H. R. 2146 
One Hundred Fourteenth Congress 
of the 
United States of America 
AT THE FIRST SESSION 
Begun and held at the City of Washington on Tuesday, 
the sixth day of January, two thousand and fifteen 
An Act 
To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to allow Federal law enforcement 
officers, firefighters, and air traffic controllers to make penalty-free withdrawals 
from governmental plans after age 50, and for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Defending Public Safety 
Employees’ Retirement Act’’. 
SEC. 2. EARLY RETIREMENT DISTRIBUTIONS TO FEDERAL LAW 
ENFORCEMENT 
OFFICERS, 
FIREFIGHTERS, 
AND 
AIR 
TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS IN GOVERNMENTAL PLANS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 72(t)(10)(B) of the Internal Revenue 
Code of 1986 is amended— 
(1) by striking the period at the end and inserting ‘‘, or’’; 
(2) by striking ‘‘means any employee’’ and inserting the 
following: ‘‘means— 
‘‘(i) any employee’’; and 
(3) by adding at the end the following new clause: 
‘‘(ii) any Federal law enforcement officer described 
in section 8331(20) or 8401(17) of title 5, United States 
Code, any Federal customs and border protection 
officer described in section 8331(31) or 8401(36) of such 
title, any Federal firefighter described in section 
8331(21) or 8401(14) of such title, or any air traffic 
controller described in 8331(30) or 8401(35) of such 
title.’’. 
(b) APPLICATION TO DEFINED CONTRIBUTION PLANS.—Section 
72(t)(10)(A) of such Code is amended by striking ‘‘which is a defined 
benefit plan’’. 
(c) DISTRIBUTIONS NOT TREATED AS MODIFICATION OF SUBSTAN-
TIALLY EQUAL PAYMENTS.—Section 72(t)(4)(A)(ii) of such Code is 
amended by inserting ‘‘or a distribution to which paragraph (10) 
applies’’ after ‘‘other than by reason of death or disability’’. 
(d) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by this section 
shall apply to distributions after December 31, 2015. 
SEC. 3. BUDGETARY EFFECTS. 
The budgetary effects of this Act shall not be entered on either 
PAYGO scorecard maintained pursuant to section 4(d) of the Statu-
tory Pay-As-You-Go Act of 2010.
H. R. 2146—2 
TITLE I—TRADE PROMOTION 
AUTHORITY 
SEC. 101. SHORT TITLE. 
This title may be cited as the ‘‘Bipartisan Congressional Trade 
Priorities and Accountability Act of 2015’’. 
SEC. 102. TRADE NEGOTIATING OBJECTIVES. 
(a) OVERALL TRADE NEGOTIATING OBJECTIVES.—The overall 
trade negotiating objectives of the United States for agreements 
subject to the provisions of section 103 are— 
(1) to obtain more open, equitable, and reciprocal market 
access; 
(2) to obtain the reduction or elimination of barriers and 
distortions that are directly related to trade and investment 
and that decrease market opportunities for United States 
exports or otherwise distort United States trade; 
(3) to further strengthen the system of international trade 
and investment disciplines and procedures, including dispute 
settlement; 
(4) to foster economic growth, raise living standards, 
enhance the competitiveness of the United States, promote 
full employment in the United States, and enhance the global 
economy; 
(5) to ensure that trade and environmental policies are 
mutually supportive and to seek to protect and preserve the 
environment and enhance the international means of doing 
so, while optimizing the use of the world’s resources; 
(6) to promote respect for worker rights and the rights 
of children consistent with core labor standards of the ILO 
(as set out in section 111(7)) and an understanding of the 
relationship between trade and worker rights; 
(7) to seek provisions in trade agreements under which 
parties to those agreements ensure that they do not weaken 
or reduce the protections afforded in domestic environmental 
and labor laws as an encouragement for trade; 
(8) to ensure that trade agreements afford small businesses 
equal access to international markets, equitable trade benefits, 
and expanded export market opportunities, and provide for 
the reduction or elimination of trade and investment barriers 
that disproportionately impact small businesses; 
(9) to promote universal ratification and full compliance 
with ILO Convention No. 182 Concerning the Prohibition and 
Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of 
Child Labor; 
(10) to ensure that trade agreements reflect and facilitate 
the increasingly interrelated, multi-sectoral nature of trade and 
investment activity; 
(11) to recognize the growing significance of the Internet 
as a trading platform in international commerce; 
(12) to take into account other legitimate United States 
domestic objectives, including, but not limited to, the protection 
of legitimate health or safety, essential security, and consumer 
interests and the law and regulations related thereto; and
H. R. 2146—3 
(13) to take into account conditions relating to religious 
freedom of any party to negotiations for a trade agreement 
with the United States. 
