175 
section 1019(b), plans for achieving the goal and objec-
tives of section 1502. 
(c) GUIDELINES.—The Global Conservation Strategy 
should— 
(1) establish priority countries, regions or nat-
ural ecosystems for reducing environmental degrada-
tion; 
(2) identify the economic, health, and conflict- 
prevention benefits to be achieved through imple-
mentation of the strategy; 
(3) establish policy guidance to link investments 
in specific conservation programs to the broader 
goals of reducing poverty and alleviating human suf-
fering, and to integrate environmental goals into 
country-based and sector-based strategies; 
(4) identify and improve United States policies 
that affect the conservation of critical natural re-
sources and biodiversity abroad; 
(5) seek to encourage and leverage participation 
from the private sector, other donor governments, 
governments of developing countries, international 
financial institutions, and other international organi-
zations to implement the strategy; 
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(6) address the anticipated effects of climate 
change on highly vulnerable communities and popu-
lations and on the achievement of key objectives; and 
(7) include a review of all executive orders and 
regulations that may have an impact on the strat-
egy. 
SEC. 1504. ASSISTANCE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAIN-
ABILITY. 
(a) AUTHORIZATION.—The Administrator is author-
ized to use funds made available under section 1015 to 
further the goal and objectives of this chapter in partner 
countries. 
(b) ACTIVITIES.—Assistance provided under sub-
section (a) shall include the following: 
(1) PROTECTING
AND
RESTORING
NATURAL 
ECOSYSTEMS.— 
(A) Conserving, sustainably managing, and 
restoring natural ecosystems. 
(B) Establishing, restoring, protecting, and 
maintaining protected areas, parks and re-
serves. 
(C) Developing and improving governance 
structures, resource rights and responsibilities, 
and land use planning to reduce degradation, 
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destruction, and illegal use of natural eco-
systems. 
(D) Reducing greenhouse gas emissions 
from land use and land-use change, the destruc-
tion of wetlands and peatlands and forestry, in-
cluding deforestation and forest degradation 
and enhancement of forest carbon stocks. 
(E) Studying and assessing the economic 
value of natural ecosystems and their contribu-
tions to addressing poverty-related issues. 
(F) Developing alternatives and disincen-
tives to destructive farming, fishing, and for-
estry practices. 
(2) CONSERVING BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY.— 
(A) Protecting and maintaining wildlife 
and plant habitats, both land and sea. 
(B) Developing sound wildlife management 
and plant conservation policies and programs at 
the local, national, and international levels. 
(C) Identifying, studying, and cataloging 
animal and plant species. 
(D) Establishing effective policies and reg-
ulations to reduce loss of biological diversity. 
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(E) Enacting and enforcing anti-poaching 
measures, including through alternative liveli-
hood opportunities. 
(F) Educating local communities, including 
civil society organizations, governments and in-
termediate representative institutions, about the 
importance and benefits of conserving biological 
diversity. 
(3) MITIGATING
AND
ADAPTING
TO
CLIMATE 
CHANGE.— 
(A) Researching and assessing climato-
logical and socioeconomic factors to identify and 
prioritize vulnerable populations and natural 
ecosystems and likely impacts. 
(B) Developing national and regional cli-
mate change adaptation and mitigation plans. 
(C) Planning, financing and implementing 
adaptation programs and activities. 
(D) Increasing resilience to and prepared-
ness for climate change and its impacts among 
highly vulnerable communities and populations, 
including through capacity building. 
(E) Supporting the identification and 
adoption of appropriate renewable and efficient 
energy technologies. 
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(4) REDUCING POLLUTION OF AIR, LAND AND 
WATER.— 
(A) Monitoring, regulating, and mitigating 
pollutants to air, land and water. 
(B) Designing, promoting and utilizing 
clean technologies and practices. 
(C) Increasing the quality, quantity, and 
transparency of data regarding the monitoring, 
regulation and mitigation of pollutants. 
(D) Developing public awareness cam-
paigns and promoting civic participation in en-
vironmental stewardship. 
SEC. 1505. ASSISTANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AND 
NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 
(1) Access to energy is essential for economic 
growth, public health, clean water, sanitation, trans-
portation, communication, agricultural activities, and 
the overall progress of developing countries. 
(2) Many developing countries lack access to 
the financial resources and technology necessary to 
locate, explore, and develop indigenous natural re-
sources. 
(3) Black carbon contributes to pollution, 
health concerns, and significantly warms the Earth’s 
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climate system by absorbing radiation, converting it 
into heat, and releasing heat energy into the atmos-
phere. 
(4) Clean, efficient and renewable energy 
sources are vital to sustain economic growth and 
protect human health. 
(5) Energy must be accessible to the poor in 
order to ensure that basic human needs are met. 
(6) Title V of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation 
Act of 1978 (22 U.S.C. 3261 et seq.) requires the 
United States to work with developing countries in 
assessing and finding ways to meet their energy 
needs through alternatives to nuclear energy that 
are consistent with economic factors, material re-
sources, and environmental protection. 
(7) Proper management of natural resources 
can provide the basis for sustainable development 
while the mismanagement and unregulated exploi-
tation of natural resources has fueled conflict and 
corruption in many countries around the world. 
(b) AUTHORIZATION.—The Administrator is author-
ized to use funds made available under this chapter for 
programs to promote clean energy technologies, respon-
sible stewardship of natural resources, and reliable access 
by the poor to energy. 
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(c) ACTIVITIES.—Assistance authorized under sub-
section (b) shall include the following: 
(1) INCREASING ENERGY EFFICIENCY.— 
(A) Development of sound national energy 
and electricity plans. 
(B) Improving the efficiency of electricity 
transmission, distribution, and consumption. 
(C) Building local capacity to monitor and 
regulate the energy sector. 
(2) EXPANDING
ACCESS
TO
CLEAN, RENEW-
ABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND TECHNOLOGIES.— 
(A) Improving the availability of renewable 
electricity 
generation 
from 
wind, 
solar, 
sustainably and locally produced biomass, geo-
thermal, marine, or hydrokinetic sources. 
(B) Expanding the deployment of low or 
zero emission technologies. 
(C) Increasing access to clean energy tech-
nologies, especially in rural areas. 
(D) Improving transportation system and 
vehicle efficiency. 
(E) Reducing black carbon emissions, in-
cluding through the use of clean cookstoves. 
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(F) Building local capacity to operate, 
maintain and improve clean energy tech-
nologies. 
(G) Mitigating the impacts of energy alter-
natives on natural resources and natural eco-
systems 
(3) BUILDING CAPACITY FOR SOUND NATURAL 
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT.— 
(A) Enhancing the transparency of reve-
nues generated from natural resource extrac-
tion. 
(B) Improving the security of land tenure 
and property rights, especially for marginalized 
groups. 
(C) Building local capacity to assess, mon-
itor, and regulate access to natural resources 
and to evaluate the social and environmental ef-
fects of extraction. 
(D) Improving local capacity to assess the 
value of environmental services. 
SEC. 1506. ENVIRONMENTAL RESTRICTIONS. 
(a) RESTRICTION.—Assistance authorized under this 
subtitle shall not be provided for programs, projects, and 
activities that— 
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(1) introduce invasive and nonnative plant spe-
cies; 
(2) cause the destruction or degradation of ex-
isting natural ecosystems, natural parks, or similar 
protected areas; 
(3) result in or cause a loss of biological diver-
sity or adversely impact rare, threatened, or endan-
gered plant and animal species; 
(4) involve destructive farming, fishing, and for-
est harvesting practices such as slash and burn agri-
culture; or 
(5) provide for the construction of dams or 
other water control structures that flood natural eco-
systems. 
(b) WAIVER.—The Administrator may waive the re-
strictions contained in subsection (a) if the Administrator 
determines and reports to the appropriate congressional 
committees that— 
(1) the proposed program, project, or activity is 
vital to improving the livelihoods of the rural poor; 
(2) the proposed program will be conducted in 
an environmentally sound manner that supports sus-
tainable development; and 
(3) appropriate mitigation activities will be un-
dertaken. 
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SEC. 1507. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS AND AS-
SESSMENTS. 
(a) IN
GENERAL.—In implementing programs, 
projects, and activities under this subtitle, the Adminis-
trator shall take fully into account the impact of such pro-
grams and projects upon the environment and natural re-
sources of developing countries. 
(b) REQUIRED STATEMENTS AND ASSESSMENTS.— 
Subject to such procedures as the Administrator considers 
appropriate, the Administrator shall require that all agen-
cies and officials responsible for programs, projects, and 
activities under this subtitle prepare and take fully into 
account— 
(1) an environmental impact statement for any 
proposed program, project, or activity significantly 
affecting the environment of the global commons 
outside the jurisdiction of any country, the environ-
ment of the United States, or other aspects of the 
environment which the Administrator may specify; 
and 
(2) an environmental assessment of any pro-
posed program, project, or activity significantly af-
fecting the environment of any foreign country. 
(c) MATTERS TO BE INCLUDED.—Environmental 
impact statements and environmental assessments under-
taken pursuant to subsection (b) shall include— 
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(1) recommendations for possible alternatives 
and mitigation measures; 
(2) an estimate of greenhouse gas emissions at-
tributable to the program, project, or activity; and 
(3) a special review of any project that will emit 
more than 100,000 tons of carbon dioxide. 
(d) LOCAL TECHNICAL RESOURCES.—Environmental 
impact statements and environmental assessments under-
taken pursuant to paragraph (b) should, to the maximum 
extent feasible, use local technical resources. 
(e) EXCEPTIONS.—The Administrator may establish 
exceptions from the requirements of this section for emer-
gency conditions and for cases in which the Administrator 
determines that compliance with those requirements would 
be seriously detrimental to the foreign policy interests of 
the United States. 
(f) PUBLIC AVAILABILITY.— 
(1) IN
THE
UNITED
STATES.—All environ-
mental impact statements and environmental assess-
ments shall be published on the Internet website of 
the Agency not later than 30 days following their 
completion, and may be accompanied by the Agen-
cy’s response to the findings therein. 
(2) IN AFFECTED COUNTRIES.—To the extent 
feasible, all environmental assessments shall be 
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translated into the local language(s) of the affected 
communities and made available to the partner gov-
ernment, local and international nongovernmental 
organizations, and affected communities. 
SEC. 1508. DEFINITIONS. 
In this chapter: 
(1) NATURAL ECOSYSTEM.—The term ‘‘natural 
ecosystem’’ means a dynamic set of living organisms, 
including plants, animals, and microorganisms inter-
acting among themselves and with the environment 
in which they live, and includes tropical forests, 
freshwater, coastal, estuarian and fisheries habitats, 
coral reefs, natural grasslands, and mangrove for-
ests. 
