, is also maintained by this section and consists of 17 beds for treatment and observation of inmates with minimized ailments. This facility permits the hos- pitalization of inmates without the necessity of transporting them to the hospital, with the exception of surgical cases requiring spe- cial treatment, thereby effecting a reduction in personnel and transportation. In addi- tion the security problem and the guard per- sonnel assigned to the hospital ward has been minimized considerably. (c) Equipment: (1) X-ray (field model) is utilized in the dispensary for minor frac- tures and confirmation of diagnosis. (2) In- frared lamp is available for dry heat therapy. (8) Pharmacy with limited and restricted medicants which is adequate for the dispen- sary. (d) Functions: (1) Complete physical ex- amination is given each inmate on arrival by medical officer for restoration and clem- ency. (2) Complete physical examination given each inmate on termination of sen- tence and release. The report is submitted on WD AGO Form No. 38. (3) Daily sick calls and treatments are given all personnel. (4) Immunizations are given to newly arrived in- mates and on occasions when necessary. Dur- ing the period June 80, 1945, to June 30, 1946, the following immunizations have been administered: (a) tetanus, 1,240; (b) tetanus (stimulating dose) , 2,050; (c) smallpox, 1,260; (ad) typhoid, 1,070; (e) typhoid (stimulating dose) 1,840. (5) Physical examination of EM and inmates assigned to mess halls are given monthly and their total numbers 105 per month. (6) A medical officer makes daily visits to the isolation cells for care of in- mates confined thereat. (7) The surgeon is also a member of the classification board and medical advisor to the supervisor of prisoners. (e) Summary: There is maintained a ward at the station hospital, Camp Gordon, Ga., for hospitalization of inmates with com- municable and infectious diseases and for major surgical cases. In cases where facili- ties are inadequate at the station hospital they are transferred to Oliver General Hos- pital, Augusta, Ga., for final disposition. 8. DENTAL CLINIC SECTION The dental clinic is a recently built air- conditioned establishment located within the compound, with all modern equipment suf- ficient to furnish adequate dental care for all inmates and military personnel except those special cases requiring hospitalization, The clinic consists of four chairs and units, fully equipped X-ray room with facilities to handle all operative procedures, surgery, pe- riodontia, prosthodontia, and all oral and extra oral X-rays. A complete dental labora- tory is maintained to carry out and finish construction of full and partial dentures. The clinic personnel consists of 3 assigned dental officers, 1 enlisted man, and 10 gen- eral prisoners. The chair assistants, lab und X-ray technicians are general prisoners, who have been taught their work since being as- signed to the clinic and are under constant supervision of the dentul officers. During the fiscal year, the clinic totaled 9,369 sittings with 235 dentures being made, 8,465 fillings and 760 extractions along with other types of operative and surgical pro- cedures. 9. PSYCHIATRY AND SOCIOLOGY SECTION Personnel of this department consists of three psychiatrists, two psychologists, two social interviewers, and includes a staff of clerks and stenographer. During the past year over 4,420 cases have been processed in this department. This Section is responsible for the preparation of histories and classification summaries, re- quired for study by the various buards. This includes a complete social, educational, occu- pational, civil, and military history as well as evaluations and predictions by the psychol- ogist and psychiatrist as to the future prog- nosis of each individual case. When com- pletely processed, the cases are then ready for the classification board to consider the man for restoration, clemency, job assign- ment, and security. Additional duties of this division include individual counseling (individual psycho- therapy) especially of problem cases in order to aid them in their adjustment while in confinement. There are also group psycho- therapy classes conducted in the military training company, premilitary training com- pany, and development platoon. The pri- mary aim of the group therapy lectures is to aid in group adjustment and to prepare and teach these men to make a satisfactory ad- jJustment when they are restored to duty. