•HRES 891 IH 
LOWENTHAL, Mrs. BEATTY, Ms. WILLIAMS of Georgia, Mr. KILMER, Ms. 
STEVENS, Ms. HOULAHAN, Mr. MCEACHIN, Mr. PANETTA, Mrs. BUSTOS, 
Ms. SA´NCHEZ, Ms. SLOTKIN, Mr. LEVIN of Michigan, Mr. PERLMUTTER, 
Mr. MCNERNEY, Mr. COHEN, Ms. UNDERWOOD, Mr. PAPPAS, Mr. 
SCHNEIDER, Mr. TONKO, Ms. BLUNT ROCHESTER, Mr. LAMB, Mr. LAR-
SEN of Washington, Mr. GRIJALVA, Ms. GARCIA of Texas, Mr. YARMUTH, 
Ms. PRESSLEY, Mr. AGUILAR, Mr. PHILLIPS, Mr. CASE, and Mrs. 
DEMINGS) submitted the following resolution; which was referred to the 
Committee on the Judiciary 
RESOLUTION 
Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that 
the article of amendment (commonly known as the 
‘‘Equal Rights Amendment’’) to the Constitution is valid. 
Whereas 2⁄3 of each House of the 92d Congress duly proposed 
in 1972 an article of amendment (commonly known as 
the ‘‘Equal Rights Amendment’’) to the Constitution that 
provides the following: 
‘‘SECTION 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not 
be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State 
on account of sex. 
‘‘SEC. 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, 
by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. 
‘‘SEC. 3. This amendment shall take effect two years 
after the date of ratification.’’; 
Whereas the Equal Rights Amendment provides a stronger 
constitutional basis for combating sex discrimination and 
provides Congress with more authority to enact laws that 
ensure sex equality; 
Whereas the House of Representative passed the Equal 
Rights Amendment on October 12, 1971, with a vote of 
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•HRES 891 IH 
354 yeas and 24 nays (with 51 not voting), the Senate 
passed the Equal Rights Amendment on March 22, 1972, 
by a vote of 84 yeas and 8 nays (with 7 not voting), and 
the amendment was sent to the States for ratification; 
Whereas the legislatures of more than 3⁄4 of the several 
States have ratified the proposed article of amendment to 
the Constitution, including: 
(1) Hawaii (March 22, 1972); 
(2) New Hampshire (March 23, 1972); 
(3) Delaware (March 23, 1972); 
(4) Iowa (March 24, 1972); 
(5) Idaho (March 24, 1972); 
(6) Kansas (March 28, 1972); 
(7) Nebraska (March 29, 1972); 
(8) Texas (March 30, 1972); 
(9) Tennessee (April 4, 1972); 
(10) Alaska (April 5, 1972); 
(11) Rhode Island (April 14, 1972); 
(12) New Jersey (April 17, 1972); 
(13) Colorado (April 21, 1972); 
(14) West Virginia (April 22, 1972); 
(15) Wisconsin (April 26, 1972); 
(16) New York (May 18, 1972); 
(17) Michigan (May 22, 1972); 
(18) Maryland (May 26, 1972); 
(19) Massachusetts (June 21, 1972); 
(20) Kentucky (June 27, 1972); 
(21) Pennsylvania (September 27, 1972); 
(22) California (November 13, 1972); 
(23) Wyoming (January 26, 1973); 
(24) South Dakota (February 5, 1973); 
(25) Oregon (February 8, 1973); 
(26) Minnesota (February 8, 1973); 
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•HRES 891 IH 
(27) New Mexico (February 28, 1973); 
(28) Vermont (March 1, 1973); 
(29) Connecticut (March 15, 1973); 
(30) Washington (March 22, 1973); 
(31) Maine (January 18, 1974); 
(32) Montana (January 25, 1974); 
(33) Ohio (February 7, 1974); 
(34) North Dakota (February 3, 1975); 
(35) Indiana (January 18, 1977); 
(36) Nevada (March 22, 2017); 
(37) Illinois (May 30, 2018); and 
(38) Virginia (January 27, 2020); 
Whereas no time limit exists within the text of the proposed 
amendment that was ratified by more than 3⁄4 of the 
States; 
Whereas the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 was published 
to the Constitution despite 2 States purporting to rescind 
their ratifications; 
Whereas the Archivist of the United States has a statutory 
and ministerial duty to certify that a proposed amend-
ment to the Constitution is valid and has become part of 
the Constitution once it is ratified by more than 3⁄4 of the 
States; and 
Whereas section 3 of the Equal Rights Amendment states 
that the amendment shall take effect 2 years after the 
last constitutionally necessary State ratification occurs, 
which was January 27, 2020: Now, therefore, be it 
Resolved, That it is the sense of the House of Rep-
resentatives that the article of amendment to the Constitu-
tion relating to the equality of rights (commonly known 
as the ‘‘Equal Rights Amendment’’), duly proposed by 2⁄3 
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of each House of the Congress and ratified by more than 
3⁄4 of the several States, has met the requirements of the 
Constitution and become valid to all intents and purposes 
as a part of the Constitution, and shall be known as the 
‘‘Twenty-Eighth Amendment to the Constitution’’. 
Æ 
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