APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD tions by zones was adopted as less likely to lead to friction between the Allies. Today the final peace treaty is under discussion. If Russia would abandon her selfish policy of blind tenacity, holding out for every gain for Russia when world peace may hang in the balance, the Moscow Conference could reach speedy agreement on the issues under consid- eration. T urge the Members of the House to study the Yalta protocol and then to read ‘carefully the following statement by Secretary of State Marshall, which clear- ly defines American policy on agreements between this Nation and Russia on Ger- man reparations: (Text of statement on reparations by George C. Marshall, United States ‘Secretary of State, at Council of Foreign Ministers at Moscow, March 18, 1947] I wish to make completely clear the posi- tion the United States has consistently taken with regard to the relation of the Potsdam agreement on reparations to the Yalta protocol. Immediately om his return from Potsdam, before any question was raised as to the scope or meaning of the Potsdam agreement and of {ts relation to the Yalta agrcement, Presi- Gent Truman, in a public address on August 9, 1945, clearly stated his understanding of the Potsdam agreement, and I will read to y-u exactly what he sald: “At the Crimea Conference a basis for fix- ing reparations had been proposed for initial Giacussion and study by a reparations com- mission. That basis was a total amount of reparations—$20,000,000,000. Of this sum, one-half was to go to Russia, which suffered more heavily in loss of life and property than any other country. “But at Berlin the idea of attempting to fix a dollar value on the property to be re- moved from Germany was dropped. To fix a@ dollar-value share each nation would be & sort of guarantor of the amount each na- tion would get—-a guaranty which might not be fulfilled. This formula of taking repera- tions by zones will lead to less friction among the Allies than the tentative basis originally proposed for study at Yalta.” In July 1946, at Paris, the question of German reparations was discussed in the Council of Poreign Ministers. At that time Mr. Molotov presented the same arguments regarding the Yalta agreement which he put forth here. Secretary Byrnes, who was pres- sent at the Yalta Conference and who as Secretary of State took an active part in working out the Potsdam agreement on repa- rations, stated the view and position of the United States Government that the Potedam agreement took the piace of the preliminary agreement reached at Yalta. Byrnes pointed out the irrefutable fact, and I quote from his statement: “The language read by Mr. Molotov showed what Mr. Roosevelt agreed to was only to study as a basis for discussion the sugges- tion of the Soviet Government. The lIan- guage of the protocol shows that the Soviet proposal was passed to the Moscow Repara- tions Commission as one of the proposals to be considered by the Commission.” The position of the United States Govern- ment tions is that the agree- ments at Potsdam supersede the preliminary agreements previously reached at Yalta. We will not follow Mr. Molotov in a retreat from Potsdam to Yalta. The long-sought-for peace depends on faith, understanding, and cooperation between the three great powers—the United States, Great Britain, and Russia. Russia, as usual, fs the stumbling block—this time using the tentative terms agreed to at Yalta to force her point. Secretary of State Marshall is not impressed or convinced. Dr. Muzzicato Reperts on Second Mission to Italy EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. EUGENE J. KEOGH or NEW YORK IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 31, 1947 Mr. KEOGH. Mr. Speaker, under Jeave to extend my remarks in the Rec- oxp, I include the following report made by Dr. Charles Muzzicato on medical conditions in Italy, as he saw them dur- ing his second survey, made in the form of a speech which he delivered on the occasion of a testimonjal banquet given in his honor by the Federation of Italian- American Societies in Buffalo, N. Y. As national chairman of the American Medical Relief for Italy (AMRI), Dr. Muzzicato’s mission had the full approval of the President's War Relief Control Board. His survey was facilitated by the military permit granted him by the Joint Chiefs of Siaff of the United States of America and by his attachment to the Allied Commission—Public Health Sub- commission—immediately upon his ar- rival in Italy. Dr. Muzzicato won great distinction as a New York State senator, and to his present duties he brought a background of wide experience acquired while serving in the senate as chairman of the committee on public health. The report is as follows: DR. MUZZICATO REPORTS ON SECOND MISSION TO Last year J undertook to make a survey of medical conditions in Italy, with spectal em- phasis on its hospital needs. Upon my return I issued a report tn which I described the suffertng, hungry, malnourished, and desti- tute people of Italy. It was a tragic sight, one so filled with human sufferings that I won- dered whether ft was true, anc how !t was at ell posstble for human beings to live under such conditions. At thet time tt was, for the people of Italy, a matter of keeping body and soul together in the face of disease and in- creasing death rates due to many causes. I have just returned from another visit to Italy where I again spent some 2 months sur- veying the problems facing the Italian people todry. What I saw there filled me with ad- miration and respect for them. During my first journey I never thought that it would be possible for a nation to pull itself up from such depths of meaery: for its people to show such progress in their against want, sickness, and death—e struggle which had the tinge of hopelessness. I can tell you now that the people of Italy have performed one of the great miracies of our time. It is truly a miracle since all the visiting experts, authorities, scientists, and doctors had predicted almost certain doom for them. Yet these people with their own bare hands and with the exertion of a determined will, are demonstrating to the world that they still have the viruntty to restore themselves in every phase of living. They are proving that with just a little aid they could pick up the A1355 scattered pieces and join together 8 working whole again. Thanks * * * are due the people in this country who have answered our appeal and have provided the means of alleviating the distressed condition of the Italian people as it existed when the war ended. * °* This has been done with contributions of food, clothing, medicines, and surgical sup~ plies. The number of lives which has been saved cannot be counted. The desperation I saw during my first trip bad vanished sub- stantially and in its place now there is hope. Hope, in fact, is the one word which can best characterize the present attitude of the Italian pcople and we can be proudly happy to know that all of us here tonight together with hundreds of thousands more throughout this land helped bring this about. Bvery- where I went, in the little towns, in the big citics, and out in the rural arcas of Italy, I found this renaissance of hcpe. When I had the great honor of being re- ceived for a second time by His Holiness Pope Pius XII, I found him more optimistic and in better spirits. During the occasion of my first trip, he had appeared tired and worn; he looked thin, pale, and very much per- turbed. In contrast, he reficcted a great change on the occasion of my second audi- ence with him. He looked better and more energetic. When I remarked this he smiled and said, ‘Yes; it ia because I am so hopeful that America will continue to beip.” As I traveled from place to piace, I saw the Italian people busy at work, and I marveled at their untiring efforts to get the most from the little they had to work with. Por in- stance, I was surprised to see that most of the bridges that had been destroyed by the war were now reconstructed—and that trans- portation, one of the bottlenecks of the coun- try, was fast resuming its stride. Every means of transporting gcods from one part of the country to the other is being used to the utmost advantage. Telegraph lines and other communication facilities have likewise improved. Pexzsons can still be seen daily acting as human mechanisms, pulling carts and carriages loaded with vegetables and other foodsiuffs to the market place. Ani- mals of every description are being utilized to the limit. Transportation relics are seen commonly along the roads. But neverthe- less things are moving. All through southern Italy and throughout Sicily I saw men and women of every age, even little boys and girls, nourishing the aoil—the soil which means so much to them. And I'm happy to say their labors have been fruitful, for Italy this year has had a good harvest. With the medica) and surgical supplies we sent to Italy, Italian doctors have worked wonders. They were able to hold back the rising tide of death. They labored under the most adverse conditions night and day to check discases, to rebuild bodies with medi- Cine, to save the bealth of the nation. If this is a rosy picture of conditions in Italy, I am sure that you will understand that it is only a comparison between my first visit and my recently completed tour. The comparison ende right there. Por were we to attempt a similar compartson with our own conditions here in the United States, the tragic plight of Italy would still appear great. One might very well compare Italy's condition with that of a patient who has just come out of a major Operation suc- cessfully. No doctor would leave that pa- tient on his own until he is able to walk about on his own two feet. Italy has come through the operation successfully. But she cannot be left alone now. The Italtan peo- pie must be assisted tn their recuperative period. This wilt require stil! more food,
A1356 more clothing, and more medicine, and it is imperative that this material aid be extended immediately. If we fail the people of Italy in the last phase of needed aid, all of the good that has been done will be negated. This second trip which I made to Italy con- vinced me that the Itallan people could re- store themselves more speedily and could return to normalcy quickly if they felt sure that the future would not be laden with threats of economic strangulation. New ob- stacles must not be placed in their path of reconstruction and rehabilitation. It would be childish to disregard the dark clouds that hang over Italy's future. The economic destiny of the nation seems not to be entirely in its own hands, but in the hands of the Big Four empowered to draft the peace treaties. The psychological reac- tion brought about by the decisions of the foreign ministers of Russia, England, France, and our own Secretary of State, can stymie very well the prodigious efforts of the new Italy. The promises made to the people of Italy during the war years have remained in their minds. To them these promises presented the hope of a new world, a new society of nations, where justice for all would insure economic tranquility and lasting peace for both victors and vanquished. To state that many of these promises have yet to be realized is surely an understatement. The people of Italy are aware of the factors in- volved. And it is this that makes them feel that the principles of the Atlantic Charter and the “four freedoms" have been discarded for power politics. Such a realization has made them lose some of the faith they had built up in the Allies especially when they were told that they would be amply assisted if they overthrew their dictatorship and em- braced a democratic form of government. History has documented the fact that the Italians did everything we asked them to do and they did it at a coloasal cost to them- selves, I mention this only because it affects the future of Italy and her ability to rehabili- tate herself. It is an important considera- tion in picturing the present conditions of Italy and the mental attitude of her people. On my way back to the United States I stopped in Paris where I had the opportunity to meet United States Secretary of State Byrnes. In my capacity as chairman of American Medical Relief for Italy I had sent him a communication stating my belief that much of the relief we had provided would be endangered if Italy did not get just treat- ment at the peace conference. When I met and talked with Mr. Byrnes in Paris my communication was remembered, and after our meeting I felt certain that Italy's future position was greatly strengthened by his attitude and efforts in her behalf. I was fortunate also to be at the Paris air- port when S=:nator VANDENBERG arrived to counsel with Secretary Byrnes. The Senator and I had a brief meeting. I was happy to Jearn from btm that he was familiar with the purpose of my mission to Italy and he endorsed it completely and revealed a staunch friendship for the Italian Nation. As a doctor, naturally, I was distressed to find during my second survey that the health of Italy's people is still poor. Tuberculosis ia widespread. The mortality rate of infants is painfully high. Infectious diseases and ralnutrition are still prevalent. The people of Italy want to live. They have the energy and the ambition to survive their greatest disaster. But the problem of the present and the future is whether Italy's friends are going to help her to get back and stay on her own feet again. Aside from the humanitarian standpoint, it is to the interest of world peace that Italy recover completely. To bring this about we must not fail the people of Italy. We must not forget the promises we made to them. We must keep faith because they believed in us. And to those of us who helped them meet their great crisis in the past years by sending food, clothing, and medicine to combat starvation, disease, and death, the call for a final spurt to bring them over the danger line is most urgent and must be heeded. Just a little more help from Italy's friends will insure the gains which were made in the past year. Just a little more medical aid will save the lives of hundreds of thcu- sands of Italians. I am sure that if each and every one of you had been with me during my trips through Italy and seen conditions as I had you would not hesitate a moment now to give that additional aid. Let me leave you with this thought: Here is Italy the country which, more than any other, produced what is finest in art and music and science; the home of a people who through the centuries have contributed im- measurably to the culture of world civilisa- tion. But, having been led, unwillingly, to disaster for which she has paid and is still paying a terrible price, will we stand by and allow her to remain a sick nation, when she knows so well how to create the good and the beautiful? If there is any compassion in us, we will not leave her to such a sorry fate. We Amer- ieans of Italian ancestry have been greatly fortunate; we have the blessings of the old Italy nurtured by the strength of this won- derful free country of the United States; we are endowed with riches and there is within us enough skill, enough heart, and enough strength to bring the Italian people back to health. Will we summon that strength and provide food and medicine as humanitarians with a deep responsibility? Look upon Italy as I suggested earlier in my speech as a patient woefully weak after @® major operation. She needs nursing to bring her into convalescence and eventual recovery. You and I can provide it. We have the means if we have the will. Are we going to provide it? Yours will be the answer, and I know it will be right. Cmarites MuzzicaTo, M. D., National Chairman, American Medical Reltef for italy (AMRI),.New York, N. Y. Monsignor Carrol-Abbing, former director of medical service assigned to ENDSI (Ente Nazionale per la Distribuzione dei Soccorsi in Italia) and now foreign representative of American Relief for Italy, Inc., has sent Dr. Muzzicato the list printed below which represonts hospitals in which medical sup- plies and equipment donated through the AMRI organization have been distributed: Province and city Hospital Agrigento: aly nto. Ospedale civico. Caniea' Ospedale civile. Licata.....-...-2.--... Ospedale ciyle “6. Gis como di A Itopasso Belacea......-.e-eeeeee an riuni Triolo, ” Ancona: A edate civilo “Umberto Chiaravalle...........- oft civile “Prined; { Piemonte.” Pe epee oie InC.R.L. edalo civile “Umberto Osp redale civile “Vittorio manuelo ITI." Ope le leila “Umberto Ostra... 2. eect vile. Sassoferrato. -- one ened oe Antonio.” Senigallia... --| Ospedale civile. Apuania: Apuania...............] Ospedale civile Mays Gis Ospedalecivion Fivizzano.........--20- ale | “g, Antonio Pontremoli.....ccccce-| Ospedale civile “8, An tonio Abate.” APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Provinco and city Hospital Arerro: Arergo........-.--...-- Spedall rluniti di “8, Me sopra tt va tpontl.” Castigiione Fiorentino. anda n Cortona .......-.....-- Spedull Hane ai “8, Ma- ria dolla Misericordia.”” Bibbiena..........---- Ospedale “V tttorio Eman- ue Folano.........---.----| Ospedale di “8. Franoes- ox Montevarehl......-... le della M isericor- dis, 8. Giovanni Valdarno..| Ospedale “Alberti.” Sepolaro......-.-.... Ospedale della Misericor Subbiano.......-..---- Ospedale “Boschi.” Ascoli Picena: Ascoli Picono.. Ospedale civile “Maszeo- Ospedale civile “Umber- Ospedite“‘Diotailevi,” Ospedale civi Ospedale civile “8. Gae- no.” &. Elpidioa Mare .-... Ospedale delia Misericor Avellino: . Arlano Irpino.......... Ospedale civile. Avellino.......--.....- Do, Monteforte Irpino. -..- Do. Ospedale civile “8. Maria.” Ospedale civile “A. Lan- olf,” Ospedalo civile. Policlinico, Ospedalo “Principo Um- prto. Ospedale “8S. Nicola polle- grino.” 8. Angelo def Lom- Bonovento: Bonovento........-...- Ospedall riuniti. Plodimonte d’Alifo..... Ospedale civile. 8. Agata do Goti....... Do. polopntivoglio...--.------ Ospedale “C. A. Pizeardi,” Bologna Ist! tuto ortopedico “Riz- Budrio............ aeons Ospedale |, Umberto o Mar. Caste! 8. Piotro Ospedale olvilo. d’Emilia. MOl8......---e-nenenee * Ospeda.o civile “8. Maria olla Scalotta.”’ Ospedale psichiatrico provinciale. Medicina........-...-- Ospodato ricovero. Molinolla. Ospedale civile. Porrotta Termo Ospedalo “Costa.” 8, Giovanni in Persi- | Ospedale civile. coto. Vorgato....-.---. aeons Do, * Cael D agiiorl........ -- 0. . Ospedale dalla C. R. 1. Carbonia.. --] Ospedals “C. Avanszini.” Igiosias. .. - Ospedale “8, Barbara.” ristano.......-.----66 Ospedal civile. Caltanissetta: Caltaniasetta.......... Ospedale ‘\Y ittorlo Eman- Ospedale clvile “8. Ste Qspedale “A. Cardarelli.” Ospedale circondariale, Ospedale “G. Vietri.” Ospedale elvile Ospedale “8, Marts.” pedalo “Umberto 1.” Os pean clvilo “Vittorio manucle Ospedale sanaloriale “Fer- rarotto Alessi.” Ospedale “8, Rocco.” Ospedale “8. Salvatore.” Ospedale dei Poveri. Onpedinie clviie “8, Gio vanni di Dio.” Opedale civile. Ospedale Civile “L Tor- aldo.” Ospedale civile. Ospedale “Vittorio Eman- Ospedale civile. Ospedale sanatorials, Ospedale civile. . Ospedale Vay tte ‘*Rea- eetti.”” Ospedale civile, Ospedale civile “G, Cam pagna.”
