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(A) means an individual who, by appointment in accordance 
with applicable regulations, has the authority to make and admin-
ister contracts and to make determinations and findings with re-
spect to contracts; and 
(B) includes an authorized representative of the contracting of-
ficer, acting within the limits of the representative’s authority. 
(7) CONTRACTOR.—The term ‘‘contractor’’ means a party to a Fed-
eral Government contract other than the Federal Government. 
(8) EXECUTIVE AGENCY.—The term ‘‘executive agency’’ means— 
(A) an executive department as defined in section 101 of title 
5; 
(B) a military department as defined in section 102 of title 5; 
(C) an independent establishment as defined in section 104 of 
title 5, except that the term does not include the Government Ac-
countability Office; and 
(D) a wholly owned Government corporation as defined in sec-
tion 9101(3) of title 31. 
(9) MISREPRESENTATION OF FACT.—The term ‘‘misrepresentation 
of fact’’ means a false statement of substantive fact, or conduct that 
leads to a belief of a substantive fact material to proper understanding 
of the matter in hand, made with intent to deceive or mislead. 
§ 7102. Applicability of chapter 
(a) EXECUTIVE AGENCY CONTRACTS.—Unless otherwise specifically pro-
vided in this chapter, this chapter applies to any express or implied contract 
(including those of the nonappropriated fund activities described in sections 
1346 and 1491 of title 28) made by an executive agency for— 
(1) the procurement of property, other than real property in being; 
(2) the procurement of services; 
(3) the procurement of construction, alteration, repair, or mainte-
nance of real property; or 
(4) the disposal of personal property. 
(b) TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY CONTRACTS.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—With respect to contracts of the Tennessee Valley 
Authority, this chapter applies only to contracts containing a clause 
that requires contract disputes to be resolved through an agency ad-
ministrative process. 
(2) EXCLUSION.—Notwithstanding any other provision of this chap-
ter, this chapter does not apply to a contract of the Tennessee Valley 
Authority for the sale of fertilizer or electric power or related to the 
conduct or operation of the electric power system. 
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(c) FOREIGN GOVERNMENT
OR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION CON-
TRACTS.—If an agency head determines that applying this chapter would 
not be in the public interest, this chapter does not apply to a contract with 
a foreign government, an agency of a foreign government, an international 
organization, or a subsidiary body of an international organization. 
(d) MARITIME CONTRACTS.—Appeals under section 7107(a) of this title 
and actions brought under sections 7104(b) and 7107(b) to (f) of this title, 
arising out of maritime contracts, are governed by chapter 309 or 311 of 
title 46, as applicable, to the extent that those chapters are not inconsistent 
with this chapter. 
§ 7103. Decision by contracting officer 
(a) CLAIMS GENERALLY.— 
(1) SUBMISSION OF CONTRACTOR’S CLAIMS TO CONTRACTING OFFI-
CER.—Each claim by a contractor against the Federal Government re-
lating to a contract shall be submitted to the contracting officer for a 
decision. 
(2) CONTRACTOR’S CLAIMS IN WRITING.—Each claim by a contractor 
against the Federal Government relating to a contract shall be in writ-
ing. 
(3) CONTRACTING OFFICER TO DECIDE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT’S 
CLAIMS.—Each claim by the Federal Government against a contractor 
relating to a contract shall be the subject of a written decision by the 
contracting officer. 
(4) TIME FOR SUBMITTING CLAIMS.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—Each claim by a contractor against the Fed-
eral Government relating to a contract and each claim by the Fed-
eral Government against a contractor relating to a contract shall 
be submitted within 6 years after the accrual of the claim. 
(B) EXCEPTION.—Subparagraph (A) of this paragraph does not 
apply to a claim by the Federal Government against a contractor 
that is based on a claim by the contractor involving fraud. 
(5) APPLICABILITY.—The authority of this subsection and sub-
sections (c)(1), (d), and (e) does not extend to a claim or dispute for 
penalties or forfeitures prescribed by statute or regulation that another 
Federal agency is specifically authorized to administer, settle, or deter-
mine. 
(b) CERTIFICATION OF CLAIMS.— 
(1) REQUIREMENT GENERALLY.—For claims of more than $100,000 
made by a contractor, the contractor shall certify that— 
(A) the claim is made in good faith; 
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