(2) E85.—The term ‘‘E85’’ means a fuel blend 
containing 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gaso-
line by volume. 
(3) ELECTRIC DRIVE TRANSPORTATION TECH-
NOLOGY.—The term ‘‘electric drive transportation 
technology’’ means—
(A) vehicles that use an electric motor for 
all or part of their motive power and that may 
or may not use offboard electricity, including 
battery electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, 
plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, flexible fuel 
plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and electric rail; 
and 
(B) related equipment, including electric 
equipment necessary to recharge a plug-in hy-
brid electric vehicle. 
(4) FLEXIBLE
FUEL
PLUG-IN
HYBRID
ELEC-
TRIC VEHICLE.—The term ‘‘flexible fuel plug-in hy-
brid electric vehicle’’ means a plug-in hybrid electric 
vehicle warranted by its manufacturer as capable of 
operating on any combination of gasoline or E85 for 
its onboard internal combustion or heat engine. 
(5) HYBRID
ELECTRIC
VEHICLE.—The term 
‘‘hybrid electric vehicle’’ means a vehicle that—
(A) can be propelled using liquid combus-
tible fuel and electric power provided by an on-
board battery; and 
(B) utilizes regenerative power capture 
technology to recover energy expended in brak-
ing the vehicle for use in recharging the bat-
tery. 
(6) PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE.—The 
term ‘‘plug-in hybrid electric vehicle’’ means a hy-
brid electric onroad light-duty vehicle that can be 
propelled solely on electric power for a minimum of 
20 miles under city driving conditions, and that is 
capable of recharging its battery from an offboard 
electricity source. 
(c) PROGRAM.—The Secretary shall conduct a pro-
gram of research, development, demonstration, and com-
mercial application on technologies needed for the develop-
ment of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and electric drive 
transportation, including—
(1) high capacity, high efficiency batteries, to—
(A) improve battery life, energy storage ca-
pacity, and power delivery capacity, and lower 
cost; and 
(B) minimize waste and hazardous mate-
rial production in the entire value chain, includ-
ing after the end of the useful life of the bat-
teries; 
(2) high efficiency onboard and offboard charg-
ing components; 
(3) high power drive train systems for pas-
senger and commercial vehicles and for supporting 
equipment; 
(4) onboard energy management systems, power 
trains, and systems integration for plug-in hybrid 
electric vehicles, flexible fuel plug-in hybrid electric 
vehicles, and hybrid electric vehicles, including effi-
cient cooling systems and systems that minimize the 
emissions profile of such vehicles; and 
(5) lightweight materials, including research, 
development, demonstration, and commercial appli-
cation to reduce the cost of materials such as steel 
alloys and carbon fibers. 
(d) PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEM-
ONSTRATION PROGRAM.—
(1) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary shall es-
tablish a competitive grant pilot demonstration pro-
gram to provide not more than 25 grants annually 
to State governments, local governments and public 
entities, metropolitan transportation authorities, or 
combinations thereof to carry out a project or
projects for demonstration of plug-in hybrid electric 
vehicles. 
(2) APPLICATIONS.—
(A) REQUIREMENTS.—The Secretary shall 
issue requirements for applying for grants 
under the demonstration pilot program. The 
Secretary shall require that applications, at a 
minimum, include a description of how data will 
be—
(i) collected on the—
(I) performance of the vehicle or 
vehicles and the components, includ-
ing the battery, energy management, 
and charging systems, under various 
driving speeds, trip ranges, traffic, 
and other driving conditions; 
(II) costs of the vehicle or vehi-
cles, including acquisition, operating, 
and maintenance costs, and how the 
project or projects will be self-sus-
taining after Federal assistance is 
completed; and 
(III) emissions of the vehicle or 
vehicles, including greenhouse gases, 
and the amount of petroleum dis-
placed as a result of the project or 
projects; and 
(ii) summarized for dissemination to 
the Department, other grantees, and the 
public. 
(B) PARTNERS.—An applicant under sub-
paragraph (A) may carry out a project or 
projects under the pilot program in partnership 
with one or more private or nonprofit entities, 
which may include institutions of higher edu-
cation, including Historically Black Colleges 
and Universities, Hispanic Serving Institutions, 
and other minority-serving institutions. 
