150 
(d) PRIVATE SECTOR FUNDING.—The technology 
demonstration program under this section may be carried 
out in part with private sector funding. 
(e) LANDSAT PROGRAM MANAGEMENT COORDINA-
TION.—The Landsat Program Management shall have a 
coordinating role in the technology demonstration pro-
gram carried out under this section. 
SUBCHAPTER V—GENERAL PROVISIONS 
§ 1141. Nondiscriminatory data availability 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in subsection 
(b), any unenhanced data generated by the Landsat sys-
tem or any other land remote sensing system funded and 
owned by the United States Government shall be made 
available to all users without preference, bias, or any other 
special arrangement (except on the basis of national secu-
rity concerns pursuant to section 1146 of this title) re-
garding delivery, format, pricing, or technical consider-
ations which would favor one customer or class of cus-
tomers over another. 
(b) EXCEPTIONS.—Unenhanced data generated by 
the Landsat system or any other land remote sensing sys-
tem funded and owned by the United States Government 
may be made available to the United States Government 
and its affiliated users at reduced prices, in accordance
151 
with this chapter, on the condition that such unenhanced 
data are used solely for noncommercial purposes. 
§ 1142. Archiving of data 
(a) PUBLIC INTEREST.—It is in the public interest 
for the United States Government to— 
(1) maintain an archive of land remote sensing 
data for historical, scientific, and technical purposes, 
including long-term global environmental monitoring; 
(2) control the content and scope of the archive; 
and 
(3) ensure the quality, integrity, and continuity 
of the archive. 
(b) ARCHIVING PRACTICES.—The Secretary of the 
Interior, in consultation with the Landsat Program Man-
agement, shall provide for long-term storage, mainte-
nance, and upgrading of a basic, global, land remote sens-
ing data set (hereafter in this section referred to as the 
‘‘basic data set’’) and shall follow reasonable archival 
practices to ensure proper storage and preservation of the 
basic data set and timely access for parties requesting 
data. 
(c) DETERMINATION OF CONTENT OF BASIC DATA 
SET.—In determining the initial content of, or in upgrad-
ing, the basic data set, the Secretary of the Interior 
shall—
152 
(1) use as a baseline the data archived on Octo-
ber 28, 1992; 
(2) take into account future technical and sci-
entific developments and needs, paying particular at-
tention to the anticipated data requirements of glob-
al environmental change research; 
(3) consult with and seek the advice of users 
and producers of remote sensing data and data 
products; 
(4) consider the need for data which may be 
duplicative in terms of geographical coverage but 
which differ in terms of season, spectral bands, reso-
lution, or other relevant factors; 
(5) include, as the Secretary of the Interior 
considers appropriate, unenhanced data generated 
either by the Landsat system, pursuant to sub-
chapter II, or by licensees under subchapter III; 
(6) include, as the Secretary of the Interior 
considers appropriate, data collected by foreign 
ground stations or by foreign remote sensing space 
systems; and 
(7) ensure that the content of the archive is de-
veloped in accordance with section 1146 of this title. 
(d) PUBLIC DOMAIN.—After the expiration of any ex-
clusive right to sell, or after relinquishment of such right,
153 
the data provided to the National Satellite Land Remote 
Sensing Data Archive shall be in the public domain and 
shall be made available to requesting parties by the Sec-
retary of the Interior at the cost of fulfilling user requests. 
§ 1143. Nonreproduction 
Unenhanced data distributed by any licensee under 
subchapter III may be sold on the condition that such data 
will not be reproduced or disseminated by the purchaser 
for commercial purposes. 
§ 1144. Reimbursement for assistance 
The Administrator, the Secretary of Defense, and the 
heads of other United States Government agencies may 
provide assistance to land remote sensing system opera-
tors under the provisions of this chapter. Substantial as-
sistance shall be reimbursed by the operator, except as 
otherwise provided by law. 
§ 1145. Acquisition of equipment 
The Landsat Program Management may, by means 
of a competitive process, allow a licensee under subchapter 
III or any other private party to buy, lease, or otherwise 
acquire the use of equipment from the Landsat system, 
when such equipment is no longer needed for the operation 
of such system or for the sale of data from such system. 
Officials of other United States Government civilian agen-
154 
cies are authorized and encouraged to cooperate with the 
Secretary in carrying out this section. 
§ 1146. Radio frequency allocation 
(a) APPLICATION
TO FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS 
COMMISSION.—To the extent required by the Communica-
tions Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 151 et seq.), an application 
shall be filed with the Federal Communications Commis-
sion for any radio facilities involved with commercial re-
mote sensing space systems licensed under subchapter III. 
(b) DEADLINE FOR FCC ACTION.—It is the intent 
of Congress that the Federal Communications Commis-
sion complete the radio licensing process under the Com-
munications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 151 et seq.), upon 
the application of any private sector party or consortium 
operator of any commercial land remote sensing space sys-
tem subject to this chapter, within 120 days of the receipt 
of an application for such licensing. If final action has not 
occurred within 120 days of the receipt of such an applica-
tion, the Federal Communications Commission shall in-
form the applicant of any pending issues and of actions 
required to resolve them. 
(c) DEVELOPMENT AND CONSTRUCTION OF UNITED 
STATES SYSTEMS.—Authority shall not be required from 
the Federal Communications Commission for the develop-
ment and construction of any United States land remote
155 
sensing space system (or component thereof), other than 
radio transmitting facilities or components, while any li-
censing determination is being made. 
(d) CONSISTENCY WITH INTERNATIONAL OBLIGA-
TIONS
AND PUBLIC INTEREST.—Frequency allocations 
made pursuant to this section by the Federal Communica-
tions Commission shall be consistent with international 
obligations and with the public interest. 
§ 1147. Consultation 
(a) CONSULTATION
WITH
SECRETARY
OF
DE-
FENSE.—The Secretary and the Landsat Program Man-
agement shall consult with the Secretary of Defense on 
all matters under this chapter affecting national security. 
The Secretary of Defense shall be responsible for deter-
mining those conditions, consistent with this chapter, nec-
essary to meet national security concerns of the United 
States and for notifying the Secretary and the Landsat 
Program Management promptly of such conditions. 
(b) CONSULTATION WITH SECRETARY OF STATE.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary and the 
Landsat Program Management shall consult with 
the Secretary of State on all matters under this 
chapter affecting international obligations. The Sec-
retary of State shall be responsible for determining 
those conditions, consistent with this chapter, nec-
156 
essary to meet international obligations and policies 
of the United States and for notifying promptly the 
Secretary and the Landsat Program Management of 
such conditions. 
(2) INTERNATIONAL AID.—Appropriate United 
States Government agencies are authorized and en-
couraged to provide remote sensing data, technology, 
and training to developing nations as a component 
of programs of international aid. 
(3) REPORTING
DISCRIMINATORY
DISTRIBU-
TION.—The Secretary of State shall promptly report 
to the Secretary and Landsat Program Management 
any instances outside the United States of discrimi-
natory distribution of Landsat data. 
(c) STATUS REPORT.—The Landsat Program Man-
agement shall, as often as necessary, provide to Congress 
complete and updated information about the status of on-
going operations of the Landsat system, including timely 
notification of decisions made with respect to the Landsat 
system in order to meet national security concerns and 
international obligations and policies of the United States 
Government. 
(d) REIMBURSEMENTS.—If, as a result of technical 
modifications imposed on a licensee under subchapter III 
on the basis of national security concerns, the Secretary,
157 
in consultation with the Secretary of Defense or with other 
Federal agencies, determines that additional costs will be 
incurred by the licensee, or that past development costs 
(including the cost of capital) will not be recovered by the 
licensee, the Secretary may require the agency or agencies 
requesting such technical modifications to reimburse the 
licensee for such additional or development costs, but not 
for anticipated profits. Reimbursements may cover costs 
associated with required changes in system performance, 
but not costs ordinarily associated with doing business 
abroad. 
§ 1148. Enforcement 
(a) IN
GENERAL.—In order to ensure that 
unenhanced data from the Landsat system received solely 
for noncommercial purposes are not used for any commer-
cial purpose, the Secretary (in collaboration with private 
sector entities responsible for the marketing and distribu-
tion of unenhanced data generated by the Landsat system) 
shall develop and implement a system for enforcing this 
prohibition, in the event that unenhanced data from the 
Landsat system are made available for noncommercial 
purposes at a different price than such data are made 
available for other purposes. 