(2) GREENHOUSE GAS.—The term ‘‘greenhouse 
gas’’ means carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, 
sulfur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons emitted from 
a chemical manufacturing process at an industrial 
stationary source, any perfluorocarbon, nitrogen 
trifluoride, any other anthropogenic gas designated 
as a greenhouse gas by the Administrator for pur-
poses of this chapter. 
(3) HIGHLY VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES AND 
POPULATIONS.—The term ‘‘highly vulnerable com-
munities and populations’’ means communities and 
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populations that are at risk of substantial adverse 
impacts of climate change and have limited capacity 
to respond to such impacts, including impoverished 
communities, children, women, and indigenous peo-
ples. 
(4) MOST
VULNERABLE
DEVELOPING
COUN-
TRIES.—The term ‘‘most vulnerable developing 
countries’’ means, as determined by the Adminis-
trator, developing countries that are at risk of sub-
stantial adverse impacts of climate change and have 
limited capacity to respond to such impacts, consid-
ering the approaches included in any international 
treaties and agreements. 
CHAPTER 6—IMPROVING ACCESS TO SAFE 
WATER, SANITATION, AND HOUSING 
SEC. 1601. FINDINGS AND STATEMENT OF POLICY. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 
(1) Clean water and sanitation are among the 
most powerful drivers for human development. They 
extend opportunity, enhance dignity, and help create 
a virtuous cycle of improving health and rising 
wealth. 
(2) Unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanita-
tion, and unsuitable and unhygienic living conditions 
exact an enormous toll on human health in devel-
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oping countries, particularly for infants and chil-
dren. 
(3) Diseases linked to unsafe water and poor 
sanitation, as well as the time and energy women 
often devote to collecting water, significantly reduce 
economic productivity in less developed countries 
and promote lifecycles of disadvantage. 
(4) Water scarcity has negative consequences 
for agricultural productivity and food security, and 
seriously threatens international ability to increase 
food production at the rate required to meet the 
needs of the world’s growing population. 
(5) The underlying cause of water scarcity in 
the large majority of cases is institutional and polit-
ical, and requires sustainable and effective water re-
source management. 
(6) Demand for water resources has contributed 
to armed conflict in many parts of the world, while 
conflict and civil strife often reduce access to clean 
water and sanitation for displaced persons and other 
innocent victims. 
(7) The continued degradation of watersheds 
threatens the benefits that healthy natural systems 
provide, and on which people rely. 
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(8) The effects of climate change are expected 
to produce severe consequences for water availability 
and resource management in many developing coun-
tries, which could result in severe and chronic water 
shortages. 
(9) Unsuitable and unhygienic living conditions 
can exact a heavy toll on human health and produc-
tivity. Adequate housing is often a precondition for 
the enjoyment of various civic and human rights, in-
cluding the rights to work, vote, obtain education, 
receive health care, and access other social services. 
(10) Rapid urbanization and future population 
growth are expected to exacerbate already limited 
access to water, as well as to adequate housing. 
(11) Approximately half the world’s population 
lives in cities, often in slums characterized by unsafe 
water, poor sanitation, lack of basic services, over-
crowding, inferior construction and insecure tenure. 
Because slum populations are growing rapidly, they 
require increased attention and better integrated 
programming. 
(12) Inadequate laws, policies and enforcement 
mechanisms to protect real property use, lease, and 
ownership rights often subject slum dwellers to arbi-
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trary, often supra-market rents, forced evictions, 
threats, and harassment. 
(13) Insecurity of tenure severely inhibits eco-
nomic development by undermining investment in-
centives and constraining the growth of credit mar-
kets, imperils the ability of families to achieve sus-
tainable livelihoods and assured access to housing, 
and often contributes to conflict over property 
rights. 
(14) Women are affected disproportionately by 
forced evictions and insecure tenure as a result of 
gender discrimination, often including gender-biased 
laws that define women as legal minors or otherwise 
prevent them from owning or leasing land, property, 
and housing, making them more vulnerable to pov-
erty, violence, and sexual abuse. 
(15) Expanding access to clean water, sanita-
tion, and housing is essential for reducing the global 
burden of disease, advancing economic and social de-
velopment, protecting basic human rights, and miti-
gating sources of conflict. 
(b) STATEMENT OF POLICY.—It is the policy of the 
United States to recognize the human right to water and 
adequate housing, and to work in cooperation with the 
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international community to ensure access to safe water, 
sanitation and adequate housing for all people. 
SEC. 1602. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES. 
(a) GOAL.—The goal of assistance under this chapter 
is to improve living conditions and basic human dignity 
for the world’s poorest people. 
(b) OBJECTIVES.—In furtherance of the goal of sub-
section (a), assistance under this chapter shall be designed 
to help partner countries achieve the following objectives: 
(1) Expanding access to sufficient, safe, and af-
fordable water for personal and domestic use. 
(2) Upgrading and expanding basic sanitation. 
(3) Increasing access to adequate housing. 
(4) Improving the management of water and re-
lated resources for greater sustainability. 
(5) Enhancing planning for sustainable urban 
development. 
SEC. 1603. GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR WATER, SANITATION 
AND HOUSING. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The strategy required under sec-
tion 1019 with respect to improving access to safe water, 
sanitation, and housing shall be known as the ‘‘Global 
Water, Sanitation and Housing Strategy’’. 
(b) CONTENTS.—The Global Water, Sanitation and 
Housing Strategy shall include, in addition to the elements 
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required under section 1019(b), plans for achieving the 
goal and objectives of section 1602. 
(c) GUIDELINES.—The Global Water, Sanitation and 
Housing Strategy should— 
(1) include targets for providing, on a sustain-
able basis, first-time access to safe water, basic sani-
tation, and adequate housing; 
(2) prioritize improvements for the poorest peo-
ple living under the most inadequate conditions; 
(3) explain how policies and programs relating 
to water, sanitation and housing will be integrated 
with other policies and programs under this title; 
(4) explain how programs and policies under 
the strategy will contribute to meeting internation-
ally agreed targets relating to access to safe drink-
ing water and basic sanitation and improving the 
lives of slum dwellers; 
(5) maximize efficiency in water use and sus-
tainability of water supplies; 
(6) identify and promote best practices for mo-
bilizing and leveraging public-private partnerships; 
(7) address the effects of climate change on 
achieving the goal of this chapter; 
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(8) evaluate the impact of urbanization and 
general migration trends on water, sanitation, and 
housing; 
(9) utilize expertise within the United States 
Government by improving policy and program co-
ordination among relevant Federal agencies, includ-
ing the Department of State, the United States 
Agency for International Development, the Millen-
nium Challenge Corporation, the Centers for Disease 
Control and Prevention, the National Oceanic and 
Atmospheric Administration, the United States Geo-
logical Survey, and the Environmental Protection 
Agency; and 
(10) strengthen strategic coordination with, 
build on the expertise of, and encourage contribu-
tions from, a wide variety of stakeholders, including 
partner governments, the private sector and non-
governmental organizations. 
SEC. 1604. ASSISTANCE FOR WATER, SANITATION AND 
HOUSING. 
(a) AUTHORIZATION.—The Administrator is author-
ized to use funds made available under section 1015 to 
further the goal and objectives of this chapter in partner 
countries. 
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(b) ACTIVITIES.—Assistance authorized under sub-
section (a) shall include the following: 
(1) EXPANDING ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER AND 
SANITATION.— 
(A) Assessing water, sanitation, and hy-
giene needs. 
(B) Developing additional, affordable, ac-
cessible, and reliable water supplies. 
(C) Expanding the coverage of existing 
water and sanitation systems to reach pre-
viously underserved populations. 
(D) Improving water and sanitation infra-
structure. 
(E) Increasing the safety, reliability, and 
sustainability of, and equity in access to, water 
supplies, sanitation infrastructure, and hygiene 
services. 
(F) Promoting more efficient and sustain-
able use of water supplies. 
(G) Fostering integrated river basin and 
watershed management. 
(H) Increasing awareness and use of 
healthy hygiene practices. 
(I) Building the capacity of partner coun-
tries to plan and manage water resources in an 
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efficient, transparent, inclusive and environ-
mentally sustainable manner. 
(J) Promoting international and regional 
cooperation to share technologies and best prac-
tices. 
(K) Mitigating conflict over water re-
sources. 
(L) Conducting research and developing 
technology to further the goal and objectives of 
this chapter. 
(2) EXPANDING ACCESS TO ADEQUATE HOUS-
ING.— 
(A) Assessing housing and infrastructure 
needs. 
(B) Upgrading existing housing to meet 
international humanitarian standards. 
(C) Incentivizing the construction of af-
fordable housing units. 
(D) Improving community infrastructure, 
such as sidewalks, drainage ditches, and public 
lighting. 
(E) Enhancing recognition and protection 
of legal rights to the ownership, lease and use 
of real property. 
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(F) Reducing gender and other discrimina-
tion in housing, property ownership, and munic-
ipal services. 
(G) Developing and enforcing reasonable 
housing and construction codes to protect low- 
income residents and buyers. 
(H) Encouraging the development and ex-
pansion of commercially oriented housing mar-
kets in partner countries, including home mort-
gage and insurance markets and financing for 
municipal infrastructure. 
(I) Building the capacity of partner coun-
tries for improved urban planning and manage-
ment. 
SEC. 1605. DEFINITIONS. 
In this chapter— 
(1) the term ‘‘adequate housing’’ means hous-
ing that meets international humanitarian standards 
and includes— 
(A) legal security of tenure; 
(B) availability of services, materials, fa-
cilities, and infrastructure; 
(C) affordability; 
(D) habitability; 
(E) accessibility; 
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(F) location; and 
(G) cultural adequacy; and 
(2) the term ‘‘living conditions’’ means the ade-
quacy of water, sanitation, and housing for human 
habitation. 
CHAPTER 7—FOSTERING GENDER 
EQUALITY 
SEC. 1701. FINDINGS AND STATEMENT OF POLICY. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 
(1) Women and girls are the majority of the 
world’s poor, unschooled, unhealthy, and underfed. 
(2) Women around the world often work under 
substandard conditions, for longer hours, and with 
lower compensation, less income stability and fewer 
economic opportunities than men. 
(3) Women are often excluded by law or prac-
tice from participating fully and equally in the polit-
ical, economic, and social life of their country. 
(4) Women own significantly less land than 
men and experience numerous barriers to ownership. 