(3) SELECTION CRITERIA.—
(A) PREFERENCE.—When making awards 
under this subsection, the Secretary shall con-
sider each applicant’s previous experience in-
volving plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and shall 
give preference to proposals that—
(i) provide the greatest demonstration 
per award dollar, with preference increas-
ing as the number of miles that a plug-in 
hybrid electric vehicle can be propelled 
solely on electric power under city driving 
conditions increases; and
(ii) maximize the non-Federal share of 
project funding and demonstrate the great-
est likelihood that each project proposed in 
the application will be maintained or ex-
panded after Federal assistance under this 
subsection is completed. 
(B) BREADTH OF DEMONSTRATIONS.—In 
awarding grants under this subsection, the Sec-
retary shall ensure the program will dem-
onstrate plug-in hybrid electric vehicles under 
various circumstances, including—
(i) driving speeds; 
(ii) trip ranges; 
(iii) driving conditions; 
(iv) climate conditions; and 
(v) topography, 
to optimize understanding and function of plug-
in hybrid electric vehicles. 
(4) PILOT PROJECT REQUIREMENTS.—
(A) SUBSEQUENT FUNDING.—An applicant 
that has received a grant in one year may apply 
for additional funds in subsequent years, but 
the Secretary shall not provide more than 
$10,000,000 in Federal assistance under the 
pilot program to any applicant for the period
encompassing fiscal years 2007 through fiscal 
year 2011. 
(B) INFORMATION.—The Secretary shall 
establish mechanisms to ensure that the infor-
mation and knowledge gained by participants in 
the pilot program are shared among the pilot 
program participants and are available to other 
interested parties, including other applicants. 
(5) AWARD AMOUNTS.—The Secretary shall de-
termine grant amounts, but the maximum size of 
grants shall decline as the cost of producing plug-in 
hybrid electric vehicles declines or the cost of con-
verting a hybrid electric vehicle to a plug-in hybrid 
electric vehicle declines. 
(e) COST SHARING.—The Secretary shall carry out 
the program under this section in compliance with section 
988(a) through (d) and section 989 of the Energy Policy 
Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16352(a) through (d) and 16353). 
(f) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary—
(1) 
for 
carrying 
out 
subsection 
(c), 
$100,000,000 for fiscal year 2008 and such sums as 
may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 2009 
through 2011; and
(2) 
for 
carrying 
out 
subsection 
(d), 
$50,000,000 for fiscal year 2008 and such sums as 
may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 2009 
through 2011. 
SEC. 9. PHOTOVOLTAIC DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM. 
(a) SHORT TITLE.—This section may be cited as the 
‘‘Solar Utilization Now Demonstration Act of 2006’’ or 
the ‘‘SUN Act of 2006’’. 
(b) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish a 
program of grants to States to demonstrate advanced pho-
tovoltaic technology. 
(c) REQUIREMENTS.—
(1) ABILITY TO MEET REQUIREMENTS.—To re-
ceive funding under the program under this section, 
a State must submit a proposal that demonstrates, 
to the satisfaction of the Secretary, that the State 
will meet the requirements of subsection (g). 
(2) COMPLIANCE WITH REQUIREMENTS.—If a 
State has received funding under this section for the 
preceding year, the State must demonstrate, to the 
satisfaction of the Secretary, that it complied with 
the requirements of subsection (g) in carrying out 
the program during that preceding year, and that it 
will do so in the future, before it can receive further 
funding under this section.
(3) FUNDING
ALLOCATION.—Except as pro-
vided in subsection (d), each State submitting a pro-
posal that meets the requirements under subsection 
(c) shall receive funding under the program based on 
the proportion of United States population in the 
State according to the 2000 census. In each fiscal 
year, the portion of funds attributable under this 
paragraph to States that have not submitted pro-
posals that meet the requirements under subsection 
(c) in the time and manner specified by the Sec-
retary shall be distributed pro rata to the States 
that have submitted proposals that meet the require-
ments under subsection (c) in the specified time and 
manner. 
