nologies at a scale sufficient to meet the needs of the sci-
entific community and enable commercialization of quan-
tum technology. 
‘‘(c) QUANTUM FOUNDRIES.—In carrying out the pro-
gram under subsection (a), and in coordination partnership 
with institutions of higher education and industry, the Sec-
retary of Energy shall support the development of quantum 
foundries focused on meeting the device, hardware, software, 
and materials needs of the scientific community and the 
quantum supply chain. 
‘‘(d) FUNDING.—The Secretary of Energy shall allo-
cate up to $25,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 
2028 to carry out this section, subject to the availability 
of appropriations. Amounts made available to carry out 
this section shall be derived from amounts appropriated or 
otherwise made available to the Department of Energy’s Of-
fice of Science.’’. 
SEC. 18. NATIONAL QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE RE-
SEARCH CENTERS. 
Section 402 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 
(15 U.S.C. 8852) is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a)— 
(A) in paragraph (1)— 
(i) by striking ‘‘basic’’; 
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(ii) by striking ‘‘science and tech-
nology’’ and inserting ‘‘science, engineering, 
and technology, expand capacity for the do-
mestic quantum workforce,’’; and 
(iii) by striking ‘‘section 401’’ and in-
serting ‘‘sections 401, 403, and 404’’; and 
(B) in paragraph (2)(C), by inserting ‘‘that 
may include one or more commercial entities’’ 
after ‘‘collaborations’’; 
(2) in subsection (b), by inserting ‘‘, and should 
be inclusive of the variety of viable quantum tech-
nologies, where appropriate’’ before the period; 
(3) in subsection (c), 
(A) by striking ‘‘basic’’; and 
(B) by inserting ‘‘, engineering, and tech-
nology, accelerating quantum workforce develop-
ment,’’ after ‘‘science’’; 
(4) in subsection (d)(1)— 
(A) in subparagraph (C), by striking ‘‘and’’ 
after the semicolon; 
(B) by redesignating subparagraph (D) as 
subparagraph (E); and 
(C) by inserting after subparagraph (C) the 
following new subparagraph: 
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‘‘(D) the Office of Technology Transitions; 
and’’; 
(5) in subsection (e), by amending paragraph (2) 
to read as follows: 
‘‘(2) RENEWAL.—Each Center under this section 
may be renewed for an additional period of 5 years 
following a successful, merit-based review and ap-
proval by the Director.’’; and 
(6) in subsection (f)— 
(A) by striking ‘‘$25,000,000’’ and inserting 
‘‘$35,000,000’’; and 
(B) by striking ‘‘2019 through 2023’’ and 
inserting ‘‘2024 through 2028’’. 
SEC. 19. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM NETWORK IN-
FRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOP-
MENT PROGRAM. 
Section 403 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 
(15 U.S.C. 8853) is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a)— 
(A) in paragraph (4)— 
(i) by inserting ‘‘, including’’ after 
‘‘networking’’; and 
(ii) by striking ‘‘and’’ after the semi-
colon; 
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(B) in paragraph (5), by striking the period 
and inserting a semicolon; and 
(C) by adding at the end the following new 
paragraphs: 
‘‘(6) where applicable, leverage a diversity of mo-
dalities and commercially-available quantum hard-
ware and software; and 
‘‘(7) develop education and training pathways 
related to quantum network infrastructure invest-
ments, aligned with existing programmatic invest-
ments by the Department of Energy.’’; and 
(2) in subsection (b)— 
(A) in paragraph (1)— 
(i) by redesignating subparagraphs (C) 
and (D) as subparagraphs (D) and (E), re-
spectively; and 
(ii) by inserting after subparagraph 
(B) the following new subparagraph: 
‘‘(C) the Administrator of the National Aer-
onautics and Space Administration;’’; 
(B) in paragraph (2)— 
(i) in subparagraph (A), by inserting 
‘‘ground-to-space and’’ after ‘‘channels,’’; 
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(ii) in subparagraph (E), by striking 
‘‘photon-based’’ and inserting ‘‘all applica-
ble modalities of’’; 
(iii) in subparagraph (F), by inserting 
‘‘, quantum sensors,’’ after ‘‘quantum re-
peaters’’; 
(iv) in subparagraph (G)— 
(I) by inserting ‘‘data centers,’’ 
after ‘‘repeaters,’’; and 
(II) by striking ‘‘and’’ after the 
semicolon; 
(v) in subparagraph (H)— 
(I) by striking ‘‘the quantum tech-
nology stack’’ and inserting ‘‘quantum 
technology modality stacks’’; and 
(II) by striking ‘‘National Lab-
oratories in’’ and inserting ‘‘National 
Laboratories such as’’; and 
(vi) by adding at the end the following 
new subparagraph: 
‘‘(I) development of quantum network and 
entanglement distribution protocols or applica-
tions, including development of network stack 
protocols and protocols enabling integration with 
existing technologies or infrastructure; and 
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‘‘(J) development of high efficiency room- 
temperature 
photon 
detectors 
for 
quantum 
photonic applications, including quantum net-
working and communications;’’; 
(C) in paragraph (4)— 
(i) by striking ‘‘basic’’; and 
(ii) by striking ‘‘material’’ and insert-
ing ‘‘materials’’; and 
(D) in paragraph (5), by striking ‘‘funda-
mental’’; 
(3) in subsection (c)(6), by inserting ‘‘, including 
small and medium-sized businesses and startups’’ be-
fore the semicolon; and 
(4) in subsection (d), by striking ‘‘basic re-
search’’ and inserting ‘‘research, development, and 
demonstration’’. 
