327 
use in telecasting, of postage and revenue stamps and other 
obligations and securities of the United States, and postage 
and revenue stamps, notes, bonds, and other obligations or 
securities of any foreign government, bank, or corporation. 
No prints or other reproductions shall be made from such 
films or slides, except for the purposes of paragraph (1), 
without the permission of the Secretary of the Treasury. 
For the purposes of this section the term ‘postage stamp’ 
includes postage meter stamps. 
‘‘§ 713. Seals of courts; signatures of judges or 
court officers 
‘‘Whoever forges the signature of any judge, register, or 
other officer of any court of the United States, or of any Terri-
tory thereof, or forges or counterfeits the seal of any such 
court, or knowingly concurs in using any such forged or coun-
terfeit signature or seal, for the purpose of authenticating any 
proceeding or document, or tenders in evidence any such pro-
ceeding or document with a false or counterfeit signature of 
any such judge, register, or other officer, or a false or counter-
feit seal of the court, subscribed or attached thereto, knowing 
such signature or seal to be false or counterfeit, shall be im-
prisoned not more than five years. 
‘‘§ 714. Seals of departments or agencies 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
‘‘(1) falsely makes, forges, counterfeits, mutilates, or al-
ters the seal of any department or agency of the United 
States, or any facsimile thereof; 
‘‘(2) knowingly uses, affixes, or impresses any such 
fraudulently made, forged, counterfeited, mutilated, or al-
tered seal or facsimile thereof to or upon any certificate, 
instrument, commission, document, or paper of any de-
scription; or 
‘‘(3) with fraudulent intent, possesses, sells, offers for 
sale, furnishes, offers to furnish, gives away, offers to give 
away, transports, offers to transport, imports, or offers to 
import any such seal or facsimile thereof, knowing the 
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same to have been so falsely made, forged, counterfeited, 
mutilated, or altered, 
shall be imprisoned not more than 5 years. 
‘‘(b) INCREASED PENALTY.—Notwithstanding subsection (a) 
or any other provision of law, if a forged, counterfeited, muti-
lated, or altered seal of a department or agency of the United 
States, or any facsimile thereof, is— 
‘‘(1) so forged, counterfeited, mutilated, or altered; 
‘‘(2) used, affixed, or impressed to or upon any certifi-
cate, instrument, commission, document, or paper of any 
description; or 
‘‘(3) with fraudulent intent, possessed, sold, offered for 
sale, furnished, offered to furnish, given away, offered to 
give away, transported, offered to transport, imported, or 
offered to import, 
with the intent or effect of facilitating an alien’s application 
for, or receipt of, a Federal benefit to which the alien is not 
entitled, the penalties which may be imposed for each offense 
under subsection (a) shall be two times the maximum fine, and 
3 times the maximum term of imprisonment, or both, that 
would otherwise be imposed for an offense under subsection 
(a). 
‘‘(c) DEFINITIONS.—For purposes of this section— 
‘‘(1) the term ‘Federal benefit’ means— 
‘‘(A) the issuance of any grant, contract, loan, pro-
fessional license, or commercial license provided by any 
agency of the United States or by appropriated funds 
of the United States; and 
‘‘(B) any retirement, welfare, Social Security, health 
(including treatment of an emergency medical condition 
in accordance with section 1903(v) of the Social Secu-
rity Act (19 U.S.C. 1396b(v))), disability, veterans, 
public housing, education, supplemental nutrition as-
sistance program benefits, or unemployment benefit, or 
any similar benefit for which payments or assistance 
are provided by an agency of the United States or by 
appropriated funds of the United States; and 
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‘‘(2) each instance of forgery, counterfeiting, mutilation, 
or alteration shall constitute a separate offense under this 
section. 
‘‘§ 715. Forging endorsements on Treasury checks 
or bonds or securities of the United States 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Whoever, with intent to defraud— 
‘‘(1) falsely makes or forges any endorsement or signa-
ture on a Treasury check or bond or security of the United 
States; or 
‘‘(2) passes, utters, or publishes, or attempts to pass, 
utter, or publish, any Treasury check or bond or security 
of the United States bearing a falsely made or forged en-
dorsement or signature; 
shall be imprisoned not more than ten years. 
‘‘(b) SALE EXCHANGE AND SIMILAR CONDUCT.—Whoever, 
with knowledge that such Treasury check or bond or security 
of the United States is stolen or bears a falsely made or forged 
endorsement or signature buys, sells, exchanges, receives, deliv-
ers, retains, or conceals any such Treasury check or bond or 
security of the United States shall be imprisoned not more than 
ten years. 
‘‘(c) REDUCED PENALTY.—If the face value of the Treasury 
check or bond or security of the United States or the aggregate 
face value, if more than one Treasury check or bond or security 
of the United States, does not exceed $1,000, in any of the 
above-mentioned offenses, the penalty shall be imprisonment 
for not more than one year. 
‘‘§ 716. Altering or removing motor vehicle identi-
fication numbers 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
‘‘(1) knowingly removes, obliterates, tampers with, or al-
ters an identification number for a motor vehicle or motor 
vehicle part; or 
‘‘(2) with intent to further the theft of a motor vehicle, 
knowingly removes, obliterates, tampers with, or alters a 
decal or device affixed to a motor vehicle pursuant to the 
Motor Vehicle Theft Prevention Act, 
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shall be imprisoned not more than 5 years. 
‘‘(b) EXCLUSION.— 
‘‘(1) GENERALLY.—Subsection (a) does not apply to a 
removal, obliteration, tampering, or alteration by a person 
specified in paragraph (2) (unless such person knows that 
the vehicle or part involved is stolen). 