(d) COMPETITION.—If more than $80,000,000 is 
available for the program under this section for any fiscal 
year, the Secretary shall allocate 75 percent of the total 
amount of funds available according to subsection (c)(3), 
and shall award the remaining 25 percent on a competitive 
basis to the States with the proposals the Secretary con-
siders most likely to encourage the widespread adoption 
of photovoltaic technologies. In awarding funds under this 
subsection, the Secretary may give preference to proposals 
that would demonstrate the use of newer materials or 
technologies.
(e) PROPOSALS.—Not later than 6 months after the 
date of enactment of this Act, and in each subsequent fis-
cal year for the life of the program, the Secretary shall 
solicit proposals from the States to participate in the pro-
gram under this section. 
(f) COMPETITIVE CRITERIA.—In awarding funds in 
a competitive allocation under subsection (d), the Sec-
retary shall consider—
(1) the likelihood of a proposal to encourage the 
demonstration of, or lower the costs of, advanced 
photovoltaic technologies; and 
(2) the extent to which a proposal is likely to—
(A) maximize the amount of photovoltaics 
demonstrated; 
(B) maximize the proportion of non-Fed-
eral cost share; and 
(C) limit State administrative costs. 
(g) STATE PROGRAM.—A program operated by a 
State with funding under this section shall provide com-
petitive awards for the demonstration of advanced photo-
voltaic technologies. Each State program shall—
(1) require a contribution of at least 60 percent 
per award from non-Federal sources, which may in-
clude any combination of State, local, and private
funds, except that at least 10 percent of the funding 
must be supplied by the State; 
(2) limit awards for any single project to a 
maximum of $1,000,000; 
(3) prohibit any nongovernmental recipient 
from receiving more than $1,000,000 per year; 
(4) endeavor to fund recipients in the commer-
cial, industrial, institutional, governmental, and resi-
dential sectors; 
(5) limit State administrative costs to no more 
than 10 percent of the grant; 
(6) report annually to the Secretary on—
(A) the amount of funds disbursed; 
(B) the amount of photovoltaics purchased; 
and 
(C) the results of the monitoring under 
paragraph (7); 
(7) provide for measurement and verification of 
the output of a representative sample of the 
photovoltaics systems demonstrated throughout the 
average working life of the systems, or at least 20 
years; 
(8) require that applicant buildings must have 
received an independent energy efficiency audit dur-
ing the 6-month period preceding the filing of the 
application; and 
(9) encourage Historically Black Colleges and 
Universities, Hispanic Serving Institutions, and 
other minority-serving institutions to apply for 
grants under this program. 
(h) UNEXPENDED FUNDS.—If a State fails to expend 
any funds received under subsection (c) or (d) within 3 
years of receipt, such remaining funds shall be returned 
to the Treasury. 
(i) REPORTS.—The Secretary shall report to Con-
gress 5 years after funds are first distributed to the States 
under this section—
(1) the amount of photovoltaics demonstrated; 
(2) the number of projects undertaken; 
(3) the administrative costs of the program; 
(4) the amount of funds that each State has 
not received because of a failure to submit a quali-
fying proposal, as described in subsection (c)(3); 
(5) the results of the monitoring under sub-
section (g)(7); and 
(6) the total amount of funds distributed, in-
cluding a breakdown by State.
(j) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary for the 
purposes of carrying out this section—
(1) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; and 
(2) such sums as may be necessary for each of 
the fiscal years 2009 through 2011. 
SEC. 10. ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING GRANT PROGRAM. 
(a) ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING PILOT GRANT 
PROGRAM.—
(1) IN
GENERAL.—Not later than 6 months 
after the date of enactment of this Act, the Sec-
retary shall establish a pilot program to award 
grants to businesses and organizations for new con-
struction of energy efficient buildings, or major ren-
ovations of buildings that will result in energy effi-
cient buildings, to demonstrate innovative energy ef-
ficiency technologies, especially those sponsored by 
the Department. 