Access to land and property rights offers women 
greater economic opportunity and security, greater 
protection from physical harm, better access to 
health, education, and financial services, and im-
proved social status. 
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(5) Displaced, refugee, and stateless women and 
girls in humanitarian emergencies, conflict settings, 
and natural disasters are at extreme risk of violence, 
exploitation and intimidation. 
(6) Violence against women dramatically im-
pedes progress in meeting global health goals, in-
cluding efforts to reduce maternal mortality and re-
verse the spread of HIV/AIDS. 
(7) Ensuring that women have the ability to ef-
fectively plan families is one of the keys to expand-
ing their economic opportunities. Yet hundreds of 
millions of women lack access to affordable, effec-
tive, and appropriate contraceptive methods and re-
productive health care, putting them at greater risk 
of unintended pregnancies and serious health com-
plications. 
(8) Studies have shown that investments in 
women and girls have broad multiplier effects, par-
ticularly in the areas of health and education, which 
over the long run can significantly improve the fu-
ture of communities and countries. 
(9) Investments in women and girls can play a 
key role in reducing poverty, countering violent ex-
tremism, promoting stability, fostering tolerance and 
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reconciliation, and building strong and vibrant civil 
societies. 
(10) Increasing women’s access to economic op-
portunities is crucial to preventing and responding 
to domestic and sexual violence. 
(11) 
Fostering 
gender 
equality 
requires 
strengthening rules, practices, and institutions that 
protect the rights of women and men, girls and boys, 
as well as including them in the design, implementa-
tion, and monitoring of programs to reduce poverty 
and alleviate human suffering. 
(b) STATEMENT OF POLICY.—It is the policy of the 
United States to— 
(1) invest in women and girls in partner coun-
tries as a matter of justice and human rights as well 
as to promote sustainable development and achieve 
internationally agreed development goals; 
(2) include women and the organizations that 
represent them in the design, implementation, and 
monitoring of programs under this title; 
(3) mainstream into the design, implementa-
tion, and evaluation of policies and programs at all 
levels an understanding of the distinctive impact 
that such policies and programs may have on women 
and girls, men and boys; and 
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(4) promote equal opportunities for all people, 
regardless of sex, to achieve their personal potential 
and maximize their contributions to the development 
of their families, communities, and countries. 
SEC. 1702. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES. 
(a) GOAL.—The goal of assistance under this chapter 
is to promote women’s empowerment, gender equality, and 
gender integration. 
(b) OBJECTIVES.—In furtherance of the goal of sub-
section (a), assistance under this chapter shall be designed 
to help partner countries achieve the following objectives: 
(1) Increasing educational, economic, and polit-
ical opportunities for women and girls. 
(2) Building the capacity of women and girls to 
participate fully in decisions that affect their lives. 
(3) Reducing legal and social barriers to wom-
en’s participation in economic activity and political 
processes. 
(4) 
Expanding 
the 
collection 
of 
sex- 
disaggregated data and the use of gender analysis. 
(5) Integrating gender considerations into all 
international development policies and programs, in-
cluding those carried out by all USAID bureaus, of-
fices, and missions. 
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SEC. 1703. GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR GENDER EQUALITY. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The strategy required under sec-
tion 1019 with respect to fostering gender equality shall 
be known as the ‘‘Global Strategy for Gender Equality’’. 
(b) CONTENTS.—The Global Strategy for Gender 
Equality shall include, in addition to the elements required 
under section 1019(b), plans for achieving the goal and 
objectives in section 1702. 
(c) GUIDELINES.—The Global Strategy for Gender 
Equality should— 
(1) be coordinated and integrated with the com-
prehensive international strategy to prevent and re-
spond to violence against women and girls, as re-
quired under section 3203, and with each sector 
strategy of development, as described in section 
1019; 
(2) include plans for preventing child marriage; 
(3) address the ways in which the exclusion of, 
and discrimination against, women hinders economic 
growth and heightens the risks of conflict and insta-
bility; 
(4) discuss exclusionary and discriminatory 
practices that are particularly harmful for the 
achievement of United States development goals and 
identify the countries in which such practices occur; 
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(5) include plans for hiring, training, deploying 
and retaining a diverse USAID workforce with ap-
propriate expertise and responsibility for promoting 
women’s empowerment, gender equality and gender 
integration around the world; 
(6) establish policy and guidance for integrating 
gender considerations into all other international de-
velopment strategies and programs; 
(7) ensure that the goal and objectives of this 
chapter are reflected in the USAID’s procurement 
regulations and procedures; and 
(8) build accountability for gender integration 
into monitoring and evaluation systems. 
(d) PREPARATION.—The Global Strategy for Equal-
ity shall be prepared by the Director of the Office of Gen-
der Equality and Women’s Empowerment, in coordination 
with the Policy, Planning and Learning Bureau and the 
Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women’s Issues. 
SEC. 1704. ASSISTANCE FOR GENDER EQUALITY. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator is authorized 
to use funds made available under section 1015 to further 
the goal and objectives of this chapter in partner coun-
tries. 
(b) ACTIVITIES.—Assistance authorized under sub-
section (a) shall include— 
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(1) integrating women into the political, social, 
and economic systems of partner countries; 
(2) developing laws, regulations, and policies 
that promote equal rights and prohibit discrimina-
tion in partner countries; 
(3) providing leadership and technical training 
that improves the capacity of women and girls in 
partner countries to participate fully in decisions 
that affect their lives; 
(4) enhancing the capacity of partner countries 
to undertake analysis of the specialized needs of 
women and girls in health, water, sanitation, hous-
ing, education, food, legal and financial services, and 
other sectors, and to develop policies and programs 
to meet those needs; 
(5) enhancing the capacity of partner countries 
to prevent and respond to violence against women 
and girls; and 
(6) research and innovation to improve the de-
sign, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation 
of United States foreign assistance for greater effec-
tiveness in promoting gender equality and reducing 
sexual and gender-based violence. 
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SEC. 1705. OFFICE OF GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN’S 
EMPOWERMENT. 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is established, within 
the United States Agency for International Development, 
an Office of Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment 
(referred to in this section as the ‘‘Office’’). 
(b) DIRECTOR.—The Office shall be headed by a Di-
rector (referred to in this section as the ‘‘Director’’), who 
shall be highly qualified in matters relating to inter-
national development and gender integration. The Direc-
tor shall report directly to the Administrator and consult 
regularly with the Ambassador-at-Large for Global Wom-
en’s Issues. 
(c) DUTIES.—The Director shall— 
(1) advise the Administrator on matters relat-
ing to the advancement of women’s global develop-
ment; 
(2) lead and coordinate all efforts of the United 
States Agency for International Development to em-
power women and promote gender equality in devel-
oping countries, including efforts to prevent and re-
spond to gender-based violence; 
(3) direct the preparation of the Global Strat-
egy for Gender Equality under section 1703; 
(4) mainstream into the design, implementa-
tion, and evaluation of policies and programs at all 
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levels an understanding of the distinctive impact 
that such policies and programs may have on women 
and girls; 
(5) assist other bureaus, offices, and overseas 
missions in designing and revising strategies, pro-
grams, projects and activities to empower women 
and promote gender equality; 
(6) monitor and evaluate the impact on women 
and girls of programs carried out by USAID; and 
(7) disseminate information about lessons 
learned and best practices for advancing women’s 
global development throughout USAID and other 
relevant Federal agencies. 
SEC. 1706. PREVENTION OF CHILD MARRIAGE. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 
(1) Child marriage, also known as ‘‘forced mar-
riage’’ or ‘‘early marriage’’, is a harmful traditional 
practice that deprives girls of their dignity and 
human rights. 
(2) Child marriage as a traditional practice, as 
well as through coercion or force, is a violation of ar-
ticle 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human 
Rights, which states, ‘‘Marriage shall be entered into 
only with the free and full consent of intending 
spouses’’. 
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(3) Factors perpetuating child marriage include 
poverty, a lack of educational or employment oppor-
tunities for girls, parental concerns to ensure sexual 
relations within marriage, the dowry system, and the 
perceived lack of value of girls. 
(4) Child marriage has negative effects on the 
health of girls, including significantly increased risk 
of maternal death and morbidity, infant mortality 
and morbidity, obstetric fistula, and sexually trans-
mitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS. 
(5) Most countries with high rates of child mar-
riage have a legally established minimum age of 
marriage, yet child marriage persists due to strong 
traditional norms and the failure to enforce existing 
laws. 
(6) Investments in girls’ schooling, creating safe 
community spaces for girls, and programs to build 
skills for out-of-school girls are all effective and 
demonstrated strategies for preventing child mar-
riage by addressing conditions of poverty, low status, 
and social norms that contribute to child marriage. 
(b) STATEMENT OF POLICY.—It is the policy of the 
United States to seek the elimination of the practice of 
child marriage. 
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(c) AUTHORIZATION.—The Administrator is author-
ized to use funds made available under this chapter for 
programs to prevent the incidence of child marriage in 
partner countries through the promotion of educational, 
health, economic, social, and legal rights of girls and 
women. 
(d) PRIORITY.—In providing assistance authorized 
under subsection (c), the Administrator should give pri-
ority to— 
(1) areas or regions in developing countries in 
which 40 percent or more of girls under the age of 
18 are married; and 
(2) activities to— 
(A) expand and replicate existing commu-
nity-based programs that are successful in pre-
venting the incidence of child marriage; 
(B) establish pilot projects to prevent child 
marriage; and 
(C) share evaluations of successful pro-
grams, program designs, experiences, and les-
sons. 
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SEC. 1707. COORDINATION OF EFFORTS TO PREVENT 
CHILD MARRIAGE. 
(a) DESIGNATION.—The Administrator shall des-
ignate an official to lead and coordinate policies and pro-
grams of the Agency to prevent child marriage. 
(b) ADDITIONAL DUTIES.—In addition to the respon-
sibilities described in subsection (a), the official designated 
under subsection (a) shall— 
(1) ensure that efforts to prevent child mar-
riage are integrated into the relevant country and 
sector strategies prepared in accordance with sec-
tions 1018 and 1019; and 
(2) collect and disseminate information on— 
(A) best practices for preventing and re-
ducing the incidence of child marriage; 
(B) the incidence of child marriage in part-
ner countries where the practice of child mar-
riage is prevalent; and 
(C) the relationship between prevalence of 
child marriage and the achievement of develop-
ment goals. 
(c) CONSULTATION.—In carrying out the duties 
under this section, the official designated under subsection 
(a) shall consult with a wide range of relevant stake-
holders. 
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SEC. 1708. DEFINITIONS. 