‘‘(2) PERSONS REFERRED TO IN PARAGRAPH (1).—The 
persons referred to in paragraph (1) of this subsection 
are— 
‘‘(A) a motor vehicle scrap processor or a motor ve-
hicle demolisher who complies with applicable State law 
with respect to such vehicle or part; 
‘‘(B) a person who repairs such vehicle or part, if the 
removal, obliteration, tampering, or alteration is rea-
sonably necessary for the repair; 
‘‘(C) a person who restores or replaces an identifica-
tion number for such vehicle or part in accordance with 
applicable State law; and 
‘‘(D) a person who removes, obliterates, tampers 
with, or alters a decal or device affixed to a motor vehi-
cle pursuant to the Motor Vehicle Theft Prevention 
Act, if that person is the owner of the motor vehicle, 
or is authorized to remove, obliterate, tamper with or 
alter the decal or device by— 
‘‘(i) the owner or his authorized agent; 
‘‘(ii) applicable State or local law; or 
‘‘(iii) regulations promulgated by the Attorney 
General to implement the Motor Vehicle Theft Pre-
vention Act. 
‘‘(c) DEFINITIONS FOR SECTION.—As used in this section— 
‘‘(1) the term ‘identification number’ means a number or 
symbol that is inscribed or affixed for purposes of identi-
fication under chapter 301 and part C of subtitle VI of title 
49; 
‘‘(2) the term ‘motor vehicle’ has the meaning given that 
term in section 32101 of title 49; 
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‘‘(3) the term ‘motor vehicle demolisher’ means a person, 
including any motor vehicle dismantler or motor vehicle re-
cycler, who is engaged in the business of reducing motor 
vehicles or motor vehicle parts to metallic scrap that is un-
suitable for use as either a motor vehicle or a motor vehicle 
part; 
‘‘(4) the term ‘motor vehicle scrap processor’ means a 
person— 
‘‘(A) who is engaged in the business of purchasing 
motor vehicles or motor vehicle parts for reduction to 
metallic scrap for recycling; 
‘‘(B) who, from a fixed location, uses machinery to 
process metallic scrap into prepared grades; and 
‘‘(C) whose principal product is metallic scrap for re-
cycling; 
but such term does not include any activity of any such 
person relating to the recycling of a motor vehicle or a 
motor vehicle part as a used motor vehicle or a used motor 
vehicle part; and 
‘‘(5) the term ‘tampers with’ includes covering a pro-
gram decal or device affixed to a motor vehicle pursuant to 
the Motor Vehicle Theft Prevention Act for the purpose of 
obstructing its visibility. 
‘‘§ 717. Securities of the States and private entities 
‘‘(a) COUNTERFEIT SECURITIES.—Whoever makes, utters or 
possesses a counterfeited security of a State or a political sub-
division thereof or of an organization, or whoever makes, utters 
or possesses a forged security of a State or political subdivision 
thereof or of an organization that operates in or affecting com-
merce, with intent to deceive another person shall be impris-
oned for not more than ten years. 
‘‘(b) IMPLEMENTS.—Whoever makes, receives, possesses, 
sells or otherwise transfers an implement designed for or par-
ticularly suited for making a counterfeit or forged security with 
the intent that it be so used shall be punished by imprisonment 
for not more than ten years. 
‘‘(c) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
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‘‘(1) the term ‘counterfeited’ means a document that 
purports to be genuine but is not, because it has been false-
ly made or manufactured in its entirety; 
‘‘(2) the term ‘forged’ means a document that purports 
to be genuine but is not because it has been falsely altered, 
completed, signed, or endorsed, or contains a false addition 
thereto or insertion therein, or is a combination of parts of 
two or more genuine documents; and 
‘‘(3) the term ‘security’ means— 
‘‘(A) a note, stock certificate, treasury stock certifi-
cate, bond, treasury bond, debenture, certificate of de-
posit, interest coupon, bill, check, draft, warrant, debit 
instrument as defined in section 916(c) of the Elec-
tronic Fund Transfer Act, money order, traveler’s 
check, letter of credit, warehouse receipt, negotiable bill 
of lading, evidence of indebtedness, certificate of inter-
est in or participation in any profit-sharing agreement, 
collateral-trust certificate, pre-reorganization certificate 
of subscription, transferable share, investment contract, 
voting trust certificate, or certificate of interest in tan-
gible or intangible property; 
‘‘(B) an instrument evidencing ownership of goods, 
wares, or merchandise; 
‘‘(C) any other written instrument commonly known 
as a security; 
‘‘(D) a certificate of interest in, certificate of partici-
pation in, certificate for, receipt for, or warrant or op-
tion or other right to subscribe to or purchase, any of 
the foregoing; or 
‘‘(E) a blank form of any of the foregoing. 
‘‘§ 718. Fictitious obligations 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever, with the intent to defraud— 
‘‘(1) draws, prints, processes, produces, publishes, or 
otherwise makes, or attempts or causes the same, within 
the United States; 
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‘‘(2) passes, utters, presents, offers, brokers, issues, sells, 
or attempts or causes the same, or with like intent pos-
sesses, within the United States; or 
‘‘(3) utilizes interstate or foreign commerce, including 
the use of the mails or wire, radio, or other electronic com-
munication, to transmit, transport, ship, move, transfer, or 
attempts or causes the same, to, from, or through the 
United States, 
any false or fictitious instrument, document, or other item ap-
pearing, representing, purporting, or contriving through scheme 
or artifice, to be an actual security or other financial instru-
ment issued under the authority of the United States, a foreign 
government, a State or other political subdivision of the United 
States, or an organization, shall be imprisoned for not more 
than 25 years. 