(b) AUTHORITY OF SECRETARY.—Subject to sub-
section (d), the Secretary may impose any of the enforce-
158 
ment mechanisms described in subsection (c) against a 
person that— 
(1) receives unenhanced data from the Landsat 
system under this chapter solely for noncommercial 
purposes (and at a different price than the price at 
which such data are made available for other pur-
poses); and 
(2) uses such data for other than noncommer-
cial purposes. 
(c) 
ENFORCEMENT
MECHANISMS.—Enforcement 
mechanisms referred to in subsection (b) may include civil 
penalties of not more than $10,000 (per day per violation), 
denial of further unenhanced data purchasing privileges, 
and any other penalties or restrictions the Secretary con-
siders necessary to ensure, to the greatest extent prac-
ticable, that unenhanced data provided for noncommercial 
purposes are not used to unfairly compete in the commer-
cial market against private sector entities not eligible for 
data at the cost of fulfilling user requests. 
(d) PROCEDURES
AND REGULATIONS.—The Sec-
retary shall issue any regulations necessary to carry out 
this section and shall establish standards and procedures 
governing the imposition of enforcement mechanisms 
under subsection (b). The standards and procedures shall 
include a procedure for potentially aggrieved parties to file
159 
formal protests with the Secretary alleging instances 
where such unenhanced data have been, or are being, used 
for commercial purposes in violation of the terms of re-
ceipt of such data. The Secretary shall promptly act to 
investigate any such protest, and shall report annually to 
Congress on instances of such violations. 
SUBCHAPTER VI—PROHIBITION OF COMMER-
CIALIZATION OF WEATHER SATELLITES 
§ 1161. Prohibition 
Neither the President nor any other official of the 
Government shall make any effort to lease, sell, or transfer 
to the private sector, or commercialize, any portion of the 
weather satellite systems operated by the Department of 
Commerce or any successor agency. 
§ 1162. Future considerations 
Regardless of any change in circumstances subse-
quent to October 28, 1992, even if such change makes 
it appear to be in the national interest to commercialize 
weather satellites, neither the President nor any official 
shall take any action prohibited by section 1161 of this 
title unless this subchapter has first been repealed. 
CHAPTER 13—SPACE COMMERCE 
SUBCHAPTER I—DEFINITIONS 
Sec. 
1301. Definitions. 
SUBCHAPTER II—PROMOTION OF COMMERCIAL SPACE 
OPPORTUNITIES
160 
1311. Commercialization of Space Station. 
1312. Promotion of United States Global Positioning System standards. 
1313. Acquisition of space science data. 
1314. Administration of commercial space centers. 
1315. Sources of Earth Science data. 
SUBCHAPTER III—FEDERAL ACQUISITION OF SPACE 
TRANSPORTATION SERVICES 
1331. Requirement to procure commercial space transportation services. 
1332. Acquisition of commercial space transportation services. 
1333. Shuttle privatization. 
1334. Use of excess intercontinental ballistic missiles. 
1335. National launch capability study. 
SUBCHAPTER I—DEFINITIONS 
§ 1301. Definitions 
In this chapter: 
(1) COMMERCIAL PROVIDER.—The term ‘‘com-
mercial provider’’ means any person providing space 
transportation services or other space-related activi-
ties, primary control of which is held by persons 
other than Federal, State, local, and foreign govern-
ments. 
(2) PAYLOAD.—The term ‘‘payload’’ means 
anything that a person undertakes to transport to, 
from, or within outer space, or in suborbital trajec-
tory, by means of a space transportation vehicle, but 
does not include the space transportation vehicle 
itself except for its components which are specifically 
designed or adapted for that payload. 
(3) SPACE-RELATED
ACTIVITIES.—The term 
‘‘space-related activities’’ includes research and de-
161 
velopment, manufacturing, processing, service, and 
other associated and support activities. 
(4) SPACE
TRANSPORTATION
SERVICES.—The 
term ‘‘space transportation services’’ means the 
preparation of a space transportation vehicle and its 
payloads for transportation to, from, or within outer 
space, or in suborbital trajectory, and the conduct of 
transporting a payload to, from, or within outer 
space, or in suborbital trajectory. 
(5) SPACE
TRANSPORTATION
VEHICLE.—The 
term ‘‘space transportation vehicle’’ means any vehi-
cle constructed for the purpose of operating in, or 
transporting a payload to, from, or within, outer 
space, or in suborbital trajectory, and includes any 
component of such vehicle not specifically designed 
or adapted for a payload. 
(6) STATE.—The term ‘‘State’’ means each of 
the several States of the Union, the District of Co-
lumbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Vir-
gin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the Common-
wealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and any 
other commonwealth, territory, or possession of the 
United States. 
(7) UNITED STATES COMMERCIAL PROVIDER.— 
The term ‘‘United States commercial provider’’
162 
means a commercial provider, organized under the 
laws of the United States or of a State, that is— 
(A) more than 50 percent owned by United 
States nationals; or 
(B) a subsidiary of a foreign company and 
the Secretary of Transportation finds that— 
(i) such subsidiary has in the past evi-
denced a substantial commitment to the 
United States market through— 
(I) investments in the United 
States in long-term research, develop-
ment, and manufacturing (including 
the manufacture of major components 
and subassemblies); and 
(II) significant contributions to 
employment in the United States; and 
(ii) the country or countries in which 
such foreign company is incorporated or 
organized, and, if appropriate, in which it 
principally conducts its business, affords 
reciprocal treatment to companies de-
scribed in subparagraph (A) comparable to 
that afforded to such foreign company’s 
subsidiary in the United States, as evi-
denced by—
163 
(I) providing comparable oppor-
tunities for companies described in 
subparagraph (A) to participate in 
Government-sponsored research and 
development similar to that authorized 
under this chapter; 
(II) providing no barriers, to 
companies described in subparagraph 
(A) with respect to local investment 
opportunities, that are not provided to 
foreign companies in the United 
States; and 
(III) providing adequate and ef-
fective protection for the intellectual 
property rights of companies de-
scribed in subparagraph (A). 
SUBCHAPTER II—PROMOTION OF COMMERCIAL 
SPACE OPPORTUNITIES 
§ 1311. Commercialization of Space Station 
Congress declares that a priority goal of constructing 
the International Space Station is the economic develop-
ment of Earth orbital space. Congress further declares 
that free and competitive markets create the most efficient 
conditions for promoting economic development, and 
should therefore govern the economic development of
164 
Earth orbital space. Congress further declares that the use 
of free market principles in operating, servicing, allocating 
the use of, and adding capabilities to the Space Station, 
and the resulting fullest possible engagement of commer-
cial providers and participation of commercial users, will 
reduce Space Station operational costs for all partners and 
the Federal Government’s share of the United States bur-
den to fund operations. 
§ 1312. Promotion of United States Global Posi-
tioning System standards 
(a) FINDING.—Congress finds that the Global Posi-
tioning System, including satellites, signal equipment, 
ground stations, data links, and associated command and 
control facilities, has become an essential element in civil, 
scientific, and military space development because of the 
emergence of a United States commercial industry which 
provides Global Positioning System equipment and related 
services. 
(b) INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION.—In order to 
support and sustain the Global Positioning System in a 
manner that will most effectively contribute to the na-
tional security, public safety, scientific, and economic in-
terests of the United States, Congress encourages the 
President to—
165 
(1) ensure the operation of the Global Posi-
tioning System on a continuous worldwide basis free 
of direct user fees; 
(2) enter into international agreements that 
promote cooperation with foreign governments and 
international organizations to— 
(A) establish the Global Positioning Sys-
tem and its augmentations as an acceptable 
international standard; and 
(B) eliminate any foreign barriers to appli-
cations of the Global Positioning System world-
wide; and 
(3) provide clear direction and adequate re-
sources to the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for 
Communications and Information so that on an 
international basis the Assistant Secretary can— 
(A) achieve and sustain efficient manage-
ment of the electromagnetic spectrum used by 
the Global Positioning System; and 
(B) protect that spectrum from disruption 
and interference. 