In this chapter: 
(1) CHILD MARRIAGE.—The term ‘‘child mar-
riage’’ means the marriage of a girl or a boy who 
has not reached the minimum legal age for marriage 
in the country of residence, or where there is no 
such law, under the age of 18. 
(2) GENDER
ANALYSIS.—The term ‘‘gender 
analysis’’ means the systematic examination of the 
different roles, rights, resources, constraints, and op-
portunities of men and women, boys and girls, in a 
society, economy, community or family. 
(3) GENDER
EQUALITY.—The term ‘‘gender 
equality’’ means equal opportunities for all people, 
regardless of sex, to achieve their personal potential 
and maximize their contributions to the development 
of their families, communities, and countries. 
(4) GENDER INTEGRATION.—The term ‘‘gender 
integration’’ means incorporating gender analysis 
and the resulting recommendations in all policies, 
budgets, programming, and performance monitoring 
and evaluation. 
CHAPTER 8—STRENGTHENING 
DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE 
SEC. 1801. FINDINGS AND STATEMENT OF POLICY. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 
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(1) Democratic development, political pluralism, 
and respect for internationally recognized human 
rights are intrinsically linked to economic and social 
progress. Efforts to reduce poverty and promote 
broad-based economic growth are more effective and 
sustainable in a political environment in which fun-
damental freedoms and the rule of law are re-
spected, government institutions are broadly rep-
resentative, and corruption is held to a minimum. 
(2) Violent extremism that threatens United 
States national security flourishes where democratic 
governance is weak, justice uncertain, and legal ave-
nues for change in short supply. 
(3) Democracy can only be sustained in a soci-
ety in which the legitimacy of the government rests 
firmly on the expressed consent of the governed; the 
rights of all citizens, including minorities, are re-
spected and protected; and there is effective civilian 
control over the military and security forces. 
(4) There is a growing worldwide movement to-
ward more open, just and democratic societies. This 
trend is essential to achieving the United States ulti-
mate objective of worldwide respect for human rights 
and fundamental freedoms without distinction as to 
race, sex, language, religion, sexual orientation, or 
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gender identity. At the same time, this trend holds 
great promise for promoting the peace of the world 
and the foreign policy, security, and general welfare 
of the United States. 
(5) Preventing mass atrocities is a core national 
security interest and a core moral responsibility of 
the United States. Governmental engagement on 
atrocities too often arrives too late, when opportuni-
ties for prevention or low-cost, low-risk action have 
been missed. By helping partner countries to 
strengthen democratic institutions and practices and 
to manage diversity peacefully, responsibly and equi-
tably, USAID can address many of the structural 
conditions that give rise to mass atrocities. 
(6) Persons belonging to racial, ethnic, reli-
gious, and linguistic minorities, as well as lesbians, 
gays, bisexuals, and transgender individuals, and 
persons with disabilities are often subjected to dis-
crimination, harassment, exploitation, intimidation, 
and exclusion. United States policies and programs 
should seek to foster equal opportunity and equal ac-
cess to justice for all people, including marginalized 
groups. 
(7) Civil society organizations and activists 
worldwide contribute in unique and essential ways to 
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development as innovative agents of change and so-
cial transformation. In particular, such organizations 
have an important role to play in bringing the voices 
of the poor to influence government policies, and to 
hold governments and other powerful actors to ac-
count for their actions. A diverse, strong, and inde-
pendent civil society sector is critical for the sustain-
able reduction of poverty. 
(8) Democracy cannot be imposed from with-
out. However, the United States should encourage 
all states to meet their obligations under inter-
national law to uphold and protect human rights 
and fundamental freedoms, and should support the 
aspirations of those who seek through peaceful 
means to make their governments more democratic 
and accountable. 
(9) Democracy takes time to become firmly 
rooted in society and in the political system. While 
short-term interventions can be important and effec-
tive means for preventing abuses and opening win-
dows of opportunity, democratic development gen-
erally requires sustained effort and a comprehensive 
approach. 
(b) STATEMENT OF POLICY.—It is the policy of the 
United States to— 
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(1) support democratic aspirations and values, 
foster the spread of democratic institutions, and en-
courage universal respect for internationally recog-
nized human rights, including civil and political lib-
erties; 
(2) recognize that, to be successful, such sup-
port must not be defined narrowly in terms of par-
ties and elections and government institutional ca-
pacity building, but must include other, equally im-
portant, aspects of democratic development, includ-
ing— 
(A) independent and balanced media; 
(B) impartial and competent judicial proc-
esses that deliver access to justice; 
(C) respect for human rights and funda-
mental freedoms; and 
(D) a vibrant civil society that engages 
meaningfully with government; and 
(3) take into consideration a country’s commit-
ment to good governance, respect for the rule of law 
and protection of internationally recognized human 
rights in providing assistance under this subtitle. 
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SEC. 1802. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES. 
(a) GOAL.—The goal of assistance under this chapter 
is to strengthen democratic institutions and practices and 
promote human rights in partner countries. 
(b) OBJECTIVES.—In furtherance of the goal of sub-
section (a), assistance under this chapter shall be designed 
to help partner countries achieve the following objectives: 
(1) Improving government responsiveness, ac-
countability, transparency and effectiveness. 
(2) Increasing the capacity and participation of 
civil society. 
(3) Strengthening the observance of inter-
nationally recognized human rights and the rule of 
law. 
(4) Fostering political competition and con-
sensus-building. 
(5) Protecting and expanding democratic space 
for civil society organizations to operate. 
SEC. 1803. ASSISTANCE FOR DEMOCRATIC STRENGTH-
ENING. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator is authorized 
to use funds made available under section 1015 to further 
the goal and objectives of this chapter in partner coun-
tries. 
(b) ACTIVITIES.—Assistance authorized under sub-
section (a) shall include support for the following: 
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(1) Conducting free, legitimate, credible, and 
fair national, state, and local elections. 
(2) Developing and strengthening open, demo-
cratic, peaceful and effective political parties. 
(3) Enhancing the responsiveness and effective-
ness of public administration. 
(4) Building professional, transparent and re-
sponsible legislatures. 
(5) Developing and strengthening free, inde-
pendent and professional media. 
(6) Fostering inclusive and transparent legisla-
tive and regulatory processes at all levels of govern-
ment. 
(7) Decentralization efforts and the develop-
ment of capable, representative local government in-
stitutions. 
(8) Strengthening civilian, democratic control 
over the military. 
(9) Combating corruption and promoting finan-
cial integrity. 
(10) Improving the independence, impartiality, 
transparency and competence of judicial officials and 
processes. 
(11) Revising and modernizing laws, constitu-
tions, and legal frameworks. 
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(12) Expanding access of crime victims and 
witnesses to legal information and services. 
(13) Promoting official recognition of, and re-
spect in practice for, internationally recognized 
human rights. 
(14) Supporting and assisting international and 
domestic courts and tribunals investigating and 
prosecuting instances of mass atrocities. 
(15) Rehabilitating victims of torture, including 
activities specifically designed to treat the physical 
and psychological effects of torture. 
(16) Preventing and responding to abuses such 
as human trafficking, sexual and gender-based vio-
lence, the conscription of children into armed forces, 
the use of child labor and the practice of child mar-
riage. 
(17) Strengthening the capacity of civil society 
organizations to participate effectively in public life 
and provide input into government decisions. 
(18) Increasing citizen awareness of rights and 
responsibilities, and encouraging greater participa-
tion in political processes. 
(19) Promoting tolerance, dialogue, and peace-
ful dispute resolution. 
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(20) Reducing the risk of mass atrocities 
through early warning and early action. 
(21) Fostering equal rights and equal opportu-
nities for marginalized groups. 
(22) Countering laws, regulations, policies, and 
practices that restrict civil space. 
(23) Expanding public access to information 
and communications, including through the Internet. 
(24) Implementing Action Plans for Human 
Rights and Democracy prepared pursuant to section 
3103. 
SEC. 1804. ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON DEMOCRACY PRO-
MOTION. 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is established an Advi-
sory Committee on Democracy Promotion (in this section 
referred to as the ‘‘Advisory Committee’’). The Advisory 
Committee shall report to the Secretary and the Adminis-
trator. 
(b) PURPOSE.—The purpose of the Advisory Com-
mittee is to review and make recommendations on how to 
improve United States Government efforts to promote de-
mocracy internationally. 
(c) DUTIES.—The duties of the Advisory Committee 
shall include consulting with, providing information to, 
and advising the Secretary and the Administrator on 
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issues relating to democracy promotion in the formulation 
and implementation of United States foreign policy and 
foreign assistance, including such matters as— 
(1) the means by which the United States Gov-
ernment should promote democracy, depending on 
circumstances in foreign countries; 
(2) the integration of democracy considerations 
into United States diplomatic and development ef-
forts; 
(3) the special challenges of setting indicators 
and measuring impact in the field of democracy and 
governance; 
(4) lessons learned and best practices in inter-
national democracy promotion; 
(5) the balance between strengthening civil soci-
ety and strengthening governance; 
(6) the application of principles of country own-
ership in undemocratic or democratic transition 
countries; 
(7) the application of marking and branding 
rules to democracy programs; 
(8) the consistency of democracy policies and 
programs across Federal agencies; and 
(9) the parameters for operating in undemo-
cratic and conflict settings. 
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(2) AVAILABILITY TO PUBLIC.—The report re-
quired by paragraph (1) shall be made publicly 
available on the Internet. 
(f) MEETINGS.—The Advisory Committee shall hold 
not less than 4 meetings each year. 
(g) SUBCOMMITTEES.—The Advisory Committee may 
establish subcommittees and special task forces, as deter-
mined necessary by the Advisory Committee. Any such 
subcommittee or special task force shall meet subject to 
the call of the Chairperson of the subcommittee or special 
task force, as the case may be. 
SEC. 1805. FOREIGN GOVERNMENT APPROVAL AND CONDI-
TIONALITY. 
(a) FOREIGN GOVERNMENT APPROVAL.—The Ad-
ministrator shall not require the approval or agreement 
of a foreign government for— 
(1) specific programs, projects, or activities au-
thorized under this chapter; or 
(2) specific organizations carrying out assist-
ance authorized under this chapter. 
(b) FOREIGN GOVERNMENT CONDITIONALITY.—The 
Administrator shall not terminate assistance authorized 
under this chapter for a country pursuant to, or in order 
to conclude, an agreement to provide other forms of assist-
ance for such country. 
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SEC. 1806. RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER LAWS. 
Assistance authorized under this chapter to promote 
human rights, strengthen civil society, and foster a free 
and fair election, referendum, or vote may be made avail-
able notwithstanding any provision of law that restricts 
assistance to a foreign country. 