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A special company has been in operation throughout most of the year, which includes mental defectives, psychopaths, and pre- psychotic individuals who by reason of their instability are not amenable to treatment and care in the general prisoner population. The psychiatry and sociology division acte in @ supervisory capacity over the handling of these men. There are from time to time, scheduled dis- Cussion groups for all psychiatry and sociol- ogy personnel for consideration of pertinent problems, illustrative cases, particularly to thoroughly acquaint and maintain the in- terests of the staff in the work they are per- forming. Such an understanding of the gen- eral problems inevitably improves the caliber of the work performed. The psychological section, in addition to its other duties, administers the Army general- classification test to both prison population and enlisted personnel when necessary, and conducts the Wechsler-Bellevue intelligence examination, as well as other psychometric and personality tests where indicated. This aids in a better evaluation of the capabilities of the prisoners and serves as an adjunct in determining job assignment. There is maintained a psychiatric and psychological lMbrary consisting of books, journals, and pamphlets. These books are available to all officers and enlisted men of the unit. 10, ATHLETIC AND RECREATION (a) Motion pictures: Current releases, 16-millimeter, are shown in two theaters. One ts in the Outdoor Theater, located inside the compound; the other is a regular theater, adjacent to the compound, to be used by selected prisoners. In addition to showing current releases of commercial productions, sport news, current events, travelog, or- chestrations, and special features are shown according to the attached schedule, It is to be noted that we have increased the film schedule to six showings weekly. Double projectors are used in the showing, giving the effect of continuity without change of reel. The projection staff includes a noncommis- sioned officer and two parolees, all of whom are extremely efficient in the operation and projection of the film. (b) Boxing bouts and tournaments: These are a series of boxing engagements with con- tests ranging from two rounds to eight rounds on a professionally mounted ring, spotlighted and announced. The fights are scheduled on Friday evenings, twice a month. The present attendance represents an in- crease of 50 percent over past activities, and is now being shared by an increased number of officers and enlisted personnel. Signal Corps photographers are present to photo- graph some of the action movements, and audience participants. The participants and handlers receive cigarettes and other items as prizes, which this section has been able to obtain either by contribution, or by purchase through the prisoners’ welfare fund or cen- tral post fund. Comedy relief, slapstick, and records are furnished in connection with the contests, and receive great ovations, and stimulate interest during the intermission periods. (c) Inmate personnel variety shows: A new series of shows under the direction of a pa- rolee has been presented in the outdoor com- pound theater once a week barring unfavor- able weather conditions. These shows have been exceptionally well received by the en- listed personnel and inmate population, and follow the pattern of a night club presenta- tion, including the following: A full dance- band orchestra, master of ceremonies, eight specialty numbers, including dancing, sing- ing, duet, and trio work. The program ranges from classical interpretation through hill- billy and low-down swing. The personnel directing the shows are extremely capable and
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD have contributed much enthusiasm and abil- ity toward the success of the performances. Stage and electrical maintenance and public- address men are cooperating with the direc- tors of these performances to the greatest of their ability. Talent scouts are constantly on the lookout for new performers and the pris- oner morale, I am tnformed, has been built up through those efforts, both by this section and the prisoners themselves. (a) Recorded musical programs: These programs are presented as per attached schedule. Improvements have been made both in equipment and technique, and in the addition of hundreds of new records, ranging from top classical to low-down rhythm. Spe- cial radio programs, news events, and sports digests are presented by two parolees, who also present regular information of interest to the inmates. A broadcasting studto has been completely rebuilt and is located in the A & R building proper. Next to this is a completely equipped radio and repair shop, ready for use. (e) Publications: Constant use by the compound, enlisted men’s day rooms and of- ficers’ quarters, is made of the current weekly and monthly digests and newspapers. ({) Library: A library of 17,000 volumes is maintainéd in C Block under the direction of A & R officer and a civilian, assisted by three (3) general prisoners. The library has been enlarged, refurnished, relighted, redec- orated, and is operating at peak efficiency. An increase of 75 percent in personnel bor- rowing has been noted in the past two (2) months. (g) Athletic program: 1. Inmate personnel: Softball, hardball, basketball, volley ball, ping pong, badminton, horse shoes, weight lifting, general gym- nasium training, and boxing, are offered to inmates, contests are supervised, graded and scored by a general prisoner, a past professional prizefighter, whose aptitude in this connec- tion makes him a valuable asset tn this ac- tivity. Tournament teams and selected par- ticipants are given equipment recently mod- ernized and cleaned. The main athletic supply room is located in the indoor theater. 