IV 
110TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION 
H. RES. 194 
Apologizing for the enslavement and racial segregation of African-Americans. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
FEBRUARY 27, 2007 
Mr. COHEN (for himself, Mr. JOHNSON of Georgia, Ms. JACKSON-LEE of 
Texas, Mr. BRADY of Pennsylvania, Mr. WEXLER, Ms. KILPATRICK, Ms. 
WOOLSEY, Mr. PALLONE, Ms. LEE, Mr. MCGOVERN, Ms. SCHAKOWSKY, 
Mrs. MALONEY of New York, Mr. CONYERS, Mr. MORAN of Virginia, Mr. 
CAPUANO, Mr. RANGEL, Mr. PAYNE, Mr. JEFFERSON, Mr. ELLISON, Mr. 
AL GREEN of Texas, Mr. BUTTERFIELD, Ms. WATSON, Mr. HINCHEY, 
Mr. CLEAVER, Ms. CARSON, Mr. ISRAEL, Mr. ACKERMAN, Mr. DAVIS of 
Alabama, Mr. LEWIS of Georgia, Mr. ABERCROMBIE, Mr. HARE, Mr. 
KENNEDY, Ms. BALDWIN, Mr. HODES, Mr. FILNER, Mr. HONDA, and 
Mr. KUCINICH) submitted the following resolution; which was referred to 
the Committee on the Judiciary 
RESOLUTION 
Apologizing for the enslavement and racial segregation of 
African-Americans. 
Whereas millions of Africans and their descendants were 
enslaved in the United States and the 13 American colo-
nies from 1619 through 1865; 
Whereas slavery in America resembled no other form of invol-
untary servitude known in history, as Africans were cap-
tured and sold at auction like inanimate objects or ani-
mals; 
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•HRES 194 IH 
Whereas Africans forced into slavery were brutalized, humili-
ated, dehumanized, and subjected to the indignity of 
being stripped of their names and heritage; 
Whereas enslaved families were torn apart after having been 
sold separately from one another; 
Whereas the system of slavery and the visceral racism against 
persons of African descent upon which it depended be-
came entrenched in the Nation’s social fabric; 
Whereas slavery was not officially abolished until the passage 
of the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitu-
tion in 1865 after the end of the Civil War, which was 
fought over the slavery issue; 
Whereas after emancipation from 246 years of slavery, Afri-
can-Americans soon saw the fleeting political, social, and 
economic gains they made during Reconstruction evis-
cerated by virulent racism, lynchings, disenfranchisement, 
Black Codes, and racial segregation laws that imposed a 
rigid system of officially sanctioned racial segregation in 
virtually all areas of life; 
Whereas the system of de jure racial segregation known as 
‘‘Jim Crow,’’ which arose in certain parts of the Nation 
following the Civil War to create separate and unequal 
societies for whites and African-Americans, was a direct 
result of the racism against persons of African descent 
engendered by slavery; 
Whereas the system of Jim Crow laws officially existed into 
the 1960’s—a century after the official end of slavery in 
America—until Congress took action to end it, but the 
vestiges of Jim Crow continue to this day; 
Whereas African-Americans continue to suffer from the con-
sequences of slavery and Jim Crow—long after both sys-
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•HRES 194 IH 
tems were formally abolished—through enormous damage 
and loss, both tangible and intangible, including the loss 
of human dignity and liberty, the frustration of careers 
and professional lives, and the long-term loss of income 
and opportunity; 
Whereas the story of the enslavement and de jure segregation 
of African-Americans and the dehumanizing atrocities 
committed against them should not be purged from or 
minimized in the telling of American history; 
Whereas on July 8, 2003, during a trip to Goree Island, Sen-
egal, a former slave port, President George W. Bush ac-
knowledged slavery’s continuing legacy in American life 
and the need to confront that legacy when he stated that 
slavery ‘‘was . . . one of the greatest crimes of history 
. . . The racial bigotry fed by slavery did not end with 
slavery or with segregation. And many of the issues that 
still trouble America have roots in the bitter experience 
of other times. But however long the journey, our destiny 
is set: liberty and justice for all.’’; 
Whereas President Bill Clinton also acknowledged the deep- 
seated problems caused by the continuing legacy of rac-
ism against African-Americans that began with slavery 
when he initiated a national dialogue about race; 
Whereas a genuine apology is an important and necessary 
first step in the process of racial reconciliation; 
Whereas an apology for centuries of brutal dehumanization 
and injustices cannot erase the past, but confession of 
the wrongs committed can speed racial healing and rec-
onciliation and help Americans confront the ghosts of 
their past; 
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•HRES 194 IH 
Whereas the legislature of the Commonwealth of Virginia has 
recently taken the lead in adopting a resolution officially 
expressing appropriate remorse for slavery and other 
State legislatures are considering similar resolutions; and 
Whereas it is important for this country, which legally recog-
nized slavery through its Constitution and its laws, to 
make a formal apology for slavery and for its successor, 
Jim Crow, so that it can move forward and seek rec-
onciliation, justice, and harmony for all of its citizens: 
Now, therefore, be it 
Resolved, That the House of Representatives— 
(1) acknowledges the fundamental injustice, 
cruelty, brutality, and inhumanity of slavery and 
Jim Crow; 
(2) apologizes to African-Americans on behalf 
of the people of the United States, for the wrongs 
committed against them and their ancestors who 
suffered under slavery and Jim Crow; and 
(3) expresses its commitment to rectify the lin-
gering consequences of the misdeeds committed 
against African-Americans under slavery and Jim 
Crow and to stop the occurrence of human rights 
violations in the future. 
Æ 
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