datamatters24/research-document-archive huggingface dataset:
I
106TH CONGRESS
2D SESSION
H. R. 5568
To encourage employer selection of freedom-of-choice health coverage.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
OCTOBER 26, 2000
Mr. DEMINT (for himself, Mr. ARMEY, Mr. COOKSEY, and Mr. TOOMEY) in-
troduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Edu-
cation and the Workforce, and in addition to the Committee on Ways and
Means, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in
each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdic-
tion of the committee concerned
A BILL
To encourage employer selection of freedom-of-choice health
coverage.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SEC. 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Patients’ Declaration
of Independence Act of 2000’’.
SEC. 2. FREEDOM OF CHOICE FOR EMPLOYEES.
(a) EMPLOYER FREEDOM FROM LIABILITY.—In the
case of a group health plan that is a freedom-of-choice
plan with respect to a participant or beneficiary—
(1) an employer maintaining the plan shall not
be liable pursuant to any cause of action relating to
the provision of (or failure to provide, or manner of
provision of) benefits under any health insurance
coverage that may be secured by such participant or
beneficiary in connection with the plan, and
(2) there shall be no right of recovery, indem-
nity, or contribution by a person against such an
employer (or an employee of such such an employer
acting within the scope of employment) for damages
assessed against the person pursuant to any such
cause of action.
For purposes of title I of the Employee Retirement Income
Security Act of 1974, any such employer (and any such
employee) shall not be considered a fiduciary of the plan.
(b) FREEDOM-OF-CHOICE
PLAN
DEFINED.—For
purposes of this section, a freedom-of-choice group health
plan described in this subsection, with respect to a partici-
pant or beneficiary, is a group health plan that—
(1) provides benefits on behalf of the partici-
pant or beneficiary only in the form of a contribu-
tion towards the cost of health insurance coverage
that meets the applicable requirements of law;
(2) does not impose any restriction with respect
to such coverage, including the benefits available
under such coverage, the health insurance issuer
that offers such coverage, and the selection of such
coverage; and
(3) provides that the participant (and not the
employer or plan) is the owner of the health insur-
ance coverage.
For purposes of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, a
contribution described in paragraph (1) shall be treated
as employer-provided coverage under a health plan.
(c) ADDITIONAL DEFINITIONS.—The definitions con-
tained in section 2791 of the Public Health Service Act
shall apply for purposes of this section.
Æ
I
106TH CONGRESS
1ST SESSION
H. R. 556
To amend titles 5 and 37 of the United States Code to allow members
of the armed forces to participate in the Thrift Savings Plan.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
FEBRUARY 3, 1999
Mr. MICA (for himself and Mr. PICKETT) introduced the following bill; which
was referred to the Committee on Government Reform, and in addition
to the Committee on Armed Services, for a period to be subsequently de-
termined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions
as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned
A BILL
To amend titles 5 and 37 of the United States Code to
allow members of the armed forces to participate in
the Thrift Savings Plan.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. AMENDMENTS TO TITLE 5, UNITED STATES
CODE.
(a) AUTHORITY
FOR MEMBERS
OF
THE ARMED
FORCES TO CONTRIBUTE
TO
THE THRIFT SAVINGS
FUND.—(1) Subchapter III of chapter 84 of title 5,
I
106TH CONGRESS
2D SESSION
H. R. 5575
To amend title II of the Social Security Act to eliminate the two-year
waiting period for divorced spouse’s benefits following the divorce.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
OCTOBER 26, 2000
Mrs. LOWEY introduced the following bill; which was referred to the
Committee on Ways and Means
A BILL
To amend title II of the Social Security Act to eliminate
the two-year waiting period for divorced spouse’s benefits
following the divorce.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. EXEMPTION FROM TWO-YEAR WAITING PERIOD
FOR DIVORCED SPOUSE’S BENEFITS FOL-
LOWING THE DIVORCE IN CASES OF PRIOR
RECEIPT OF SPOUSE’S BENEFITS.
(a) 
WIFE’S
INSURANCE
BENEFITS.—Section
202(b)(5)(A) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C.
402(b)(5)(A)) is amended by striking ‘‘divorced wife—’’
and all that follows through ‘‘shall be entitled’’ and insert-
ing ‘‘divorced wife meets the requirements of subpara-
graphs (A) through (D) of paragraph (1), shall be enti-
tled’’.