SEC. 20. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM USER EXPAN-
SION FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRO-
GRAM. 
Section 404 of the of the National Quantum Initiative 
Act (15 U.S.C. 8854) is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a)— 
(A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), 
by striking ‘‘and quantum computing clouds’’ 
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and inserting ‘‘, software, and cloud-based quan-
tum computers’’; 
(B) in paragraph (3), by striking ‘‘and’’ 
after the semicolon; 
(C) in paragraph (4), by striking the period 
and inserting a semicolon; and 
(D) by adding at the end the following new 
paragraphs: 
‘‘(5) to enable development of software and ap-
plications, including estimation of resources needed to 
scale applications; and 
‘‘(6) to develop near-term quantum applications 
to solve public and private sector problems.’’; 
(2) in subsection (b)— 
(A) in paragraph (4), by striking ‘‘and’’ 
after the semicolon; 
(B) in paragraph (5), by striking the period 
and inserting a semicolon; and 
(C) by at the end the following new para-
graphs: 
‘‘(6) enables users to develop algorithms, software 
tools, simulators, and applications for quantum sys-
tems using cloud-based quantum computers; and 
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SEC. 21. QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE TO ENHANCE 
THE 
RESILIENCE, 
SECURITY, 
AND 
EFFI-
CIENCY OF THE ELECTRIC GRID. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Title IV of the National Quantum 
Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8851 et seq.) is amended by add-
ing at the end the following: 
‘‘SEC. 405. QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE TO ENHANCE 
THE RESILIENCE AND SECURITY OF THE 
ELECTRIC GRID. 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy (referred 
to in this section as the ‘Secretary’) shall conduct research, 
development, and demonstration activities focused on the 
use of quantum information science, engineering, and tech-
nology, including through quantum applications and quan-
tum computing, to enhance the resilience, security, and effi-
ciency of the electric grid in the United States. 
‘‘(b) RESEARCH AREAS.—In carrying out subsection 
(a), the Secretary may conduct research in the following 
areas: 
‘‘(1) Fault detection and prediction. 
‘‘(2) Grid security and safety, including through 
post-quantum cryptography. 
‘‘(3) Integrated grid planning. 
‘‘(4) Grid optimization. 
‘‘(5) Enhanced modeling. 
‘‘(6) Energy storage. 
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‘‘(7) Energy market optimization. 
‘‘(8) Any other area in which, in the determina-
tion of the Secretary, quantum information science, 
engineering, and technology can enhance the resil-
ience, security, and efficiency of the electric grid in 
the United States. 
‘‘(c) COOPERATION.—To the extent practicable, the 
Secretary shall conduct research, development, and dem-
onstration activities under subsection (a) in cooperation, 
including through partnerships, as the Secretary determines 
to be appropriate, with members of relevant industries, Na-
tional Laboratories, institutions of higher education, and 
other relevant institutions, including research institutions, 
as determined by the Secretary.’’. 
(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents in 
section 1(b) of the National Quantum Initiative Act (Public 
Law 115–368; 132 Stat. 5092; 136 Stat. 1441) is amended 
by inserting after the item relating to section 404 the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘Sec. 405. Quantum information science to enhance the resilience and security of 
the electric grid. 
