A1440 receivers about the vital areas of the world, ineluding 50,000 behind the tron curtain. Manufacturers abroad are already producing the sets, although the ticklish task of dis- tribution has not yet been started. Experi- ments on cheaper models are progressing. The State Department's International Broadcrsting Division (the official name of the Voice of America) is constantly increas- ing the number of its programs. MORE TIME TO CHINA Next Friday a daily half-hour broadcast vill begin in the Amoy dialect of Chinese and Mandarin Chinese programs will be boosted from 2% hours a day to 3 hours. A 15-minute program in Lithuanian also will commence Estonian, Latvian, and He- brew will be added shortly. The addition of three new languages this week will bring to 28 the number of Voice broadcasts in more than 70 separate pro- grams for 34 program hoursaday The num- be- of words approximates 260,000. But even this volume, much of which is beamed toward Communist-dominated. countries, falls far short of the Russian out- put. The Soviets broadcast 647 hours a week, more than double total Voice programs. CURRENT PROGRAM SCHEDUI FD At present, the Voice's daily broadcasts to Europe are divided as follows: German to Austria, 30 minutes; Bulgarian, 45 minutes; Czech and Slovak, 1 hour; Eng- lish, 4 hours, 15 minutes; French, 45 min- utes, Finnish, 15 minutes, German to Ger- many, 1 hour; Hungarian, 45 minutes; Ital- fan, 1 hour, 10 minutes, Polish, 1 hour; Ru- manian, 45 minutes; Russian, 2 hours, Serbo- Croat, 1 hour; Slovene, 15 minutes; Spanish, 30 minutes, and Ukrainian, 30 minutes. To the Far East the present schedule ts: Cantonese, 1 hour, 30 minutes; English, 3 hours, Indonesian, 30 minutes, Korean, 1 hour, 15 minutes; Mandarin, 2 hours, 46 minutes; Russian, 30 minutes, and Viet Namese, 15 minutes. To the Near East: Arabic, 1 hour, Greek, 30 minutes, Persian, 45 minutes, and Turkish, 380 minutes. To Latin America. English, 1 hour, 15 minutes; Portuguese, 30 minutes; and Spanish, 2 hours, 30 minutes, POWER TO 200,000 WATTS Transmitters sending programs to Europe are located near New York City, Boston, and Cincinnati. Beamed via directional antennas ranging from 60,000 to 200,000 watts power, the transmissions are relayed by stations at Munich, Germany; Tangier, North Africa; Woofferton, England; and Salonika, Greece. To the Far East the programs are broad- cast from transmitters near San Francisco and relayed by stations at Honolulu and Manila, The Latin-American programs go out frum stations in this country. {From the Baltimore Sun of February 16, 1951} Vorce Now Sreessxs WIDENING DEFECTIONS oy Revs in EvRrore (By Robert W. Ruth) WasHINncron, February 15——The Voice of America, now that it is speaking up with some chance of being heard in Soviet Russia, ig hammering hard on one of the best anti- Marxist themes in years: the widening Com- munist defections in Europe. The story of bourgeois nationalist devia-~ tions, particularly in Italy, which the Voice is taking behind the tron curtain, comprises a skiliful mixture of news and propaganda. TEXT BY STATE DEPARTMENT Thies impulse to blend news and propa- ganda, however, is not always lost when the Voice of America discusses America. As @ consequence, the Voice sometimes takes on & tone that has a clear proadministration ring. What the Voice tells the world is p! here in the State Department's international broadcasting division. Last week a program entitled “Washington Observer” was tele- typed to New York, where it was broadcast abroad in various languages. Its treatment of the congressional debate about how many troops to send to Europe went as follows: “The so-called great debate on foreign affairs—that debate has left the fabric of the American foreign policy untorn. In fact, it turns out now that the process of discus- sion—as usual—is shaping a broader biparti- san platform.” CONTRAST TO GOP VIEWS “The issue * * * is not whether the President has the right to dispatch troops overseas. It is rather how much of a say Congress ought to be given in that decision. * * * Government and opposition appar- ently are coming closer together.” Then, in sharp contrast to widespread Republican views, the Voice went on. “This narrowing of the issues debated tends to clear the political atmosphere. And at the same time defense problems havo been clarified by General Eisenhower. His emphasis on the contagious interplay of courage—--on Europe’s need for equipment more than for troops—this prescription of Elsenhower’s puts the defense problem on a new plane. Washington is almost unani- mously agreed today that a great segment of public and congressional opinion is rally- ing on that plane.” Washington Observer told of rapid prog- ress in strategic defense planning—tanks, planes, rifles, bombs, guns, and ships being ordered at a rate of 83,500,000,000 a month and soon to be stepped up to $4,000,000,000., adding: “From all that, a new feeling—a new sense js spreading in Washington Genera) Eisen- howcr 1s responsible for part, and at the end of the week, President Truman further swung Washington firmly into the lead” Voice officials, however, contend that the Republican view is not ignored In its pro- grams. They say that Senator Tarr (Re- publican, Ohio) and former President Hoover get their share of time in State Department broadcasts. Less open to controversy are the Voice broadcasts on foreign affairs. Earlier this month the following program went out and much of it must have gotten to Moscow listeners because of the Voice’'s recent success in outsmarting Soviet jam- ming transmitters: “Last week two prominent Italian Com- munist deputies from Reggio Emilia resigned from the party. Since then there have been further resignations, and yesterday a strike set to tuke place in the area was called off by the Communists. The reason, according to press dispatches, is that they were afraid it would fail. “The two men were Valdo Magnani and Aldo Cucch!. * * °* Both enjoy great in- fluence in Communist ranks. * * * The immediate cause of the resignations was a speech recently delivered by Magnani. He made it clear he still considers himself a good Communist. * * * What bothered him was the slavish way with which Com- munists follow the Moscow line. * * ¢ “The Italian Communist Party hierarchy was quick to sense the heresy of Magnant’s remarks. * * * As a result, party circles in northern Italy are in a state of furor.” The Voice then took up another topic de- signed to salt Moscow wounds. “Another personality,” it said, “is in the news, a prominent former Communist purged from his post on the charge of Tito- ism, The person is Viadimir Clementis, for- mer Czechoslovak Foreign Minister. Ac- cording to press dispatches, Mr. Clementis has fled from Prague. His whereabouts are amystery, * * ¢ CLEMENTRS WAS PURGED “Clementis was purged late last spring. The specific sin brought against him was APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD that he had failed to accept the Nazi-Soviet pact of 1939; and that he had instead criti- cized it. According to his successor, Villam Siroky, Tlementis’ crime was that he had lost his faith in Stalin. “The connection between the purging of Clementis and last week’s resignations of Italian Communists Magnant and Cucchi js obvious. All three, in Stalinist eyes, were guilty of the same sin: Of maintaining that @ person can be a good Communist without accepting Soviet domination.” Although the Voice of America Is rapidly maturing, it has yet to acquire much sex appeal—something which has great influ- ence over Americans and Western Europcane. True, the Voice of America is sometimes the lush voice of Dinah Shore or Staffo:d, and sometimes Hollywood stars with foreign ante- cedents are worked into programs. But the Voice feels compelled to be very proper in what it says to, say, French lis- teners, and suggestive noises are entirely taboo in programs beamed to the Middle and Far East for fear of offending oriental tastes. Only disquieting whispers are directed to the ears of Mother Russia After a long day's work in the fields, the Soviet woman is likely to get word via the Voice of America that the Communists lack the same enthu- siasm for producing cosmetics that they do for hammers and sickles. If Mother Russia begins to feel like a drudge, a “gunny sack” (as one State Department official phrased it) and rises up and ousts her Communists op- pressors, she can thank the Voice of America. As for the Russian men the Voice never lets the Communists forget their setbacks in Western Germany—where they have lost elections, in France where their daily paper is losing circulation, In the Soviet zone of Austria where they get only five per cent of the votes, and in the rest of the Western World. Other favorite topics: Russian slave labor, the Soviet-Chinese treaty, the adulation ac- corded Stalin in the Soviet press, the virtual banning of the literature of the great Rus- sian writer, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, the Com- munist hate campaign against America, and the fate of a Chinese Communist basketball team which had been forced to lose to a Rus- sian team. The American Legicn EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. THOMAS J. LANE OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, March 13, 195i Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I wish to include the following article from a recent edi- tion of the National Tribune—The Stars and Stripes: Lat’s Not Mag THE APPLAUSE Thirty-two years ago this week there was born in Paris, France, one of the most unique organizations of alltime. It was designed to be nonpolitical in its every aspect and was to devote its efforts entirely to a furthering of the great principles upon which this Na- tion was founded. Its very name designated the high purposes of its being. Because there has been no avoiding of the program it had been organized to undertake, we join with all other veterans of the land in offering our sincere felicitations to the American Legion on its birthday anniversary. It would be folly if we were to attempt in this sgzace to list the meritorious results of Legion effort over the more than three