(b) HUSBAND’S
INSURANCE
BENEFITS.—Section
202(c)(5)(A) of such Act (42 U.S.C. 402(c)(5)(A)) is
amended by striking ‘‘divorced husband—’’ and all that
follows through ‘‘shall be entitled’’ and inserting ‘‘divorced
husband meets the requirements of subparagraphs (A)
through (D) of paragraph (1), shall be entitled’’.
(c) EXEMPTION FROM DEDUCTIONS ON ACCOUNT OF
WORK.—Section 203(b)(2) of such Act (42 U.S.C.
403(b)(2)) is amended—
(1) by striking ‘‘(2)(A) Except as’’ and all that
follows through ‘‘the benefit to which’’ and inserting
the following: ‘‘(2) In any case in which any of the
other persons referred to in paragraph (1)(B) is en-
titled to monthly benefits as a divorced spouse under
subsection (b) or (c) of section 202 for any month,
the benefit to which’’; and
(2) by striking subparagraph (B).
SEC. 2. EFFECTIVE DATE.
The amendments made by section 1 shall apply with
respect to benefits for months after the date of the enact-
ment of this Act.
Æ
I
106TH CONGRESS
2D SESSION
H. R. 5576
To amend title II of the Social Security Act to provide for increases in
widow’s and widower’s insurance benefits by reason of delayed retirement.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
OCTOBER 26, 2000
Mrs. LOWEY introduced the following bill; which was referred to the
Committee on Ways and Means
A BILL
To amend title II of the Social Security Act to provide
for increases in widow’s and widower’s insurance benefits
by reason of delayed retirement.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. INCREASE IN WIDOW’S AND WIDOWER’S INSUR-
ANCE BENEFITS BY REASON OF DELAYED RE-
TIREMENT.
(a) DELAYED RETIREMENT CREDIT FOR WIDOW’S
AND WIDOWER’S BENEFITS.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Section 202(w)(1) of the So-
cial 
Security 
Act 
(42 
U.S.C. 
402(w)(1)) 
is
amended—
(A) in paragraph (1) by striking ‘‘old-age
insurance benefit’’ and inserting ‘‘old-age, wid-
ow’s, or widower’s insurance benefit’’;
(B) in paragraph (2), by striking ‘‘the
number of increment months for any indi-
vidual’’ in the matter preceding subparagraph
(A) and inserting ‘‘the number of increment
months for any individual to whom an old-age,
widow’s, or widower’s insurance benefit is pay-
able as described in paragraph (1)’’; and
(C) by striking paragraph (2)(B) and in-
serting the following:
‘‘(B) with respect to which—
‘‘(i) in the case of an individual to
whom an old-age insurance benefit is pay-
able, such individual was a fully insured
individual (as defined in section 214(a))
and either was not entitled to such a ben-
efit or suffered deductions under section
203(b) or 203(c) in amounts equal to the
amount of such benefit, and
‘‘(ii) in the case of an individual to
whom a widow’s or widower’s insurance
benefit is payable, such individual satisfied
subparagraphs (A), (B), and (D) of sub-
SEC. 2. SAFE HARBOR UNDER THE ANTI-KICKBACK STAT-
UTE FOR HOSPITAL RESTOCKING OF CER-
TAIN AMBULANCE DRUGS AND SUPPLIES.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 1128B(b)(3) of the Social
Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1320a–7b(b)(3)) is amended—
(1) by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end of subpara-
graph (E);
(2) by striking the period at the end of sub-
paragraph (F) and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and
(3) by adding at the end the following new sub-
paragraph:
‘‘(G) any remuneration from a hospital to an
ambulance provider if—
‘‘(i) the ambulance provider is owned or
operated (I) by a State or local government
agency or (II) by an organization that is de-
scribed in paragraph (3) or (4) of section
501(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986
and that is exempt from taxation under section
501(a) of such Code;
‘‘(ii) the remuneration is in the form of the
replenishment of drugs or supplies, or both,
used by the ambulance provider during the
transport of a patient to the hospital; and
‘‘(iii) the remuneration is not determined
in a manner that takes into account the volume
I
106TH CONGRESS
2D SESSION
H. R. 5577
To amend title II of the Social Security Act to provide for full benefits
for disabled widows and widowers without regard to age.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
OCTOBER 26, 2000
Mrs. LOWEY introduced the following bill; which was referred to the
Committee on Ways and Means
A BILL
To amend title II of the Social Security Act to provide
for full benefits for disabled widows and widowers with-
out regard to age.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. FULL BENEFITS FOR DISABLED WIDOWS AND
WIDOWERS WITHOUT REGARD TO AGE.