2. Officers and enlisted men: Golfing, tennis, badminton sets are furnished in ad- dition to those mentioned in 7a above. Any special activity is scheduled, provided the necessary participants have joined. (h) Miscellaneous: This section furnishes two orchestras for the entertainment of per- sonnel in the Cadre Club, and officer person- nel in the Officers’ Club, USDB, the Service Club, Officers' Club, and Red Cross (prior to closing) of the post. These engagements run between four and seven a week, to an audience personnel of between 200 and 2,000. (i) Legal aid: This section provides a legal- aid officer, who assists inmates in the han- dling of various legal matters that involve personal decisions, signatures, certificates, and the like. Approximately 30 cases per week are usually handled. 21. CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT BEPAIR SHOPS On March 25, 1946, the combined clothing and equipment shops started setting up for the operations of repairing clothing and equipage, which the Army shipped to this station for processing. Due to a change of orders the clothing shop never started pro- duction, the shop being converted into a field-desk repair shop. The task was to arrange the shops in the best way possible for the performance of the many operations which the equipage had to undergo before completion. For this two buildings were necessary to house all the shops for the repairing of cots and bedsteads. The operations used tn the repairing of cots and bedsteade ere as follows: The cot or bed is first classified, to determine its condition; In this connection, the boxing . those found to be beyond repair are salvaged, others which are suitable for repair are sent to the bed-repair shop. The repairs here consist of replacing worn-out or missing springs or parts and welding of any part in need of same. They are then sent to the paint shop for spray painting, inspection, and banding, making them ready for ship- ment, In the repairing of the desks, field, fiber, company, and headquarters, the operations consist of classifying, repairing, and replac- ing of broken or missing parts, painting, inspection, and wrapping for shipment. These operations are done in one building, on @ belt system, which has proven highly effective. The bed-repair shop started production during the middle of the month of April, setting an average of 1,000 cots repaired per week for the month; production not having reached its expectation due to the lack of personnel and equipment; personnel at the time consisting of an average of 115 general prisoners, 10 enlisted men supervisors, 3 civil- jan supervisors, and 1 superintendent. In- coming shipments of cots totaled 100,193 at the end of the month. The desk-repair shop still was in the process of being set up. The following month production of cots Taised to an average of 1,500 repaired per week, a slight increase in personnel account- ing for this. No production was recorded this month in the desk repair shop as it wes atill being prepared for operation. Shipments of desks had started to arrive, and at the end of the month we had re- ceived 10,361. Cota and bedsteads had reached the total of 212,086 cots and 5,229 bedsteads. At the end of the month of June pro- duction was under way in all of the combined clothing and equipment shops. This month the output for cots was an average of 2,500 repaired per week, and 100 per week for desks, repair shop lacking proper equip- ment, and personnel still limited. The June goal for the production of cots had been set for 1,000 repaired per day, falling short due to lack of material during the month, although towards the end of the month it was reached. The shipment of the repaired cots was begun, and shipments totaled 14,628 for the month. These ship- ments being made to the Montgomery ASF depot, Montgomery, Ala. The total incom- ing shipments of cots, bedsteads, and desks, respectively, were 281,850, 7,351, 10,945. Personnel now averaged 140 general prisoners, 10 enlisted men supervisors, 6 civilian super- visors, and 1 superintendent. 12. SUPERVISOR OF PRISONERS The supervisor of prisoners is responsible for the discipline, housing, messing, cloth- ing, and job assignment of all prisoners. In order to accomplish these functions efficiently, the department is divided into five sections: (a) Administrative section, (b) operating section, (c) work assignment section, (d) personal property section, (e) mail inspection section. (a) Administrative section: This section is composed of the supervisor of prisoners, the assistant supervisor of prisoners, and such enlisted personne] as is necessary to main- tain proper records, publish memorandums and directives pertaining to the general ac- tivities and conduct of the prison popula- tion, maintain court records, and receive and complete initial processing of prisoners upon arrival at this institution. (b) Reception company: The reception company processes all newly arrived prison= ers, They furnish the initial issue of cloth- ing, commissary items, arrange for process- ing and