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD decades of its existence, but we do believe 4t proper to review briefly its history, point up its ideals, make mention of its larger accomplishments and, perhaps, refer respect- fully to what we believe to be its shortcom- ings. That is what birthdays are for, and no matter how big or how strong any organiza- tion might become its works are reflected by its leadership, and people, being human, can always make mistakes. Shortly after the shooting was over in World War I, some 20 servicemen who had gone to France to aid that Republic and its allies in defeating the German war lords, met in Paris. Followiag each of the other wars in which this country had been engaged, the veterans of those conflicts had organized to form societies through which the mem- ories of comradeship would be perpetuated. This score of men, who had helped greatly to whip Germany, felt that they, too, as veterans of another war should organize “for God and country” and to be of every pos- sible assistance 10 those who had fought w:th them and might require their under- standing and their care. Led by a son of former fighting President Theodore Roose- velt, they called a caucus for March 15-17, 1919. More than a thousand representatives from military units met on those dates. ‘hey named an executive group, hit upon the name “American Legion,” and, in April, de- signated a committee to start the ball roll- ing back home. In May there was called together in St. Louis, Mo., another caucus with delegates attending from every State of the Union, and from it came the first na- tional convention at Minneapolis that No- vember. So was created an organization of veterans that has become the numerically strongest of alltime. Although originally intended to accept only veterans of 1917-18, new wars have broadened its horizons. From 1,260,000 members who served in the first war, it grew to more than 3,000,000 when its rolls were opened to men who fought in 1941-46, and a further change in its charter last Decem- ber admits as associates those who are now or will be serving their country in world war IlI. Its potential is unlimited both as to numbers and service. It boasts now over 17,000 posts in every State and Territory as well as in foreign lands, and it has more than half a million women !n its Ladies Auxiliary who are devoting themselves so splendidly to the programs adopted. Far from being a pressure group given over to selfish matters, the Legion has been self- less from the very beginning of its organi- zation, Although like any similar group it has indulged in internal politics, it 1s truly democratic in its make-up from the choice of its leaders to the adoption of its man- dates. A long succession of excellent na- tional commanders who served in World War I gave way to thelr younger comrades 2 years ago and the leadersh!p has gone over largely to that element, perhaps never to return. Yet, although time alters the execu- tion of policy, there has been no change in the principles for which the Legion was born. It has, and it continues to dedicate itself to the care of war veterans, its pro- gram of rehabilitation being one of its choicest possessions, In the fields of Americanism, child wel- fare, youth delinquency, national security, and foreign relations this strictly American soclety of war veterans has accomplished much of which it and the Nation can be proud, and veterans themselves must be ever grateful for the many laws enacted by the Congress for their relief, many of which could not have been realized if it were not for the valiant effort put forth by their benefactors who met together 32 years ago so that these things could be done. Politi- cal thinking has never dominated the Le gion; service has been its watchword, XCVII—App ——-91 No group with such a background, with 80 large a membership, and with a variety of personnel could be without its faults, so we would wish to point out a weakness we feel should be corrected. Long ago the need for relief by veterans of World War I became apparent. Legion spokesmen, and men and women who have given the best years of their lives to remedial legislation and other rehabilitation measures, went to work with- & will and saw that many beneficial laws were enacted. As World War II came on, they helped to spread upon the statute books a vast system of enactments that have af- forded aid to millions who were engulfed in the last war. The organization is now sponsoring numerous other bills whose pas- sage is vitally necessary. The needs of our men now fighting in Korea are receiving major attention. When new requirements are evident, it is &1l too easy to forget the past and to think largely in terms of the present, The Con- greas has a full heart and, when sho -ng is going on, it is a comparatively simple thing to obtain relief legislation for the boys who have just seen enemy action. However, age and economic conditions bring ahout new needs. Especially is this true as to the older veterans who assisted with their com- rades in the Legion's formation. There is a sad necessity right now for a service pen- sion law, particularly for the forgotten vet- erans of World War I. Under yourger lead- ership of men who do not understand this problem, alded and abetted by older veter- ans who have been inclined to judge the circumstances of others by their own well- being, the Legion has fallen down miserably in this particular. Corrective measures must be tagen at once, If the support of the older men is to be expected to continue. Elsewhere in this issue we are pald high and somewhat undeserved compliment for our insistence that organized veterans are not. doing thelr full duty when their leaders fail to recognize the desirability of working in harmony with brother organizations for the good of all. We recognize as do few others that friendly competition spices the desire for membership in any group It ts gocd to have It helps the cause no end, but when rivalry and a desire to claim all of the spoils prevents a combined effort to do good, it is essentially wrong. Veterans as a class have powerful enemies who gage their deeds by the cost involved. To fail to unite in combating the enemy is to lose the fight. It is a disservice to the entire list of veterans of all our wars. We have devoted ourselves for years to a dissipation of unhealthy contests as between veterans’ organizations. We have done it because we know there 1s much still to be done for all veterans and we realize full well how easily the gears can be stripped by selfish- ness. For the past couple of years at least there has been a high-level willingness of national commanders to meet together but the meetings have not diminished the suspl- cion that self-advantage has been the motive rather than selfless assistance to those who require their help. Down in the lower echelon, in post and departments, there is less of dishonest competition than up at the top. There its enough of credit for honest effort available to all organizations, but a little give-and-take would do wonders for everybody, and we hope that the present leaders and those who follow them in the American Legion and tn all other major or- ganizations will permit their hearts to dic- tate their actions and that they will not let organizational jealousies shape their courses. It 1s easy to agree upon concerted conduct where there is no disagreement. What is wanting is a willingness to sit at the con- ference table, iron out honest differences of opinion and move on to the completion of appointed tasks in strength and full unison. Al441 Failure to turn in a completely harmo- nious performance spoils the show. No one actor can do the whole job without a sup- porting cast. We must work ‘together tn service to the Nation and to those who have preserved it against its foes. The enemies of veterans are on the warpath again. They are out to hurt the halt, the lame, and the blind with sugar-coated economy moves. The veterans are our charges, especially the disabled and the aging. They and their de- pendents look to the Legion and their asso- ciate organizations not to let them down. The American Legion has done a great work in the past. We congratulate it for its achievements. Looking ahead, we hope it will enjoy fine health so that it may live long and do all of those things it has yet to dc It has run a great show, but our veterans want no failure to mar the applause when the final curtain falls. Education in Rural Schools ee EXTENSION OF REMARKS Or HON. LISTER HILL OF ALABAMA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Wednesday, March 14 (legislative day of Monday, March 12), 1951 Mr. HILL. Mr, President, in the New York Times of last Monday, March 12, there appeared a most challenging ar- ticle by Mr. Benjamin Fine on educa- tion in rural schools. The headline of the article is “Rural Schools Still In- ferior Despite Gains, Study Shows,” and the subhead is “In General, Teachers are Poorly Prepared, Buildings Out- moded, Courses Inadequate—Communi- ties Slowly Realizing Needs.” I ask unanimous consent that the article be printed in the Appendix of the Recorp. There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the Rrcorp, as follows: RvuRAL SCHOOLS Stiit INFERIOR Despite Gains, Srupy SHows—In GENERAL, TEACHERS ARE PoorLyY PREPARED, ButLptncs OvuTmopen, Courszs INADEQUATE~-COMMUNITIES SLOW- Ly REALIZING NERDS (By Benjamin Fine) Despite recent improvements, the Nation's rural schools are providing an inferior edu- cation to large numbers of children. The worst school conditions in the United States are found in rural areas. In general, the teachers are poorly prepared, the buildings are outmoded and the course of studies in- adequate. Nearly 3,600,000 boys and girls in the rural schools are receiving an impaired education this year because of inadequate buildings, incompetent teachers, double sessions, and part-time instruction. This means that one out of every four pupils in the rural schools is obtaining only a second-rate schooling. Even the others are getting an education poorer than that of their city cousins. These conclusions are based on a 6-month Nation-wide survey conducted by the New York Times. In the course of the study, this writer visited rural schools tn various . parts of the country, Interviewed officials at the National Education Association and United States Office of Education, and querted 1,500 rural teachers and superin- tendents. The survey disclosed a gradual awakening in school circles to the need for better facilt- ties in rural communities. Many educational
