(4) provide that all tests which indicate the use, in violation of appli-
cable law or Federal regulation, of alcohol or a controlled substance by 
any individual shall be confirmed by a scientifically recognized method 
of testing capable of providing quantitative data regarding alcohol or 
a controlled substance; 
(5) provide that each specimen sample be subdivided, secured, and 
labelled in the presence of the tested individual and that a portion 
thereof be retained in a secure manner to prevent the possibility of 
tampering, so that in the event the individual’s confirmation test re-
sults are positive the individual has an opportunity to have the retained 
portion assayed by a confirmation test done independently at a second 
certified laboratory if the individual requests the independent test with-
in 3 days after being advised of the results of the initial confirmation 
test; 
(6) ensure appropriate safeguards for testing to detect and quantify 
alcohol in breath and body fluid samples, including urine and blood, 
through the development of regulations as may be necessary and in 
consultation with the Department of Health and Human Services; 
(7) provide for the confidentiality of test results and medical infor-
mation of employees; and 
(8) ensure that employees are selected for tests by nondiscriminatory 
and impartial methods, so that no employee is harassed by being treat-
ed differently from other employees in similar circumstances. 
(f) EFFECT ON OTHER LAWS AND REGULATIONS.— 
(1) CONSISTENCY WITH FEDERAL REGULATION.—No State or local 
government shall adopt or have in effect any law, rule, regulation, ordi-
nance, standard, or order that is inconsistent with the regulations pro-
mulgated under this section. 
(2) CONTINUANCE OF REGULATIONS ISSUED BEFORE DECEMBER 9, 
1991.—Nothing in this section shall be construed to restrict the discre-
tion of the Administrator to continue in force, amend, or further sup-
plement any regulations issued before December 9, 1991, that govern 
the use of alcohol and controlled substances by Administration employ-
ees with responsibility for safety-sensitive, security, and national secu-
rity functions (as determined by the Administrator), or by Administra-
tion contractor employees with such responsibility. 
CHAPTER 313—HEALTHCARE 
Sec. 
31301.
Healthcare program. 
31302.
Astronaut healthcare survey. 
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§ 31301. Healthcare program 
The Administrator shall develop a plan to better understand the longitu-
dinal health effects of space flight on humans. In the development of the 
plan, the Administrator shall consider the need for the establishment of a 
lifetime healthcare program for Administration astronauts and their families 
or other methods to obtain needed health data from astronauts and retired 
astronauts. 
§ 31302. Astronaut healthcare survey 
(a) SURVEY.—The Administrator shall administer an anonymous survey 
of astronauts and flight surgeons to evaluate communication, relationships, 
and the effectiveness of policies. The survey questions and the analysis of 
results shall be evaluated by experts independent of the Administration. The 
survey shall be administered on at least a biennial basis. 
(b) REPORT.—The Administrator shall transmit a report of the results 
of the survey to Congress not later than 90 days following completion of 
the survey. 
CHAPTER 315—MISCELLANEOUS 
Sec. 
31501.
Orbital debris. 
31502.
Maintenance of facilities. 
31503.
Laboratory productivity. 
31504.
Cooperative unmanned aerial vehicle activities. 
31505.
Development of enhanced-use lease policy. 
§ 31501. Orbital debris 
The Administrator, in conjunction with the heads of other Federal agen-
cies, shall take steps to develop or acquire technologies that will enable the 
Administration to decrease the risks associated with orbital debris. 
§ 31502. Maintenance of facilities 
In order to sustain healthy Centers that are capable of carrying out the 
Administration’s missions, the Administrator shall ensure that adequate 
maintenance and upgrading of those Center facilities is performed on a reg-
ular basis. 
§ 31503. Laboratory productivity 
The Administration’s laboratories are a critical component of the Admin-
istration’s research capabilities, and the Administrator shall ensure that 
those laboratories remain productive. 
§ 31504. Cooperative unmanned aerial vehicle activities 
The Administrator, in cooperation with the Administrator of the National 
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and in coordination with other 
agencies that have existing civil capabilities, shall continue to utilize the ca-
pabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles as appropriate in support of Adminis-
tration and interagency cooperative missions. The Administrator may enter 
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into cooperative agreements with universities with unmanned aerial vehicle 
programs and related assets to conduct collaborative research and develop-
ment activities, including development of appropriate applications of small 
unmanned aerial vehicle technologies and systems in remote areas. 
