APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD valves for the American people. It is much better to have no new legislation than to have bad or ill-advised, or hurriedly con- ceived legislation. The permitting of it to go through the two houses or rather the making of it neces- sary to go through the two houses gives plenty of time and opportunity to find out the bad features and eliminate them from the proposed legislation. Let us look for a moment how far this three-division plan, or three-page plan, has become a part of our system or form of government. We have 48 States, and each of the 48 States has a con- stitution, modeled after the Federal Constitu- tion. You have the State general assembly or the State legislature which corresponds to page 1. The governor, the attorney general, the adjutant general and other executive of- fices are page 2. The supreme court of the State is puge 3. Go down to the county and you have the board of supervisors, corresponding to page 1. You have the county sheriff and other county officials corresponding to page 2. The county judges of the county courts correspond to page 3. Go down to the city and what do you have—you have the city council correspond- ing to page 1. You have the police and fire departments corresponding to page 2. The municipal court corresponds to page 3. It Is even out in the townships. It has become a part of us. In order to get rid of that, or rather, in order to change our form of government, we first have to get rid of the division of pow- ers into the three branches, and much has gone over the dam already in getting rid of it. There has been much transferring of power from one page or branch to the other. Onc of our States has even gone So far as to adopt the unicameral legislative system, and has abolished the bicameral system. Every once in awhile you hear mentioned by some- one over the air, or some writer in the press will say, “We would be better off if we had a unicameral Congress.” That is not a new idea. It was fought over by men wiser than we are, more than 150 years ugo. We should follow their wisdom, because it hus been so good in so many respects. What is causing our people today to tor- get this form of government to follow other schemes and “isms,” who are normally pa- triotic people? They are people who should know better. They are people who are best educated. Why do they follow new ideas to get rid of or away from the form of govern- ment which we have been blessed under? Personally, I think it is the depression or hard times, or lack of employment, and that is where highway officials come into the picture for the future welfare of America, Possibly I can illustrate that by a story which is supposed to have happened back in Iowa, when Fred White, the State engineer, was a boy. One of his neighbors had been prosperous in the farming business. He owned one farm, and his son got married, and he wanted to set him up on an adjacent farm. He went to his neighbor, and alter some dickering bargained to buy the farm for his son for $16,000. They designated the following Saturday to meet in town to pay off the money and get the deed and abstract. That morning the farmer went to town with his wife. He carried the money in a bucket. In the lawyer's office in town, when the deed and abstract were ready, he started to count out the money. When he got to the bottom of the bucket, he only had $14,000. He looked up at his neighbor and the lawyer, and he was embarrassed and chagrined. He said, “I am terribly sorry; I can’t buy the farm. I thought there was $16,000 in this pucket, but there is only $14,000. I am very, very sorry." He then looked at his wife, who said, “John, dear, you brought the wrong bucket.” I tell that story because of the anxiety of the people of America when we have a little hard sledding to take a short-cut and get back to the days of the wrong bucket, back to the time when it was possible for a farm- er to make 80 much money that he couldn't remember how many buckets he had it in, and in our anxiety to get there by shorter methods than are normally required, we are willing to surrender our birthright for a mess of pottage. Did you ever receive a ticket for speeding? Of course, no one in this audience ever had a ticket for speeding or overparking or any other offense. But if you did, the man before wliom you appeared in court the next morning was not the same man who gave you the ticket. If it was, you wouldn't have had a chance. You would have been pre- judged by him. He believed you guilty, or he wouldn’. have given you the ticket. Why is he a different man? He belongs on page 2. The man you appeared before is on page 3. This is a guaranty given to us by our fore- fathers in the Constitution. If you have a property right, a marital right, or some other right to be determined, you reahze the judge before whom you ap- pear to have determined your property right or whatever right you may have, did not enact the lnw he determines your right under, and if hea had made the law, you wouldn't have a chance. Let us look at what happened in Wash- ington between Goldsborough and John L. Lewis. Goldsborouch did not enact the laws under which he determined the rights of Lewis and his miners. They were laws made by the people on nage 1, the Congress of the United States. What chance would one party or the othcr have in his court if he had made the laws as well as being the judge to enforce them? To this audience, I am sure I need go no further on that part of my talk. Did we ever have this kind of government in the history of the world before? Yes, once to our knowledge—maybe oftener—and only once clearly. Some 4,000 years ago, after the chil- dren of Israel came out of Egypt, it was necessary for a form of government to be set up for them, and it was through Moses and his communion with the Lord that this gov- ernment was set up. First, we had the Ten Commandments which probably correspond to that agreement. If you will read the early books of the Bible, you will find that one group was set apart to muke the byluws and rules and regulutions for the tribesmen. They were legal and just in every way, 50 long as they did not encroach upon or violate the original document of the Ten Com- mandments. What do we find next? We find a group of sheriffs to see that the laws were enforced. And we find the judges as set forth in the bock of Judges. They had that plan for centuries, and then they became dis- satishied. They became like the people of America who want to get back to the days of the wrong bucket. They wanted shortcuts. They wanted somebody to look up to in the world as a dictator. They wanted an iron hand. They got lazy. They wanted authori- tarilanism. They didn’t know what to call it. They went to Samuel. They took the matter up with him. He was so perplexed that he took the matter to the Lord. He received this answer, “Samuel, if the children of Israel want kings, give them kings.” So, he called out King Saul and set him over them. Over- night they went from self-rule under a con- stitutional representative form of govern- ment, which we call a republic here, to com- plete totalitarianism or a dictatorship. What happened? They went into captivity. From then to oblivion and to this day they have not been heard from, except the descendants of one tribe. Why? Because they threw away a republic for totalitarian- ism, which today could be defined as come munism or socialism, nazism, Hitlerism, Francoism, or any other “ism.” Funda- mentally, they are all the same. There is no fundamental difference between socialism, A863 communism, nazism, Wlitlerism, Francoism, or any of the “isms.” One-man rule is the thing we must fight against. It is one man rule or one group ruling, because whenever one group takes over, there is always a strony man of that group who is the chairman, and he becomes the dictator. Our foreiathers were wise enough to see the dangers of it in giving to us this beauti- ful plan of government. Where did they get it? If you will read the discussions that. took place, what we know about what hrppened in Philadelphia in 1789, when the document was drawn uj}, came from men who had a knowledge of the form of government that the children of Israel so prospered under. That is where it came from, and that is why we have become the greatest Nation in the world, with the highest standard of ving. the highest wages, the best read system, and the best people, because we have had the best form of government. Now, tn order that I will not be accused of playing politics, since I have mentioned the term “republic” once or twice, I wish to call your attention to the fuct that there is no more similarity betwecn the Republican Party and a republican form of government than there is between Democratic Party and democracy. The republic was founded long before the Republican Party was thcught of, and democracy was conceived, or thought of, long before the present Democratic Party was heurd of. There is nothing political abcut it. In conclusion I want to emphasize that we get ou. blessings under a republic and not under a democracy. We have all the blessings of a democracy* and none of its detriments. Why do I say this is a republic? Did you ever pledge allegiance to that flag and “to the republic for which it stands’? Why isn't it, “to the democracy for which it stands’? We are not a democracy? Why are we a republic? It is becuuse of the three puges—the sepsration of powers of the Gov- ernment. Did you ever sing the Battle Hymn of the Republic? Why is it the Buttle Hymn of the Republic? Why isn’t it the Battle Hymn of the Democracy? We are not a democracy. We are a republic where the people rule themselves under a Constitution through their own representatives. If you follow the stuff coming over the air today on certain programs, read certain things in magazines and the press, you will detect a subtle move- ment on the part of those who have the know-how to destroy us in attacking their legislators in the States and in the Con- gress. They know that in order to destroy this form of government and take control, they first have to destroy that branch of the Government that is composed of the peo- ple’s representatives, and that is why they are constantly attacking the Congress of the United States. I am not defending the Con- gress because I am one of them. I am de- fending it as a citizen of the United States, and I have that right to defend it. I detect in them their subtle purpose. They know what they are doing. They never sleep—we do. We must start thinking a little more instead of sleeping so much, If we would pre- serve this form of government and this great country of ours. You will not as highway officials and those interested in road building allow a good, usable highway to be torn up and destroyed until you see the blueprint for a better one. You will not permit the house in which you live to be torn down until you see the blue- print for a better one. Why then should we stand by and see the governmental roof that has been so carefully built torn down until someone presents the blueprint for a better plan. All these people who are finding 50 much fault with our form of government have no other plan to offer, except to go back from whence we came, and for what we fought the Revolutionary War to get away from.
A864 You, as State highway officials, are in an enviable position to help to get better high- ways. You also are in an enviable position to help preserve our Government. Let us, therefore, resolve to work and fight perpet- ually for future generations the work thus far so well and so nobly advanced by the men to whom I am now speaking. Sugar Quotas EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. ALBERT J. ENGEL OF MICHIGAN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 3, 1947 Mr. ENGEL of Michigan. Mr. Speak- er, I want to speak on behalf of the thousands of farm people and other home users of sugar in my district, in regard to the new sugar quotas that were announced Tuesday of last week jointly by uhe United States Department of Agriculture and the Office of Tempo- rary Controls. There are many angles to the sugar issue but I shall confine these remarks solely to the new quotas. From the point of view of the farm resident and home consumer, the quotas are an improve- ment but by no* means a sufficicnt solu- tion. I want to make that point clear, for there is far too little understanding of how seriously the sugar shortage has affected many rural areas. The new allotment order says all insti- tutional and industrial users of sugar will be granted increases of varying per- centages for the balance of 1°47, averag- ing from 15 to 20 percent at least. It says the home user will get an added 5 pounds per coupon, or a total of 10 pounds per ration book holder on April 1, July 1, and again on October 1, 1947. Last week’s order also says the Govern- ment “does not plan to allow extra sugar for home canning this year.” I stress this last statement because I know that thousands of housewives may be expect- ing some sort of home-canning sugar al- lotment over and above the regular sugar-stamp amounts. But last week’s announcement makes it clear no extra home-canning sugar is contemplated by the Government allotters as of this date. There was the 5-pound stamp on Jan- uary 1 and there will be the three 10- pound stamps on Apri} 1, July 1, and Oc- tober 1. According to the Department of Agriculture and the Office of Temporary Controls, that is it. The home user will, if these quotas stand, get 35 pounds per person in 1847. According to official cal- cule.tions, this same home user got a total of 25 pounds in 1846—three 5-pound sugar stamps—one every 4 months in 1846—-plus two special 5-pound stamps for canning purposes. Thus it is now planned to give an added 10 pounds over al], or a 40-percent improvement over 1946. The percentage of improvement is mis- leading. It is a fact that the home user, particularly the bona fide home canner and home baker, is the one who has been penalized most by the sugar shortage— she and the growers who are dependent on her as a market for their fruits and vegetables. While a 10-pound increase ‘Nation. does add up to a 40-percent improve- ment, it is a lot like giving a hungry per- son a dime instead of a nickel when what he really needs is 50 cents for a meal. You originally intended giving him a nickel, but boost it to a dime—a 1€0-percent improvement. Yet it is still quite a ways from meeting his real needs. It is the same with the new sugar allot- ments insofar as rural residents and many others are concerned. I want to comment again on this sugar problem as it arises in my district. I am certain it is similar in a majority of other districts. In one respect there fs a difference. My district, comprising 11 counties in northwestern Michigan, is one of the leading fruit-producing areas in the country. Its annual yield of sour cherries is the largest in the To a lesser extent it is the same in its harvest of apples, peaches, pears, and so forth. Sugar is the big- gest present item in the successful mar- keting of these crops. Meny thousands of pounds of these crops gO to the fresh-fruit market. Home canning is the big fector in whether or not this fruit can be mcved, and suger is the big factor in home can- ning. Last yeer I saw thousands of bushels of the most beeutiful peaches in the country go to waste simply be- caus? so little home canning was pos- sible. Acres of peach orcherds were not picked. Those peaches thet were picked in some instances went below cost and in some instances merely rotted in the beckets or werehouses. This was a piti- ful waste, ell the direct result of the suger shortage. Too meny people think of the sugar shertege as, at worst, an inconvenience to the householder. In my district it has been an economic tregedy, costing thousands of dollars in wasted fruit of the highest grade. Like everybody else, I want to see in- creases for cll users. But I think the housew'fe is entitled to first considera- tion. She gst an average of 72 pounds per cepita last year, according to the United States Department of Agricul- ture. Yet she herself had control of only 25 pounds per person last year, and the rest she got if and as she bought store products in which sugar was used. There is still another angle that the big-city resident seldom considers. It is clear the allotment officials have done nothing about it. The average farm wife and the average housewife in a small town accepts home canning and home baking as the necessary and customary way of life. They have no bakeries available to them merely by going a block or two down the street or by stepping to a telephone and placing an order. §8:m- ilarly, in rural areas they have no gro- ceries immediately at hand at which they can conveniently buy canned fruits, veg- etables, and so forth. In fact, most of these people would not buy these things in stores even if they did have the big- city-store conveniences. At least, they would prefer not to. They want to can theirown. They always have. It is their way of life. Thousands of pounds of our farm produce and fresh fruits are mar- keted and consumed in that way. I want to emphasize again and again that last week’s quota statement is not APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD sufficient to prevent continued financial loss. In effect, it says to the fruit farmer that for still another harvest he may have to let a portion of his peaches and apples glut the market or rot on the ground; that in still another highly pros- perous year he may stand to lose’ thou- sands of dollars, not because there is no money to buy the fine fruit he grows, but solely because somebody in Washington has allotted the sugar elsewhere. In shori, I do not want our Govern- ment allotters to get self-satisfied with their generosity to date. If necessary, there should be consideration of a special increase for bona fide rural residents. In the face of the facts, I do not think big-city people would seriously raise the cry of discrim‘nation. Ten added pounds in the city, with stores and bak- eries all around, is one thing; 10 added pouncs in the country is less than adequate. Our real goal is to get the Government ell the way cut of this sugar situation before many months, just as soon as it can be assured that the supply, at a fair price, will be there for the little user as well es the big one. That day cannot come too soon to suit me. This sugar problem for the average sugar consumer is, by no means, merely one of sentiment or inconvenience. It has been a maiter of huge financial loss to fruit and vegetable growers, and of sizable increases in living costs for the thousands of families who rely on home canning—the home canning that cannot be done on 25 or 35 pounds of sugar per person per year for all home needs. I want to inform the Government al- loters in the most emphatic language I can put in print that what the people of my district want is more sugar in their own hands, under their own control, so they can continue the home canning and home baking that meen more food, better nutrition, greater convenience, and thrift for them, plus successful marketing of the things they grow. I intend to con- tinue to do everything I can to see that they, the home users, get the sugar to which they are entitled. I hope every other Member of the House, particularly those from farm areas, will take similar action. Underwriting Britain REMARKS HON. NOAH M. MASON OF -LLINOIS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 6, 1947 Mr. MASON. Mr. Speaker, Great Britain has finally decided that she can- not protect her interests in the Mediter- ranean, in Greece, and in Turkey any Jonger, and is calling upon Uncle Sam to take over the responsibility of keep- ing open her life line for her, and of protecting her interests in the Mediter- YTanean area. As I see it she wants to unload her responsibilities, her obliga- tions, her commitments, upon Uncle Sam, but retain all her interests, her commercial advantages, and her trade in that area.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD The gentleman from New York [Mr. Reep], in an extension of remarks in Tuesday's Conaressiowan Recorp, called our attention to Britain’s gambling bill of $4,000,000,000 per year, a gambling bill that goes untaxed in Great Britain, and points out that the 400,000 Britons engaged in the “gambling racket” might be better employed in the mines or fac- tories of Great Britain producing the badly needed goods to keep her economy. Congressman Rerp’s remarks should be read by every Member of this House in view of the requests that will be made to the Congress to help Great Britain. As a part of my remarks today I am including an editorial from the Chicago Tribune analyzing the proposal to under- write Great Britain's future in addition to what we have already done for her. I recommend it also as “must” reading: UNDERWRITING BRITAIN No step ever contemplated by an American administration, save possibly the decisions which took the United States into war in 1917 and 1941, has been fraught with graver consequences than President Truman's in- tention to intervene in Greece. If he is not restrained by Congress, the United States will find itself permanently entangled in Euro- pean power politics, It will have forsaken for good and all the traditional outlook that the destiny of Americans lies in America. The proposal that the United States should underwrite Britain's management of the Greek Nation as a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the Mediterranean came from London. Since the end of the war Britain has maintained troops in Greece and has had the practical management of all of the im- portant government posts. This has cost money, and Britain contends that after March 81 it will be unable to continue finan- cial and economic assistance. The British plan for America to stcp in and assume the burden constitutes a form of refined blackmail. The British say that if their ascendancy is lost in Greece the coun- try will go to Russia by default. Leftist ele- ments in Greece are already conducting what corresponds to a civil war. Unless the right- ist regime under King George is supported by both troops and capital, it is argued, com- munism will win out. Britain is currently finding the plea of im- poverishment very useful in bringing influ- ence to bear upon the United States. The British domestic economy is so shot under the Socialist Government that a parliamen- tary mission has arrived in Washington to inform congressional leaders that the $3,759,- 090,000 present of a year ago will not suffice. Another huge cash credit is demanded at once, one .member of Parliament going 60 far as to say that America is now “married” to Britain and must meet its responsibili- ties. The effect of Britain’s program Is to invite the United States to become the conservator of the British Empire. It is to pay the bills for Socialist experimentation at home and guarantee the sway of imperial rule abroad. There are no indications that this is to be a temporary arrangement. Rather, it is one which must necessarily endure for the pre- dictable future, or until America goes down under the cumulative weight of the enor- mous responsibilities it is asked voluntarily to assume. Although the British represent their diffi- culties in Greece as something which can be overcome by American financial aid, the United States inevitably would find that the Army, Navy. and Air Force were quite as fully committed as the Treasury. The cost alone— an estimated $320,000,000 in the next 3 years—would be enough to give a less fool- hardy administration pause, but the conse- XCITI—App.