A1442 organizations have made a determined effort in recent years to raise the rural school standards. Large numbers of one-room schooJhouses have been closed in favor of modern consolidated buildings. Some com- munities demand qualified teachers and have floated bond fasues to construct adequate classrooms, laboratories, and other facilities, But the over-all picture 1s not too bright. Although vast strides have been made in the last half century, the rural schools, by and large, are still the stepchildren of America’s huge educational system, Rural school teachers average 2 years of college training, compared with 4 years for the urban teach- ers. Many rural children attend classes in dilapidated buildings, in converted garages, in cowlike shacks, in church basements, and, in at least one case, an undertaker's parlor. The rural schools play an important part in the social and educational life of the United States. Of the 26,000,000 children in the Nation’s elementary and high schools, nearly half, or approximately 12,500,000, come from rural areas. More than half— 500,000 out of 980,000—of the teachers are employed in rural schools. And the outlook is that the heaviest increases in the next 10 years will be found in the rural schools. Rural schools are lagging behind the city schools, and in many instances little, if any- thing, is being done about this vital prob- lem. For example, 1,000,000 children (for the most part those of migratory workers) go to schoo] 60 days a year. As a result, the country is producing yearly 200,000 illiter- ates—persons with less than a fifth-grade education. The Army will not accept such men for service. The Times survey shows that rural educa- tion receives much less support than does the urban program. Even though there are almost as many children in the rural class- rooms, and slightly more teachers, the rural schools get a bare 35 percent of the total amount spent for education in this country. The urban schools get the remaining 65 per- cent. This means that of the estimated $5,- 000,000,000 expended annually for public ele- mentary and secondary schools, the rural share ts €@2,000,000,000, the urban, $3,000,- 000,000. MORE PUPILS, LESS MONEY It was found that as a rule those States with the largest number of rural chiidren of school age have the least ability to support their schools, as well as the smallest amount of school funds for each child. On the other hand, they usually make the greatest effort to provide support. New York State has five times as much income per child of school age as does Mississippi—@15,739 against $3,030. The six States with the highest per- cent of rural school children spend @110 a pupil, while the six States with the smallest oer of rural puplis spend an average of 9222. What may be even more significant for the Nation as a whole, using 1947-48 figures (the latest accurate ones available), the current expense per pupil in average daily attend- ance was 6128 for rural schools, $199 for urban. A great disparity between rural and urban schools exists in the value of the school property. The urban pupils attend schools valued at more than $500 a pupil, while rural children go to schools valued at less than half that amount. In some sections there are four or five times as much wealth back of the urban child as that behind the rural. For example, in the South Atlantic States, the ratio ts $5,491 to $988, in the New Eng- land States it is $6,802 to 62,079. Probably the most difficult problem con- fronting the rural schools is to obtain an uate supply of competent teachers, ore than 70 percent of all the rural county superintendents who replied to the Times’ questionnaire said they could not get enough elementary teachers; one-third noted it was impossible to obtain high-school instructors for rural areas, Asa result many untrained, badly prepared men and women holding rural teaching certificates should not be allowed to continue in the profession. These teachers, in the words of Dr. How- ard A. Dawson, director of rural service, Na- tional Education Association, practice on the rural children, usually without supervision. The teaching is mostly on the basis of trial and error, catch-as-catch-can, by guess and by gosh. “The good teachers are picked up within a year by the city superintendents,” observes Dr. Dawson. “The poor ones get married. Those that stay by choice are missionary minded—and the percentage is small.” The typical elementary rural teacher has a 2-year college education; the urban teacher has a 4-year average. The worst education in the country is found on the rural ele- mentary level. The majority of substandard teachers are in the rural schools; of the 80,000 emergency teaching licenses, 65,000 are found in rural schools. Sometimes the educational level of rural teachers is unbelievably low. The Times survey brought out these figures: 1,000 rural teachers have less than a high-school educa- tion; 30,000 have no more than a high-school training; 45,000 have not completed 1 year of college; 100,000 have not completed 2. Be- cause of the growing school population the shortages will worsen in this decade. The rate of turn-over is much heavier in rural than in urban schools. Generally, the average rural teacher is a woman with about 2 years of college education, who will stay in teaching 3 to 5 years. Less than 15 per- cent of the rural] teachers are men, compared with 89 percent in 1870. Rural teachers more often than not have no tenure; they are employed from year to year and can be dismissed any time the local school buard desires. Undoubtedly the salaries play an impor- tant part in this not-too-happy picture. The average rural teacher receives $2,200 a year, or just about @42 a week. However, many of the 600,000 such teachers get much less. This writer met many teachers who were receiving $65 to $100 a month. The urban teachers fare considerably bet- ter. Their annual average salary is 63,300, Many of the larger cities now pay maximums of 85,000 or more. In New York City the recent fact-finding committee proposed that the salary schedules run from 63,000 to $6,500. BAMPLING OF ATTITUDES But salary is not the only reason why teachers stay away from rural schools. They object to large classes, to living conditions, and to overwork. A sampling of 600 rural teachers in the country showed these atti- tudes toward their problems: Dts- Community respect...........-.-. 7 2B Teachers are more disturbed about large classes than any other factor. Two-thirds of them replied they were dissatisfied with their oversize classes, Some rural classes have 70, 80, or even 90 children crowded into one room, One teacher in a southern school told this writer unhappily: “Wouldn't it be heaven if I had only 40 pupils instead of 70?” APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Living conditions, Isted as the second factor of dissatisfaction, are highly unsatis- factory in many sections of the country. Either the rural teacher has to live in a neighboring house as a boarder, or she has to commute from a nearby larger town. Most rural communities want thelr teachers to live among them, to become a definite part of the community. Restrictions in most rural areas are much more severe than in urban centers. Pere sonal freedoms are sharply restricted—to smoke a cigarette, to drink a cocktail, to go to a public dance or on a date, often is frowned upon, trequently forbidden. A rural school principal making $1,410 a year after 17 years of teaching, sings in the church choir, is treasurer of the community club, and supplies the entertainment at school functions. But he doesn't mind his hard work and low pay, for a teacher feels free in a rural school, He has had 1 year of college training. Some of the teachers this writer observed in the classroom are hardly worth the $67.50 & month they were receiving. In one Mid- west rural school—a three-teacher school with about 100 pupils—the first grade teach- er boasted she didn’t have to yell or shout at her children. It was lunch time, and, quite by accident, @ blue-eyed, blond-haired child of 6 toppled ber container of milk. Pouncing on her angrily, the teacher began to shake her vig- orously, shouting at her for her stupidity, Turning to the visitor, she said: “We don't spank them, we just shake ‘em.” Another teacher appeared to have diffi- culty keeping discipline. His 45 fifth and sixth graders didn’t respond even when he banged on the desk with a paddle. He explained he had been a stationary steam engineer, but last year he decided to go into teaching—less money, but the $175 ® month kept him off the breadline. “Do you ever use this paddie?” the writer inquired innocently. “Z sure do,” he responded eagerly. “I don't hit them very hard. Fiddlesticks, I just make it sting a little bit, but not enough to injure them.” The steam-engineer-turned-teacher banged on his desk: “Quiet.” Turning to a lad of 10 or 11, he threatened: “I'll beat the day- lights out of you later.” He turned to the writer again and con- fided, “Yes, sirree, the paddle keeps ‘em from running all over you. ‘You got to use every trick of the trade in this business. Some teachers say they can get discipline without paddling, but I question it. The paddle’s the thing. If they don't behave I just have ‘em bend over and give 'em a good clip on the bucket.” Of course, not many teachers are as crude or as little suited for teaching. But enough exist to handicap the rural schools in their desire to give the 12,000,000 children in their care a good, democratic education that will help them become better, more responsible citizens. THX LITTLE RED SCHOOLHOUSE One of the major problems confronting the rural schools is that of reorganizing the school districte into larger units. Signifi- cant advances have been made. In the last 30 years the number of one-room schools has declined from 200,000 to 70,000. The one-teacher schools still are numer- ous in many of the North Central Prairie States. They account for nearly three- fourths of all the public schools in those States and for one-fourth of all the teachers employed. The little red schoolhouses teach a total of 1,500,000 pupils in the Nation. If the rural schools are to do a good job, % will be necessary that they reorganize