§ 1313. Acquisition of space science data 
(a) DEFINITION OF SPACE SCIENCE DATA.—In this 
section, the term ‘‘space science data’’ includes scientific 
data concerning—
166 
(1) the elemental and mineralogical resources of 
the moon, asteroids, planets and their moons, and 
comets; 
(2) microgravity acceleration; and 
(3) solar storm monitoring. 
(b) ACQUISITION FROM COMMERCIAL PROVIDERS.— 
The Administrator shall, to the extent possible and while 
satisfying the scientific or educational requirements of the 
Administration, and where appropriate, of other Federal 
agencies and scientific researchers, acquire, where cost ef-
fective, space science data from a commercial provider. 
(c) TREATMENT OF SPACE SCIENCE DATA AS COM-
MERCIAL ITEM UNDER ACQUISITION LAWS.—Acquisitions 
of space science data by the Administrator shall be carried 
out in accordance with applicable acquisition laws and reg-
ulations (including chapters 137 and 140 of title 10). For 
purposes of such law and regulations, space science data 
shall be considered to be a commercial item. Nothing in 
this subsection shall be construed to preclude the United 
States from acquiring, through contracts with commercial 
providers, sufficient rights in data to meet the needs of 
the scientific and educational community or the needs of 
other government activities. 
(d) SAFETY STANDARDS.—Nothing in this section 
shall be construed to prohibit the Federal Government
167 
from requiring compliance with applicable safety stand-
ards. 
(e) LIMITATION.—This section does not authorize the 
Administration to provide financial assistance for the de-
velopment of commercial systems for the collection of 
space science data. 
§ 1314. Administration of commercial space centers 
The Administrator shall administer the Commercial 
Space Center program in a coordinated manner from Ad-
ministration headquarters in Washington, D.C. 
§ 1315. Sources of Earth Science data 
(a) ACQUISITION.—The Administrator shall, to the 
extent possible and while satisfying the scientific or edu-
cational requirements of the Administration, and where 
appropriate, of other Federal agencies and scientific re-
searchers, acquire, where cost-effective, space-based and 
airborne Earth remote sensing data, services, distribution, 
and applications from a commercial provider. 
(b) TREATMENT AS COMMERCIAL ITEM UNDER AC-
QUISITION LAWS.—Acquisitions by the Administrator of 
the data, services, distribution, and applications referred 
to in subsection (a) shall be carried out in accordance with 
applicable acquisition laws and regulations (including 
chapters 137 and 140 of title 10). For purposes of such 
law and regulations, such data, services, distribution, and
168 
applications shall be considered to be a commercial item. 
Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to preclude 
the United States from acquiring, through contracts with 
commercial providers, sufficient rights in data to meet the 
needs of the scientific and educational community or the 
needs of other government activities. 
(c) SAFETY STANDARDS.—Nothing in this section 
shall be construed to prohibit the Federal Government 
from requiring compliance with applicable safety stand-
ards. 
(d) ADMINISTRATION AND EXECUTION.—This sec-
tion shall be carried out as part of the Commercial Remote 
Sensing Program at the Stennis Space Center. 
SUBCHAPTER III—FEDERAL ACQUISITION OF 
SPACE TRANSPORTATION SERVICES 
§ 1331. Requirement to procure commercial space 
transportation services 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Except as otherwise provided in 
this section, the Federal Government shall acquire space 
transportation services from United States commercial 
providers whenever such services are required in the 
course of its activities. To the maximum extent prac-
ticable, the Federal Government shall plan missions to ac-
commodate the space transportation services capabilities 
of United States commercial providers.
169 
(b) EXCEPTIONS.—The Federal Government shall 
not be required to acquire space transportation services 
under subsection (a) if, on a case-by-case basis, the Ad-
ministrator or, in the case of a national security issue, 
the Secretary of the Air Force, determines that— 
(1) a payload requires the unique capabilities of 
the space shuttle; 
(2) cost effective space transportation services 
that meet specific mission requirements would not be 
reasonably available from United States commercial 
providers when required; 
(3) the use of space transportation services 
from United States commercial providers poses an 
unacceptable risk of loss of a unique scientific oppor-
tunity; 
(4) the use of space transportation services 
from United States commercial providers is incon-
sistent with national security objectives; 
(5) the use of space transportation services 
from United States commercial providers is incon-
sistent with international agreements for inter-
national collaborative efforts relating to science and 
technology; 
(6) it is more cost effective to transport a pay-
load in conjunction with a test or demonstration of
170 
a space transportation vehicle owned by the Federal 
Government; or 
(7) a payload can make use of the available 
cargo space on a space shuttle mission as a sec-
ondary payload, and such payload is consistent with 
the requirements of research, development, dem-
onstration, scientific, commercial, and educational 
programs authorized by the Administrator. 
(c) AGREEMENTS WITH FOREIGN ENTITIES.—Noth-
ing in this section shall prevent the Administrator from 
planning or negotiating agreements with foreign entities 
for the launch of Federal Government payloads for inter-
national collaborative efforts relating to science and tech-
nology. 
(d) DELAYED EFFECT.—Subsection (a) shall not 
apply to space transportation services and space transpor-
tation vehicles acquired or owned by the Federal Govern-
ment before October 28, 1998, or with respect to which 
a contract for such acquisition or ownership has been en-
tered into before October 28, 1998. 
(e) HISTORICAL PURPOSES.—This section shall not 
be construed to prohibit the Federal Government from ac-
quiring, owning, or maintaining space transportation vehi-
cles solely for historical display purposes.
171 
§ 1332. Acquisition of commercial space transpor-
tation services 
(a) TREATMENT OF COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPOR-
TATION SERVICES AS COMMERCIAL ITEM UNDER ACQUI-
SITION LAWS.—Acquisitions of space transportation serv-
ices by the Federal Government shall be carried out in 
accordance with applicable acquisition laws and regula-
tions (including chapters 137 and 140 of title 10). For 
purposes of such law and regulations, space transportation 
services shall be considered to be a commercial item. 
(b) SAFETY STANDARDS.—Nothing in this section 
shall be construed to prohibit the Federal Government 
from requiring compliance with applicable safety stand-
ards. 
§ 1333. Shuttle privatization 
The Administrator shall prepare for an orderly tran-
sition from the Federal operation, or Federal management 
of contracted operation, of space transportation systems 
to the Federal purchase of commercial space transpor-
tation services for all nonemergency space transportation 
requirements for transportation to and from Earth orbit, 
including human, cargo, and mixed payloads. In those 
preparations, the Administrator shall take into account 
the need for short-term economies, as well as the goal of 
restoring the Administration’s research focus and its man-
date to promote the fullest possible commercial use of
172 
space. As part of those preparations, the Administrator 
shall plan for the potential privatization of the space shut-
tle program. Such plan shall keep safety and cost effective-
ness as high priorities. Nothing in this section shall pro-
hibit the Administration from studying, designing, devel-
oping, or funding upgrades or modifications essential to 
the safe and economical operation of the space shuttle 
fleet. 
§ 1334. Use of excess intercontinental ballistic mis-
siles 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Federal Government shall 
not— 
(1) convert any missile described in subsection 
(c) to a space transportation vehicle configuration; 
or 
(2) transfer ownership of any such missile to 
another person, except as provided in subsection (b). 
(b) AUTHORIZED FEDERAL USES.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—A missile described in sub-
section (c) may be converted for use as a space 
transportation vehicle by the Federal Government if, 
except as provided in paragraph (2) and at least 30 
days before such conversion, the agency seeking to 
use the missile as a space transportation vehicle 
transmits to the Committee on Armed Services and
173 
the Committee on Science of the House of Rep-
resentatives, and to the Committee on Armed Serv-
ices and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and 
Transportation of the Senate, a certification that the 
use of such missile— 
(A) would result in cost savings to the 
Federal Government when compared to the cost 
of acquiring space transportation services from 
United States commercial providers; 
(B) meets all mission requirements of the 
agency, including performance, schedule, and 
risk requirements; 
(C) is consistent with international obliga-
tions of the United States; and 
(D) is approved by the Secretary of De-
fense or the designee of the Secretary of De-
fense. 