‘‘Sec. 406. Research security.’’. 
SEC. 22. RESEARCH SECURITY. 
Title IV of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 
U.S.C. 8851 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the 
following new section: 
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‘‘SEC. 406. RESEARCH SECURITY. 
‘‘The activities authorized under title IV shall be ap-
plied in a manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of 
the Research and Development, Competition, and Innova-
tion Act (enacted as division B of Public Law 117–167; 
42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.).’’. 
SEC. 23. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRA-
TION QUANTUM ACTIVITIES. 
The National Quantum Initiative Act is amended by 
adding at the end the following new title: 
‘‘TITLE 
V—NATIONAL 
AERO-
NAUTICS AND SPACE ADMIN-
ISTRATION QUANTUM ACTIVI-
TIES 
‘‘SEC. 501. QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE, ENGINEER-
ING, 
AND 
TECHNOLOGY 
RESEARCH 
FOR 
SPACE AND AERONAUTICS. 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator of the National 
Aeronautics and Space Administration is authorized to 
carry out research on quantum information science, engi-
neering, and technology. 
‘‘(b) COOPERATION.—In carrying out subsection (a), 
the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space 
Administration— 
‘‘(1) shall consider cooperative arrangements 
with the Department of Energy and other Federal 
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Government agencies, as practicable, on areas of 
shared benefit; and 
‘‘(2) may enter into memoranda of under-
standing or memoranda of agreement to establish 
such cooperative arrangements. 
‘‘(c) STRATEGY.—Not later than 180 days after the 
date of the enactment of this title, the Administrator of the 
National Aeronautics and Space Administration shall sub-
mit to the appropriate committees of Congress a strategy 
for National Aeronautics and Space Administration re-
search on quantum information science, engineering, and 
technology. The strategy shall identify resources required to 
support implementation of the strategy, including budgets, 
workforce, and infrastructure, describe cooperative efforts 
with other Federal Government agencies, and address areas 
of research and applications, including the following: 
‘‘(1) Quantum sensing. 
‘‘(2) Quantum networking. 
‘‘(3) Quantum communications, including quan-
tum satellite communications. 
‘‘(4) Quantum computing. 
‘‘(5) Science, aeronautics, and exploration-re-
lated applications. 
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‘‘(6) Any other area on quantum information, 
science, engineering, and technology the Adminis-
trator determines necessary. 
‘‘(d) CONSULTATION.—In developing the strategy de-
scribed in subsection (c), the Administrator may seek input 
from relevant external stakeholders, including institutions 
of higher education, industry, and nonprofit research orga-
nizations. 
‘‘SEC. 502. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINIS-
TRATION QUANTUM INSTITUTE. 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Subject to the availability of ap-
propriations, the Administrator of the National Aero-
nautics and Space Administration, in consultation with the 
heads of other Federal departments and agencies, as appro-
priate, may carry out a program to establish an institute 
focused on space and aeronautics applications of quantum 
information science, engineering, and technology. 
‘‘(b) INSTITUTE DETAILS.— 
‘‘(1) 
COMPETITIVE, 
MERIT-REVIEWED
PROC-
ESS.—The institute under this section shall be estab-
lished through a competitive, merit-reviewed process. 
‘‘(2) 
APPLICATIONS.—An 
eligible 
applicant 
under this section shall submit to the Administrator 
of the National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion an application at such time, in such manner, 
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and containing such information as the Adminis-
trator determines to be appropriate. 
‘‘(3) 
ELIGIBLE
APPLICANTS.—When 
admin-
istering the process described in paragraph (1), the 
Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space 
Administration shall consider applications from in-
stitutions of higher education, research centers, multi- 
institutional collaborations, and any other entity that 
the Administrator determines to be appropriate. 
‘‘(4) COLLABORATIONS.—A collaboration that re-
ceives an award under this section may include mul-
tiple types of research institutions, private sector enti-
ties, and nonprofit organizations. 
‘‘(5) COORDINATION.—The Administrator of the 
National Aeronautics and Space Administration shall 
ensure an awardee under this section coordinates the 
activities carried out under this section with the Na-
tional Aeronautics and Space Administration, and 
avoids unnecessary duplication of the existing activi-
ties of the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis-
tration, other activities carried out under this Act, 
and other related programs, as appropriate. 
