456 
(2) USE OF CREDITS; LIMITATIONS BASED ON WEIGHT CLASSES.— 
(A) USE OF CREDITS.—Credits under this subsection may be 
used by the person holding the credits to demonstrate compliance 
with this section or may be traded or sold for use by any other 
person to demonstrate compliance with other requirements appli-
cable under this section in the same nonattainment area. Credits 
obtained at any time may be held or banked for use at any later 
time, and when so used, the credits shall maintain the same value 
as if used at an earlier date. 
(B) LIMITATIONS BASED ON WEIGHT CLASSES.—Credits issued 
with respect to the purchase of vehicles of up to 8,500 pounds 
gross vehicle weight rating may not be used to demonstrate com-
pliance by any person with the requirements applicable under this 
subsection to vehicles of more than 8,500 pounds gross vehicle 
weight rating. Credits issued with respect to the purchase of vehi-
cles of more than 8,500 pounds gross vehicle weight rating may 
not be used to demonstrate compliance by any person with the re-
quirements applicable under this subsection to vehicles weighing 
up to 8,500 pounds gross vehicle weight rating. 
(C) WEIGHTING.—Credits issued for purchase of a clean-fuel 
vehicle under this subsection shall be adjusted with appropriate 
weighting to reflect the level of emission reduction achieved by the 
vehicle. 
(3) REGULATIONS; ADMINISTRATION.—The Administrator shall pro-
mulgate regulations for a credit program under this subsection. The 
State shall administer the credit program under this subsection. 
(4) STANDARDS FOR ISSUING CREDITS FOR CLEANER VEHICLES.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—Solely for purposes of issuing credits under 
paragraph (1)(B), the Administrator shall establish under this 
paragraph standards for ultra-low emission vehicles and zero emis-
sion vehicles that are more stringent than the standard otherwise 
applicable to clean-fuel vehicles under this chapter. 
(B) CERTIFICATION; ADMINISTRATION; ENFORCEMENT.—The 
Administrator shall certify clean-fuel vehicles as complying with 
the more stringent standards, and administer and enforce the 
more stringent standards, in the same manner as in the case of 
the otherwise applicable clean-fuel vehicle standards established 
under this section. 
(C) CALIFORNIA
STANDARDS.—The standards established by 
the Administrator under this paragraph for vehicles under 8,500 
pounds gross vehicle weight rating shall conform as closely as pos-
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sible to standards established by California for ultra-low emission 
vehicles and zero emission vehicles in the same class. For vehicles 
of 8,500 pounds gross vehicle weight rating or greater, the Admin-
istrator shall promulgate comparable standards for purposes of 
this subsection. 
(5) EARLY FLEET CREDITS.—The plan provision shall provide cred-
its under this subsection to fleet operators that purchase vehicles cer-
tified to meet clean-fuel vehicle standards under this chapter during 
any period after approval of the plan provision and prior to the effec-
tive date of the fleet program under this section. 
(g) AVAILABILITY TO PUBLIC.—At any facility owned or operated by a 
department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States where vehicles 
subject to this subsection are supplied with clean alternative fuel, the fuel 
shall be offered for sale to the public for use in other vehicles during reason-
able business times and subject to national security concerns, unless such 
fuel is commercially available for vehicles in the vicinity of the Federal facil-
ity. 
(h) TRANSPORTATION CONTROL MEASURES.—The Administrator shall by 
regulation ensure that certain transportation control measures including 
time-of-day or day-of-week restrictions, and other similar measures that re-
strict vehicle usage, do not apply to any clean-fuel vehicle that meets the 
requirements of this section. This subsection shall apply notwithstanding 
subdivision 2. 
§ 225107. Vehicle conversions 
(a) CONVERSION OF EXISTING AND NEW CONVENTIONAL VEHICLES TO 
CLEAN-FUEL VEHICLES.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The requirements of section 225106 of this title 
may be met through the conversion of existing or new gasoline or die-
sel-powered vehicles to clean-fuel vehicles that comply with the applica-
ble requirements of that section. 
(2) TREATMENT AS PURCHASE.—For purposes of those requirements 
the conversion of a vehicle to a clean-fuel vehicle shall be treated as 
the purchase of a clean-fuel vehicle. 
(3) EFFECT OF CHAPTER.—Nothing in this chapter shall be con-
strued to provide that any covered fleet operator subject to fleet vehicle 
purchase requirements under section 225106 of this title shall be re-
quired to convert existing or new gasoline or diesel-powered vehicles to 
clean-fuel vehicles or to purchase converted vehicles. 