(a) ELIGIBILITY FOR WIDOW’S INSURANCE BENE-
FITS.—Section 202(e) of the Social Security Act (42
U.S.C. 402(e)) is amended—
(1) in paragraph (1)(B), by striking ‘‘has at-
tained age 50 but has not attained age 60 and’’;
(2) in paragraph (3)(A), by striking ‘‘after at-
taining age 50 if she was entitled before such mar-
riage occurred’’ and inserting ‘‘after having been en-
titled’’; and
(3) in paragraph (3)(B), by striking ‘‘after at-
taining age 50’’.
(b) ELIGIBILITY FOR WIDOWER’S INSURANCE BENE-
FITS.—Section 202(f) of such Act (42 U.S.C. 402(f)) is
amended—
(1) in paragraph (1)(B), by striking ‘‘has at-
tained age 50 but has not attained age 60 and’’;
(2) in paragraph (4)(A), by striking ‘‘after at-
taining age 50 if he was entitled before such mar-
riage occurred’’ and inserting ‘‘after having been en-
titled’’; and
(3) in paragraph (4)(B), by striking ‘‘after at-
taining age 50’’.
SEC. 2. EXEMPTION FROM REDUCTIONS IN BENEFITS.
Section 202(q) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C.
402(q)) is amended—
(1) in paragraph (3)(A), by striking ‘‘age 50’’
and inserting ‘‘age 60’’; and
(2) by adding at the end the following new
paragraph:
‘‘(12) Notwithstanding any other provision of this
section, there shall be no reduction under this subsection
in the widow’s or widower’s insurance benefit of an indi-
vidual for any month in which such individual is under
a disability (as defined in section 223(d)); and none of
the provisions of this subsection shall apply with respect
to such benefit even though such benefit may have been
so reduced prior to the onset of such disability.’’.
SEC. 3. EFFECTIVE DATE AND REDETERMINATION OF BEN-
EFITS.
The amendments made by this Act shall apply with
respect to monthly insurance benefits payable under title
II of the Social Security Act for months after the month
in which this Act is enacted. The Commissioner of Social
Security (without the necessity of any application there-
for) shall redetermine the amount of any widow’s or wid-
ower’s insurance benefit which is payable for the month
in which this Act is enacted in order to reflect such
amendments as provided in the preceding sentence.
Æ
I
106TH CONGRESS
2D SESSION
H. R. 5578
To amend title II of the Social Security Act to repeal the 7-year restriction
on eligibility for widow’s and widower’s insurance benefits based on disability.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
OCTOBER 26, 2000
Mrs. LOWEY introduced the following bill; which was referred to the
Committee on Ways and Means
A BILL
To amend title II of the Social Security Act to repeal the
7-year restriction on eligibility for widow’s and widower’s
insurance benefits based on disability.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. REPEAL OF 7-YEAR RESTRICTION ON ELIGI-
BILITY FOR WIDOW’S AND WIDOWER’S INSUR-
ANCE BENEFITS BASED ON DISABILITY.
(a) WIDOW’S INSURANCE BENEFITS.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Section 202(e) of the Social
Security Act (42 U.S.C. 402(e)) is amended—
(A) in paragraph (1)(B)(ii), by striking
‘‘which began before the end of the period spec-
ified in paragraph (4)’’;
(B) in paragraph (1)(F)(ii), by striking
‘‘(I) in the period specified in paragraph (4)
and (II)’’;
(C) by striking paragraph (4) and by re-
designating paragraphs (5) through (9) as
paragraphs (4) through (8), respectively; and
(D) in paragraph (4)(A)(ii) (as redesig-
nated), by striking ‘‘whichever’’ and all that fol-
lows through ‘‘begins’’ and inserting ‘‘the first
day of the seventeenth month before the month
in which her application is filed’’.
(2) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.—
(A) Section 202(e)(1)(F)(i) of such Act
(42 U.S.C. 402(e)(1)(F)(i)) is amended by
striking ‘‘paragraph (5)’’ and inserting ‘‘para-
graph (4)’’.
(B) Section 202(e)(1)(C)(ii)(III) of such
Act (42 U.S.C. 402(e)(2)(C)(ii)(III)) is amend-
ed by striking ‘‘paragraph (8)’’ and inserting
‘‘paragraph (7)’’.
(C) Section 202(e)(2)(A) of such Act (42
U.S.C. 402(e)(2)(A)) is amended by striking
or value of any referrals or business otherwise
generated between the parties for which pay-
ment may be made in whole or part under a
Federal health care program.’’.
(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by
subsection (a) shall apply to remuneration provided on or
after the date of the enactment of this Act.