Hospital Nuovo Ospedale clivile One Sn al] Iv ct) S nattasto.” Ospedale “Umberto 1.” Ospedalo “‘Ferro-Branci- forti-C. Orvedale “Basilotta.” Ospedale divico ‘“Chiello.” Ospedale “Mazroleni-Van- Ospedale “Borselli,” Qspedale clvile. Ospedale “8. Camillo.” Ospedale “Vittorio Eman- Ospedale “B. gituseppe, ” Arsispedale “8S. Anna.” Istituto “Eppi. i” Portomagelore-- Firenze: Borgo 8. Lorenzo. Ospedale, . Castelfiorentino... Ospedale di 8. Verdiana. Ospodale della Miserlcor- E li, Ospedale “8S. Guiseppe.” Flosolo.. Oxpedals “3. Antonine, ” Figine Valdarn Orpecae “Soristen ni) 0. “Serristori.’’ Fine een enncenes A di 8. Maria Nuova. Istituto Ortopedico Tos- Ompedata “8. Giovann. di Casa di cura chirurgica “O, Basilowsky. Ospedale Oftalmico floren: tino Ospedale “8. Giuse) Sanatorio “ “Caregnl. pe." Ospedale “Gallflel.” Ospedale Sanatoriale. Sanatorto “Ponte Vec- Opedale p psichiatrico “6, Ospedale “Monte Oli- Ospedale Orbetello. Ospedale dolla Maternita. Os Ebraico. Firense.. Ospedale della C. R. 1, Ospedale sanatoriale al atte. in Ospedale rier? delle ose.’" Ospedale “Villa Popi.” Fiorenruola.. Ospedale “88. Annun- Fucecchio. .. Ospedale “8. Piotro Ignoo.” Greve. ...... Ospedale “Rosa Libri.” Laoo...2..... Ospedale civile. Marradi...... Ospedale di 8. Francesco. Prato........ Ospedale della Miseri cordia e Doles. Tavernelle.. Ospedate “‘Naldini.” Fori!: Ospedale “Galdini.” ‘orl: Cesena.. Ospedale civile “M. Bu- Forll.......--.. Ospedale sivile “G, B. Morgagni.”” Forlimpopoll. Oapedale Cadut! in Guerra, Mondola....... Ospedale civile. Bimini. -----~ one ae 0 R.L Ospedale civile. Santarcangelo di Ro- magna. Ospedate 8. Benedetto. Qubedale civil. vile. voce,” Oavedals “D “De Boek.” Ospedale civile “Umberto Ospedale del 88, Sacra- Ceprano | Ospedale clvico “Ferrari.” Ferentino.. ale ctvile. Frosinone.. Ospedale “Umiberto 1.” Jsola del Liri.... Ospedalo elvico “Cadatl per la Patria.” © 8, Giovanni pedale civico del Cro- jampano, cifinso, Pontecorvo.. Ospedale civile. 8. Antonino Do. Bora ......... Do. Supino..... . Ompedale “Principe Um- e wpeseweeeneeecen: Ospedale civile. Tosseto: Castel del Piano... Do. Gromseto......00«. della Misericor- TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Provines and city Grosscto—Continued . Massa Marit ale civile “8. An- Ospedale civilo “B. Gio- vanni di Dio.” Ospedale “F. Petruccioli.” -] Ospedale civile. Ospedale ‘“Acanfora.” Ospedale civilo “88. Filip- po e Nicola. Ospedale civ ile. Ospedale civico “S. Salva- tore.” Umcio di Sanita. Os} pedale sanatoriale ‘8. Rocca di Megzo.......- Ospedale civile. Bulmona...........--.- Ospedale civile “Casa Santa dell'Annunziata.” Tagliacozzo. .......... Ospedale civile “Umberto La Speria: La Spesia....... os, edale civile Vittorio manucle Iil.”” Latina: Corl... ceccenneneceees Ospedale 8. Maria Salute egli Infermi, Ospedale della ©, R. 1, Fondl_........2......- Os vaale civile 8. Giovanni i Dio Latina... Infermeria comunale. Minturn Ospedale civile, . Priverno. Os) pds, civile “Regina Babsudia.............. Ospedale civile, Gspedule della C.R.L Sezze._.....-.2-2----e- Ospedale civile. Terracina a aeeeeenneeeee do Livo Ospedale di Maremma. Ospedale civile. Do. Ospedale “Vittorio Eman- ucle ITI.” nwwennennces Ta. Lucea: Ospedale di 8. Francesco, Ospedale “BB. Vincenzo ¢ Michele Ospedale 8, Croce.” Ospedale civile “8. Ca- mille” Camaiore.............. CastcInuovo di Ger- Lucea Ospedate Riunito, Ospedale civile, Serravezza_ jale “Campagna.” Macerata: Camorino..........---- Ospedale Civile Maria della Ospedale clvite. Ospedale civico “8. Salva- tora,’ Ospedale civico. Ospedale di S. Sollecito. .| Ospedale eivile “8. Lucia.” Ospedale ‘Bartolomeo EKu- stachio. Ospedale elvieo “S. Salva- ore.” Ospedale elvile “Vittorio ‘manuele IIT.” Cingoll..... Corridonia. Os dale, ,civile “Cutroni Ospedale ‘eivile. Ospedale, civico “Pie monte.” Sanntorio dell’ Arciconfra- ternita dei Rossi. Ospedale psichiatrico. Ospedale civile. Ospadale elvilo “8. Balva- tore. Pattl..... cenncecccnees- Ospedale , civico “Barone Modena: Ospedale “B. Ramazzini.” Ospedale, “Regina Marg- one “8, Spirito.” : Ospedale “6. Marla BE Ospedale Policlinico “Ra- maszini.”” | omedate civile, Do. Napo! Do. Cus, Santa dell’Annunzi- Ospedale aie Palasciano.” Ospedale ef Ospedale vie “B. Leon- lo." Orpedale , “8S. Maria a Ospedale civile. A1357 Province and city Napoli ontinued Gragnano ............. Maddalont Marcianisc Marignano. 8, Giorgio a Cromano.. 8. Maria Capua Vetere. Sessa Aurunca....-.... Borrento Torre Annunziata. -__. Torre del Greov.... Vioo Equense.......... Novara; Orta San Giuho.. Nuoro: Nuoro.........--.- Palermo: Montelepra Palazzo Adriano. Palermo. .-.-.-----.--- Partinioo.........-..-- Termini Imerose..----- Pesaro Urbino: Fano. . Pescara: Penne. ........-..---0- Pescara. Popoll.......ceeeeneee- Hospital Oapedali Riunitt ais 8, An- tonio 6 dj &. M ona civile. 0. : np ale “3. Maria della Pace, Ospedaic “8. Maria di zorato.”” Ospedale degh Iuecurabili. Sanatorio “8 Marin della Instituto “Vittorio Eman- uello TTL” Ospedale “Lina Fieschi Ravaschieri.”” Istituto ortopedico “Ter- esa Ravasehieri.” Ospedale paichiatrioo, Ospadale “ Principe di Na- po Ospedale “Gustavo Mor- villo Ospedale “Elena d’ Aosta.” Ospedale “Cardinale As- ealesi.”” Ospedale Militare. Ospedale ‘1. Cotugno.” Ospedale dei Pellegrini. Ospedale civile. Ospedale sanatoriale. Ospedale civile. Ospedale “R. A Ospedale “8 irazie.”” Noxsocomio “ Denta Ospedali Biunitl - “aiu- seppe 6 Melorio. Ospedale “8. Roceo." Ospedale “Lau! Oxpedale civile An a Maria ella Misericord Ospedale “Ave Ciratie Plena.” Ospedale civile Ospedale “A. Maresca.” Ospedali Riuniti “De Luca e Rossano.”’ Ospedale 8. 8. Bernardino e loella,” aria dello Ospedale S. Francesco, Ospedale Sanatoriale. Ospedale §. Spirito. Ospedale “Vittorio Eman- Ospedale eivico “G. Gig- Ospdate civico “Umberto Ospodate “DI Bella.” Ospedale “Regina Mar- gherita.” Ospedale | civico fratelli,”” Ospedale per bam bini. Ospedale sanatoriale ‘“Bue- cheri « Ja Perla.” Policlinico ‘‘Feliciuzza.”” Sanatorio popolare ‘Cer- vollo.”” Sanatorlo ‘Casa del Salo,” Ospedale ‘‘S, Severino.” Ospedale “Aiuto Ma- terno.” Ospizio marino ed Istitu er rachitiel “KE, ae Os ale degli Inierml Ospedale civico “88. Tri- nita.”” “Bene Ospedate civile Ospedale ecivile 8. Mauro, Ospedale civile. Ospedale Maggiore .| Banatorio “Casulsole.” Ospedale civile “8. Glo vanni Battista.” Ospedale “XIV Settembre 1860 ” Ospedak “8. Croce ’ Ospedale civile. Ospedale civile “8. Balva- tore’ Ospedale civile “8. Maria dellu Misericordia ” Ospedale eivile 8 Glo: vanni Battista.’ Ospedale 8 Massimo. Nuovo Ospedale Civile, Ospedale sanatorinle. Ospedale “88. ‘Trinita.”
A1358 Provinee and city Hospital Piacenzn Borgonovo Vai Lidone.| Ospedale civile. Castel 8. Giovanni... Do. Fiorenzuole D’Arda. .. Da, Pinwonzs  -.-2.------0- Do. Pisa. ...-cseeeee eee Spode Rluniti “8. Chi- Pontedera. Ospedale “Felioo Lott.” 8, Miniato Bpedali Riuuits, Ospedali Riunitl “S Maria Maddalena.” Pistota: 0 Ospedate det SS. Cosimo 6 Damiano. P.stows. - ..-} Spodali Riunitt, 8. Mareollo Preto! -| Ospedale “Pacini.’ Tinzana 2.2.2... Ospedale “Caselli” Potenza: Melfi... es ene -- eee Infermeria §. Giovanni di io, Potenza. ...e...e eee Ospedale civile “8. Carlo.” Ragusa: Moder -| Ospedale Mag toro. Ragusa Ospadale civile. Seielt . Ospedale Kieovero “Bu sacea.’ Vittorta, .-.2..e eee Ospedale civile Ravonna. Bagnocavallo.....-...- Ospeda‘e Infesm1, Brisivholla _... Ospedale $, Lernarda, Corvia....... Ospedale Infermi Pover1. Faenza.. Ospedale civile, Lugo....--.. Ospedale “Umberto 1.” Ravenna.........----- Ospedale “Ss Maria delle Crovi’” Reggio Calabria: Melito di Porto Salvo... Oppido Mamertina..-- Palml...-...-- -. ---- Ospedaic, Provineiale “G, faribaldi.” Ospedale eivie, Ospedale “ Regina .. rita.” arghe- Reggio Calabria. ..-...] Ospedale Hiunito — "G, Melocrinoe Ff, Bianchi.” ‘Taurlanova -... Ospedale civile “Prinei pessa di Piemonte " Reggio Emilia: Castelnuovo diSotto...] Ospedale della Beata Vergine della Miseri- cordia, Ospedale eivile “San Seba- stiano,”’ Ospedale civile, Ospedale civile “E. Franechini.” Ospedale | (ai “8, Mario Ma- Correggio.....-. .---.- Guastalla -- Montechio Emilia. Reggio Emilia. Scaudiano........--..- Osp sprig ‘civ ile “CO. Biot. Amatrica.. _.. Ospedate “F, Grifoni." Magliano Sabin Ospeiale civile (7 Ospedale degti Incurabill. Ospedale Psichiatrico Roma: Albano....... weweeeeee Ospedale civico “8. Giu seppe.”” Anzio.....-.-..2-.--.-. Ospedale civile. Aricein.... Instituto Ortopedico. Bracriano.. Ospedale civile. Campagnano. .| Ospedale del Gonfalone. Carpineto Roi Ospedale civile. Civitavecchia. Fraseati..... Ospodale “8, Sebastiano Martire.”’ Gonzano di Roma Ospedale civile. Marino............-.-. Ospedale civile “S.Giu- Monterotondo........- Apis a lo det 88, Goefalone, Ospedale civile. Ospodale Katebenefratelli, Ospedale “Virgilio.” Ospedale “Corradint. ” Ospedale “8. Carlo.” Sanatorio “C, Forlanini.” Sanatorio ane Ramazzint” Sanutorio “C. Battist!.’”’ Ospedale “Mom de.” Ospedale ‘8. Giovanni. ” Ospedale 8. Spirito.” Instituto Ospedale Dermo. sifilopatico “8. Qal- lican Oxpe date di Cinecitta. Onpedale | Sfollati di Forte Ospedale Psichiatrico. Os pedale del “Banbin Jes.” Ospedale “8. Giacomo.” Ospedale “Regina Elena ” Os) pedalo, de! Visolamento Policlinico “Umberto 1.” Ambulatorio “Maria Gab- clinics “8, Stefano Ro Ospedele della Salute, Province and city Hospital Roma—Continued Segni. 22.22. scene ee Ospedale civile. Oxpedale clvieco “A, An velucei.”” Ospedale civile. Do. Do. Ospedale eivile “8. Maria dell Oimo Ospedale civico “Umberto Valmontone. Velletri. 22... Salorno: Cava de} Tirrent.. Ospedale Psichtatrico, Oliveto Citra Ospedale civile. Payani. ...--..-----... Ospedale clvile “A. Tor. tora,’ Pollan, . 22.22 22.4-.--- Ospedale civile. Positano ..-.2. lo. Rorcapiemonte Do. Salerno .-..2---....--- Ospedall Riuniti “8. Gio vanni di Dio ‘e’ Rugg W Aragona.” Ospedale sanatoriale, 8. Arsenio. -....----. Ospedale civile “SS An nuneainta ? Sassari Alghero.....2.-2----.-- Ospedale civile Gonova ... -----.----- Ospedale sanatoriate, Ospedale della G, Re 1 Ospedale “GQ Guribalds. ” O: spedale di Carita “AN ves.” Ospedale civile Ospedale civile Nunziata.” Ospedale snnatoriale Ospedale civile Jan Maddalena Onteri Sassari “SS An Fompio Pausanta .... Thiesi Tniermeria Sienv Chiusi. Ospedale civile, Colle Vai dE Ospedale “5, Lorenzo ” Montalcino. ... Ospedale “8, Marin della race Montepuiciano -. Ospedivle Inferm Pogetbonsi -.-.. Cspedale civile Siena. 2-22... ee eee Spedali Riuniti “S Maria della Scala.” Simalunga —-__....-- Ospedale “Ss Mara delle Nevi.” Ospedale “Muestri “ Ospedale eivile Yorrite di Siena o.22... Siracusa: Lentini Oto_....--.2.- Ospedale civile “Trigona, ‘ Siracusa. -...-.-...---- Ospedale eivile “Umberto ‘Teramo: Atri... 2222.2. eee Ospedale , civile “S, Lib Giulianova.. Ospedale ‘clvite Maria 88, dello Splendore. Sant Omero.. Ospedale civile. Ospedale civile “Vittorio manuel: [1.” Ospedale sanatoriale “A les- sandrini.” Torni: Orvieto............. Ospedale, “3, Maria della tela, Torino: Vigone. .......-..- Ospedale “Ogeero Bes one.” Trapani: Alcamo....-......---.. Ospedarc civico “8. Vito & Castelvetrano .....-.. Ostedale “Vittorio Eman uela Erloo. ... Ospedale ciyieo “Arcangelo fYac! weeee Ospedale “8, Biagio.” Mazare de} Vall .] Ospedale civile Trapani... Ospedale “8. Antonio.” Viterbo: Acquapendente........ Ospedale « Convalescen ziario. Bagnoregio._.......... Ospedale “8. Antonio.” Capranica .........--- Ospedale civile “8 Sebasti ano Gaprarola weneneececnaee Ospedale civile. Civita 3 Castellana Onpedaia S. Giovanni De Ospedale dei Po ver Ospedale Uniti. Ospodale “8. Giovann. di Ospeiate etvico. -| Ospedale civile. Ospedale “Ricciardi.” Ospedale Consorzisle, Ospedale civile, Ort Borlane dei Cimino... Sutri..__ Bari, Bologna, Cagliari, Catania, Ferrara, Firenze, Genova, Messina, Milano, Modena, Padova, Palermo, Pavia, Perugia, Pisa, Roma, Sassari, Siena, Torino. PEDIATRIC UNIVERSITY CLINICS Bari, Bologna, Cagliari, Cantania, Ferrara, Firenze, Messina, Milano, Modena, APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Napoll, Padova, Palermo, Parma, Pavia, Pisa, Perugia, Roma, Sassari, Siena, Torino. PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALS Agrigento, Alcamo, Alessandria, Ancona, Aquila, Arezzo, Ascoli Piceno, Bari, Belluno, Bergamo, Brescia, Bologna, Catunzaru, Como, Cuneo, Ferrara, Firenze, Genova Gorlzia, Lucca, Macerata, Mantova, Massa Marittima, Mossina, Napoli, Novara, Padova, Palermo, Parma, Pavia, Pesaro, Perugia, Pincenza, Pisa, Reggio Calabria, Reggio Emilia, Rieti, Roma, Rovigo, Salerno, Sienu, Siracusa, Sondrio, Teramo, Torino, Trapani, Treviso, Trieste, Udine, Varese, Venezia, Vercelli. Verona, Vicenza. PSYCHIATRIC UNIVERSITY CLINICS Bari, Bologa, Ferrara, Firenze, Genova, Messina, Milano, Napoli, Padova, Palermo, Parma, Perugia, Pisa, Siena, Torino. Reduction of Customs Bureau Appropriations EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF HON. JOBN J. ROONEY OF NEW YORK IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mozday, March 31, 1947 Mr. ROONEY. Mr. Speaker, on Fri- day night last, for the first time in over 70 years, the world's greatest port of New York and .ts vast water front was open and unguarded as the result of the phoney economy program of the Repub- lican National Committee. The follow- ing newspaper article by Sidney Fields, published in yesterday's New York Sun- day Mirror, is an accurate glimpse into their sabotage of our Customs Bureau and their unwarranted discharre of our loyal and veteran port patrol officers: ONLY HUMAN-—LETTER TO THE UNITED STATES SENATE (By Sidney Fields) Dear SENATOR: You're about to fire Anthony Zinnanti from his job us a port patrol officer. So I'd like you to meet him. Matter of fact, you're going to fire 743 of the 848 port patrol officers in New York. Tony is a veteran and has four kids and his mother lives with him, too. Now chew on this, Senator: Of the 743 to be fired, 624 ure vets, and over 300 of them have war disabilities. : In the picture (not printed) Tony is dis- playing just some of the contraband he and other port men grab in their 24-hour-a- day watch—al] kinds of dope, guns, brass knuckles, knives, opium pipes, and diamonds and jewelry hidden in the heel of a shoe. If you haven't counted up the score yet, Senator, here it is: The House sliced 83,500,- 000 from the funds to be given to the Cus- toms Bureau. That cut is now before the Senate Subcommittee on Appropriations. Almost all of the 1,410 port and border patrol officers in the Customs Service have already been notified that they're canned as of April 25 Know what that means? Our Canadian border will be completely unprotected. There will be just an ineffective force on our Mexican border, and 28 American harbors will have practically no protection. Don’t look now, Senator, but you're leaving all Ameri- can doors wide open for smugglers, dope traffic, rivers of contraband, and a deluge of crime. And irony of ironies. Among those to be fired is Lawrence F. Murray, the young vet
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD who recently seized that 459 ounces of pure heroin, worth over a million dollars. But ask Tony Zinnanti about the day-to- Gay jobs he and his crowd do. They're a pretty hawk-eyed bunch, Senator. Nothing, but nothing, gets by them. They lift dope or a smuggied diamond from under a band- age ona man. They find stuff in adhesive tape under someone’s arms, or even under their groin. They turn up jewelry in the waistband of'someone’s pants, a gun under @ garter, or a harmless little bottle of perfume in a lady’s handbag, which turns out to be a liquid narcotic. And since we decided to stand up to Russia you can expect a lot of nasty subversive lit- erature. Tony and the boys generally find that in notes on sheet music, in the middle of harmless records, and under fake book titles. ‘You see, Senator, these boys have a Seventh sense about all such things. They spot anything phoney where you and I couldn't if we lookec twice. Somctimes it’s the look in a man’s eye, or how he walks. Often he'll be carrying his coat, and his sleeve will be tied up, and it will hold a load of stuff 'ike ammunition, liquor, or watch move- ments. They always watch the chap who runs over to greet momma as she gets off the ship, and then he walks off with her fur coat. Why, last year they made over 4,100 seizures and detentions. These past 3 months they grabbed 28 hauls of heroin, cocaine, opium, morphine, and marijuana. There's old Sam Schermer, 62, and in his 30 years of service Sam has nabbed over a million in jewelry that otherwise wculd have been smuggled in. Figure it out yourself. Senator. That $3,500,000 slice means their upkeep is 21, cents per person in America. Pretty cheap, isn't it, when you add up the millions they save us every year? Only recently the boys hooked a man who had 18 ounces of pure cocaine hanging in a silk bag from his legs. He bought it for $100 in Valparaiso and was to get $200 for it. It was Worth $800,000 in the dope market. Tony Zinnanti once grabbed a fellow with 56 vials of morphine plastered against his thighs and stomach. That all adds up to a lot of money, Senator. All port patrol men in New York remember the woman who showed up at the piers every time a certain ship would come in. They investigated quietly, found her to be the owner of a respectable dress shop. But one Gay they took her in, and the matron found @ little zipper on he corset. That led to a compartment holding 12 bricks of opium. It also let the narcotic boys smash a ring in Italy and America that they had been after for 8 years. Listen, Senator: The other day a seaman walked off the boat openly holding 14 bottles of rare perfume. The port patrol officers seized him, searched bis quarters, and fcund 10 more bottles. It was so blatant they asked “How the devil did you ever expect to get away with this?” “Well,” the man answered, “I read that there weren't any more of you port patrol guys around.” While we are on this subject, permit me to also include the following editorial from the Washington Evening Star of March 26 last entitled “Who Gets Trimmed?”: ‘WHO GETS TRIMMED? It may be, as some Members of Congress have charged, that the publicity given Treas- ury plans for the firing of large numbers of internal revenue and customs agents was of the “inspired” variety. And it may be that some of the accounts have given what Representative Dmxsew characterized as an “exaggerated” picture of the effects of the $80,000,000 budget slash which the House de- creed for the Treasury. Inspired or not, exaggerated or not, the fact remains that the cuts, insofar as they affect operations of these two revenue-pro- tecting agencies, were made at the expense of two branches of the Government which for years have paid their own way. More than that, they have returned to the Treas- ury profits many times in excess of the initial investment. If it is true, as the Treasury maintains—and there is no reason to ques- tion the figures—that the elght-thousand- odd revenue agents slated for dismissal under the budget reduction produced more than half a billion dollars in additional taxes last year, the wisdom of “saving” the relatively small salary cost of this profitable enterprise is hard to comprehend. Treasury estimates of personnel reductions fn the Customs Service necessitated by the prospective fund decrease have been described as “misleading and unfounded” by Chairman Oanrigtp of the House Appropriations Sub- committee which proposed the reduction. The Treasury will have an opportunity to justify its estimates later this week, when Senate hearings on the bill begin. The con- filcting views of Treasury and House spokes- men on this important phase of the econ- omy program should be thoroughly aired. Certainly Congress should move slowly in effecting budget savings which, in the end, might administer more of a trimming to the taxpayers than to the current budget. Military Government in Germany EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. WAYNE MORSE OF OREGON IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Friday, March 28 (lcgislative day of Monday, March 24), 1947 Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Rrcorp a speech de- livered by Mr. Max Rheinstein, of the University of Chicago Law School, in re- gard to impressions which he formed as & member of our military government in Germany during the time when he served in that capacity. An estimate from the Government Printing Office indicates that the manu- script herewith submitted will exceed by about three-fourths of a page the two pages of the ReEcorp allowed under the rule without a statement of cost. I am informed that the cost will be approxi- mately $195.25. There being no objection, the address was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: Mr. Chairman, friends, it {s a pleasure for me to be among you tonight, and an honor to be your speaker. Of course, I am aware of the fact that your interest attaches not to me, but to the topic about which you think that I can tell you something. This topic is of importance indeed. What is hap- pening today in Germany and concerning Germany will be a decisive factor in tho struggle for world peace. With the work that is now being carried on by United States military government in Germany, I have been connected for the last 18 months. I have, of course, been occupying on the staff of military government a position of very limited scope. The organisation is big and highly departmentalized and, except for a few men on the very top of the pyramid, the ordinary staff member has but a limited scope of activity and observation. However, A1359 IT have been over there for a comparatively long time and almost from the very be- ginning of military government. I have kept my eyes open and I have had the ad- vantage of not only speaking the language of the country, but also of knowing some- thing about it. After all, I had been living there for quite a long time. This acquaint- ance with the country has also given me an opportunity for talks and personal con- tacts with a large number of Germans and I think I can say that I have come to know something about their opinions, attitudes, and reactions. Finally, the Legal Division of OMGUS, with which I have been con- nected. has been an unusually advantageous place for making observations, because law- yers, as you well know, have to have their fingers in every pie. In contract to United States military gov- ernment in Japan, our military government in Germany has not had a good press. High praise is being heaped upon General Mac- Arthur's work in Japan, but of our work in Germany the American press has been highly critical. Much of that criticism is, or, at least, was at some time justified; other criticism has not been well-founded and some of it has been outrightly unjust and moving in the wrong direction, sometimes with the unfor- tunate result of driving military govern- ment into incongruous actions. One of the major criticisms which I have to make my- self is the overaensitiveness of military gov- ernment to press compaigns at home; its over- ly great openness to the influence of loud- mouthed and often ill-informed newspaper- men, or, shail I say, the fear of adverse publicity at home, has done great harm, especially with respect to denaszification, an issue in which only one group of public opinion, viz, a partisan group, has shown an interest, while the majority of the public has been looking on in bewilderment. About that issue, I shall have something to say in the course of this evening. But, lest I be misunderstood, let me state it clearly that I believe that military gov- ernment in Germany has done a good, nay even a very good, job under the most trying circumstances. ‘When we compare military government in Japan and in Germany we recognize imme- diately two important disadvantages for mil- itary government in Germany. In Japan the local government remained intact and could be used immediately as a well-established, amoothly functioning machinery for the en- forcement of occupation policies. In Ger- many we were faced with administrative chaos. For reasons, the wisdom of which is debatable, not only the central but also the local governments were dissolved by the oc- cupying powers and military government had to perform the twofold task of, first, running by itself the complicated administrative ma- chinery of a country which had fallen into complete disruption, and then, later, that of reestablishing from scratch new German gov- ernmental agencies on the local, the county, and the state level. American efforts to re- establish German administration also on the federal level have failed, primarily because of French opposition. This last statement already indicates the other great difficulty with which we are faced in Germany. In Japan General MacArthur's word is the law of the land, even in the small part of the country which is occupied by British troops. In Germany we have to share the occupation with three other powers, the interests of which are, to put it mildly, not always harmonious. Each power immediately established its own zone as an iron-tight compartment, prohibiting all interzonal trade and traffic that would not be expressly au- thorized by the respective zone commander, and such authorization is being given only reluctantly. Different policies are being pur- sued in different zones in almost every im- portant respect, and each zone commander