——55 quences would not end there. In time, under any arrangement requiring the United States to underwrite the status quo, we should find that what we have really acquired in Greece is a beachhead in another war. If we jump into this adventure there will logically be no reason why we should not next be called to bolster British rule in Italy, Palestine, Gibraltar, the former Italian col- onies of North Africa, Egypt, Aden, Singapore, Hong Kong, or wherever else Britain has in- stalled herself. She will be as impotent everywhere else as she professes to be in Greece. We shall find that each of these plages is as much a focus of malignant infection as every other. We will be called upon to expend vast amounts of money to prop up colonial econ- omies and the British home economy. We shall have to provide the force to keep restive populations in line. And at every turn we shall be exposed to the threat of war. We are to do this knowing that no American interest is involved, and no American benefit oan be expected. : It is a measure of the confusion of Truman and the State Department that while they talk about finding a workable formula by which capitalism and communism can exist in the same world, they are willing to under- take the protection of Britain against Russia. They do so as if no hagards were entailed. No nation has ever prepared to walk the plank in a more carefree spirit. The crowning lunacy of this scheme is that, while America is to supply the money and force, Britain is to retain full power over all policies and decisions. The political and eco- nomic structure which we are to underwrite in Greece is of British creation. It won't be changed by American intervention. We can pay the bills and act the role of bouncer but the British are to remain in the driver's seat. If we were to go into Greece offering politi- cal and persona! liberty in the light of the Bill of Rights, there might be a grain of sense in the project, if only a grain. We could at least hope in these circumstances to make converts and friends of Greeks. But that ts not the way of the State Department. It has proved in the occupation of Germany that American concepts of the freedom and aig- nity of the individual are not considered fit for export. In Greece we should be merely valets to the arrogant exponents of a decay- ing imperialism. That course is suicidal. It will lead us to exhausting wars and to bank- ruptcy. School-Lunch Program REMARKS oF HON. JAMES C. DAVIS OF GEORGIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 6, 1947 Mr. DAVIS of Georgia. Mr. Speaker, legislative action sometimes is partisan, sometimes it is sectional. I desire to dis- cuss an important matter now pending before this Congress which is neither partisan nor sectional, but is vita] alike to Democrat and Republican, to North and South, and to East and West. March 31, which is a little more than 3 weeks away, will bring an end to Fed- eral aid for the school-lunch program, unless the necessary deficiency appro- priation is made to continue it for the remainder of the school year. The amount needed is pitifully small when considered in the light of the billions of dollars we are scattering with lavish A865 hand to every nook, cranny, and corner of the world. This is not a project or program which is wholly paid for by the Federa] Govern- ment. The Federal Government only pays a part of the expense. The States pay the remainder of that portion of the program which is publicly financed. In addition to that part of the program which is publicly financed, the patrons of the schools, the parents of the pupils, pay a substantial part of the lunch ex- pense, It is only in exceptional cases, where the pupil] is unable to pay at all, that the total cost of the lunch is paid for with Federal and State funds. In the schools in my home district the aver- age pupil pays 20 cents for his lunch. The sum required for the entire year’s program is one of the smallest worth- while items in the whole Federal budget. In the fiscal year 1944-45 the Federal Government’s appropriation to the school-lunch program was $50,000,000. For the year 1945-46 it was $57,500 000. For the year 1946-47 it was $75,000,000, a sum which is less than one-fifth of 1 per- cent of the Federal budget. If this is cut out of the budget, the taxpayers will not feel it. It is such a small item of expense that it will not show up in the taxpayer’s receipt. But if the school-lunch program is dropped, the effects of that action will show up in malnutrition and in the health and physical condition of some- thing like 5.000,000 school children who are how enjoying the benefits of nutri- tious lunches, which are only partially paid for by public funds. The superintendent of schools in my home State, Dr. M. D. Collins, says that since the program began, the general health and well-being of school children have been raised materially, that the children are making better grades, and that school] attendance has noticeably improved. In our State approximately 275 006 children attending 1,437 schools, are benefiting from the program. I said at the outset that this is not a partisan or sectional matter. Its benefits are shared by those of all political parties and all sections. While Georgia benefits from its provisions, every other section of the Nation likewise benefits, some a great deal more than Georgia. I would like to call attention to the fact that while in Georgia only 1,437 schools and 275,000 children participate, in Illinois 2,844 schools and 358,000 children participate, and these figures from Illinois are fur- nished to me by citizens of that State who want the program continued. They say that Illinois, like Georgia, has many more schools which want to apply for participation in the school-lunch pro- gram, and will apply, if the program is continued. If the program is discon- tinued, the health of Qlinois schoo) chil- dren will suffer, just as those of every other participating State will suffer, but more will be affected in Illinois than will be affected in Georgia. To look at the program in other sec- tions of the country: In New York 2,419 schools and 480,000 children participate, and in California 2,069 schools and 422,- 000 children participate. I am not talk- ing for Georgia alone. I am told that nearly 50,000 schools in the United States
A866 participate in this program, and of that number only 1,437 are located in Georgia. I concur in the statement that there has been no mandate from the people to Congress to save money—this amount of moncy—at the expense of the health of school children of the Nation. I cannot bring myself to believe that a nation which is sending hundreds of millions of dollars to dozens of other na- tions all over the world, and in some instances billions of dollars, has this year become so poor that this program must be dropped 3 months before the school year ends. I cannot bring myself to believe that & government whose budget for the year is $37,000.000,000, or even $30,000,000,000, must find it necessary at the end of March to discontinue this program whicn is benefiting every part and section of the country. There are many ways in which money can be saved by this Congress. I ex- pect to vote for heavy reductions in ex- penditures in many directions. I expect to vote for substantial tax reductions, and for reduction of the national debt. But I earnestly submit that this is a worthy program, and one which all sec- tions and parties can and should unite to support. Maladministration of Rent Control in St. Joseph, Mo. EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. WILLIAM C. COLE OF MISSOURI IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 6, 1947 Mr. COLE of Missouri. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I in- clude a letter and factual information sent to me by Mr. Don Houseworth, city editor of the St. Joseph (Mo.) Gazette, regarding the maladministration of rent control in St. Joseph, Mo., as follows: Sr. JoSEPH GAZETTE, St. Joseph, Mo., February 26, 1947. WILLIAM C. COLE, Washington, D.C. Dear Mr. Cote: Something drastic must be done about rent control. It is slowly but Surely creating a sizable group of embit- tered citizens who will find some way, either at the polls or through financial influence, to strike back at the despotic set-up that has placed the landowners at the mercy of ten- ants. It is not enough that a 10-percent increase in rents be put on the dog's plate—the sys- tem must be abolished and you men in Wash- ington who represent us will earn no thanks through the handing out of a pittance. Tam enclosing a copy of a letter which was submitted to the St. Joseph rent-control of- fice by Jack Miller, State editor of the Ga- zette, and myself, as owners of a small apart- ment house. This was in reply to a threat to reduce rents. We showed a heavy loss on this property, backed by receipts for expenditures. We were given no consideration. A 10-percent cut was ordered and so we go further into the red. Mr. Miller and I bought this property in order to obtain a roof over our heads. If we had any place to go we'd give the damn house away and forget our loss. It’s one hell of a situation when men and women who invest their money in real estate cannot even break even on rentals because some element of the public must be sacrificed for political Yeasons. I don’t wonder that communism and socialism has made some prcgress in this country. I marvel that the ‘sms have not taken over. Sincerely, Don HovsEeworrtnH, City Editor, the Gazette. Sr. JOSEPH, Mo., January 20, 1947. Mr. WriLLiaM 8B, Norrrs, Director-Attorney, Rent Control Offices, St, Joseph, Mo. Dear Sir: We submit attached statements and rece:pts as evidence in our opposition to your proposal to reduce rents at 612 and 612% North Twelfth Street as indicated in a notice received by us January 19, 1947, and identified as Docket No. 1-6097 and 1-6098. Previous communications to you have re- lated the history of this property since last summer when we acquired it but for pur- poses of the present proposal we desire to review the faets. The property at 610, 61014, 612, and 61214 is a residence of brick construction on a large lot, only six blocks from Eighth and Felix Streets and, therefore, a desirable rental loca- tion. It is one and one-half blocks from three Frederick Avenue bus lines; two blocks from the Grand Avenue bus line. This property was purchased in July for €6,0C0 and Mr. Miller and myself occupy the apartments at 610 and 61012, leaving two other epartments of similar size as rental properties, The rental properties consist of four living rooms each, with front and rear entrances. Occupants of these apartments share a con- creted basement laundry room, with hot- and cold-water connections and sewerage They likewise share a bath. Each is provided with a concrete garage on a paved alley The ten- ants, in turn, subrent the garages to non- tenants and retain the rents collected. The tenants have had exclusive use of the north half of the front and rear yards, this half-plot measuring 150 by 60 feet, in which they have cultivated a garden of considerable size. We are required, under present records tn the rent-control cffices, to supply these ten- ants an unlimited amount of electricity, water, and gas, as well as hot water and heat, for which there is a separate furnace, At- tached evidence indicates that the tenants have taken full advantage of these services, since their winter bills have been higher than those for the apartments of the owners. Last fall we protested against continued supply of some of the facilities mentioned above because the records in the rent-control Offices at that time did not state that the tenants were entitled to so many services. We failed to gain relief at that time, and, in APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD our presence, the records were changed to cover all the services and facilities enumer- ated above. These changes in the records were made in red crayon by Mr. Willis. It will be noted that the accompanying statement shows that the apartmente in question return a rental of $25 each per month. The statement shows that the cost of utilities, heat, interest, taxes, and insurance total almost as much as the income. The operating expense disregards princtpal pay- ment on the mortgage, reprirs, and deprecia- tion, which, if added to monthly overhead, results in the simple truth that the loss on these apartments at this time cannot be borne by us indefinitely. To propose that the rents be reduced 10 percent can only mean authorization for these tenants to dig deeper into our wages to meet part of their living expenses. We have made every effort to live within the spirit of the rent-control set-up, but such & proposal, in view of generally higher rents for less facilities in our neighborhvuod, can- not be accepted as a fair treatment of our prolems as landlords. We are submitting a copy of this letter and statements to the Empire Trust Co., which holds the mortgage on this property. Two months ago we obtained required pri- oritics for materials with which to remodel the apartments in question in order to ac- commcedate a largcr number of families and upon our petition tor possession cf the prem- ises we were informed that our request had been granted. The tenants have not indicat- ed that they received notices to vacate, but we presume that such notices were served upon them through your office. At any rate, they still have some 4 months kefore eviction action can be started in State court. We protest against the proposal to reduce these rents on the basis of the housing regu- lation pertaining to “substantial deteriora- tion * * * other than ordinary wear and tear,” as stated in the notice. There have been no specific complaints to the landlords by the tenunts at any time, save in the matter of plumbing, and in such in- stances repairs have been made without delay. The general condition of the apart- ments, inasmuch as there has been no effort whatever on the part of the tenants to do anything for themselves, is considered good by the landlords. Very probably the use of soap and a scrub brush would improve some corners of the apartments. We are willing to begin work at once on our remodeling program by enameling the woodwork in these apartments if the tenants will give us access to the apartments during the afternoons. Very truly ycurs, Don Hovusrwortt, Jack MILLER, St. Joseph Gazette. Income and expenditures for 612 and 6121, North Twelfth __ _ Interest, Total Rents Power Water Gas tures, Coal over- Gain Loss insurance head July 2.22. 937, £0 $3. OX $3, 08 13, 71 $708 [ool 427, 85 $9. 65 August . .. 40, 00 4.23 Joo... _— 3.47 17,04 |e 24. 78 25. 22 | September... 60. 00 4, 28 17.0 $8.00 30,05 10, 65 October 2. £0.00 4, 23 17, 08 17. 08 42. 90 7.10 November... 50, 00 4.05 17, 0% 22, 53 5H.49 | Loe December. - £0, 00 5. 30 17.08 1. 83. 41.07 8.03 Jan. Lto 1722.22... 25. 76 6, 38 8.54 14, 22 54d [eee Lk 313, 26 30. 44 19. 34 32, 32 111, 02 75, 66 208. 78 60, 65 16.17 44. 48 Repairs and other itemized expenses ........-..2002----e-eeeeensneneseccsccsencussecasessecceeccceneeees woee $204. 50 92, 88 207. 48 =— 44. 48 Expenditures over total income _........-n-ececese-ececesee-ncceneenncecececcenee, The above figures do not take into consideration any depreciation on this property.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD New Cabinet Line-up Gives Control to Socialist Party in Polish Regime EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. GEORGE G. SADOWSKI OF MICHIGAN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 6, 1947 Mr. SADOWSKI. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I wish to include an article which appeared in the Christian Science Monitor on Wednes- day, March 5, 1947. It is a deeply interesting article, writ- ten without bias and free from >ropa- ganda for one side or the other of the political factions involved. It is truly informative and the Chris- tian Science Monitor should be compli- mented on doing a high-class job of fac- tual newspaper reporting. The article follows: New CaBinet LINE-UP Gtves CONTROL TO EOCIALIST PARTY IN POLISH REGIME Wars’ w.—Poland has a new Government, a new Parliament, and a new president elected for a period of 7 years. Although the Government is called new, the changes are but slight. But there are two cardinal differences which in due time are bound to have an tm- portant effect on Poland's internal and ex- ternal policy, including its relations with the United States and Great Britain. The first difference is that the Polish So- cialist Party has for the first time, not with- out struggle, becn able to reasfert itself to the extent of equality with the Communists, who, in the Provisional Government, pre- dominated. In the present cabinet, the So- cialists, in addition to the Premier, have six cabinet seats, the Communists have five. It is true that the Communists command the important portfolios of foreign affairs, education, and, above all, security police. The last one is today probably the most in- fluential for it lays down the rules of be- havior for al] citizens and it is enough for the minister of security to declare any meas- ure indispensable for the welfare of the state to make this measure binding on everyone, including cabinet ministers. HANDS TIED It was well known that not even the Prime Minister would interfere in matters relating to recurity, even when his friends or close collaborators were arrested. A few weeks before the elections the former Prime Min- ister, Mr. Osobka-Morawski, refused to in- tervene on the excuse that no one must Inter- fere with the security police. President Bierut and Marsh: Rola-Zymier- ski, both termed “nonparty.” are known to have had a Communist past. Undoubtedly they will tend to support the Communists, although so far as Mr. Bierut is concerned he has of late developed a very welcome im- partiality which has won him popularity even among the opposition parties. It was no ac- cident that even Stanislaw Mikolajczyk, Peasant Party leader, felt it necessary to visit him. wishing him success tn the new office of President, although he did not vote for Mr. Bierut in the Sejm, or Diet. Taking all things into consideration, it may be assumed that the Socialists and Commu- nists are now equal partners in the Govern- ment and that, therefore, the Socialists will for the first time be able to exercise much greater influence than they have been able to till now. WESTERN IN OUTLOOK The Polish Socialist Party is essentially western in outlook and tradition, and the ycung new Premier, Jozef Cyrankiewicz, has consistently stood for u parliamentary sys- tem on lines, if not similar, at least not very much different from those in the West. If the Socialists have their way the new Sejm may eventually become the real representa- tive of the Polish people and not, as is the custom in Russia, be a mere ccuncil eum- moned to endorse the decisions of the party leaders and Government. This is the second cardinal difference in the new make-up. What Poland needs ts that the people be given a real chance, a chance they have never had before, of taking vart in the Government of their ccuntry. When Poland rewon her independence after the first war, Parliament became all powerful and the constitution then drafted left all sov- ereign power in the hands of the pe<ple. But this lasted only for a very ehort time Mareha! Pileudski in 1926 put an end to rar- liamentary rule in Poland appointing him- self dictator. This lasted after his passing in 1934 until the war broke cut. The Provisional Government appointed as the result of the Yalta agreement could hardly have offered the Polish pecple any op- portunity to participate in the admunistra- tion of their country. It is now that they have this chance, and if the Socialists prevail there is reasonable hope that the parliamen- tary system in Poland has come to stay. UNITY PLEA SIGNIFICANT It is significant that President B’erut tn his manifesto on the day of his election laid emphasis on the need for unity, and in most patriotic phrases invited the nation to share in the responsibility of ruling the new Po- land. His speech has made a very deep im- pression on the country as a whole, and has added considerably to the esteem in which he was held when he was only chairman of the national council. President Bierut is a man of the people. The son of a landless peasant he has gone through poverty and hunger, and has suf- fered for his ideals. He started life as a water carrier in Lublin where he later be- came the main organizer of the cooperative movement, secretly working for the libera- tion of his country. Arrested by the Pilsudski regime for his Communist principles he was sentenced first to 6 months in jail and then to 7 years, 5 of which he served in Poland, managing later to escape abroad. The war found him in eastern Poland and later in White Russia from where he re- turned in 1942 to organize the underground, which, unlike that following the London government was to cooperate with Russia. From this movement later sprang the Na- tional Council and the Peaple’s Army which in contrast to the Home Army cooperated with the Soviet forces and later was in- cluded in the Polish Army formed in Soviet Russia under General Berling, who refused to accompany General Anders out of the Soviet Union. Vice Premier Gomulka is the son of a worker and himself started to earn a living at the age of 10. The second Vice Premier, Anton! Korzycki is the son of a poor farmer. Marshal Rola-Zymierski was born in the home of a railway worker and Zygmunt Modzelewski, Foreign Minister, is the son of @ laborer. How are these changes going to affect Po- land's foreign policy? In the attitude to Russia no change can be expected. Neither this nor any other government, if it had any sense of realism, as this Government cer- tainly has, would ever dare to alter its policy in respect to the Soviet Union. Many of Poland's troubles have been brought about by the failure to realize the necessity for friendship with Russia. Today this need is understood by all and although there are millions who dislike Russia, and thousands who would be prepared even today to fight, they all admit that there is no hope for Poland unless it can work out a common policy with its eastern neighbor. A867 But in their attitude to the western pow- ers, matniy toward the United States and Great Britain, considerable differences of opinion prevail. The Communists are hostile and although they realize that Poland to accomplish its 3-year economic plan must seek aid from the western demccracies, they nevertheless would prefer even to go with- out that aid than tie themselves in any bond of friendship with the capitalist ccuntries. If they do so they will invariably follow the advice of the Kremlin. But in the Socialists the western powers have real and sincere friends as they have in the Democrats and Peasants who com- mand two-fifths of the seats in the Diet end similarly in the new Cabirct. UP TO BRITAIN AND UNITED STATES If Great Britain and the United States are wise enough to avail themselves of the recervolr of good will that still exists in Poland there is no reason why relations be- tween the new Poland and the western coun- tries should not be friendlier than they have been. With the departure of the British and American Ambassadors, Mr. Cuvendish’ Bentinck und Mr. Arthur Bliss Lane, both of whom are repor.ed here to have been recalled, a new chapter can %e and should be opened. Poland should be made the arena of cooperation instead of friction as it has been till now, for it must not te for- gotten that to an appreciable extent, Russia Judges the attitude of the western powers to itself by the policy those powers adopt toward Poland. Warsaw is the testing stone of relations between Washington, London, and Mcscow, and any improvement in these relations will invatiably lead to an improvement in the relations between the big powers gencrally. Introducing the new Cabinet to the Diet, Jozef Cyrankiewicz, the Premier, declared that although the maintenance of friend- ship with Russia and the Slav nations gen- erally is first on the list of his government's policy, he ts very anxious to see Poland in friendly cocperation with the United States and Great Britain. He put the United States first because in Warsaw as in Moscow the tendency is to be to lay greater stress on the aeed for friendship with Washington than with London. There is a feeling that, despite Bevin’s in- sistency, that His Majesty's government fol- lows an independent policy, it is the United States that is responsible for the mam prin- ciples on which western policy toward Rus- sia, and also toward Poland, is formu'ated: and that once the United ‘tates could be won over to friendship, Britain would fol- low without much ado. In addition, there is ulso the realization here that as far as mat2rial aid goes both Russia anc Poland have for many years to come to look to the United States and not to the United Kingdom. Taking all things into consideration, it is safe to say that the new Polish Government will be inclined even more than its predecessor to dtvelup friendly relations with both America and Britain in the hope that at the Moscow Con- ference they will refrain from causing any special trouble over Poland's western frontiers. A Look at Harry Truman EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF HON. MIKE MANSFIELD OF MONTANA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 6, 1947 Mr. MANSFIELD of Montana. Mr. Speaker, President Harry Truman is to