(2) EXCEPTION TO REQUIREMENT THAT CER-
TIFICATION BE TRANSMITTED 30 DAYS BEFORE CON-
VERSION.—The requirement under paragraph (1) 
that the certification described in that paragraph 
must be transmitted at least 30 days before conver-
sion of the missile shall not apply if the Secretary 
of Defense determines that compliance with that re-
174 
quirement would be inconsistent with meeting imme-
diate national security requirements. 
(c) MISSILES REFERRED TO.—The missiles referred 
to in this section are missiles owned by the United States 
that— 
(1) were formerly used by the Department of 
Defense for national defense purposes as interconti-
nental ballistic missiles; and 
(2) have been declared excess to United States 
national defense needs and are in compliance with 
international obligations of the United States. 
§ 1335. National launch capability study 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds that a robust satellite 
and launch industry in the United States serves the inter-
est of the United States by— 
(1) contributing to the economy of the United 
States; 
(2) strengthening employment, technological, 
and scientific interests of the United States; and 
(3) serving the foreign policy and national secu-
rity interests of the United States. 
(b) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 
(1) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means 
the Secretary of Defense.
175 
(2) TOTAL
POTENTIAL
NATIONAL
MISSION 
MODEL.—The term ‘‘total potential national mission 
model’’ means a model that— 
(A) is determined by the Secretary, in con-
sultation with the Administrator, to assess the 
total potential space missions to be conducted 
in the United States during a specified period 
of time; and 
(B) includes all launches in the United 
States (including launches conducted on or off 
a Federal range). 
(c) REPORT.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days 
after October 28, 1998, the Secretary shall, in con-
sultation with the Administrator and appropriate 
representatives of the satellite and launch industry 
and the governments of States and political subdivi-
sions thereof— 
(A) prepare a report that meets the re-
quirements of this subsection; and 
(B) submit that report to the Committee 
on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of 
the Senate and the Committee on Science of the 
House of Representatives.
176 
(2) REQUIREMENTS FOR REPORT.—The report 
prepared under this subsection shall— 
(A) identify the total potential national 
mission model for the period beginning on the 
date of the report and ending on December 31, 
2007; 
(B) identify the resources that are nec-
essary or available to carry out the total poten-
tial national mission model described in sub-
paragraph (A), including— 
(i) launch property and services of the 
Department of Defense, the Administra-
tion, and non-Federal facilities; and 
(ii) the ability to support commercial 
launch-on-demand on short notification, 
taking into account Federal requirements, 
at launch sites or test ranges in the United 
States; 
(C) identify each deficiency in the re-
sources referred to in subparagraph (B); and 
(D) with respect to the deficiencies identi-
fied under subparagraph (C), include estimates 
of the level of funding necessary to address 
those deficiencies for the period described in 
subparagraph (A).
177 
(d) RECOMMENDATIONS.—Based on the report under 
subsection (c), the Secretary, after consultation with the 
Secretary of Transportation, the Secretary of Commerce, 
and representatives from interested private sector entities, 
States, and local governments, shall— 
(1) identify opportunities for investment by 
non-Federal entities (including States and political 
subdivisions thereof and private sector entities) to 
assist the Federal Government in providing launch 
capabilities for the commercial space industry in the 
United States; 
(2) identify one or more methods by which, if 
sufficient 
resources 
referred 
to 
in 
subsection 
(c)(2)(D) are not available to the Department of De-
fense and the Administration, the control of the 
launch property and launch services of the Depart-
ment of Defense and the Administration may be 
transferred from the Department of Defense and the 
Administration to— 
(A) one or more other Federal agencies; 
(B) one or more States (or subdivisions 
thereof); 
(C) one or more private sector entities; or 
(D) any combination of the entities de-
scribed in subparagraphs (A) to (C); and
178 
(3) identify the technical, structural, and legal 
impediments associated with making launch sites or 
test ranges in the United States viable and competi-
tive. 
CHAPTER 15—COMMERCIAL REUSABLE 
IN-SPACE TRANSPORTATION 
Sec. 
1501. Findings. 
1502. Definitions. 
1503. Loan guarantees for production of commercial reusable in-space transpor-
tation. 
§ 1501. Findings 
Congress makes the following findings: 
(1) It is in the national interest to encourage 
the production of cost-effective, in-space transpor-
tation systems, which would be built and operated by 
the private sector on a commercial basis. 
(2) The use of reusable in-space transportation 
systems will enhance performance levels of in-space 
operations, enhance efficient and safe disposal of 
satellites at the end of their useful lives, and in-
crease the capability and reliability of existing 
ground-to-space launch vehicles. 
(3) Commercial reusable in-space transportation 
systems will enhance the economic well-being and 
national security of the United States by reducing 
space operations costs for commercial and national
179 
space programs and by adding new space capabilities 
to space operations. 
(4) Commercial reusable in-space transportation 
systems will provide new cost-effective space capa-
bilities (including orbital transfers from low altitude 
orbits to high altitude orbits and return, the correc-
tion of erroneous satellite orbits, and the recovery, 
refurbishment, and refueling of satellites) and the 
provision of upper stage functions to increase 
ground-to-orbit launch vehicle payloads to geo-
stationary and other high energy orbits. 
(5) Commercial reusable in-space transportation 
systems can enhance and enable the space explo-
ration of the United States by providing lower cost 
trajectory injection from Earth orbit, transit trajec-
tory control, and planet arrival deceleration to sup-
port potential Administration missions to Mars, 
Pluto, and other planets. 
(6) Satellites stranded in erroneous Earth orbit 
due to deficiencies in their launch represent substan-
tial economic loss to the United States and present 
substantial concerns for the current backlog of na-
tional space assets. 
(7) Commercial reusable in-space transportation 
systems can provide new options for alternative
180 
planning approaches and risk management to en-
hance the mission assurance of national space as-
sets. 
(8) Commercial reusable in-space transportation 
systems developed by the private sector can provide 
in-space transportation services to the Administra-
tion, the Department of Defense, the National Re-
connaissance Office, and other agencies without the 
need for the United States to bear the cost of pro-
duction of such systems. 
(9) The availability of loan guarantees, with the 
cost of credit risk to the United States paid by the 
private sector, is an effective means by which the 
United States can help qualifying private sector 
companies secure otherwise unattainable private fi-
nancing for the production of commercial reusable 
in-space transportation systems, while at the same 
time minimizing Government commitment and in-
volvement in the development of such systems. 
§ 1502. Definitions 
In this chapter: 
(1) COMMERCIAL PROVIDER.—The term ‘‘com-
mercial provider’’ means any person or entity pro-
viding commercial reusable in-orbit space transpor-
tation services or systems, primary control of which
181 
is held by persons other than the Federal Govern-
ment, a State or local government, or a foreign gov-
ernment. 
(2) IN-SPACE
TRANSPORTATION
SERVICES.— 
The term ‘‘in-space transportation services’’ means 
operations and activities involved in the direct trans-
portation or attempted transportation of a payload 
or object from one orbit to another by means of an 
in-space transportation vehicle. 
(3) IN-SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM.—The 
term ‘‘in-space transportation system’’ means the 
space and ground elements, including in-space trans-
portation vehicles and support space systems, and 
ground administration and control facilities and as-
sociated equipment, necessary for the provision of 
in-space transportation services. 
(4) IN-SPACE TRANSPORTATION VEHICLE.—The 
term ‘‘in-space transportation vehicle’’ means a vehi-
cle designed— 
(A) to be based and operated in space; 
(B) to transport various payloads or ob-
jects from one orbit to another orbit; and 
(C) to be reusable and refueled in space. 
(5) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means 
the Secretary of Defense.
182 
(6) UNITED STATES COMMERCIAL PROVIDER.— 
The term ‘‘United States commercial provider’’ 
means any commercial provider organized under the 
laws of the United States that is more than 50 per-
cent owned by United States nationals. 
§ 1503. Loan guarantees for production of commer-
cial reusable in-space transportation 
(a) AUTHORITY TO MAKE LOAN GUARANTEES.—The 
Secretary may guarantee loans made to eligible United 
States commercial providers for purposes of producing 
commercial reusable in-space transportation services or 
systems. 
(b) ELIGIBLE UNITED STATES COMMERCIAL PRO-
VIDERS.—The Secretary shall prescribe requirements for 
the eligibility of United States commercial providers for 
loan guarantees under this section. Such requirements 
shall ensure that eligible providers are financially capable 
of undertaking a loan guaranteed under this section. 