A1360 has shown a tendency to establish his zone as a self-sufficient economic unit, with the result that they are all equally insufficient, because, after all, Germany has been an eco- nomic unit which is now cut into four, or better, five slices by the artificial and purely accidental zone boundaries. To make things even more complicated, an undefined number of affairs is carried on cen- trally by the Allied Control Authority, espe- cially the Control Council, a quadripartite body which can only act unanimously. A similar situation exists for the fifth zone, the city of Berlin, whose German administration is supervised by another quadripartite agency, the Allied Kommandatura. Under these circumstances one can but wonder that United States military govern- ment has achieved as much as it has, especially when one furthermore considers the difficulty of finding suitable personnel that would not only have the moral qualities to withstand the temptations to which the foreign occupant of a subject enemy coun- try is of necessity exposed, but who would also know at least something about the coun- try which they are supposed to govern. Finally, military government in Germany has for a considerable time been hampered by the Jack of clearly defined United States pol- icy with respect to Germany. Only in recent months, such a policy seems to have been ‘emerging. It has not been officially an- nounced, but it seems to have taken shape and, although never formulated clearly, to have influenced the action of military gov- ernment. This policy seems to view the German problem as an aspect of a much broader problem, a problem which we may call indeed the basic one of United States and world policy of the postwar time. This problem is that of finding a way which ren- ders it possible for two such fundamentally different powers as the United Statcs and the USSR peacefully to live together in one world. By this one problem every other problem of international relations is now being overshadowed. For reasons which it would be going too far to discuss tonight, it would be unrealistic to be afraid of any new aggression on the part of Germany alone. In a world dominated by the United States and the USSR a lone wolf Germany would not have a shadow of a chance, and the people who know that best are the Germans them- selves. The only chances Germany would have in any future war would be as an ally of either the United States or USSR, since we are neither thinking of aggression nor even of disturbing the delicate balance of power which is now emerging between the two giants, we have no intention of wooing Germany as an ally. But we must also see to it that Germany neither becomes some- body else's ally nor that the German space becomes a battleground for competing in- terests. Faced with the alternative of a partition of Germany into an eastern and western half, or into a whole group of inde- pendent or semi-independent states on the one hand, and the preservation or, better, re- establishment of Germany as a unified coun- try, the responsible makers of our foreign policy seem to have come to the conclusion that only the latter solution is more condu- cive to peace. Nothing would be more dis- turbing than a political void in central Europe. One Balkan has been enough. United States policy, as it has been formu- lated by ex-Secretary of State Byrnes, seems thus to be aiming at the reestablishment of a@ unified Germany, which, in order not to constitute a threat to the world, must be able to maintain for its population a decent standard of living and must also be demill- tarized, completely neutral, and therefore thoroughly democratic. The new Germany is to constitute a larger Switzerland, which can fulfill its function in the world only if it becomes as democratic in spirit as Switzer- land has been. This whole policy is thus based upon the assumption that Germany can be democratic. But after all, the ma- jority of the population of Switserland is as German as that of the Reich. The line. on which United States mili- tary government has been working in re- cent months are in accordance with such @ policy. In this respect we have to note first the efforts of the military governor to induce the control council to implement those provisions of the Potsdam declara- tion which provide for the establishment of central German agencies in the fields of economic administration and to remove the boundaries between the several zones of oc- cupation. That the former efforts have not yet succeeded at all, and the latter to a very limited extent only, has not been due to any lack of vigor on the part of the United States element in the Allied control authority, but solely to the opposition encountered on the part of the French and, perhaps, also the Soviet. However, American initiative has brought about at least the economic unifica- tion of the zones of occupation of the United States and of the United Kingdom and the invitation to join in this unification is still being held open to the other two occupation powers. It has been consistently the United States which has maintained the principle that Germany ought to be preserved and, therefore, administered as a unit. What little constructive legislation has so far been adopted by the control council has over- whelmingly originated with American dele- gates, who have also consistently been striv- ing for the maintenance of uniformity of legislation in all those branches of the law in which lack of uniformity would impede economic unity. For the same reasons, United States military government, when it began to reestablish German self-gov- ernment, has refrained from creating any central German administration upon a zonal basis, the existence of which might later stand in the way of central government of the whole country. The basic units of the new self-government are three Laender (states), which have been organized in such & way that they can be fitted in at any moment with the structure of a new federal Germany. For those cases in which common or uniform action of the three Laender is required, a council of states (Laen- derret) has been carefully designed so as not to stand in the way of a future reuni- fication of all parts of the country. The policy of democratizing Germany is being pursued vigorously, co: sistently, and in various ways. The influence of undemo- cratic elements ts sought to be broken through the process of a radical denarzifica- tion and demilitarization of the personnel of all branches of the public administration, of economic life, and of cultural activities, The methods by which this end is being pur- sued are subject to criticism, but whatever may have to be said against the methods does not affect the fact that the policy of de- nazification and demilitarization is being carried on firmly and energetically. The positive aspects of democratization have found visible expression in the organi- gation of all levels of self-government in the United States zone. Village and town, coun- ty and State governments have all been es- tablished in accordance with the principles of democracy. On all these levels govern- ment is now carried on by representatives of the people freely elected in truly democratic fashion. The constitutions of the three Laender of the sone have been deliberated in democratically elected conventions, have been submitted to the people in free plebis- cites and embody in their contents the best institutions of democracy. Under a long-range point of view, a pro- gram of educational reforms has been ini- tiated, which is aiming at the education of the younger generation in the spirit of de- APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD mocracy. With the same end in view an ex- tensive program of athletics, discussion groups, clubs, and other youth activities has been undertaken under American auspices, which is especially aiming at getting Ger- man youth acquainted with the ideas and practices of democracy. Quite recently there have also been made beginnings of semioffi- cial personal contacts between members of the staff of United States military govern- ment and individual Germans in discussion groups and at social events, to be cafried on for the purpose of interpreting American de- mocracy, of building bridges and of establish- ing that atmosphere of mutual respect and confidence in which alone institutions of de- mocracy and international cooperation can grow. In pursuance of the policy of economic re- habilitation, United States military govern- ment has embarked not only upon an ex- tensive program of alleviating human suf- fering through large-scale food supplies, pub- lc-health work, stimulation of repair work, and reconstruction of housing, and help in the harvesting of crops, but also upon a pro- gram of revitalizing industry, preventing In- flation, organizing exports, and removing in- ternal barriers of trade caused by the zone boundaries and the dislocation of the system of transportation. Considerable achievements have been made in all these respects, but yet we have to ob- serve that with respect to economic rehabili- tation the United States zone seems to be lagging behind the others and the German reactions to our efforts to establish political and social democracy have become more com- plex, as time has been going on; yes, we may even say that the willingness to accept the democratic way is decreasing rather than in- creasing. An evil saying is presently meking the rounds in Germany: “Ever since the sun of democracy has been shining over us, we are getting browner and browner.” (Brown, it is to be noted, was the color of the shirts of the storm troopers.) This saying may contain an exaggeration, but there exists & danger, into the causes of which we should closely inquire. - It 1s my own conviction that, at least in part, these dangerous developments are due to certain inconsistencies of our own policy. While by and large adhering to the policy which I have just tried to outline, certain parts of the organization and certain indi- viduals are still pursuing, probably uncon- sciously, policies which, as for instance the fortunately defunct Morgenthau plan, are incompatible with that of reestablishing a democratic self-sustaining Germany. Quite ‘a few members of the personnel have aleo ‘not yet sufficiently grasped this very policy which, for various reasons, has never been explained to them. They are still thinking and acting, as so many people at home, too, under the influence of war-engendered pas- sions, hatreds, and prejudices. Finally, in one important respect, viz, denazification, military government has been unfortunate in the choice of its methods. This latter circumstance is, in my opinion, responsible for more of the shortcomings than all other mistakes taken together. Of such other shortcomings there should be mentioned first the frequent disregard of the democratic principle of the rule of law by our Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC), which has often been acting in a high-handed, arbitrary man- ner, quite particularly due to the unfortunate personality traits of quite a few of its mem- bers, many of whom seem to have been se- lected solely because of their ability to speak and understand German. What is even more serious is the frequent practice of CIC as well as of certain other agencies of military government to proceed against German indi- viduals and to subject them to serious detri- ments without even telling them what charges there are against them. Add to that arbitrary arrest by the military police and
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD the constabulary and the application of third-degree methods. Understandably, peo- ple are wondering whether a denial of the Possibility of defense is democracy and oc- casionally one can hear the prayer: “O Herr, schicke uns das flinfte Reich! Das vierte ist dem dritten gleich.” (O Lord, send us the fifth Reich! The fourth is just like the third.) The Legal Division of OMGUS has con- sistently fought against such methods, but coordination among the various United States agencies is not always close enough to guarantee a complete abandonment of such abuses. Remarkable successes have been achieved, but the rule of law is still not completely recognized as the general stand- ard for dealings of military government with the German population. Another matter which has created much unnecesgary resentment is the billeting prac- tice of the occupation troops. Contrary to the practice of former wars and to that even presently observed by the Soviets and the French, American personnel is never billeted in one house together with Germans. Wherever a house is needed or wanted by American personnel, all German occupants are removed, even if only a fraction of the space is being used by the new occupant or occupants. This policy is a remnant of the old policy of nonfraternization, which was motivated by the fear that American per- sonnel might be infected by the Naz! poison; @ result of the prejudice that all Germans are Nazis. If this danger were real, it would find an ample source in the numerous other contacts which now exist between Ameri- cans and Germans, Let us only think of the general use of German personnel in American offices and households—not to speak at all of the Frauleins. When a Ger- man home is requisitioned, the owner has to leave behind his furniture, linen, kitch- enware, and so forth, frequently to see such articles end up in the United States as “lib- erated” goods, at least in the early months of the occupation, when inventories were sloppily taken and only irregularly checked. Furthermore, the requisitions have often been carried out with unnecessary ruthless- ness, the occupants being ordered to leave within an hour or two, irrespective of wheth- er or not they have any other shelter. In general, the people do not grudge the Amer- iceans their good living quarters; they un- derstand that men who had to come in- voluntarily from across the ocean are en- titled to decent living quarters. They also understand that ruthlessness has often been inevitable under combat conditions. But what they do not understand is ruthlessness under settled conditions, the waste of living space in places which are frightfully over- crowded through war time destruction and the influx of civilians or German expellees from Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and other countries, and quite particularly the constant shifts of billets with constantly repeated new requisitions. “Whenever 1,000 Amis have been sent home,” they say not without injustice, “2,000 billets are being requisitioned.” Time and over again military government has tried to stop such abuses, but until quite recently its chief, the Deputy Military Governor, has not had command powers over the tactical troops and frictions between military government and tactical troops have not been infrequent. The re- cent appointment of Lt. Gen. Lucius D. Clay, the Deputy Military Governor, as Command- ing General, United States Forces, European Theater, will probably improve the situation in this respect. Another source of growing disrespect for American ways and institutions has been the lawlessness, misconduct, and corruption of @ part of the American personnel. What has been reported in the press about drunkenness, essaults upon peaceful German people, black XCTII—App.——-86 market activities, and immorality is, unfor- tunately true, although occasionally exag- gerated. However, marked improvements have taken place in these respects, and one would be mistaken in believing that all Americans in Germany are corrupt. By no- body are such practices condemned more strongly than by the numerous conscien- tious and decent men one can find in mili- tary government as well as among the tac- tical troops. But, whenever such conduct occurs or is being condoned, its deleterious effects upon respect for democracy are ob- vious. Every individual case of misconduct or corruption is water upon the mills of the detractors of democracy. That the most serious dangers for Ger- man democracy have arisen from the meth- ods applied in our denazification prcgram, has already been stated. This program suffers two defects: First, its net is spread too far, and second, the purpose of purging public life has been coupled with other purposes, especially punishment, property control, or rationing of housing space, purposes which are in many respects incompatible with each other. In the first phase of the occupation, as goon as a town was occupied by the Ameri- can troops, military government would close down all public offices, courts, schools, etc., and would not allow their reopening until there had been found a reliable staff of non- Nazis, This task would not have been very difficult: The real Nazi bigwigs had disap- peared and of the remaining officials, judges, teachers, etc., the population knew quite well who was a Nazi and who not. Of course, the people who know their fellow citizens did not go by formal membership in the NEDAP, the SA, or HJ, but by acts, character, and reputation. They knew quite well that formal membership was an unreliable test, that there were plenty of people in the party who had joined up not because they were Nazis at heart, but because they either just wanted to jump on the band wagon, or had yielded to pressure, or perhaps because they had felt that the threatening disaster, if at all. could be prevented only by boring from within. On the other hand, the population knew that there were quite a few vicious Nazis and Nazi profiteers - who had been too clever formally to join any organization. Had military government of- ficers followed the advice of the German anti-Nazis and non-Nazis, denazification would have been an easy and quick opera- tion. Instead, it has turned out to be a festering cancer and a problem the liquida- tion of which will take many years, and which is threatening more than anything else the success of our efforts to democratize Germany. The trouble began when our military- government officers came into Germany armed with voluminous instructions on denazification which had been worked out months in advance at some office in Wach- ington or at SHAEF, obviously by people who knew enough about Germany to see the outward facade, but not what was be- hind it. These instructions obviously were motivated by the idea that all Germans were Nazis and that you cannot trust any single one of them. We were neatly caught in our own war propaganda which, for reasons which are still obscure, obliterated the fact that the very first victim of the Nazis had been the German people themselves and that a clear distinction had to be made between non-Nazi Germans and Nazis. The lists our men brought with them were long catalogs of persons who were to be removed from im- portant public office. Now, these people were listed not by names but by categories, categories of organizations and categories of offices. Whoever had been a member of the NSDAP or anyone of about 60 additional or- A1361 ganizations, or whoever, even without belong- ing to any such organization, had held any one of the higher public offices listed, was to be removed mandatorily. With respect to certain other categories, removal was to be discretionary. Finally, there was a third group, constituting by and large a part of the mandatory-removal group, whose mem- bers were to be automatically arrested as security threats. The categories were of necessity established formalistically; one who had joined the NSDAP before May 1, 1937, was a mandatory-removal case, but if he had joined after that date, his removal was only discretionary, In the judiciary the distinctions singly depended on rank and on date of promotion or appointment. Every- one, for instance, who had received his first judicial appointment after a certain date fell within the automatic-arrest category. The resulta of this mechanical method were, sometimes, absurd. In Bavaria, for instance, it has been a long practice for a young can- didate for the bench to enter the career serv- ice as a public prosecutor, to be appointed to the bench after several years of service in that capacity. Now, we had quite a few cuses where the Nazis made a man from assistant district attorney into a judge just because he was not a Nazi; as a judge he would be employed in such a politically innocent job as that of recorder of deeds (a judicial office in Germany), registrar of corporations, or commissioner to administer oaths. Besides, @ judicial salary in such a job would be smaller than an assistant district attorney's. Under the regulations, anti-Nazis who had been treated in this way had not only to be removed from office, but also sent to an in- ternment camp. In one small city we had the case of a senior prosecutor, whom the Nazis had removed to there from a big city, with a corresponding loss in salary, because he was known to them as a Catholic op- ponent. Under the regulations we had to remove him from office. The man whom military government itself, after a smost careful investigation, had appointed minis- ter of justice of a state because of both his expert competence and his outstanding anti- Nazi record, was arrested by CIC a few hours after his appointment, simply because he had held, for a short time, a certain office which figured on the list of automatic arrests. The situation was absurd and became even more so when, yielding to a press campaign at home, the rcore of denazification was ex- tended both to cover business as well as pub- lc office and in the latter field was no longer limited to important public office. A scrub- woman, who fell within any one of the mandatory removal categories, was fired just as well as the mayor of a city or a switchman in a freight yard. Among the Germans the story began to be told of the atreet cleaner who was being watched by an idler. “Well, Herr Hubert,” says the idler, “I didn't know you were a street cleaner.” “Oh, Herr Maier, I wasn’t until last week. But I was a PG (party member) and so the Amis are mak- ing me clean the streets.” “Why, that’s funny,” says the idler, “until last week I was the street cleaner and the Amis threw me out.” That joke illustrates another aspect of de- nazification: whoever lost his job was to be assigned to menial and distasteful labor, was threatened with being thrown out of his home and was subject to the biocking of his bank account and other property. Insofar as these measures were hitting real big Nazis, nobody had any quarrel. How- ever, they were equally hitting innumerable little fellows, clcar non-Nazis and even anti- Nazis, while, on the other hand, they left untouched many a fellow who should have been touched. By the end of 1945 it had already become obvious that the situation had gotten out of hand and that something