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD into more efficient units. The 70,000 one- room schools could be reduced to about 25,000 and still meet the needs of sparsely populated rural areas. But on the high school level, the situation is more disturbing. Of the 24,000 high schools in the United States, nearly 4,000 have less than 50 pu- pils. About 9,000 hare less than 100 pupils, 18,000 have less than 300, Most of the small high schools, as well as elementary schools, are found in rural areas. The education of a boy who attends a high school of 60 pupils with a staff of 2 teachers ig often inadequate. The National Com- mission on School District Reorganization has made this recommendation: The en- roliment in junior and senior high schools should not be fewer than 300 pupils, with a minimum of 12 full-time teachers. About 10 percent of the rural high schools would qualify. Many advantages can be found in the school reorganization program. One of the immediate results of the formation of the county unit system in West Virginia was the professionalization of the county super- intendency. Today these leaders compare in background and experience with school ad- ministrators in larger cities. The creation of the central school districts in New York State has attracted a high quality of educational leaders—a much higher quality of leadership than is avalle able to the districts that have not been centralized. The newly established com- munity school districts in Tilinols lkewise are attracting educational leaders of high quality. Here 1s a typical illustration of the way reorganization can improve rural schooling: Five years ago Perry County, Pa., operated 45 one-room schools, The 10 high schools enrolled 1,211 pupils, One-third of the pu- pils recelved music instruction or were under direction of a supervising principal, none had services of a school nurse, and half the elementary pupils were in graded schools. ' tes 18 one , Per Coun operate! - room aynools; 1,538 pupils ore enrolled in 7 high schools. Eighty percent of the pupils are under direction of supervising principals, and the same percontage receives inetruc- tion from music supervisors. Moreover, 100 percent have the services of school nurses. RESULTS OF REORGANIZATION The gains made possible by reorganization are illustrated by the experience in Scott County, Ill. These projects followed the creation of larger, more effective school units; a more closely integrated program be- tween elementary and high schools; adop- tion of uniform textbooks in all elementary schools; revision of the elementary curricu- Jum; an intensive health program under the supervision of a full-time registored nurse; improved library facilities; single-salary schedule; expanded music program, and closer relationship between the home and th) school through a county-wide parent- teacher association. A large number of antiquated, almost di- lapidated schoolhouses dot the countryside. A much higher percentage of outmoded bulldings are found in the rural than in the city areas. In some communities the rural schools are little more than abandoned shacks, unfit to Louse valuable livestock. The pot-bellied stove is still ueed in many wooden, unsafe buildings. It is not unusual to find 100-year-old schools with the wine dows boarded up where the panes had been broken a quarter century ago, and an open door as the only means of lighting. The rural schools recognize their problem. Last year they spent more than 300,000,000 for school bulldings—compared with 8460,- 000,000 in urban arens. The rural schools report they need about $2,500,000,000 to pro- vide adequate facilities. And now the build- ing program is virtually stymied. Inflation- ary costs have shot the prices out of sight, Many communities say that though they have bonds in the bank they cannot build, The amount they thought would be enough 5, 4, or even 2 years ago is now wholly in- adequate. A large number of rural schools lack any modern facilities, such as gymnasiums, lunchrooms, vocational workshops, or other up-to-date services. The high schools fre- quently offer a minimum of courses, and these are based on the precollege curricu- lum. Little is done on training for the vocations, or in homemaking, health, music, or the arts. Yet only a small percentage of the rural high-school students go to college. Modern buildings, together with a revised curricu- Jum and more competent teachers, would help keep the rural youth in school and encourage them to enter college. In recent months there has been a dra- matic awakening on the part of rural school leadership. A number of model rural schools now serve as inspiring examples. A better system of supervision has been intro- duced in a number of rural communities. Specialists who can meet the needs of the schools have been developed. CYR LAUDS MOVEMENT Praising this movement, Prof. Frank W. Cyr, of Teachers’ College, Columbla Univer= sity, one of the leading authoritics on rural education, declared the community leader- ship itsclf would help the schools overcome their traditional handicaps. He pointed to agricultural leaders, to the farm bureaus, the Grange, and the activities of the Future Farmers of America, as focal points for the rural-school renaissance. The rural schools want the three R’s—~ reading, writing, and arithmetic—but they Al443 want to go beyond that, according to Dr. Cyr, who is in charge of rural education at Teachers. They believe their children should know something about the conservation of natural resources, about individual and com- munity health, about home and family life. The rural schools can play a vital role in the ideological war that has divided the world. A democracy needs a strong, intelli- gent citizenry, whether it comes from the farms or from the city. RECOMMENDATIONS OFFERED Based on the results of the Times study, these recommendations are offered as first steps to improve the Nation’s rural school program: 1. Establish larger units of school admin- istration. 2. Secure better prepared teachers by rais- ing the salaries, reducing workload, and providing more adequate living conditions. 3. Develop better administratora and su- pervisors to help raise the rural school edu- cational standards, 4. Adopt Federal financing for many rural communities that are too poor to provide necessary funds without Government help. 5. Adjust the curriculum to meet the needs of the community, 6. Start an immediate building program to construct badly needed elementary and high schools. 7. Provide adequate means of transporta- tion to make possible the creation of effective consolidated elementary and high school, EpvcaTion: Rorat, Ursan The following table depicting rural educa- tion conditions in the academic year 1950- 61, 1s based on the Nation-wide survey of rural schools conducted by the New York Times, together with data obtained from the National Education Association and the United States Office of Education: ere rnereeereneennneneneneneesensneeesshesnytseenaeneer rent endnotes einer eens Number of teachers employed Total public school enrollment -........---- Average annual salary for classroom teacher: Average educational level of teachers Total operating expenditures. .. Amount spent for school construction.....-...- tates reporting serious shortage of elementary teachers. __- States reporting sorious shortage of secondary teachers. ... Number of additional qualified teachers needed... Number of 1+ and 2-room schools. ..2..-0-sneeeeseneee eens Number of pupils who will suffer an impairment in schooling because of— Inadequate buildings........ 0... see eee ewe nee cneeneeeee Lack of teachers 2.2... Poorly prepared teachers. ..... - Doub! 42 years’ college education. sessions or part-time insttuction....-.--.00+-s. 0) ea a Rural Urban Number of teachers employed on emergency or substandard certificates. 118, 612 Joos 8, 440, 362 |. ween - 34 years’ college education, The Draft Act EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. DEWEY SHORT OF MISSOURI IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, March 14, 1951 Mr. SHORT. Mr. Speaker, on Sun- day, March 4, Maj. Gen. Lewis B. Her- shey, director of the Selective Service System, and I participated in a radio and television discussion on the American Forum of the Air, the founder and mod- erator of which is Mr. Theodore Gra- nik, The subject assigned us was the Drift Act. The Draft Act is now being con- sidered by the United States Congress. Under leave granted me I extend the following broadcast on this timely and most important piece of iegislation: ANNOUNCER. Here with us today on the American Forum of the Air are Maj. Gen. Lewis B. Hershey, Director of the Belective- Service System, and Congreasman Dewey SxHoert, of Missouri, ranking Republican lead- er of the House Armed Services Committee, And now, your moderator, Theodore Gra- nik. Chairman Granix. Shall we lower the draft age to 18? Shall we require all the Nation’s young men to undergo a period of universal mili- tary training?