(2) AWARDS.—The Secretary shall award 
grants under this subsection competitively to those 
applicants whose proposals—
(A) best demonstrate—
(i) likelihood to meet or exceed the 
standards referred to in subsection (b)(2);
(ii) likelihood to maximize cost-effec-
tive energy efficiency opportunities; and 
(iii) advanced energy efficiency tech-
nologies; and 
(B) maximize the leverage of private in-
vestment for costs related to increasing the en-
ergy efficiency of the building. 
(3) CONSIDERATION.—The Secretary shall give 
due consideration to proposals for buildings that are 
likely to serve low and moderate income populations. 
(4) AMOUNT OF GRANTS.—Grants under this 
subsection shall be for up to 50 percent of design 
and energy modeling costs, not to exceed $50,000 
per building. No single grantee may be eligible for 
more than 3 grants per year under this program. 
(5) GRANT PAYMENTS.—
(A) INITIAL
PAYMENT.—The Secretary 
shall pay 50 percent of the total amount of the 
grant to grant recipients upon selection. 
(B) REMAINDER OF PAYMENT.—The Sec-
retary shall pay the remaining 50 percent of the 
grant only after independent certification, by a 
professional engineer or other qualified profes-
sional, that operational buildings are energy ef-
ficient buildings as defined in subsection (b).
(C) FAILURE TO COMPLY.—The Secretary 
shall not provide the remainder of the payment 
unless the building is certified within 6 months 
after operation of the completed building to 
meet the requirements described in subpara-
graph (B), or in the case of major renovations 
the building is certified within 6 months of the 
completion of the renovations. 
(6) REPORT TO CONGRESS.—Not later than 3 
years after awarding the first grant under this sub-
section, the Secretary shall transmit to Congress a 
report containing—
(A) the total number and dollar amount of 
grants awarded under this subsection; and 
(B) an estimate of aggregate cost and en-
ergy savings enabled by the pilot program 
under this subsection. 
(7) ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES.—Administra-
tive expenses for the program under this subsection 
shall not exceed 10 percent of appropriated funds. 
(b) DEFINITION
OF ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILD-
ING.—For purposes of this section the term ‘‘energy effi-
cient building’’ means a building that—
(1) achieves a reduction in energy consumption 
of—
(A) at least 30 percent for new construc-
tion, compared to the energy standards set by 
the 2004 International Energy Conservation 
Code (in the case of residential buildings) or 
ASHRAE Standard 90.1–2004; or 
(B) at least 20 percent for major renova-
tions, compared to energy consumption before 
renovations are begun; 
(2) is constructed or renovated in accordance 
with the most current, appropriate, and applicable 
voluntary consensus standards, as determined by the 
Secretary, such as those listed in the assessment 
under section 914(b), or revised or developed under 
section 914(c), of the Energy Policy Act of 2005; 
and 
(3) after construction or renovation—
(A) uses heating, ventilating, and air con-
ditioning systems that perform at no less than 
Energy Star standards; or 
(B) if Energy Star standards are not ap-
plicable, uses Federal Energy Management Pro-
gram recommended heating, ventilating, and air 
conditioning products.
(c) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary for car-
rying out this section—
(1) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; and 
(2) such sums as may be necessary for each of 
the fiscal years 2009 through 2011. 
SEC. 11. ENERGY TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER. 
Section 917 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 
U.S.C. 16197) is amended to read as follows: 
‘‘SEC. 917. ADVANCED ENERGY TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 
CENTERS. 
‘‘(a) GRANTS.—Not later than 18 months after the 
date of enactment of the Alternative Energy Research and 
Development Act, the Secretary shall make grants to non-
profit institutions, State and local governments, coopera-
tive extension services, or universities (or consortia there-
of), to establish a geographically dispersed network of Ad-
vanced Energy Technology Transfer Centers, to be located 
in areas the Secretary determines have the greatest need 
of the services of such Centers. In establishing the net-
work, the Secretary shall consider the special needs and 
opportunities for increased energy efficiency for manufac-
tured and site-built housing, including construction, ren-
ovation, and retrofit. In making awards under this section, 
the Secretary shall—
‘‘(1) give priority to applicants already oper-
ating or partnered with an outreach program capa-
ble of transferring knowledge and information about 
advanced energy efficiency methods and tech-
nologies; 
‘‘(2) ensure that, to the extent practicable, the 
program enables the transfer of knowledge and in-
formation—
‘‘(A) about a variety of technologies and 
‘‘(B) in a variety of geographic areas; and 
‘‘(3) give preference to applicants that would 
significantly expand on or fill a gap in existing pro-
grams in a geographical region. 