‘‘(b) DEFINITIONS.—For purposes of this section, any term 
used in this section that is defined in section 718(c) has the 
same meaning given such term in section 718(c). 
‘‘(c) AUTHORITY OF THE UNITED STATES SECRET SERV-
ICE.—The United States Secret Service, in addition to any 
other agency having such authority, shall have authority to in-
vestigate offenses under this section. 
‘‘CHAPTER 25—FRAUD AND FALSE STATEMENT 
CRIMES 
‘‘Subchapter 
Sec. 
‘‘A. Fraud and false statements .............................................
771 
‘‘B. Mail fraud ...............................................................................
801 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER A—FRAUD AND FALSE STATEMENTS 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘771.
Definitions. 
‘‘772.
Statements or entries generally. 
‘‘773.
Bank entries, reports, and transactions. 
‘‘774.
Federal credit institution entries, reports and transactions. 
‘‘775.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation transactions. 
‘‘776.
Department of Housing and Urban Development and Federal Hous-
ing Administration transactions. 
‘‘777.
Department of Housing and Urban Development transactions. 
‘‘778.
Farm loan bonds and credit bank debentures. 
‘‘779.
Loan and credit applications generally; renewals and discounts; crop 
insurance. 
‘‘780.
Naturalization, citizenship, or alien registry. 
‘‘781.
Highway projects. 
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‘‘782.
False statements and concealment of facts in relation to documents 
required by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 
1974. 
‘‘783.
Fraud and related activity in connection with identification docu-
ments, authentication features, and information. 
‘‘784.
Aggravated identity theft. 
‘‘785.
Fraudulent use of credit card. 
‘‘786.
Fraud and related activity in connection with access devices. 
‘‘787.
Fraud and related activity in connection with computers. 
‘‘788.
Major fraud against the United States. 
‘‘789.
Concealment of assets from conservator, receiver, or liquidating 
agent of financial institution. 
‘‘790.
Crimes by or affecting persons engaged in the business of insurance 
whose activities affect interstate commerce. 
‘‘791.
Civil penalties and injunctions for violations of section 790. 
‘‘792.
False statements relating to health care matters. 
‘‘793.
Entry by false pretenses to any real property, vessel, or aircraft of 
the United States or secure area of any airport. 
‘‘794.
Fraud and related activity in connection with electronic mail. 
‘‘795.
False information and hoaxes. 
‘‘796.
Fraud and related activity in connection with obtaining confidential 
phone records information of a covered entity. 
‘‘§ 771. Definitions 
‘‘As used in this subchapter— 
‘‘(1) the term ‘member bank’ means any national bank, 
state bank, or bank or trust company, which has become 
a member of one of the Federal Reserve banks; 
‘‘(2) the term ‘insured bank’ includes any state bank, 
banking association, trust company, savings bank, or other 
banking institution, the deposits of which are insured by 
the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; 
‘‘(3) the term ‘branch or agency of a foreign bank’ 
means a branch or agency described in paragraph (E) of 
the definition of financial institution in section 1 of this 
title; and 
‘‘(4) the term ‘depository institution holding company’ 
has the meaning given such term in section 3(w)(1) of the 
Federal Deposit Insurance Act. 
‘‘§ 772. Statements or entries generally 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Except as otherwise provided in this sec-
tion, whoever, in any matter within the jurisdiction of the exec-
utive, legislative, or judicial branch of the Government of the 
United States, knowingly— 
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‘‘(1) falsifies, conceals, or covers up by any trick, 
scheme, or device a material fact; 
‘‘(2) makes any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent 
statement or representation; or 
‘‘(3) makes or uses any false writing or document know-
ing the same to contain any materially false, fictitious, or 
fraudulent statement or entry; 
shall be imprisoned not more than 5 years or, if the offense in-
volves international or domestic terrorism (as defined in section 
2331), imprisoned not more than 8 years. If the matter relates 
to an offense under chapter 13 or section 1265, then the term 
of imprisonment imposed under this section shall be not more 
than 8 years. 
‘‘(b) EXCLUSION.—Subsection (a) does not apply to a party 
to a judicial proceeding, or that party’s counsel, for statements, 
representations, writings or documents submitted by such party 
or counsel to a judge or magistrate in that proceeding. 
‘‘(c) APPLICATION TO MATTERS WITHIN THE JURISDICTION 
OF THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH.—With respect to any matter 
within the jurisdiction of the legislative branch, subsection (a) 
shall apply only to— 
‘‘(1) administrative matters, including a claim for pay-
ment, a matter related to the procurement of property or 
services, personnel or employment practices, or support 
services, or a document required by law, rule, or regulation 
to be submitted to the Congress or any office or officer 
within the legislative branch; or 
‘‘(2) any investigation or review, conducted pursuant to 
the authority of any committee, subcommittee, commission 
or office of the Congress, consistent with applicable rules 
of the House or Senate. 