Al444 These are issues which confront our Con- @ress and our people—issues of great con- cern to our youth—issues which affect al- most every home throughout the Nation. All of us want to see this Nation strong— on land, sea, and in the alr—able to defend itself against any aggressor. We are in the process of building this armed strength. How to meet our goal ts the question posed by the American Forum of the Air today. Congressman SHorT, how do you feel about the proposed legislation which combines, with the Draft Act, a permanent system of universal military training? Congressman SHokt. Mr, Granik, person- ally I am seriously opposed to this shotgun wedding of selective service along with uni- versal military training, It seems to me that this clandestine, illicit and unholy marriage is a brazen attempt to achleve by Indirec- tion what the Defense Department could not achiove by direction. In a time of hysteria we should not pass laws which in time of calm and cool reflection could not be ap- proved Chairman Grantx. General Hershey. General Herswey, Mr, 8HorT makes quite a Nttle point of the shotgun wedding. I have known many of those that have worked out rather successfully. I don’t take too seri- ously how we doa thing. I don’t happen to agree with Mr. SxHort. We agree on most things. I don't quite agree with him on the fact that we are getting a universal military training system for the first time We got one in 1940. We let It die tn 1947. We re- created it in 1948. We did not use it as much as we should have. We are now ustug it. I think we are making some changes in it. But outside of making the present law permanent, I think we have got a universal militery training system at the present time if we use it. Chairman Grantk. Congressman Syronrr. Congressman Sort. Mr. Granik, I think that obviously the sponsors of this bill arc taking advantage of the emotional pressure in a jittery age when many people have be- come panicky because of the ceaseless, tire- less effort of the bracs and braid to create and shoulder upon us a permanent system of uniyersal military training under which they can command lerge bodies of men. Now, it is admitted by the authors and sponsors of the legislation that the UMT phase of it ts in the future, perhaps the distant future. So why not wait until we come to that bridge before we cross it. Why muddy the waters now by putting on the statute books a piece of legislation that can- not possibly be implemented for several years to come. General Heranry. Mr. SHort, I take a little i-sue with you in that. In the first place, the only difference betweon a universal military training program now and any other time 1s that at the present time the service, instcad of coming at some future time, comes im- mediately. There are only three funda- mentals mentioned, and I think you and I agree on most of them. First of all, you don't like the permanency. You make quite a Httle point of the fact that we are now in an unusual situation. There are a lot of people who have to get awfully sick before they will take reasonable precautions to maintain their health. It is unfortunate that the doctor has to scare them into doing what they ought to do. It is unfortunate we did not get universal training in 1947, If we had, we would not have to go through some of the things we do. I regret the same as you do that we have got to do something in an emergency, but if the choice is between emergency or not doing it, as long as survival is the thing you are going to get out of it, I think we are just going to have to do what we must. Chairman Granix. Congressman SHorr. Congressman SHorr. Much of what the general says is quite plausible, but he knows, as every student of government knows, that no Congress cen bind another Congress, and under the Constitution we cannot vote ap- propriations for military purposes more than 2 years in advance. Now, the real and tmmediate need today is for forces in being, and there are not enough young men to provide these forces in being now, along with three and a half million, if that is going to be your goal, com- bined with a system of univergal military training. General HensHey. Mr. SHort, I know it is just another evidence of how near you and I are together. You say that no Congress can bind another. I agree with you. Thore- fore, & permanent act is permanent for to- day. That is, unless they stay in session late this afternoon and repeal it. There is no fuss about a permanent law. Why do we want to set any time limit on something that, of course, is not permanent. Of course, any Congress can repeal what another Con- gress has done, and any Congress can repeal what it has itself passed. I find myself com- pletely in agreement with you. Chairman Gxanrx. Congrcesman SHort. Congressman Enogt. Why put a law on the books now? It is much easier to put the law on the books than it is to take it off after it is put on. It is like putting on excess weight. Those who pass 60 know it is much easicr to put on fat than it is to take it off, and the sume is true with legislation. Chairman Granik. General Hershey. General Hersury. Some of these fellows of 40 are about the age of Dewey and myself, Anyway, I think we are arguing about things that are not tco important when we argue whether it is better not to do something that we should have done 4 years ago, because we can’t use it as we did 4 years ago, which we can't. There is no question about it. Tho boys taking universal training now have to have the service immediate and sure; in- stead, in 1947, they might have had it at some future time, and maybe would not even had to have it, Chairman GRaNIK. We won the last war without a system of universal training. Are we now facing a peril greater than tho last ‘war? Gencral Hersney. In the first placc, that is not quite accurate. I don't like to hola you to little things. We had the universal mili- tary training, although we called it somc- thing else in 1940, and we had it to the point where he had 1,000,000 men under arms when ‘World War IZ broke out—a thing that has never happened in American history, and I am not sure it had anything to do with suc- cess. Iam getting so old that I don’t want to skate as near the hole in the ice as when I was a boy. For that reason, I don't want to take the chances I used to. Chairman Granik. Congressmen 8Hort. Congressman SHorr. It is an undentable fact tn World War II we raised 12,000,000 men and women in the various branches of the Armed Forces, and we won the grcatcst war in all history, and we did it without universal soilitary training or peacetime con- scription. General Hursury. We had it a year before the war. Chairman Granix. Congressman Sriont, Congressman SuHort. That ts all right. Of course we have to have draft in time of war or immediate great peril. I voted for an extension of the Draft Act a year ago, and to give the President the additional authority to call out the Nationa] Guard, and the Re- serves, if he deemed it necessary, whether Congress was in session or not. But we must not forget that we did raise 12,000,000 men and women in our armed services without universal military training or peacetime con- scription, and since VE-~ and VJ-days, the Navy and the Air Force have succeeded in getting all the volunteers they wanted and, APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD though the draft was in effect 2 years ago last January, Jaruary 1949, the Army stopped calling men up under the draft. I am just wondering whether or not the way they have shamefully treated the Guard and the Re- serves, letting them almost disintegrate, plus the fact that they refused to invoke the draft 2 years ago, plus the fact that the Navy and Air Force have gotten all the volunteers they needed, they perhaps maneuvered us into a position where now they want to try to convince the people that it is indis- pensable and necessary to shoulder upon us peacetime military training. Chairman Granix. General Hershey. General Hernsuey. Let us be sure what we are talking about hore. If we are trying the Defense Establishment, you know as well as I do that I can probably help you out on that. Congressman Snort. I should say you have, General HrrsHey. But in the first place, we are not trying the Defense Establishment. We are trying to set up a system that will allow the United States to survive. Iium not going to argue today about the rightness or wrongness. If there are some of our agencies that are not operating as they should, let us make them operate as they should. But let us have something that will let us sur- vive. I do not ike to take issue with you, because you have been such a good friend of mine through the years. Congressman SHorT. We still are. General Hersirey. When you talk about shotguns, !t is not shotgun weddings. A Jot of boys joined the Navy and Air Force who were volunteers, and when the doctor at the time commented on how warm the back of their necks were, I know whose breath was on them. Chairman Gran. Congressman SHortT Congressman Srrort T don't think that I could argue that point with the general at all, He knows as well as I do that tho area of agreement between us is much wider than the area of disagreement. Chairman Granix. General, what about education? Is there any danger of the draft bringing education to a standstill by strip- ping the colleges and universities? General Hersuey. I think that is a loaded question. In the first place, I want to dif- ferentiate between Institutions and educa- tion. Education goes on tn this world and many places other than in an institution. But I want to answer this question by say- ing I believe we can administer this draft so we not only save education, which is very important, but IJ think we can save the col- Jegos, too, and I am not going to argue how important that is. I think we can save both, and as long as we can save both, I don't want to get into an argument about the difference between education or college and school. There is a difference. Chairman GRaniIxk. Congressman Snort. Congressman SxHorr. Mr. Granik, if the present draft law were properly administered and the different branches of the armed services would carry out the clear intent of Congress so far as the National Guard and Reserves are concerned, we could raise the 3,462,000 men which they have established as the ceiling, without having to draft any 18-year-old boys, and without having to take any veterans of the last war. Now, the truth of the matter is if we lower the mental and physical standards, not to the low level of January 1945, but to the rea- sonably law level, and if we take married, childless men between the ages of 19 and 25, and tighten the administration of the act, ‘we can have even a surplus of 460,000 men in addition to the number that we require at this time. Chairman Granix. General Hershey. General Hrasmsy. Mr. Granik, I majored in education instead of mathematics, eo Mr. Suort kind of swamped me with a lot of