A868 be commended for his understanding of peoples, his courage, and his honesty. No man could have taken over the helm of the ship of state at a more disadvan- tageous time than he, and yet, on the record, he has performed the duties of his office remarkably well and accom- plished much. In my opinion, we are indeed fortunage to have a man of his stature in the White House in these troublous times. . His shedding of war powers, his ap- pointments to high office, all attest to his honesty and integrity. His latest act in placing a wreath at the shrine of the boy heroes of Chapultepec is only an- other indication of his understanding of peoples. While this incident, in itself, was small, in its effect the results will be great because out of it will come a deeper un ierstanding between two great nations of North America. This in turn will reinforce hemispheric solidarity and , bring home more forcibly to all the peo- ples of the Americas that we are neigh- bors and friends, in fact as well as in words. Mr. Speaker, under unanimous con- sent, I am including with these remarks an article by Richard Neuberger on President Truman which appeared in the Progressive of March 3, 1947: A LOOK AT HARRY TRUMAN (By Richard L. Neuberger) PortTLanp, OreG.—A stocky little man from Missouri has been President of the United States for nearly 2 years now. Next month will bring the second anniversary of the as- cendancy of Harry S. Truman to the highest constituttonal office on earta. However history will Judge him, none of us can fail to admit that the man who was once Missouri's junior Senator has demon- strated that our democracy is ever capable of producing a leader in a crisis. Mr. Truman is not as spec.acular as his immediate predecessor, the colorful Franklin D. Roosevelt. A former haberdasher and small-time county Judge, he lacks the educa- tion of a Woodrow Wilson, the aristocratic “to-the-manor-born” behavior of a T. R. He fatls to equal the profound knowledge of William Taft, the vast international experi- ence of Herbert Hoover. And yet Harry Truman has been a good President, in my opinion. Perhaps not a great one, but how many Presidents are? Do not the school children study the lives of only three or four? Democracy is a resilient institution when from Harry Truman's humble origins it can call forth a man to weather all the crises that have confronted F. D. R.’s successor, Look back on those crises now—the belli- cosity of Soviet Russia, the railroad strike, and later the coal strike, the ending of price control, the many show-downs in the United Nations, a mid-term election lost by the party in power,‘ the decision on atomic energy. Unquestionably Mr. Truman muffed some of those situations. What President hasn’t bungled? I greatly admired F. D. R., but re- member the London conference fiasco of 1933, Lincoln himself, the noble emancipator who is immortal, straddled the slavery issue for many months and was quoted on both sides of the most critical question of his time. When we look at an incumbent President, we forget that past Presidents were human beings, too. T. R. made mistakes in the Sino-Ruasian crisis of his time, and Harry Truman bobbled the ending of the railroad strike. Maybe Andrew Jackson hesitated too long in coming to grips with Nicholas Bid- dle, and perhaps Harry Truman vacillated at Potsdam. Yet what about the other side of the ledger? With Russia attempting to fasten its own type of tyranny on eastern Europe, Harry Truman, the haberdasher from Missouri, has refused to recognize satellite states thus won over. His first Secretary of State, James F. Byrnes, stood firm against Soviet hegemony in Europe, and it is likely that his second, Gen. George C. Marshall, will follow a similar course. The vast new power of atomic energy may change the history of mankind. Harry Tru- man has refused to yleld to the rro-Com- munist elements who would share the atomic secret, willy nilly, with the Soviet Union. And he hes refused to yield to the bigots and Tories who see atomic energy as only another resource to be exploited by big business. Many a Fresident less humble than Harry Truman might have hesitated to nominate as controversial and progressive a figure as David Lilienthal to head the Atomic Energy Commission. Last full Harry Truman's party suffered a terrific setba:-k at the polls. It was one of the worst beatings ever inflicted on a party in power. The President might have as- sumed a stiff-necked belligerence, or he could have succumbed completely to the ostensible mandute es given at the polls. Not his severest critics can say that his conduct since election has been other than dignified, in- telligent, and resourceful. Ilis Government has refused to acquiesce in the silly talk of reducing taxes with a debt of $230,000,000,000 still to pay, and it also has not concurred in the loose talk that organized labor must be shorn of its basic rights. If someone says that Mr. Truman’s ad- ministration is not spectacular, I agree. If another adds that it lacks the flair for the dramatic I also agree. If still a third claims it is not sufficiently liberal, I will agree with that, too, And yet there have been far worse ad- ministrations. It is casy to assail the Cabinet as weak, but Lewis Schwellenbach was a first-class Senator from Washington, and agricultural secretaries within memory have blundered more than Clinton Anderson. We Americans criticize with ease. I love it as much as anyone else. It is one of our favorite parlor sports. The President is a particulaiiy choice target. If we are dis- satisfied with railroad service or think taxes are too high, why doesn't the President do something about it? In my home town, the politicians think the President should fur- nish the money to reopen the kindergartens. The President is far away. It is easier to criticize him than the banker or the labor racketeer or the real-estute agent right at home. The greatest commentator on our American political life was the Frenchman, Alexis De Tocqueville. In 1834 he wrote that the American Congress “watches the conduct of the President more than it directs it.” A hundred years later this is prophetic. Look at all the men in House and Senate who know precisely what the President should do on portal-to-portal pay suits, on tax reduction, on relations with Russia, on every mortal is- sue from amalgamation of the armed forces to what to serve at White House suppers. Some of the men in House and Senate are finding it easier to criticize Harry Tru- man than to do something constructive themselves. One of our local politicians who insisted that the President reduce taxes isn’t doing so much talking right at this moment, especially because the politician has intro- duced a bill to increase veterans’ benefits. “Tax reduction and higher appropriations” seems to be the lexicon of many of the men watching Mr. Truman's conduct. I hope I can make it clear that I do not consider Harry Truman a great President. Yet I think he has risen greatly to many occasions, Little was expected of him, and APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD in some instances he has done much. He has spoken out for religious tolerance, he has struck at bigots at home and at tyrants abroad, His utterances may not ring down the corridors of time, but they are in plain language and the man in the street can understand them. When Franklin D. Roosevelt died at Warm Springs, many Americans shuddered for the future. A haberdasher and his family would live in the White House, a creation of Boss Pendergast occupying the noble residence at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue! Many cringed in horror. Yet not a breath of scandal has attached to Mr. Truman's administration. If thcre are shortages in the financial statements of the Democratic Sergeant at Arms of the House, that far antedates Mr. Truman's in- cumbency. As the occupant of the White House, Harry Truman has been dignified and friendly. His family has behaved with grace. The President has shown courage—perhaps somewhat recklessly in flying everywhere he goes, Yet, I think the American people like a leader who is not personally afraid, who can look at the skies and fly with the men who must brave the elements daily to carry mail and military cargoes. As the second anniversary of Mr. Truman's oath of office approaches, I want to say these few words in his behalf. 1 know that many who read them will not support him in 1948. Parhaps I will not support him myself, al- though I have only one thin vote. But ina time of crisis for democracy throughout the world, Harry Truman has been a symbol of democracy and of that symbol we need not be ashamed. I like to think of him bestow- ing the Congressional Medal of Honor on an heroic soldier. “I'd rather have this medal than be President!” said Harry Truman. I am sure he meant that, and I like him for it. I believe the American people do, too, The Wool Situation EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF HON. WESLEY A. D’EWART OF MONTANA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 6, 1947 Mr. D’EWART. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Ap- pendix of the REcorD, I include a state- ment by Mr. Sylvan J. Pauly, of Montana, president of the National Wool Growers Association, before the Agriculture Com- mittee. Mr. Pauly discusses the wool sit- uation as follows: The National Wool Growers Association is a voluntary and unincorporated organization of wool growers founded jn 1865 for the pur- poses, first, to secure for the business of wool growing equal encouragement and protection with the other great industrial interests of our country; second, to protect the interests of sheepmen in the framing of a protective tariff on wool and lambs. This association, at the present time, is comprised of the following affillated State as- sociations: Arizona Wool Growers Associa- tion, California Wool Growers Association, Colorado Wool Growers Association, Idaho Wool Growers Association, Montana Wool Growers Association, Nevada Wool Growers Association, New Mexico Wool Growers As- sociation, Oregon Wool Growers Association, Texas Sheep and Goat Raisers Association, Utah Wool Growers Association, Washington Wool Growers Association, Western Soutb Dakota Sheep Growers Association, and tke Wyoming Wool Growers Association,
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD The memberships of these 13 State associa- tions are composed of wool and lamb pro- ducers. More than 71 percent (238,198,000) of the stock sheep in the United States are owned by 112,000 operators in these 13 States. In the other 35 States, 472,000 farmers are owners of 29 percent (9,344,000) of the stock sheep in the United States. These owners are but slightly organized; some of them are members of our asaociation. We speak for the whole domestic industry. There is no other organization that assumes this task in whole, or in part, and we express the views of more than a majority of the 584,000 wool growers of this country. We estimate that 100,000 men, besides own- ers, are employed in the keeping of cheep in the 18 principal sheep-raising States. This does not in any way cover employment in connection with transportation, marketing. processing, or distribution. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF SHEEP INDUSTRY Approximately 96 percent of the western range lands occupied by this industry 1s adapted only to the raising of livestock. Also, a large percentage of the remaining land is used in raising feed for livestock. Except for the livestock industry, this land would be nonproducing and nontaxable, and the whole region would be of little value except for the mineral deposits—and oi]— but these resources are expendable and are being expended at a rapid rate; they are not replaceable. Livestock utilizes the annual re- sources of this country and over the years to come will be the principal source cf wealth. The economic importance of the sheep in- dustry to the 12 States and Texas is shown in the table below. This table shows the cash income received from the most important agricu!tural products prcduced in these States for the year 1945. It will be noted that the sheep industry produced €270,432.009 compared with a cash income in 1943 of $289.689,000. The relative high cash income for 1945 of €270,432,000 is due, in large meas- ure, to the dispose! of breeding stock. While increasing the cas) income for 1945, the sale of this breeding stock will actually mean a reduction in future income, which will not only affect the individual producer but the community in which he lives, and the Iccal, Siate, and Federal governments in the loss of taxes which resuits. Cash income of various agricultural products and relative tmportance in 12 Western States and Texas for the year 1945 Yer- | Rank 2 . cent | of im- Product Cush .ncome: ace of} por total | tar ce Cattle and calves_ 3014, 265, 000 #2 1 Vegetable crops .. 605, 521, COO 7 2 Fruit and nut croy 604,014, C00 Wh 8 Food grains... - 506, R14), COO 1h 4 Dairy products. -| 528, 861, (00 13 5 Sheep, lambs and w 270, 432, 000 c 6 Hogs 6 7 Turkeys... ‘ 8 Chickens. -------| 98, 847, 000 2 9 Sugar beets..........-..2.- 74, 149, 000 2 10 Total. ..-2---- 02 -eee|--e ee eee nee 100 }..----- Total livestock and wool. ...-.--.2---.. 41, 383, 180, 000 Dairy products ._..-..-.--- - 529, 861, 000 Other agricultural products_.....-......- 2, 179, 362, 000 Total cash income..............--- 4, 092, 425, C00 STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF WOOL The recent World War furnished all the evidence necessary that neither this Nation nor any other nation can wage a war suc- cessfully without an ample supply of wool, As evidence of this, it is only necessary to recafi the almost frenzied efforts put forth at the outbreal: of the war to assemble in this country a stock pile of wool that would in- sure the United States and our allies a suf- ficient supply to meet uniform requirements in the widely spread fighting terrains. Despite the desperate needs of our Euro- pean allies for armaments, munitions, and food, we sent fleets of precious and scarce vessels to Australia and South Africa to con- centrate in this country the greatest stock pile of wool ever assembled here. This Na- tion not only endeavored to anticipate its own military requirements, but paid the freight, insurance, and storage on behalf of the British Government on 500,000,000 pounds of wool held in this country. The joint domestic and foreign stock pile of wool in 1945 approximated 800,000,000 pounds. Fortunately, during the war the sea Janes in the Pacific remained open. As a result, this country was enabled to provide its fight- ing forces with the most healthful and most expertly designed uniforms of any in history. It was also able to meet the desperate re- quirements for uniforms of our allies, in- cluding China, France, and Russia. — The Axis Powers, particularly Germany, were not so fortunate in their wool supplies. It is the consensus of advised military opin- jon that the lack of woul in World War I, was a fundamental factor in the defeat of the Avis. Military observers agree, more German trocps died from cold and exposure than from Rvsiian bullets. Even as early as Jan- uary 1942, the situation of the German Army, resulting from lack of sufficient wool, was 60 acute that Maj. Gen. E. L. Corb:n, Director of Procurement, Office of the Quartermaster General, speaking before the National Wool Crowers /ssociation at Salt Lake City, Utah, Stated in part: “A large part of the suffering of the Ger- man armies in the current Russisn campa gn results from * * * enforced us: of sub- stitutes for wool. In addition there was a seriously inadequate supply of clothing (even if mede of all wool). for the ri-ors of a win- ter campa’gn in European Ri szin. Eoth of these factors are as importent to Hitler today es ammunition. There is no doubt that Old 7’an Winter and the lack of wool in Germany is causing as many casualties in the German Army as is powder and ammuni- tion. When a man is more or less continu- ously half frozen, his military effectiveness is seriously lowered.” The Army end Navy Munitions Board de- clared that wool is a strategic and critical material. DOME=ITIC EHTEP INDULTRY LIQUIDATES Ths official Egures of the Department of Atriculture show that the numbers of stock theep have declined 35 percent from Jenuary 1, 1942, to January 1, 1627. This has, of course, decreased the production of domestic wool, now designated a strategic and criticel commodity by the United States Army. A clear p'cture is shown of this liquidation, both in the numbcrs of stock sheep and pounds of wool produced, by the following table: Stock sheep on farms and the prcductton of dcmestic wool in the United States Numterof | Production head of stock | of don este - sheep on wool Year forms, as of jpres¢e-pounds, Jan. 1, per per 1,000 1,000 head pounds 46, 588 42s, 216 47, 604 5b, 66S 49, 807 40,078 48, 796 440, 578 45, 232 418, 04 40, 822 387, 017 37, 517 1358, 000 32, 642 7300, 000 1 Estimated by the U. 8. Department. of Agriculture, 2 Our estimated domestic production in 1947. This constant and continuing liquidation of the domestic industry has many causes. One of the factors among these causes for liquidation is the uncertainty of the future, This uncertainty is caused by: A869 1. Lack of a long term Government wool policy. 2. Little increase in the price for domestic wool. 3. Increased costs of production and lack of efficient labor. 4. Dumping of foreign wool on the Ameri- can market. The only market we had for domestic wool in 1941, 1942, and 1943 was for defense pur- poses. Domestic wool was given preference over the use of foreign wool by the armed forces, particularly the Army. Wien the Army requirements decreased in 1944, 1945, and 1946 much less domestic woo] v.as used. In order to keep up production the Com- modity Credit Corporation in April 1943, en- tered into the wool-purchase prcgiam wiih the growers. This program has heen con- tinued from time to time and has been con- tinuous since the inception for the years 1943, 1944, 1945, and 1946. The Secretary of Agriculture has now declared, however, that the program will end as of April 15, 1947, un- less Cangress directs otherwise. There is need for quick action on the part of Congress to stabilize the domestic sheep industry. It is interesting to contrast the domestic wool program with the action taken by the British Government respecting the wool in- dustry of its dominions. At the outbreak of World War II, the Pritish Government purchared ull of the wools in the wool-growing dominions of the Empire, comprising principally Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. These wools comprise two-thirds of the total world's sup- ply. Prices were established Wuich would in- sure their maximum movement into the Umited States, the most important remain- ing wool consuming country in the world, and in fact one of the few financially strble world murkets. Tne British Government took over the wool of their dominions at a price which would refiect a Erofit to the grower. This price to the producer bas been increased twice to compensate for the increases in the cost of production. In contrast, the price of domestic wool was frozen on December 9, 1941. and permanent ceilings were estab- lished in Februcry 1942 at the same level as on Derember 9. 1941, and there has been no increase. Under an arrangement agreed to in July 1245, a joint wool selling corporation, known as the JO (Joint Organization), comprising the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zea- land, and South Africa was established, to replace the United Kingdom as the sole pur- ciraser and sefler of British Empire wools. This wool-selling pregram is to continue until the preeent stock pile of approximately 1,868,000,000 pounds is Consumed. Tae first sales of British wools under this Government monopoly were held in the lat- ter months of 1946. They were characterized by their proponents ag a re.urn to “free and competitive selling.” Under the regulations governing these ssles, a given quantity of v.cols of different types comprising percent- azes of stock-pile wools, and of the current clip, are offered. A flocr price is established for each lot, and the Government monopoly reserves the right to return any of the wools to the stock pile if the prices paid are not satisfactory. The domestic wool indu:try has not en- joyced the increase in price that has been per- mitted agricultural commodities. Wool was the first commodity to receive price-control action. As stated before, the price of wool wes frozen on December 9, 1941. The Bureau of Agricwtural Economics of the Department of Agriculture ehows that tbe index number of prices, interest, and taxes paid by farmers as a group increased from 188 as of September 1941, to 207 on September 1946, an increase of 45 percent. The tndex number of farm wages for the same p2riod rose from 165 to 389, or an in- crease of 186 percent. For example, in 1940 the average monthly wage for sheepherders
A870 was approximately $60 per month and board. In 1946 the average monthly sheepherder wage was $160, or more than twice as much es in 1940. The tremendous increase in wage rates, the scarcity of dependable labor, together with other increased costs, and comparatively small price increases for products of the in- dustry are additional causes for the liquida- tion of the domestic sheep industry. The index number of prices received by farmers on all farm products rose from 139 as of September 1941 to 243 on September 1946, or an increase of 75 percent, but for products of the sheep industry, wool prices, which amount normally to approximately 50 percent of the income, increased only 13.2 percent; sheep, 43.6 percent, and lambs, 60.6 percent. Of 24 important agricultural com- modities, the average increase was 91 percent, It will be noted in the table below that wool received the least percentage price increase of the entire 24 important commodities; sheep ranked twenty-first, and lambs nine- teenth as to the percentage of price increase: Average prices received by farmers in the United States, Sept. 15, 1941, comparcd to Sept. 15, 1946—24 principal products Fept, 5, 15, cent 41 IM46 | rise Product (in order of price Fept. Per- Increase) 1, Rye, per bushel ....22----2 40.573 | $1.01 | 233.3 2. Apples, per bushel._ 85 2. 37 178.8 3. Corn, per bushel. _. 708) 1.78 | 44.4 4. Rice, per busvel,.. BOL] 188 | 1110 &. Flaxseed, per bush ol. --| 1.56 477 | 103.8 6 Beans, dry, edible, per hundredweigitt ----| 4.18 849 | 108.1 7. Cotton, per pound __. 21753) £8880) 1014 8 Peanuts, per pound .. 0449), ORDH] 100.0 9. Potatoes, per bushel 44) 1.28 Ue. 8 10. Oranges, per box 1, 53 3.01 06.7 ll. Hay, per ton... 7.04 | 15.40 $4.0 12, Butter, per pound 37 6084) 93.9 13. Oats, per bushel 2808 747 | 87.2 14, Wheat, per bushel. - 58 1.79 BHR 15. Tohaeco, per pound ..-.--- 265 488] 842 16. Milk, wholesale, per hun- dredweoight_....--- 2.41 4.37 81.3 7. Chickens, live, per pound...| 163] 2493 | 79.8 18. Beef cattle, per hundred- weight ..--.---------- -| 9.36 45, 20 2,4 19, Lambs, per hundredweight_| 9.44 | 15.80 60.6 20, Eggs, perdozen . --.----- 803 445 | 46.9 21. Sheep, per hundredweight..| 6.25 7.54 43.6 22, Hogs, per hundredweight ..| 11.10 | 15. 70 41.4 23. Veal calves, per hundred- weight .... 0... 11.26 | 15. 50 37.7 24, Wool, per pound... . 363 4 13, 2 Average rise, %4 com- modities.......---------]-.------[-.eee eee $1.0 The price paid for wool in 1946 was 8 cents lower than the comparable price as of Jan- uary 1947. (The comparable vrice is deter- mined by the U. 8. Dapartment of Agricul- ture; is not now official, but admitted by them to reflect an equitable price relation- ship to the basic agriculture commodities.) The price paid for wool in 1946 is approxi- mately 3 cents less than 90 percent of the comparable price. The Government is si p- porting the basic agriculture commodities and other agriculture commodities at not leas than 90 percent of parity or the com- parable price. Wool is certainly entitled to the same treatment. One of the principal reasons for the de- cline in numbers of stock sheep, which, of course, affects the production of wool and lambs, is the lack of profit. The United States Tariff Commission bears out this statement in its study of estimated costs of production of wool, sheep, and lambs in 1945 and 1946 compared with data for the period 1940-44, released February 1947. This study shows that the sheep business has been unprofitable for the years 1943, a loss of 12 cents per head of sheep; 1944, a loss of $1.22 per head; 1945, a loss of $1.51 per head; and 1946, a loss of $1.18 per head of sheep. The reason for the smatier loss in 1946 over 1945 is because of the increase in the price received for lambs and three- tenths of a pound increase in the fleece weight. The loss on wool alone, according to the study, per head of sheep in 1943-44- 45-46 amounted to 23 cents, 80 cents, 96 cents, and 79 cents respectively. The loss per pound of wool produced during the 4-year period amounted to 8 cents, 10.8 cents, 12 cents, and 9.5 cents, respectively. These losses have occurred in spite of the Com- modity Credit Corporation’s support of do- mestic wool prices at the December 9, 1941 price level. The reason for this is, of course, that the suport price is not sufficiently high to meet the increasing costs of production. This problem is only a part of the picture of the uncertainty for the future. The importation of foreign wool into this country in the peacetime year of 1946 has been the greatest in the history of the coun- try. The dumping of foreign wool into the United States has been made possible by the monopolistic control of the price of wool by the British Government. For example, when the selling price of domestic wool was reduced, the British Government, within 48 hours after the price reduction, reduced the price of their wool to United States im- porters. As the JO (Joint Organization) controls 85 percent of the wool of the world, they also control the wool market. The following table shows the impressive picture of foreign wool importation: Apparel wool imports into the United States for consumption, less recrports Thousands of pounds 1986_-.--.--.--------------------- 110, 712 1937_..- ---- 150,160 1988__-_-_--_.-....---------------- 30, 812 1939...._.--~----- 2 eee 98, 194 1940___-__---------..------------- 222, 983 1941.2 222222 eee 613, 566 1942.....---------------- eee 782, 647 1943__..-.---.-.------------------ 642, 887 1944___ --- 582,168 1945___. -- 704,034 1946__.----------------- +--+ eee 819, 253 The total foreign wool imports into the United States in 1946 amounted to 1,062,- 024,000 grease pounds. Of this amount 242,- 771,000 pounds were nondutiable carpet wools and are not included in the 1946 figure shown in the table above. It will be noted from the above table that the average importation of apparel-class wool for the years 1936 through 1940, inclusive, amounted to 122,572,000 grease pounds, the 5-year period just prior to our entrance into World War II. Foreign wool imports in 1946 were 819,253,000 grease pounds, or over six times the average importation from 1936 to 1940, inclusive. The consumption of wool in 1946 in the United States was the highest for any peace- time year. It is estimated that over 1,000,- 000,000 pounds was processed for consump- tion. The table below shows the figures now available: United States mill consumption of apparel wool, domestic and foreign United States mill con- United States mill con- United {Percent States total | domes- mill con- | tic eon- , sumption, i Year | “Gomestie’ | foreign.” | S4mption, | sump- ‘ apparel | tion is apparel apparel wool, 1,000 | wool, 1,000 | ¥00}, 1,000 | of total pounds pounds pounds | percent 557, 110 83.6 421, 207 72.7 475, 358 025 893, 032 88.0 526, 824 77.1 533, 52.2 576, 147 81.3 47 41.9 344, 614 92.8 277, 114 8.3 142, 764 19.4 } First 8 months, APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD It should be noted that normal consump- tion prior to the war years was approximately 600,000,000 pounds of wool per year. During these years domestic wool moved at a price competitive with foreign wool, regardless of whether this price was remunerative to the domestic woo] grower or not. However, the domestic wool was consumed. During the years just prior to the war domestic wool represented from 72.7 percent of United States apparel wool consumption to a high of 92.5 percent. During the war years the percentage of domestic wool de- creased, which was to be expected with greatly increased consumption. But the percentage decrease in domestic wool con- sumption was much more than it should have been. In 1945 the percentage of do- mestic wool consumed was only 26.3 per- cent, and for the first 8 months of 1946 only 19.4 percent of the total, according to the United States Departments of Agriculture and Commerce. We favor even greater increased consump- tion of wool. Even though domestic pru- duction has rarely equaled consumption in the United States, the domestic producers support the American Wool Council, whose only function is to promote the increased use of wool and to find new uses for wool. The problem, however, is this: The dump- ing of foreign wools into the United States brought about by lower costs of production in foreign countries and subsidies being paid the producers in foreign countries has hin- dered the scle of domestic wool. At a time when consumption of wool in the United Scates is the greatest in history a stock pile of domestic wool has been built up due to the fact that foreign wools, controlled by & government monopoly, were imported into this country, duty-paid, at prices below the cost of production of domestic wool and below the support price offered growers by the Government. The following table is a statement showing the size of the Govern- ment stock pile of domestic wool on Novem- ber 9, 1946, and this amount is very near the present figure. The figure, 517,600,000 pounds, represents approximately one and one-half times the 1946 estimated production _of domestic wool: Commodity Credit Corporation purchases and sales of domestic wool and estimated stocks on hand, Nov. 9, 1946 {Millions of pounds, actual weight| Balanee Yoar unsold ov. 9, 1046 198.6 185.5 6. 6 41.9 Total CC€ stock- ile unsold, ov. $, 1846... ]- 22. e eee 517.6 There is one proper solution of the situa- tion confronting the domestic sheep industry, whose production is below the needs of do- mestic consumers and whose products are essential for the protection of the Nation, that is proper tariff protection to compen- sate for the difference in the cost of produc- tion here and abroad. : Until a proper tariff protection is secured, an alternative within the framework of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act would be to retain the present tariff on wool and provide for an import quota. The establishment of quotas on raw wool and products processed from wool would give protection against the unrestricted dumping of foreign wools on the domestic market from lower-cost producing countries: It is essential that we have an increase in tariff or a limitation on the importation of wool and wool products through the estab-