(b) PRINCIPAL TRADE NEGOTIATING OBJECTIVES.— 
(1) TRADE IN GOODS.—The principal negotiating objectives 
of the United States regarding trade in goods are— 
(A) to expand competitive market opportunities for 
exports of goods from the United States and to obtain 
fairer and more open conditions of trade, including through 
the utilization of global value chains, by reducing or elimi-
nating tariff and nontariff barriers and policies and prac-
tices of foreign governments directly related to trade that 
decrease market opportunities for United States exports 
or otherwise distort United States trade; and 
(B) to obtain reciprocal tariff and nontariff barrier 
elimination agreements, including with respect to those 
tariff categories covered in section 111(b) of the Uruguay 
Round Agreements Act (19 U.S.C. 3521(b)). 
(2) TRADE
IN
SERVICES.—(A) The principal negotiating 
objective of the United States regarding trade in services is 
to expand competitive market opportunities for United States 
services and to obtain fairer and more open conditions of trade, 
including through utilization of global value chains, by reducing 
or eliminating barriers to international trade in services, such 
as regulatory and other barriers that deny national treatment 
and market access or unreasonably restrict the establishment 
or operations of service suppliers. 
(B) Recognizing that expansion of trade in services gen-
erates benefits for all sectors of the economy and facilitates 
trade, the objective described in subparagraph (A) should be 
pursued through all means, including through a plurilateral 
agreement with those countries willing and able to undertake 
high standard services commitments for both existing and new 
services. 
(3) TRADE
IN
AGRICULTURE.—The principal negotiating 
objective of the United States with respect to agriculture is 
to obtain competitive opportunities for United States exports 
of agricultural commodities in foreign markets substantially 
equivalent to the competitive opportunities afforded foreign 
exports in United States markets and to achieve fairer and 
more open conditions of trade in bulk, specialty crop, and 
value added commodities by— 
(A) securing more open and equitable market access 
through robust rules on sanitary and phytosanitary meas-
ures that— 
(i) encourage the adoption of international stand-
ards and require a science-based justification be pro-
vided for a sanitary or phytosanitary measure if the 
measure is more restrictive than the applicable inter-
national standard; 
(ii) improve regulatory coherence, promote the use 
of systems-based approaches, and appropriately recog-
nize the equivalence of health and safety protection 
systems of exporting countries; 
(iii) require that measures are transparently devel-
oped and implemented, are based on risk assessments 
that take into account relevant international guidelines
H. R. 2146—4 
and scientific data, and are not more restrictive on 
trade than necessary to meet the intended purpose; 
and 
(iv) improve import check processes, including 
testing methodologies and procedures, and certification 
requirements, 
while recognizing that countries may put in place measures 
to protect human, animal, or plant life or health in a 
manner consistent with their international obligations, 
including the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sani-
tary and Phytosanitary Measures (referred to in section 
101(d)(3) of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (19 U.S.C. 
3511(d)(3))); 
(B) reducing or eliminating, by a date certain, tariffs 
or other charges that decrease market opportunities for 
United States exports— 
(i) giving priority to those products that are subject 
to significantly higher tariffs or subsidy regimes of 
major producing countries; and 
(ii) providing reasonable adjustment periods for 
United States import sensitive products, in close con-
sultation with Congress on such products before initi-
ating tariff reduction negotiations; 
(C) reducing tariffs to levels that are the same as 
or lower than those in the United States; 
(D) reducing or eliminating subsidies that decrease 
market opportunities for United States exports or unfairly 
distort agriculture markets to the detriment of the United 
States; 
(E) allowing the preservation of programs that support 
family farms and rural communities but do not distort 
trade; 
(F) developing disciplines for domestic support pro-
grams, so that production that is in excess of domestic 
food security needs is sold at world prices; 
(G) eliminating government policies that create price 
depressing surpluses; 
(H) eliminating state trading enterprises whenever pos-
sible; 
(I) developing, strengthening, and clarifying rules to 
eliminate practices that unfairly decrease United States 
market access opportunities or distort agricultural markets 
to the detriment of the United States, and ensuring that 
such rules are subject to efficient, timely, and effective 
dispute settlement, including— 
(i) unfair or trade distorting activities of state 
trading enterprises and other administrative mecha-
nisms, with emphasis on requiring price transparency 
in the operation of state trading enterprises and such 
other mechanisms in order to end cross subsidization, 
price discrimination, and price undercutting; 
(ii) unjustified trade restrictions or commercial 
requirements, such as labeling, that affect new tech-
nologies, including biotechnology; 
(iii) unjustified sanitary or phytosanitary restric-
tions, including restrictions not based on scientific prin-
ciples in contravention of obligations in the Uruguay
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Round Agreements or bilateral or regional trade agree-
ments; 
(iv) other unjustified technical barriers to trade; 
and 
(v) restrictive rules in the administration of tariff 
rate quotas; 
(J) eliminating practices that adversely affect trade 
in perishable or cyclical products, while improving import 
relief mechanisms to recognize the unique characteristics 
of perishable and cyclical agriculture; 
(K) ensuring that import relief mechanisms for perish-
able and cyclical agriculture are as accessible and timely 
to growers in the United States as those mechanisms that 
are used by other countries; 
(L) taking into account whether a party to the negotia-
tions has failed to adhere to the provisions of already 
existing trade agreements with the United States or has 
circumvented obligations under those agreements; 
(M) taking into account whether a product is subject 
to market distortions by reason of a failure of a major 
producing country to adhere to the provisions of already 
existing trade agreements with the United States or by 
the circumvention by that country of its obligations under 
those agreements; 
(N) otherwise ensuring that countries that accede to 
the World Trade Organization have made meaningful 
market liberalization commitments in agriculture; 
(O) taking into account the impact that agreements 
covering agriculture to which the United States is a party 
have on the United States agricultural industry; 
(P) maintaining bona fide food assistance programs, 
market development programs, and export credit programs; 
(Q) seeking to secure the broadest market access pos-
sible in multilateral, regional, and bilateral negotiations, 
recognizing the effect that simultaneous sets of negotiations 
may have on United States import sensitive commodities 
(including those subject to tariff rate quotas); 
(R) seeking to develop an international consensus on 
the treatment of seasonal or perishable agricultural prod-
ucts in investigations relating to dumping and safeguards 
and in any other relevant area; 
(S) seeking to establish the common base year for 
calculating the Aggregated Measurement of Support (as 
defined in the Agreement on Agriculture) as the end of 
each country’s Uruguay Round implementation period, as 
reported in each country’s Uruguay Round market access 
schedule; 
(T) ensuring transparency in the administration of 
tariff rate quotas through multilateral, plurilateral, and 
bilateral negotiations; and 
(U) eliminating and preventing the undermining of 
market access for United States products through improper 
use of a country’s system for protecting or recognizing 
geographical indications, including failing to ensure trans-
parency and procedural fairness and protecting generic 
terms.