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD figures. I think mostly my own. But even 80, I might not draw quite the same con- clusion. I agree with everything he has said. The only thing I have to say, as a broken- down soldier who has been attached for 20 or 80 years for pay purposes to the Armed Forces, I have to insist when we set aside the less fit, we are going to have to take them a few at a time. They do not constitute quite as large or immediate supply,of man- power as the numbers would indicate. I agree with everything that Dewey Snort said. If we get to Mr. SHort, he sometimes votes the wrong way. Chairman Granix, What are the principal arguments of lowering the draft age to 18? General HersHEY. In the first place I be- Neve in a permanent military system of training. While I don't think the most im- portant thing is age, if you are going to have to pay your military tax, the earlicr you pay it, the sooner you are available to do the other things that have to be done in this world. I have never seen anything too pro- ductive by the boy who graduates from high school at 17 years and 6 months and spends @ year and a half waiting to do his military service because I think it leaves him uncer- tain, and they are unproductive years. He can go to college and take a year or two, or he can be one of those deferred and do his service afterwards But I can assure you that doing service at 22 or 23 or 24, after you begin to get married and want to do a lot of other things, is not the best time to take the military service. The sooner you get it and get adult— and remember, kids get adult 2 or 3 years before their folks think so, and 2 years after the kids think so. Chairman Granik. Congressman SHort. Congressman SHorT. Mr. Grunik, if the boy has had 1 or 2 years in college before he goes into the service, the chances are very much greater that he will finish college after he gets out of the service than if he had no college work at all. I think that taking a boy immediately out of high school, particu- larly at the tender age of 18, with fuzz on his cheeks, !s rather robbing the cradle. I know that some boys at 18 are more mature than other boys at 20, but the undeniable fact {s that under this proposed legislation we are going to draft men at the younger age, and compel them to serve longer than any other member of the North Atlantic Pact Nations. In France, Belgium, Holland, Nor- way, and Portugal, they take young men at the age of 20, and in most of those countries they serve only 12 months, and in none more than 18 months. In Italy they don't take them until they are 21 years of age, and they serve for 18 months. Now we propose to take the youth of this country at the tender age of 18 and compel them to serve for 27 months. Our draft laws—I want it clearly understood by the public—that under these pending bills it is proposed that we draft men at an earlier age, compel them to serve a longer period than any other member nation of the Atlantic Pact, and the draft laws are milder than the ones we propose to enact. Even in Soviet Russia they are not called up as early as the Defense Department in this country pro- oses Chairman Granix. General Hershey. General HERSHEY. I agree with everything he says. Those are the facts. The infer- ences I want to reserve some right on. I think that Mr. SHort is not too happy about our allies and yet he uses them as evidence of what we ought to do, although that is an international field that I obviously know nothing about. Unfortunately, the reason we have to have a Draft Act is not because of allies, but because of enemies. I would not tend to agree that Russia and Soviet China are as careful about the lower ages as Mr Sxorr has indicated Chairman Granim. Congressman SHORT. Congressman SuHort. I think we should stop requiring men to be Phi Beta Kappas or Ph. D.’s before we take them into the different branches of our service. General Hersuey. I agree with that Une fortunately, you are the Phi Beta Kappa, Iam not. Congressman SHort. I would rather trust a lot of squirrel shooters in the Ozarks than Ph D's, General HersHey. I agree with you there. You know about the shortcomings of the Phi Beta Kappan, because you are one. Chairman Gran. Before we take ques- tions from our audience, would you care to make a prediction? Will the final bill ap- proved by Congress be settled for an 181,« year-old draft? Congressman S#Hort. Only a fool would dare prognosticate in these uncertain times, To tell you the truth, I have been trying to maintain an open mind and hoping we can work out some kind of legislation which I could support and vote for I try to keep an open mind I am Inclined to think that the House bill is much better than the Sen- ate bill and the Senate bill is much better than the one sent over by the Pentagon. If we do pass legislation of any sort, it will be to draft boys at the age of 1815 years, requiting them to have 6 months of train- ing-——4 months before leaving the conti- nental United States or any of our posses= sions or Territories, with 2 months more, making them 19 years of age before they enter combat. I am pretty sure that is the best that any proponent of the bill can hope for General HersHey I would not want to make any predictions because this is Mr. SuHort's field. In the first place, I want a bill that Mr. SHorr can vote for or support, if we possibly can get one, because I feel so much better administering something that was good enough tor him to vote for, On the other hand, I do think we ought to take 18-year-olds. Whether we will or not I don't know; whether we will take them this year or next I don't know. Chairman Granik. Now for a question from the audience. QUESTION. My name is Allan A. Carney, and my question is directed to Congressman Snort. Since Russia does not want peace except. on her own terms, should we not have uul- versal military training at once in order to be permanently prepared? Congressman SHort. In answer to that I would say that those of us who oppose peace- time military conscription are certainly not against adequate defense. I think we can reach the goals that have been established by the Defense Department itself if we will carry out the laws that are already on the statute books, and if the different branches of the services cease trying to avoid the clear intent of the Congress. The thing that disturbs me more than anything, Commodore, {s to see us depart from our American tradition. Germany, Italy, and Japan had peacetime military con- ecription; they had universal military service, and they, along with every other major na- tion that has ever had it, have inevitably been led into war and down the road to ruin and defeat. Iam afraid that the same thing will happen to us. General Hersuey. I don’t know that I want to say much about it. Of course, every nation that has lived too long has died, whether it had universal training or not, We had 636 laws in our Colonies that com- pelled service in both peace and war before we had a nation, We have compelled people to serve everytime we needed them, whether it was peace or war, I can't quite become as disturbed as my good friend Dewey can over this question about how you survive. I want to survive A1445 and I say that you have to survive as best you can, Congressman SHort, Many of our best citi- gens came to this country to avold this tyranny abroad, and after spilling so much blood and spending so much of our treasure in two World Wars, I do not want us to adop: the techniques, plans, and methods of the enemy dictator countries which we de- feated. I still feel that free men can oute work, out-produce and out-fight slaves Chairman Granix, Gentlemen, we have another question from the audience, QUESTION My question is directed to Gen- eral Hershey. To what do you attribute the present lack of volunteer enlistments? Genera) HersHrEy. It depends on what you are talking about of course. If you are talk- ing about parts of the Armed Forces, I think that you have always had a4 little slowness with respect to enlistments. I could answer the queation better by say- ing that I attribute the enlistments you are getting to the fact that you have a draft Jaw. I don't like to say this, either, but part of the slowness in enlistments is due to the fact that people have been reading the casualty Hsts. Enlistments have been par- ticularly good where the casualty Mst is Ught, with one exception. Chairman GrRanrk. Congressman SuHokrt, have you a comment to make on this point? Congressman SHORT. I would like to mako this point clear, Mr. Granik, If I vote for the bill in its final form—and we don't know what the final form is going to be yet, it is being considered in our Armed Services Com- mittee in the House and no doubt it will be ainended greatly on the floor—but if I vote for it, {t will be due to the rank tn- justices and inequities that we have suffered under our present Reserve system that has completely bogged down. I think that General Hershey will admit that with the outbreak of the Korean war the Government went out with its strong arm and pulled in a lot of men from the inactive Reserves who were in their late twenties or early thirties, now married with Gependents, who perhaps had bought a farm, or were bullding @ house, or going into busi- ness, and many of them combat veterans with 2 or 3 years’ experience in the last war. It is simply wicked, shameful, and inex- cusable the way the inactive Reserves were treated when a lot of men in the Organized Reserve and the National Guard, who have been taking the training and receiving pay, looking forward to the longevity pay and re- tirement benefits, have not been called up. That is why we are going to have to do something about this desperate situation. Chairman Granik. General Hershey? General Hrrsuey, I agree with a lot of the things you say, Mr, S#ort, but I can’t settle, like you can, three or four things at the same time This Is a procurement fleld, and I would like to get this settled, and then I wish that Congress would get at it and settle up the National Guard and Reserve busi- ness. I certainly go along with a lot of the things you say. But we must not mix them all up and not do anything because we can't agree on doing anything at all. Chairman Granik, Gentlemen, we have another question from the audience, QUESTION. My question is directed to Con- gressman S#HORT: What great difference is there between go- ing into service at 18, 181%,, or 19? Since we have to have it, let the military decide. Congressman Sxort. I think, sir, that ci- vilfans and parents and teachers and pastors are as well qualified, if not much better qualified, than the military to make such decisions, It is true that General Marshall
A1446 and some of our high military have sald that the 18-year-old boys are the best sol- diers in the world. If you talk to combat leaders, I think you will find that there is a lot of room for argument. We know that at 18 years of age they are bold, adventurous, resilient, and quick to come back, but don't tell me tha. they have the stamina and strength to march under a heavy pack over tough terrain and face all the other hardships. Also, they do not have the mature judgment that boys a year or two older have. Chairman CGranix. General Hershey? General Hersnuy. I don't want to get on a rather facetious vein, but I will bet you, Dewey, if you were talking to 18-year-old boys to get them to vote for you, that you wouldn't tell them that they are as weak as you are trying to make them. Congressman SHorr Of course they don't vote, but you want them to fight and die for us. General HersHey. Unfortunately, this Na- tion lives because it had its boys between 16 and about 23 or 24 in every war. I don't care if you go back to the Revolutionary War, you will find that the 18-year-old boys are the ones who made this Nation and also saved it. Congressman SHorr Of course. I knew more at 18 than I have ever known before or will ever know since. That doesn't change the fact that they do not possess the mature judgment or the endurance or stamina of older men. Chairmaa GRANIK. Would you sum up at this point, General? General Hersrizy. Mr. Granik and Mr. SHorr, I am for this bill: First, because I want to sec installed now, because we should have done it years ago, but now ts the ear- liest that we can have a permanent system of training our people—one, so that they can survive individually, and two, by sur- viving individually that we can have this society of ours survive. Secondly, I want an obligation that will make everybody trained. I don’t care if we can get so that we can cut the period to 8 months or 6 months. So much the better, I don’t think we are there yet. Third, I want in this bill an obligation that a man either imme- diately after his training or at whichever time after his training you must have, that he will give the service which he has learned to give in the training. That ts what I want in this bill, Chairman Granix. Thank you. Congress- man SxHort, will you give us your summary, please? Congressman Storr. Mr Granik, it is un- fortunate that we have combined with the Selective Service Act this plan to shoulder upon the American people permanent peace- time military conscription or universal mili- tary training. I do not think we have a sufficient number of men to supply the forces in being that are required now along with this training program, I believe that uni- versal military training on a long-range plan for building a civilian Reserve under civillan control could be more effectively worked out if it were treated in separate legislation. I do not want for us to be com- pelled to accept the worn-out and discarded European philosophy and foreign ism that has proved a failure wherever it has been tried by any major country. I think that from every point of view, the American peo- ple should be fully informed and warned in advance of what is being done to them if this bill becomes law. Chairman Granix. Thank you. You have been listening to a discussion on the draft act. Our speakers have been General Her- shey, director of the Selective Service Sys- tem, and Congressman Drwry SHort, of Mis~ couri, ranking Republican leader of the House Armed Services Committee. Armament To Meet Aggression EXTENSION OF REMARKS oO HON. RALPH E. FLANDERS OF VERMONT IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Thursday, March 15, 1951 Mr.FLANDERS. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp an article under the headline “Truman urges rapid arming in face of aggression threat,” by Anthony Leviero, which ap- peared recently in the New York Times. There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: TRUMAN Urces Rarip ARMING lt FACE OF AGGRESSION THREAT (By Anthony Leviero) Key West, Fra, March 14.—Presidert Truman declared today that this country and ‘vs ales would rearm to the utmost in the face of continuing threats of aggression, but he left the door wide open for any hon- est proposal for world disarmament. The free countrics of the world, he said, would press their dual aim of trying to pre- vent a world war and of building up strength to cope with such a conflict if it is forced upon us (The text of the Truman letter is printed below.) The President warned that the free peo- ples must not be seduced by the heighten- ing Russian propaganda campaign to confuse and weaken the efforts of the aroused demo- cratic countries that were rapidly unify- ing themselves. “We must not be deflected,” he asserted. “But as we continue to increase our defenses we must press by every possible means, for a real change in the attitude of the Sovtet Union.” This expression of a determination to keep a firm attitude toward insincere Russian proposals was baianced by the following un- reserved promise to consider any proposition that was supported by good will and fool- proof guaranties. “Continuing emphasis on disarmament is & necessary and vital part of our foreign policy. We must always be seeking for new approaches to this problem, and we must take advantage of every opportunity that presents itself to work toward genuine dis- armament proposals.” Mr. Truman's views on international dis- armament were expressed in a letter to a bipartisan group of 13 Senators and 9 Rep- resentatives who, on February 26, wrote to him about the disarmament speech he had made before the United Nations General As- sembly on October 24. They had urged him to follow it up with definite proposals. He wrote today that his speech last fall essen- tially did that, While the President's letter was a reply to the Members of Congress, it cut at the congressional attitude at home and into Russian propaganda and actions abroad. Mr. Truman ts deeply concerned over efforts in Congress to put a ceiling of 4,000,000 men on this country's Armed Forces and to re- strict what he regards as his constitutional authority to send troops abroad without ex- press approval of Congress. For Ruasia it was an invitation to get down to brass tacks on the disarmament is- suc, which that country has pressed hard of late, In an official note to Great Britain on February 26, the Soviet Union said that the Russian Army had 2,800,000 men, as APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD compared with about 5,000,000 for the west- ern countries. The Western Allies have countered these figures by saying that Russia does not in- clude the strength of her satellites, esti- mated at 600,000 men, or of paramilitary organizations, like the MKVD. They es- timate Russia’s Armed Forces at nearly 6,000,000, organized into 175 to 200 divisions, as compared with allies forces of 4,500,000, of whom 2.600,000 are ground forces. Some recent official Russian pronounce- ments as well as propaganda have focused on the deputy forcign ministers’ conference now going on tn Paris, where some observers believe that Russia will not agree to a meet- ing of the Council of Foreign Ministers un- less German militarization and international disarmament are included in the agenda. Allicd representatives at the conference in- sisted on February 19 that the existing level of armaments be considered. Mr. Truman recalled this country's series of efforts since the end of World War II to bring about foolproof disarmament of atomic as well as conventional weapons. He also recalled how the United States had demo- bilized hastily, along with other democratic countries. By wey of contrast, he accused Russia of persistent obstruction of efforts to attain world peace and of encouraging “a ruthless program of rearmament on the part of the nations which have fallen undcr its control and influence.” The authors of the letter to the President were as follows: Senators Lester C. Hunt, of Wyoming; Watrrr ¥F. Grorce, of Georgia; Estrs Kr- FAUVER, Of Tennessce; Lister HILL, of Ala- bama; A. 8. Mike Monkoney, of Oklahoma; A Wi.uis Rosterson, of Virginia; and Jonn C. STENNIs, of Mississippi, Democrats. Others were Senators RALPH E. FLANDERS, of Vermont; H ALEXANDER SMITH, of New Jer- sey; Margaret CHase SMITH of Maine; RosEert C. HENDRICKSON, of New Jersey; Cuarites W. Tonry, of New Hampshire; and Epwarp J, Trye, of Minnesota, Republicans. Also, Representatives Brooxs Hays, of Ar- kansas; Lauriz Barrie, of Alabama; and A 8. J. Carnanan, of Missouri, Democrats; and James C. AUCHINCLoss, of New Jersey, FRAN- ces P. BoLron, of Ohio; Water H. Jupp, of Minnesota; Ronert Hare, of Maine; and JOHN W. HEse ron, of Massachusetts, Republicans, Text or TRUMAN’s LETTER Unrirrep STATES NAVAL STATION, Key West, Fla., March 14, 1951. Dear SENATOR FLANDERS: I appreciate very much the letter of February 26, 1951, signed by you and a number of other Senators and Representatives, in which you urge that we follow up the plea for peace through dis- armament, made in my address before the United Nations General Assembly last October. This expression of your view will give added strength to the efforts of the free nations to establish a just and lasting peace in the world. While we must continue to build up vigorously our military strength as long as world conditions make auch a course essential, we must, at the same time, keep on working toward the control and reduction of armaments and armed forces. We must work toward the time when ma- terial and human resources, rather than be- ing used for armaments, can be used to ad- vance the well-being of mankind. That is and must remain our goal. We have been working toward this end in the United Nations. As you know, the Char- ter of the United Nations gives to the Gen- eral Assembly and the Security Council re- sponsibility to work out principles and plans for disarmament by the member nations.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD At the time the Charter was adopted, it was hoped that this great objective of the United Nations would be carried out speed- fly and without international friction. This has not proved to be the case. The laborious effort of 5 years has been thwarted by the constant opposition of one of the great powers. To keep the record straight, I think it would be well to review briefly the history of these events. At its first meeting in January, 1946, the General Assembly established a United Na- tions Atomic Energy Commission and gave it the task of developing a plan for the con- trol of atomic energy, under effective safe- guards, to insure its use for peaceful pur- poses only, and to bring about the complete prohibition of atomic weapons. This commission labored long and dili- gently. It came up with a comprehensive plan which the General Assembly approved, in November 1948, by an overwhelming majority. However, the Soviet Union refused to ap- prove the plan adopted by the General As- sembly. As a consequence, the plan could not be put into effect, since no agreement for the control of atomic weapons can be effective if any one of the great nations refuses to cooperate. Meanwhile, the United Nations had set up @ second commission to consider the control and reduction of the ordinary weapons and instrumentalities of war. This was the Com- mission for Conventional Armaments. In general, it had the task of developing a plan to regulato armed forces and arma- ments other than those falling within the atomic category. As one of its first projects, this Commission worked out a plan for tak- ing a census or inventory of the nonatomic armaments and of the armed forces of all principal nations, subject to supervision and verification by a body of international in- spectors. The purpose of this plan was to obtain the verified information necessary for the devel- opment of an intelligent system of armament reduction and control. This plan made sense and was swiftly ac- cepted by the majority of the United Na- tions in December, 1049. But here again @ majority was not enough. The Soviet Union, one of the major military powers, refused to accept this proposal. And, as in the case of the plan for controlling atomic energy, this refusal made it impossible to put the pro- gram into operation, At the same time that the Soviet Union has been following » course of obstruction in the United Nations armament proposals, !t has been building up its own armaments 4s a central feature of its expansionist foreign policy. At the end of World War II, the United States hastily demobilized and reduced the size of its Armed Forces. So did other fiee nations. But the Soviet Union continued to maintain armed forces at a high level—far higher than necessary for purely defensive purposes. Furthermore, it encouraged & ruthless program of rearmament on the part of the nations which have fallen under its control and influence. WAY TO DISCOURAGE AGGRESSOR The grent disparity between the armaments of the Soviet Union and its satellites on the one hand and the free nations on the other, is one of the basic reasons for the defensive alliances and defense programs which are now being jointly pursued by the nations of the free world. Since the Soviet Union has failed to coop- erate in any genuine plan for the interna- tional limitation of armament, we have been compelled to look to our defenses. It ig essential to our national security that we build up our defenses as quickly and vigorously as possible. We do not know what further aggressive plans may be in the making by the adversaries of the free world. But by rearming the free world may attain benefits above and beyond preparedness against attack. Our defense program, if carried through, will have the effect of discouraging aggres- sion, and may eventually lead to a change in the tactics of the Soviet Union and of tts current satellites, which would ease the pres- ent international tension; that is our great hope Our present armament program, therefore, has a double purpose. It is, above all, an effort to prevent a world conflict, while at the same time it is an eftort to prepare our defenses to meet such a conflict if it is forced upon us. What we are striving for ts peace and international