medical and dental examinations, The normal period of a prisoner’s assignment for this company is 30 days, and within this A323 period all necessary interviews and board hearings are given by the various sections. Upon completion of the reception period, the prisoner is assigned to a regular company, in accordance with the recommendations made by the various boards. (c) Discipline: Punishment for infractions of the rules and regulations is imposed by a disciplinary board composed of the super- visor of prisoners, the psychiatrist, and a line officer with practical military experience, and operating under the provisions of ASF Ctr- cular No. 382, dated October 10, 1945. (d) Operating section: All personnel as- signed to duty within the compound come under the supervision of the supervisor of prisoners. For administrative, supply, and security purposes the compound is subdivided into three areas or blocks, namely, blocks A, B, and C, and the cell-block section. Each block is divided up into companies of 160 to 240 prisoners each, with separate messes, supply and orderly rooms for each com- pany. The barracks are of the army two- story type and equipped with double-decker beds. The operating personnel of each block consists of the following: Block commander, executive officer, and supply-mess officer; block sergeant major, assistant sergeant ma- jor, supply sergeant, mail sergeant, and two block gate guards (0600 to 2200). Each com- pany during the day has a first sergeant, ex- ecutive noncommissioned officer, supply ser- geant, and mess sergeant. From 1630 to 0780 there are two shifts of guard supervisors with a noncommissioned officer 1n charge of each shift, who are distributed through- out the block for guard and supervisory pur- poses. Qualified prisoners are used as clerks in block and company headquarters, as well as cooks and KP's in the mess halls. (e) Assignment section: The assignment section is under the immediate supervision of the supervisor of prisoners, and is re- sponsible for the segregation of prisoners into the various custody classes. In addi- tion to the above, it is the responsibility of this officer to assign prisoners to the job most suited for them, taking into considera- tion the recommendation of the Classifica- tion Board and various officers of this Insti- tution. Card files are prepared listing Classification Board recommendations, and in addition they Hst the block and company to which each prisoner is assigned. (f) Property and accounts: Upon arrival at this institution, all prisoners are required to deposit with the property and accounts officer all funds, postage stamps, and prop- erty in their possession that they are not permitted to retain while in confinement. Additional funds are credited to the ac- counts of inmates on receipt of cash, money orders, or checks received through the mail or from other sources, such as visitors. The average amount on deposit in this of- fice is $10 per prisoner. About 20 percent of the inmates have Jess than $1 or nu moncy credited to them. All inmates may make withdrawals of funds for the purpose of transmittal to a de- pendent or authorized correspondent, puay- ment of telegrams, subscriptions to maga- zines, correspondence courses, periodicals or newspapers, postage stamps, and the pur- chase of tobacco or similar articles in accord- ance with conduct grade of prisoner. The cash balance of this fund as of June 30, 1946, is as follows: Total receipts____..-....-.--.-- $81, 748.07 Total disbursements_.........-- 66, 573. 94 Cash balance__.......-.-. 15, 174. 13 Prisoners are interviewed upon arrival to determine the disposition of personal prop~- erty they have in their possession. All articles in the possession of a prisoner, upon arrival at this institution, not listed
A324 above, may be stored with the Property and Accounts Office. In the event property is stored at this office, the prisoner is given a receipt listing all property held for him. To date approximately 3,000 parcels have been sent home at the request of prisoners. Prisoners are given opportunity bimonthly to submit a request for tobacco, stamps, and other authorized items to be purchased from funds on deposit, prior to June 15, 1946. (g) Prisoner mail and inspection section: This section handles the checking of the mail, keeping records of all prisoners and other authorized correspondents, stamps and the prisoner's stamp account, recording all outgoing mail, inspecting of all mail, both incoming and outgoing, directing the mail through the proper channels for expeditious dclivery, transmission of contraband to the proper authority and the inspections of all books, mugazines, newspapers, etc., entering the compound. The following is a break- down of all prisoner mail processed by this section: Month Incoming/Outgoing} ‘Total July... eee eee ewww 18, 500 14, 000 32, 6% August. -.. 20, 300 15, 500 35, 800 September. 21, 000 14, 700 35, 700 October... 22, 400 16, 000 38, BO) Novermbor. 27, ROO 16, 300 44, 100 Deeember. 36, 500 14, 800 42, 300 January. 33, 000 15, £00 48, 50) Februar, 32, 500 14, 600 47,100 March 3), 800 14, 200 46, 000 April. 