‘‘(6) COMMERCIAL TECHNOLOGY.—The institute 
under this section may leverage commercially-avail-
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able hardware and software to carry out the activities 
described in subsection (c). 
‘‘(c) INSTITUTE ACTIVITIES.—The institute under this 
section may carry out activities that— 
‘‘(1) support research focused on developing 
space and aeronautics applications for quantum in-
formation science, engineering, and technology, in-
cluding as related to the results of the strategy under 
section 501(c); and 
‘‘(2) support quantum information science, engi-
neering, and technology education and public out-
reach. 
‘‘(d) INSTITUTE REQUIREMENTS.—To the maximum 
extent practicable, the institute under this section shall 
serve the needs of the National Aeronautics and Space Ad-
ministration for the benefit of the broader United States 
quantum information science community, to create and de-
velop processes for the purpose of advancing space and aero-
nautics applications in quantum information science, engi-
neering, and technology, and improving the competitiveness 
of the United States. 
‘‘(e) INSTITUTE SELECTION AND DURATION.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to the availability of 
appropriations, the institute under this section may 
carry out activities for a period of 5 years. 
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‘‘(2) REAPPLICATION.—Subject to the avail-
ability of appropriations, an awardee may reapply 
for an additional, subsequent period of 5 years fol-
lowing a successful, merit-based review. 
‘‘(3) TERMINATION.—Consistent with the au-
thorities of the National Aeronautics and Space Ad-
ministration, the Administrator of the National Aero-
nautics and Space Administration may terminate the 
institute for cause during the performance period. 
‘‘SEC. 503. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 
‘‘The Administrator of the National Aeronautics and 
Space Administration shall allocate up to $25,000,000 to 
carry out the activities authorized in sections 501 and 502 
for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028, subject to the 
availability of appropriations. Amounts made available to 
carry out sections 501 and 502 shall be derived from 
amounts appropriated or otherwise made available to the 
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 
‘‘SEC. 504. RESEARCH SECURITY. 
‘‘The activities authorized under title V shall be ap-
plied in a manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of 
the Research and Development, Competition, and Innova-
tion Act (enacted as division B of Public Law 117–167; 
42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.).’’. 
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SEC. 24. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION CRYPTOGRAPHY 
RESEARCH. 
Subsection (a)(1)(A) of section 4 of the Cyber Security 
Research and Development Act (15 U.S.C. 7403) is amend-
ed by inserting ‘‘, including post-quantum cryptography (as 
such term is defined in section 3 of the Quantum Com-
puting Cybersecurity Preparedness Act (6 U.S.C. 1526 note; 
Public Law 117–260))’’ before the semicolon. 
SEC. 25. CLERICAL AMENDMENTS. 
The table of contents in section 1(b) of the National 
Quantum Initiative Act is amended as follows: 
(1) By inserting after the item relating to section 
105 the following new item: 
‘‘Sec. 105A. International Quantum Cooperation Strategy.’’. 
(2) By inserting after the item relating to section 
201 the following new items: 
‘‘Sec. 202. National Institute of Standards and Technology Quantum Centers.’’; 
(3) By inserting after the item relating to section 
302 the following new items: 
‘‘Sec. 303. Quantum Reskilling, Education, and Workforce (QREW) Coordination 
Hub. 
‘‘Sec. 304. Quantum testbeds.’’. 
(4) By inserting after the item relating to section 
401 the following new item: 
‘‘Sec. 401A. Department of Energy Quantum Instrumentation and Foundry Pro-
gram.’’. 
(5) By adding at the end the following new 
items: 
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‘‘TITLE V—NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION 
QUANTUM ACTIVITIES 
‘‘Sec. 501. Quantum information science, engineering, and technology research for 
space and aeronautics. 
‘‘Sec. 502. National Aeronautics and Space Administration quantum institute. 
‘‘Sec. 503. Authorization of appropriations. 
‘‘Sec. 504. Research security.’’. 
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Union Calendar No. 510 
118TH CONGRESS 
2D SESSION 
H. R. 6213 
[Report No. 118–612] 
A BILL 
To reauthorize the National Quantum Initiative 
Act, and for other purposes. 
JULY 25, 2024 
Reported with an amendment, committed to the Com-
mittee of the Whole House on the State of the Union, 
and ordered to be printed 
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