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Mshment of import quotas. One or the other is needed now. In addition and in the meantime to care for the present situation, it is essential that legislation be passed embodying: 1. The establishment of a comparable price for wool and lambs; 2. The declaration of a support price for wool at not leas than 90 percent of the com- parable price until December 31, 1948; 3. The permission for the CCC to sell do- mestic wool at less than the parity or com- parable price and in competition with for- eign imported wool. Immediate action is necessary because the present wool purchase program ends April 16, 1947, about 40 days from today. The Sec- retary of Agriculture has stated that the program will not be continued unless the Congress so directs. 1947 Holds No Fears for Ohio Utopia Where All Share Pottery’s Prosperity EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. EARL R. LEWIS OF OHIO IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 6, 1947 Mr. LEWIS. Mr. Speaker, on Octo- ber 13, 1939, I inserted in the ConGREs- stonaL Record under the title “How Scio Licked Hard Times,” & story of a remark- able man, Mr. L. P. Reese, of Scio, Ohio— a man with an idea, a community with the vision to help him—and how unem- ployment gave way to prosperity in this ttle Ohio town. I wish now to call your attention to a sequel te that story which is one of con- tinued success, community welfare, and progress in the little Harrison Ccunty town of Scio, described in the following article from the Pittsburgh Press of Sun- day, December 29, 1846: 1947 Hotps No Frars ror OnIo Uroria, WHERE ALL E£HARE POTTERY's PROSPERITY—ScIO's UNIQUE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY CLIMAXED BY Bonus FOR EMPLOYEES (By William Jacobs) Sc10, OuIO, December 28.—This little Har- rison County town today looked forward to 1947 without a worry in the world. Prosperity, full employment, labor-man- agement peace—all utopian ideals which have been sought for years in the Nation’s great industrial centers—have been achieved here. The situation here, of course, is unique. Conditions exist that probably would be im- Possible elsewhere: There is a “one big happy family” spirit in this town of 1,400. There is well-paid and steady work at the 8Scio-Ohio Pottery Co. There is the biggest part of a $705,000 bonus the pottery paid to its employees Fri- day before Christmas. The bonus was com- puted on a sliding scale based on length of service. Eighty people got $3,500 apiece. A man who went to work only the day before received at least €10. It was paid from profits accumulated for several years. But, more important, there is L. P. “Lou” Reese, the astonishing president-owner of the pottery. The high esteem in which Mr. Reese is held in this community is something approaching adoration on the part of the plain, homey folk who have lived and worked with him since 1932, when he took over an idle pottery and began a long struggle to put it on its feet. Even the children feel it. Four-year-old George Shawver, whose father, John, received a 83,500 check as his slice of the $705,000 melon, remarked slyly that he guessed “Santa Claus is all right, but Mr, Reese does more for us.” His futher has bought a new home. Scio’s ‘Santa Claus" seemingly has assured the town's future. His huge bonus to his 825 employees has made it possible for them to face 1947 free of mortgages and debts with which many have been struggling for years. Take the case of Mr. and Mrs. Frank Crall. They moved to Scio some time ago and bought a farm 4 miles from town. They could not keep up the payments and were faced with the threat that they and their 11 children would be evicted. But last Friday their combined bonus checks totaled more than 8500. Now they can continue to pay off their mortgage. Some of the older residents of the town have found security in the bonus, too. Mrs, Wilde Shawver, 65, oldest female em- ployee at Scio, and little Georgie’s grand- mother, also got a $3,600 check. Though she plans to work until Mr. Reese “tclis me I am too old,” she put all but $2.31 in Government savings bonds. BIG PLANS AHEAD With its future now safe, the town has big plans, according to Jay Spiker, cashier of the Scio Banking Cu., who watches over Mr. Reese’s cash. Top pzior:ty will go to erecting an apart- ment building which will cost ‘‘at least $100,- 000,” something that none of Scio's natives have ever dreamed of. This will furnish a@ place to live fur out-of-towners who want to come to Scio to work in its pottery. Mr. Spiker and William Hughes, his as- sistant and chief clipping collector and Recse booster of Scio, have figures to show that the company's employees did not go on a wild spending spree when the astounding bonus was showered Gown among them. Savings deposits at the bank leaped $111,- 490 at once. Loans on real estate were re- duced by 811.663 and other loans cut dcewn $1:,567. Thousands of dollars went into bonds and other debts were wiped out. OTHER KIND ACTS The bonus was not the only kindness that Mr. Reese has done Scio. When the town ran out of funds in the middle of a street improvement, Mr. Reese donated $2,000 to finish the job. When the American Legion wanted a new home, but didn't have the crsh to pay for it, Mr. Reese gave it to them. But, more important, Lou Reese saved Scio from becoming a ghost town. Scio is an old town, but !t always has had something to support its people. For a while there was a small college; then an ofl boom; then the Albright China Co., but it failed in 1927. Things looked pretty black, but then along came Lou Reese. Unlike the popular version of this story, Lou Reese was not a bum, and he was not on relief. He had a job as the superintendent of a pottery company not far away. He and a few friends were hunting rabbits when they chanced upon the idle buildings of the Al- bright China Co. IDEAS BORE FRUIT The idle factory aroused his curiosity. He had some ideas on how to make pottery, which people said never would work and which never had been tried. He went home, sold his car, mortgaged his house, borrowed some money from his em- ployer, and talked some of his associates into taking a fling at making pottery with him. He paid the back taxes and bid in the out- standing bonds of the old company—885,000 A871 worth—at $5 for each $100 bond. This all has been repaid. With 15 employees, he went to work, but he could not meet his first two pay rolls. Mr. Reese persuaded « cuttomer to pay his bill in advance, und 20 residents put up €100 each to help over the rough spot, His first pay roll was 990.93. Now it run: more taan $60,000 for each 2-week pericd. Then he had to go out and hunt orders, but now he pays a sales manager a big salary just to sit 1 his office and turn them down. Scio pcttery is rationed to buyers. JUST A PLAIN MAN Mr. Reese worked for a long time on # salary of 6150 per month. New he fuays himself @50,000 per year, owns a heme on Scio’s main street—cost 81,700-—-end drives a Cadillac to work. His comportment and dress weuld shock most $50,000-per-year busincss executives, but it goes over big wit! his employees and the townspeople. One visitor to the pottery who asked to ste Mr. Reese wus told “he's up fixing the root.” His business attire is a crisp w'iite shirt, at lerst two buttons open at the neck, sleeves rolled above the elbows, unpressed trousers, and a pair of muddy shoes. He lunches with his employees at his own cafeteria, where you can get a T-bone steak, cooked to order, with all the trimmungs, lor 65 cents. His secretary complains that he ts hardly ever in his office and that he becomes posi- tively jittery in a room where the door 18 closed. “I have no secrets from any of my employees,’’ Mr. Reese explained. H's hobby is hunting—big or little game. He bagged the second biggest grizzly ever to be taken out of Canada. He his many other trophies to his credit. His ambition: to go to Alaska and shoot polar bear. Mr. Reese maintains a museum at the factory in which he displays his stuffed trophies. An added feature is the lifelike body of Yocub, famous St. Bernard dog which belonged to Eddie Kapphan, of Pitts- burgh. Yocub, weighing 200 pounds, was thought to have been the Nation's largest Cog. It died several years ago. NEUTRAL ON UNION ISSUE On the union question Mr. Recse, former president of a local union, is, as the law says ull good bosses should be, strictly neutral. His employees are not, as a recent incident indicates. A union sent a man to organize Mr. Reese's nonunion, nonaggrieved emplovees. He stayed 3 or 4 days. When he left he had three paid up members and a black eye. “He was disturbing the peace,” a worker said. Mr. Reese did say, however, in a recent let- ter to his employees, that he wus proud to be able to say that they could work without paying “tribute to a single individual or or- ganization.” His solution to the present labor-manaoge- ment difficulties is the advice, to both parties, summed up in two words, “Be human.” He also favors less Government controls. This year's bonus was not the .irst Mr. Reese has paid He once gave each employec a 39-cent box of candy. But the next bonus was $22,000. Last year it was a 15-percent raise and $75,000. The huge bonus that Mr. Reese paid this year was made possible by the accumulation of profits since the Wage Stabilization Board frcze wages several years ago. Mr. Reese said he had been unable to pay his employecs “what I thought they had coming to them then, so I decided that now. with controls ifted, I would go ahead and do it.” FOOLS SKEPTICS With this year’s 20-cent-per-hour raise the minimum rate became 81 per hour. Many workers make as high as @3 per hour. Skeptics say: “He can't keep that up.” Scioans say: “You don’t know Lou Reese.”
A872 Skeptics told Mr. Reese that his Rube Goldberg gadgets and his unorthodox clay formula would not make pottery. But now he makes it faster and cheaper than any other pottery in the country—nearly 90,000.- 000 pieces per year. Master Miners and Master Manufacturers of Mining Equipment EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. EARL R. LEWIS . OF OHIO IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 6, 1947 Mr. LEWIS. Mr. Speaker, some months ago Mr. W. H. McWilliams, a newspaper columnist of eastern Ohio in the coal-mining region, who writes under the pen name of Hi Waters, conceived the idea that since it has become a com- mon practice to choose master farmers it should also be in order to choose mas- ter coal miners. This he proceeded to do, choosing men who have served for many years in the coal mines without serious accident. Coal mining, Mr. Speaker, is consid- ered to be a very hazardous occupation. The men who work in the mines and the coal-mining companies are continually striving to make the industry as safe as possible, holding safety meets and stressing the necessity of care for the safety of the men. This is also stressed continually by the manufacturers of coal-mining equipment who strive to make their machines and other equip- ment as safe as possible. In view of these facts, Hi Waters proceeded to se- lect 15 coal miners who have had re- markable safety records through the years and gave them much publicity in his daily newspaper column in the Mar- tins Ferry Times and other newspapers in eastern Ohio that carry his columns. He also proceeded to name 15 master manufacturers of coal-mining equip- ment who were given publicity through his columns. Mr. Speaker, I wish to honor these men who have been selected as the 15 master coal miners of eastern Ohio as well as the 15 master manufacturers of mining equipment who have done so much to aid in the campaign for safety in the coal mines, and I wish to make a part of my remarks the column, of Hi Waters setting forth his purposes in naming the master miners and master manufacturers of mining equipment. His column is as follows: FIFTEEN MASTER MINERS NAMED—THEIR CA- REERS ACCIDENT-FREE—COLUMNIST HI WATERS PICKS MINING CHAMPS FROM MEN WHO WORKED 750 YEARS WITHOUT A MISHAP The most neglected profession in the world is that of coal mining. The public goes crazy over a prize fighter, a radio crooner, a home-run hitter, a speed- boat driver, and posts the pictures of politi- cians all over the side of the house—but have you heard of anybody even noddin’ his head to a coal miner? The only time America recognizes that a coal miner exists is when the fuel shortage hits in zero weather or during a strike when some one or another gets pinched and his pile of fuel peters away. As far as I know, no one bothered to shake the hands of the coal miner when he pro- duced 600,000,000 tons of coal a year during the war and has, since Washington crossed the Delaware after the Hessians on Christ- mas Eve, kept the teeth of the Nation from chattering and the hearth of industry glow- ing red with power. Of course, the owners of the mines have long ago recognized talent when they see it and have a neighborly interest with the men of the mines, but from the public in general, the coal miner has been hidden in the rear ranks of society and told to sit in the kitchen while the other professions dine in style and state in the drawing rooms of the select. Why isn't the American coal miner recog- nized as “one of the boys” the same as the rest of the economic family? That's difficult to explain, but the fact remains that his press agent has done a terribly bad job and, even when he does hit a home run with the bases loaded—as he did during the war—he only rates a small dab on the back page while the other professions hog the front cover and get mentioned in dispatches with praise and laudation. I guess the coal miner is naturally bashful and backward and thinks if someone else doesn’t appreciate him he will think no more of it, But from now on, we're going to change all that. The talents of the coal miner are going to be recognized even if it is nothing more than a pat on the back and a hearty “Nice goin’, Bill” from his next door neigh- bor. Even a bullfrog down in the marshes likes to be recognized—why else does he croak and crackle at twilight until the whole com- munity rumbles from his self-made praises? But, of course, a coal miner is not that way, and year in and year out he features in the top-notch performance of the Nation in com- parative silence waiting patiently for some- body to recognize his worth in the economics of the world. And I am not talking now about his commercial worth; I'll let the operators and the miners work that out themselves, be- cause they know more about it than I. But I am talking about the American coal miner being told publicly: “John, you've done a darned good job; you are a credit to your- self, your family, your State, and your Na- tion; boy, I’m proud of you.” And why not? The coal miner is a skilled, a sclentific, and a clever workman who has, down through the ages, warmed the shinbones of his country and powered the wheels of indus- try in a competent and a masterly man- ner. He is a proficient craftsman and an accomplished technician. He deserves, not @ casual stare of indifference from Mr. and Mrs. America, but a nod of recognition for what he is worth to humanity, and a clasp of friendship from the’ hand of man. There is no better place in which to start than right here amid the hills and the val- leys of eastern Ohio where the East meets the West and where the chill of northern winters melt at the sunny warmth of the South—here in eastern Ohio where the good Lord cast his most gracious glance and un- derlaid the landscape with the coal of the ages—coal enough to heat the parlors of the gods until night shall have turned into celestial day. Because the great eastern Ohio coal fields is a replica of all other fields everywhere, it is a goodly sample of the people, of their homes, of their hobbies, and of their joys and heartaches. Hence, I will recognize the American coal miner everywhere by Tecognizing him here. It is a token gesture to include them all. Coal mining is a hazardous occupation, you hear everybody say. That's right. But so is APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD farming a hazardous occupation. So is mak- ing steel, working on the railroad, in an auto plant, or even in the kitchen of our homes. It can be a lot more hazardous or a lot less hazardous, depending on the skill of the in- dividual miner and the equipment with which he works. A sloppy workman—and a sloppy piece of equipment—creates a sloppy situation that can, and does, lead to many accidents. That’s one of the reasons I am selecting my 15 master coal miners of eastern Ohio— because every one of them has spent his lifetime, to date, in the mines of eastern Ohio and never even scratched his finger. I am selecting, from random, 15 men who know coal mining from one end of the mine to another; men who are skilled in the art of producing coal from underground, care- ful to the point where they are an inspira- tion to their fellow workers and to the point where they have, collectively, worked for 700 years and never had a lost-time accident. I doubt if there is a factory or a plant in the land which can duplicate that feat, and T’l) almost include the homes of eastern Ohio as well. Take yourself—have you lived all your life without even getting a scratch? Well, these miners have worked 150,000 days in a profession thought to be the most hazardous, and not a one of them even had a bump. And so I am here selecting the 15 coal miners of eastern Ohio whom I regard as the best and whom I am listing as master miners. I am at the same time selecting the 15 outstanding mining concerns who I re- gard as having done outstanding and distin- guished service to the coal industry of Amer- ica by supplying equipment, services, or prod- ucts for the advancement, the progress, and _ the safety of the profession. The selections I made are employed at mines and by companies where safety is em- phasized and where progressive trends make safe working easier brought about, But re- gardiess of where they would work, a master miner is a master miner—he is—like a star football player, ready for emergencies any- time, anywhere and meets them successfully. In making this recognition feature a suc- cess, I wish to thank Mr. John L. Lewis, presi- dent of the United Mine Workers of America; Hon, Julius A. Krug, Secretary of the Interior; Dr. R. R. Sayer, Director of the United States Bureau of Mines; the Honorable Robert A. Taft, United States Senator from Ohio; the Honorable Frank Lausche, governor of Ohio: and Mr. Ezra Vanhorne, of the Operators’ Association; and the 15 business concerns who are master manufacturers for their help, assistance, and personal statements in rec- ognizing the men of the mines. The 15 master miners are: John Stillmak, 73, Barton. Employed Bar- ton mine Y & O Coal Co. Worked 54 years without an accident. Ralph Dematte, 53, Newtown. Employed at Dun Glen mine, Hanna Coal Co. Worked 40 years without an accident. Albert Dorsey, 68, Martins Ferry. Em- ployed at Stanley mine, Lorain Coal & Dock Coal Co. Worked 50 years without a serious accident. Serrafino Bizzarri, 55, Lafferty. Employed at Virginia Hill mine, Monaco Coal Mining Co, Worked 40 years without an accident, John McNally, 64, Kirkwood Heights. Em- ployed Florence mine, Y & O Coal Co. Worked 53 years without an accident. Frank Kasprowski, 58, Neffs. Employed Willow Grove mine, Hanna Coal Co. Worked 42 years without an accident. Dan Sakey, 68, Powhatan. Employed at No. 1 mine of the Powhatan Ooa' Co. Worked 44 years without an accident. Rudy Vucelich, 60, Deep Run. Employed at No. 3 mine, Rail & River Coal Co. Worked 44 years without an accident,
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Frank Makros, Sr., 71, Shadyside. Em- ployed at Webb mine of Cambria Collieries Co. Worked 56 years without an accident. Robert Hiltcn, 46, Wolf Run. Employed at Wolf Run mine of Warner Collieries Co. Worked 38 years without an accident. William Schultz, 57, Amsterdam, Ohio. Employed Wolf Run mine, Warner Collieries Coal Co. Worked 46 years without an acci- dent. John Kumbera, 61, Blaine, Ohio. Em- Ployed at the Blaine mine of Lorain Coal & Dock Co. Worked 46 years without a serious accident. William Johnson 66, Bellaire. Employed at No. 6 mine, Rail & River Coal Co. Worked #4 years without an accident. George Chamberlain, 76, Dillonvale. Em- ployed at Piney Fork mine of Hanna Coal Co. Worked 65 years without un accident. Chris Johnson, 57, Powhatan. Employed at No, 1 mine, Powhatan Coal Co. Employed 40 years without an accident. The 15 mester manufacturers are: Goodman Manufacturing Co., Chicago, Il. Service through the years: “Time tested and thorough, the master miners have our sin- cere and highest regard. We feel sure they return those regards because of our own time tested line of modern machinery destgned to meet every mine condition and capacity requirement. Modern mines everywhere are ‘going Goodman.’” Joy Manufacturing Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.: “Seconds, minutes, hours, years could be saved with Joy machines * * * and they are designed to enable the operators of them to work more safely than with those of yes- teryear. The Joy Manufacturing Co.'s merger with Sullivan Machine Co. and La-Del Conveyor & Manufacturing Co. puts under one management the world’s most complete line of coal-mining equipment. Might we serve you too?” Wood fFreserving Corp., Marietta, Ohio: “Preserving youth. The giant trees of the for- est are disappearing fast as time comes and goes * * * but their years may be lengthened and supply made more lasting by exacting preservation. Countless ties and timbers and lumber of our mines have been made more lasting and efficient by our method of wood preservation. Thus do we force the hand of time backward—making young for countless years, the lumber in America’s mines.” Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa.: “The backbone of the mines. Steel rails upon which last year 600,000,000 tons of coal rolled from the dark interior of Americu’s mines to the blaze of the industrial plants and the warmth of the family hearth. Steel timbers and ties to hold the working places of the miners, and the steel of tipple are, really, the backbone of the mines. Steel is the substance upon which King Coal has built his imperishable empire.” Du Pont, Wilmington, Del.: “We chained the ‘master helper.’ Whether Roger Bacon, Schwartz, or who first invented gunpowder or whether Edward III first shot off a cannon or some other monarch, the fact remains that explosives represent the leading agency in war and peace. Du Pont has kept ahead of the requirements for ex- plosives in peace and, through skilled scien- tists and chemists, has led the way for safe use of man's most powerful ally. Better things for better living—through chemistry.” Link-Belt, Chicago, Ill.: “Through the front door. Back when coal mining first started, the tipple was only a front door to coal’a dark tnterior, but now it has changed. The tipple is the prepa- ration plant of an exacting industry where coal is cleaned, prepared, and sized for the markets of the world. Almost as precise as a delicate watch, the modern preparation plant makes coal mining a success. We are proud of our contribution in showing the way to better plants everywhere.” The Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, Ohio: “Their first day underground. These men could have seen Jeffrey mining equipment already aged in efficient operation. Estab- lished in 1877, Jeffrey locomotives, loaders, cutters, drills and machines, conveyors, fans, and blowers have been leaders in mechan- ical mining, increased in efficiency as the years roll by.” Cardox Corp., Chicago, Ill.: “Mine years equals mining knowledge. Mining knowl- edge equals Cardox. The logical answer to higher lump and lower slack. Cardox Hard- scog drilling equ.pment is designed to give you the maximum ip drilling efficiency. In- creases in reaiization end marketing range made possible by Cardox, the nonexplosive mining method.” Westinghouse: “The old timers remember complete electrification by Westinghouse. They have seen the industry and Westing- house work side by side up the efficiency ladder toward cleaner coal at lower cost. Westinghouse offers: 1. Undivided responsi- bility. 