A1362 drastic had to be done. Almost a year since the surrender and after all the mischief had been done, there was done what should have been done at the very outset, viz, dumping the whole mess into the lap of the Germans. That, of course, was also to mean individual- ization of treatment: each man should be dealt with according to his own merits. However, we were not ready to abandon our elaborate formal categories, only from now on they were to constitute mere presump- tions. Whoever falls within any one of the categories is presumed to be black, but he can go before a German board and have him- self whitewashed. Until he is cleared he is out of office or business, Out of his home, and of his property and of the franchise, but inside a labor gang and inside of a block of millions of people, who, by being made social outcasts, are driven into embitterment and opposition. In that situation he will remain until the Spruchkammer gets around to deal with his case, which time has been estimated at anywhere between a few months and 60 years. The cases are several millions and whenever the boards are trying to make a beginning they are told first to mete out punishment to the bad Nazis. Meanwhile, the people who could, and eventually will, be cleared are left waiting. Their numbet goes into the millions, they are in that position because they happen to fali into those formal categories which have already been proved to be unworkable, and among them is Germany's best managerial talent. The unfortunate resulta are twofold: Economic rehabilitation is delayed and the millions of outcasts are being welded into a solid block of malcontents and desperadoes who are driven back to nazism or driven into it for the first time. It is thus no wonder that the economic reconstruction is retarded even beyond the measure conditioned by other circumstances, that public offices and schools are understaffed, with serious conse- quences for public administration and edu- cation, and that there is a real danger of a renaissance of nazism. If we had not been misguided by hatred, prejudice, and propa- ganda, if we had not fallen for Goebbel's vicious lie that 98 percent of the German people were Nazis, we might have a sound democracy in our zone already now. Under naziam the majority of people there had learned their lesson and were ready for sin- cere conversion. Our denaszification methods are making martyrs of inconsequential little fellows, are hitting too many wrong people, bar the road toward conversion of the for- mer Nazi who has learned his lesson, retard economic rehabilitation, thus prolonging semistarvation, 1. e., the worst possible cli- mate for democracy, and are driving into sterile hatred and resentful opposition mil- lions of people who might otherwise have been sincere democrats. The dangers of this situation have finally been recognized, and under the recent Christ- mas amnesty about 800,000 small people have been released from discrimination. To a considerable extent the situation has thus been ameliorated, but the number of people waiting for clearance is still too high, espe- clally when one considers that the income limit of 3,500 reichsamarks excludes from the amnesty the skilled talent of the economy and the public administration. Yet the burden of the denazification boards has been considerably relieved, and the whole process will be expedited, provided the boards will no longer be compelled to give priority to the cases of the bad Nazis. These people, most of whom are under arrest, can wait. But further delays in those cases in which a clearance is to be expected would render acute a potentially dangerous situation and would thus threaten to render nugatory the excellent and constructive work that has been and is being done by our military gov- ernment in Germany. Appropriations for United States Conciliation Service EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. ELBERT D. THOMAS oF UTAH IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Monday, March 31 (legtslative day of Monday, March 24), 1947 Mr. THOMAS of Utah. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have in- serted in the Appendix of the Recorp a letter to the editor of the New York Times, appearing in the issue of that newspaper of March 26, 1947, relating to the reduction of appropriations for the United States Conciliation Service. I should like to call attention to the emi- nent educators in the field of industrial relations who have signed this joint letter. There being no objection, the letter was ordered to be printed in the Rrcorp, as follows: STRONG OONCILIATION BSERVICE—ADEQUATE Funns SEEN AS NECESSARY TO MAINTENANCE or ImPRrovep SERVICE To the Eprrorg or THE New Yore Times: The Times of March 22 reports that the House Appropriations Committee has recom- mended a substantial reduction in the appro- priations for the United States Conciliation Service. In the field of labor-management relations there are few points upon which unanimous agreement can be secured. One of these points is the importance of the voluntary Processes of conciliation and mediation when initial negotiations fail to produce agree- ment, There is virtually universal agree- ment that existing conciliation facilities should be strengthened and improved. The President's National Labor-Manage- ment Conference in November 1945 unant- mously recommended: “Congress should im- mediately make available funds for tmprov- ing and strengthening the [Conciliation] Service.” Recently the Committee for Eco- nomic Development recommended that the Conciliation Service “be staffed by persons of high professional competence and given funds sufficient to permit it to decal effec- tively with the responsibilities assigned to it.” Many witnesses before congressional commit- tees have reiterated similar views. During the last year much has been done to improve the impartiality and competency of the Conciliation Service. A labor-manage- ment committee now advises the director on all matters of policy, a group of special media- tors has been established for service in major cases, a national panel of arbitrators, jointly approved by labor and management, has been formed, and the list will be published shortly; a training program within the Service, set up 8s a result of the unanimous recommendation of the labor-management conference, {s mak- ing significant contributions toward a well- trained service currently abreast of develop- ments in the field of industrial relations. Adequate funds are of the utmost impor- tance if a conciliation service, regardless of where it may be placed within the Govern- ment for administrative purposes, is to attract and retain individuals of the highest possible competence and assured impartiality. The cut proposed by the committee would make impossible the attainment of this goal. We need to carry forward, rather than abandon, the improvements which heve re- cently been made. The necessary cost Of an able and impartial conciliation service is a APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD amall price to pay for the contribution such @ service can make to industrial peace. Groncr W. Tar Lor. Cammaurpor, Mass., March 24, 1947, The Housing Situation EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. JOHN J. ROONEY OF NEW YORK IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 31, 1947 Mr. ROONEY. Mr. Speaker, the first paragraph of the following editoria), which appears in this morning's Wash- ington Times-Herald, very appropriately voices my thoughts on the desperate housing situation. I include this edi- torial under the permission granted by the House: Hovusine Boagcxrov Down We Americans have done a lot of talking about our housing shortage in the 19 months since VJ-day. But the actual figures indi- cate that we've done only about a third as much sawing of wood, glazing of windows, and laying of brick as we intended. One of the latest reports on this discourag- ing situation has been given out by New York City’s Mayor William O'Dwyer. He states that his city is in desperate need of 160,000 new dwelling units for 1947, and will be lucky if it gets 50,000. On top of this, approximately 600,000 New York houses and apartments are in such bad shape that they should be torn down and replaced. Reports from the rest of the country tell about the same story. Our Nation's sick pbuilding industry was able to erect only 450,000 homes last year, as against the ap- proximately 1,200,000 which President Tru- man had declared necessary, and thought possible, The prospects, according to the experts, don’t look much better for 1947. One veterans’ group cracked, the other day, that out of the many housing promises we made to our returning soldiers, only one has been fulfilled to date. Our homeless vets were promised 48,000 automobile trail- ers in 1946, and they did get 53,000 of these coop-size shelters. So what makes with us ingenious Ameri- cans who can fabricate automobiles, trail- ers and airplanes by the millions, but seem unable to build a house? SENATE HAD AN ANSWER Well, most of our Government experts, real estate men, building contractors and building trades labor spokesmen have agreed that housing is probably our country’s toughest problem. We don't have an easy answer for it either. But we do feel that our House of Representatives lost a lot of precious time last year when it failed to approve the housing bill written by Senators Wacnrr, Democrat, of New York, ELLenvrn, Democrat, of Louisiana, and Tarr, Republi- can, of Ohio. The Wagner-Ellender-Taft bill, a careful 180-page job, provided for the construction of 10,000,000 public and private housing units, at the rate of 1,000,000 per year. It specified carefull.- that this building was to be done with a maximum of Federal help, and a minimum of red tape. The whole program was geared to cost the taxpayers no more than $148,000,000 per annum, not a
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD gigantic sum in these days of nine-figure loans to minor foreign powers. This W-E-T plan was first introduced in the Senate on August 1, 1945, was passed by the Senate in 1946, but died in the House, along with the Seventy-ninth Congress it- self. It reappeared in the current Congress, with some minor modifications. In the meantime a former public servant, ex-Assistant Attorney General Thurman Arnold, has come up with a set of lively thoughts on the housing problem, which may be read in the current Look magazine. Ar- nold hasn't bothered to pull his punches in telling how American housing, up to now, has been sadly hamstrung by the antics of many of our builders, real-estate speculators, and construction labor unions. Speculators, Arnold points out, have too often succeeded in skyrocketing the costs of housing sites. Building contractors have frequently monopolized their fields, and have extracted unreasonable profits. SHORT-SIGHTED UNION TACTICS Last, but not least, many of our building- trade unions, despite warnings from respon- sible labor leaders and the Government it- self, have done little to reform their short- sighted ways. Such unions still fight trivial jurisdictional battles, the cost of which eventually goes on the bill of the helpless home builder. Too many of them delib- erately keep building expensive by refusing to permit the use of such key items as elec- trical assemblies, plumbing units, and pre- fabricated wall sections. All of these could be assembled much more cheaply in efficient manufacturing plants using union labor. Mr. Arnold seems to fee! that selfish, ex- pensive monopolies like these should be broken up before they wreck our housing prospects completely. We don’t know of any- body who would disagree with him. We also don't know of anybody who doesn't agree that housing is our No. 1 domestic headache today, and who doesn't hope that our law- makers will get around to doing their best about it soon. Address at Annual Meeting of Agricul- tural Limestone Division of the Penn- sylvania Stone Producers’ Association EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. CHESTER H. GROSS OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 31, 1947 Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Recorp, I include the following address which I delivered at the annual meeting of the agricultural limestone division of the Pennsylvania Stone Producers’ As- sociation, March 24, 1947, at Harris- burg, Pa.: Mr. Chairman, gentlemen, I am mighty happy to be here with you today and dis- cuss the soil conservation program from the Washington angle. I propose to be brutally frank and maybe some of you will say when I am finished that I was just plain brutal. I have listened to several addresses made here by men representing the Department of Agri- culture, and to me their arguments have been illuminating, enlightening, and reveal- ing. So far the program has been definitely one-sided. I propose to forget for the time that I am a Member of Congress. I want to talk from the standpoint of the farmers, for that is what I really have been. I want to tell you that my interest in soil conservation began more than 40 years ago when I was reading the Breeders’ Gazette in the days when Joe Wing was writing for that paper, and when he was going all over the world, down into the Argentine, over into England and Europe, crawling around on his knees in pastures trying to find out why certain grasses and legumes were growing or did not grow. Joe found that the application of lime and acid phosphate, in most cases, answered the purpose. There was a time when I boosted, and I am stilly quite proud of the fact, that I have grown all of the legumes that Maul ever advertised in his seed catalog. I am one of the farmers who really loves the good earth, I want to see the farmer independent; I want our agricultural economy to be sound, and our agriculture to be strong. Like every good farmer, I love to see the corn grow tall, glory in 40-bushel wheat, . alfalfa and clover knee high, and blue-grass sod that never tramps through. Following World War I, I started out to develop a 40-acre bluegrass pasture. The application of lime made that a pasture of which I was always prcud, and from time to time, small applications of lime and acid phosphate made this a pasture that always carried more than an average number of livestock. It was seldom through those years when I had visitors at the farm that I did not proudly walk them over the pas- ture to show what I had accomplished. Now, I have been through pasture areas of the Middle West, old Viriginia and West Vir- ginia, and on many occasions have pointed out to stockmen what limestone and acid phosphate would do for their sods only to have them reply, “That takes too much work.” I remember when we used lime years ago, how we went to the kiln with six-horse teams and carried the dusty, hot lime up planks onto the wagons in big wooden bushel mens- ures. We hauled it over the newly plowed ground which had been marked off and dumped it in third-bushel piles. After a few days when the weather had slacked that lime we went out with shovels and spread it evenly over the land. At the end of the day a fellow was raw inside and outside from the dust and really wondered whether he would live through the night. More than once I felt like cursing the land that needed the lime. Today, that same field can be limed before breakfast with the mechanized equipment now available to farmers. Soil conservation was not started by the New Deal. Our grandfathers practiced it, and when one drives through the country and sees these many farms that are contoured, sees fields rearranged to make long rounds, it does not always mean that that farmer is co- operating with the soil conservation program. It ofttimes means that he has purchased a tractor. Many of the claims made by these men rep- resenting the Department of Agriculture are not altogether correct. For instance, we have just heard the gentleman tell how Congress “says, says, and says,” but the fact is, Con- gress only appropriates the money and the bureaucrat somewhere along the line does the “saying” and the spending. I remember one time when the Department of Interior supplied one of our committees with photo- graphs of evergreen trees in the Shelter Belt which they claimed had grown 15 feet in 3 years in that very dry soil. More trees in the Shelter Belt have blown out of the ground and drifted into barbed-wire fences than have ever grown 15 feet in 3 years, Certain propagandists, as well as a few farm leaders who have sold out their organi- gations to the New Deal, are telling us the farmers want this program and that it pays the Government to finance it. Now, the fact is that no farmer ever asked for it. In fact, the administration had t@ apply a great deal of pressure to sell the program to the farm- A1363 ers, And if it is profitable for the Govern- ment to pay a farmer to contour his fields, apply lime and fertilizers in order to improve his farm, then 1t would be just as sensible to assume that the Government should pay the farmer to paint his buildings and keep them in good repair. Now I want to discuss certain phases of the soil-conservation programs of the De- partment of Agriculture. I realize that the administration propagandists down in Wash- ington have labored diligently to convince the farmers of America that without this program and the services of a swarm of bu- reaucrats connected with it that our farms would soon go to rack and ruin and the en- tire Nation would be doomed. Be that as it may, I believe that many of the farmers know better than to swallow all the glittering propaganda emanating from Washington, and I am sure that every person here knows that the taxpayers do not get something for nothing out of any Federal bureau. Right here would be a good place for us to look into the matter of what the soil-con- servation service costs the taxpayers and farmers of this country. I have consulted the volume entitled “The Budget for Fiscal Year 1948,” which is as fat as any telephone directory you ever saw, to find out what the President estimated the program would cost for 1947 and what he is asking for in behalf of the Department of Agriculture to run this program for 1948. And this is what I find. The estimated appropriation for soil con- servation for 1947 is 842,887,000, quite a chunk of money, you will admit. But the President, who claims he is interested in economy, apparently isn’t satisfied with such a sum of money to do the job for 1948. He is asking Congress for $48,276,000 for soil conservation for 1948—more than $5,000,000 more than this year, To carry on the pro- gram the President wants a personnel total- ing 12,514 people, including 312 stationed in Washington and 12,202 in the field. These many field offices, scattered through- out the length and breadth of the country, constitute pipe lines for New Deal propa- ganda. This is a political asset not over- looked by Washington. Just how many other bureaus want money to overlap the operations of the Department of Agriculture, I do not know exactly be- cause it is not always simple to ascertain functions of certain agencies from the de- scriptions given, but I have noticed that the Department of the Interior ts asking for $3,- 000,000 for 1948 for soil and moisture con- servation operations after having had $1,- 609,830 appropriated for this purpose for 1947. Perhaps the most official statement on what the soil conservation is and does is that of the President himself in the budget message. ‘The basic purpose,” he declares, “is to aid in bringing about physical ad- Justments in land use that will better human welfare, conserve the soil, establish a perma- nent and balanced agriculture, and reduce the hazards of floods and sedimentation. This purpose is served by the development of a well-rounded, coordinated program of soil and water conservation and land use in- volving the planning of individual farms, group facilities for the use and disposal of water as it affects the land, work with State- created soil-conservation districts, and the application of the best-known conservation practices and treatments on the different kinds of land in accordance with their needs and capabilities as shown by detailed land- classification surveys.” The President continues, “In cooperation with State agricultural experiment stations, Federal research agencies, and interested or- ganizations and citizens, the Service conducts @ practical research program designed to de- velop, refine, and improve soil and water conservation practices for use in its field op- erations, Approximately 7,000,000 acres of
A1364 submarginal land in 33 States, basically un- suitable for cultivation, are owned by the Government and managed by the Service. These lands are improved primarily for graz- ing and forestry and leased to farmers and ranchers for uses consistent with the con- servation and restoration of the land resources.” Then the President explains why additional funds are needed for 1948. He says, “Addi- tional funds are provided in 1948 for the op- eration of newly organized soll-conserva- tion districts, offset by a reduction in the amount provided for the purchase of surplus war equipment for district operations. An increase of $1,700,000 is provided for the re- habilitation and repair of certain dams on the submarginal land projects in the interest of protecting life and property. Unexpended balances for the water-conservation and utilization program will provide for a con- tinuation in 1948 of this activity at the cur- rent level without additional funds.” Let me make it clear that I am just as strong for soil conservation as I am against sin. The point I have my doubts about is whether our farmers in this district and Btate, and throughout the United States, have so little business sense, pride in their property and independent spirit that they prefer to help support a bureaucracy of over 12,000 pay rollers to tell them what to do and how to do it than practice soil conservation measures themselves and thereby eliminate most if not all of the nearly $50,000,000 ex- pense estimated by the administration spenders. No doubt there are some farmers who have been sold a bill of goods and would not be inclined to oppose the Government going as far as it liked in soil conservation work. But as far as I know, the soil conservation program was never sought by the farmers, and is not a program set up because they clamored for it. Somebody in Washington had the bright idea, no doubt, and the New Deal adopted it as another sop to the farm- ers in the hope of swinging some votes. The farmer knows that participants in this and other New Deal programs are put under obli- gation of one sort or another, and a blue print always goes with these welfare pro- grams. In other words, the farmer has to comply with certain regulations. Soil conservation fits into the general New Deal pattern and scheme based on curtail- ment of cultivated crops, and the principle that the less you produce the more you get paid. Don't think for a minute that the soil conservation program can be divorced from the over-all concepts of control and hand-outs of such false prophets of eco- nomics as Henry Wallace and other screw- balls who have found refuge in the Depart- ment of Agriculture. While I appreciate the difficulties and problems faced by Secretary Anderson in taking over the ent, I do not for one minute believe that he has cleaned out all the left-wingers, misfits, and incompetents he inherited from his prede- cessors. In fact, I can tell you that there are some Gangerous characters running around loose in the Department of Agriculture advocating theories of government and economics con- trary to our traditional American way and our Constitutional heritage. Just the other day I got the benefit of the thinking of a veteran Government em- ployee formerly connected with the soil con- servation program. This employee of the Government spoke enthusiastically of the soil conservation program objectives, but freely admitted that the trouble was that the wrong kind of people in many instances were handling the program and the admin- istration was not everything it should be. Very frankly, this person declared that there were at least three bugs .n the program as seen from close-range observation, Oity slickers, mere kids, and playgirls should never be sent out into the fleld to deal with farmers on such a program, was one admoni- tion. A local man that the farmers knew and trusted, a man with standing in the community, who would demonstrate the value of good soll conservation practices and thus set an example for his neighbors, would be worth more than a whole bureau of pa- tronage boys and ward-heelers just putting in their time, was the thought of this out- spoken individual. Now I want to go one step further and suggest that this commu- nity or any other community does not need & lot of transtents—sometimes referred to as parachutists from Washington because they seem to drop from the skies without warning—coming in and telling honest-to- goodness farmers how to take care of their soil. Some of these field men are actually an insult to the intelligence of our farmers. If they were put on a farm and obliged to make a living off the soil, I am convinced most of them would starve to death. Another piece of advice to the Soil Con- servation Service is, watch your engineers and don't put bridge engineers in charge of con- tour furrowing. I am ‘reliably informed that this has been a source of trouble in the past. The administration has a lot of programs like the Soil Conservation Service that look good on paper, but they don’t always work out along the lines of the stated program and objectives. The ideological boys, do- gooders, welfare workers, internationalists and pinks that seem to load every New Deal pay roll, especially the gocd-paying jobs from seven or eight to ten thousand dollars @ year, seldom worry about the real purposes of any given program, even if specified by an act of Congress. They just go merrily on their way, carrying out their own pet ideas, experimenting on the taxpayers like a lot of guinea pigs, and improvising from day to day Like the Soil Conservation Service, the Rural Electrification program is considered by New Dealers as beyond reproach and criticism from any quarter. And yet, I am reliably informed, the highly paid lawyers formerly with the Rural Electrification Au- thority when it was an independent agency, are now in the solicitor’s department of the Department of Agriculture handling the REA legal work. A large number of these lawyers are radicals, and they are active in the left-wing union, the United Public Workers of America, headed by the Russian-born Ab- ram Flaxer. Other lawyers temporarily as- signed to REA work in the spring of 1946 have declared that they were solicited to join UPWA, which consistently follows the Com- munist line, and they also observed that some of the REA lawyers and their secretaries spent Government time in preparing documents, resolutions, and other papers for use at CIO meetings. It is unfortunate that the Congress can- not keep its collective eyes on all Govern- ment employees to see that they are doing the job which they are supposed to do and for which they are well paid out of the hard- earned dollars of the taxpayers, but it just can't be done. But Members of Congress do not have to accept without examination all the propaganda put out by the bureaucrats, and neither do the farmers or any other taxpayers. When you pay for something you have a right to expect benefita, and if you prefer to practice soil conservation with- out interference from Washington, you ocer- tainly have a right to express yourself on the subject and to do something about it. I Lave 1 ago decided that the way to cut taxes, reduce the budget, get industry and ture out of the strait-jacket where it is now, is to push the Federal Gov- ernment back into W where it be- Jongs and trim it down to button-hole size. This is my program. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Conciliation Service Appropriations EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. JOHN J. ROONEY OF NEW YoRK IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 31, 1947 Mr. ROONEY. Mr. Speaker, a week ago today when this House was consider- ing the annual supply bill for the Labor Department-Federal Security Agency I pointed out with all the vigor at my com- mand the fact that the majority of members of the Appropriations Commit- tee were virtually wrecking the Concilia- tion Service by refusing to supply funds for the salaries of its able Director, Mr. Edgar L. Warren and 100 other capable employees. The majority of this House saw fit to defeat my amendment which would have restored the funds necessary to retain Mr. Warren and to keep the Conciliation Service at its present peak of efficiency. The following editorial con- tained in this morning’s New York Times entitled “The Ax to Conciliation,” en- tirely justifies my action in fighting to prevent the liquidation of this most im- portant branch of our Government: THE AX TO CONCILIATION Among the several follies committed by the House of Representatives in the pursuit of economy, chopping down the Conciliation Service in the Labor Department is one that calls for correction when the Senate takes up that supply bill. Edgar L. Warren, Chief of the Conciliation Service, was the unhappy target of this ax-swinging. It seems that some 10 years ago Mr. Warren, who has been with the Government since 1933, was a mem- ber of the American League for Peace and Democracy and the Washington Book Shop, @ cooperative. These organizations were later Gescribed in some quarters os Communist fronts. Mr. Warren says that he has not been @ member of either organization since 1939. In 1945 Mr. Watren said that “on a theoreti- cal basis” he saw no reason why Government employees should not have the right to strike. We do not agree with this position at all. Mr. Warren, a few months after he took it, corrected bis attitude by aaying: “I should like to have the record clearly show that I am opposed to strikes of Government employees.” So it is plain that Mr. Warren, like most of us, has made some mistakes. The record does not show many. Since 1945 he has been Chief of the Conciliation Service, which at- tempts to settle disputes betwen labor and industry and, when they get that far, strikes. In trying, with considerable success, to im- prove and vitalize this agency he has ap- parently trod on the toes of some Members of Congress, He has brought in some “bright young men,” we are told, and some of these— no matter how able they were at concilia- tion—perhaps have not had the preliminary initialing of political patrons. This, we sub- mit, is in Mr..Warren’s favor. But the main question, in congressional action, is not what happens to Mr. Warren himself but to the Conciliation Service. The cut made by the House would not only eliminate his position but also those of 100 other officials and em- ployees, It is an action that would wreck the service which has played a part in avert- ing recent utilities strikes, has reported in @ single month its settlement of 304 strikes involving 318,000 workers, and in 3 days alone last fall effected settlements in 20 strikes, all of which had lasted 30 days or more.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD We believe that such an agency as the Conciliation Service is a beneficial influence in avoiding and reducing the damaging effects of strikes, and that Mr. Warren has worked hard and earnestly to improve that Service under difficult circumstances. This view is confirmed in the tribute paid to Mr. Warren's leadership by representatives of both unions and industry. Mr. Warren is a “loyal and patriotic American,” in the opinion of the Labor-Management Advisory Committee of the Conciliation Service, and has ‘“‘conscien- tiously discharged the duties of his office.” Under the permission granted me I also include the following newspaper ar- ticle from the Washington Evening Star of March 27, 1947: Lasor-Inpustry Group BACKS UP WARREN IN Face or House ATTACK A group of businessmen and union Officials today issued a statement defending the rec- ord of Edgar L. Warren, Director of the Labor Department Conciliation Service, who has been under fire in Congress. The indorsement of Mr. Warren and of his work was made by the Labor-Management Advisory Committee of the Conciliation Service. The committee's seven members, representing both business and organized labor, said they had found Mr. Warren has “conscientiously discharged the duties of his office.” FONDS FOR SALARY ELIMINATED The House on Tuesday eliminated funds for the payment of salaries to Mr. Warren and about 100 of his top aides from the Labor Department’s appropriation after the charge had been made that Mr. Warren at one time had belonged to two “Communist- front organisations.” Mr. Warren said he had resigned from the groups in 1938 when he discovered their Communist tendencies. The advisory committee statement said: “Our committee has the responsibility for making recommendations to the Secretary of Labor or to the director of the Concilia- tion Service with respect to the policies, procedures, organization and development of adequate standards and qualifications for . the personnel of the Service. We believe substantial progress has been made in the last 12 months and that Mr. Edgar Warren, as Director of the Service, has conscien- tiously discharged the duties of his office. “LOYALTY TO UNITED STATES DEYENDED “We have no doubt that the Service, under Mr. Warren’s leadership, has sought to repre- sent the public's interest in the peaceful settlement of labor disputes, and we are of the opinion that all who have been associated with Mr. Warren regard him as a loyal and patriotic American.” The statement was signed by Louis Ruth- enburg, president of Servel, Inc.; Vincent P. Ahearn, and Clarence O. Skinner, former industry members of the War Labor Board; Frank P. Fenton and Boris Shishkin, of the AFL, and Clinton Golden and Alan Strachen, of the CIO. New England Governors Support Truman EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. AIME J. FORAND OF RHODE ISLAND IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 31, 1947 Mr. FORAND. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I include the following statement made by the Gov- ernors of the six New England States in support of the purposes and policies set forth in President Truman’s message to Congress on March 12, 1947. Marcx 14, 1947. We, the Governors of the six New England States, desire to express to the Members of the Senate and the House from New Eng- land our unanimous conviction that the peace and security of our country and of the world require support of the purposes and policies advocated by the President in his message to the Congress last Wednesday. Gov. Horace A. HILDRETH, Maine, Chatrman. Gov. CHARLES M. DALE, . New Hampshire. Gov. Ernest W. GIsson, Vermont. Gov. Rosert F. Braprorp, Massachusetts. Gov. James L. McConavcny, Connecticut. Gov. Jonn O. PASTORE, Rhode Island. The Greek-Turkish Proposal EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. JOHN M. VORYS OF OHIO IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 31, 1947 Mr. VORYS. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Recorp, I include the statement made today before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on the President's Greek-Turkish proposal, by our former colleague, Hon. Hamilton Fish. His long service in the House and on our com- mittee, his wide experience, and his unquestioned patriotism, will cause the House to weigh and consider carefully his views on this issue, and I therefore believe his general statement should be placed in the Recorp at this time. His further testimony in answer to questions will be available, of course, when the hearings are published. SPEECH or ForMeR REPRESENTATIVE HAMILTON Frsu BErorE THE House COMMITTEE ON For- XIGN AFFAIRS ON MONDAY, MakcH 31, 1947, URGING THE DEMILITARIZATION OF THE TRU- MAN DOCTRINE oF GLOBAL INTERVENTION On March 12, 1947, President Truman pro- claimed a new and momentous doctrine in our foreign relations. The pendulum of ap- peasement has swung. The years of Roose- velt appeasement, often craven appeasement, toward Soviet Russia have been reversed. Now the Nation is faced with a policy of global intervention and imperialism, start- ing with aid to Turkey and Greece. Com- munist totalitarianism and Stalin now re- place Nazi totalitarianism and Hitler as con- sequence of World War I. Whether you favor or oppose the Truman doctrine, it is admittedly a dangerous departure from our traditional foreign policy and in effect sabo- tages the Monroe Doctrine. We -annot eat our political cake and have it too. The doctrine of Monroe kept Eu- ropean empires from the young republics of South America for 124 years. The doctrine of Truman puts the American empire on the shores of the Mediterranean in a single day. By economic and military intervention in Europe and elsewhere we invite similar in- tervention in the American Hemisphere. If this policy of global imperialism is consum- mated, the doctrine of Monroe is dead. Few will disagree with the goal of stopping communism throughout the world. Common A1365 sense would seem to dictate that first we stop it here at home. That means that every Communist, every fellow traveler, be cleared out of our own State Department—and out of every other agency of the Government— before we undertake to clear them out of Europe and Asia. The labor unions should also clean out the Communists among their officeholders and so should all loyal Ameri- can organizations. The teaching of com- munism in our schools and colleges should be prohibited. The Communist Party advocates the over- throw of our Government by force. By es- cape clauses and weasel words it denies this fact. I am not interested in escape clauses and weasel words in face of its advocacy of world revolution. There can be no ¢om- promise between Americanism and commu- nism. By putting our own house in order we will eliminate most of our own industrial unrest. Time, chaos and despair play directly into the hands of world communism. I am in favor of reasonable relief to such countries as Turkey and Greece to help alleviate the disastrous conditions there. Military inter- vention is another thing. It is both dan- gerous and un-American. Sooner or later, it will lead us into war. I am opposed to inciting or provoking war, or to initiating “preventive” wars. While chaos and famine prevail, time is on the side of the Soviet. If relief will lessen these conditions abroad, time will be turned against the Soviet. This seems to me & more rational approach than a subtle dec- laration of global war. The new Truman doctrine is virtually a peacctime lend-lease. Even former Gov. Alfred Landon now states that, “We decided for war with Germany when lend-lease was passed.” (Associated Press March 19, 1947.) If the Congress gives President Truman a blank check, he will have the power just as Franklin D. Roose- velt had of waging an undeclared war any- where and at any time. Century-old British imperialism will then be replaced by a streamlined American dollar imperialism backed by atom bombs. As to food and contributing toward re- habilitation of devastated economy, we are on safe ground. We are not on safe ground in again following the road of money, muni- tions and men that led to World War IT. The Americans know from said experience these steps toward war and don’t want them repeated. War with Soviet Russia over the control of the Mediterranean is not inevitable. The Truman doctrine, followed to its logi- cal fulfillment, means global imperialism in our time It means intervention in France, Italy and China as it does in the Near East. Then, why not face realities? Why not ask Congress to declare war on the Soviet at once? I dislike hypocrisy almost as much as war and am adamantly opposed to both. Actually there are more Communists right next door in Cuba than in Greece and Turkey combined. While the Truman strategy focuses our gaze on the middle east, the sceds of hatred against us are being sown through- out Latin America. Cuba is the center of the Communist network. Why not protect our own interests near home before we en- gage in international civil wars in Greece, Turkey, and Korea? I see no reason why we should again go to war to safeguard British lines of communica- tion through the Mediterranean. Nor do I see why we should go to war to safeguard British or American oil interests in the Near East. Such a program will cost billions of dollars and perhaps millions of lives. We must not assume military responsibilities nor enter into secret war commitments. The Truman doctrine calls for bigger and better internationalism, interventionism, and imperialism. If it is the real purpose of the Truman doctrine of dollar imperialism that we alone
A1368 which a deficiency estimate in the amount of ¢850,000 is now pending before the House Appropriations Committee. These two additional amounts will bring the funds actually required for operating the customs service during the fiscal year 1947 to 883,997,000, or $1,497,000 more than the $82,500,000 allowed by the House for the fiscal year 1948. Because of insufficient personnel the cur- rent level of customs service to the public is below the reasonable stancard the public has a right to expect. Even this substandard service can be maintained to the end of the present fiscal year only if no unusual lump-sum payments for annual leave to separated or furloughed employees are nec- essary and if the aforementioned funds are available, as follows: Appropriation for collecting the revenue from customs, 1947.. $29, 850, 000 Deficiency appropriation to meet the cost of pay increases required by Public Law 390 (H. Doc. 117) ---.-----~---------- 8, 797, 000 Deficiency appropriation to meet unanticipated increascs in operating costs (H. Doc. 89) ----.--------------------e 850, 000 wnwcnneccenancncee 33, 997, 000 This ts not all. It will be necessary to tn- crease this amount by $729,110 to a total of $34,717,000 to provide for mandatory salary increases under the Mead-Ramspeck Act in order to maintain the present level of em- ployment through the fiscal year 1948. The financial position for the Bureau for the fiscal year 1948 without any change in the level of employment would therefore be: Total funds required for the Increased salary expenses in fis- cal year 1948 for present num- ber of employees, due to Mead-Ramspeck promotions. Total required to main- tain present level of employment during the fiscal year 1948........ Amount allowed by House in H. R. 2486__...-..-----.-.-- 729,110 84, 726, 110 32, 500, 000 Amount that must be ab- we wenn nenwcnnne 2, 226,110 This deficit of $2,226,110 requires the dis- missal of about 800 employees, since 93 per- cent of our appropriation is for personal services and the small balance is for such inelastic items as transportation of exam- ination packages, supplies and materials, equipment, rents and utility services, com- munication services, and travel expenses. The possibilities for meeting this situa- tion have been thoroughly canvassed since the press first carried accounts of a con- gressional intention to reduce the Presi- dent’s budget estimates drastically. This long study satisfies me that the only ac- tivity that can be discontinued without a substantial revision of statutory law is that Girected toward the prevention of smug- gling. Other functions of the customs service create bottlenecks through which all , goods, and travelers the country must pass. The treatment to be given these carriers, goods, and travelers is prescribed by law and the customs service must operate to permit their passage through customs contro! in accordance with law and within a reasonable time. We must maine tain our records and accounts as required by law in connection with these movements end the collection of the revenue incident ereto. It is clear to me that if the $8,500,000 cut stands the $2,226,110 calculated above must be met by the separation from our service of about 800 employees, practically all from the customs border patrol that operates against smuggling on the Mexican and Canadian boundaries and from the port patrols that operate against smuggling of narcotics, jew- elry, watches, and other articles at seaports and against theft of merchandise from cus- toms custody. The remainder of the $3,500,000 cut re- to cope with the toms activities. Its disallowance means that ewsential manpower must be supplied by abolishing positions for one activity in order to supply the additional employees absolutely required to collect the revenue from customs and maintain an orderly movement of car- riers, goods, and passengers. This will mean a further depletion of the port patrol force and the separation of those present incum- bents of port patrol officer positions who can- not meet the eligibility requirements for the positions which must be filled to avoid a break-down of the other activities of the customs service. This will require the reas- signment or separation of about 600 port patrol officers. If the House action {s approved the rede- ployment of forces this will necessitate will permit the Bureau to furnish a minimum of reasonable service to regular business. Very truly yours, W. R. Jomnson, Commissioner of Customs. Richard T. Leonard Pleads for Adequate Appropriations fer NLRB EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. GEORGE G. SADOWSKI OF MICHIGAN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 31, 1947 leave to extend my remarks in the Rec- ORD, I wish to include a copy of a letter from Mr. Richard T. Leonard, vice presi- dent of the International Union, United Automobile Aircraft and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, CIO, to Senator Sryizes Briwors, pleading for adequate appropriations for the National Labor Relations Board, so that they may operate effectively: Maacw 27, 1947. Hon. Srrizs Bursgzs, United States Senate, Washington, D. OC. Dean Senator Batnazs: For some time I have been watching closely the efforts of the Na- tional Labor Relations Board to operate ef- fectively with its wholly inadequate appro- priation. I was shocked to read that the House, on Tuesday, March 18, 1947, reduced the NLRB's requested budget of $7,984,000 to 94.380,700. This cut, I am assured, wil! the laying off of another are em- APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD: cases awaiting action. This has been ax- ceeded only twice in the Board's history— namely, in Scptember and October 1946. 1% is anticipated that Marcoh may establish a new high record of cases on file. At the present moment, !t takes an aver- age of 6 months from the time a union petition for a simple tion case is filed until the Board hands down its final de- cision In the case of an “unfair labor” charge, the average is 20 months. This is excluding the Federal court action which might be necessary to enforce the Board's Very few union or aituations can allow for a 6-month delay before an election is held. Without any recognition or bargaining right, it is next to impossible for a union to hold together. These delays, which are tf because companies are refusing to consent to elections, are having a detrimental effect on the unions’ efforts to organize new plants. Again it has become the favorite dodge of companies to provoke the union so that tn order to keep their self- respect they are forced to file an “unfair labor” charge, thereby delaying the caze still further. Strike action, therefore, becomes the only alternative for a union. — You will notice in this letter I have said nothing about the labor policy of the NLRB and neither do 1 intend to. My sole concern at the present moment is the administrative functions of the Board which are slowly but surely making {t ineffectual because of ite inability to handle cases promptly. This can be traced almost exclusively to an inadequate staff. I know you, as chairman of the Senate Ap- propriations Committee, will take these matters into consideration when discussing the budget for the NLRB, and I can only hope that you will see fit to rectify the action which has already been taken in the House. Tam Very truly yours, Rrcuagp T. Lzonaan, Vice President, International Union, Untted Automodile, Atrcraft, and Agricultural Implement Workere of America, CIO. Period of | EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. J. GLENN BEALL OF MARYLAND IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 31, 1947 Mr. BEALL. Mr. Speaker, «under unanimous consent to extend my remarks I have inserted in the Recorp the follow- ing editorial from the Washington Dally News, March 31, 1947, which sets forth the hazards of coal mining and empha- sizes the importance, to the American people as well as the miners, of removing these hazards without delay. The miner should not be subjected to such unsafe working conditions, If it laste oni; © Gave, the coal-mining John L. Lewis as ap of mourning for victims of the Centralia (Tll.) disaster svill not seriously injure the national economy. The soft-coal miners have been working steadily and well since December, when Government sction ended a strike. Pro- ran higher than in the same