20, 700 13, 4400 43, 100 May... 27, 400 12, 800 40, 200 June... 22.2. eee eee 24, GOO 10, 700 35, 300 Inmates are authorized to correspond with four persons of their own choice, providing these correspondents are not inmates or for- mer inmates of this or other institutions and providing that they are otherwise reputable and are of good character. All requests for authorized correspondents are accepted and approved at once, subject to a later investi- gation. Prisoners in the first condtict grade may write four letters per week, one of which may be at Government expense, and may receive as many as desired. Men in the second conduct grade are allowed to write only two letters per week but may receive ali of their incoming mail. Men of the third conduct grade are restricted to sending and receiving one letter per week. Gen. Mark Clark, Soldier and Statesman EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. JAMES G. FULTON OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, January 29, 1947 Mr. FULTON. Mr. Speaker, on September 24, 1946, Gen. Mark W. Clark, whom history will record as one of Amer- ica’s greatest generals, was feted at Pitts- burgh by Americans of Italian descent. Among those who spoke at the testi- monial dinner was the Honorable Judge Michael A. Musmanno, of my city, now president judge of the current Nurem- berg trial, who had served with the glorious Fifth Army in the various capac- ities of military governor, naval Maison officer with combat troops, and naval aide to General Clark. This speech is worthy of being made a permanent rec- ord in its tribute to an outstanding American, who at the present time is representing our Republic at London in the formation of a peace treaty with Austria. The speech follows: Mr. Toastmaster, my friends, ladies and gentlemen, I wil] leave the more formal wel- come to our guest of honor this evening, to the governor of the State, the Honorable Edward Martin, while I proceed to recall a few of the events which have made the name of Gen. Mark Clark one forever to conjure with when the valorous deeds of American heroes are recounted. We must at once go back to the summer of 1943, when the entire European continent was under the shadow of the greatest evil force that ever darkened human civilization. You will remember the war charts of the time, which displayed Axis territory in black ink, and that blackness blotted the entire map from the tip of Nor- way to the Black Sea—Germany, Norway, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece, Albania, Austria, Hun- gary, Rumania, Bulgaria, Finland, Poland. And all within one fort, the German festung, one solid wall of armament defended by the mightiest war machine in recorded times. Ten million troops with the very latest model equipment in tanks, planes, artillery, rocket guns, mines, torpedoes. For three years the Allies had suffered one defeat after another, the British Army had been driven from the Continent, There was one master, and that was the maniacal Adolf Hitler. On September 9, 1943, a day that shall be forever memorable, the United States chal- lenged that mastery. In the dawn of that day the American Fifth Army landed on the flery beaches of Salerno and attacked the Hitler wall. The Fifth Army attacked from the flat sandy shores against un enemy lodged in the mountains, it attacked an enemy that could count on vast reserves and did so; it attacked against an enemy that, flushed with victory, did not know defeat. And that at- tack was led by one of the greatest soldiers America has produced, and the very man we, honor ourselves by honoring this evening, Gen. Mark Wayne Clark. The Allies at last were on the Continent. Hitler’s boast that not an American or British soldier could remain 24 hours in Europe was set at defiance. In a fire and brimstone order of the day, Hitler fulminated that at all costs the Fifth Army must be thrown back from the beaches and destroyed as the men might try to re- embark in the landing craft they had so rashly brought to these shores. This Ameri- can general who dares so much must be taught to appreciate with whom he is dealing. After preliminary ettacks on September 12 against our Sixth Corps, the main enemy strength unleashes itself on the 13th in a drive through the Forty-fifth Division and down the corridor formed by the Sele and Calore Rivers. He has advantage in position and mobility. Tanks followed by infantry carried in half tracks concentrate quickly and break through our line at Altavilla, they drive the Britirh out of Battipaglia. Our left flank is exposed. The enemy drive us from the tobacco factory at Eboli, which commands the principal enemy supply routes. We are pushed back at this point 114 miles. The enemy can now put his main forces across the Sele River. : He rolls on relentlessly down the lower cor- ridor, pushing on toward the sea. The situa- tion is critical, our line has been dented, even pierced. In his jeep the Army commander speeds from sector to sector, He dismounts, enters the front lines, confers with unit com- manders, he gets down into the foxholes with the men. He talks to them, tells them what