‘‘(9) The term ‘coercion’ means causing the 
performance or non-performance of any act by an-
other person under which such other person has a 
legal right to do or to abstain from doing, through 
fraud or by the use of actual or threatened force, vi-
olence, or fear thereof, including the use, or an ex-
press or implicit threat of use, of violence to cause 
harm, or threats to cause injury to the person, rep-
utation or property of any person. 
‘‘(10) The term ‘domestic violence’ means any 
assault committed by a current or former spouse, 
parent, or guardian of the victim, by a person with 
whom the victim shares a child in common, by a per-
son who is cohabiting with or has cohabited with the 
victim as a spouse, parent, or guardian, or by a per-
son similarly situated to a spouse, parent, or guard-
ian of the victim. 
‘‘(11) The term ‘extortion’ means conduct de-
scribed in section 1951(b)(2)), but not extortion 
under color of official right or fear of economic loss. 
‘‘(12) The term ‘firearms use’ means conduct 
described in section 924(c) or 929(a), if the firearm 
was brandished, discharged, or otherwise possessed, 
carried, or used as a weapon and the crime of vio-
lence or drug trafficking crime during and in rela-
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tion to which the firearm was possessed, carried, or 
used was subject to prosecution in any court of the 
United States, State court, military court or tri-
bunal, or tribal court. Such term also includes un-
lawfully possessing a firearm described in section 
5845(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (such 
as a sawed-off shotgun or sawed-off rifle, silencer, 
bomb, or machine gun), possession of a firearm in 
violation of sections 922(g)(1), 922(g)(2) and 
922(g)(4), possession of a firearm with the intent to 
use such firearm unlawfully, or reckless discharge of 
a firearm at a dwelling. 
‘‘(13) The term ‘fleeing’ means knowingly oper-
ating a motor vehicle and, following a law enforce-
ment officer’s signal to bring the motor vehicle to a 
stop— 
‘‘(A) failing or refusing to comply; or 
‘‘(B) fleeing or attempting to elude a law 
enforcement officer. 
‘‘(14) The term ‘force’ means the level of force 
capable of causing physical pain or injury or needed 
or intended to overcome resistance. 
‘‘(15) The term ‘hostage taking’ means conduct 
described in section 1203. 
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‘‘(16) The term ‘human trafficking’ means con-
duct described in sections 1589, 1590, and 1591. 
‘‘(17) The term ‘interference with flight crew 
members and attendants’ means conduct described 
in section 46504 of title 49, United States Code. 
‘‘(18) The term ‘kidnapping’ means conduct de-
scribed in section 1201(a)(1) or seizing, confining, 
inveigling, decoying, abducting, or carrying away 
and holding for ransom or reward or otherwise any 
person. 
‘‘(19) The term ‘murder’ means conduct de-
scribed as murder in the first degree or murder in 
the second degree described in section 1111. 
‘‘(20) The term ‘robbery’ means conduct de-
scribed in section 1951(b)(1), or the unlawful taking 
or obtaining of personal property from the person or 
in the presence of another, against his will, by 
means of actual or threatened force, or violence or 
intimidation, or by sudden or stealthy seizure or 
snatching, or fear of injury, immediate or future, to 
his person or property, or property in his custody or 
possession, or the person or property of a relative or 
member of his family or of anyone in his company 
at the time of the taking or obtaining. 
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‘‘(21) The term ‘stalking’ means conduct de-
scribed in section 2261A. 
‘‘(22) The term ‘weapon of mass destruction’ 
has the meaning given such term in section 
2332a(c). 
‘‘(23) The term ‘voluntary manslaughter’ 
means conduct described in section 1112(a). 
‘‘(c) For purposes of this section, in the case of any 
reference in subsection (b) to an offense under this title, 
such reference shall include conduct that constitutes an 
offense under State or tribal law or under the Uniform 
Code of Military Justice, if such conduct would be an of-
fense under this title if a circumstance giving rise to Fed-
eral jurisdiction had existed. 
‘‘(d) For purposes of this section, the term ‘con-
spiracy’ includes any offense that is a conspiracy to com-
mit another offense under State or Federal law, irrespec-
tive of whether proof of an overt act is required to estab-
lish commission of the conspiracy offense.’’. 
Æ 
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