Æ
‘‘paragraph (7)’’ and inserting ‘‘paragraph
(6)’’.
(D) Section 226(e)(1)(A)(i) of such Act
(42 U.S.C. 426(e)(1)(A)(i)) is amended by
striking ‘‘202(e)(4),’’.
(b) WIDOWER’S INSURANCE BENEFITS.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Section 202(f) of such Act
(42 U.S.C. 402(f)) is amended—
(A) in paragraph (1)(B)(ii), by striking
‘‘which began before the end of the period spec-
ified in paragraph (5)’’;
(B) in paragraph (1)(F)(ii), by striking
‘‘(I) in the period specified in paragraph (5)
and (II)’’;
(C) by striking paragraph (5) and by re-
designating paragraphs (6) through (9) as
paragraphs (5) through (8), respectively; and
(D) in paragraph (5)(A)(ii) (as redesig-
nated), by striking ‘‘whichever’’ and all that fol-
lows through ‘‘begins’’ and inserting ‘‘the first
day of the seventeenth month before the month
in which his application is filed’’.
(2) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.—
(A) Section 202(f)(1)(F)(i) of such Act (42
U.S.C. 402(f)(1)(F)(i)) is amended by striking
‘‘paragraph (6)’’ and inserting ‘‘paragraph
(5)’’.
(B) Section 202(f)(1)(C)(ii)(III) of such
Act (42 U.S.C. 402(f)(2)(C)(ii)(III)) is amend-
ed by striking ‘‘paragraph (8)’’ and inserting
‘‘paragraph (7)’’.
(C) Section 226(e)(1)(A)(i) of such Act (as
amended by subsection (a)(2)) is further
amended by striking ‘‘202(f)(1)(B)(ii), and
202(f)(5)’’ 
and 
inserting 
‘‘and
202(f)(1)(B)(ii)’’.
(c) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by
this section shall apply with respect to benefits for months
after December 2000 for which applications are filed or
pending on or after January 1, 2001.
Æ
I
106TH CONGRESS
2D SESSION
H. R. 5579
To amend the Public Health Service Act to revise certain standards that
are required for petitions under the National Vaccine Injury Compensa-
tion Program.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
OCTOBER 26, 2000
Mr. MICA introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee
on Commerce
A BILL
To amend the Public Health Service Act to revise certain
standards that are required for petitions under the Na-
tional Vaccine Injury Compensation Program.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Vaccine Injury Com-
pensation Program Improvement Act of 2000’’.
SEC. 2. REVISION OF CERTAIN STANDARDS FOR PETITIONS
UNDER NATIONAL VACCINE INJURY COM-
PENSATION PROGRAM.
Section 2111(c)(1)(C) of the Public Health Service
Act (42 U.S.C. 300aa–11(c)(1)(C)) is amended by amend-
ing clause (ii) to read as follows:
‘‘(ii)(I) sustained, or had significantly ag-
gravated, any illness, disability, injury, or con-
dition in positive association with a vaccine re-
ferred to in subparagraph (A), but for an ill-
ness, disability, injury, or condition not set
forth in the Vaccine Injury Table, or
‘‘(II) sustained, or had significantly aggra-
vated, any illness, disability, injury, or condition
set forth in the Vaccine Injury Table in positive
association with a vaccine referred to in sub-
paragraph (A) the first symptom or manifesta-
tion of the onset or significant aggravation of
which did not occur within the time period set
forth in the Table,’’.
Æ
I
106TH CONGRESS
1ST SESSION
H. R. 557
To amend title XI of the Social Security Act to provide a safe harbor
under the anti-kickback statute for hospital restocking of certain ambu-
lance drugs and supplies.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
FEBRUARY 3, 1999
Mr. NEY (for himself, Mrs. JOHNSON of Connecticut, Mr. HOBSON, Mr.
LATOURETTE, Mr. BROWN of Ohio, Mr. WHITFIELD, Mr. GREEN of
Texas, Mr. STUPAK, Mr. MCHUGH, Mr. SHOWS, and Mr. BOEHLERT) in-
troduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Com-
merce, and in addition to the Committee on Ways and Means, for a pe-
riod to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for con-
sideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the commit-
tee concerned
A BILL
To amend title XI of the Social Security Act to provide
a safe harbor under the anti-kickback statute for hospital
restocking of certain ambulance drugs and supplies.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Community Safety Act
of 1999’’.
SECTION 1. TREATMENT UNDER THE CONGRESSIONAL
BUDGET ACT OF 1974 OF CERTAIN AMEND-
MENTS TO APPROPRIATION BILLS TO PAY
DOWN THE PUBLIC DEBT.