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD period a year earlier, and nearly a month's supply of coal is now above ground. In any case the Government apparently can do nothing about this stoppage. Mr. Lewis, we think, acted within his technical legal rights under his union's contract with the Government. It is easy now to see that the contract should have put a limit on the length of the memorial periods it authorizes. This one might have been ordered to con- tinue for a month or a year instead of a week. ‘ It is easy, too, to suspect Mr. Lewis of seeking an excuse and seizing an oppor- tunity to demonstrate his power in spite of the Government and the Supreme Court. But we see no useful purpose to be served by questioning his motives. The fact is that 111 miners were killed by an explosion in a mine under Govern. ment operation, where there was clear Fed- eral responsibility for safety-code enforce- ment and mine inspection. Mr. Lewis has attempted to fix the blame on Interior Sec- retary Krug. Getting the truth is an im- perative duty of the Senate committee which has been named to investigate the Centralia tragedy. But whatever the committee may find in this specific case, it unquestionably is true that the men who mine the country’s coal need better protection than they ever have had. There is bitter truth in what Mr. Lewis saye—that public sorrow for the victims of @ mine disaster is brief and scon forgotten. And it is no sufficient answer to say that, over the years, there has been improvement in the safety of an occupation from which it probably never will be possible to remove all hazard. In ordinary circumstances, with the mines in private operation, there is Federal inspec- tion but no Federal power to enforce safety codes. State safety enforcement is good in some cases, in others deplorably poor. The long casualty lists which follow occasional major disasters do not begin to measure coal mining’s annual toll of deaths and injuries. John L. Lewis is right in saying that— “The American people must be aroused to the stark realities of the situation and the casualties of the coal industry. Coal is al- ready saturated with the blood of too many brave men and drenched with the tears of too many surviving widows and orphans.’ If this period of mourning for the men who died at Centralia serves that purpose— and it should—a few days’ loss of coal pro- duction will be a small price for the country to pay. Appropriations for National Defense EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. JOHN W. McCORMACK OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 31, 1947 Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, un- der Jeave to extend my remarks, I include herein a splendid letter I have received from Reuben B. Gryzmish, president of Allis & Fisher Co., of Boston, Mass., man- ufacturers of the J. A. Cigar. There are countless substantial and large taxpay- ers throughout the country who feel] the same way Mr, Gryzmish does. Marcr 9, 1947, Hon. Jon W. McCormack, House of Representatives, Washington, D. C. Dean Mr. McCormack: I am prompted to write this letter by some of the speeches made in Congress about which I have read and heard. I am writing this as neither a Democrat nor a Republican. I am definitely in favor of eliminating every bit of waste and inefficiency in Govern- ment spending, but at the same time, nothing should be spared to keep our military and naval services up to maximum efficiency. We have a duty to perform to the people of the United States to protect them from the in- roads of communism; this can only be done by a strong military establishment. If we go back to the isolationism now being preached in Congress, we will not only re- gret it, but our descendants will, also. Have we not paid dearly enough for our previous isolationist tendencies, not only in money, but, more important, in our children’s lives? Whether we like it or not, we must give Greece, at the’ very least, financial assist- ance. We fully realize that a democratic Greece will be a bloc to unhampered Com- munist control of the Balkans, the Near East, and, eventually, all the Orient. A country like ours, with a national income of more than 8160,000,000,000 and a total wealth of untold thousands of billions of dollars, must regard the expenditure of an extra two or three billions for national defense as cheap insurance for the preservation of democracy, not only in this hemisphere, but also in the western part of Europe and the Orient, As a large income taxpayer (my taxes amount to many thousands each year) I con- sider it far more important to keep our mill- tary forces in a state of efficiency to meet any emergency, rather than to reduce taxes, until the conditions of the world become more settled and the spread of communism is halted. Never again should it be said, “Too little and too late.” Very truly yours, REUBEN B, GrYzMisH. Address at Opening Ceremony, Veterans’ Hospital, Bedford, Mass. EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. EDITH NOURSE ROGERS OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 31, 1947 Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my re- marks in the Recorp, I include the fol- lowing address by Deputy Administrator C. H. Nance at the official opening cere- mony, Veterans’ Administration Bedford Hospital, Addition for Women Patients, Bedford, Mass., on March 28, 1947, and also an address by Dr. Burrier, adminis- trator of the hospital: Appress sy Deputy ADMINISTRATOR C. H. NANCE AT THE OFFICIAL OPENING CEREMONY OF THE VETERANS’ ADMINISTRATION BEDFORD HOsprraL ADDITION FOR WOMEN PATIENTS, Brororp, Mass., Marcu 29, 1947 Dr. Burrier, Dr. Adams, Archbishop Cush- ing, Congresswoman Rogers, invited guests, veterans of Bedford Hospital, ladies and gen- tlemen, today we have come here to open officially our new building for women pa- tients. The Bedford Veterans’ Administration Hos- pital now enjoys the distinction of being one of the first to have such construction for the special purpose of caring for our women veterans, Dr. Adams has already referred to the active part played by Congresswoman Rocmrs in making these plans possible of fulfillment, A1369 I add my own appreciation of her efforts. By observation so far, I may say, I am con- vinced now that we have Building 70, her watchful interest will always assure its proper use. While I find it a source of great satisfac- tion to take part in this ceremony, to wit- ness the completion of this project, to realize that at long last we can begin to minister adequately to the special needs and com- forts of our disabled women veterans, I must confess that I do not stand here today in pride of accomplishment. Rather, it is with a feeling of deepest rever- ence for the woman veteran, who in World War II, particularly as war became more “total,” stepped from her hereditary role of homemaker to endure discomforts, to brave dangers, to witness death and destruction, to fight almost shoulder to shoulder with her menfolk. We must remember that war takes its toll not only among men. World War IT shat- tered the health of many women who served in the WAC’s, the WAVES, the SPARS, and the Marine Corps. And, in particular, those who served as war nurses and medical spe- clalists in the Army, Navy, and Air Corps were often taxed to their utmost ounce of strength. We do not like to think about it, but not a few women made the supreme sacrifice. They died on the beach heads, in the dress- ing stations close behind the line, in the ships that went down at sea. They also suffered wounds or fell ill to disease, just as did the men, and they, too, suffered the mental scars—the wounds which do not show. The figures already cited by Dr. Adams indicate, in some degree, the repercussions of conflict. Coldly factual too, ts the rec- ord that 180 Army and Navy nurses died in active service. But statistics can go only so far. The contribution the woman veteran made cannot be measured in terms of the mere numbers who served. The extent of her patriotism cannot be gaged alone by the number of graves or the numbers disabled in hospital beds. The woman who took part in the last war was a true fellow soldier. Whether she drove a staff car in Washington, plowed through the snow and mud of the Apen- nine winter, tended the sick in Africa, or snapped to a smart salute in Australia, she demanded no special privileges because of her sex. She did her job with a good will and a stout heart. Her very presence in the field brought a prayer of thankegiving to the lips of men tortured by wounds, by fatigue, by homesickness. What a lift there was when, now and then, the clear American voice of a WAC operator at Army headquarters or some base installa- tion reached far forward over the Signal Corps telephone net. How much easier be- came the fight when once the sick and wounded gained the protective zone of care of the trousered, but still feminine, nurse in the evacuation hospital. Since the earliest days of our country the Veterans’ Administration and the organiza- tions preceding it have paid pensions to women who served it in wartime. In the Revolutionary War, at the Battle of Monmouth, Molly Pitcher, carrying a pail of water to the battlefield, manned her hus- band’s cannon when he was struck down and performed her husband's duties with great skill and determination, The soidiers named her Major Molly, and a grateful Congress voted her a sergeant’s warrant with half pay through life. Some women who were staff officers during World War II might find a counterpart in Anna Carroll, of Maryland, who displayed unusual military sagacity in serving Presi- dent Lincoln in the Civil War. In that same war, women were employed under contract to nurse the sick and
A1370 wounded. Contract nurses also went to Cuba and the Philippines during the Spanish- American War. In the First World War there were 35,000 women enrolled, many of whom served overseas both in England and in France. And, of course, to overlook no one, we must pay grateful homage to the women in all of our country’s wars who, out of uni- form, served in the home, the factory, and the field. I said a moment ago that the woman vet- eran had demanded no special privileges be- cause of her sex. In the fleld of hospitaliza- tion for women, the distinctions being made in Government hospitals are only those which normally exist in private institutions. This distinction has necessitated separate provision for their own comfort, conventence, privacy, and recreation, and in order that hospital services provided for the much larger group of men may not be disturbed. But generally women veterans still are treated the same as men, and thus the spirit of parity of the fighting days is maintained. I am sure she would have it so. It is perhaps fitting to recall the saying that a man cannot be thought of as every being truly alone. Always there is beside him, either in reality or in spirit, some woman dear to him. That woman may be the mother who gave him breath, who taught him his first steps, who sheltered his earliest years. That -voman may be the childhood sweet- heart who walked with him to school, who encouraged him when he was despondent, who believed in him. That woman may be his wife who bore his children, who cooked his meals, who mended his clothes. But always that woman is there. With«ut her companionship and help and devotion, few men could stand alone. All of these things are why this ceremony this afternoon has more than a passing sig- nificance. It transcends any physical evi- dence of brick and stone and mortar in the new building; it even goes beyond the jus- tified presumption that our medical service, the best in the world, will play its full part in care and rehabilitation. Tt is a tribute and a memorial, too, to the American woman veteran of all wars, the woman who truly has earned the title of “partner.” 6pxercy sy Dr. Burren, ADMINISTRATOR OF VETERANS’ ADMINISTRATION HOSPITAL AT Beprorp, Mass., Marcy 29, 1947 Friends of the veteran, honored guests, ladies and gentlemen of the personnel, we welcome you most cordially to this formal opening of the women’s building of our hos- pital, which, by reason of its expanded serv- ices to veterans, is one of the largest in the New England area. It has the further dis- tinction of being the only Veterans’ Adminis- tration hospital where a building has been especially built for the care of women vet- erans who have played their part in estab- lishing the military triumphs of our great Nation. We have Congresswoman Rocgrjs to thank for her untiring efforts in order that this building might be erected. It was no easy matter to convince the Congress of the need of appropriating nearly @500,000 for these spe- cial facilities, and today we take great pride in showing you this monument to her efforta. Credit should also be given to those responsible for the planning of this complete modern hospital unit. The building was begun in February 1945. After encountering many delays due to wartime shortages, it was Anished in December 1946. The need for increased facilities for women veterans is recognized by the Veterans’ Ad- ministration with the allocation of 2 percent of the number of beds in the new construc- tion. For all hospitals principally for neuro- psychiatric care, the proportion is to be 5 percent. This percentage is anticipated be- cause of the relatively inadequate neuropsy- chiatric screening of women in the armed forces during World War II. Therefore, we may anticipate caring for increasing numbers of women veterans as time goes on. There are at present 20 Veterans’ Administration hospitals which admit women patients in the whole United States. During 1946, 4,592 women veterans out of the 870,000 veterans of World War II received care through the Veterans’ Administration. Nine hundred and forty-one of these are receiving neuropsy- chiatric care. Our new building is a three-story, brick- and-cement, fireproof structure with a capac- ity of 89 patients. To date we have admitted 81 patients, and it is our plan to accept patients to the fullest extent as soon as per- sonnel are available. Food is prepared in the main kitchen and transported in heated food trucks three times daily. From the treatment viewpoint, we are fully equipped in the building itself, with the ex- ception of major operating facilities, to ren- der all the neuropsychiatric care in keeping with the most modern concepts and methods approved by the Veterans’ Administration for the rehabilitation of patients. - There is available psychiatric treatment which in- cludes narcosynthesis, electro- and insulin- shock therapy and prefrontal lobotomy in selected cases when such treatment seems indicated. All the services in the main hos- pital are represented; namely, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, special services, in- clusive of recreation and entertainment, li- brary, dental, chaplaincy, and social services. I would like especially to invite your atten- tion to the hydrotherapy department where the latest type of equipment may be seen; also to the occupational and recreation de- partments. In this connection I suggest that the guests also visit the beauty parlor where a trained beautician is on duty. This de- partment has been a popular and busy place this past week, and I know you will agree with me that it has a distinctive and an important place in therapy. Shortly after this department was set up, cosmetics ar- ranged, and all accoutrements in place, an 8 OS was sent out from the beauty depart- ment indicating that one of its essentials was missing. Investigation revealed that the shampoo soaps had been omitted, which was indeed serious. Fortunately, through the combined efforts of our organization, a gallon of this very valuable solution was obtained and the wheels of operation set in motion. It is considered that this therapy is most important by experts in the care of the nervous. At this point I think I may speak for the staff at Bedford. Through the years we have been proud of the task assigned us in caring for the thousands of male veterans—those who needed the refuge of an institution, with relief from the stress and strain of civil life. In like vein, we are glad to now offer this same service to the women of our wars who need the same care. We rejoice in the Administration’s ideal, which is to furnish the finest medical care known to science. We are happy to contribute our part to the national service in extending such care to those who need the kind of treatment our hospital provides. With gratitude toward those who have la- bored before us, and with good will toward all who labor with us to make this an out- standing hospital, we welcome you not as guests alone but as fellow citizens and fellow workers whose support inspires us with the impetus to forge ahead in this worthy cause. the Nation. It holds a acred pines in hearta of all the people of cor sounteys therefore, we welcome you as worthy repre sentatives of this Commonwealth, APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD America’s Share in the Total Out-of- Country Purchases of All of the Prin- cipal Trading Nations of the World Grows Smaller Under the So-Called Reciprocal Trade Agreements Pro- gram. Instead of Expanding It, Our Foreign Trade Is Now Threatened With Extinction EXTENSION OF REMARES or HON. BERTRAND W. GEARHART OF CALIFORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, February 27, 1947 Mr. GEARHART. Mr. Speaker, I have been so many times assured by earnest advocates of the so-called reciprocal trade agreement program that our trade opportunities in the markets of the world were constantly improving under its beneficent influence, that it occurred to me that it might be well to make a study of various more important foreign mar- kets to ascertain just how America has fared in each of them, first, under the bumper-protective tariff years of 1926 to 1929, inclusive, second, under the de- pression years from 1930 to 1934, in- clusive, and third, under the trade- agreement years from 1935 to 1938, in- clusive. According to figures which I have ob- tained from League of Nations sources, it is revealed that in nearly all of the countries of the world, our share in those markets has dwindled, the lowest figure usually appearing during the years that reciprocal trading has been the or- der of the day. Can we infer from this that the Trade Agreements Act has served us well? Well, let the figures speak for themselves. Unanimous consent of the membership having been granted, I hand the results of these studies to the Public Printer to be spread upon the pages of the Con- GRESSIONAL RECORD as a part of my in- stant remarks. Mr. Speaker, the tabulations to which I have just referred are the following: Value of total imports for specified foreign countries and the proportion coming from the United States [Value of as in thousand dollars old § , 1926 to 982, inclusive; currency, 10: UNITED KINGDOM Protective-tariff years: s| SPSS elicnsa
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Value of total imports for specified foreign countries and the proportion coming from the Untied States—Continued Value of firures in thousand dollars—ald gold, 1926 to 1982, inclusive; currency, 1933-38} Value of total imports for specified foreign countries and the proportion coming from the United States—Continued Value of figures in thousand dollars—old gold, 1926 to 1932, inclusive; currency, 1983-38) Imports Imports United | cent ui Btates Po , UNITED KINGDOM— continued NETHER! ANDS Protective-tariff Trade- -apreement PORTS: 103,445 | 10.5 420,015 | 11.86 107, G73} 10.5 463,786 | 10.9 106, 706 9.8 ECA, 187 111 109, 400 98 C76, 854 . -_ ——_———— 10.1 ITALY 4, G49 8.7 £9, 547 7.8 Protective- tariff 24, 450 6,2 : 52, b49 6.4 , 218, 141 21.6 -| 680, 627 100 46, 633 6.6 1, 051, 440 204, 237 19.4 —————— — | — 1, 153, O15 211, 19K | 18.3 Averare_ 7.1 , 120, 381 187, 269 | 167 === |\—_——_— Trade- -agreement | 634, 763 100 | 43, BR 6.9 647,304 | 100 40, 15 71 years 853,265 | 100 75, C2 Aa i 0. Tid, 280 | 100 M12, 432 84, 367 606, 603 —_—_———| 424, 128 Oh5, 130 657, 146 BELGIUM Protective- tariff years: 751, 284 | 100 85,575 | 11.3 5 (42, 446 808, 286 | 100 88,971 | 11.0 440, 361 888, 93 100 86, 119 9,0 783, 620 $00,341 | 100 593, 021 _—_—_——————— 94, 702 9.5 Protectivetaritf 456, 808 100 5 7 100 1998..-...-------- 1027. 1928... 1020... --.-02222.|2 284, 757 | 100] 281,371| 123  — AVermeO.------]------2200|oezercfrcererte 630, 532 720, OA1 927, 752 763, 518 The ‘depression years: --(2, 058, 424 1, 654, 460 DENMARK Protective-tariff years: 1026....---------- 1927. The depression years: 1980... -necenee ee A1371 Value of total imports for specified foreign countries and the proportion coming from the United States—Continued [Value of figures in thousand dollars—old gold, 1926 to 1932, inelustve; currency, 1933-38] Imports Value Of | prop. en Per- cent nites cont Imports States SBWEDEN—continued The depression yoars: 100 61, 439 13.7 100 44, 907 12.3 100 24, 058 10,8 100 82,053 | 10,2 1%) 30,912) 11.7 Average Trado-ngreement years: ; 373, 080 | 100 1936 47,720 | 12.7 . 418, 388 100 54, 004 12,0 -| 641,206 | 100 74,932 | 13.8 b24, 579 | 100 K5, 204] 16.2 Average.......}-.--...---|--. SWITZERLAND Protcctive- tariff 455, 636 | 100 36, 252 7.9 482,490 | 100 42, 420 8.7 612,171 | 100 47, C62 9.1 515, 785 | 100 46, 173 8.9 Average........]- The depression years: 1930..-2.2.22-..--] 487, 627 100 1 427, 458 100 3 330, 047 100 22, 183 6.7 5.8 TOG, 458 Jo . 457,166 | 100 24, 574 5.3 408, 886) 100 22, 5V2 5.6 368,065 | 100 20, 952 5.6 -{ 412,227 | 100 28, 044 7.0 368, 322 {| 100 28, CAR 7.8 Average ARGENTINA Protective-tariff years. 1026 186, 886 | 24.6 1927 200,787 | 24,4 3928. 187,439 | 23.2 1920 216,112) 2.3 56, 512 76, B24 100 75, 960 Protoctive-tariff yours: 1926 114,626 | 20.3 1927... 111,186 | 28.6 1928 117,611 | 26.5 1929... 125, 652 | 380.1 The depression years: 1980.... 1 1931... lwo | 38,212] 26.1 1932........------ 100 32, 632 | 30.0 1933........-2..08 100 66,034 | 21.0 1084.........2-.-- 100 | 49,045 | 23.6 Averago.....0.]..-.------]----2- |e eee eee
A1372 Value of total imports for spectfied foreign countries and the proportion comtng from the United States—Continned of figures in thousand dollars—old gold, 1926 to 1932, inclusive; currency, 1988-38, BRAZIL—continucd Trade-agrecment years: GERMANY Protective-tariff Spas aEEG 920 The depression years: BEERE #588 Seas SERS ed Cee nts eens Seeman Trade-agreement years: 1938_. HON. EDWIN C. JOHNSON OF COLORADO IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Monday, March 31 (legislative day of Monday, March 24), 1947 Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Mr. President, the “kitty” is growing. Al- ready the United States has pledged $20,- 000,000,000 for postwar aid. Certainly, a huge sum is needed to get world economy back on the track, after the most dev- astating war in history. The assessed valuation of all private property of all the States west of the Mississippi, not including Texas and California, is about $20,000,000,000. Now we are asked to make the first down payment of $400,- 000,000 to build an American Maginot line on the Dardanelles. I say “first down payment” advisedly. If we are to stop Russia on the Black Sea it will cost us $400,000,000,000, not $400,000,000. In this connection, the New York Times, on Sunday, March 30, carried an interest- ing article under the headline “$20,000,- 000,000 Paid for Postwar Aid.” I ask unanimous consent to insert this article in the Appendix of the Recorp. There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the Rrcorp, as follows: Twenty Bu.rons Pam ror Posrwarx Amp— Tat Is THe Cogt So Far or Our HELP TO Orugrs Nations anv THE AMOUNT Is BouND To INCREASE (By Bertram D. Hulen) Wasnuicton, March 29.—The Truman doc- trine of providing sesistance for free na- tions that are in imminent danger of suc- cumbing to Communist pressure has thrown into high relief our entire program of for- assistance since the cessation of hos- tilities. While precise figures are not yet available in exact amounts down to the last dollar, the round estimate is made that the total of such payments since the end of the war is approximately $20,000,000,000. This prob- ably will not be found far off from the final official figure that is arrived at through the present study. Admittedly, $20,000,000,000 is a sizable fig- ure. It approaches the total of our debt as a result of our participation in World War I, even though it is only a fraction of the debt produced by World War II. As matters stand, the budget for the fiscal year 1948 that will begin on July 1, 1947, calls for appropriations of nearly $3,500,- 000,000 for the several purposes covered in our foreign programs. This figure, of course, does not include the requests made by President Truman for aid to Greece and Turkey. He has asked for 9400,000,000 for them and in circumstances that do not necessarily mean that this will be all as the program of assistance proceeds. ESTIMATE BS UNCERTAIN The approximate estimates that are thus far available include not only actual expendi- tures but also commitments and funds that have been earmarked for specific purposes, all covering foreign financing, relief and re- habilitation, credit, supplies, and, in general, the many aspects of our far-flung activities. Of the major items, the British Joan amounts to §83,760,000,000. Our contribu- tions to the International World Bank call for outlays of $8,175,000,000 and to the In- ternational Monetary Fund of $2,780,000,000. We increased the capital of the Export- Import Bank after hostilities by $2,800,000,000 to $3,500,000,000, practically all of which has been expended or earmarked s0 that the bank is scraping the bottom of the barrel. The cost to us of winding up lend-lease, of emptying the pipe line after hostilities, is placed at $1,200,000,000. But 8700,000,000 should be added to this sum in the calcula- tions because of an authorization to China after VJ-day in that amount as regular war- time lend-lease. Surplus-property disposals are estimated to have cost us over $5,000,000,000. Goods valued after deterioration at $7,200,000,000 have brought a return of only $1,700,000,000. Yet, it is not considered fair to place this in the rank of outright contributions, slnce the sales represented a liquidation operation. Similarly the costs of our armies of occu- pation are so involved in the set-up of the military establishments that it is dificult to arrive at a true figure in terms of APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD net outizy. But our officials have not liked pourtng $200,000000 into Germany on this account and for relief every year. Outlays for the Maritime Commission ere placed at a net of $107,000,000 since the war. Expenditures in behalf of the Philippines in- volve $700,000,000 for war damages, rehabili- tation, surplus miaterials, and budget pur- poses. The budget recommendations for the fiacal year 1948 contemplated $730,000,000 in Ex- port-Import Bank loans, $1,200,000,000 in further withdrawals by the British from their loan, $650,000,000 for costs of occupation, 555,000,000 for the UNRRA and relief pur- poses, 6187,000,000 for rehabilitation and oth- er purposes in the Philippines, $40,000,000 on an old RFC loan to the United Kingdom, and $12,000,000 for the iend-lease pipe line. Now to these are to be added the costs on behalf of Greece, Turkey, Korea, and perhaps other countries. Communist Activities in the United States EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. TOM STEWART OF TENNESSEE IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Monday, March 31 (legislative day of Monday, March 24), 1947 Mr. STEWART. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to place in the Ap- pendix of the Recorp an editorial from the Nashville Banner, published on Thursday, March 27, 1947. This is a very timely and well-written editorial con- cerning the activities of the Communists in the United States. As has heretofore been pointed out by our Secretary of Labor, the Honorable Lewis B. Schwellen- bach, this editorial takes notice of the fact that all Communists and fifth col- umunists go by aliases. Either ashamed of their own names or afraid to let their correct names be known, because that would probably identify them as being un-American, they choose to steal real American names. This is true concern- ing the individuals as well as the Com- munist-front organizations. As stated in this editorial—and well stated—“com- munism is the living lie, the black is white, the end justifying the means, al- ways holding in contempt the American institutions of truth and freedom which give it shelter.” There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the Racorp, as follows: . A SKUNK SY ANY NAME America might have more respect for the Communist Party if its members and fronts had more respect for the truth. These pro- gressives, who go about the country shout- ing their love for true democracy and their contempt for fascism, are afraid to give their right names. The true American has great pride in iden- tifying himeelf, The House Un-American Activities Com- mittee has suggested the worthy plan of pre- Paring a master list of Communtst-front or- ganisation names, but it would be an endless task. The various shades of pink nomencla- ture would change like the «— Communist names are long names, hypo- critical and misleading. The longer the moniker the more commies can hide behind it. When they get too hot, the big words