SEC. 1807. PROHIBITING ASSISTANCE TO INFLUENCE THE 
OUTCOME OF ELECTIONS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—No assistance authorized under 
this chapter shall be used to influence the outcome of any 
elections in any country. 
(b) EXCEPTION.—The prohibition in subsection (a) 
shall not be construed to prohibit programs that make a 
good faith effort to assist all democratic parties with equi-
table levels of assistance. 
SEC. 1808. PROTECTED SPEECH. 
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, regula-
tion, or policy, in determining eligibility for assistance 
under this title, foreign nongovernmental organizations— 
(1) shall not be ineligible for such assistance 
solely on the basis of health or medical services, in-
cluding counseling and referral services, provided by 
such organizations with non-United States Govern-
ment funds, if such services— 
(A) do not violate the laws of the country 
in which they are being provided, and 
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(B) would not violate United States Fed-
eral law if provided in the United States; and 
(2) shall not be subject to requirements relating 
to the use of non-United States Government funds 
for advocacy and lobbying activities other than those 
that apply to United States nongovernmental organi-
zations receiving assistance under this title. 
Subtitle B—Alleviating Human 
Suffering 
SEC. 1901. FINDINGS AND STATEMENT OF POLICY. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 
(1) Natural disasters can temporarily over-
whelm the capacity of countries, regardless of wealth 
and technological advancement, to meet basic human 
needs and protect people from harm. Such disasters 
are likely to increase in number and severity along 
with the changes in the world’s climate, the degrada-
tion of the environment, and the expansion of the 
world’s population. 
(2) Conflict, weak and poor governance, corrup-
tion, and repression increase vulnerability to human-
itarian crisis, aggravate the impact of physical and 
environmental shocks, complicate the ability to re-
spond effectively, and lengthen the recovery period. 
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(3) Conflicts, human rights violations, and nat-
ural disasters often uproot people within their own 
countries. Forced to abandon their homes and liveli-
hoods, and without access to the rights and re-
sources available to those who cross an international 
border, these internally displaced persons are among 
the world’s most vulnerable and neglected people. 
(4) Persons affected by conflict are at greatly 
heightened risk of sexual and gender-based violence. 
Such risk can be mitigated through proper design 
and implementation of humanitarian programs, es-
pecially those relating to water and sanitation, 
health, shelter, food, education, energy, and liveli-
hoods, as well as through specific protection meas-
ures. 
(5) In protracted crises, humanitarian resources 
are often exhausted before the essential conditions 
are in place for long-term, sustainable development. 
In addition, lack of expertise and training, inad-
equate coordination, and unclear or narrow man-
dates often leave programming gaps. Coordinated 
action is required to address basic human needs at 
every stage of the transition, from emergency relief 
to recovery, rehabilitation, reconstruction, and devel-
opment. 
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(6) Continuity of educational activities for all 
children is an essential humanitarian need. Assist-
ance to countries affected by conflict or crisis should 
include formal and informal education services to en-
sure that children are able to continue their school-
ing and are protected from physical harm, psycho-
logical and social distress, recruitment into armed 
groups, family separation, and abuses related to 
their displacement. 
(7) Nongovernmental organizations play a lead-
ing role in humanitarian action, not only by deliv-
ering relief in underserved areas, but also by con-
tributing a significant proportion of the international 
resources, by developing effective and innovative 
techniques and methodologies, by maintaining long- 
term relationships of trust with affected commu-
nities, by establishing reputations for independence, 
impartiality and neutrality, by integrating knowledge 
and expertise about local languages, customs, condi-
tions, and needs, by bridging the gaps between relief 
and development, and by advocating for those in 
greatest need. 
(8) The United Nations plays a central, unique, 
and vital role in leading and coordinating inter-
national humanitarian assistance. Its organs and af-
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filiated agencies have capabilities and expertise that 
far exceed the ability of any single donor to respond 
to humanitarian needs. The collective voice of these 
partners frequently enhances United States bilateral 
efforts and often plays a useful role in gaining ac-
cess and achieving results where United States influ-
ence might otherwise be limited. 
(9) Multilateralism allows the United States to 
leverage its humanitarian contributions as part of a 
wider international donor effort and helps ensure 
that United States efforts complement those of other 
donors. To be effective, United States engagement 
with multilateral humanitarian organizations re-
quires predictable funding and strong diplomatic en-
gagement in policy development and institutional 
management. 
(b) STATEMENT OF POLICY.—It is the policy of the 
United States to save lives, alleviate human suffering 
wherever possible, and protect vulnerable populations, tak-
ing action solely on the basis of need, without discrimina-
tion between or within affected populations, without re-
gard to diplomatic, economic, military, or other objectives 
of the United States, and without favoring any side in an 
armed conflict or other dispute. 
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SEC. 1902. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES. 
(a) GOAL.—The goal of assistance under this subtitle 
is to save lives, alleviate suffering, maintain human dig-
nity, and protect and uphold the rights of extremely vul-
nerable people. 
(b) OBJECTIVES.—In furtherance of the goal of sub-
section (a), assistance under this subtitle shall be designed 
to achieve the following objectives: 
(1) Provide quick and effective relief in the 
aftermath of disasters, whether natural or human- 
caused. 
(2) Facilitate the transition to self-sufficiency 
and safe lives and livelihoods. 
(3) Protect civilians affected by conflict, dis-
aster, and displacement from physical harm, perse-
cution, exploitation, abuse, malnutrition and disease, 
family separation, gender-based violence, forcible re-
cruitment and other threats to human rights. 
(4) Build capacity to prevent and mitigate the 
effects of conflict, disasters, and displacement. 
SEC. 1903. HUMANITARIAN PRINCIPLES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—United States humanitarian ac-
tion shall be carried out in accordance with the following 
principles: 
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(1) The central purpose of humanitarian action 
is to save lives, alleviate human suffering, and pro-
tect vulnerable population wherever possible. 
(2) Humanitarian action should be impartial, 
based solely on and in proportion to need, without 
discrimination between or within affected popu-
lations, and without regard to the political views, na-
tional origin, or religious affiliation of the bene-
ficiaries. 
(3) Humanitarian action should be neutral, 
without furthering a political or religious agenda or 
favoring any side in an armed conflict or other dis-
pute where such humanitarian action is carried out. 
(4) Humanitarian action should be independent, 
without regard to the political, economic, military, or 
other objectives that any actor may hold in relation 
to the affected areas and populations. 
(5) Humanitarian action should be undertaken 
in accordance with international human rights law, 
international humanitarian law, refugee law, and the 
United Nations Guiding Principles on Internal Dis-
placement. 
(6) Humanitarian action should meet inter-
national standards, using the SPHERE Minimum 
Standards for Disaster Response and the Inter- 
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228 
Agency Standing Committee guidelines as bench-
marks, should be informed by the INEE Minimum 
Standards, and should promote the principles and 
practices of Good Humanitarian Donorship. 
(7) Protection of civilians affected by conflict, 
disaster, and displacement from physical harm, per-
secution, exploitation, abuse, malnutrition and dis-
ease, family separation, sexual and gender-based vio-
lence, forcible recruitment, and other threats to 
human rights is a core element of humanitarian ac-
tion. 
(8) Humanitarian action should be primarily ci-
vilian in nature. The Department of Defense should 
provide humanitarian assistance overseas only as a 
last resort when there is no comparable civilian al-
ternative and when the use of military or civil de-
fense assets can uniquely meet a critical humani-
tarian need. 
(9) When the military is required to support a 
humanitarian response, its participation should be 
subject to the overall leadership, coordination and 
policy guidance of civilian agencies, who must be 
provided the requisite resources and authorities to 
perform this leadership role. 
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229 
(10) The United States should adopt, between 
the Department of State and USAID, a lead-agency 
approach with a clear division of leadership and re-
sponsibility for humanitarian response. Under the 
guidance of the President, the Secretary should lead 
for operations responding to political and security 
crises, while the Administrator should lead for oper-
ations in response to humanitarian crises resulting 
from large-scale natural or industrial disasters, fam-
ines, disease outbreaks, and other natural phe-
nomena. 
(11) Humanitarian action should be undertaken 
in a timely, flexible, and efficient manner on the 
basis of assessed needs. 
(12) In addition to providing funding for relief 
efforts, the United States should use its leverage to 
assist humanitarian agencies in obtaining secure, 
unfettered access to survivors in crisis situations. 
(13) To ensure impartiality, neutrality, inde-
pendence, and the appearance thereof, humanitarian 
action should be implemented by intergovernmental 
and nongovernmental international humanitarian or-
ganizations, in partnership with local communities, 
indigenous organizations, and affected governments 
whenever possible. 
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230 
(14) Individuals affected by conflict, disaster, 
persecution, and displacement have the greatest 
stake in the performance of humanitarian programs 
and should, to the greatest possible extent, be in-
volved in the design, implementation, monitoring, 
and evaluation of such programs. 
(15) Humanitarian, reconstruction, and devel-
opment programs should be coordinated, planned, 
and funded to ensure continuity of life-sustaining 
services during transition phases. 
(16) Humanitarian, development, and other 
economic assistance programs should be designed 
with an eye toward reducing the risk and impact of 
future conflict and crisis and building resiliency 
among the most vulnerable populations. 
(17) United States humanitarian action should 
strive to ensure that refugees, internally displaced 
persons, and other conflict-affected individuals and 
communities are treated equally in the application of 
policy and the allocation of resources. 
(18) To promote learning, accountability, trans-
parency, and the efficient use of resources, the 
United States should support independent moni-
toring and evaluation of all humanitarian assistance. 
(b) DEFINITION.—In this section— 
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231 
(1) the term ‘‘United States humanitarian ac-
tion’’ or ‘‘humanitarian action’’ means— 
(A) humanitarian assistance as defined in 
section 6; 
(B) assistance under any provision of law 
to save lives, alleviate human suffering, and 
protect vulnerable populations in an inter-
national disaster; and 
(C) diplomatic and military activities in 
support of the goal and objectives of this chap-
ter; and 
(2) the term ‘‘INEE Minimum Standards’’ 
means the standards for education developed by the 
Inter-Agency Network on Education in Emergencies 
for use in emergency response, emergency prepared-
ness, and humanitarian advocacy. 
SEC. 1904. INTERNATIONAL DISASTER ASSISTANCE. 
(a) AUTHORIZATION.—Notwithstanding any other 
provision of this or any other Act, the Administrator is 
authorized to provide assistance to any foreign country, 
international organization, or private voluntary organiza-
tion, on such terms and conditions as the Administrator 
may determine, for international disaster relief, recovery, 
and reconstruction, including assistance relating to dis-
aster preparedness, and to the prediction of, and contin-
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232 
gency planning for, disasters and humanitarian crises 
abroad. 
