IV 
118TH CONGRESS 
2D SESSION 
H. RES. 1434 
Recognizing the role of the Scarboro 85 in the desegregation of public schools 
following the landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United 
States in Brown v. Board of Education. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
SEPTEMBER 10, 2024 
Mr. FLEISCHMANN (for himself, Mrs. HARSHBARGER, Mr. BURCHETT, Mr. 
DESJARLAIS, Mr. OGLES, Mr. ROSE, Mr. GREEN of Tennessee, Mr. 
KUSTOFF, and Mr. COHEN) submitted the following resolution; which was 
referred to the Committee on the Judiciary 
RESOLUTION 
Recognizing the role of the Scarboro 85 in the desegregation 
of public schools following the landmark decision of the 
Supreme Court of the United States in Brown v. Board 
of Education. 
Whereas, on May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United 
States delivered a unanimous opinion in Brown v. Board 
of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), holding that— 
(1) separate educational facilities are inherently un-
equal; and 
(2) the ‘‘separate but equal’’ doctrine violated the 
14th Amendment of the Constitution of the United 
States, which states that no citizen may be denied equal 
protection under the law; 
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•HRES 1434 IH 
Whereas, in a second opinion issued on May 31, 1955, the 
Supreme Court of the United States decreed that schools 
should be desegregated ‘‘with all deliberate speed’’; 
Whereas, on September 6, 1955, Oak Ridge High School and 
Robertsville Junior High, located in Oak Ridge, Ten-
nessee, became the first public schools in the Southeast 
region to implement the ruling of the Supreme Court of 
the United States in Brown v. Board of Education; 
Whereas the integration of Oak Ridge High School and 
Robertsville Junior High was conducted in a peaceful 
manner; 
Whereas the ‘‘Scarboro 85’’ consisted of the 85 African- 
American students from Oak Ridge, Tennessee, who led 
the historic integration of public schools in the Southeast, 
including— 
(1) Earnestine Avery; 
(2) Donald Avery; 
(3) Willis Lee Avery; 
(4) Richard Bates; 
(5) Robert Berry; 
(6) Will C. Booker; 
(7) Stella Brantley; 
(8) Marshall Butler; 
(9) Jaqueline Bynam; 
(10) William Henry Carroll; 
(11) Pete Clark; 
(12) Randolph Collins; 
(13) Evindies Copeland; 
(14) Ethel Davidson; 
(15) Minnie Davidson; 
(16) Lola B. Dowdell; 
(17) Georgia Lee Dowdell; 
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•HRES 1434 IH 
(18) James Drake; 
(19) Willie Lee Edwards; 
(20) Shirley Reed Freeman; 
(21) John D. Ghosten Jr.; 
(22) L.C. Gipson; 
(23) Nannie Mae Goodman; 
(24) Lawrence Graham; 
(25) Mazie Graham; 
(26) Rufus Graham; 
(27) Henry Fred Guinn; 
(28) Gwendolyn Guinn; 
(29) Margaret Strickland Guinn; 
(30) Eugene Hawkins; 
(31) Roberta Hawkins; 
(32) Shirley Hawkins; 
(33) Helen Hill; 
(34) Mable Jean Hill; 
(35) Robert Hill; 
(36) Deloris Holmes; 
(37) Edward Holmes; 
(38) Dorothy Ann Hudgens; 
(39) A.C. Hunter Jr.; 
(40) Webster Jackson; 
(41) Leroy Justice; 
(42) Willie Frank Kirk; 
(43) Archie Lee; 
(44) Jo Ann Lee; 
(45) Charles Lewis; 
(46) Dorothy Kirk Lewis; 
(47) Jimmy Lewis; 
(48) Spencer Lindsay; 
(49) Earnestine Maddox; 
(50) Bernice Mahone; 
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•HRES 1434 IH 
(51) Leon Mahone; 
(52) Mary Ellen Mahone; 
(53) Winfred Malone; 
(54) Barbara Jean Mason; 
(55) Emma McCaskill; 
(56) Paul Kylene McCaskill; 
(57) Jesse McClanahan; 
(58) Alma McKinney; 
(59) Eloise Mitchell; 
(60) Maxine Officer; 
(61) Barbara Sue Perry; 
(62) Bobby Phillips; 
(63) Amos William Robinson; 
(64) Arthur Charles Robinson; 
(65) Hazel Marie Robinson; 
(66) C.H. Shannon; 
(67) Mary Jo Shannon; 
(68) Barbara Jean Sims; 
(69) Willy Smith; 
(70) Sarah Mae Spratling; 
(71) Emma Jean Strickland; 
(72) Pearl Strickland; 
(73) Frank Summerville; 
(74) Joe Summerville; 
(75) Edward Lewis Threat; 
(76) Joe Torry; 
(77) Charles Walker; 
(78) Estelle Warmley; 
(79) Donald Washington; 
(80) Joe West Jr.; 
(81) Roy Lee White; 
(82) Leroy Williams; 
(83) Nehemiah Williams; and 
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•HRES 1434 IH 
(84) 2 additional students, names unknown; 
Whereas Lawrence Graham Jr., Henry Fred Guinn, and 
Robert Berry of the Scarboro 85 were the first African- 
American students to participate in public school and 
university athletics in the Southeast region; 
Whereas African-American staff members of Oak Ridge High 
School and Robertsville Junior High included— 
(1) Fred Brown; 
(2) Douglas Freeman; 
(3) Hurley Hardin; 
(4) Ms. McSwain; 
(5) Mrs. Roach; 
(6) Madeline Scales; and 
(7) Mrs. Vernon; and 
Whereas the Scarboro 85 were aided by pillars of the Oak 
Ridge community, including— 
(1) the Mt. Zion Missionary Baptist Church; 
(2) the Oak Valley Baptist Church; 
(3) the Spurgeon Chapel African American Meth-
odist Episcopal Zion Church; and 
(4) the Scarboro Church of Christ: Now, therefore, 
be it 
Resolved, That the House of Representatives recog-
nizes and celebrates— 
(1) the Scarboro 85 as the first group of Afri-
can American students to integrate public schools in 
the Southeast region following the landmark decision 
of the Supreme Court of the United States in Brown 
v. Board of Education; and 
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•HRES 1434 IH 
(2) the role of the Scarboro 85 in leading the 
desegregation movement in the Southeast region. 
Æ 
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