‘‘§ 773. Bank entries, reports and transactions 
‘‘Whoever— 
‘‘(1) being an officer, director, agent or employee of any 
Federal Reserve bank, member bank, depository institution 
holding company, national bank, insured bank, branch or 
agency of a foreign bank, or organization operating under 
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section 25 or section 25(a) of the Federal Reserve Act, 
without authority from the directors of such bank, branch, 
agency, or organization or company, issues or puts in cir-
culation any notes of such bank, branch, agency, or organi-
zation or company; 
‘‘(2) without such authority, makes, draws, issues, puts 
forth, or assigns any certificate of deposit, draft, order, bill 
of exchange, acceptance, note, debenture, bond, or other 
obligation, or mortgage, judgment or decree; 
‘‘(3) makes any false entry in any book, report, or state-
ment of such bank, company, branch, agency, or organiza-
tion with intent to injure or defraud such bank, company, 
branch, agency, or organization, or any other company, 
body politic or corporate, or any individual person, or to de-
ceive any officer of such bank, company, branch, agency, or 
organization, or the Comptroller of the Currency, or the 
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or any agent or ex-
aminer appointed to examine the affairs of such bank, com-
pany, branch, agency, or organization, or the Board of 
Governors of the Federal Reserve System; or 
‘‘(4) with intent to defraud the United States or any 
agency thereof, or any financial institution referred to in 
this section, participates or shares in or receives (directly 
or indirectly) any money, profit, property, or benefits 
through any transaction, loan, commission, contract, or any 
other act of any such financial institution; 
shall be imprisoned not more than 30 years. 
‘‘§ 774. Federal credit institution entries, reports, 
and transactions 
‘‘Whoever, being an officer, agent or employee of or con-
nected in any capacity with the Federal Deposit Insurance Cor-
poration, National Credit Union Administration, Office of 
Thrift Supervision, any Federal home loan bank, the Federal 
Housing Finance Agency, the Resolution Trust Corporation, 
Farm Credit Administration, Department of Housing and 
Urban Development, Federal Crop Insurance Corporation, the 
Secretary of Agriculture acting through the Farmers Home Ad-
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ministration or successor agency, the Rural Development Ad-
ministration or successor agency, or the Farm Credit System 
Insurance Corporation, a Farm Credit Bank, a bank for co-
operatives or any lending, mortgage, insurance, credit or sav-
ings and loan corporation or association authorized or acting 
under the laws of the United States or any institution, other 
than an insured bank, the accounts of which are insured by the 
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or by the National 
Credit Union Administration Board or any small business in-
vestment company, with intent to defraud any such institution 
or any other company, body politic or corporate, or any indi-
vidual, or to deceive any officer, auditor, examiner or agent of 
any such institution or of department or agency of the United 
States, makes any false entry in any book, report or statement 
of or to any such institution, or without being duly authorized, 
draws any order or bill of exchange, makes any acceptance, or 
issues, puts forth or assigns any note, debenture, bond or other 
obligation, or draft, bill of exchange, mortgage, judgment, or 
decree, or, with intent to defraud the United States or any 
agency thereof, or any corporation, institution, or association 
referred to in this section, participates or shares in or receives 
directly or indirectly any money, profit, property, or benefits 
through any transaction, loan, commission, contract, or any 
other act of any such corporation, institution, or association, 
shall be imprisoned not more than 30 years. 
‘‘§ 775. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 
transactions 
‘‘Whoever, for the purpose of influencing in any way the ac-
tion of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, knowingly 
makes or invites reliance on a false, forged, or counterfeit 
statement, document, or thing shall be imprisoned not more 
than 30 years. 
‘‘§ 776. Department of Housing and Urban Devel-
opment and Federal Housing Administra-
tion transactions 
‘‘Whoever, for the purpose of obtaining any loan or advance 
of credit from any person, partnership, association, or corpora-
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tion with the intent that such loan or advance of credit shall 
be offered to or accepted by the Department of Housing and 
Urban Development for insurance, or for the purpose of obtain-
ing any extension or renewal of any loan, advance of credit, or 
mortgage insured by such Department, or the acceptance, re-
lease, or substitution of any security on such a loan, advance 
of credit, or for the purpose of influencing in any way the ac-
tion of such Department, makes, passes, utters, or publishes 
any statement, knowing the same to be false, or alters, forges, 
or counterfeits any instrument, paper, or document, or utters, 
publishes, or passes as true any instrument, paper, or docu-
ment, knowing it to have been altered, forged, or counterfeited, 
or knowingly overvalues any security, asset, or income, shall be 
imprisoned not more than two years. 
‘‘§ 777. Department of Housing and Urban Devel-
opment transactions 
‘‘Whoever— 
‘‘(1) with intent to defraud, makes any false entry in any 
book of the Department of Housing and Urban Develop-
ment or makes any false report or statement to or for such 
Department; 
‘‘(2) receives any compensation, rebate, or reward, with 
intent to defraud such Department or with intent unlaw-
fully to defeat its purposes; or 
‘‘(3) induces or influences such Department to purchase 
or acquire any property or to enter into any contract and 
knowingly fails to disclose any interest which that person 
has in such property or in the property to which such con-
tract relates, or any special benefit which he expects to re-
ceive as a result of such contract; 
shall be imprisoned not more than one year. 
‘‘§ 778. Farm loan bonds and credit bank deben-
tures 
‘‘Whoever deceives, defrauds, or imposes upon, or attempts 
to deceive, defraud, or impose upon any person, partnership, 
corporation, or association by making any false pretense or rep-
resentation concerning the character, issue, security, contents, 
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conditions, or terms of any farm loan bond, or coupon, issued 
by any Federal land bank or banks; or of any debenture, cou-
pon, or other obligation, issued by any Federal intermediate 
credit bank or banks; or by falsely pretending or representing 
that any farm loan bond, or coupon, is anything other than, 
or different from, what it purports to be on the face of said 
bond or coupon, shall be imprisoned not more than one year. 