‘‘(b) ACTIVITIES.—Each Center shall operate a pro-
gram to encourage demonstration and commercial applica-
tion of advanced energy methods and technologies through 
education and outreach to building and industrial profes-
sionals, and to other individuals and organizations with 
an interest in efficient energy use. Funds awarded under 
this section may be used for the following activities: 
‘‘(1) Developing and distributing informational 
materials on technologies that could use energy more 
efficiently. 
‘‘(2) Carrying out demonstrations of advanced 
energy methods and technologies.
‘‘(3) Developing and conducting seminars, 
workshops, long-distance learning sessions, and 
other activities to aid in the dissemination of knowl-
edge and information on technologies that could use 
energy more efficiently. 
‘‘(4) Providing or coordinating onsite energy 
evaluations, including instruction on the commis-
sioning of building heating and cooling systems, for 
a wide range of energy end-users. 
‘‘(5) Examining the energy efficiency needs of 
energy end-users to develop recommended research 
projects for the Department. 
‘‘(6) Hiring experts in energy efficient tech-
nologies to carry out activities described in para-
graphs (1) through (5). 
‘‘(c) APPLICATION.—A person seeking a grant under 
this section shall submit to the Secretary an application 
in such form and containing such information as the Sec-
retary may require. The Secretary may award a grant 
under this section to an entity already in existence if the 
entity is otherwise eligible under this section. The applica-
tion shall include, at a minimum—
‘‘(1) a description of the applicant’s outreach 
program, and the geographic region it would serve, 
and of why the program would be capable of trans-
ferring knowledge and information about advanced 
energy technologies that increase efficiency of energy 
use; 
‘‘(2) a description of the activities the applicant 
would carry out, of the technologies that would be 
transferred, and of any other organizations that will 
help facilitate a regional approach to carrying out 
those activities; 
‘‘(3) a description of how the proposed activities 
would be appropriate to the specific energy needs of 
the geographic region to be served; 
‘‘(4) an estimate of the number and types of 
energy end-users expected to be reached through 
such activities; and 
‘‘(5) a description of how the applicant will as-
sess the success of the program. 
‘‘(d) SELECTION CRITERIA.—The Secretary shall 
award grants under this section on the basis of the fol-
lowing criteria, at a minimum: 
‘‘(1) The ability of the applicant to carry out 
the proposed activities. 
‘‘(2) The extent to which the applicant will co-
ordinate the activities of the Center with other enti-
ties as appropriate, such as State and local govern-
ments, utilities, universities, and National Labora-
tories. 
‘‘(3) The appropriateness of the applicant’s out-
reach program for carrying out the program de-
scribed in this section. 
‘‘(4) The likelihood that proposed activities 
could be expanded or used as a model for other 
areas. 
‘‘(e) COST-SHARING.—In carrying out this section, 
the Secretary shall require cost-sharing in accordance with 
the requirements of section 988 for commercial application 
activities. 
‘‘(f) DURATION.—
‘‘(1) INITIAL GRANT PERIOD.—A grant awarded 
under this section shall be for a period of 5 years. 
‘‘(2) 
INITIAL
EVALUATION.—Each 
grantee 
under this section shall be evaluated during its third 
year of operation under procedures established by 
the Secretary to determine if the grantee is accom-
plishing the purposes of this section described in 
subsection (a). The Secretary shall terminate any 
grant that does not receive a positive evaluation. If 
an evaluation is positive, the Secretary may extend 
the grant for 3 additional years beyond the original 
term of the grant.