(c) LIMITATION ON LOANS GUARANTEED.—The Sec-
retary may not guarantee a loan for a United States com-
mercial provider under this section unless the Secretary 
determines that credit would not otherwise be reasonably 
available at the time of the guarantee for the commercial 
reusable in-space transportation service or system to be 
produced utilizing the proceeds of the loan.
183 
(d) CREDIT SUBSIDY.— 
(1) COLLECTION
REQUIRED.—The Secretary 
shall collect from each United States commercial 
provider receiving a loan guarantee under this sec-
tion an amount equal to the amount, as determined 
by the Secretary, to cover the cost, as defined in sec-
tion 502(5) of the Federal Credit Reform Act of 
1990 (2 U.S.C. 661a(5)), of the loan guarantee. 
(2) PERIODIC DISBURSEMENTS.—In the case of 
a loan guarantee in which proceeds of the loan are 
disbursed over time, the Secretary shall collect the 
amount required under this subsection on a pro rata 
basis, as determined by the Secretary, at the time of 
each disbursement. 
(e) OTHER TERMS AND CONDITIONS.— 
(1) PROHIBITION ON SUBORDINATION.—A loan 
guaranteed under this section may not be subordi-
nated to another debt contracted by the United 
States commercial provider concerned, or to any 
other claims against such provider. 
(2) RESTRICTION ON INCOME.—A loan guaran-
teed under this section may not— 
(A) provide income which is excluded from 
gross income for purposes of chapter 1 of the
184 
Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 1 et 
seq.); or 
(B) provide significant collateral or secu-
rity, as determined by the Secretary, for other 
obligations the income from which is so ex-
cluded. 
(3) TREATMENT OF GUARANTEE.—The guar-
antee of a loan under this section shall be conclusive 
evidence of the following: 
(A) That the guarantee has been properly 
obtained. 
(B) That the loan qualifies for the guar-
antee. 
(C) That, but for fraud or material mis-
representation by the holder of the loan, the 
guarantee is valid, legal, and enforceable. 
(4) OTHER TERMS AND CONDITIONS.—The Sec-
retary may establish any other terms and conditions 
for a guarantee of a loan under this section as the 
Secretary considers appropriate to protect the finan-
cial interests of the United States. 
(f) ENFORCEMENT OF RIGHTS.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Attorney General may 
take any action the Attorney General considers ap-
185 
propriate to enforce any right accruing to the United 
States under a loan guarantee under this section. 
(2) FORBEARANCE.—The Attorney General 
may, with the approval of the parties concerned, for-
bear from enforcing any right of the United States 
under a loan guaranteed under this section for the 
benefit of a United States commercial provider if 
such forbearance will not result in any cost, as de-
fined in section 502(5) of the Federal Credit Reform 
Act of 1990 (2 U.S.C. 661a(5)), to the United 
States. 
(3) UTILIZATION
OF
PROPERTY.—Notwith-
standing any other provision of law and subject to 
the terms of a loan guaranteed under this section, 
upon the default of a United States commercial pro-
vider under the loan, the Secretary may, at the elec-
tion of the Secretary— 
(A) assume control of the physical asset fi-
nanced by the loan; and 
(B) complete, recondition, reconstruct, ren-
ovate, repair, maintain, operate, or sell the 
physical asset. 
(g) CREDIT INSTRUMENTS.— 
(1) AUTHORITY TO ISSUE INSTRUMENTS.—Not-
withstanding any other provision of law, the Sec-
186 
retary may, subject to such terms and conditions as 
the Secretary considers appropriate, issue credit in-
struments to United States commercial providers of 
in-space transportation services or systems, with the 
aggregate cost (as determined under the provisions 
of the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 (2 U.S.C. 
661 et seq.)) of such instruments not to exceed 
$1,500,000,000, but only to the extent that new 
budget authority to cover such costs is provided in 
subsequent appropriations Acts or authority is oth-
erwise provided in subsequent appropriations Acts. 
(2) CREDIT SUBSIDY.—The Secretary shall pro-
vide a credit subsidy for any credit instrument 
issued under this subsection in accordance with the 
provisions of the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 
(2 U.S.C. 661 et seq.). 
(3) CONSTRUCTION.—The eligibility of a United 
States commercial provider of in-space transpor-
tation services or systems for a credit instrument 
under this subsection is in addition to any eligibility 
of such provider for a loan guarantee under other 
provisions of this section. 
CHAPTER 17—COMMERCIAL SPACE 
COMPETITIVENESS 
Sec. 
1701. Findings. 
1702. Definitions.
187 
1703. Launch voucher demonstration program. 
1704. Anchor tenancy and termination liability. 
1705. Use of Government facilities. 
1706. Commercial Space Achievement Award. 
§ 1701. Findings 
Congress finds that— 
(1) commercial activities of the private sector 
have substantially contributed to the strength of 
both the United States space program and the na-
tional economy; 
(2) a robust United States space transportation 
capability remains a vital cornerstone of the United 
States space program; 
(3) the availability of commercial launch serv-
ices is essential for the continued growth of the 
United States commercial space sector; 
(4) a timely extension of the excess third party 
claims payment provisions of chapter 701 of title 49 
is appropriate and necessary to enable the private 
sector to continue covering maximum probable liabil-
ity risks while protecting the private sector from un-
insurable levels of liability which could hinder inter-
national competitiveness; 
(5) a program to demonstrate how recipients of 
Federal grants can purchase launch services directly 
from the private sector has the potential to improve
188 
the capabilities of the United States commercial 
launch industry; 
(6) improvements and additions to the Nation’s 
space transportation infrastructure contribute to a 
robust and cost effective space transportation capa-
bility for both public sector and private sector users; 
(7) private sector use of available Government 
facilities on a reimbursable basis contributes to a 
stronger commercial space sector; 
(8) the Federal Government should purchase 
space goods and services which are commercially 
available, or could be made available commercially in 
response to a Government procurement request, 
whenever such goods or services meet Government 
mission requirements in a cost effective manner; 
(9) it is appropriate for the Government to act 
as an anchor tenant for commercial space develop-
ment projects which have a reasonable potential to 
develop non-Federal markets and which meet Fed-
eral needs in a cost effective manner; and 
(10) the provision of compensation to commer-
cial providers of space goods and services for termi-
nation of contracts at the convenience of the Govern-
ment assists in enabling the private sector to invest
189 
in space activities which are initially dependent on 
Government purchases. 
§ 1702. Definitions 
In this chapter: 
(1) AGENCY.—The term ‘‘agency’’ means an 
executive agency as defined in section 105 of title 5. 
(2) ANCHOR TENANCY.—The term ‘‘anchor ten-
ancy’’ means an arrangement in which the United 
States Government agrees to procure sufficient 
quantities of a commercial space product or service 
needed to meet Government mission requirements so 
that a commercial venture is made viable. 
(3) COMMERCIAL.—The term ‘‘commercial’’ 
means having— 
(A) private capital at risk; and 
(B) primary financial and management re-
sponsibility for the activity reside with the pri-
vate sector. 
(4) COST EFFECTIVE.—The term ‘‘cost effec-
tive’’ means costing no more than the available al-
ternatives, determined by a comparison of all related 
direct and indirect costs including, in the case of 
Government costs, applicable Government labor and 
overhead costs as well as contractor charges, and 
taking into account the ability of each alternative to
190 
accommodate mission requirements as well as the re-
lated factors of risk, reliability, schedule, and tech-
nical performance. 
(5) LAUNCH.—The term ‘‘launch’’ means to 
place, or attempt to place, a launch vehicle and its 
payload, if any, in a suborbital trajectory, in Earth 
orbit in outer space, or otherwise in outer space. 
(6) LAUNCH
SERVICES.—The term ‘‘launch 
services’’ means activities involved in the preparation 
of a launch vehicle and its payload for launch and 
the conduct of a launch. 
(7) LAUNCH SUPPORT FACILITIES.—The term 
‘‘launch support facilities’’ means facilities located at 
launch sites or launch ranges that are required to 
support launch activities, including launch vehicle 
assembly, launch vehicle operations and control, 
communications, flight safety functions, and payload 
operations, control, and processing. 