‘‘§ 779. Loan and credit applications generally; re-
newals and discounts; crop insurance 
‘‘Whoever knowingly makes any false statement or report, or 
knowingly overvalues any land, property or security, for the 
purpose of influencing in any way the action of the Federal 
Housing Administration the Farm Credit Administration, Fed-
eral Crop Insurance Corporation or a company the Corporation 
reinsures, the Secretary of Agriculture acting through the 
Farmers Home Administration or successor agency, the Rural 
Development Administration or successor agency, any Farm 
Credit Bank, production credit association, agricultural credit 
association, bank for cooperatives, or any division, officer, or 
employee thereof, or of any regional agricultural credit corpora-
tion established pursuant to law, or a Federal land bank, a 
Federal land bank association, a Federal Reserve bank, a small 
business investment company, as defined in section 103 of the 
Small Business Investment Act of 1958, or the Small Business 
Administration in connection with any provision of that Act, a 
Federal credit union, an insured State-chartered credit union, 
any institution the accounts of which are insured by the Fed-
eral Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Office of Thrift Super-
vision, any Federal home loan bank, the Federal Housing Fi-
nance Agency, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the 
Resolution Trust Corporation, the Farm Credit System Insur-
ance Corporation, or the National Credit Union Administration 
Board, a branch or agency of a foreign bank (as such terms 
are defined in paragraphs (1) and (3) of section 1(b) of the 
International Banking Act of 1978), or an organization oper-
ating under section 25 or section 25(a) of the Federal Reserve 
Act, upon any application, advance, discount, purchase, pur-
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chase agreement, repurchase agreement, commitment, loan, or 
insurance agreement or application for insurance or a guar-
antee, or any change or extension of any of the same, by re-
newal, deferment of action or otherwise, or the acceptance, re-
lease, or substitution of security therefor, shall be imprisoned 
not more than 30 years. 
‘‘§ 780. Naturalization, citizenship, or alien reg-
istry 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
‘‘(1) knowingly makes any false statement under oath, in 
any case, proceeding, or matter relating to, or under, or by 
virtue of any law of the United States relating to natu-
ralization, citizenship, or registry of aliens; 
‘‘(2) knowingly, with intent to avoid any duty or liability 
imposed or required by law, denies that he has been natu-
ralized or admitted to be a citizen, after having been so 
naturalized or admitted; 
‘‘(3) uses or attempts to use any certificate of arrival, 
declaration of intention, certificate of naturalization, certifi-
cate of citizenship or other documentary evidence of natu-
ralization or of citizenship, or any duplicate or copy there-
of, knowing the same to have been procured by fraud or 
false evidence or without required appearance or hearing of 
the applicant in court or otherwise unlawfully obtained; 
‘‘(4) knowingly makes any false certificate, acknowledg-
ment or statement concerning the appearance before him or 
the taking of an oath or affirmation or the signature, attes-
tation or execution by any person with respect to any appli-
cation, declaration, petition, affidavit, deposition, certificate 
of naturalization, certificate of citizenship or other paper or 
writing required or authorized by the laws relating to immi-
gration, naturalization, citizenship, or registry of aliens; 
‘‘(5) knowingly makes any false statement or claim that 
he is, or at any time has been, a citizen or national of the 
United States, with the intent to obtain on behalf of him-
self, or any other person, any Federal or State benefit or 
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service, or to engage unlawfully in employment in the 
United States; or 
‘‘(6) knowingly makes any false statement or claim that 
he is a citizen of the United States in order to register to 
vote or to vote in any Federal, State, or local election (in-
cluding an initiative, recall, or referendum); 
shall be imprisoned not more than five years. 
‘‘(b) EXCLUSION.—Subsection (a)(5) does not apply to an 
alien if each natural parent of the alien (or, in the case of an 
adopted alien, each adoptive parent of the alien) is or was a 
citizen (whether by birth or naturalization), the alien perma-
nently resided in the United States prior to attaining the age 
of 16, and the alien reasonably believed at the time of making 
the false statement or claim that he or she was a citizen of the 
United States. 
‘‘§ 781. Highway projects 
‘‘Whoever— 
‘‘(1) knowingly makes any false statement, false rep-
resentation, or false report as to the character, quality, 
quantity, or cost of the material used or to be used, or the 
quantity or quality of the work performed or to be per-
formed, or the costs thereof in connection with the submis-
sion of plans, maps, specifications, contracts, or costs of 
construction of any highway or related project submitted 
for approval to the Secretary of Transportation; 
‘‘(2) knowingly makes any false statement, false rep-
resentation, false report, or false claim with respect to the 
character, quality, quantity, or cost of any work performed 
or to be performed, or materials furnished or to be fur-
nished, in connection with the construction of any highway 
or related project approved by the Secretary of Transpor-
tation; or 
‘‘(3) knowingly makes any false statement or false rep-
resentation as to a material fact in any statement, certifi-
cate, or report submitted pursuant to the provisions of the 
Federal-Aid Road Act approved July 11, 1916 (39 Stat. 
355), as amended and supplemented; 
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shall be imprisoned not more than five years. 
‘‘§ 782. False statements and concealment of facts 
in relation to documents required by the 
Employee Retirement Income Security Act 
of 1974 
‘‘Whoever, in any document required by title I of the Em-
ployee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 to be pub-
lished, or kept as part of the records of any employee welfare 
benefit plan or employee pension benefit plan, or certified to 
the administrator of any such plan, makes any false statement 
or representation of fact, knowing it to be false, or knowingly 
conceals, covers up, or fails to disclose any fact the disclosure 
of which is required by such title or is necessary to verify, ex-
plain, clarify or check for accuracy and completeness any report 
required by such title to be published or any information re-
quired by such title to be certified, shall be imprisoned not 
more than five years. 