‘‘(3) ADDITIONAL EXTENSION.—If a grantee re-
ceives an extension under paragraph (2), the grantee 
shall be evaluated again during the second year of 
the extension. The Secretary shall terminate any 
grant that does not receive a positive evaluation. If 
an evaluation is positive, the Secretary may extend 
the grant for a final additional period of 3 additional 
years beyond the original extension. 
‘‘(4) LIMITATION.—No grantee may receive 
more than 11 years of support under this section 
without reapplying for support and competing 
against all other applicants seeking a grant at that 
time. 
‘‘(g) PROHIBITION.—None of the funds awarded 
under this section may be used for the construction of fa-
cilities. 
‘‘(h) DEFINITIONS.—For purposes of this section: 
‘‘(1) ADVANCED ENERGY METHODS AND TECH-
NOLOGIES.—The term ‘advanced energy methods 
and technologies’ means all methods and tech-
nologies that promote energy efficiency and con-
servation, including distributed generation tech-
nologies, and life-cycle analysis of energy use.
‘‘(2) CENTER.—The term ‘Center’ means an 
Advanced Energy Technology Transfer Center estab-
lished pursuant to this section. 
‘‘(3) DISTRIBUTED
GENERATION.—The term 
‘distributed generation’ means an electric power gen-
eration technology, including photovoltaic, small 
wind and micro-combined heat and power, that is 
designed to serve retail electric consumers on-site. 
‘‘(4) COOPERATIVE
EXTENSION.—The term 
‘Cooperative Extension’ means the extension services 
established at the land-grant colleges and univer-
sities under the Smith-Lever Act of May 8, 1914. 
‘‘(5) LAND-GRANT
COLLEGES
AND
UNIVER-
SITIES.—The term ‘land-grant colleges and univer-
sities’ means—
‘‘(A) 1862 Institutions (as defined in sec-
tion 2 of the Agricultural Research, Extension, 
and Education Reform Act of 1998 (7 U.S.C. 
7601)); 
‘‘(B) 1890 Institutions (as defined in sec-
tion 2 of that Act); and 
‘‘(C) 1994 Institutions (as defined in sec-
tion 2 of that Act). 
‘‘(i) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—In addi-
tion to amounts otherwise authorized to be appropriated
in section 911, there are authorized to be appropriated 
for the program under this section such sums as may be 
appropriated.’’. 
SEC. 12. GREEN ENERGY EDUCATION. 
(a) DEFINITION.—For the purposes of this section: 
(1) DIRECTOR.—The term ‘‘Director’’ means 
the Director of the National Science Foundation. 
(2) HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDING.—The term 
‘‘high performance building’’ has the meaning given 
that term in section 914(a) of the Energy Policy Act 
of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16194(a)). 
(b) GRADUATE TRAINING
IN ENERGY RESEARCH 
AND DEVELOPMENT.—
(1) FUNDING.—In carrying out research, devel-
opment, demonstration, and commercial application 
activities authorized for the Department, the Sec-
retary may contribute funds to the National Science 
Foundation for the Integrative Graduate Education 
and Research Traineeship program to support 
projects that enable graduate education related to 
such activities. 
(2) CONSULTATION.—The Director shall con-
sult with the Secretary when preparing solicitations 
and awarding grants for projects described in para-
graph (1).
(c) CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT FOR HIGH PER-
FORMANCE BUILDING DESIGN.—
(1) FUNDING.—In carrying out advanced en-
ergy technology research, development, demonstra-
tion, and commercial application activities author-
ized for the Department related to high performance 
buildings, the Secretary may contribute funds to 
curriculum development activities at the National 
Science Foundation for the purpose of improving un-
dergraduate or graduate interdisciplinary engineer-
ing and architecture education related to the design 
and construction of high performance buildings, in-
cluding development of curricula, of laboratory ac-
tivities, of training practicums, or of design projects. 
A primary goal of curriculum development activities 
supported under this section shall be to improve the 
ability of engineers, architects, and planners to work 
together on the incorporation of advanced energy 
technologies during the design and construction of 
high performance buildings. 
(2) CONSULTATION.—The Director shall con-
sult with the Secretary when preparing solicitations 
and awarding grants for projects described in para-
graph (1).