(8) LAUNCH VEHICLE.—The term ‘‘launch vehi-
cle’’ means any vehicle constructed for the purpose 
of operating in or placing a payload in outer space 
or in suborbital trajectories, and includes compo-
nents of that vehicle. 
(9) PAYLOAD.—The term ‘‘payload’’ means an 
object which a person undertakes to launch, and in-
191 
cludes subcomponents of the launch vehicle specifi-
cally designed or adapted for that object. 
(10) PAYLOAD
INTEGRATION
SERVICES.—The 
term ‘‘payload integration services’’ means activities 
involved in integrating multiple payloads into a sin-
gle payload for launch or integrating a payload with 
a launch vehicle. 
(11) SPACE RECOVERY SUPPORT FACILITIES.— 
The term ‘‘space recovery support facilities’’ means 
facilities required to support activities related to the 
recovery of payloads returned from space to a space 
recovery site, including operations and control, com-
munications, flight safety functions, and payload 
processing. 
(12) SPACE
TRANSPORTATION
INFRASTRUC-
TURE.—The term ‘‘space transportation infrastruc-
ture’’ means facilities, associated equipment, and 
real property (including launch sites, launch support 
facilities, space recovery sites, and space recovery 
support facilities) required to perform launch or 
space recovery activities. 
(13) STATE.—The term ‘‘State’’ means the sev-
eral States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, 
American Samoa, the United States Virgin Islands, 
Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and any other
192 
commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United 
States. 
(14) UNITED
STATES.—The term ‘‘United 
States’’ means the States, collectively. 
§ 1703. Launch voucher demonstration program 
(a) REQUIREMENT TO ESTABLISH PROGRAM.—The 
Administrator shall establish a demonstration program to 
award vouchers for the payment of commercial launch 
services and payload integration services for the purpose 
of launching payloads funded by the Administration. 
(b) AWARD OF VOUCHERS.—The Administrator shall 
award vouchers under subsection (a) to appropriate indi-
viduals as a part of grants administered by the Adminis-
tration for the launch of— 
(1) payloads to be placed in suborbital trajec-
tories; and 
(2) small payloads to be placed in orbit. 
(c) ASSISTANCE.—The Administrator may provide 
voucher award recipients with such assistance (including 
contract formulation and technical support during the pro-
posal evaluation) as may be necessary to ensure the pur-
chase of cost effective and reasonably reliable commercial 
launch services and payload integration services.
193 
§ 1704. Anchor tenancy and termination liability 
(a) ANCHOR TENANCY CONTRACTS.—Subject to ap-
propriations, the Administrator or the Administrator of 
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 
may enter into multiyear anchor tenancy contracts for the 
purchase of a good or service if the appropriate Adminis-
trator determines that— 
(1) the good or service meets the mission re-
quirements of the Administration or the National 
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, as appro-
priate; 
(2) the commercially procured good or service is 
cost effective; 
(3) the good or service is procured through a 
competitive process; 
(4) existing or potential customers for the good 
or service other than the United States Government 
have been specifically identified; 
(5) the long-term viability of the venture is not 
dependent upon a continued Government market or 
other nonreimbursable Government support; and 
(6) private capital is at risk in the venture. 
(b) TERMINATION LIABILITY.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Contracts entered into under 
subsection (a) may provide for the payment of termi-
194 
nation liability in the event that the Government ter-
minates such contracts for its convenience. 
(2) FIXED SCHEDULE OF PAYMENTS AND LIMI-
TATION ON LIABILITY.—Contracts that provide for 
the payment of termination liability, as described in 
paragraph (1), shall include a fixed schedule of such 
termination liability payments. Liability under such 
contracts shall not exceed the total payments which 
the Government would have made after the date of 
termination to purchase the good or service if the 
contract were not terminated. 
(3) USE OF FUNDS.—Subject to appropriations, 
funds available for such termination liability pay-
ments may be used for purchase of the good or serv-
ice upon successful delivery of the good or service 
pursuant to the contract. In such case, sufficient 
funds shall remain available to cover any remaining 
termination liability. 
(c) LIMITATIONS.— 
(1) DURATION.—Contracts entered into under 
this section shall not exceed 10 years in duration. 
(2) FIXED PRICE.—Such contracts shall provide 
for delivery of the good or service on a firm, fixed 
price basis.
195 
(3) PERFORMANCE
SPECIFICATIONS.—To the 
extent practicable, reasonable performance specifica-
tions shall be used to define technical requirements 
in such contracts. 
(4) FAILURE TO PERFORM.—In any such con-
tract, the appropriate Administrator shall reserve 
the right to completely or partially terminate the 
contract without payment of such termination liabil-
ity because of the contractor’s actual or anticipated 
failure to perform its contractual obligations. 
§ 1705. Use of Government facilities 
(a) AUTHORITY.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Federal agencies, including 
the Administration and the Department of Defense, 
may allow non-Federal entities to use their space-re-
lated facilities on a reimbursable basis if the Admin-
istrator, the Secretary of Defense, or the appropriate 
agency head determines that— 
(A) the facilities will be used to support 
commercial space activities; 
(B) such use can be supported by existing 
or planned Federal resources; 
(C) such use is compatible with Federal 
activities;
196 
(D) equivalent commercial services are not 
available on reasonable terms; and 
(E) such use is consistent with public safe-
ty, national security, and international treaty 
obligations. 
(2) CONSULTATION.—In carrying out para-
graph (1)(E), each agency head shall consult with 
appropriate Federal officials. 
(b) REIMBURSEMENT PAYMENT.— 
(1) AMOUNT.—The reimbursement referred to 
in subsection (a) may be an amount equal to the di-
rect costs (including salaries of United States civil-
ian and contractor personnel) incurred by the 
United States as a result of the use of such facilities 
by the private sector. For the purposes of this para-
graph, the term ‘‘direct costs’’ means the actual 
costs that can be unambiguously associated with 
such use, and would not be borne by the United 
States Government in the absence of such use. 
(2) CREDIT TO APPROPRIATION.—The amount 
of any payment received by the United States for 
use of facilities under this subsection shall be cred-
ited to the appropriation from which the cost of pro-
viding such facilities was paid.
197 
§ 1706. Commercial Space Achievement Award 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is established a Com-
mercial Space Achievement Award. The award shall con-
sist of a medal, which shall be of such design and mate-
rials and bear such inscriptions as determined by the Sec-
retary of Commerce. A cash prize may also be awarded 
if funding for the prize is available under subsection (d). 
(b) CRITERIA FOR AWARD.—The Secretary of Com-
merce shall periodically make awards under this section 
to individuals, corporations, corporate divisions, or cor-
porate subsidiaries substantially engaged in commercial 
space activities that in the opinion of the Secretary of 
Commerce best meet the following criteria: 
(1) NON-GOVERNMENTAL REVENUE.—For cor-
porate entities, at least half of the revenues from the 
space-related activities of the corporation, division, 
or subsidiary is derived from sources other than the 
United States Government. 
(2) SUBSTANTIAL CONTRIBUTION.—The activi-
ties and achievements of the individual, corporation, 
division, or subsidiary have substantially contributed 
to the United States gross national product and the 
stature of United States industry in international 
markets, with due consideration for both the eco-
nomic magnitude and the technical quality of the ac-
tivities and achievements.
198 
(3) SUBSTANTIAL
ADVANCEMENT
OF
TECH-
NOLOGY.—The individual, corporation, division, or 
subsidiary has substantially advanced space tech-
nology and space applications directly related to 
commercial space activities. 
(c) LIMITATIONS.—No individual or corporate entity 
may receive an award under this section more than once 
every 5 years. 
(d) FUNDING FOR AWARD.—The Secretary of Com-
merce may seek and accept gifts of money from public 
and private sources for the purpose of making cash prize 
awards under this section. Such money may be used only 
for that purpose, only such money may be used for that 
purpose, and the Secretary of Commerce shall make pub-
licly available an itemized list of the sources of such fund-
ing. 
SEC. 4. CONFORMING AMENDMENTS TO OTHER LAWS. 
(a) TITLE 31.—Section 1304(a)(3)(D) of title 31, 
United States Code, is amended by striking ‘‘section 203 
of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 (42 
U.S.C. 2473)’’ and substituting ‘‘section 313 of title 51’’. 
(b) TITLE 35.—Section 210(a)(7) of title 35, United 
States Code, is amended by striking ‘‘section 305 of the 
National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 (42 U.S.C. 