‘‘§ 783. Fraud and related activity in connection 
with identification documents, authen-
tication features, and information 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever, as made applicable by subsection 
(c)— 
‘‘(1) knowingly and without lawful authority produces an 
identification document, authentication feature, or a false 
identification document; 
‘‘(2) knowingly transfers an identification document, au-
thentication feature, or a false identification document 
knowing that such document or feature was stolen or pro-
duced without lawful authority; 
‘‘(3) knowingly possesses with intent to use unlawfully or 
transfer unlawfully five or more identification documents 
(other than those issued lawfully for the use of the pos-
sessor), authentication features, or false identification docu-
ments; 
‘‘(4) knowingly possesses an identification document 
(other than one issued lawfully for the use of the pos-
sessor), authentication feature, or a false identification doc-
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ument, with the intent such document or feature be used 
to defraud the United States; 
‘‘(5) knowingly produces, transfers, or possesses a docu-
ment-making implement or authentication feature with the 
intent such document-making implement or authentication 
feature will be used in the production of a false identifica-
tion document or another document-making implement or 
authentication feature which will be so used; 
‘‘(6) knowingly possesses an identification document or 
authentication feature that is or appears to be an identi-
fication document or authentication feature of the United 
States or a sponsoring entity of an event designated as a 
special event of national significance which is stolen or pro-
duced without lawful authority knowing that such docu-
ment or feature was stolen or produced without such au-
thority; 
‘‘(7) knowingly transfers, posseses, or uses, without law-
ful authority, a means of identification of another person 
with the intent to commit, or to aid or abet, or in connec-
tion with, any unlawful activity that constitutes a violation 
of Federal law, or that constitutes a felony under any ap-
plicable State or local law; or 
‘‘(8) knowingly traffics in false or actual authentication 
features for use in false identification documents, docu-
ment-making implements, or means of identification; 
shall be punished as provided in subsection (b). 
‘‘(b) PUNISHMENT.—The punishment for an offense under 
subsection (a) of this section is— 
‘‘(1) except as provided in paragraphs (3) and (4), a fine 
under this title or imprisonment for not more than 15 
years, or both, if the offense is— 
‘‘(A) the production or transfer of an identification 
document, authentication feature, or false identification 
document that is or appears to be— 
‘‘(i) an identification document or authentication 
feature issued by or under the authority of the 
United States; or 
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‘‘(ii) a birth certificate, or a driver’s license or 
personal identification card; 
‘‘(B) the production or transfer of more than five 
identification documents, authentication features, or 
false identification documents; 
‘‘(C) an offense under paragraph (5) of such sub-
section; or 
‘‘(D) an offense under paragraph (7) of such sub-
section that involves the transfer, possession, or use of 
1 or more means of identification if, as a result of the 
offense, any individual committing the offense obtains 
anything of value aggregating $1,000 or more during 
any 1-year period; 
‘‘(2) except as provided in paragraphs (3) and (4), a fine 
under this title or imprisonment for not more than 5 years, 
or both, if the offense is— 
‘‘(A) any other production, transfer, or use of a 
means of identification, an identification document, au-
thentication feature, or a false identification document; 
or 
‘‘(B) an offense under paragraph (3) or (7) of such 
subsection; 
‘‘(3) a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more 
than 20 years, or both, if the offense is committed— 
‘‘(A) to facilitate a drug trafficking crime (as defined 
in section 592(a)(2)); 
‘‘(B) in connection with a crime of violence (as de-
fined in section 584(c)(3)); or 
‘‘(C) after a prior conviction under this section be-
comes final; 
‘‘(4) a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more 
than 30 years, or both, if the offense is committed to facili-
tate an act of domestic terrorism (as defined under section 
283) or an act of international terrorism (as defined in sec-
tion 283(1)); and 
‘‘(5) a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more 
than one year, or both, in any other case. 
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‘‘(c) APPLICABILITY.—Subsection (a) applies if— 
‘‘(1) the identification document, authentication feature, 
or false identification document is or appears to be issued 
by or under the authority of the United States or a spon-
soring entity of an event designated as a special event of 
national significance or the document-making implement is 
designed or suited for making such an identification docu-
ment, authentication feature, or false identification docu-
ment; 
‘‘(2) the offense is an offense under subsection (a)(4) of 
this section; or 
‘‘(3) either— 
‘‘(A) the production, transfer, possession, or use pro-
hibited by this section is in or affects interstate or for-
eign commerce, including the transfer of a document by 
electronic means; or 
‘‘(B) the means of identification, identification docu-
ment, false identification document, or document-mak-
ing implement is transported in the mail in the course 
of the production, transfer, possession, or use prohib-
ited by this section. 
