IV 
119TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION 
H. RES. 603 
Reaffirming the principles of the United States Constitution, including separa-
tion of powers and the rule of law, and condemning efforts to undermine 
the same. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
JULY 23, 2025 
Mr. GARAMENDI (for himself, Mrs. FLETCHER, Mr. CARTER of Louisiana, Mr. 
COSTA, Mr. DOGGETT, Mr. GREEN of Texas, Mr. JACKSON of Illinois, 
Mrs. MCIVER, Mr. MOULTON, Ms. NORTON, Ms. SALINAS, Ms. SCHRIER, 
Mr. SOTO, Mr. THANEDAR, Mr. VEASEY, and Mr. MULLIN) submitted 
the following resolution; which was referred to the Committee on the Ju-
diciary 
RESOLUTION 
Reaffirming the principles of the United States Constitution, 
including separation of powers and the rule of law, and 
condemning efforts to undermine the same. 
Whereas the United States of America is a constitutional re-
public, and the Constitution has served as the supreme 
law of the land since its adoption in 1789; 
Whereas the Constitution of the United States created three 
branches of government, the legislative, the executive, 
and judicial branch, granting distinct powers to each to 
avoid consolidation of power in any one; 
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Whereas Congress, as the first branch of government, has the 
constitutional duty to declare war, regulate commerce, 
raise revenue, appropriate funds, and conduct investiga-
tions and inquiries into the administration of law; 
Whereas article I, section 9, clause 7 of the Constitution ex-
plicitly states that ‘‘No Money shall be drawn from the 
Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by 
Law’’; 
Whereas James Madison, in Federalist No. 58, declared that 
‘‘this power over the purse may, in fact, be regarded as 
the most complete and effectual weapon with which any 
constitution can arm the immediate representatives of the 
people’’; 
Whereas the President is not above the law; 
Whereas the President has a duty to refrain from using the 
vast powers of the executive branch, including the De-
partment of Justice, to arbitrarily prosecute or intimidate 
personal or political opponents; 
Whereas a professional, nonpartisan civil service protected 
from political purges and undue influence helps ensure 
that the Federal Government functions for the people, 
not the personal or political interests of the President; 
Whereas governments that undermine the rule of law experi-
ence democratic backsliding, capital flight, and other 
forms of economic and civil instability; 
Whereas article III of the Constitution of the United States 
vests the ‘‘judicial Power of the United States . . . in one 
supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Con-
gress may from time to time ordain and establish’’; 
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Whereas the judiciary plays an essential role in ensuring that 
the executive faithfully executes the laws and does not ex-
ceed its constitutional authority; 
Whereas orders issued by Federal judges are binding, and the 
Constitution of the United States and established prece-
dent require the executive branch to comply with Federal 
court rulings; 
Whereas, as recently affirmed by the Chief Justice of the Su-
preme Court, ‘‘for more than two centuries, it has been 
established that impeachment is not an appropriate re-
sponse to disagreement concerning a judicial decision’’; 
Whereas, as is inscribed on the Department of Justice head-
quarters, ‘‘No free government can survive that is not 
based on the supremacy of the law. Where law ends, tyr-
anny begins.’’; 
Whereas John Adams, in his Thoughts on Government, de-
clared that ‘‘the very definition of a republic is ‘an em-
pire of laws, and not of men’ ’’; 
Whereas George Washington, in his Farewell Address, cau-
tioned that ‘‘cunning, ambitious, and unprincipled men 
will be enabled to subvert the power of the people and to 
usurp for themselves the reins of government’’; 
Whereas James Madison, in Federalist No. 47, warned that 
‘‘the accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, 
and judiciary, in the same hands . . . may justly be pro-
nounced the very definition of tyranny’’; 
Whereas Thomas Jefferson said ‘‘An elective despotism was 
not the government we fought for; but one which should 
not only be founded on free principles, but in which the 
powers of government should be so divided and balanced 
among several bodies of magistracy, as that no one could 
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transcend their legal limits, without being effectually 
checked and restrained by the others.’’; 
Whereas in the words of James Madison ‘‘ambition must be 
made to counteract ambition’’ between the three branches 
of government; and 
Whereas the Presidency is a position of service, and Presi-
dents swear an oath to preserve, protect, and defend the 
Constitution of the United States: Now, therefore, be it 
Resolved, That the House of Representatives— 
(1) reaffirms the principles of the United States 
Constitution, including the separation of powers, 
checks and balances, the independence of the judici-
ary, and the power of Congress to control spending, 
declare war, and conduct oversight; 
(2) reaffirms the protections for individual 
rights enshrined in the Constitution including due 
process of law; 
(3) condemns any efforts by public officials to 
undermine congressional authority, violate or ignore 
court orders or otherwise undermine the judiciary, 
the independence of executive agencies or the impar-
tial application of the rule of law, or consolidate 
power in any single branch of government; 
(4) declares that appropriations made by Con-
gress are law, not mere recommendations, and con-
demns any attempt to withhold or misdirect funds 
without congressional approval; and 
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(5) urges all public officials, regardless of party, 
to reject actions that seek to subvert congressional 
or judicial authority or otherwise threaten the con-
stitutional order. 
Æ 
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