2. Supervised installation. 3. Fast repair and maintenance service." Gunite Construction Co., Bellaire, Ohio: “That, we did.’ Maybe we did not accom- plish as much as Atlas when he held up the world on shoulders of brawn * * ° but we have held up a thousand miles of roof in countless American coal mines with Gunite and brought to the industry the greatest safety innovation since electricity. We make them secure and safe.” Tri-State Asphalt Co., Martins Ferry, Ohio: “Mile poste of progress. Lack of roads and highways kept the coal mines of eastern Ohio in the ‘horse and buggy days’ for many years. But thanks to our methcad of fast, economical road building, all regions have been brought out to America’s Main Street. Miners now live in villages and citics far sway from the rumble anc the noise of industry * * * but, via modern roads, they are only a few moments away. Thus have we too, contrib- uted to the progrese and the safety of the mines.” Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.: “We, too, are master miners, Paraphras- ing that adage of the years, eternal vigilance is the price of safety, may we point with pride to the vigilance we have shown throughout the mining industry * * * vigilance in keeping the industry and employees safer. America’s most popular electric cap lamp, the Edison; rock-dusting machines; safety hats and safety shoes; mine-rescue appara- tus; gas-detecting instruments; respirators; first-aid equipment. Everything for mine and industrial safety.” The Tool Steel Gear & Pinior Co., Cincin- nati, Ohio: “For 37 years we have been man- ufacturing tool steel process, hardened gear- ing exclusively. Pioneers in the field of hardened gearing, it has been our constant aim to improve the quality of gearing used in mining machinery to the end that hazardous and costly break-downs due to gear failures are minimized.” The Watt Wheel Car & Wheel Co., Barnes- ville, Ohio: “‘On wheels of safety.. We linked safety with production and rolled the coal industry years in advance on wheels 0! perfection; modern mine cars, all steel, au- tomatic coupling, ball bearing parts, and other features have taken the sloppiness out of haulage and created instead, a modern miracle of transportation. Modern, progres- sive and safe mining requires our modern, progreasive, and safe equipment. Visit a modern mine and see Watt cars and equip- ment in operation.” MacWhyte Co., Kenosha, Wis.: “Strands of strength—‘the ties that bind’ * * * and, in a way, that has been the path of wire rope down through the years that coal mining has been a key industry. And wire rope has been supplied wherever coal mining has prospered by the MacWhyte Co., whose famous mining A873 rope is as familiar as the dinner bucket, man trips and rumbling cars of coal. Safety, service, economy.” Nationally known men commend selection, a: follows: Dr. R. R. Sayers, Director of the United States Bureau of Mines: “Dear Hr: Coal mining is generally reputed to be one of the most hazardous of the basic industries, and the opinion of some seems to be that numerous accidents are to be expccted and that it is more or leas a waste of time to make any serious effort to prevent them. As & result of this attitude, many needless deaths and injuries have been caused each year. There are others who do not agree with this theory, and it has been disproved time and again by safety-conscious miners, who by thelr constant vigilance have maneged to work for 15, 20, or even more years without having a lost-time accident. “Such commendable records are not at- t.ined by sheer luck. They are the result that can be expected only when miners are ever alert to the potentia) hazards surround- ing them and follow the known safe mining practices. The accident toll in American coal mines has shown a very favorable reduction during the past several years despite the many adverse conditions presented during the war years. The coal-mining industry should not be satisfied until its accidents are reduced to an irreducible minimum. “I wish to commend you for your efforts in behalf of the safety of the miner and it is sincerely hoped that the audience reached through the media of press and radio will prove responsive and that deaths and in- juries from accidents may be further reduced. “Very truly yours, “R. R. Savers, Director.” Eera Vanhorne, executive vice president, Ohio Coal Association: “Dear Mac: It is with pleasure that I con- gratulate your 15 master muners for the ac- complishment of working their entire lives without having an accident. It brings credit to the industry—what they have done, others can do. With the assistance and coopera- tion of all people engaged in the industry, miners, operators, the public, and our law- makers, we can make great strides in keeping the mines ever safer. “Sincerely, “Bg. Frank J. Lausche, Governor of Ohio: “Dear Hr: With the appalling loss of lives and injuries to our people through acci- dents, it is encouraging to learn of the ex- traordinary record of the 15 men whom you are honoring on the basis of their safety rec- ord as coal miners of Ohio. “Their achievement is not merely the re- sult of good fortune. It undoubtedly is accompanied by careful conduct in the per- formance of their duily work. “Sincerely, “FRANK.” Hon. Rosert A. Tarr, Senator from Ohio: “Dear Hi: I congratulate each and all of your 15 master miners for winning their award resulting from the fact that they have worked for more than 40 years withcut a lost-time accident. A great deal can still be done by the Government and the State to make mine work safer, but the important thing of all is for men like the master min- ers to give constant thought and effort to protecting the safety of others as well as themselves. With best wishes, “Sincerely yours, “Bos.” John L. Lewis, president, United Mine Workers of America: “Deak MR. MCWILLIAMS: Adequate mine safety requires constant vigilance. The cardinal principle of the United Mine Work- ers of America is safety.” R. W. Morse, vice president, Ohio Indus- trial Commission:
A874 “Dear Hr: The State of Ohio stands firmly behind her coal miners and any construc- tive effort to eliminate accidents from the coal industry. Accidents have fallen off notably in the past decade of Ohio min- ing * * ® and much of the credit for the improvement goes to the individual initiative and careful working practices of such men as are represented by the 15 master miners which you have selected.” J. A Krug, Secretary of the Interior: “I wish to congratulate the 15 coal miners of the eastern Ohio district who have worked more than 80 years each without a lost-time accident and who have contributed substan- tially toward making coal mining a safer oc- cupation. They deserve the thanks and ap- preciation of their fellow workers and of their employers for this splendid record. “As in all industries, there are many haz- ards in coal mining. No matter how many elaborate safeguards are provided, accidents w’ll occur if individual workers are careless and if they disregard the common-sense rules of safety. These men have demon- strated that they realize the truth of this statement, and that they have done more than their part to minimize the human ele- ment as a contributing factor in mine acci- dents. “For many years the safety engineers and instructors in the Bureau of Mines of the Department of the Interior have preached safety in coal mining and have taught thou- sands of miners and officials the principles of first aid, accident prevention, and mine rescue. In all of their teachings and in their inspection reports, the plea for safety con- sciousness on the part of individual workers is predominant. I am sure that each of these 15 Ohio miners could well serve as a model for the Bureau in this respect, and that their example is an inspiration for other coal min- ers and officials.” Automobiles for Amputees, Retroactive Terminal-Leave Pay for Enlisted Men, Etc. EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. HENRY CABOT LODGE, JR. OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Wednesday, March 5 (legislative day of Wednesday, February 19), 1947 Mr. LODGE. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp a prelimi- nary program of legislation on veterans’ affairs supported by the American Vet- erans Committee and adopted at the constitutional convention of the Ameri- can Veterans Committee, at Des Moines, Iowa, June 1946, relating to specially equipped automobiies for amputees and retroactive terminal-leave pay for en- listed men, and so forth. There being no objection, the prelimi- nary program was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: PRELIMINARY PROGRAM OF LEGISLATION ON VET- ERANS’ AFFAIRS SUPPORTED BY THE AMERICAN VETERANS COMMITTEE PROPOSED TO THE EIGHTIETH CONGRESS (INCORPORATING RESO- LUTIONS PASSED AT THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN VETERANS COMMITTEE AT DES MOINES, IOWA, JUNE 1946) Because of the fact that the American Veterans Committee convention was held prior to the termination of the Seventy- ninth Congress certain measures which were proposed were subsequently enacted by the Seventy-ninth Congress, such as the out- right granting of specially equipped auto- mobiles for amputees and immediate grant- ing of retroactive terminal-leave pay for enlisted men. 1. Revise the present statutes governing GI loans for homes so that advance loans can be made on approved prefabricated homes. 2. Amend Public Law 679 by raising pres- ent income ceilings, provided that in no event shall the rate of such allowance, plus the compensation received, exceed $300 per month for a veteran without a dependent or $325 per month for a veteran with one de- pendent, plus an additional 810 per month for each additional dependent, 3. Eliminate time limitations for on-the- job training, with provision that training be governed by the practice of the industry. 4. Increase subsistence allowances for vet- erans receiving education or training to $100 for single men and $125 a month for married men, with $10 additional for each child. 5. Abolish the distinction between officers and enlisted men in the granting of retire- ment pay for service-connected disability. 6. Liberalize the procedures and terms for loans to veterans for the purchase of homes and the establishment of businesses. (A commtndable proposal advanced in this fleld appears to be the “Veterans RFC,” proposed by the Honorable B. W. KEARNEY.) 7. Amend terminal-leave bill to: (a) Allow credit for enlisted service in the WAAC. (b) Eliminate provision requiring all leave be taken while on active duty. 8. Eliminate title V, section 800 (b) of the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, which de- nies unemployment compensation to those unemployed due to a work stoppage. 9. Amend the Mustering-Out Pay Act to include veterans demobilized for the purpose of returning to essential occupations or training. 10. Change the present national service life-insurance table to the most modern table now in use. 11. Establish a decentralized disbursement system for the payment of subsistence checks to veterans receiving education. Being cognizant of the fact that veterans’ legislation is one of the mest complicated flelds in contemporary American administra- tion, the American Veterans’ Committee is presently engaged in the study of veterans’ proposals advanced by all the major veterans’ organizations with the view to support, mod- ify, or oppose legislation which will be con- sidered by the Eightieth Congress. At the same time, AVC will work to initlate new leg- islation where no proposals at present are available. Within the next month the AVC hopes to provide each veteran member of Congress, as well as those Members concerned with veter- an-’ legislation, with a booklet embodying its recommendations on current veterans’ legis- lation. These recommendations will be ac- companied by proposed bills designed to carry out the recommendations. Because the slogan of the AVC is “Citizens first, veterans second,” the AVC, perforce, has vital interest in contemporary national and international problems. The AVC feels that the veteran cannot be separated from the rest of the community, and that, above all, he should not be pitted against the nonveteran. AVC firmly believes what is good for the coun- try as a whole is good for the veteran. The achievement of thorough social and economic security for all through the cooperation of business, labor, agriculture, and government under a system of private enterprise, rather than special grants and favors to veterans, is basic AVC philosophy. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD York, Pa. REMARKS HON. CHESTER H. GROSS OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 6, 1947 Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I want to call the attention of the House and the country to a good kind of town to live in, York, Pa., a town that with its sound management and diversified interests cushions capital and labor against eco- nomic tides. It is the place where the York plan was born during the war which received world-wide recognition. It is such communities as this that make the Nation stable. If anyone in another community of the Nation that is dis- tressed will come to York, Pa., and spend a week among these conservative, thrifty people, learn their ways, look over their agriculture and their industry, he can go back home filled with hope and confi- dence and plan for the redemption of his own community, and thus make a real contribution to the country. Mr. Speaker, I include as a part of my remarks the following article entitled “A Good Kind of Town To Live In” from Kiplinger's magazine: A Goon Kinp or Town To Live 1n—DiversI- Fiep YORK, Pa., CUSHIONS CAPITAL AND LABOR AGAINST ECONOMIC TIDES The humming little community of York, in southeast Pennsylvania, is an example of what the experts mean when they say the best place to do business in the United States today is the small city with a diversified economy. Such cities are commanding more and more attention from analysts looking into the relation between kinds of cities and the impact of slumps; between economic robust- ness and too much or too little development. Last year a panel of experts from the now defunct Smaller War Plants Corporation, in a report submitted to Congress after a study of American cities, reemphasized the depres- sion-resistant qualities of the small, diversi- fled city. York, in fact, has enjoyed a thriving sta- bility for many years. With its nice balance of industry, commerce, and agriculture, it can reasonably look forward to a future of full employment and production. So far as any community cam be insulated against depres- sions, York—and places like it—enjoy com- parative safety. In the years since 1741, when it was laid out by a surveyor for the Penn family, York has grown steadily. Today, with a popula- tion of about 57,000 (metropolitan-area popu- lation 92,000), it has some 245 separate man- ufacturing industries crammed into its 4.1 square miles. They turn out 275 different products. Some of York's industries are the biggest of their kind in the country—perhaps in the world—yet none dominates the community. York now employs 39,000 workers in industry but the largest plant has no more than 3,000 employees. Thus, when the local hosiery mills are idle, for example, the shutdown has little impact upon general business. After the bank holiday in 1933 not one of York's seven banks failed to reopen. And while most of its business firms felt the pinch, none closed completely. “We operated kind of inefficiently to do it,” one stolid York industrialist explained half
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD apologetically. “You know, when a big ab- sentee-controlled business hits a bad slump, some efficiency expert in New York takes a look at the balance sheet, picks up the phone and tells the plant manager to lay off 500 or 1,000 employees. There's no emotionalism or sentiment invoived. Just cold-blooded efficiency. Here in York, however, our peo- ple met the situation by cutting down the operating time of their plants—working every one only 6 hours a day, instead of 8. That way, everybody was hit some, but every- body kept working.” Just how well-cushioned a small, diversely industrialized citg is against national or world-wide depression can be found in York's unemployment figures. In 1983, York's worst year, the county (no figures available for the city) had just 4,134 relief cases while Allegheny County—with big, hard-hit Pitts- burgh—registered 62,912 persons on relief. Allegheny County has seven times the popu- lation of York County, but Allegheny's direct relief load was more than 15 times greater. And in 1942, with business comparatively booming, York had only 963 cases compared to Allegheny’s 31,884. Because its highly versatile industry was easily adapted to war needs, York now is un- troubled by the problems confronting “war baby” communities. Its nationally publi- cized war production job was accomplished with the city’s prewar plant Under the so-called “York pian,” the city »ooled its machine tools, equipment, and manpower and through iutensive subcontracting at- tained maximum use of facilities. Thus, York's candy caramel industry turned to the production of winch parts. Her artificial teeth manufacturers, while continuing to produce 75 percent of the world’s store teeth, also made u variety of gages, jigs, and aircraft parts. The ladies’ hosiery industry made boat shafts, tank bushings, powder press parts, and elements of antiaircraft guns. Another factor which has helped York avoid widespread unemployment is the inter- changeability of its workers. An unu:zually large proportion of them are machinists. Thus when seasonal slumps hit the tire chain companies—which have penk activity in winter—workers merely shift to another plant using similar skills. Also, because York is located in the center of a fine agricultural area, half of the county people are small farm workers who season- ally double in the city’s manufacturing plants. This fine balance between industry and agriculture is a stabilizing influence on York economy. Such cities as York will stand as models for congressional leaders now pondering the problem of the Nation's underdeve'oped t.reas to determine what the Federal Government can or should do to essist the proper indus- trialization of such areas. From the purely economic standpoint, what is needed is country-wide establishment of many small industries which would fill local needs as well as compete in the broader markets. Ideally, there should not be a preponderance of either heavy durable goods planta or consumer goods industries. National prosperity stems frcm regional prosperity and the latter can best be attained in communities like York, with a wide variety of small busisiesses and balance between in- dustry and agriculture. THE CASE FOR THE SMALL CITY In a survey of American cities, the Smaller War Plants Corporation found these specific reasons why the small cities with well-diver- sified industry are safest and soundest in hard times and good: They foster more even income distribution and are backboned by a steady, independent middle class. Their local industries tend to be locally owned and controlled. They retain their “bright young men.” After college, most boys go home to take part in civic affairs. Housing conditions are clearly superior and the proportion of homes owned by occupants is larger. The chance that a baby will die within a year of birth is less than in larger cities— sometimes as much as 60 percent less, Retail stores in small-business cities are more efficiently managed, more attractive, and offer greater variety. Small-business cities spend more per capita on cultural and recreational facilities, Punishing Contempt of Congress EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. JOHN McDOWELL OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 6, 1947 Mr. McDOWELL. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Recorp, I include the following editorial from the New York Sun of March 5, 1947: PUNISHING CONTEMPT OF CONGRESS Under a bill introduced by Representative JoHN McDowELL, of Pennsylvania, contempt of Congress would be made a felony instead of a misdemeanor. The author of the meas- ure says that its introduction grew out of his belief that Gerhar’ Eisler deliberately courted a contempt citation as an alternative to possibly more serious charges which might have been made had he answered truthfully questions which he suspected he might be asked. At present a conviction for contempt carries with it a fine of not more than $1,000 or less than $100 and imprisonment of not less than 1 month or more than 12 months. The new law would increase both fine and imprisonment so that the minimum would be a 8500 fine and 6 months’ imprisonment, with the added impairment of civil rights involved in a felony conviction. In support of the measure, Representative McDowE Lu argues that contempt of Congress should be treated much more seriously than contempt of court. Contempt of court, he contends, often results from sudden emo- tional impulse when a judge, under par- ticular strain, is tempted to cite the person who has taxed his patience. Conviction of contempt of Congress does not hinge upon the attitude of one man or of any small group of men. It requires a majority vote of all the Members after debate and delibera- tion. If, when tempers thus have had a chance to cool, Congress decides that it has been treated contemptuously in the proper performance of its functions, the penalties should be substantial. Meddling in Greece EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. ALVIN F. WEICHEL OF OHIO IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, March 4, 1947 Mr. WEICHEL. Mr. Speaker, we have helped every nation of the world with A875 goods and the blood of young Americans, but is it necessary that we boss the world and attempt to tell everyone how he should live. I believe that America should help the suffering nations so that they might help themselves, and I want to include a point of view by Spencer A. Canary, editor of the Daily Sentinel Trib- une of Bowling Green, Ohio. MEDDLING IN GREECE The taxpayers of the United States are about to be catapulted into an imperialistic career, if the request of the British Govern- ment is granted that we take over its self- imposed management of Greek affairs. Running thc affairs of the world is a pretty big task to undertake by our country—one- ninth or one-tenth of the world population telling the other nine-tenths what sort of government each must have. A Biblical quotation might be changed to read: “What Pprofiteth it American to gain the whole world and lose its own soul?” Its soul is the belief that the people of every iand should have the right to choose their own form of government—self-deter- mination, President Woodrow Wilson called it 30 years ugo. It was for that our fore- fathers fought in 1775 and in 1812. It was for that they suffered privations comparable to those Europe is suffering now. We are warned of the futility of attempting to run the world by the collapse of ancient nations, of the Roman Empire. of that of Charlemagne, of France under Napoleon, of Bohemia, of Germany beginning with the Kaiser in 1914, and now with the British Em- pire itself. There comes a time when the grandiose ambitions of a few men cause such a heavy burden on taxpayers that they can no longer be supported. “The harvest is ripe but the laborers are few.” Are we citizens just to pay taxes that others impose? It is all very fine for America to be altruis- lic and generous to nations that are ruffer- ing and to help them to help themselves; but to step into Greece and tell its people they must settle down and live in peace with one another is another matter. Shall we as a Nation say to the many Greeks who did not want King George to resume his job as ruler that they must accept him; or shall we tell those who favor him that he must get out? Shall we dethrone him? Shall we meddle in this mess of Mediterranean Sea sovereignty? The answers are that we shall get our fingers badly burnt, if we do. ; To be sure, if we stay out, there is real danger of civil war in Greece. There is such there now. There is danger that Turkey will lose control of the Dardanelles to Russia and let its Black Sea ships have free access to the British pond (the Mediterranean Sea). But what dces that matter to the American tax- payer? Do those who plan America’s inter- vention in Greek affairs foresee our American warships passing through the Dardanelles and landing American boys to fight another Crimean War? Let us not rush into such impertalism. That is un-American. Let us be helpful but not arrogant. We have had too many in- stances of ingratitude for what we have done to help without uiterior motives, to expect that coercion will get us anything but hatreds and henduches. Let us not get more en- tangled than we are now. Let us give more energy to making the United Nations a living factor and keep out of specific disputes ourselves. But in the meantime let us be ready to meet aggression and to overcome it. Let us be a big brother to nations without bullying them: but. if they choose to fight umong themselves, let us not be the innocent bystander who gets in the way of being hurt.