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD can tumble like tenpins and reappear in a different arrangement, That was the case with the Young Com- munist League. When the FBI got too close the quick-change artists got to work and the next day there appeared the mock- patriotic title of American Youth for Democ- racy, the latter now seeking to replace the disfavored American Youth Congress once sheltered by the White House in the Roose- veltian era. All fifth columnists go by aliases. Witness the spectacle of the man who went before the Un-American Activities Commit- tee Wednesday as Eugene Dennis, secretary of the Communist Party and top Red-policy maker, only he wasn't Eugene Dennis. He refused to say who he js. Who is the Communist Party? There you have the transparent heart and soul of communism. It is the living lie, the black is white, the end justifying the means, always holding in contempt the American institutions of truth and freedom which give it shelter. End of Sugar Controls EXTENSION OF KEMARKS HON. JOHN J. SPARKMAN OF ALABAMA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Monday, March 31 (legislative day of Monday, March 24), 1947 Mr. SPARKMAN. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp an arti- cle entitled “Congress Takes a Long-Shot Bet on Sugar,” published in today’s Washington Daily News. There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: Concress Taxrs a LoNG-SHoT Bret ON SUGAR (By Peter Edson) Congress has taken a terrible political gamble by voting to end all sugar price and rationing controls October 31. Sugar experts believe it will develop like this: Normally, October is the time when United States sugar stocks are at lowest levels. The home canning season is over. Ice- cream sales are down. The Christmas candy makers have acquired all their stocks and are processing them. At this same time sugar supplies are flow- ing into the United States at the lowest rate. The last of the Cuban and West Indian crop, which ts major source of supply, is harvested gn June and comes to market in July and August. Only the Hawaiian crop, which is harvested all year round moves to the main- land in quantity during the late summer and early fall. The United States domestic cane and beet sugar crop isn't harvested till Octo- ber, doesn’t get to market till November. HERE'S THE CATCH The catch in this situation for consumers is that anyone in the sugar business, know- ing that controls are coming off October 81, may start holding his supplies in September or August or even in July—hoping to make a killing at high prices in November and December. Midwestern and California beet-sugar areas and Florida and Louisiana cane-sugar areas also stand a chance to make a killing. Their crops are harvested in the fall, their sugar hits the market in November. While this domestic sugar industry is planting heavily this spring, the size of the crop is limited by the capacity of the mills. It's about 2,000,000 tons for beet sugar, 500,000 tons for cane. Just enough for a nice fall clean-up. It was political pressure from these cane and beet areas which was largely responsible for removing controls October 31. Republi- can Representatives Jessz WoLCoTT and FRED Orawrord, of Michigan. Democratic Senators JOHN OVERTON and ALLEN ELLENDER, of Lou- isiana. Republicans Joz McCarruy from Wisconsin, HucH Burien and KENNETH WuHeErny from Nebraska. In debate on the floor, the whole issue was put on the high ground of getting more sugar for the housewife. Actually, the principal motive of the politicians seems to have been a desire to get rid of controls—even if they were good controls. PEPSI WANTED OUT In hearings before Senate and House Bank- ing Committees which handled this legisla- tion, practically everyone in the sugar busi- ness favored retaining the controls till next December 31 or March 81. There was one ex- ception, That was the Pepsi-Cola Co., whose spokesman wanted controls taken off im- mediately. ‘11 the others agreed that de- control now would bring only chaos. Another argument which the congressional supporters of decontrol advanced was that there were larger sugar supplies in sight than was generally admitted. Early reports from Cuba indicate that the 1947 crop may be five and a half or six million tons, instead of the 5,000,000 tons originally estimated. If these bumper crop predictions are ful- filled, the situation may be saved. If there should be a crop failure, the shortage would be worse than is now anticipated. No responsible sugar expert will predict now how short the supply might be next fall, nor how high the price might go. But if there is a shortage, it is generally agreed that the industrial users will stand a far better chance to get what there is and that con- sumers will be left on the short end. NO HOPE OUTSIDE World production outside the United States and the West Indies offers little hope for additional supplies. European sugar- bect production may be better than last year but still not back to normal, which was never enough to take care of European needs. The Philippines will have little export sugar be- for? 1948. Nobody knows what the situation is in Java, which produced no export sugar in 1045 or 1946. Brazil, Peru, and the Argentine may have better yields than normal. There will be plenty of competition for these crops at high prices. Only the import controls of the ex- tended war powers act can prevent American sugar dealers from bidding up the world price in frantic efforts to get sugar for noxt fall's boom market. In general the sugar industry is afraid of hich priccs, even if it does mean big quick profits for one year. Too many sugar men remember what happened after World War I, when sugar went to 40 cents a pound. Next year they were all broke. The School-Lunch Program EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. TOM STEWART OF TENNESSEE IN THE SENATE OF THE ONITED STATES Monday, March 31 (legislative day of Monday, March 24), 1947 Mr. STEWART. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the CONGRESSIONAL A1373 Recorp an editorial from a very lively and alert weekly newspaper, the Lake County Banner, published in Tiptonville, Lake County, Tenn. This editorial concerns the so-called hot-lunch program for schools; and it points out that, while there may be some debate as to the right of the Govern- ment to continue, on a permanent basis, to obligate the Federal Government for money for the things which have been subsidized during recent years, never- theless there is little justification for dis- continuance of Federal aid to the scnool- lunch program. The editorial well states that the benefits accruing to the Nation from this program justify its continu- ance. The editorial states that sta- tistics on the subject show that children are less inclined to play truant or other- wise be absent from school when they know they will get a hot lunch in the middle of the day at the schoolhouse. This editorial also points out that the Parent-Teachers Association is largely responsible for the continuance of the hot-lunch program. Disturbed somewhat by the report that the program of economy may cause the discontinuance of this important aid, the writer of the editorial calls upon people to give very careful consideration to the good that hot lunches in schools do to the children, before the ax is wielded in the name of economy. This is a good editorial, Mr. Presi- dent, and a well-considered one; and I should like to add my endorsement to it, and to point out that the total cost of this program is, by comparison, so small that when al] considerations are taken into mind, it will be seen that it would prove to be false economy and serious evidence of short-sightedness on the part of Congress to permit its discon- - tinuance. We are told that the total cost of this program throughout the en- tire United States was but about $57,000,- 000 in 1946; yet we talk of lending 10 times that much money to Greece, and we have already loaned nearly 100 times that much to Great Britain. A well-balanced, nourishing, and tasty hot meal given to a child in the middle of the day does him untold good. I have talked to teachers who have seen the benefits of this lunch program, and they tell me that the students are far better off, both physically and mentally, by rea- son thereof. I hope it will not be discon- tinued, and I say this in the interest of the health and general welfare of the children of this country. There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: . FEDERAL AID AND HOT LUNCHES That Federal aid and subsidies to State and smaller governmental units and aid to eco- nomic groups, such as adjustments for farm- ers, tariffs for industry, and so on, are justi- fied permanent obligation of the Federal Gov- ernment is debatable. These benefits caught on during the New Deal regime in efforts to break the economic log jam of depression, and the American public is not showing an overamount of militancy to shake the “gim- me” psychosis and to strike out on the old basis of laissez faire—‘“sink or swim'—the credo of our more robust past. We feel that there is, perhaps, more justi- fication for Federal aid to school-lunch rro- grams than for most any of the numerous
A1374 types and kinds of Federal grants of assist- ance. The benefits that accrue to the na- tional entity from this program are varied. A prime return on the outlay for the low-priced hot lunches served in the public schoo) is better attendance and less truancy. Statis- tics have shown that children in localities where p2naltics are not enforced against truancy are induced by the lunch program to a higher percentage of school attendance than would be true without the serving of lunches. Another benefit of hot lunches lies in the proved potential of the program for improve- ment of health of the growing youth. The nutritious diet of the school lunch insures that the participating children will get one balanced meal each day, at least. This will pay lifelong returns through the improved sturdiness of those coming from all the levels of society, not only through giving the chil- dren better diet as students but in the culti- vation of good eating habits in the formative years of youth. The hot lunch program is still young, but it is growing rapidly, and is now nation-wide in scope. The program expanded rapidly in Tennessee this year—in fact, so many new echools began participation in the program that the Tennessee allocation of the Federal appropriation for hot lunches has been ex- hausted as of March 15. It is due to this exhaustion of Tennessee's share of the Fed- eral aid that the Lake County school lunch- rooms are faced with the necessity of finish- ing the last 2 months of school without the 8-cent Federal contribution per meal served, which has been paid up to now. Serving of hot lunches is well established in Lake County schools. It began with WPA and Federal surplus commodities assistance, was later supported by cash donations and gifts of foodstuffs by individuals over the county, and for the past 3 years has been supported by a program of planned Federal aid. This aid supplements the nominal charge of 15 cents, or thereabouts, which has been assessed on the school children for meals eaten in the lunchroom. The parent-teacher organizations of the ‘county are responsible for the continuous ex- istence of the program and for the improve- ments and expansions in the program, their sponsorship preserving the continuity of the work through the devious course of Federal and State grants leading up to now. They realize the worth of their work, and this realization has prompted them to respond with the resourcefulness which will allow the lunch serving to continue to the end of the school year, even though no more Federal help is forthcoming. There has been some hint out of Washing- ton that the program of economy to which the Republican Party has paid such abundant lip service may strike out any appropriations for Federal school lunch aid for the next fiscal year. This infant Federal school-lunch program is the last place where we should want or ex- yect to see the ax wielded in the name of economy in Washington. Administered as the program is on the local level by civic- spirited and public-serving nonprofit organ- izations interested only in seeing better schools and better fed children, here is prcb- ably a lesser percentage of the appropriated dollars for hot lunches lost in the morasses of bureaucracy and administrative costs, than is true of any other appropriation by the Congress. We hope and trust that the Tennessee Members of the House and Senate in Wash- ington will do all that they can to preserve this program, and to increase the-appropria- tion to take care of potential expansion through participation of additional schools, rather than to pare it down or eliminate it entirely. Activities of the Greek Royalists EXTENSION OP REMARKS HON. EDWIN C. JOHNSON OF COLORADO IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Monday, March 31 (legislative day of Monday, March 24), 1947 Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Mr. President, today PM published a confi- dential report showing the extent of wild speculation by the Greek Royalists. It appears that a huge influx of American dollars is needed now to replenish the sums drained off by Greek profiteers who were protected by the government in their black-market operations. I commend this confidential report to all who would understand why Greece is prostrate today. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to insert this article in the Appendix of the Recorp. There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the Rrcorp, as follows: . How Monagciists Ruinep GReex Economy— CONFIDENTIAL UNRRA Rerort SHows Ex- TENT OF WILD SPECULATION (By Alexander H. Uhl) WASHINGTON, March 31.—One of the most obvious weaknesses of President Truman's program for assistance to Greece is the de- pendence which the administration is plac- ing on the cooperation of the Greek mon- archist government and its powerful wealthy supporters. Quite apart from the political double talk that has been necessary to make the Maxi- mos-Tsaldaris government of King George a foundation for Greek democracy, the eco- nomic and financial record of the past 2 years of Greek reactionary rule has been dis- astrous. TRUMAN POINTS OUT MISTAKES President Truman in his message to Con- Gress felt it necessary to point out that the Greek regime had “made mistakes,” and the United States did not “condone” everything that it has done or will do. Paul Porter, in testifying before the House Foreign Affairs Committee last week, also had to condemn some of the financial and economic policies followed in Athens and to lay down a program of strict controls as a condition for American help. He insisted, however, that the present regime should be supported, that it was the best instrument available, and that he had confidence it would follow out American suggestions, WHAT 18 THE RECORD? Is the record of the monarchist regime such that it should inspire so much confidence? PM has obtained a copy of a confidential report made to UNRRA on February 15 by the economic analyist of its Greek mission. It is important because it deals in facts and figures which the State Department has been ex- tremely chary of making public. Here are the high lights of the report, which confirm fully the picture painted in PM dur- ing the past 2 weeks of why Greece is bank- rupt and in so desperate a situation that lack of American Welp, as Under Secretary of State Dean Acheson has said, would cause almost immediate collapse: Gold. and foreign exchange: The report states that Greece's foreign ex was largely dissipated by the end of 1946, adding: “That this situation was an inevitable consequence of the policy of the Government APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD @uring 1946 had been well known to most fore eign observers for many months. Periodic warnings by certain Government service members of the currency committee and the UNRRA mission went largely unheeded.” DETERIORATION OF ECONOMY Deterioration of the Greek position was de- scribed as follows: 1946 total assets declined by $130,200,000 equivalent, This net loss of for- eign-exchange assets was divided as follows: United States dollar equiy- alent Value Sterling... £17, 734, 326 $70, 837, 304 Dollars... . 6, 217, 700 CO, 217, 700 Gold (ounces)... 268, 827 8, 044, 445 Total... 2. een [wenn ween eee 180, 199, 449 The Greek Government position was tnat the sale of gold and forcign exchange was necessary in order to combat the terrific ine flation which had set in. On this point, the report said: DEPENDENT ON CONTROLS “The only justification for such a policy rested in the willingness of the Government at the earliest possible moment to substi tute more orthodox and less expensive -nvans of inflation control; 1. e., direct controls such as price control and production control through allocation and indirect controls such as taxation, inducement of saving, judi- cious use of Government credits, etc . “Almost no such measures were initiated during the year. * * * Greece faced 1047 with seriously depleted foreign-ex- change assets and not even preparatory work done on anti-inflation controls to substitute for foreign-exchange sales.” The Greek Government, representiny the interests of the well-to-do Greek royalists, apparently was unwilling to ask its follow. ers to make the necessary sacrifices to put the economy of their country on a sound basis It depends, instead, on the aritish and American Governments to pull them out of the hole. The British annotinced early this month that they were unable to continue. The hon States of America is taking on tho lob. Foreign-exchange sales and Greek private profits: Discussing the sale of foreign ex- change, the report says: “Because this counterinflationary object was considered primary, foreign exchange was committed with relatively little regard to the more basic economic requirements of the country. Exchange was freely granted for many categories of imports which did not require import licenses. “Qualitative distinctions between various classes of imported commodities were based on the importer’s margin of profits obtain- able, rather than on the physical needs of the population; all too frequently the two criteria were divergent, sometimes almost G@lametrically opposed.” PROvIT IS BIG MOTIVE If you break down this economic jargon the picture is clear. Greeks with money were able to buy the country’s previous for- eign exchange to bring gocds back into Greece not in terms of what the country des- perately needed for its reconstruction and rehabilitation, but in terms of the profits that they could make. . This meant ali sorts of luxury and con- sumer goods that they could sell on the black market at fabulous profits which, in turn, they could convert into more foreign ex- change and thus build up their personal fortunes until the foreign exchange ran out.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD It is largely because of that private profit spree, which the Greek Government did not stop, that American assistance is needed to- day. Obviously it accounts, too, for a lot of Greek Communists. Again discussing the responsibility of the Greck Government, the report says: “L :king voluntary saving, the only pos- sibility for reaching a reasonable equilibrium between expenditures and revenues is the ap- plication of subsequential taxation and the reduction of certain expenditures. Neither measure was taken in a substantial degree.” There again, if you put it in simple lan- guage, the story is one of “class’’ finance. “Bubstantial taxation” which would have hit the profiteers and black-marketeers, who were more interested in making profits than in rebuilding their country, was not estab- lished. Income from UNRRA supplies, which in the last quarter represented more than 36 percent of the country’s revenues, Was sub- stituted for an adequate taxation system based on ability to pay. To make the situ- ation more iniquitous these UNRRA sup- plics were sold at such high prices—in the interests of the budget and Greece's wealthy—that UNRRA more than once com- plained bitterly but without avail. What happened to Greece's monetary re- sources? Paul Porter the other day said there was no way of finding out how much capital in private Greek hands was available for Greek reconstruction. The UNRRA re- port, however, says there was “an evident reluctance on the part of large segments of the business community to invest in produc- tive enterprise, reflecting serious misgivings on the part of these people with respect to both the political and economic future of Greece.” It is the hope of the American economists in the State Department that this capital will be coaxed out by the restoration of political and economic stability through American aid. The unknown factor now is whether Greek capital and the Greek Government are pre- pared to play a more constructive and re- sponsible role than they have in the past 2 years. The record, thus far, is not encourag- ing. Even a Dog Gets a Hearing EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. HELEN GAHAGAN DOUGLAS OF CALIFORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 20, 1947 Mrs. DOUGLAS. Mr. Speaker, under permission to extend my remarks in the Recorp, I include an article by the for- mer mayor of New York City, Fiorello H. LaGuardia. As Mr. LaGuardia points out, even a dog gets a hearing. [From PM, New ro Y., of March 80, LA GUARDIA: EVEN A DOG GETS-A HEARING (By Fiorello H. LaGuardia) On March 22 the President isswed an Ex- ecutive order prescribing procedutes for thé administration of an employees’ loyalty pro- gram in the executive branch of the Govern- ment. The right of self-preservation is inherent in every government. It has existed from the very beginning of the most primitive form of government, The protection of govern- ment goes to its existence and continuity, but not, at least In modern times, to indivi- duals holding office under it, and surely does not cover opposition to a political party that may be in power. . The standards contained in the Executive order for the refusal of employment or the removal from employment in the Govern- ment service are specified: “Sabotage, espionage, or attempts or prep- arations therefor.” Everyone should be in full agreement with this provision. “Treason or sedition or advocacy thereof.” That is the law and universally established. “Advocacy of revolution of force or violence to alter the constitutional form of goverp- ment of the United States.” That, too, is the law today to which no reasonable person can take exception. “Intentional, unauthorized disclosure to any person, under circumstances which may indicate disloyalty to the United States, of documents or information of a confidential or nonpublic cheracter obtained by the per- son making the disclosure as a result of his employment by the Government of the United States.” This constitutes an overt act of disloyalty of a criminal nature and fits properly in standards for refusal of or dismissal from employment. “Performing or attempting to perform his duties, or otherwise acting, so as to serve the interests of another government in pref- erence to the interests of the United States.” That seems quite logical. Surely a rail- road company would not employ as passenger agent the president of a competing air line. Nor would the Dodgers employ as a coach anyone serving the interests of the Giant Baseball Club. Neither would the CIO em- - ploy as an organizer an official of the Amer- ican Federation of Labor. The great danger lies in the administration of the order and the procedure of proving the guilt