order. In the fleld of armament the free nations have been unable to make any progress while their own military forces have been inferior to those of the Soviet Union, But, paras doxial as {t may seem, when the tree nations have built up their forces, they may be able to convince potential aggressors that the contiol and reduction of armaments is a desirable policy. In the face of the plans of the free world for increased defense forces, Soviet propa- ganda is beginning to take notice of the belief of the free nations that Soviet armed strength is excessive We can expect great propaganda efforts by the Soviet syotem to deflect the free na- tions from their defense plans We must not be deflected But as we continue to increase our defenses, we must press, by every pos- sible meuns, for a real change in the attitude of the Soviet Union. My address on October 24 suggested a new procedural approach to the question, in the hope that it might offer a way out of the extsting deadlock. I suggested the possibil- ity of combining the work of the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission and the Commission on Conventional Armaments in a new and consolidated disarmaments com- mission, WORK BEING ADVANCED The General Assembly, on December 13, 1950, established a committee of 12 to study the proposal. This committee is directed tr work ou the “ways and means whereby the work of the Atomic Energy Commission and the Commission on Conventional Armaments may be cvordinated, and on the advisability of their functions being merged and placed under u new and consolidated disarmament commission.” This committee has had two meetings, the second of which was held on March 2, The United States representatives at the United Nations have been actively pushing the work of this committee. We hope that it will be able to make recommendations which will revitalize the efforts of the United Nations for tnternational disarmament. Before we can enter into any concrete program to reduce armaments, we must be sure that the principles which I outlined in my address of October 24 are adhered to. A program of disarmament must tnclude all kinds of weapons, must have unanimous agreement of all the nations having substan- tial armaments and armed forces and must be so thoroughly and continuously policed as to be foolproof. These are the principles on which we stand and which we continue to offer to other na- tions as the basis for any plan for armaments reduction and control. Such a program 1s difficult to achieve even when there is a reasonable degree of trust and confidence between nations. It is ale most impossible unless there is free and open interchange of information across national borders. As you indicated in your letter, ine creased freedom of communications is, theres A1447 fore, a necessary step in an effective program of disarmament. The need for authentic information has been pointed up by recent Soviet assertions concerning the size of its own armed forces in relation to those of the free nations. The United States would welcome a thorough ex- ploration of this subject. On March 2, 1951, our deputy representa- tive on the United Nations Commission on Conventional Armaments reasserted the po- sition of this country and invited a census, under United Nations auspices, of armed forces of the member nations. Continutng emphasis on disarmament tis ® necessary and vital part of our foreign policy. We must always be seeking for new approaches to this problem and we must take advantage of every opportunity that presents itself to work toward genuine dis- armament proposals. I am very happy indeed that this major element in our foreign policy has your sup- port and that of your colleagues in both Houses of Congress. I want to have your continued counsel and advice in these matters. I hope that when I return to Washington I will have an early opportunity to discuss these questions further with you and your culleagues, as you suggested in your letter. Sincerely yours, Harry 8S. TRUMAN,  oaeaaneeeeenenenmeeememenmnmmmand Increased Compensation for Federal Employees “XTENSION OF REMARKS HON. ROBERT B. CHIPERFIELD OF ILLINOIS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 15, 1951 Mr. CHIPERFIELD. Mr. Speaker, under unanimous consent to extend my remarks, I am inserting a letter which I have been asked by Mr. Lee F. Kellams, president, local 446, National Federation of Federal Employees, Rock Island, Ill., to place in the Recorp outlining why Federal employees feel it is necessary for them to write Members of Congress: NATIONAL FEDERATION OF FEDERAL EmpLoyees, Locat No 446, Rock Island, Ill., March 6, 1951. Hon R B CHIPERFIELD, United States Congress, Washington, D C. Dear Sir: I have been informed that Chatr- man Murray, of the House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, speaking on the floor of the House on February 28, an made the following statements: “At th present time approximately 200 bills have been referred to the House Post Office and Civil Service Committee, the great majority of which provide for some kind of increased benefits in the way of additional compen- sation for all Federal employees * *° %°. A letter-writing campaign is now being con- ducted by certain postal-employee organi- zations in behalf of increased salary legisla- tion * * *, Since fiscul year 1945, the Congress has approved increased salary bene- fits for postal and other Federal employees amounting to almost $2,000,000,000. In view of the national emergency, the gigantic national debt, the tremendous expenditures for our national defense program, and the heavy tax burdens imposed already and to be imposed further upon our people, I feel that all proposed salary-increuse legislation
A1448 should receive the careful and deliberate at- tention of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service before any action is taken.” In behalf of 260 members of Local No. 446, National Federation of Federal Em- ployees, composed of employees of the Rock Island District, Corps of Engineers, United States Army, Rock Island, Ill., I wish to call attention to the following pertinent facts: (a) The great need for cdditional com- pensation for Federal employees ts evidenced in the total number of bills introduced, since a bill is not usually introduced -vithout a need for some action, (b) How else can postal employee or- ganizations or other groups ~ecure needed pay increases than by “letter-writing” cam-~ paigns? Other labor unions have collective bargaining; signed contracts, many of which contuin automatic cost-of-living increases; closed shops; huge lobbying expenditures; and always the threat of strike action. Surely no cne could object to the one means left to Government employees—a personal appeal to their representatives in Wash- ington. (c) It Is undoubtedly true that since 1946 Congress has approved increased salary leg- isiation amounting to almost 62,000,000,000, but that action does not have any bearing upon the current need. The last actual salary increase was in the fall of 1948, 2); yoars ago, and since then it ts no secret that prices "ave gone up tremendously, not to mention taxes of all sorts. In this period other employees have received salary in- creases, bunuses, cost-of-living adjustments, and other benects regularly. Today’s news- paper carries the following headlines: “In- ternational Harvester Co. workers will be given 5-cent boost,” an Increase of approxi- mately $100 per year based solely upon in- creased living costs in the last few months. (a) While it is true that because of the national emergency, the gigantic national debt, and so forth, the increased expendi- tures of the Federal Government should be watched with care, it is no Jess important that those people entrusted with the op- eration of this same Government should re- ceive salaries at least commensurate with those paid others in private industry. It 1s only through such equal salaries that com- petent and experienced employees can be re- tained in the Government service and other competent employees attracted to meet the increased needs of the present emergency program. (e) A typical sample of the need for salary- increase legislation 1s offered by the compari- son between salaried employees and those hourly employees whose wages are set by wage-board surveys. In the Rock Island dis- trict alone, wage-board employees were granted wage increases averaging 15 cents per hour in both 1949 and again in 1060, for a total increase of approximately $600.00 per year since 1948. In view of these facts I can only urge, in behalf of the members of Local No. 446, National Federation of Federal Employees, your serious consideration and support of immediate favorable action toward an in- crease {n salary for all Federal employees, and suggest that this information be includ- ed in the CONGRES6IONAL RecorD for the in- formation and guidance of your colleagues. Respectfully yours, Les P. Keiiams, President, Local No. 446, National Federation of Federal Employees. Poll of Public Opinion in the Thirtieth Pennsylvania District EXTENSION OF REMARKS LON. ROBERT J. CORBETT OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 15, 1951 Mr. CORBETT. Mr. Speaker, during the Seventy-sixth Congress and subse- quent terms that I have had the pleasure of serving as a Member of the House of Representatives I have regularly con- ducted polls of public opinion in my dis- trict on current vital issues. Our method consists of sending out sufficient questionnaires to registered voters to constitute a partial referendum, We send these questionnaires to a per- centage of voters in each precinct. An equal number are addressed to Repub- licans and Democrats and the returns are tabulated according to party affiliation. All returns that are used to secure the percentage results listed below are signed by the voter. My district, which is the Thirtieth of Pennsylvania, is exceptionally well suited for such a project. It consists of a por- tion of the city of Pittsburgh, residential suburban boroughs and townships, large industrial and mining concentrations, and a surprisingly large farm area, APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD For our own purposes we study the answers that come back on the basis of financial and occupational status, but obviously we can only publish the over- all totals, It is our hope and belief, how- ever, that the over-all percentages are a fairly accurate cross section of public opinion in the district. Likewise, by keeping the questions general we feel that we secure a good reading of atti- tudes rather than a “Yes” or “No” on specific legislative proposals, and there- by eliminate the necessity of the voter having specialized knowledge or detailed information. I hope that the Members of Congress, and the public generally, will find the percentage totals of this latest poll in- teresting and informative. The results are here presented without editorial comment: Percentage tota’s Republicans} Democrats 1. Do you favor the volun- tary withdrawal of vur troops fram Korea?_.....4 38 | 62 2, Do you agree that we should help Gen, Chiang Kai-shek invade China from Formosu?...{ (8 32 44 3. Arte you in favor of helping rearm Japan?._.........] 73 27 31 4. Should we rearm Western Germany, if possible?...| 80 a 6. Are you in favor of extend- ing military aid w Vito?.| 46 54 6, Would you draft 18-year- olds prior to drafting veleransorsmarried men?,| (0 3 7. Do you believe that Secre- lary of State Dean Acheson should be re- 8. Do you favor sharply in- creased taxes for the duration of the emer- Reney?. eee crs] 6 9. Do you believe that Presi- dent Truman is admin- istering our affairs satisfactorily? _.......... 7 93 a4 10. Do you favor an all-out effort by us to protect Western Europe from Russian aggression?._... 11, Do you ‘eo that the United Nations as an instrument for stopping aggression igafailure?...) 75] 2 Col 84
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