A876 We Have a Duty To Perform; We Must Let the American People Know Who Is Responsible for These Rising Prices REMARKS HON. ADOLPH J. SABATH OF ILLINOIS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 6, 1947 Mr. SABATH. Mr. Speake., a few days ago I stood on this floor and asked that somebody introduce a resolution to investigate the ever-increasing price of foodstuffs. So far as I have been able to ascertain no Member has done so. I am, therefore, introducing it myself. At a time when every effort is being made to kill the remaining hope of mil- lions for any semblance of price control on the necessities of life—the OPA at least protects consumers against high prices on sugar and rents—we have a duty to perform. On F-bruary 25 the Dun & Bradstreet index of the prices of 31 food items reached the highest point in all history. At the same time, the Dun & Brad- street commodity index reached its high- est point. The Dun & Bradstreet figures were confirmed by every other private and official index of the cost of living, and bitterly confirmed by every American housewife when she went to the store. Prices are still rising. Farm prices have, for the first time in history, reached 120 percent of parity. We are now told blandly by the pack- ers’ lobby, which 6 months ago was shouting that the way to get the meat we wanted at prices we wanted to pay was to wreck the price-control act, that cur- rent record high prices on the wholesale market will not reach consumers for 2 or 3 weeks. Eight months ago the National Asso- ciation of Manufacturers and other powerful producers’ and merchandisers’ lobbies ran full page ads to tell the Amer- ican people, at $2,000 a page and more in hundreds of newspapers, that the American housewife would be her own best price-control law. But people must eat. Consumers cannot strike. But the packers and some other big industries did destroy price control, create scar- cities, and run up prices to their great profit. Under such a propaganda battle of dis- tortion, misrepresentation, and half- truths as we have seldom seen in Amer- ica, the administration lifted virtually all price controls. The meat packing trust called off its Strike against the public, and such mar- ketable livestock as had not been slaugh- tered in July and August was rushed to market. We know what happened. There was plenty of meat for a little while—but oh, at what prices. Of course, the market broke under staggering livestock receipts, and dirt farmers who couldh’t guess ahead of the market riggers got what they usually get from the livestock commission men and the packers—enough to cover their costs and transportation and a few dollars left over to keep them hoping and working. The big packers cleaned up. Retail meat prices scarcely faltered. Now a new propaganda war is under- way—against consumers—to kill the last remaining controls on rents, sugar, and rice. There never was a time when so many people were at work, when the national income and production rates were so high, and so many people are able to buy so many things. Yet this Republican Congress is filled with pity for the poor little rich boys with their hands in the consumers’ pockets. Crocodile tears wash away campaign promises. I think it is time the American public should learn the facts. I think it is time that the unending raid on the public should be exposed for what it is. I am, therefore, offering the following resolution directing the Committee on Agriculture to inquire into the cause of the rise in prices: Whereas prices of foodstuffs have increased more than 50 percent since June 20, 1946, and all standard indexes for cost-of-living com- modities have reached the highest points in all history: and Whereas the upward trend in all cost-of- living prices became most pronounced with the temporary suspension of price controls on June 30, 1946, and was immediately accel- erated with the virtual surrender of all price controls in October 1946, so that legal prices now have reached levels even above so-called black market prices made possible by manip- ulations in certain industries; and Whereas the steady and rapid rise of prices has made it virtually impossible for American citizens and homemakers of fixed incomes, whether workers, clerks, professionals, an- nuitants, or pensioners, to maintain a living at levels of decency; and Whereas every standard index shows great- er profits in every business and industry, with the ratio of increased prices to increased costs in many industries running from 25 percent to more than 400 percent; and Whereas there is a tremendous pressure campaign for removal of the last remaining price controls which would inevitably cause prices to rise rapidly with consequent hard- ship on consumers: Therefore be it Resolved, That the Committee on Agricul- ture, acting as a whole or by subcommittee, is authorized and directed to investigate the basic causes for increases in the prices of foodstuffs, with special reference to meats, dairy products, fruits, and vegetables, and to report to the House within 60 days from the date of the enactment of this resolution and to make such interim reports and recommen- dations as it may deem advisable. For the purposes of this resolution the committee, or any subcommittee thereof, is authorized to sit and act during the present Congress at such times and places, whether or not the House is in session, has recessed, or has adjourned, to hold such hearings, to require by subpena or otherwise the attend- ance of such witnesses and the production of such books, correspondence, memoranda, papers, and documents, and to take such tes- timony as it deems advisable. Subpena shall be issued over the signature of the chairman of the committee, or any member designated by him, and may be served by any person designated by such chairman or member. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Statement of the Egyptian Prime Minister With Relation to the Sudan EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF HON. KARL E. MUNDT OF SOUTH DAKOTA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 6, 1947 Mr. MUNDT. Mr. Speaker, under permission granted me by the House, I take this means of calling to the atten- tion of Congress the following letter, which I received today from the Egyp- tian Ambassador together with the statement which accompanied the Am- bassador’s letter: ROYAL EGYPTIAN EMBASSY, Washington, D.C., March 5, 1947. The Honorable Kart. E. MuNDT, House Office Building, Washington, D.C. Dear Sir: I am deeply appreciative of your interest in the Egyptian question, and I have noted with interest the insertion of the report of the New York Times from its correspondent in Cairo in the CONGRESSIONAL ReEcorp of March 4, 1947. However, it 1s stated in the CoNnGRESSIONAL RECORD: “This statement was printed in the New York Times of today, March 4, and I desire to have printed here the full text of the pronouncement.” Since the report of the Times correspond- ent is not the text of the declaration of the Prime Minister, which I take pleasure in enclosing herewith, but merely a report of that correspondent, which does not corre- spond to the actual text, I should appre- ciate it deeply if you would kindly find your way clear, for the sake of precision, to have the actual text inserted in the next issue of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. Thanking you in advance for your cour- tesy, Yours very sincerely, I. Hassan, Egyptian Ambassador. STATEMENT MADE TO THE PRESS TODAY BY THE EGYPTIAN PRIME MINISTER The negotiations between Egypt and Great Britain began in April 1946 and lasted 10 months during which the Egyptian side ear- nestly tried in every way to come to an agreement. This was clearly demonstrated by the Journey undertaken by the Egyptian Prime Minister to London for the purpose of personally contacting Mr. Bevin. The final breaking off of these arduous negotiations may be attributed only tu the inability ot Egypt to obtain satisfaction on the two es- sential points which are unanimously claimed by the Egyptian people. These two points are the following: (1) Evacuation otf British troops from Egypt. This evacuation must be immediate, complete, and not con- ditioned by a treaty. (2) Maintenance of the unity of Egypt and the Sudan self-gov- ernment for the Sudanese and restoration to Egypt of her rights in the administration of the Sudan in order to further the prepa- ration of the Sudanese for self-government. The unity of Egypt and the Sudan is the will of both Egyptians and Sudanese alike, where- as the British policy is directed toward in- citing the Sudanese to secede from Egypt. As for self-government, had Egypt not been forcibly deprived of her rights in the admin- istration of the Sudan, the preparation of the Sudanese for self-government would not be so delayed. Egypt is in a better position and is more anxious than Great Britain to pre- pare for self-government a people of the same race, the same language, the same religion,
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD and dependent for their very existence on the same Nile. Egypt wants the Sudanese to be able as soon as | Jssible to express their views freely which can be accomplished only when British troops have evacuated the Sudan. The two preceding points are fair applica- tion of the principles of the UNO Charter. For that reason, after exceptionally pro- longed negotiations, the Egyptiar Govern- ment, regretfully convinced that direct dis- cussions, held no hope of success, decided to appeal to the Security Council. This deci- sion has received the enthusiastic endorse- ment of the entire Egyptian people. Egypt has abiding faith in the United Nations Or- ganization and is absolutely confident that justice will be accorded to a small nation which has always firmly upheld the princl- ples of the supremacy of international law. Carro, March 3, 1947. English as the Global Language—Letter by Former Senator Robert L. Owen EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. A. S. MIKE MONRONEY OF OK).AHOMA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, February 13, 1947 Mr. MONRONEY. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I would like to call the attention of the House to the splendid letter of former Senator Robert L. Owen, more fully explaining the global alphabet which he has per- fected after many years of difficult work. The importance of this work in making it possible for the world to be able to read, write, and understand English in a very short and simple process by use of the global alphabet is fully outlined by Sen- ator Owen in the letter herewith. Senator Owen’s letter is as follows: Wasnincton, D.C., February 18, 1947. Hon. A. 8. Mrxke MONRONI7, Member of Congress, New House Office Building, Washington, D.C. My Dean Mr. CoNnaressMAN: Laubach's article, Wanted, a Global Language, was timély and convincing. He advocated muk- ing English the world language. Published in the Journal of the National Education As- sociation, representing the teachers of the United States, makes the public service of Laubach and the NEA the more important. It makes important your service of January 23, 1947, in putting in the ConoressioNnaL Recorp the Laubach article, page A252. Every intelligent man knows the supreme importance of making English a world lan- guage. In 1944 the Ministers of Education of Eu- rope at London advocated a world language, preferably English. Making English a world language would open the doors of modern knowledge to the whole world and result in abolishing illiteracy, ignorance, and poverty. Enclosed please find the Global Alphabet Guide Book, which was invented and de- veloped for the purpose of enabling the world, at high speed, not only to read, write, and speak English within 10 to 20 weeks, but to read, write, and speak any other mod- ern language within the same time by the same process of bilingual books. The global alphabet of the World Language Foundation, now presented to you, fully ex- plains the whole system, and is the only sys- tem by which this can be done. Laubach, in his demand for a world language, said that the global alphabet is perfect and the best he has ever seen. On October 30, 1945, he wrote me, “It grows more certain every day that we must have one world language if we are to have one world at all.” On July 26, 1945, Laubach wrote me, “About once a day I pray the Lord that Senator Owen may succeed.” I have prayed for his success and for the success of the 123 foreign mission societies in teaching the coctrines of Christ to the illiterate nations of the earth. Laubach himself has not only served as director and representative of the Committee on World Literacy and Christian Literature, organized by the foreign mission societies of the United S.ates, but he hus gone in person to over 83 different nationalities and taught them to rend and write their own language with short phonetic alphabets. The Holy Bible was written in Hebrew with 23 letters, which are sufficient today for writing Hebrew. Laubach taught the Mores to write their language with 16 Ict- te:s:; the Samoans use 14 letters; the Ha- wallans only 12 letters. The English lan- guage is the most complex. Webster uses only 42 sounds to pronounce over 600,000 English words. I found that 6 of Webster’s phonetic sounds were duplications, to wit: The letters c,q,W.x. y. Therefore, 37 symbols were suffi- cient to pronounce with apprcximate pre- cision every word in Webster's Dictionary. Every global letter has the s!mplest indi- vidual form possible. No global letter has more than one form. No global letter has more than one sound. No global letter is ever silent. The name of each global letter is its sound, The global alphabet is not a li.nguage like Esperanto, but strictly an al- phrbet. It is not a stenographic system. although adapted to high-speed writing since each letter begins and ends in the center of the writing space. I had constructed standard global type- writers, with which any language in the world can be phonetically typed at high speed without shift of the 37 letters on the keyboard, and with which the Global Alpha- bet Guide Book was prepared. This Guide Book contains within ita pages a plan by which the English language, as currently printed in books and papers, cen be read intelligently by a child of 8 years of age within a very short time, not exceeding a few weeks. You will find in this book a list of all the words necessary to read, write, and speak English fluently—1,200 in number—deter- mined by frequency. These are the only words required. The book is offered by the World Language Foundation at 50 cents each. Mr, Congressman, there is no competitor. Am I not justified in asking you and your colleagues to give this matter the attention its importance deserves? On pages 13 to 15 you will find the dedication of the global alphabet to the United Nations and to the teachers of the world. The mechanism submitted to you herewith speaks for iteelf, and is a means by which Laubach’s demand can be made effective. Faithfully your friend, Rosser L. Owen. School-Lunch Program EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. GLEN D. JOHNSON OF OKLAHOMA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 6, 1947 Mr. JOHNSON of Oklahoma. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my re- A877 marks in the Recorp and to include therein a letter from Hon. Roy J. Turner, Governor of Oklahoma, addressed to me, and copy of a telegram from Governor Turner addressed to the Honorable Clin- ton P. Anderson, Secretary of Agricul- ture, both relating to the school-lunch program in the State of Oklahoma, I desire to call to the attention of the House the critica] situation ex sting in the school-lunch program in the State of Oklahoma. The school-lunch program is operating in each of its 77 counties, and through it 150,090 children, in approximately 1,800 schools are being fed daily. Unless something is done immediately, this pro- gram will have to ve closed down on March 31, 1947, for the lack of funds, I wish to state here that I shall support a deficiency appropriation seeking to cor- rect this situation in keeping with the spirit and letter of the two communica- tions received from Governor Turner. Those communications are as follows: STATE OF OKLAHOMA, OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR, Oklahoma City, March 4, 1947. Hon Gen D. JoHNsoNn, House Office Building, Washington, D. C. Drak GLEN: Your attention is invited to the enclosed copy of a telegram, which is self-explanatory, addressed to the Honorable Clinton P. Anderson, Secretary of Agricul- ture, relative to the school-lunch program under the State board of public welfare. Any assistance on your part to insure that additional funds are made available with which to complete the present school year will be appreciated by me. Sincerely yours, Roy J. Turnrr. Marcw 8, 1247. Hon. CLINTON P. ANDERSON, Secretary of Agriculiure, Washington, D. C.: Have just been advised that United States Department of Agriculture allocation to Ok- lahoma for the operation of the school-lunch program will be exhausted not later’ than March 31 1947. For your information, pro- gram is operating in a)] 77 counties, approxi- mately 1,800 schools and feeding 150,000 children daily. On behalf of school admin- istrators, PTA groups, public officials, and civic organizations, want you to Know this program is one of the most popular and best received of any joint program operated by the State and Federal Governments and I strong- ly urge you to do everything in your power to muke additional Federal funds available to keep this program in operation through- out the school year. Your office here work- ing with State welfare board handling pro- gram and schools are being notified today that program wil: close unless additional funds received, therefore, earnestly solicit your cooperation and advice. Am alao re- questing assistance of Oklahoma congres- sional delegation and asking them to discuss this with you and to support a deficiency appropriation, which I understand has been introduced in the National Congress, in the event such action is necessary to keep pro- gram in operation to the end of this fiscal year. In order that necessary plans can be formulated, request your early attention and reply. Roy J. TURNER, Governor of Oklahoma.