(b) AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS.—Amounts made avail-
able under this section are authorized to remain available 
until expended. 
(c) REIMBURSEMENT AUTHORITY.—In addition to 
amounts otherwise available to carry out this section, up 
to $100,000,000 of amounts made available under subtitle 
A in any fiscal year may be obligated for the purposes 
of, and in accordance with the authorities of, this section. 
Amounts subsequently made available under this section 
may be used to reimburse any account under which obliga-
tions were incurred under this subsection. 
SEC. 1905. EMERGENCY HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE FUND. 
(a) AUTHORITY.—Whenever the Administrator deter-
mines it to be important to the national interest of the 
United States, the Administrator is authorized to provide, 
on such terms and conditions as the Administrator may 
determine, assistance under this section for the purpose 
of meeting unexpected urgent humanitarian and food as-
sistance needs, notwithstanding any other provision of law. 
(b) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is established a United 
States Emergency Humanitarian Response Fund to carry 
out the purposes of this section (in this section referred 
to as the ‘‘Fund’’). 
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233 
(c) 
TRANSFER
AUTHORITY; 
AVAILABILITY
OF 
FUNDS.—In addition to amounts otherwise available to 
carry out this section, the President is authorized to trans-
fer to the Fund from amounts made available under any 
other provision of this Act such sums as may be necessary 
to carry out the purposes of this section, except that the 
total amount in the Fund at any time shall not exceed 
$500,000,000. Amounts in the Fund are authorized to re-
main available until expended. 
(d) NOTIFICATION.—The President shall keep the ap-
propriate congressional committees currently informed of 
the use of funds and the exercise of functions authorized 
in this section. 
SEC. 1906. DEFINITIONS. 
In this subtitle: 
(1) DISASTER.—The term ‘‘disaster’’ means a 
human-caused or natural occurrence that causes loss 
of life, health, property, or livelihood, inflicting se-
vere destruction and distress. 
(2) INTERNATIONAL DISASTER RELIEF, RECOV-
ERY, AND
RECONSTRUCTION.—The term ‘‘inter-
national disaster relief, recovery, and reconstruc-
tion’’ means— 
(A) disaster planning and preparedness, 
disaster risk reduction, and other actions to 
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234 
mitigate death and destruction in the event of 
a disaster; 
(B) immediate actions intended to save 
lives, alleviate human suffering, and protect vul-
nerable populations during and after a disaster; 
(C) short-term measures to facilitate the 
transition to self-sufficiency and safe lives and 
livelihoods following a disaster; and 
(D) actions to begin to reconstitute basic 
services and facilities following a disaster. 
(3) PROTECT.—The terms ‘‘protect’’ and ‘‘pro-
tection’’— 
(A) mean all activities aimed at obtaining 
full respect for the rights of the individual in 
accordance with international human rights 
law, international humanitarian law, refugee 
law, and the United Nations Guiding Principles 
on Internal Displacement; and 
(B) include activities to prevent, reduce, or 
mitigate the impact of violence, coercion, depri-
vation, or abuse on individuals or groups during 
international disasters. 
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235 
TITLE II—ADVANCING PEACE 
AND MITIGATING CONFLICT 
SEC. 2001. FINDINGS AND STATEMENT OF POLICY. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 
(1) Peacebuilding involves the full range of ap-
proaches, processes, and stages of transforming vio-
lent conflict into stable, peaceful relationships. 
(2) Because many of the greatest threats to 
United States national security have emerged from 
failed states, it is in the national security interest of 
the United States to support peacebuilding efforts to 
stabilize and secure fragile states and states under 
stress. 
(3) United States peacebuilding efforts are 
most effective when they are undertaken in coopera-
tion with the international community, and when 
they build local capacity to prevent and stop violence 
and mass atrocities. 
(4) In the event that prevention fails, the 
United States has an obligation to work both multi-
laterally and bilaterally to mobilize diplomatic, hu-
manitarian, financial, and when necessary and ap-
propriate, military resources to save lives and pro-
tect civilian populations. 
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236 
(5) Civil society organizations, including inter-
national nongovernmental organizations and local 
community groups, play an important role in pro-
moting nonviolent conflict resolution, fostering har-
mony among religions, ethnic groups, communities, 
and factions, and facilitating second-track diplo-
macy. By coordinating with and working through 
such organizations, the United States can strength-
en the effectiveness of its peacebuilding programs. 
(b) STATEMENT OF POLICY.—It is the policy of the 
United States to promote civilian security and long-term 
sustainable, secure, and stable communities. 
SEC. 2002. DEFINITION. 
In this title, the term ‘‘peacebuilding’’ means activi-
ties to prevent armed conflict, prevent and respond to 
mass atrocities, stabilize weak and fragile states, protect 
civilians in conflict zones, mitigate crises, help countries 
to rebuild and recover after conflict, and support transi-
tions to peace, stability, and democracy. 
Subtitle A—General Authorities 
SEC. 2011. PEACEKEEPING. 
(a) STATEMENT OF POLICY.—It is the policy of the 
United States to employ a variety of unilateral, bilateral, 
and multilateral means to respond to international con-
flicts and crises, placing a high priority upon timely, pre-
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237 
ventive diplomatic efforts and exercising a leadership role 
in promoting international efforts to end crises peacefully. 
(b) AUTHORIZATION.—The Secretary is authorized to 
provide assistance to foreign countries, international orga-
nizations, and regional arrangements, on such terms and 
conditions as the Secretary may determine, for peace-
keeping operations in furtherance of the national security 
interests of the United States. 
(c) REIMBURSEMENT.—Such assistance may include 
reimbursement for expenses incurred pursuant to section 
7 of the United Nations Participation Act of 1945 (22 
U.S.C. 287d–1), except that such reimbursements may 
not exceed $5,000,000 in any fiscal year unless a greater 
amount is specifically authorized by law. 
(d) DETERMINATION.—If the President determines 
that, as the result of an unforeseen emergency, the provi-
sion of assistance under this section in amounts in excess 
of amounts otherwise made available for such assistance 
is important to the national interests of the United States, 
the President may— 
(1) exercise the authority of section 10602 to 
transfer amounts made available to carry out section 
4103 for use under this section without regard to 
the 20 percent increase limitation contained in sec-
tion 10602, except that the total amount so trans-
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238 
ferred 
in 
any 
fiscal 
year 
may 
not 
exceed 
$15,000,000; and 
(2) in the event the President also determines 
that such unforeseen emergency requires the imme-
diate provision of assistance under this section, di-
rect the drawdown of commodities and services from 
the inventory and resources of any agency of the 
United States Government of an aggregate value not 
to exceed $25,000,000 in any fiscal year. 
SEC. 2012. TRANSITION INITIATIVES. 
(a) AUTHORIZATION.—The Administrator is author-
ized to provide, notwithstanding any other provision of 
law, assistance to support the transition to peace, democ-
racy, and sustainable development of a country or region 
that is at risk of, in, or in transition from, conflict or civil 
strife. 
(b) USE OF FUNDS.—Assistance under this section 
includes support for the following: 
(1) Developing or strengthening democratic in-
stitutions and processes. 
(2) Short-term economic and political stabiliza-
tion. 
(3) Reconstructing or revitalizing basic infra-
structure. 
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239 
(4) Fostering reconciliation and the peaceful 
resolution of conflict. 
(c) TRANSFER AUTHORITY.—If the Secretary deter-
mines that it is important to the national interests of the 
United States to provide transition assistance in excess of 
amounts appropriated or otherwise made available under 
this section, up to $25,000,000 of the funds made avail-
able under this Act may be used for purposes of this sec-
tion and under the authorities applicable to funds made 
available under this section. 
(d) NOTIFICATION.— 
(1) BY
ADMINISTRATOR.—The Administrator 
shall notify the appropriate congressional committees 
not less than 5 days before beginning a new pro-
gram of assistance under this section. 
(2) BY SECRETARY.—The Secretary shall notify 
the appropriate congressional committee not less 
than 5 days before making a transfer pursuant to 
subsection (c). 
SEC. 2013. LIMIT ON PAYMENT TO UNITED NATIONS AND 
AFFILIATED AGENCIES. 
Section 404(b) of the Foreign Relations Authoriza-
tion Act, Fiscal Years 1994 and 1995 (Public Law 103– 
236; 22 U.S.C. 287e note) is amended— 
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240 
(1) by striking ‘‘CONTRIBUTIONS.—’’ and all 
that follows through ‘‘Funds authorized’’ and insert-
ing ‘‘CONTRIBUTIONS.—Funds authorized’’; and 
(2) by striking paragraph (2). 
SEC. 2014. AVAILABILITY OF AIRCRAFT. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Defense is au-
thorized to make available, on a nonreimbursable basis, 
aircraft maintained and operated by the Department of 
Defense, to transport Department of State personnel to 
prevent or respond to a conflict or civil strife, including 
for use by Assistant Secretaries of State to conduct emer-
gency diplomatic missions in their regions of concern. 
Such aircraft may include those aircraft assigned to com-
batant commanders in the Unified Command Plan. 
(b) REQUEST.—A request to utilize the aircraft re-
ferred to in subsection (a) shall be provided to the Sec-
retary of Defense by the Secretary of State. 
SEC. 2015. COMPLEX CRISIS, STABILIZATION, AND PREVEN-
TION FUND. 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT OF FUND.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary is authorized 
to establish a fund, to be known as the ‘‘Complex 
Crisis, Stabilization, and Prevention Fund’’ (referred 
to in this section as the ‘‘Fund’’), to provide assist-
ance to a country or region designated by the Sec-
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241 
retary as a country at risk of, in, or in transition 
from, conflict or civil strife and for other purposes 
authorized in this section. 
(2) CONGRESSIONAL NOTIFICATION.—The Sec-
retary shall notify the appropriate congressional 
committees at least five days in advance of an obli-
gation of funds under this section. 
(3) WAIVER.—The requirement for notification 
under paragraph (2) may be waived if— 
(A) failure to do so would pose a substan-
tial risk to human health or welfare; 
(B) the appropriate congressional commit-
tees are notified not later than three days after 
an obligation of funds; and 
(C) such notification contains an expla-
nation of the emergency circumstances necessi-
tating such waiver. 
(4) PURPOSE OF ASSISTANCE.—Assistance may 
be provided under this section for the following pur-
poses: 
(A) Fostering reconstruction or stabiliza-
tion. 