this means. To give way now is to lose all that has been already gained. The general's appearance encourages, comforts, and emboldens. News of his pres- ence spreads like wildfire. The enemy at- tacks. They meet a wall of fire. Units which spearhead the advance are cut to pieces by the defending forces. General Clark has now climbed to the summit of Mount Chirico. Standing on the exposed knoll he sees a column of 18 enemy APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD tanks less than 1,000 yards away. Once they pass through the gateway of the hill mass they will meet only flat, treeless coun- try. If they are not stopped they can carry everything before them to the very water's edge. There is no defense artillery in the area. Clark knows of a tank destroyer at a turn in the road 3 kilometers to the rear. With his aide, he tears down the hill, leaps into his jeep, and starts for the weapon. He finds the tank destroyer and orders the operator to follow him. He places the tank destroyer and it goes into action, and the first German tank is ablaze as it rolls over on its side. Six more tanks quickly receive the same treatment. The enemy believes it has run into a con- centrated defense position, and withdraws. Dusk is falling, the line is safe for the day, but reinforcements are imperatively needed. At the bottom of the hill the Army commander stops before a portable wireless outfit and sends a message Crackling. That evening he stands beside his jeep studying the sky filled with a thousand Mediterranean stars. But he looks for some- thing not so stationary, nor so distant. The orchestra of the guns rumbles a bass accom- paniment to his troubled thoughts. Suddenly he fixes his gaze on something moving in the heavens. The object ail- houetted against the silver canopy above grows larger, from it something now falls— a tiny black dot which suddenly spreads white wings. Slowly and gracefully it de- scends. Then another drops from the same plane and still another. More planes are presently overhead, hundreds of them, and thousands of white umbrellas are gracefully nearing the earth. The Airborne Infantry that he called for has arrived. His lines will be reinforced for the morrow, and he will attack at dawn. For this extraordinary exploit in courage, resourcefulness, and de- termination, General Clark was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. On September 15, General Clark declared: “We have arrived at our initial objective. Our beachhead is secure, and we are here to stay. Not one foot of ground will be given up.” Since that time, the Fifth Army never re- linquished a foot of ground. It suffered some temporary dislocation but never was ground taken from it by the enemy held by the enemy for more than 48 hours. Driving irresistibly through the mountains, the Fifth Army liberated Italy October 1 and gave a shattered but still usable seaport to the Allies. General Clark now lifted his stra- tegic binoculars on Rome. We crossed the Volturno but at Cassino, bloody Cassino, we were stopped. This mountain village, which later featured so largely in the world press, stood astride Highway 6 like an armored giant, and absolutely barred passage to the north. In the mightiest aerial bombardment yet felt by a single town, Cassino was levelled until now one walks through it as through & graveyard after an earthquake, but the mountainous bastion still held. General Clark was compelled to read in the rock sum- mits before him the story that Rome had never fallen from a southern attack. The three stars on the young general’s shoulder straps carried a firmament of re- sponsibility. Peoples in all parts of the globe looked to him for the liberation of the Eternal City, for as Rome belongs to all na- tions, its enslavement meant holding all peo- ples in a measure of bondage to the fce. Up to this time, not an Axis capital had been reached. Germany held all of continental Europe save a small portion of Italy. An advance was imperative. Yet there stood the flinty barriers, each rocky crag mounted with @ light weapon the equivalent in strength of an infantry battalion. The fact that Hannibal had failed in a similar venture, as had other supergenerals, did not comfort General Clark. The way
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD must be found. Reverting to the good old American game of football, he made an end run. He landed at Anzio, and by securing this beachhead, Clark in effect held a dagger ever threatening the German right flank and causing the enemy to divert his forces in an attempt to ward off the stab. The Anzio landing was a success. For the second time our guest of honor had success- fully broken into Hitler's fortress Europe. Putting the enemy in the position of having constantly to look over his shoulder, General Clark now prepared for the final operation, the breakthrough to Rome. On May 11, at 11 o’clock at night, the Ger- men forward wall burst into flame, and the offensive was on. We were on our way to Rome. Time will not permit the relating of that brilliant Rome campaign, when we destroyed four German divisions and seri- ously mauled five