A878 The Copper Shortage EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. KENNETH B. KEATING OF NEW YORK IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 6, 1947 Mr. KEATING. Mr. Speaker, I rise to express my thanks to the members of the Committee on Ways and Means, particu- larly my distinguished colleagues, the gentleman from Minnesota, Congress- man Knutson, and the gentleman from New York, Congressman REED, the two ranking Republican members, for the very prompt and energetic manner in which they have met the emergency sit- uation created by the acute copper shortage. _ Bureaucrats who feel they must act only according to hard-and-fast rules and can never deviate therefrom, no matter how urgent the need, please take note. The Committee on Ways and Means, perhaps our busiest committee, beset with problems of gigantic importance, working night and day, every one of them, in the national interest, had scheduled hearings and work which com- pletely consumed all their time, and more. Less than a week ago, however, upon the urgent representations of several of my constituents, I took up this matter with the chairman and several members of this committee. I pointed out to them that a number of plants, both large and small, in my home city of Rochester, N. Y., might be shut down completely very shortly unless they could obtain additional copper for their manufactur- ing needs. This would throw thousands of people out of work and, at a time when increased production is so vitally needed, would continue to deprive the public of the opportunity to purchase many items, unavailable during the war and new in such short supply. In addi- tion to that, the acquisition of the world’s copper supplies by countries other than our own in these times of great world unrest would present a serious national problem. A company allied with one of the domestic copper companies which would normally be expected to oppose the importation of copper from other countries had wired me that the ex- tremely short supply might force them to a final shut-down in operations some time in March or April unless imme- diate relief was forthcoming. Even though all of us realize that this committee has before it the arduous and tremendously important task, with first priority, of conducting hearings and pre- paring a bill to relieve the harassed tax- payers of this country and give the work- ingman an increase in his take-home pay, so long overdue, they recognized the acute emergency created by this copper shortage. They went into action imme- diately. I am informed that a bill “to provide adequate supplies of copper” will shortly be reported to the House, where I sin- cerely trust it will have prompt and favorable attention. On behalf of the industries in my dis- trict who will benefit from this speedy and sound action, and on behalf of the thousands of working people employed by them who might otherwise shortly be walking the streets for want of a job, I cannot express in too extravagant terms the appreciation of the people of the Fortieth New York District, which I have the honor to represent. Down to Cases EXTENSION OF REMARKS oF HON. GEORGE B. SCHWABE OF OKLAHOMA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 6, 1947 Mr. SCHWABE of Oklahoma. Mr. Speaker, I am sure that many Members of Congress have heard from their con- stituents urging prompt and decisive action by this Congress. The difficulty is that the people do not know what a colossal undertaking faces us. However, the information is gradually reaching the people, and I am happy to note that one of the large newspapers of my sec- tion of the country has a thorough un- derstanding and a proper diagnosis of the situation, and has voluntarily sought to explain it to its readers. I quote with pleasure the following editorial from a recent issue of the Tulsa Daily World: DOWN TO CASES Many reports of cuts and restorations and compromises on the National Budget have come and gone, but there is no certainty what the result will be when both Houses have had their innings, That is typical of pretty much the whole congressional situa- tion. The big talk is about over and the time for final work on the vital measures is practically at hand. It is likely people fool themselves about what Congress is doing or is likely to do. Few committee reports, except on routine matters, are ever conclusive. About the first of the year, and even immediately after the election, a great many people followed the vociferous politicians in declamations to the effect that price curbs would go off right away, spending would be reduced, a million Government employees would be fired, labor legislation would be passed right away to pre- vent strikes and hold-ups, the budget would be balanced, and so forth. All that was as- sumed; the campaign was not quite over when all these bright remarks were made, Right now Congress is situated this way: There is a broad, general plan to cut expen- ditures, and upon that cut depends the size of the Army and Navy appropriations; the reduction of the national debt, if any; the cost of the Veterans’ Administration; the maintenance or demolition of OPA and all controls. Talk of these subjects has been on all at once; now the items must be taken up separately. Ordinarily, major legislation is not passed by a new Congress until its third month; that month is soon to open, It is for these reasons we say people fool them- selves or are fooled by loud talk. Possibly the severest headache of all is UNRRA,.oF world. relief. The Hoover report put a damper upon Congress and stopped APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD such talk of less expenditures. The contriv- ance of world relief on the scale suggested amounts to policy. This policy interferes with the school-lunch program at home, the demolition of controls, the appropriations for defense and almost everything else. This interlocking makes the task of Congress hurd and complicated. Therefore, it is rather poor statesmanship and poorer politics to be shouting so long before getting out of the woods. The people expected too much of this Congress, which also expected too much of itself. It is entirely too early to blow up and say that Congress is a failure, that it isn’t doing anything, that it has reneged on its promises, etc. All the big affairs are still in the mill, and the mill works on schedule, not directly upon popular dicta- tion or wishful thinking. By May 1 it will be safe to predict and to apportion considerable blume or praise. The new Congress is get- ting down to cases. The Case Against the Admirals Is Subsi- dized Tirade Against the Navy EXTENSION OF REMARKS oF HON. JAMES E. VAN ZANDT OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 6, 1947 Mr. VAN ZANDT. Mr. Speaker, Mem- bers of Congress recently received a book written by William Bradford Huie, titled “The Case Against the Admirals.” The Navy Club of the United States of America, after an investigation, in- sists that the distribution of the book to Members of Congress was financed by a group of 20 or more American Air Force officers. Obviously, this subsidized propaganda was meant to influence Congress against those who had the courage to disagree with the propased merger of our armed forces and which involves establishing the Army Air Force as a separate entity. It is interesting to note that the in- vestigation conducted by the Navy Club of the United States of America reveals that Wiliam Bradford Hute, auther of The Case Against the Admirals, made application for discharge as a commis- sioned officer in the United States Navy in October 1944 before the war ended on the grounds that he had no technical or military experience. His application for discharge was changed to a request for inactive duty which was approved January 1945. In his request for dis- charge William Bradford Huie publicly confessed his ignorance of technical or military knowledge thus refuting his claim that he is an expert on such matters. The Navy Club of the United States of America, after due investigation, has released the following information that clearly indicates that William Bradford Huie was talking through his hat and in Navy parlance—he is all wet. The letter I recelved from Earl Law- son, commandant of. the Navy Club of the United States, with a.statement de-
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD nying Huie’s allegations, are herewith submitted: Navy Cius of THE Unirep ETATES OF AMERICA, Rockford, Ill. Hon. James E. VAN ZANDT, Member of Congress, House Office Building, Washington, D.C. Drar CONGRESSMAN VAN ZANDT: AS CcOom- mandaht, Navy Club, United States of America, the bock, The Case Against the Admirals, by William Eradford Tule, pub- lished by E. P. Dutton & Co., has aroused my unfavorable intcrest, as well as that of every shipmate who has read the bock. NCUSA members have, I believe, recognized the book for what it is: An obviously sub- sidized tirade against the Navy, based upon a handful of partial facts and misrepresenta- tions When I assumed office I asked some of my shipmates to undertake an investigation of public facts to find out the truth of the alle- gations contained in the book. Our organi- zation—composed of personnel who have served, or are now serving, in the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Cuard—has no huge bankroll, and the work has been voluntary. As a result it has taken a long time to com- plete. We have, I believe, found enough dis- crepancies in the book, variations from straight truth, if you will, to clearly refute everything in the book. A copy of our find- ings is enclosed. Congressman Horrman, of Michigan, ac- cording to news dispatches, recently ques- tioned the sending of a copy of this book to each Member of Congress and wondered whether public money had financed this dis- tribution. Mr. Huie was subsequently quoted in the press as saying he and his publisher were responsible for this wholesale distribu- tion. Our investigation reveals that the dis- tribution was financed by a group of about twenty or so former AAF officers, now civilians, and not by either the War Depart- ment, or Mr. Huie and his publishers. Mr. Huie is an old hand at writing tirades based upon incomplete, or entirely erroneous information. In 1941 there appeared an article by him in Collier's, entitled “How to Keep Football Stars in College.” It was pri- marily an indictment of University of Ala- bama. In the Collier's editorial column of its issue dated April 5, 1941, the magazine apologized for publishing the Huie article, saying it had done so “on the basis of in- formation which was considered reliable." Collier’s, the statement said “accepted and published the article in good faith. Seurch- ing inquiry,” said Collier's, “did not con- firm Mr. Hute'’s statements * * *. Col- Her'’s is convinced that a serious injustice was done the University of Alabama, its faculty, its athletic coaches, its students, and its alumni by publication of the article referred to, and for this reason we sincerely regret its publication and are happy to make this statement.” We believe this offers sound basis for questioning both the facts and conclusions drawn by Mr. Hule. Further, it is interesting to note that in all the publicity about the book, no quali- fications setting Mr. Hule up as an expert were given, beyond reference to his naval service. M.. Huie enlisted in th» Navy to write about the Seabees in April 1943. He was commissioned a junior grade lieutenant the following January. In October of the same year he submitted a letter of resigna- tion, saying he had no technical or military experience. The letter was later changed to @ request for inactive duty, which was granted ir January 1946, Why did Mr. Huie, who in October 1944, believe he had insufficient technical or military experience to discharge the duties of a junior grade lieutenant, believe he had, about a year later, sufficient experience to write this book? Sincerely, EARL LAWSON, Commandant, Navy Club, U.S. A. In chapter 1, the author, William Bradford Huile, opens his so-called case against the Navy by dealing at length with the conclu- sions of the “Baker board,’ and “blaming” the Navy for those conclusions. The “Beker board" (War Department special committee on Army Air Corps) was, as its cfficial name implies, a War Department board. Its chair- man was Newton D. Baker, a former Sccre- tary of Wer. It was composed of Army offi- cers and civilians. The Nevy was in no way concerned with the boaid and was not rep- resented on it. On page 29, the statement is made, “Tue B-29's knocked Japan out of the war.” On the face of It, this statemcnt ts silly. Japan was knocked out of the war as a result of the combined pressure exerted by all the forces under command of General MacArthur and Admiral Nimitz. Alone, the B-29 could not have operated against Japar.. With an effec- tive combat radius of about 1,500 miles, the E 29's could not operate until bases in the Marianas and Iwo Jima were taken by forces under Admira: Nimitz. at a total cost of 46,700 casualties suffered by Marines, the Navy, and other Army units. The triendly base at Iwo plus the Japanese air units knocked out over the homeland by naval air 5,216 planes during 1945 enabled the B-29 to lower their bombing altitude from 30,000 feet to eight to ten thousand feet. Published statements by Genera) LeMay, when he assumed command of the Twentieth Air Force at Saipan indicate tnat the high level attacks were not militarily successful. The B-29’s couldn't have operated withcut the combined assistance of the ground forces, the Navy and Marine Corps. As to whether they knocKed out Japan, consider the 4,900,- 000 tons of Japanese merchant shipping— 60 percent of the total—sunk by submarines. This, according to Japanese testimony, strangled Jepanese industry. Vice Admiral Ozawa, who commanded the Jrpanese Third Fleet, testified that even before the Marianas campaign, the shortage of fuel was keenly felt. This was before the B-29 campaign began. A book—many volumes—remain to be written totaling the efforts of all branches against Japan, but this should give the lie to the flat statement that the B-29's knocked Japan out. On page 40 appears this statement, “Ad- miral King insisted that Army flights stop at the shoreline. At last, in 1935, the Navy grudgingly permitted Army planes to fly 200 miles to sea.” The author in this book makes reference to a previous book, highly successful, The Fight for Air Power, in which he made vir- tually the same statement. He scent a capy to Admiral King, then Commander in Chie’, United States Fleet, who wrote Huie, under date of February 1, 1943, and said, “It is ob- vious that you are ill-informed—or have been ill-advised (by our sponsors?)—as to my aviation experience. * * * Further, you have attributed to me remarks which I can assure you I have never made, no matter from what source you may have taken them.” Far from restricting the range of Army planes to 800 miles, the Navy in 1938 was engaged in preparing war plans predicated on the hope that Army aircraft could assist in a war effort to the maximum radius of their aircraft. In 1938 this radius, as re- ported by the Army, was 587 nautical miles, which figures were accented as the planning figure at that time. On page 41-42 is this statement: “Navy would permit no Army Air Force bases to be set up along the shoreline, etc.” There A&8i9 follows considerable discussion of the air bases in Washington, D. C., Anacostia and Bolling. During World War I a sincere effort was made to set up joint air bases. The Navy desired to push its shore stations as close to the sea as possible, while the Army sought to locate them close to the cities 1t was ex- pected to protect. One joint site was devel- oped—North Island—but the Army moved out when the station became overcrowded. The Army also moved out of Anacostia and established Bolling when Anacostiu became overcrowded. The Army has subsequently built Andrews Field, a few short miles away. but still operates Bolling. In the Pactic both services built and maintained island ar fields, but none who fought in the Pacifc ever said there was too much of anything. At no place where there were two fields wou'd one have bzen suffictent On page 66: “In 1946, with the Navy com- mitted to a test of the efficiency of atomic weapons against surface ships, the American people shculd be on guard. Efforts mav be made to rig the test or to suppress or falsify the results " Operations Crossrouds was directed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff as a test rather than a contest. While joint ‘ask Force No. 1, charged with carrying out the mission. was commanded by Vice Adm. William H. P. Blandy, a Navy man, an Army officer was second in command, and Army officers di- rected air communications, Ground Forces, Air Forces, logistics, intelligence and invita- tions to nonmilitary observers. Competent and unbiased civilian observers were present, as well as a personal representative of the President. How then cou!d the tests be rigged or results be falsificd. Page 92: The discussions of the Martin- Bellinger plan for the employment of bom- bardment aviation in the defense of Oahu. Allegations that the Navy hierarchy tossed this plan aside are without toundation, ac- cording to the records. The Murtin-Bellinger plan, resulting from an estimate of the situ- ation for the defense of Hawaii, provided that long-range air search should be performed by the Navy, since protection of sea ap- proaches is a naval task. It also provided that Army planes would be used should the number of naval aircraft be too few. The plan was adopted in March 1941, and re- mained in effect on December 7, 1941. The fuct remains there were insufficient planes, either Army or Navy, to do the job properly. Page 106: “But because the admirals and old ground generals would rot admit the premise, would not admit that land-based planes either would or should be a factor in the ‘high seas’engagement * * *.” In February 1939, the Chief of Naval Oper- ations directed all subordinate commandcrs to engage in joint air exercises. BATTLE OF MIDWAY Huie has made many erroneous statements in this section. While in pointing out and correcting these errors it may appear 80, no intent to detract from the gallant efforts of the Army Air Forces is contained herein. Full reports of Midway—corroborated by cap- tured enemy documents and by testimony collected after the close of hostilities—indi- cate that no hits were made in this battle by high-level bombers and that Navy and Marine Corps dive bombers inflicted all dam- age. Page 113: “The argument whether Army. Navy or Marine fliers sank the most ships.” Although the Army Air Forces contributed greatly to breaking up the enemy formation, their high-level bombers scored no hits— according to enemy survival reports. Eleven B-17's returning to Midway reported drop- ping 20 thousand-pound bombs on a cruiser “which sank in 15 seconds.” The “cruiser” was the United States submarine Grayling, which submerged, undamaged, after failing
A880 to establish its identity with the Army pilots. At Midway there were 243 carrier aircrait, 62 Marine planes and 36 Navy planes based on Midway, and 21 Army planes (4 B-26 tor- pedoes and 17 B-17's). Page 113: “The men who flew Helldivers.” The Helldiver (SB2C) did not appear in combat until November 1943, 17 months after Midway. Page 117: “Why didn't our carrier planes operate off the land base?” Stix TBF’s (carrier type torpedoes) did op- erate from Midway. Page 117: “* * * the Jap bombers would have no target but the unsinkable is- lands * * *.” More land-based planes (there was no room for more) would have given Jap bomb- ers additional targets, since not all could have been flown off on short notice. While ts- lands are unsinkable, they are also unma- neuverable, therefore destructible, as naval aircraft and surface ships demonstrated at Tarawa, Kwajalein, Wotje, Wake, Guam, Saipan, Tinian, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. Page 118: “Why were there no long-range, Jand-based torpedo planes * * *%?" There were. One Army flight of four B-26's, torpedo, was undertaken. No hits were scored. Two planes were lost. More- over, hindsight, as reported by Admiral R. A. Ofstie, Navy representative ou the strategic bombing survey, indicates that the efficiency of the torpedo plane—Navy or Army—was overrated. The dive bomber and masthead level bomber were most effective in the Pacific. Page 119: “Why were these Marine torpedo Planes equipped with floats?” There were no Marine floatplanes or sea- planes Page 126: “Early in September a gold- braided representative of the Navy Depart- ment called on the Sperry Co. and delivered an ultimatum.” Huie here ts alleging that Navy pressure forced the dismissal of then Col. Hugh Knerr as assistant to the president of Sperry. R. E. Gillmor wrote Rear Adm. H. B. Miller, as follows: “I was president of the company of ques- tion at the time. No factual basis exists for the statements and implications made by Mr. Hule * * *, It has long been the policy of the company to require that its em- ployees refrain from criticizing the Govern- ment departments which the company serves. General Knerr felt that he was unable to accord with that policy and consequently voluntarily left the company." Page 136: “The Normandy landing is con- vincing proof that battleships are of little use in a landing operation.” Rear Adm. Otto Schultz, German Navy, in an essay, said: “It is interesting to note that we were taken by surprise by the effect of the naval guns of the invasion fleet, both by their mul- tiplicity and by their aecuracy at extreme ranges. The firing technique of naval guns developed in order to support the Army dur- ing the invasion certainly justified itself and was responsible for a great part of the success.” Page 141: “And of men of five-star rank the Navy got four, the Army three, the Air Force one.” The Congress authorized five-star rank, providing four each for the Army and the Navy. The Army apportioned one to the Air Forces. The Navy commissioned three officers to this rank—Admirals King, Nimitz, and Leahy. Admiral Halsey was elevated to five stars when he retired. Page 141-2: “But Emmons (General Delos C.) was only a three-star general, 80 the Navy managed to get four stars for Nimitz, who was replacing a two-starred Admiral Kim- mel.” The job of Commander tn Chief, Pacific Fleet, is a four-star jab; Admiral Kimmel held four-star rank as CinCPac; Admiral Nimitz assumed it when he assumed the duties as CinCPac. Page 144: “The Navy began competing with the Air Force in the manufacture and pur- chases of B-24 bombers. The same planes which the admirals had tried to prevent the Air Force from developing, the admirals now began snatching for themselves.” The Navy snatched no aircraft. It obtained all aircraft, of whatever type, from the Joint (Army-Navy) Aircraft Committee and’ the Joint Munitions Assignment Board. Page 146: “Guadalcanal was the Navy command's first shot, not only against the Japanese, but also against the MacArthur threat to Navy supreme command ambitions .in the Pacific.” Guadalcanal was planned and ordered by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, consisting of Gen- erals Marshall and Arnold, Admirals King and Leahy. Page 148: “Of 16 warships and transports, every single ship was eunk and 40,000 Japa- nese soldiers and sailors were slaughtered” (Battle of Bismarck Sea). United States Strategic Bombing Survey reports give an entirely different tally. Eight cargo and troop-carrying ships and four de- stroyers were lost, and between 3,000 and 4,000 personnel. Two destroyers got away. General Kenney, in his testimony before the Senate Military Affairs Committee, claimed 22 ships sunk, including 3 cruisers. The Strategic Bombing Survey reports say no cruisers were present and cut General Ken- ney’s estimates to half. Page 150: “Of all the battles in the Pacific offensive this one (Battle of Leyte Gulf, Octo- ber 1944) came nearest to being an American disaster.” It is generally felt that sinking 26 Japanese ships and lossing 8 of our own may be con- sidered a victory. Page 151: “Japanese had little or no land- based power—130 planes.” Over 320 land-based planes were destroyed in the air during the Leyte Gulf battle, many more destroyed on the ground. Additionally, ships’ antiaircraft fire downed many kami- kazes (first appearance) which are land- based. Page 152: “American planes did 95 percent of the fighting, they were the guns that sunk all but two of the Japanese ships.” Final tallies credit aircraft with sinking 12 enemy ships, surface ships and submarines with sinking 14. Many of the 12 credited to air had been previously damaged by surface ships or submarines; many of 14 credited to surface ships and submarines had been dam-~ aged by aircraft. Page 168: “Charges of duplication by Naval Air Transport and Air Transport Command.” In the main they cperated to different destinations but of necessity used the same routes and the identical facilities over the approaches. The traffic was such that had there been but a single service there would have been no fewer planes, no fewer facilities. Sugar Rationing EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. ALVIN F. WEICHEL OF OHIO IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, January 7, 1947 Mr. WEICHEL. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Rrc- orp, I am including herewith the petition of William H. Emerine, of Alvada, Ohio, APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD and other Ohio residents, concerning the rationing of sugar: BTAMSOGAR A conspiracy intent on controlling all peo- ples of the earth by controlling the avail- ability of these nine basic products: . Steel. . Tungsten carbide. . Aluminum. . Magnesium, . Sugar, Oil, Gas. . Alcohol. . Rubber. Whereas in this day and age all mankind cannot for very long do without any or all of these basic products; and Whereas it is now known that 23 power- fully rich men of earth are bent on gaining control of these basic products; and Whereas those 23 men are determined to control the people of all earth by con- trolling these nine basic products; and Whereas sugar affects all of us directly through our diet; and Whereas sugar is necessary to our diet: Therefore, be it Resolved, That we, the undersigned, ask that you, ALVIN F, WEICHEL, introduce a res- olution in Congress to remove sugar from all rationing and to investigate as to why not sufficient sugar is being imported into the United States from sugar-producing countries. William H. Emerine, Minn! B. Frees, C. Snorrbusbick, Carl W. Trimbo, A. E. Porter, Mrs. Helen Rickard, Lila Caterman, Miriam Sterling, Mildred Dick, Alda Reese, Mrs. A. Whitacre, Mrs. J. G. Phillips, Mrs. Sy Ackerman, Frank W. Davis, Florence Schmidt, Mrs. Ross Dewyer, Mrs. Marvin Dewyer, Mrs. Wilbur Spence, Mrs. J. C. Harkin- son, Mrs. N. H. Plassman, H. C. Stephenson, Mrs. H. G. Snyder, Mrs. O. 8. Ervin, Mrs. Claudia Hartman, Mrs. W, A. Muir, Mrs, T. H. Rhotin, Mrs. I. W. Baird, Mrs. K, W. Householder, Mrs. I. F. Rolfes, Mrs. R. E. Ronor, Mrs. Wil- Mam Meyer, Mrs, Levi Warner, Del E. Phillip, Vera Garris, Martha Howe, Winifred Wickard, Kenneth Dean, Mrs. Ray Wickard, Mrs. Alice Gogal, Mrs. Lottie M. Swope, Emma Palmerton, Lessor Palmer- ton, John Shaw, Mrs. Harold Rubel, Dale Spackey, Mrs. Dale Spackey, Guy Swope, Mrs. Doyle Phillips, Mrs. Odna Pierce, Mrs. Byron Sim- mons, L. A. Miller, G. Sadler, R. V. Easley, Mrs. H. J. Grimm, Ida Buckingham, Mrs. Edith Smith, Mrs. Martha Brandebary, Mrs. A. J. Smalley, A. J. Smalley, George Road, Harry L. Teeple, Mary Craw- ford, Orville Crawford, Alton Crawford, Mrs. Helen Hampshire, Mrs, Carol Harvey, Mrs. Frank Waltz, Mrs. Joseph Krassou, Mrs. William Ault, Mrs. Roy Hamman, Mrs. Alton Harmon, Mrs. John Coakley, Mrs. Ray Swartz, Mrs, Earl Dick, Mrs. Perry E. Hamman, Mrs. W. 8. Hamman, Mrs. 8. Z. Bhair, 8. Z. Bhair, C, J. Wither- all, Roy Kiger, Ruth Kiger, Bert H. Kiger, E. P. Bevelhymer, Patri- cla Bevelhymer, Pete Bevelhymer, Karl Matuski, Mr, and Mrs. James L, Shane, Mr, and Mrs. C. F. Snow, Mr. and Mrs. Claron Bishop, Mr. and Mrs. Woodrow Bishop, Mr, and Mrs. H. W. Mandell, Mr. and Mrs, Elias Momsmith, Mr. and Mrs, Harold Heller, Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Lamey, Mrs, Loma Mc- OOIBMAWHH
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Garvey, B. L. McGarvey, Mrs. D. C. Coopes, Mr. and Mrs. Frank Sola- rik, Jr., Mr. and Mrs. Sam B. Huff, Gladys Morrison, Mrs. R. M. Hum- mel, Mrs. Kenneth Jones, Mrs. Pearl Vankirk, J. W. Snyder, Mrs. W. C. Hollaway, Mr. and Mrs. Clif- ford Arend, Mr. and Mrs. George Insley, Mr. and Mrs. Don Roth, Mr. and Mrs. Perry Donaldson, Mr. and Mrs. J. D. Sterling, Mr. and Mrs. John Wittenmeyer, Mr. and Mrs, Ford Simon, Mrs, D, C. Credicott, Mrs. Alvin Rose, Mrs. Anthony Valenti, W. L. Clark, Jim Thompson, Ray Thies, Andrew Simon, 8. T. Briggs, Steve Gywegi, Perry Wollam, Shirley Rice, Roy Rice, Kathryn Hamlin, Alice Dick, S. W. Kuney, Mrs. William Balz, Clarence Gouser, L. F. Ulch, Mrs. Kate Hartigan, Mrs. Leo Curtis, Fred Hamlin, Mrs. John Mallon, Mrs. A. B. Longfellow, Mrs. W. L. Hewirtt, Mrs. Frank Reese, Mrs. John M. Doyle, Mrs, William C. Lahey, Mr. and Mrs. Floyd Adams, Mrs. Ivan Snyder, G. A. Taylor, M. J. Blechinger, Mrs. Scott Reese, Mrs. Carrie Shane, Joseph E. Gi- rard, Mrs. Ray Kinney, Mrs. John Mathias, Mrs. L. R. Miller, Mrs. Richard Curtis, Mrs. Minnie Camp- bell, Mrs. Howard Stubbins. Poland’s Red Chains EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. ALVIN E. O’KONSK OF WISCONSIN e IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 6, 1947 Mr. O’KONSKI. Mr. Speaker, every son of Poland should read from cover to cover, again and again, the new book by former Polish Ambassador to Wash- ington, Jan Ciechanowski, Defeat in Vic- tory. . In cold print he will find there the answer to his bewilderment, his tragic disillusionment in his hopes of yester- day that were built upon the promise of a restored and free Poland. Why is Poland still in the chains of defeat, pillaged and robbed both spirit- ually and materially, though she suffered first, longest, and most for the cause of all humanity? Can those of us who are jealous of the future and freedom of Poland—and of any oppressed people—be sure that the Communist chains of Poland’s present oppressor were not forged here in Ameri- ca? And more, were not the sons of Po- land betrayed into serving those who even now sit at the same table with the oppressor? Let this book give answer. If we find there the betrayal of Poland by our American leaders, and, unwit- tingly, by our own hands, then we must, even to the last of our days, strive to erase. this shame. Every American of Polish descent must get to the bottom of this betrayal, for he knows betrayal there was. Every freedom-loving Pole must re- pudiate every person who had a hand in XCITI—App.——56 this shameful treatment of the Allies’ first fallen warrior. If we are guilty ourselves, however un- intentional our actions may have been, then in atonement we must bring to ac- count every single person and organi- zation who deceived us. What are the facts in Ambassador Ciechanowski’s book? First, the New Deal Democrat admin- istration sold out Poland at Tehran in 1943, under the personal supervision of the New Deal leadership. This was in secret—as were most of the subsequent conferences for the rea- son that the White House and the pal- ace guard were oversensitive that 1944 was a political year. There at Tehran in 1943, in secret, President Roosevelt handed Poland over to the beast of Red fascism—Russia. Did the Polish-American vote help in the elections of 1944? The Ambassador says in his book: From my friends among the political bosses in the Democratic Party I heard triumphant exultation concerning the so-called Polish vote which had so fully responded to the President's assurance given to the chairman of the Polish-American Congress on the Pres- idential train on October 28, 1944, that he would use all his mighty influence to assure the restoration of Poland's full independence. I was told that these assurances had caused the Americans of Polish descent to vote overwhelmingly for Roosevelt. This word was passed down through Democrat political ranks—eagerly re- peated and reprinted by the city bosses of the New Deal political machines in Chicago, in Cleveland, in Detroit, in Jersey City, in New York City. From the betrayal at Tehran in 1943 until after the elections of 1944, it was easy to keep secret the betrayal of Po- land with the cooperation of the New Deal city politicians. To these leaders, the Polish people were so much sheep to be herded behind their leaders. But the saddest, most tragic fact was that the Polish people in America helped blindly to betray their own motherland. Americans of Polish descent, therefore, helped to dig the grave of immortal Poland. Americans of Polish descent elected city officials in Chicago, Jersey City, Detroit, Cleveland, and elsewhere. This made possible the continued be- trayal of Poland to this very hour. It was possible because of the blind faith of Americans of Polish descent in the New Deal’s big city bosses. I was frequently asked by various campaign managers and especially by election agents of the New Deal, what I thought would be the most appropriate way to obtain the support of what they called “the Polish vote” for the Democratic machine— Reports the former Ambassador's book— Those questions show how anxiously the vote of the Americans of Polish descent was being watched and nursed. Did the city bosses want the Tehran agreements withdrawn? Did they raise even a whisper in behalf of their Polish voters? No. The Polish voters were given empty promises while their moth- erland was being bound in Red chains. You will find in detail in this reveal- ing book how, in 1943—the year of the A881 Tehran betrayal—orders were privately given to the Office of War Information in Washington direct from the White House to pump out pro-Russian and anti-Polish propaganda, while publicly the politicians in Washington and the Democrat bosses of the big city machines were carrying out a deliberately deceit- ful policy of “stringing along the Polish vote” with empty talk and vacuous prom- ises of deep concern for Poland's cause. No person who reads the well-named book, Defeat in Victory, can fail to see how utterly ruthless and disinterested the Democrat leadership was in the Polish cause. So long as they had “the Polish vote” sewed up by the Democrat city bosses, the machine was perfectly content, and after the successful election the New Dealers compounded the infamy of Tehran with another sell-out at Yalta. If there can be any doubt about this, let us find the answer to these questions: First. In Poland’s trying years of 1943 and 1944, did the Democrat New Deal President ever seek the advice and help of any honorable Americans of Polish descent? Not once did he do so. Second. Whose help did he seek? He conferred with men like Oscar Lange—Poland’s No. 1 Quisling. He sought the advice of his New Deal city bosses in Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Jersey City, and New York—but this was only to deliver the Polish vote to the New eal, Now, this unusual book by the former Ambassador covers a significant period. It opens when he presented his creden- tials to the President on March 4, 1941, as the envoy of Poland to the United States. It closes with the withdrawal of those credentials as the first official act of James F. Byrnes as President Tru- man's Secretary of State on July 5, 1945, President Truman has followed the New Deal pattern in foreign affairs with regard to Poland: He deposed Ambas- sador Ciechanowski, who is the author of Defeat in Victory. He acquiesced at Potsdam to the sell-out of Poland at Tehran and Yalta. Then Mr. Truman affirmed the credentials of the present vassals of Russia who now rule Poland. This is the undisputed record. So what of the future of Americans: of Polish descent? They have only be- gun to fight. In the elections of last November they began to settle the score with their betrayers, They already have repudiated the false leadership and the big city bosses. City elections will take place soon. Again they shall have the opportunity to repudiate the city bosses. They are de- termined to perform this civic service for humanity, for freedom, for the Polish motherland—and for their own America. They will watch the Communists, will know for whom they vote. As Americans they know that betrayal does not square with America—especially this treacherous betrayal of our most gallant and loyal ally, Poland. And if these sons of Poland blindly were led to betray the motherland by city bosses in America, then surely that freedom can be reborn. Here and now they have begun to cut the Red chains.
A8&2 The sons of Poland will be vassals to noone. One day they will be free—both in America and in Poland. Once they were blind. Now they see. Estimate 1947 Hay Sales at $12,000,000 EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. WILLIS W. BRADLEY OF CALIFORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ~ Thursday. March 6, 1947 Mr. BRADLEY of California. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my re- marks, I invite attention of the member- ship to the following article from the Artesia News, of Artesia, Calif.: ESTIMATE 1947 HAY SALES AT $12,000,000 As a rule, $12,000,000 ain’t hay, but in this case it is. That Artesia is destined to replace Hynes as the hay center of the world became ap- parent this week following a survey in which it was disclosed that approximately 812,000,- 000 worth of hay will be purchased by dairy- men in this area during the present year. Hay marketing, next to dairying, is this community's most important and profitable industry, and is contingent upon continued successes by dairy operators. In recent years dairies have grown in size and number until Artesiu now ts recognized as the hub of Los Angeles County's milkshed industry. A number of hay dealers from surrounding areas have announced their intentions of setting up stations in this community and conservative estimates predict double the amount of hay markets here within the next 2 months, which will bring the total to ap- proximately 15. New hay will make its appearance here in quantities starting the second week in April when incoming loads are expected to average 100 a day. With 15 tons as an average load, and @32 as an average price, this means 1,500 tons of hay, or $48,000 worth daily. Hay market operators say that hay will continue to come into this area at that rate for 6 months, which means that the total tonnage will hit 278,000. Multiply that figure by $32 and you get $8,736,000. During the off-season, incoming hay is expected to drop off to 50 or perhaps as low as 26 loads per day. Still being conservative, hay dealers say that over 100,000 tons of hay will be brought into this area during the off- season, which is $3,200,000 worth of feed for dairy cattle, bringing the total year's figure to nearly $12,000,000. Reason behind the movement of hay mar- kets to this area is pointed out as the steady, almost booming, growth of Artesia as the principal dairying area in the southland. Hay-market operators, to save time and money and at the same time offer better service to the largest number of dairymen, arn endeavoring to centralize their markets here. Heretofore, if located in E] Monte, Hynes, or Bellflower, they have had to haul their hay from the regions in which it is grown to their markets there and then transport it to this area. By locating their markets here, where a greater percentage of their sales are made, they can eliminate extra long trips. Dairies are being pushed eastward to the Orange County line by continued homebutid- ing and development of subdivisions in Los Angeles County. By actual count there are nearly 40,000 dairy cows in the Artesia area, more than at any other time in history, and hay markets are following in the wake of the eastward movement of the dairies. Tax Revision Can Make or Break American Business EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. GEORGE B. SCHWABE OF OKLAHOMA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 6, 1947 Mr. SCHWABE of Oklahoma. Mr. Speaker, I am just in receipt of the fol- lowing article by James H. McGraw, Jr., president of McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc., which I consider most illuminating: TAx REVISION CAN MAKE oR BREAK AMERICAN BUSINESS Is the American way of life—progress by private initiative—going to get a fair chance to demonstrate its superiority over all the challenging varieties of collectivism? That's the real question before Congress as it confronts the long labor ‘of remodeling the Federal tax structure. What Congress does about taxes will come pretty close to making or breaking the United States of America. Today the tax colossus that sprawis across the national economy is unguided by any central nervous system. Its crushing weight comes down first here, then there, as the giant wobbles around, unguided by any cen- tral purpose except to grab as much as it can. The central purpose of a tax system is simple. It should raise the necessary reve- nue without placing unnecessary fetters on enterprize. As recently as 1929 Federal taxes took only $1 out of every twenty of national income. A loose-jointed and inconsistent tax struc- ture was a nuisance then. But it wasn't serious. Today the Federal tax burden is the domi- nant element in the Nation’s economy. Even if Congress succeeds in cutting 86,- 000,000,000 out of President Truman's 8§37,- 500,000,000 budget, Federal taxes still will take about 61 out of every five of the national income. And few Congressmen are hopeful enough to think that they can get the tax load below $25,000,000,000 for any year that is in sight. DRASTIC BUDGET CUTS REQUIRED Indeed, to get the tax load down to 625,- 000,000,000, Congress will have to stop treat- ing expenditures, like those for military pur- poses and veterans, as politically sacrosanct. Congress must scrutinize every item in the budget. Economy must go along with tax cutting or we shall end in bankruptcy. Suppose that expenditures are slashed to the bone. Our taxes still will be so heavy that the way they are loaded on the Nation’s back will make a big diflerence in how well the Nation gets along. That’s something which the postwar boom has tended to obscure. It will become much clearer as this boom wears off. Then a remodeling of the Federal tax system to remove its manifold obstructions to private enterprise will be of transcendent and obvious importance to everybody. TAX EXPERTS AGREE The remodeling will require political cour- age plus tax wisdom. Congress must supply its own political courage. But it can lean on tax experts for tax wisdom. Fortunately, tax experts now agree on the necessary re- forms—especially on those that will remove obstructions to business. How well the tax experts agree is shown in the charts on this page, summarizing answers to a question- naire on possible Federal tax reform. The questions were asked by the department of economics of the McGraw-Hill. Publishing Co. The answers came from a broad cross- section of tax experts, including the authors APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of a considerable crop of books on postwar Federal taxes and what to do about them. The experts agree that double taxation of corporate dividends should stop. They agree that the tax rate on corporate income (now 38 percent) should be reduced as rapidly as possible to the initial rate on individual income (now 20 percent). And they agree overwhelmingly that it is desirable to let net losses be subtracted from net profits over a 5-to-6-year period in com- puting business income for tax purposes. All three changes would stimulate corpo- rate initiative and hence make jobs. Averng- ing business incomes would make new ven- tures attractive even though these ventures might result in early losses. Reduction of the corporate income tax would hove the same effect. So, too, would the elimination of the highly discriminatory provision whcre- by corporate dividends are taxed first as cor- porate profits, and again when received as income by individuals. PENALTIES ON INCENTIVES Beyond these changes, there must be an end to tax penalties on individual initiative. Consider the enterprising businessman whose income fluctuates markedly {rom year to year. Because of his enterprise he may pay, on the same income, twice as much Federal income tax as the man who plays it safe for a steady income. That’s because he can't average his personal income over several years for tax purposes. He can count on heavy taxation of his good-year profits with no chance for offsetting against them his bad-year losses. It is a case of heads you lose, tails the tax collector wins. Eighty- six percent of the experts agree that an in- come-averaging allowance for individuals is desirable. Three-quarters of them also agree that tax rates at the top end of the individual income scale (now running up almost to 90 percent) should.come down. In my judgment, the total tax should not amount to more than 50 percent to encourage businessmen to venture for high stakes. Advocating tax relief for men in the higher income bracketa—and particularly for man- agement men—has been considered political suicide for more than a decade. Some Mem- bers of Congress still hold that view. A Democratic Congressman from Michigan told an Illinois colleague who advocated cutting upper bracket taxes, “If you put that idea forward at home, you won't come back.” The Congressman has an even better chance of not going back if our economy bogs down. One of the best ways to bog it down is to keep the taxes that destroy busi- ness incentives and block enterprise—for ex- ample, the confiscatory rates which drive high-bracket people away from risk-taking. To give the American system of individual enterprise a fair chance was clearly the man- date of November's election. To give it that chance, enterprising businessmen must have e@ chance to make large rewards—as well as the always-present chance to lose their shirts. Under present tax rates, they don't get a break. Prevailing Federal taxation throttles bold business enterprise in other ways. It fails, for example, to encourage research and rapid industrial modernization. It tends to siphon investment away from private enterprise— driving it into tax-exempt State and local securities. (The experts agree almost to a man that euch tax exemption must be elimi- nated.) The list of obstacles could be amplified. . HIT-AND-RUN REVISION DISASTROUS ‘Most of the reforms needed to prevent the Federal tax system from smothering enter- prise would lower Federal revénues—at least, temporarily. Elimination of the double tax- ation of corporate dividends might lop off 800,000,000. Dropping the corporate income