(B) Mitigating or responding to emerging 
or unforeseen complex crises, including urgent 
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242 
political, social, or economic challenges that 
threaten stability. 
(C) Addressing systemic and immediate 
causes of crises and conflict. 
(D) Undertaking preventive measures to 
reduce the risk of crises and conflict and their 
impact on vulnerable populations. 
(b) LIMITATION.—The Secretary shall ensure that 
assistance provided under this section is not used for— 
(1) assistance of a military nature or for a mili-
tary purpose; or 
(2) participation by an officer or employee of 
the United States in a foreign police action. 
(c) CONFLICT PREVENTION.—Not less than 25 per-
cent of amounts made available to carry out this section 
shall be used to support programs and activities to prevent 
an outbreak or escalation of violence in a country at risk 
of, in, or in transition from, conflict or civil strife. 
(d) TRANSFER.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The President may transfer 
up to $500,000,000 of amounts made available 
under any other provision of law to be used to imple-
ment the purposes of this section. 
(2) ADDITIONAL
AMOUNTS.—Notwithstanding 
any other provision of law, up to $5,000,000 or five 
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243 
percent, whichever is less, of any amounts that are 
specifically designated by this or any other Act for 
particular programs or activities may be transferred 
to carry out the purposes of this section. 
(e) RELATIONSHIP
TO OTHER LAWS.—Assistance 
provided from the Fund may be made available notwith-
standing any other provision of law. 
SEC. 2016. ADDRESSING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND 
GIRLS IN HUMANITARIAN RELIEF, PEACE-
KEEPING, CONFLICT, AND POST-CONFLICT 
SETTINGS. 
(a) ACTIVITIES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND 
AGENCY.— 
(1) DUTIES.—The Secretary and the Adminis-
trator are authorized to— 
(A) provide assistance to programs carried 
out by international organizations, international 
and local nongovernmental organizations, and 
governments, as appropriate, that— 
(i) prevent and respond to violence 
against women and girls in humanitarian 
relief, in a country or region at risk of, in, 
or in transition from, conflict or civil strife; 
(ii) build the capacity of humanitarian 
organizations and government authorities, 
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244 
as appropriate, to address the special pro-
tection needs of women and children; 
(iii) support efforts to provide imme-
diate assistance to survivors of violence 
and reintegrate such individuals through 
education, psychosocial assistance, trauma 
counseling, family and community reinser-
tion and reunification, medical assistance, 
and economic opportunity programs; and 
(iv) provide legal services for women 
and girls who are victims of violence; 
(B) work to incorporate activities to pre-
vent and respond to violence against women 
and girls internationally into any multilateral or 
bilateral disarmament, demobilization, rehabili-
tation, and reintegration efforts by— 
(i) providing protection and suitable 
separate facilities in demobilization and 
transit centers for women and girls for-
merly involved in, or associated with, fight-
ing forces; 
(ii) ensuring equitable reintegration 
activities 
and 
opportunities 
for 
such 
women and girls, including access to 
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schooling, vocational training, employment, 
and childcare; 
(iii) providing essential medical care 
and psychosocial support for such women 
and girls who are victims of violence; and 
(iv) incorporating prevention and re-
sponse to violence against women and girls 
into programs for former combatants; 
(C) designate and deploy specialists in vio-
lence against women and girls, as appropriate, 
as an integral part of the Agency’s Disaster As-
sistance Response Teams to ensure the integra-
tion of prevention and response to violence 
against women and girls internationally in 
strategies and programming; and 
(D) strive to ensure that all private part-
ners and others carrying out humanitarian re-
lief in a country or region at risk of, in, or in 
transition from conflict or civil strife— 
(i) train all humanitarian workers in 
preventing and responding to violence 
against women and girls, including in the 
use of mechanisms to report violence 
against women and girls; 
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246 
(ii) conduct appropriate public out-
reach to make known to the host commu-
nity the mechanisms to report violence 
against women and girls; and 
(iii) promptly and appropriately re-
spond to reports of violence against women 
and girls and treat survivors in accordance 
with best practices regarding confiden-
tiality. 
(b) COORDINATION OF UNITED STATES GOVERN-
MENT EFFORTS.—The Secretary of Defense and the At-
torney General shall coordinate with the Secretary of 
State and the Administrator when carrying out programs 
relevant to the purposes of this section. 
(c) ENHANCING UNITED STATES LEADERSHIP AND 
ADVOCACY IN THE UNITED NATIONS.— 
(1) STRENGTHENING UNITED NATIONS PROCE-
DURES.—The Secretary, in consultation with the 
Administrator and the United States Permanent 
Representative to the United Nations, is authorized 
to promote United Nations efforts to— 
(A) develop and implement appropriate 
training programs for peacekeeping and human-
itarian personnel in prevention and response to 
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247 
violence against women and girls internation-
ally; 
(B) meet staffing goals for women military 
and police peacekeepers, including all-women 
teams and units; 
(C) enhance the deployment of civilian 
women at all levels to serve in peacekeeping 
missions, including through innovative staffing 
formulas; 
(D) institute effective protection mecha-
nisms in and around United Nations-managed 
refugee and internally displaced persons camps; 
(E) implement a zero tolerance policy for 
sexual exploitation and abuse in United Nations 
peacekeeping and humanitarian operations; 
(F) support countries that contribute 
troops and police in— 
(i) taking appropriate actions to pre-
vent violence and abuse; 
(ii) providing materials for pre-deploy-
ment and in-theater awareness training; 
and 
(iii) taking other actions to promote 
full accountability in cases of abusive con-
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duct involving the personnel of such coun-
tries; 
(G) continue to expand appropriate mecha-
nisms to permit individuals to safely bring to 
the attention of United Nations peacekeeping 
commanders and heads of humanitarian mis-
sions allegations of violence against women and 
girls internationally; and 
(H) ensure the capacity of the United Na-
tions Office of Internal Oversight to investigate 
in a timely and efficient manner all credible al-
legations of violence against women and girls 
internationally, while protecting the whistle-
blower. 
(d) EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO VIOLENCE AGAINST 
WOMEN AND GIRLS.— 
(1) EMERGENCY RESPONSE.—Not later than 45 
days after receiving a credible report of serious or 
widespread incidents of violence against women and 
girls in a situation of armed conflict or civil strife, 
the Secretary and the Administrator shall, in con-
sultation with relevant stakeholders, identify and im-
plement emergency response measures. 
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249 
(2) CONSULTATION.—For the purposes of para-
graph (1), the term ‘‘relevant stakeholders’’ in-
cludes, as appropriate— 
(A) affected populations; 
(B) international, multilateral, and non-
governmental organizations operating in the af-
fected area; 
(C) the government of the country in 
which the violence is occurring; 
(D) governments in the region in which the 
violence is occurring; and 
(E) donor governments. 
(3) CONGRESSIONAL
BRIEFINGS.—The Sec-
retary shall brief the appropriate congressional com-
mittees not less than quarterly on the status of inci-
dents of violence against women and girls in situa-
tions of armed conflict or civil strife, emergency re-
sponse measures taken, and consultations with rel-
evant stakeholders. 
SEC. 2017. DEMINING ACTIVITIES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary is authorized, not-
withstanding any other provision of law, to provide assist-
ance to foreign countries for demining activities, includ-
ing— 
(1) clearance of unexploded ordinance; 
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(2) the destruction of small arms; and 
(3) related activities. 
(b) SPECIAL AUTHORITY.—Subject to such terms 
and conditions as the Secretary may prescribe, the Sec-
retary is authorized to make grants of demining equip-
ment to foreign countries and international organizations, 
for the purposes identified in this section. 
SEC. 2018. DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION, REINTEGRA-
TION, AND REHABILITATION ACTIVITIES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, in coordination 
with the Administrator, is authorized to carry out pro-
grams in foreign countries to assist the disarmament, de-
mobilization, reintegration, and rehabilitation of former 
combatants. 
(b) COORDINATION.—The programs referred to in 
subsection (a) shall be coordinated, as appropriate, with 
international nongovernmental organizations and the gov-
ernment of the country in which any such program is car-
ried out. 
Subtitle B—Strategies, 
Assessments, and Reports 
SEC. 2021. REGIONAL CONFLICT RISK ASSESSMENT AND 
CONFLICT MITIGATION STRATEGY. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 
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(1) Armed conflict and civil strife often stem 
from dynamics that transcend traditional state bor-
ders and require cross-border and regional ap-
proaches. 
(2) United States diplomacy is often conducted 
on a bilateral, state-centric basis that fails to ad-
dress problems comprehensively or to identify and 
assess the full range of issues and opportunities. 
(3) A comprehensive approach towards conflict 
prevention is required, incorporating cross border 
and regional dynamics and non-state actors. 
(b) CONFLICT ASSESSMENT.—The Secretary, acting 
through the Under Secretary for Civilian Security, Democ-
racy, and Human Rights and in consultation with the Ad-
ministrator, shall be responsible for ensuring that an an-
nual regional conflict risk assessment is conducted for 
each geographic region represented by an Assistant Sec-
retary. Each assessment shall include the following: 
(1) An identification of ongoing violent conflicts 
in the region. 
(2) An evaluation of the potential for outbreaks 
of violent conflict in the region. 
(3) A list of those conflicts determined to be at 
high risk of outbreak of escalation. 
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252 
(4) A description of new opportunities and chal-
lenges for conflict mitigation in the region. 
(c) CONFLICT MITIGATION STRATEGY.—For each 
conflict identified in subsection (b)(3), the relevant office 
or diplomatic or consular post of the Department of State, 
in consultation with the relevant office or overseas mission 
of the Agency, shall develop a conflict mitigation strategy. 
Such strategy shall include the following elements: 
(1) An analysis of the key drivers of potential 
conflict. 
(2) An analysis of the impact of current United 
States policies and programs on the drivers referred 
to in paragraph (1). 
(3) Specific objectives in mitigating conflict for 
the next 1- to 3-year period, including indicators and 
other measurements of progress. 
(4) A plan for ensuring that basic human needs 
are met and civilians are protected during the period 
of the strategy. 
(5) A description of policies and programs 
needed to achieve the objectives identified in para-
graph (3). 
(6) A description of how such policies and pro-
grams will be coordinated with the policies and pro-
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253 
grams of local partners and the international com-
munity. 
(7) A description of the roles of each Federal 
agency in carrying out the conflict mitigation strat-
egy, and the mechanisms for interagency coordina-
tion. 
(8) The requirements for human and financial 
resources to carry out the conflict mitigation strat-
egy over the next 1- to 3-year period. 