of the person charged with commit- ting any of the above acts. These are all overt acts susceptible to proof. The Executive order should be amended and amplified to make clear that a person so charged will have a fair trial and be proven guilty in accordance with established procedure and custom, As the order now stands, while the accused is given the right to appear before a trial board, with counsel to present evidence in his behalf, the bur- den is placed upon him to prove his inno- cence, That surely is contrary to all of the guarantees contained in the Constitution and known to American justice, which the Executive order seeks to protect. It does not appear that the serious charges against the officer or employee are to be proven beyond a reasonable doubt or even with a preponderance of evidence. In fact, it may well be construed that all the Gov- ernment has to do is to say that its informa- tion indicates that the person comes within any of the above categories or is a member of any of the organizations listed by the Attorney General. The officer or employee is then left to disprove these charges on which he may have no detailed information. Seemingly, under the order, he is not en- titled to a bill of particulars or even the names of witnesses, for it is provided only that “The charges shall be stated as spe- cifically and completely as, in the discretion of the employing department or agency, £e- curity considerations permit.” True, the employee has a right to a hearing but, un- less he knows the particulars and has the right to examine the witnesses against him, a blanket indictment affords him no oppor- tunity of a real defense. A mere accusation under our system is not sufficient, Even the charge of a violation of a trivial ordinance or a slight misdemeanor requires positive proof. The charges here are most serious—sabo- tage, spying, treason, sedition, advocacy of revolution by force or violence. No one can deny that a conviction on any of these charges, resulting in dismissal, is equal to A1375 a life sentence. Such a convicted officer or employee could hardly find employment, once dismissed under such charger. Not only in- dividually but his family, particularly his children, would carry a stigma for life. Every safeguard should be provided to re- duce the possibility of injustices, abuse, and oppression. The most heinous crimes that a human being can commit are required to be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. The most de- spicable criminal is protected up to the point of having been found guilty. He is given an Open trial; the right to be confronted with his accusers; the right to examine witnesses; and the burden of proving guilt in our coun- try remains all through the trial with the prosecution. Not only human beings, but a dog would not be convicted in our country without proper proof, under established, accepted rules, and definite preponderance of evidence. I mean a dog. Suppose an agent of a hu- mane society or a ‘society for the suppres- sion of mad dogs” should capture an un- leashed dog on the street and bring it to court, seeking an order for the dog's ex- termination. In accordance with the re- quired proof that the dog had bitten at least three persons; he had seen the bites. Then the agent adds that these three persons could not be brought to court, for they were very useful in providing information to the organization; that it would be embarrassing for these people to appear, but that he had interviewed them and had written down the facts at the time he made the investigation, all contained in the report presented to the court. In no jurisdiction in this country would the court order the extermination of the dog on such evidence. Even in brutal, cowardly cases of assault, where the exposure of the victim causes great embarrassment and sometimes shame, the appearance and testimony and the opportu- nity to cross-examine are necessary in order to obtain a conviction. One provision, rather loosely drawn, might well be used as a catch-all or as a witch hunt and a weapon of oppression. I< reads: “Membership in, affiliation with, or sympa- thetic association with any foreign or do- mestic organization, association, movement, group, or combination of persons, designated by the Attorney General as totalitarian, Fas- cist, Communist, or subversive.” It will be noted that the organization, as- sociation, movement, group, or combination of persons need be only designated by the Attorney General as totalitarian, Fascist, Communist, or subversive. Ssemingly he could do so as the result of an investigation or a report coming from any of several desig- nated sources, without giving such organiza- tion an opportunity of being heard. It could all be done ex parte. A decision of such far- reaching effect and susceptible of implicating a large number of innocent people should be based on ascertained facts, after a hearing and an opportunity for the organization to know the charge against it and a chance to present facts in its own defense. The ad- ministration of this provision requires a care- fully prepared and considered procedure. If mere membership, affiliation, or “sym- pathetic association” is sufficient to brand an individual for life, to hold him and his family to public scorn and disgrace, surely these organizations, associations, movements, groups, or combinations of persons should be listed and publicized. The Executive order brands these organiza- tions as disloyal and subversive. Some of them, in all likelihood, should be so branded. But every organization is entitled to a trial and to have the proof against it presented, and an opportunity to defend itself and dis- prove the charges.: The Executive order is short in this respect. From time to time incidents take place that create a great deal of feeling against a
A1378 made their greatest advance in America dur- ing the past 5 years. Mr. Hoover declares that in our vaunted tolerance for all peoples the Communist has found our Achilles heel. The head of the FBI, and he should know, flatly declares that “The divide-and- conquer tactics did not die with Hitler— they are being employed with greater skill today by American Communists with their boring-from-within strategy. Their propa- ganda, skillfully designed and adroitly exe- cuted, has been projected into practically every phase of our national life.” At the present time we are facing a grave crisis and we must determine what our pol- icy shall be in aiding Greece and Turkey and other nations which are threatened with Communist domination. We of the Daugh- ters of the American Revolution, therefore note with deep satisfaction that the Congress of the United States and the heads of vari- ous Government departments are alert to this crisis and are studying the entire prob- lem in an effort to determine what must be done to protect and preserve our form of government and our institutions. I have been asked by your chairman to express an opinion upon the various bills now pending before the Congress, which strike at communism and communistic ac- tivities. I have studied three bills, and I declare my support to all of them. Moreover, it is my intention as president general of the Daugh- ters of the American Revolution to bring these measures before the members of our resolutions committee at the Fifty-sixth Con- tinental Congress of our National Society, which will convene in Constitution Hall in this city on May 19. It is my hope that our organization with over 156,000 members will wholeheartedly endorse this pending legisla- tion and urge passage of the various bills. The bill of Chairman THomas, H. R. 2275, as I understand it, would create a Federal Loyalty Commission to ferret out disloyal Government employees and see to it that they are discharged from holding Government employment. It 1s my judgment that this legislation is necessary, because, as we all know, it is ex- ceedingly difficult to prove that a.person is a Communist. Few indeed will admit their true identity We all know that Commu- nists work in secret. They are quick to deny their communistic affiliations, It ts to their advantage to work under cover. Conse- quently, a commission set up with the power to investigate and secure proof against sus- pected Communists is needed if we are to keep Communists or those with communistic beliefs from spreading their poison as Gov- ernment workers. The bill of Representative RANKIN, of Mis- sissippi, whom I know well, merits solid DAR support. It is H. R. 1884. It is time to stop the spread of communistic propaganda through the mails. It is time to stop the teaching of communistic doctrines, no matter how subtle, in our public schools. It is time to prevent election of candidates to Federal or State office who are avowed enemies to our form of government. Likewise, the measure of Representative SueEpparp of California, H. R. 2122, is in ac- cord with DAR policies. This sweeping measure strikes directly at the Communist Party and the communistic organizations. It also strikes at organizations engaging in political activities which are affiliated with foreign governments or with foreign politi- cal parties. I certainly believe legislation is needed to stop the subversive activities which are go- ing on around us. Communism should be outlawed in the United States lock, stock and barrel. We are now faced with the President's pro- posal to loan $400,000,000 to Greece and Tur- key in an effort to close the front door against totalitarian infiltration. Are we go- ing to leave the back door wide open for Communists and fellow travelers to spread their poisonous work inside our own country? Communism can be outlawed in the United States, because those preaching com- munistic doctrines are not merely finding fault with our Government. Their real ob- jectives are to undermine and destroy our Government so that a totalitarian govern- ment under tl.e Moscow pattern can be sub- stituted. I realize, of course, that much of the sub- versive propaganda carried on in the United States is boldly distributed because of the guarantee of free speech. I would like to make it clear that members of the DAR stand firmly behind the Constitution of the United States and the Bill of Rights. We would be the first to object to any infringe- ment on the right of free speech. It ts one of the priceless liberties for which our an- cestors fought. Those who preach communistic doctrines within the United States and who are citi- zens of our country might argue they have the right under free speech to say what they please. They have the right up to a certain extent. Americans can criticize their form of gov- ernment, their public servants, their law- makers, and the laws under which they live. No thinking American fails to appreciate these rights. However, when Communists and their kind advocate the destruction of our form of government, and the substitution of communism it is time to take action, That is why I say legislation is needed to curb the activities of Communists and outlaw communism in the United States. Many DAR members realize the danger to our country in the spread of communism, not only in governmental circles and in the ranks of labor, but also in our schools and in our patriotic organizations. Members of the Daughters of the Ameri- can Revolution oppose the Communist Party and are not identified with any of the com- munistic fronts now masquerading under high-sounding patriotic names. Our mem- bers pledge their allegiance to the American flag. They also subscribe to the American's Creed. I believe it would be a good thing to re- quire every public school teacher in the United States to swear to the oath of alle- glance and also support the American's Creed. Every American should know the American's Creed of which your own Wil- liam Tyler Page is author. “I believe in the United States of America as a government of the people, by the people, for the people; whose just powers are de- rived from the consent of the governed; a democracy in a republic; a sovereign Nation of many sovereign States; a perfect Union, one and inseparable; established under those principles of freedom, equality, justice, and humanity for which American patriots sac- rificed their lives and fortunes. “I therefore believe-it is my duty to my country to love it, to support its Constitu- tion, to obey its laws, to respect its flag, and to defend it against all enemies.” Every American citizen should believe in the Constitution of the United States and in our principles of government. An Amer- ican citizen should hold no allegiance what- soever with any foreign political party or with any subversive organization working to destroy our form of government. I have been told that in many instances there is no check whatsoever on the political beliefs of college professors and teachers or of teachers in our high schools and also those who teach our children in the grade school, We are face to face with the fact that communism is an organized movement that has pushed its way into our schools. It has reached a place of power in our labor or- APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ganization. It not only controls eastern and most of western Europe, all of the Bal- kans except Greece, but it is in control of Manchuria, northern Korea, and northern China. It is ready to engulf Turkey and the Near East. It has gained a strong foot- hold in Canada and its ramifications within the United States are amazing. In this country expansion of communism has been helped through various “front or- ganizations.” Most of these have patriotic names and are seemingly peace societies or democratic organizations. It is difficult to trace direct communistic connections with some of these organizations, but their activi- ties often betray them. The DAR has long been an organization singled out for attack by these “fronts.” They have sought to ridicule our society, to obstruct its work, and to destroy it by seek- ing to spread discord and strife within our ranks. We are a favorite target. Our organization and similar organizations will continue to be the object of communis- tic attacks until proper legislation s adopted which will restrict such un-American activi- ties and will unmask the true identity of those behind the attacks and their real mo- tives, The time nas come when the mask must be stripped from these organizations with deceptive names whose real purpose are to promote comm‘inism and the spread of sub- versive propaganda. We should revise the definition of the word “traitor.” Just how far can a person go in seeking to destroy our form of government before he is committing an act of treason? How far can a person go in plotting to over- turn our Government before he can be branded a traitor? Bouvier’s Law Dictionary defines treason in criminal law, as “a betraying, treachery, or breach of allegiance.” The Constitution of the United States defines treason against our country to consist in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. The Law Dictionary says “every person owing allegiance to the United States who levies war against them, or adheres to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort within the United States or elsewhere is guilty of treason.” We are still thinking in terms of Benedict Arnold when we think of traitors and of treason. The terms should be revised. The United States is the leading Nation of the world. It cannot afford to permit com- munism to flourish within ite borders. It is time to clean house. *We must set an example for our good neighbors of the Western Hemisphere. They too are beset with Communists and com- munistic propaganda. Legislation to combat communism within the United States will not only protect this country but will also point the way for Cana- da and to the nations of Central and South America to rid their countries of this menace. We must remain united and strong. I thank you. Hurrah for the House! EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. HUBERT S. ELLIS OF WEST VIRGINIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 31, 1947 Mr. ELLIS. Mr. Speaker, it is evident by the response from most every source that the people of the country are tre- mendously pleased with the tax bill
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD passed by the House of Representatives last week by an overwhelming majority. Today I submit for the consideration of my colleagues an editorial by Mr. Herman E. Gieske, editor of the Parkers- burg (W. Va.) News, which I think gives you a good idea of the opinion of the ma- jority of the folks in my section of the country. ' The editorial follows: HURRAH FOR THE HOUSE The best news in many a moon—you might say the best news in the last 14 years— was the 273-to-187 vote in the United States House of Representatives to cut income taxes on @ 80 to 20 percent basis for 50,000,000 in- come taxpayers in the United States. We have so long been a state of peacetime “emergency,” or war, that we doubt if the politiciang in Washington, especially those affiliated with the Truman administration, have any idea how the people feel about the enormous taxes that are being extracted in peacetime. These administrative bu- reaucrats have seemingly got to the point of indifference to the people's suffering that they are not unlike the French nobility on the eve of the cataclysm in 1789. For over 14 years, now, the great game of spend and spend and elect and elect has been carried on to the point where we have a debt of two hundred and fifty billions and outstand- ing currency of twenty-eight billions. Now comes the Republican-controlied House of Representatives with a deep dish slash that will bring relief to a majority of American families and point the way to still further relief should the electorate decide they have had enough of war-mongering and imperialism in Washington. We. the people, cannot go on forever carrying on our backs the remaining 2,000,000,000 of people who now inhabit the earth. We trust that the United States Senate, which seems to be hankering after more glamorous spending, will take heed from the outpouring of grati- tude to the Members of the House for their courageous action. Americans were not born to toil in tax corvee, or labor forced by its own govern- ment, for all the other people of the world. As long as we make wars easy and comfort- able and painiess financially for them, there will be more wars in which we could only expect to be the losers. There will be general national rejoicing over the coura- geous action of the House. Tax Reduction Bill EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. EDITH NOURSE ROGERS OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 31, 1947 Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my re- marks in the Rscorp, I include the fol- lowing editorial from the Lowell (Mass.) 8un of March 26, 1947: BATTLE LINES ARE DRAWN It’s going to be an all-out teat of political atrength when the tax-reduction bill spon- sored by the Republicans comes up for action, The Republicans are well organized in their determination to give some relief to Ameri- can ers, and the Democrats, although only a ority, are organising on the op- posite side of the fence, hopeful that their control of the White House will mean even- tual defeat for the measure. It might be a sound idea if the Democrats, before engaging in this tug-of-war, should consult their constituents to learn how many of them honestly fee) that a political jealousy should be placed before a popular benefit. The Democrats are conscious of the value of this reduction to Republican political fortunes, so they are blindly opposing it. They even have President Truman in a frame of mind that indicates that he, too, may go all the way in his opposition by exercising his veto power, which, we think, would not help his chances for reelection. People in all parts of the country who feel that they have carried this heavy income- tax burden long enough and who are aware of the fact that leading economists have said that the cut can'be made without weak- ening the financial stability of the Nation, should, if they are represented in Congress by Democrats, get their viewpoint on record in Washington before it is too late. Pos- sibly some of these recalcitrant Democrats would forget their political pulling and haul- ing if they were given to understand that the people at large have some very definite views on the subject of income taxes. Exemption of Prisoners of War From Federal Income Tax EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. HOMER D. ANGELL OF OREGON IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 31, 1947 Mr. ANGELL. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Recor, I include the following joint memorial of the Legislature of the State of Oregon: House Joint Memorial 15 To the Honorable Senate and the House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress Assembled: We, your memorialists, the senate and house of representatives of the State of Ore- gon, in legislative session assembled, most respectfully represent and petition as fol- lows: Whereas under the present acts of Con- Gress and regulations governing the collec- tion of certain Federal income taxes, it was provided that prisoners of war held in the Philippine Islands and certain other terri- tories were exempted from a portion of the Federal income tax; and Whereas the terms of such actions dis- criminated against prisoners of war who had been removed from the possessions of the United States for internment in Japan and in other localities; and Whereras there is pending in the Congress of the United States certain legisiation pro- posing an amendment to section 251 of the Internal Revenue Act; and Whereas in fairness to the prisoners of war who were removed from or interned in the possessions of foreign countries, some legis- lation should be passed placing such pris- oners upon a status similar to that providing for prisoners interned in the possessions of the United States: Now, therefore, be it Resolved by the House of Representatives of the State of Oregon (the Senate jointly concurring therein), That the Congress of the United States be and it hereby is me- mortlalized to pass such legislation as will result in providing for prisoners interned in foreign countries a status similar to that provided for prisoners of war interned in the possessions of the United States; and be it further A1379 Resolved, that a copy of this memorial be transmitted to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Repre- sentatives of the United Sates and to each Senator and Representative from the State of Oregon. Centralia, IIl., Mine Disaster—Whose Guilt? EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. MELVIN PRICE OF ILLINOIS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 31, 1947 Mr. PRICE of Illinois. Mr. Speaker. the sympathy of the Nation is extended to the families of the brave coal miners who lost their lives in the disaster which occurred in a mine of the Centralia Coal Co., located in the northeast corner of Washington County, Ill., in my congres- sional district. The disaster brings forcibly to light the hazards under which miners work— it should awake the Nation to the danger which coal miners face as a daily routine. On the occasions when it has been necessary for the miner to fight to better his working conditions and to increasc his earning power as the price of living mounted rapidly around him, I have repeatedly said that a coal miner who day after day goes down into the pits of the Nation at the risk of his life would still be underpaid even if granted double the increase in wage he was seeking. The editorials included herewith should be carefully read. In placing the guilt. _ for the tragedy at Centralia the facts con- tained in these articles should be care- fully weighed. I give my full support to the resolu- tions offered in Congress for an investi- gation of the Centralia mine disaster— and I want this investigation to be thor- ough, exhaustive, and nonpolitical. Mr, Speaker, I desire to include here- with as part of the Recorp, the following editorials taken from the St. Lou's Post- Dispatch for March 26 and 27, 1947, as well as one taken from the Belleville (Tl.) Daily News-Democrat for March 28, 1947: {From the St. Louls Post-Dispatch of March 26, 1947] WHOSE GUILT? The blood of the men who lost their lives in the mine disaster at Centralia is on the hands of the mine operators who continued to run the mine in the face of repeated warnings of an “explosion hagard.” It is also on the Iinots State Department of Mines whose inspectors have authority to close mines which do not comply with safety requirements, Staff Correspondent Harry Wilensky's on- the-ground investigation shows that a warn- ing of excessive dust in the mine was dated as long ago as December 18, 1945. The most recent notice was posted just a week ago when the mine inspector directed that “rec- ommendations of previous inspections not complied with, should be complied with.” Why was this mine permitted to operate in the face of these warnings? The Centralia Coal Co, knew the hazard existed, If it did