2457)’’ and substituting ‘‘section 335 of title 51’’.
199 
(c) TITLE 49.—Title 49, United States Code, is 
amended as follows: 
(1) Section 70117(b)(2) is amended by striking 
‘‘the Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992 (15 
U.S.C. 5601 et seq.)’’ and substituting ‘‘chapter 11 
of title 51’’. 
(2) Section 70301(1) is amended by striking 
‘‘section 502 of the National Aeronautics and Space 
Administration Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1993 
(15 U.S.C. 5802)’’ and substituting ‘‘section 1702 
of title 51’’. 
SEC. 5. TRANSITIONAL AND SAVINGS PROVISIONS. 
(a) CUTOFF DATE.—This Act replaces certain provi-
sions of law enacted on or before April 30, 2005. If a law 
enacted after that date amends or repeals a provision re-
placed by this Act, that law is deemed to amend or repeal, 
as the case may be, the corresponding provision enacted 
by this Act. If a law enacted after that date is otherwise 
inconsistent with this Act, it supersedes this Act to the 
extent of the inconsistency. 
(b) ORIGINAL DATE OF ENACTMENT UNCHANGED.— 
For purposes of determining whether one provision of law 
supersedes another based on enactment later in time, the 
date of enactment of a provision enacted by this Act is
200 
deemed to be the date of enactment of the provision it 
replaced. 
(c) REFERENCES TO PROVISIONS REPLACED.—A ref-
erence to a provision of law replaced by this Act, including 
a reference in a regulation, order, or other law, is deemed 
to refer to the corresponding provision enacted by this Act. 
(d) REGULATIONS, ORDERS, AND OTHER ADMINIS-
TRATIVE ACTIONS.—A regulation, order, or other admin-
istrative action in effect under a provision of law replaced 
by this Act continues in effect under the corresponding 
provision enacted by this Act. 
(e) ACTIONS TAKEN AND OFFENSES COMMITTED.— 
An action taken or an offense committed under a provision 
of law replaced by this Act is deemed to have been taken 
or committed under the corresponding provision enacted 
by this Act. 
SEC. 6. REPEALS. 
The following provisions of law are repealed, except 
with respect to rights and duties that matured, penalties 
that were incurred, or proceedings that were begun before 
the date of enactment of this Act:
201 
Schedule of Laws Repealed 
Date of Enactment 
Public 
Law 
Section 
Statutes at Large 
U.S. Code Citations 
(informational) 
Volume 
Page 
Former 
Classification 
Restatement 
July 29, 1958 ............................
85–568 
101 .....................................................................................................................................
426 .................
42:2451 note .................
None.
102 .....................................................................................................................................
426 .................
42:2451 ..........................
51:302.
103 .....................................................................................................................................
427 .................
42:2452 ..........................
51:303.
201 .....................................................................................................................................
427 .................
42:2471 (prior) ..............
None.
202 .....................................................................................................................................
429 .................
42:2472 ..........................
51:311.
203(a), (b) .........................................................................................................................
429 .................
42:2473(a), (b) ..............
51:312.
203(c) ................................................................................................................................
429 .................
42:2473(c) .....................
51:313.
204 .....................................................................................................................................
431 .................
42:2474 ..........................
None.
205 .....................................................................................................................................
432 .................
42:2475 ..........................
51:314.
206 .....................................................................................................................................
432 .................
42:2476 ..........................
51:315.
207 .....................................................................................................................................
............
........................
42:2476a ........................
51:316.
208 .....................................................................................................................................
............
........................
42:2476b ........................
None.
302 .....................................................................................................................................
433 .................
42:2453 ..........................
None.
303 .....................................................................................................................................
433 .................
42:2454 ..........................
51:331.
304(a) ................................................................................................................................
433 .................
42:2455(a) .....................
51:332.
304(e) ................................................................................................................................
435 .................
42:2456 ..........................
51:333.
304(f) .................................................................................................................................
............
........................
42:2456a ........................
51:334.
305 .....................................................................................................................................
435 .................
42:2457 ..........................
51:335.
306 .....................................................................................................................................
437 .................
42:2458 ..........................
51:336.
307 .....................................................................................................................................
............
........................
42:2458a ........................
51:337.
308 .....................................................................................................................................
............
........................
42:2458b ........................
51:338.
309 .....................................................................................................................................
............
........................
42:2458c ........................
51:339.
310 .....................................................................................................................................
438 .................
42:2459 ..........................
51:340.
311 .....................................................................................................................................
............
........................
42:2459b ........................
51:341.
312 .....................................................................................................................................
............
........................
42:2459c ........................
51:342.
313 .....................................................................................................................................
............
........................
42:2459f ........................
51:343.
315 .....................................................................................................................................
............
........................
42:2459j ........................
51:344.
401 .....................................................................................................................................
............
........................
42:2481 ..........................
51:361.
402 .....................................................................................................................................
............
........................
42:2482 ..........................
51:362.
403 .....................................................................................................................................
............
........................
42:2483 ..........................
51:363.
404 .....................................................................................................................................
............
........................
42:2484 ..........................
51:364.
June 15, 1959 ...........................
86–45 
4 .........................................................................................................................................
75 ...................
42:2460 ..........................
51:501.
Aug. 21, 1967 ............................
90–67 
6 .........................................................................................................................................
170 .................
42:2477 ..........................
51:582.
202 
Schedule of Laws Repealed—Continued 
Date of Enactment 
Public 
Law 
Section 
Statutes at Large 
U.S. Code Citations 
(informational) 
Volume 
Page 
Former 
Classification 
Restatement 
Sep. 29, 1969 ............................
91–76 
1 .........................................................................................................................................
124 .................
42:2461 (1st par.) .........
51:541(a).
2 .........................................................................................................................................
124 .................
42:2461 (last par.) ........
51:541(b).
July 30, 1977 ............................
95–76 
6 .........................................................................................................................................
315 .................
42:2463 ..........................
51:513.
Oct. 15, 1982 .............................
97–324 
106(a) ................................................................................................................................
1600 ...............
42:2464 ..........................
51:551.
Dec. 5, 1985 ..............................
99–170 
201 .....................................................................................................................................
1017 ...............
42:2466 ..........................
51:561.
202 .....................................................................................................................................
1017 ..............
42:2466a ........................
51:562.
203 .....................................................................................................................................
1017 ..............
42:2466b ........................
51:563.
204 .....................................................................................................................................
1017 ..............
42:2466c ........................
51:564.
Dec. 19, 1985 ............................
99–190 
101(b) [title VIII, § 8111] .................................................................................................
1185, 1222 ....
42:2464a ........................
51:552.
Oct. 30, 1987 .............................
100–147 
201 .....................................................................................................................................
101 
869 .................
42:2486 note .................
None.
202 .....................................................................................................................................
101 
869 .................
42:2486 ..........................
51:701.
203 .....................................................................................................................................
101 
869 .................
42:2486a ........................
51:702.
204 .....................................................................................................................................
101 
870 .................
42:2486b ........................
51:703.
205 .....................................................................................................................................
101 
871 .................
42:2486c ........................
51:704.
206 .....................................................................................................................................
101 
872 .................
42:2486d ........................
51:705.
207 .....................................................................................................................................
101 
873 .................
42:2486e ........................
51:706.
208 .....................................................................................................................................
101 
873 .................
42:2486f ........................
51:707.
209 .....................................................................................................................................
101 
874 .................
42:2486g ........................
51:708.
210 .....................................................................................................................................
101 
874 .................
42:2486h ........................
51:709.
211 .....................................................................................................................................
101 
875 .................
42:2486i .........................
51:710.
213 .....................................................................................................................................
101 
875 .................
42:2486k ........................
51:711.
214 .....................................................................................................................................
101 
875 .................
42:2486l ........................
None.
Aug. 19, 1988 ............................
100–404 
(par. under heading ‘‘Science, Space, and Technology Education Trust Fund’’) ............
102 
1028 ..............
42:2467 ..........................
51:571.
Nov. 9, 1989 ..............................
101–144 
(last par. beginning on p. 863) .........................................................................................
103 
863 .................
42:2473b (1st par.) .......
51:514.
203 
(1st complete par. on p. 864) ............................................................................................