more. The Fourteenth German Army became an army in name only. On June 4, Mark Wayne Clark entered the outer zone of his long-dreamed-of objective. From housetops and street corners snipers fired at the oncoming Yanks. The tall, angu- lar Army commander was a conspicuous tar- get. Bullets whizzed over his head. The General, without insignia, and wearing his customary paratrooper’s tan boots and his shirt open at the collar, strode forward. At last. Rome its Clark's, and being Clark’s is the world’s. The first Axis capital is freed, now there is certainty that Nazi domination will be deetroyed everywhere. It can be done. Here is proof. Hitler wished more than any- thing else to hold Rome. But with the Stars and Stripes now fluttering proudly from the Campidoglio, Hitler and Hitlerism are doomed. Though Rome is now liberated and safe, the main object of the Army commander has not yet been fulfilled. He has set out to de- stroy the enemy armed forces in Italy. He has dealt them a crippling blow, but they still live. Kesselring’s army, staggering from the punches of the 24-day offensive, has reeled across the Tiber and is madly racing for the next natural defense barrier. Up the entire Italian Peninsula are moun- tains, mountains, mountains. As soon as one towering hill mass is achieved, another looms immediately behind it. And on the summit of each flinty peak a German artillery or machine-gun unit is waiting for the Yanks. It is enough to discourage any sol- dier. It is almost like trying to level the waves of the sea. Parmhouses, villages, and towns, as if they had climbed to escape some rising flood, are almost without exception situated atop hills. And practically every habitation, every type of building is constructed of stone, all of which the foe uses as natural fortifications against us. It takes an army with a set purpose, a high resolve, and a good-natured disposi- tion too, to operate under such discouraging conditions. And this army has the right kind of a commander, one who ts constantly concerned about their welfare, one who sees to it that they have the right kind of cloth- ing, the best food obtainable under the cir- cumstances, and the highest quality of equip- ment and guns. The German Army re-forms, reorganizes. It fights desperately and loses at Viterbo, it disputes bitterly the ground at Pisa, it battles tenaciously at Leghorn, but it is compelled to relinquish even that important port. Sup- plies can now be landed in this large harbor, as badly smashed as it is from our bombing and from German demolitions, Kesselring now withdraws to the Gibraltar of his defenses, the famous Gothic line. One hundred and ten miles in length, it built man-made obstacles into natural mountain barriers until it seemed that at last Hitler could save his armies in Italy and continue to keep them supplied from the rich Po Val- ley-to the north. September 9, 1944, was the first anniver- sary of Salerno day. At the celebration which marked the anniversary, I saw Gen- eral Clark and there was nothing in his man- ner to suggest that he had any apprehensions about the attack which was to begin the next day. With thousands of GI's, he ap- plauded the boxing of Joe Louis, interna- tional heavyweight champion, who had been brought in to entertain the boys. The next morning at 3 o’clock, the Fifth Army jumped off, and in a punch reminiscent of Joe Louis, sent Kesselring staggering away from his immediate front line. It had been with some accuracy stated that the whole bottom of the German posi- tion in Europe reposed on the German Army in northern Italy. Clark prepared to knock out that bottom. He smashed through the Gothic line and faced his antagonist at Bologna. During the winter of 1944-45, the Italian theater be- came known as the Forgotten Front. Men fought and froze in the mountains, but the tactical situation was described elsewhere as a stalemate. During that period, I saw front- line service with the Eighty-fifth Infantry Di- vision, the Legnano Combat Group, and the Nine Hundred and Eighty-fifth Field Artil- lery, and I was not aware of any stalemate. The air was constantly vocal witb artillery projectiles going and coming, fire fights were ever continuing, patrols went out every night, and prisoners came back from the enemy with valuable information. From the Adriatic to the Tyrrhenian Sea, the soldiers of the American Fifth and Brit- ish Eighth Armies prepared for the day when General Clark, now commander in chief of all Allied troops in Italy, should give the word which would send the mighty host northward to smash and destroy for all time the German Armies on Italian soil. The first blow of the campaign was struck on April 2. Nineteen days later we entered Bologna. The city was hysterical in greeting. The city which the Germans for 6 months held against our every effort to enter was now ours. But there is no time for rejoic- ing. The enemy must be completely de- stroyed. He is now fleeing northward, but from time to time he stops and viciously counterattacks. Our many columns, how- ever, press on. At last we are on the banks of the Po, the mighty Po, the so-distant Po, the