‘‘(d) DEFINITIONS.—In this section and section 784— 
‘‘(1) the term ‘authentication feature’ means any 
hologram, watermark, certification, symbol, code, image, se-
quence of numbers or letters, or other feature that either 
individually or in combination with another feature is used 
by the issuing authority on an identification document, doc-
ument-making implement, or means of identification to de-
termine if the document is counterfeit, altered, or otherwise 
falsified; 
‘‘(2) the term ‘document-making implement’ means any 
implement, impression, template, computer file, computer 
disc, electronic device, or computer hardware or software, 
that is specifically configured or primarily used for making 
an identification document, a false identification document, 
or another document-making implement; 
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‘‘(3) the term ‘identification document’ means a docu-
ment made or issued by or under the authority of the 
United States Government, a State, political subdivision of 
a State, or a sponsoring entity of an event designated as 
a special event of national significance, a foreign govern-
ment, political subdivision of a foreign government, an 
international governmental or an international quasi-gov-
ernmental organization which, when completed with infor-
mation concerning a particular individual, is of a type in-
tended or commonly accepted for the purpose of identifica-
tion of individuals; 
‘‘(4) the term ‘false identification document’ means a 
document of a type intended or commonly accepted for the 
purposes of identification of individuals that— 
‘‘(A) is not issued by or under the authority of a 
governmental entity or was issued under the authority 
of a governmental entity but was subsequently altered 
for purposes of deceit; and 
‘‘(B) appears to be issued by or under the authority 
of the United States Government, a State, a political 
subdivision of a State, or a sponsoring entity of an 
event designated as a special event of national signifi-
cance, a foreign government, a political subdivision of 
a foreign government, or an international governmental 
or quasi-governmental organization; 
‘‘(5) the term ‘false authentication feature’ means an au-
thentication feature that— 
‘‘(A) is genuine in origin, but, without the authoriza-
tion of the issuing authority, has been tampered with 
or altered for purposes of deceit; 
‘‘(B) is genuine, but has been distributed, or is in-
tended for distribution, without the authorization of the 
issuing authority and not in connection with a lawfully 
made identification document, document-making imple-
ment, or means of identification to which such authen-
tication feature is intended to be affixed or embedded 
by the respective issuing authority; or 
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‘‘(C) appears to be genuine, but is not; 
‘‘(6) the term ‘issuing authority’— 
‘‘(A) means any governmental entity or agency that 
is authorized to issue identification documents, means 
of identification, or authentication features; and 
‘‘(B) includes the United States Government, a 
State, a political subdivision of a State, or a sponsoring 
entity of an event designated as a special event of na-
tional significance, a foreign government, a political 
subdivision of a foreign government, or an international 
government or quasi-governmental organization; 
‘‘(7) the term ‘means of identification’ means any name 
or number that may be used, alone or in conjunction with 
any other information, to identify a specific individual, in-
cluding any— 
‘‘(A) name, social security number, date of birth, of-
ficial State or government issued driver’s license or 
identification number, alien registration number, gov-
ernment passport number, employer or taxpayer identi-
fication number; 
‘‘(B) unique biometric data, such as fingerprint, 
voice print, retina or iris image, or other unique phys-
ical representation; 
‘‘(C) unique electronic identification number, ad-
dress, or routing code; or 
‘‘(D) telecommunication identifying information or 
access device (as defined in section 1029(e)); 
‘‘(8) the term ‘personal identification card’ means an 
identification document issued by a State or local govern-
ment solely for the purpose of identification; 
‘‘(9) the term ‘produce’ includes alter, authenticate, or 
assemble; 
‘‘(10) the term ‘transfer’ includes selecting an identifica-
tion document, false identification document, or document- 
making implement and placing or directing the placement 
of such identification document, false identification docu-
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ment, or document-making implement on an online location 
where it is available to others; 
‘‘(11) the term ‘traffic’ means— 
‘‘(A) to transport, transfer, or otherwise dispose of, 
to another, as consideration for anything of value; or 
‘‘(B) to make or obtain control of with intent to so 
transport, transfer, or otherwise dispose of. 
‘‘(e) EXCLUSION.—This section does not prohibit any law-
fully authorized investigative, protective, or intelligence activity 
of a law enforcement agency of the United States, a State, or 
a political subdivision of a State, or of an intelligence agency 
of the United States, or any activity authorized under chapter 
224 of this title. 
‘‘(f) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—For purpose of subsection 
(a)(7), a single identification document or false identification 
document that contains 1 or more means of identification shall 
be construed to be 1 means of identification. 
‘‘§ 784. Aggravated identity theft 
‘‘(a) OFFENSES.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Whoever, during and in relation to 
any felony violation enumerated in subsection (c), know-
ingly transfers, possesses, or uses, without lawful authority, 
a means of identification of another person shall, in addi-
tion to the punishment provided for such felony, be sen-
tenced to a term of imprisonment of 2 years. 
‘‘(2) TERRORISM OFFENSE.—Whoever, during and in re-
lation to any felony violation enumerated in section 
273(g)(5)(B), knowingly transfers, possesses, or uses, with-
out lawful authority, a means of identification of another 
person or a false identification document shall, in addition 
to the punishment provided for such felony, be sentenced 
to a term of imprisonment of 5 years. 
‘‘(b) CONSECUTIVE SENTENCE.—Notwithstanding any other 
provision of law— 
‘‘(1) a court shall not place on probation any person con-
victed of a violation of this section; 
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‘‘(2) except as provided in paragraph (4), no term of im-
prisonment imposed on a person under this section shall 
run concurrently with any other term of imprisonment im-
posed on the person under any other provision of law, in-
cluding any term of imprisonment imposed for the felony 
during which the means of identification was transferred, 
possessed, or used; 
‘‘(3) in determining any term of imprisonment to be im-
posed for the felony during which the means of identifica-
tion was transferred, possessed, or used, a court shall not 
in any way reduce the term to be imposed for such crime 
so as to compensate for, or otherwise take into account, 
any separate term of imprisonment imposed or to be im-
posed for a violation of this section; and 
‘‘(4) a term of imprisonment imposed on a person for a 
violation of this section may, in the discretion of the court, 
run concurrently, in whole or in part, only with another 
term of imprisonment that is imposed by the court at the 
same time on that person for an additional violation of this 
section, provided that such discretion shall be exercised in 
accordance with any applicable guidelines and policy state-
ments issued by the Sentencing Commission pursuant to 
section 994 of title 28. 