(b) REGULATIONS.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator shall, consistent with the re-
quirements of this subdivision applicable to new vehicles, promulgate 
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regulations governing conversions of conventional vehicles to clean-fuel 
vehicles. 
(2) CONTENTS.—The regulations shall— 
(A) establish criteria for such conversions that will ensure that 
a converted vehicle will comply with the standards applicable 
under this chapter to clean-fuel vehicles; and 
(B) provide for the application to such conversions of the same 
provisions of this subdivision (including provisions relating to ad-
ministration and enforcement) as are applicable to standards 
under sections 225102, 225103, 225104, and 225105 of this title, 
except that in the case of conversions the Administrator may mod-
ify the applicable regulations implementing those provisions as the 
Administrator considers necessary to implement this chapter. 
(c) ENFORCEMENT.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—A person that converts conventional vehicles to 
clean-fuel vehicles pursuant to subsection (b) shall be considered to be 
a manufacturer for purposes of sections 221106 and 221107 of this 
title and related enforcement provisions. 
(2) EFFECT OF PARAGRAPH.—Nothing in paragraph (1) shall re-
quire a person that performs such conversions to warrant any part or 
operation of a vehicle other than as required under this chapter. Noth-
ing in this paragraph shall limit the applicability of any other warranty 
to unrelated parts or operations. 
(d) TAMPERING.—The conversion from a vehicle capable of operating on 
gasoline or diesel fuel only to a clean-fuel vehicle shall not be considered 
a violation of section 221103(a)(1)(C) of this title if the conversion complies 
with the regulations promulgated under subsection (b). 
(e) SAFETY.—The Secretary of Transportation shall, if necessary, pro-
mulgate regulations under applicable motor vehicle laws regarding the safety 
of vehicles converted from existing and new vehicles to clean-fuel vehicles. 
§ 225108. Federal agency fleets 
(a) ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS APPLICABLE.—This section shall apply, in 
addition to the other provisions of this chapter, in the case of covered fleet 
vehicles owned or operated by an agency, department, or instrumentality of 
the United States, except as otherwise provided in subsection (e). 
(b) COST OF VEHICLES TO FEDERAL AGENCY.—Notwithstanding section 
604 of title 40, the Administrator of General Services shall not include the 
incremental costs of clean-fuel vehicles in the amount to be reimbursed to 
Federal agencies if the Administrator of General Services determines that 
amounts appropriated under subsection (g) are sufficient to provide for the 
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incremental cost of such vehicles over the cost of comparable conventional 
vehicles. 
(c) LIMITATIONS
ON APPROPRIATIONS.—Amounts appropriated under 
subsection (g) shall be applicable only to— 
(1) the portion of the costs of acquisition, maintenance, and oper-
ation of clean-fuel vehicles that exceeds the cost of acquisition, mainte-
nance, and operation of comparable conventional vehicles; 
(2) the portion of the costs of fuel storage and dispensing equipment 
attributable to clean-fuel vehicles that exceeds the costs for those pur-
poses required for conventional vehicles; and 
(3) the portion of the costs of acquisition of clean-fuel vehicles that 
represents a reduction in revenue from the disposal of clean-fuel vehi-
cles as compared with revenue resulting from the disposal of com-
parable conventional vehicles. 
(d) VEHICLE COSTS.—The incremental cost of clean-fuel vehicles over the 
cost of comparable conventional vehicles shall not be applied to any calcula-
tion with respect to a limitation under law on the maximum cost of indi-
vidual vehicles that may be required by the United States. 
(e) EXEMPTIONS.—The requirements of this chapter shall not apply to 
vehicles with respect to which the Secretary of Defense certifies to the Ad-
ministrator that an exemption is needed based on national security consider-
ations. 
(f) ACQUISITION REQUIREMENT.—Federal agencies, to the extent prac-
ticable, shall obtain clean-fuel vehicles from original equipment manufactur-
ers. 
(g) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—There are authorized to be appropriated such 
sums as are required to carry out this section. 
(2) ADDITION TO ACQUISITION SERVICES FUND.—Such sums as are 
appropriated for the Administrator of General Services to carry out 
this section shall be added to the Acquisition Services Fund established 
by section 321 of title 40. 
§ 225109. California pilot test program 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Administrator shall establish a pilot program 
in California to demonstrate the effectiveness of clean-fuel vehicles in con-
trolling air pollution in ozone nonattainment areas. 
(b) APPLICABILITY.—This section shall apply— 
(1) only to light-duty trucks and light-duty vehicles; and 
(2) only in California, except as provided in subsection (f). 
(c) PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS.— 
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