§ 31505. Development of enhanced-use lease policy 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator shall develop an agency-wide en-
hanced-use lease policy that— 
(1) is based upon sound business practices and lessons learned from 
the demonstration centers; and 
(2) establishes controls and procedures to ensure accountability and 
protect the interests of the Government. 
(b) CONTENTS.—The policy required by subsection (a) shall include the 
following: 
(1) CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING ECONOMIC VALUE.—Criteria for 
determining whether enhanced-use lease provides better economic value 
to the Government than other options, such as— 
(A) Federal financing through appropriations; or 
(B) sale of the property. 
(2) SECURITY AND ACCESS.—Requirement for the identification of 
proposed physical and procedural changes needed to ensure security 
and restrict access to specified areas, coordination of proposed changes 
with existing site tenants, and development of estimated costs of such 
changes. 
(3) MEASURES OF EFFECTIVENESS.—Measures of effectiveness for 
the enhanced-use lease program. 
(4) ACCOUNTING CONTROLS.—Accounting controls and procedures to 
ensure accountability, such as an audit trail and documentation to 
readily support financial transactions. 
Subtitle IV—Aeronautics and Space 
Research and Education 
CHAPTER 401—AERONAUTICS 
SUBCHAPTER I—GENERAL 
Sec. 
40101.
Definition of institution of higher education. 
40102.
Governmental interest in aeronautics research and development. 
40103.
Cooperation with other agencies on aeronautics activities. 
40104.
Cooperation among Mission Directorates. 
SUBCHAPTER II—HIGH PRIORITY AERONAUTICS RESEARCH AND 
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS 
40111.
Fundamental research program. 
40112.
Research and technology programs. 
40113.
Airspace systems research. 
40114.
Aviation safety and security research. 
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40115.
Aviation weather research. 
40116.
University-based Centers for Research on Aviation Training. 
SUBCHAPTER III—SCHOLARSHIPS 
40131.
Aeronautics scholarships. 
SUBCHAPTER IV—DATA REQUESTS 
40141.
Aviation data requests. 
SUBCHAPTER I—GENERAL 
§ 40101. Definition of institution of higher education 
In this chapter, the term ‘‘institution of higher education’’ has the mean-
ing given the term by section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 
U.S.C. 1001). 
§ 40102. Governmental interest in aeronautics research and 
development 
Congress reaffirms the national commitment to aeronautics research 
made in chapter 201 of this title. Aeronautics research and development re-
mains a core mission of the Administration. The Administration is the lead 
agency for civil aeronautics research. Further, the government of the United 
States shall promote aeronautics research and development that will expand 
the capacity, ensure the safety, and increase the efficiency of the Nation’s 
air transportation system, promote the security of the Nation, protect the 
environment, and retain the leadership of the United States in global avia-
tion. 
§ 40103. Cooperation with other agencies on aeronautics ac-
tivities 
The Administrator shall coordinate, as appropriate, the Administration’s 
aeronautics activities with relevant programs in the Department of Trans-
portation, the Department of Defense, the Department of Commerce, and 
the Department of Homeland Security, including the activities of the Next 
Generation Air Transportation System Joint Planning and Development Of-
fice established under section 709 of the Vision 100—Century of Aviation 
Reauthorization Act (Public Law 108–176, 49 U.S.C. 40101 note). 
§ 40104. Cooperation among Mission Directorates 
Research and development activities performed by the Aeronautics Re-
search Mission Directorate with the primary objective of assisting in the de-
velopment of a flight project in another Mission Directorate shall be funded 
by the Mission Directorate seeking assistance. 
SUBCHAPTER II—HIGH PRIORITY AERONAUTICS RESEARCH 
AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS 
§ 40111. Fundamental research program 
(a) OBJECTIVE.—In order to ensure that the Nation maintains needed 
capabilities in fundamental areas of aeronautics research, the Administrator 
shall establish a program of long-term fundamental research in aeronautical 
sciences and technologies that is not tied to specific development projects. 
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