(a) TREATMENT
OF
CERTAIN
APPROPRIATION
AMENDMENTS.—Title III of the Congressional Budget
Act of 1974 is amended by adding at the end the following
new section:
‘‘TREATMENT OF CERTAIN AMENDMENTS TO
APPROPRIATION BILLS TO PAY DOWN THE PUBLIC DEBT
‘‘SEC. 316. In the House of Representatives, amend-
ments to appropriation bills under clause 2(f)(2) of rule
XXI of the Rules of the House of Representatives pro-
posing appropriations to the account established under
section 3113 of title 31, United States Code, to pay down
the public debt shall be treated as budget authority and
outlays for all purposes under this title.’’.
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—The table of con-
tents set forth in section 1(b) of the Congressional Budget
Act of 1974 is amended by adding after the item relating
to section 315 the following new item:
‘‘Sec. 316. Treatment of offsetting amendments to appropriation bills to pay
down the public debt.’’.
SEC. 2. OFFSETTING AMENDMENTS TO APPROPRIATION
BILLS TO REDUCE THE PUBLIC DEBT.
Clause 2(f) of rule XXI of the Rules of the House
of Representatives is amended by inserting ‘‘(1)’’ after
‘‘(f)’’ and by adding at the end the following new para-
graph:
‘‘(2) During the reading of an appropriation bill for
amendment in the Committee of the Whole House on the
state of the Union, it shall be in order to consider en bloc
amendments proposing only to reduce appropriations
among objects in the bill and make an appropriation to
the account established under section 3113 of title 31,
United States Code, to pay down the public debt without
increasing the levels of budget authority or outlays in the
bill.’’.
Æ
I
106TH CONGRESS
2D SESSION
H. R. 5582
To designate a portion of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area in Minnesota
as the ‘‘Bruce F. Vento Unit of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area
Wilderness’’.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
OCTOBER 26, 2000
Mr. OBERSTAR (for himself, Mr. SABO, Mr. PETERSON of Minnesota, Mr.
RAMSTAD, Mr. MINGE, Mr. LUTHER, and Mr. GUTKNECHT) introduced
the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Resources
A BILL
To designate a portion of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area
in Minnesota as the ‘‘Bruce F. Vento Unit of the Bound-
ary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness’’.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION. 1. BRUCE F. VENTO UNIT OF THE BOUNDARY WA-
TERS 
CANOE 
AREA 
WILDERNESS, 
MIN-
NESOTA.
(a) DESIGNATION.—The portion of the Boundary
Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, Minnesota, situated north
and east of the Gunflint Corridor and that is bounded by
the United States border with Canada to the north shall
be known and designated as the ‘‘Bruce F. Vento Unit
of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness’’.
(b) LEGAL REFERENCE.—Any reference in a law,
map, regulation, document, paper, or other record of the
United States to the area referred to in paragraph (1)
shall be deemed to be a reference to the ‘‘Bruce F. Vento
Unit of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness’’.
Æ
I
106TH CONGRESS
2D SESSION
H. R. 5584
To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to designate educational em-
powerment zones in certain low-income areas and to give a tax incentive
to attract teachers to work in such areas.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
OCTOBER 26, 2000
Mr. TOWNS introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee
on Ways and Means, and in addition to the Committee on Education and
the Workforce, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speak-
er, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the ju-
risdiction of the committee concerned
A BILL
To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to designate
educational empowerment zones in certain low-income
areas and to give a tax incentive to attract teachers
to work in such areas.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Educational Empower-
ment Act’’.
mit a complete and accurate application to the Sec-
retary at such time, in such manner, and containing
such information as the Secretary may require.
‘‘(2) CONDITIONS.—An eligible individual may
apply for loan repayment under this section after
completing the required number of years of quali-
fying employment.
‘‘(3) FULLY QUALIFIED TEACHERS.—An appli-
cation for loan repayment under this section shall
include such information as is necessary to dem-
onstrate that the applicant—
‘‘(A) if teaching in a public elementary or
secondary school (other than as a teacher in a
public charter school), has obtained State cer-
tification as a teacher (including certification
obtained through alternative routes to certifi-
cation) or passed the State teacher licensing
exam and holds a license to teach in such State;
and
‘‘(B) if teaching in—
‘‘(i) an elementary school, holds a
bachelor’s degree and demonstrates knowl-
edge and teaching skills in reading, writ-
ing, mathematics, science, and other areas
of the elementary school curriculum; or