(d) CONSULTATION.—In preparing each conflict miti-
gation strategy required under subsection (c), the relevant 
office or diplomatic or consular post of the Department 
of State shall consult with a wide range of local stake-
holders, including civil society organizations. 
(e) TRANSMISSION
TO CONGRESS.—Each conflict 
mitigation strategy required under subsection (c) shall be 
transmitted to the appropriate congressional committees. 
SEC. 2022. DATA ON COSTS INCURRED IN SUPPORT OF 
UNITED 
NATIONS 
PEACEKEEPING 
OPER-
ATIONS. 
(a) QUARTERLY REPORTS.—The Secretary of De-
fense shall submit, on a quarterly basis, to the Committee 
on Armed Services of the House of Representatives, the 
Committee on Armed Services of the Senate, the Com-
mittee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, 
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254 
and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate 
a report setting forth all costs (including incremental 
costs) incurred by the Department of Defense during the 
preceding quarter in implementing or supporting resolu-
tions of the United Nations Security Council, including 
any such resolution calling for international sanctions, 
international peacekeeping operations, or humanitarian 
missions undertaken by the Department of Defense. Each 
quarterly report shall include an aggregate of all such De-
partment of Defense costs by operation or mission. 
(b) UNITED STATES COSTS.—The President shall 
annually transmit to the Secretary General of the United 
Nations the information required under subsection (a). 
(c) UNITED NATIONS MEMBER STATE COSTS.—The 
President shall direct the permanent representative of the 
United States to the United Nations to request that the 
United Nations compile and publish information con-
cerning costs incurred by United Nations Member States 
in support of the resolutions described in subsection (a). 
SEC. 2023. PEACE ON CYPRUS AND IN THE EASTERN MEDI-
TERRANEAN. 
(a) POLICY AND PRINCIPLES.—United States policy 
regarding Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey shall be directed 
toward the establishment of stability and peace in the 
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Eastern Mediterranean region and shall therefore be gov-
erned by the following principles: 
(1) The United States shall actively support the 
resolution of differences in the Eastern Mediterra-
nean region through negotiations, encourage all par-
ties to avoid provocative actions, and strongly oppose 
any attempt to resolve disputes through force or 
threat of force. 
(2) The United States shall provide defense ar-
ticles to Greece and Turkey only with full consider-
ation for maintaining balance and stability in the 
Eastern Mediterranean. 
(3) Sustained improvement in Greek-Turkish 
bilateral relations is in the interests of the United 
States, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and 
the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean region. 
(4) Consistent with longstanding United States 
policy, the United States recognizes and shall con-
tinue to recognize the sovereignty of the Republic of 
Cyprus over the whole of Cyprus, other than the 
British Sovereign Base Areas. Accordingly, the 
United States recognizes the Republic of Cyprus’ 
rights to its territorial seas and economic exclusion 
zone (EEZ). 
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256 
(5) The near-term achievement of a just and 
lasting settlement to the Cyrus problem is a central 
objective of United States foreign policy. 
(6) A just settlement on Cyprus must involve 
the re-unification of the island based on a bi-zonal, 
bi-communal federation with a single sovereignty, 
international personality, and citizenship, with its 
independence and territorial integrity safeguarded, 
and comprising two politically equal communities, as 
provided for in relevant United Nations Security 
Council resolutions. 
(7) Freedom of religion and respect for the cul-
tural and religious heritage of all Cypriot commu-
nities shall be protected and promoted throughout 
the island. 
(8) Agreement on the near-term return of 
Greek Cypriot refugees to Famagusta (Varosha) 
would constitute an important confidence-building 
measure. 
(9) The United States shall use its influence to 
ensure the continuation of the ceasefire on Cyprus 
until an equitable negotiated settlement is reached. 
(10) The United States shall use its influence 
to achieve the withdrawal of Turkish military forces 
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from Cyprus and to effect an end to Turkey’s illegal 
transfer of its citizens to Cyprus. 
(b) QUARTERLY REPORT.— 
(1) SENSE
OF
CONGRESS.—Because progress 
toward a Cyprus settlement is a high priority of 
United States policy in the Eastern Mediterranean 
region, it is the sense of Congress that the President 
should continually review that progress and should 
determine United States policy in the region accord-
ingly. 
(2) REPORT.—To facilitate such a review, the 
President shall, not later than 90 days after the date 
of the enactment of this Act and at the end of each 
succeeding 90-day period thereafter, transmit to the 
Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Rep-
resentatives and the Committee on Foreign Rela-
tions of the Senate a report describing efforts to 
achieve the demilitarization of Cyprus and a nego-
tiated solution to the Cyprus problem. 
(c) CERTIFICATION.—In order to ensure that security 
assistance to Greece and Turkey is provided consistent 
with the policies established in this section, the Secretary 
shall, whenever transmitting a certification pursuant to 
section 4382 for Greece or Turkey, include in that certifi-
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258 
cation a full explanation of how the proposed sale accords 
with the principles set forth in subsection (a). 
(d) RESTRICTION.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Beginning on the day after 
the date of the enactment of this Act, no articles, in-
formation, technology or services controlled for ex-
port pursuant to this Act, the former authority of 
the Arms Export Control Act, or the Export Admin-
istration Act of 1979 (as continued in effect under 
the International Emergency Economic Powers Act) 
may be exported, re-exported, transferred, or pro-
vided to a military end-user, or for a military end- 
use, in the internationally recognized territory of the 
Republic of Cyprus, including Turkish-occupied 
northern Cyprus. 
(2) REPORT.—The President shall submit to 
Congress a report on any credible information that 
articles, information, technology, or services have 
been used in a manner inconsistent with this sub-
section. 
(e) LIMITATION ON FUNDS.—Funds made available 
for Cyprus under this Act shall be provided only for pro-
grams and activities that are consistent with the goal of 
reunification of Cyprus and the achievement of a bi-com-
munal, bi-zonal federation. 
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259 
Subtitle C—Organizations and 
Personnel 
SEC. 2031. ATROCITIES PREVENTION BOARD. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress makes the following find-
ings: 
(1) Non-combatants comprise most of the cas-
ualties in modern conflict. 
(2) In many cases, civilian deaths are the result 
of belligerents deliberately targeting civilians on a 
wide scale. 
(3) Civilians are vulnerable both during inter-
state conflict and intrastate situations, such as civil 
wars, insurgencies, and anarchic conditions associ-
ated with failed states. 
(4) There are common variables to situations 
giving rise to atrocities, including past history of 
such occurrences, persistence of articulated and non- 
articulated tensions, and poor or malevolent leader-
ship. 
(5) Most tellingly, atrocities—including geno-
cide—often occur when displaced persons attempt to 
flee conflict. 
(6) The United States is committed to working 
with our allies, and to strengthening our own inter-
nal capabilities, in order to ensure that the United 
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States 
and 
the 
international 
community 
are 
proactively engaged in a strategic effort to prevent 
mass atrocities and genocide. In the event that pre-
vention fails, the United States will work both multi-
laterally and bilaterally to mobilize diplomatic, hu-
manitarian, financial, and—in certain instances— 
military means to prevent and respond to genocide 
and mass atrocities. 
(7) Preventing mass atrocities and genocide is 
a core national security interest and a core moral re-
sponsibility of the United States. 
(8) United States security is affected when 
masses of civilians are slaughtered, refugees flow 
across borders, and murderers wreak havoc on re-
gional stability and livelihoods. 
(9) Governmental engagement on atrocities and 
genocide too often arrives too late, when opportuni-
ties for prevention or low-cost, low-risk action have 
been missed. 
(10) Ensuring that a full range of options is 
available to senior policy makers requires a level of 
governmental organization that matches the method-
ical organization characteristic of mass killings. 
(b) ESTABLISHMENT OF INTERAGENCY ATROCITIES 
PREVENTION BOARD.—The President shall establish an 
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660 
(3) ADDITION TO DATABASE.—The Secretary of 
Defense shall ensure that the database required 
under subsection (a) is updated to include the infor-
mation reported to Congress pursuant to paragraph 
(2) 
(d) TIMING.—The Secretary shall ensure that the 
database required under this section is operative not later 
than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, 
and shall prescribe such procedures as are necessary to 
ensure that the required information is entered into the 
database in a timely manner and continuously updated. 
(e) PUBLIC AVAILABILITY.—The database required 
under this section shall be made publicly available on the 
Internet and shall be structured so that users may search 
the data by word and sort the data by field. 
(f) FORM.—The database described in subsection (a) 
shall be in unclassified form and shall exclude any activity 
that is reportable under title V of the National Security 
Act of 1947. 
SEC. 9305. CLASSIFICATION OF REPORTS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Unless otherwise specifically pro-
vided by law, all information contained in any report re-
quired to be provided to Congress under this Act shall be 
in unclassified form and shall be made available to the 
public. 
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661 
(b) EXCEPTION.—If the President determines that 
publication of a specific item of information in any such 
report would be detrimental to the security of the United 
States, such item of information may be provided to Con-
gress in a supplemental report in classified form along 
with an explanation of why publication of such specific 
item would be detrimental to the security of the United 
States. 
Subtitle D—Congressional 
Notification Procedures 
SEC. 9401. NOTIFICATION OF PROGRAM CHANGES. 
(a) NOTIFICATION OF PROGRAM CHANGES.—Unless 
the appropriate congressional committees are notified at 
least 15 days in advance, funds appropriated for a fiscal 
year to carry out this Act may not be obligated for any 
assistance or contributions under this Act— 
(1) for a Country Development Cooperation 
Strategy, or any significant revision thereof, which 
has not been transmitted to the appropriate congres-
sional committees in accordance with section 1018; 
(2) for a country, international organization, re-
gional program, or centrally funded program for 
which assistance was not included in a Country De-
velopment Cooperation Strategy, or was not justified 
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694 
(c) RESCISSION
OF DETERMINATIONS.—A deter-
mination of the Secretary under subsection (a) with re-
spect to a government may not be rescinded unless the 
President submits to the appropriate congressional com-
mittees— 
(1) before the proposed rescission would take 
effect, a report certifying that— 
(A) there has been a fundamental change 
in the leadership and policies of the govern-
ment; 
(B) the government is not supporting acts 
of international terrorism; and 
(C) the government has provided assur-
ances that it will not support acts of inter-
national terrorism in the future; or 
(2) at least 45 days before the proposed rescis-
sion would take effect, a report justifying the rescis-
sion and certifying that— 
(A) the government has not provided any 
support for international terrorism during the 
preceding 6-month period; and 
(B) the government has provided assur-
ances that it will not support acts of inter-
national terrorism in the future. 
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