103 
864 .................
42:2473b (last par.) ......
None.
Nov. 16, 1990 ............................
101–611 
112(a) ................................................................................................................................
104 
3198 ..............
42:2465a(a) ...................
51:553(a).
112(b) ................................................................................................................................
104 
3198 ...............
42:2465a(b) ...................
None.
112(c) ................................................................................................................................
104 
3199 ...............
42:2465a(c) ...................
51:553(b).
112(d) ................................................................................................................................
104 
3199 ..............
42:2465a(d) ...................
51:553(c).
203 .....................................................................................................................................
104 
3206 ...............
42:2465c ........................
51:554(a).
206 .....................................................................................................................................
104 
3207 ...............
42:2465f ........................
51:554(b).
Oct. 28, 1991 .............................
102–139 
(1st par. under heading ‘‘Administrative Provisions’’) .....................................................
105 
771 .................
42:2459d ........................
51:511.
Dec. 9, 1991 ..............................
102–195 
19 .......................................................................................................................................
105 
1615 ..............
42:2459e ........................
51:512.
20 .......................................................................................................................................
105 
1615 ..............
42:2467a ........................
51:572.
21(a) ..................................................................................................................................
105 
1616 ..............
42:2473c(a) ...................
None.
21(b) to (h) ........................................................................................................................
105 
1616 ..............
42:2473c(b) to (h) .........
51:581.
Oct. 28, 1992 .............................
102–555 
1 .........................................................................................................................................
106 
4163 ...............
15:5601 note .................
None.
2 .........................................................................................................................................
106 
4163 ..............
15:5601 ..........................
51:1101.
3 .........................................................................................................................................
106 
4164 ..............
15:5602 ..........................
51:1102.
101 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
4166 ...............
15:5611 ..........................
51:1111.
102 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
4168 ...............
15:5612 ..........................
51:1112.
103 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
4168 ...............
15:5613 ..........................
None.
104 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
4170 ...............
15:5614 ..........................
51:1113.
105(a), (b) .........................................................................................................................
106 
4170 ...............
15:5615(a), (b) ..............
51:1114.
105(c), (d) .........................................................................................................................
106 
4170 ..............
15:5615(c), (d) ..............
None.
201 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
4171 ...............
15:5621 ..........................
51:1121.
202 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
4172 ...............
15:5622 ..........................
51:1122.
203 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
4172 ...............
15:5623 ..........................
51:1123.
204 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
4173 ...............
15:5624 ..........................
51:1124.
205 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
4173 ...............
15:5625 ..........................
51:1125.
301 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
4174 ...............
15:5631 ..........................
51:1131.
302 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
4174 ...............
15:5632 ..........................
51:1132.
303(a) to (e) ......................................................................................................................
106 
4174 ..............
15:5633(a) to (e) ...........
51:1133.
303(f) .................................................................................................................................
106 
4175 ...............
15:5633(f) ......................
None.
501 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
4176 ...............
15:5651 ..........................
51:1141.
502 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
4176 ...............
15:5652 ..........................
51:1142.
503 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
4177 ...............
15:5653 ..........................
51:1143.
504 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
4177 ...............
15:5654 ..........................
51:1144.
505 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
4177 ...............
15:5655 ..........................
51:1145.
506 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
4177 ...............
15:5656 ..........................
51:1146.
507 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
4178 ...............
15:5657 ..........................
51:1147.
508 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
4179 ...............
15:5658 ..........................
51:1148.
601 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
4179 ...............
15:5671 ..........................
51:1161.
602 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
4180 ...............
15:5672 ..........................
51:1162.
204 
Schedule of Laws Repealed—Continued 
Date of Enactment 
Public 
Law 
Section 
Statutes at Large 
U.S. Code Citations 
(informational) 
Volume 
Page 
Former 
Classification 
Restatement 
Nov. 4, 1992 ..............................
102–588 
304 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
5120 ...............
42:2467b ........................
51:573.
501 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
5122 ...............
15:5801 ..........................
51:1701.
502 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
5123 ...............
15:5802 ..........................
51:1702.
504(a) to (c) ......................................................................................................................
106 
5124 ..............
15:5803(a) to (c) ...........
51:1703.
504(d) ................................................................................................................................
106 
5124 ..............
15:5803(d) .....................
None.
506 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
5127 ...............
15:5805 ..........................
None.
507 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
5127 ...............
15:5806 ..........................
51:1704.
508 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
5128 ...............
15:5807 ..........................
51:1705.
510 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
5129 ...............
15:5808 ..........................
51:1706.
601 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
5130 ...............
42:2487 ..........................
51:901.
602 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
5130 ...............
42:2487a ........................
51:902.
603 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
5130 ...............
42:2487b ........................
51:903.
604 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
5131 ...............
42:2487c ........................
51:904.
606 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
5131 ...............
42:2487e ........................
51:905.
607 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
5131 ...............
42:2487f ........................
51:906.
608 .....................................................................................................................................
106 
5132 ...............
42:2487g ........................
None.
Oct. 28, 1998 .............................
105–303 
1(a) ....................................................................................................................................
112 
2843 ...............
42:14701 note ...............
None.
2 .........................................................................................................................................
112 
2843 ..............
42:14701 ........................
51:1301.
101(a) ................................................................................................................................
112 
2845 ...............
42:14711(a) ...................
51:1311.
101(b) ................................................................................................................................
112 
2845 ...............
42:14711(b) ...................
None.
104 .....................................................................................................................................
112 
2852 ...............
42:14712 ........................
51:1312.
105 .....................................................................................................................................
112 
2852 ...............
42:14713 ........................
51:1313.
106 .....................................................................................................................................
112 
2853 ...............
42:14714 ........................
51:1314.
107(a) ................................................................................................................................
112 
2853 ...............
42:14715(a) ...................
51:1315(a).
107(b) ................................................................................................................................
112 
2853 ...............
42:14715(b) ...................
51:1315(b).
107(c) ................................................................................................................................
112 
2853 ...............
42:14715(c) ...................
None.
107(d) ................................................................................................................................
112 
2854 ..............
42:14715(d) ...................
51:1315(c).
107(e) ................................................................................................................................
112 
2854 ..............
42:14715(e) ...................
51:1315(d).
107(f)(1) ............................................................................................................................
112 
2854 ...............
42:14715, 15:5621 ........
51:1121.
107(f)(2) ............................................................................................................................
112 
2854 ...............
42:14715, 15:5622 ........
51:1122.
201 .....................................................................................................................................
112 
2854 ...............
42:14731 ........................
51:1331.
202 .....................................................................................................................................
112 
2855 ...............
42:14732 ........................
51:1332.
204(a) ................................................................................................................................
112 
2856 ...............
42:14733(a) ...................
51:1333.
204(b), (c) .........................................................................................................................
112 
2856 ...............
42:14733(b), (c) ............
None.
205 .....................................................................................................................................
112 
2857 ...............
42:14734 ........................
51:1334.
206 .....................................................................................................................................
112 
2857 ...............
42:14735 ........................
51:1335.
205 
Oct. 30, 2000 .............................
106–391 
126 .....................................................................................................................................
114 
1585 ..............
42:2475a ........................
51:591.
301 .....................................................................................................................................
114 
1591 ...............
42:2459g ........................
51:531.
304 .....................................................................................................................................
114 
1592 ...............
42:2459h ........................
51:532(b).
305 .....................................................................................................................................
114 
1592 ...............
42:2475b ........................
51:515.
325 .....................................................................................................................................
114 
1600 ...............
42:2473d ........................
51:533.
Oct. 23, 2002 .............................
107–248 
901 .....................................................................................................................................
116 
1573 ..............
42:14701 note ................
None.
902 .....................................................................................................................................
116 
1573 ...............
42:14751 ........................
51:1501.
903 .....................................................................................................................................
116 
1574 ...............
42:14752 ........................
51:1503.
904 .....................................................................................................................................
116 
1576 ...............
42:14753 ........................
51:1502.
Feb. 20, 2003 ............................
108–7 
(4th par. on p. 520) ..........................................................................................................
117 
520 .................
42:2459i .........................
51:502.
Dec. 12, 2003 ............................
108–176 
703 .....................................................................................................................................
117 
2579 ..............
42:2473e ........................
51:574.
Æ