‘‘(c) DEFINITION.—For purposes of this section, the term 
‘felony violation enumerated in subsection (c)’ means any of-
fense that is a felony violation of— 
‘‘(1) section 641 (relating to theft of public money, prop-
erty, or rewards), section 644 (relating to theft, embezzle-
ment, or misapplication by bank officer or employee), or 
section 651 (relating to theft from employee benefit plans); 
‘‘(2) section 1091 (relating to false personation of citi-
zenship); 
‘‘(3) section 582(a)(6) (relating to false statements in 
connection with the acquisition of a firearm); 
‘‘(4) any provision contained in this subchapter (relating 
to fraud and false statements), other than this section or 
section 783(a)(7); 
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‘‘(5) any provision contained in subchapter B of chapter 
25 (relating to mail, bank, and wire fraud); 
‘‘(6) any provision contained in subchapter F of chapter 
15 (relating to nationality and citizenship); 
‘‘(7) section 523 of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (15 
U.S.C. 6823) (relating to obtaining customer information 
by false pretenses); 
‘‘(8) section 243 or 266 of the Immigration and Nation-
ality Act (8 U.S.C. 1253 and 1306) (relating to knowingly 
failing to leave the United States after deportation and cre-
ating a counterfeit alien registration card); 
‘‘(9) any provision contained in chapter 8 of title II of 
the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1321 et 
seq.) (relating to various immigration offenses); or 
‘‘(10) section 208, 811, 1107(b), 1128B(a), or 1632 of 
the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 408, 1011, 1307(b), 
1320a–7b(a), and 1383a) (relating to false statements re-
lating to programs under the Act). 
‘‘§ 785. Fraudulent use of credit card 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
‘‘(1) knowingly in a transaction affecting interstate or 
foreign commerce, uses any counterfeit, fictitious, altered, 
forged, lost, stolen, or fraudulently obtained credit card to 
obtain money, goods, services, or anything else of value 
which within any one-year period has a value aggregating 
$1,000 or more; 
‘‘(2) with unlawful intent, transports in interstate or for-
eign commerce a counterfeit, fictitious, altered, forged, lost, 
stolen, or fraudulently obtained credit card knowing the 
same to be counterfeit, fictitious, altered, forged, lost, sto-
len, or fraudulently obtained; 
‘‘(3) with unlawful intent, uses any instrumentality of 
interstate or foreign commerce to sell or transport a coun-
terfeit, fictitious, altered, forged, lost, stolen, or fraudu-
lently obtained credit card knowing the same to be counter-
feit, fictitious, altered, forged, lost, stolen, or fraudulently 
obtained; 
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‘‘(4) knowingly receives, conceals, uses, or transports 
money, goods, services, or anything else of value (except 
tickets for interstate or foreign transportation) which— 
‘‘(A)(i) within any one-year period has a value aggre-
gating $1,000 or more; or 
‘‘(ii) has moved in interstate or foreign commerce; 
and 
‘‘(B) has been obtained with a counterfeit, fictitious, 
altered, forged, lost, stolen, or fraudulently obtained 
credit card; 
‘‘(5) knowingly receives, conceals, uses, sells, or trans-
ports in interstate or foreign commerce one or more tickets 
for interstate or foreign transportation, which (1) within 
any one-year period have a value aggregating $500 or 
more, and (2) have been purchased or obtained with one 
or more counterfeit, fictitious, altered, forged, lost, stolen, 
or fraudulently obtained credit cards; or 
‘‘(6) in a transaction affecting interstate or foreign com-
merce furnishes money, property, services, or anything else 
of value, which within any one-year period has a value ag-
gregating $1,000 or more, through the use of any counter-
feit, fictitious, altered, forged, lost, stolen, or fraudulently 
obtained credit card knowing the same to be counterfeit, 
fictitious, altered, forged, lost, stolen, or fraudulently ob-
tained; 
shall be imprisoned not more than ten years. 
‘‘(b) DEFINITIONS.—A term used in this section that has a 
definition for the purposes of the Consumer Credit Protection 
Act has that same definition for the purposes of this section. 
‘‘§ 786. Fraud and related activity in connection 
with access devices 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
‘‘(1) knowingly and with intent to defraud produces, 
uses, or traffics in one or more counterfeit access devices; 
‘‘(2) knowingly and with intent to defraud traffics in or 
uses one or more unauthorized access devices during any 
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one-year period, and by such conduct obtains anything of 
value aggregating $1,000 or more during that period; 
‘‘(3) knowingly and with intent to defraud possesses fif-
teen or more devices which are counterfeit or unauthorized 
access devices; 
‘‘(4) knowingly and with intent to defraud produces, 
traffics in, has control or custody of, or possesses device- 
making equipment; 
‘‘(5) knowingly and with intent to defraud effects trans-
actions, with 1 or more access devices issued to another 
person or persons, to receive payment or any other thing 
of value during any 1-year period the aggregate value of 
which is equal to or greater than $1,000; 
‘‘(6) without the authorization of the issuer of the access 
device, knowingly and with intent to defraud solicits a per-
son for the purpose of— 
‘‘(A) offering an access device; or 
‘‘(B) selling information regarding or an application 
to obtain an access device; 
‘‘(7) knowingly and with intent to defraud uses, pro-
duces, traffics in, has control or custody of, or possesses a 
telecommunications instrument that has been modified or 
altered to obtain unauthorized use of telecommunications 
services; 
‘‘(8) knowingly and with intent to defraud uses, pro-
duces, traffics in, has control or custody of, or possesses a 
scanning receiver; 
‘‘(9) knowingly uses, produces, traffics in, has control or 
custody of, or possesses hardware or software, knowing it 
has been configured to insert or modify telecommunication 
identifying information associated with or contained in a 
telecommunications instrument so that such instrument 
may be used to obtain telecommunications service without 
authorization; or 
‘‘(10) without the authorization of the credit card system 
member or its agent, knowingly and with intent to defraud 
causes or arranges for another person to present to the 
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