river which had seemed so unattainable, the river which was to be the Nazis’ defiant stand, and across which we were never to pass. The enemy demolishes the bridges and expects to make a defense line of the river, but our engineers throw a pontoon span across the tawny flood. General Clark is happy. As he crosses the stream on the low-hung bridge, he stops to bathe his hands in the water, a little cere- mony of sentiment. His fondest desire is crystalizing into reality. The enemy is being driven out of Italy, and more than that, his armies are being annihilated. Hordes of the green-gray figures, they who were to dominate the world, are moving southward, their original direction, but this time not as conquerors, but as prisoners. A German major comes up to me and asks to surrender. I ask him, “Where's your battal- fon?” He replies that he has no battalion, and I tell him, “Well, a Navy commander will not accept the surrender of a major without his battalion. ‘You had better report to a corporal.” And so I turn him over to a two-striper, who takes him in tow. The German generals still order their troops to fight on. Frantically they are try- ing to get through to the Austrian Alps, there to resist in the stronghold which Hitler is to maintain against the world for decades, if necessary, he says. One by one those cities rich in story, ro- mance, and beauty are liberated. Mantua, Genoa, Padua, Cremona, La Spezia, Parma, Como, Verona, Pavia, Milan, Turin, Venice. The Italian partisans are out in full num- A325 ber. They who had been fighting for so long in the mountains are now out in the open, fighting the enemy forward lines. Clark has been encouraging them, for a long time supplying them with ammunition and equip- ment, On April 80, General Clark announces that the German forces in Italy are no longer an organized army. The country is entirely in our hands, from Sicily to Bren- ner, from the French horder to Trieste. There is nothing more for the proud Ger- man generals to do but surrender, and they do this completely and unconditionally. It is my privilege and pride to be present when General von Senger enters General Clark's field headquarters to surrender all the German land forces. Genera) Clark, in shirt sleeves and green neck scarf, receives the surrender. La Guerra in Italia e’ finita! General Clark, there is nothing we can say which can add to the pride which must be yours in having liberated Italy, the land of the Caesars, the Michelangelos, the Gari- baldis, the land of the forefathers of ten millions of us Americans. Yours was the most difficult of all operations in the entire war, und the greatness of your achieve- ments in Italy have caused us to overlook somewhat the great work performed by you prior to the Italian campaign. We may overlook, but we cannot forget that you were deputy commander to General Eisen- hower in planning the whole North African campaign. We cannot forget that it was you who went by submarine through enemy controlled waters to land on enemy patrolled shores to deal with the French, so as to save the lives of tens of thousands of American lads then on the ocean. Who can forget that dramatic exploit which had all the aspects of a detective mystery thriller; how, while you were dealing with the French, the Vichy police arrived and you had to hide in the cellar, how one of your party coughed and you stopped up his mouth with chewing gum. Every schoolboy knows that tale, which for melo- drama surpasses anything that fiction has to offer. His men have faith in him because they know he takes his chances with them and always looks after their welfare and com- fort. To Clark, men are never expendable. Those who accompanied him on the subma- rine venture to north Africa said that Clark hud two principal preoccupations through- out that entire exploit: First, the success of the mission, and, second, the safety of his men. His own security was a later con- sideration. At Anzio, when an ammunition truck ex- ploded during an air raid, General Clark ran to the aid of the wounded British driver who had crawled from the truck and lay beside the flaming vehicle. During the fighting Mrs. Clark naturally worried about her husband and his narrow escapes, so she wrote him like a goud wife, expressing the wish that he not visit the front every day. In characteristic humorous fashion, he wrote back, “You fry the pork chops and I'll run the Army.” Clark never complained that the people back home were not doing enough. As a matter of fact, he was always grateful for their sacrifices. We may talk about General Clark, fete him, and honor him, but no tribute can sur- pass that which I saw in Sorrento. While Military Governor of the Sorrentine Penin- sula, I was visiting one day the various chari- table institutions. At Capo di Sorrento Is located the home for the aged. In time of peace the aged draw aid from the com- munity, but in time of war they are at the mercy of fate. I stopped at this ospizio. A crippled, withered old man of about 90 hob- bled up to me and inquired, “Are you an American?” When I replied in the affirma- tive, he asked if I knew General Clark. I