H. R. 2146—6 
(4) FOREIGN INVESTMENT.—Recognizing that United States 
law on the whole provides a high level of protection for invest-
ment, consistent with or greater than the level required by 
international law, the principal negotiating objectives of the 
United States regarding foreign investment are to reduce or 
eliminate artificial or trade distorting barriers to foreign invest-
ment, while ensuring that foreign investors in the United States 
are not accorded greater substantive rights with respect to 
investment protections than United States investors in the 
United States, and to secure for investors important rights 
comparable to those that would be available under United 
States legal principles and practice, by— 
(A) reducing or eliminating exceptions to the principle 
of national treatment; 
(B) freeing the transfer of funds relating to invest-
ments; 
(C) reducing or eliminating performance requirements, 
forced technology transfers, and other unreasonable bar-
riers to the establishment and operation of investments; 
(D) seeking to establish standards for expropriation 
and compensation for expropriation, consistent with United 
States legal principles and practice; 
(E) seeking to establish standards for fair and equitable 
treatment, consistent with United States legal principles 
and practice, including the principle of due process; 
(F) providing meaningful procedures for resolving 
investment disputes; 
(G) seeking to improve mechanisms used to resolve 
disputes between an investor and a government through— 
(i) mechanisms to eliminate frivolous claims and 
to deter the filing of frivolous claims; 
(ii) procedures to ensure the efficient selection of 
arbitrators and the expeditious disposition of claims; 
(iii) procedures to enhance opportunities for public 
input into the formulation of government positions; 
and 
(iv) providing for an appellate body or similar 
mechanism to provide coherence to the interpretations 
of investment provisions in trade agreements; and 
(H) ensuring the fullest measure of transparency in 
the dispute settlement mechanism, to the extent consistent 
with the need to protect information that is classified or 
business confidential, by— 
(i) ensuring that all requests for dispute settlement 
are promptly made public; 
(ii) ensuring that— 
(I) all proceedings, submissions, findings, and 
decisions are promptly made public; and 
(II) all hearings are open to the public; and 
(iii) establishing a mechanism for acceptance of 
amicus curiae submissions from businesses, unions, 
and nongovernmental organizations. 
(5) INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY.—The principal negotiating 
objectives of the United States regarding trade-related intellec-
tual property are— 
(A) to further promote adequate and effective protec-
tion of intellectual property rights, including through—
H. R. 2146—7 
(i)(I) ensuring accelerated and full implementation 
of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellec-
tual Property Rights referred to in section 101(d)(15) 
of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (19 U.S.C. 
3511(d)(15)), particularly with respect to meeting 
enforcement obligations under that agreement; and 
(II) ensuring that the provisions of any trade agree-
ment governing intellectual property rights that is 
entered into by the United States reflect a standard 
of protection similar to that found in United States 
law; 
(ii) providing strong protection for new and 
emerging technologies and new methods of transmit-
ting and distributing products embodying intellectual 
property, including in a manner that facilitates legiti-
mate digital trade; 
(iii) preventing or eliminating discrimination with 
respect to matters affecting the availability, acquisi-
tion, scope, maintenance, use, and enforcement of 
intellectual property rights; 
(iv) ensuring that standards of protection and 
enforcement keep pace with technological develop-
ments, and in particular ensuring that rightholders 
have the legal and technological means to control the 
use of their works through the Internet and other 
global communication media, and to prevent the 
unauthorized use of their works; 
(v) providing strong enforcement of intellectual 
property rights, including through accessible, expedi-
tious, and effective civil, administrative, and criminal 
enforcement mechanisms; and 
(vi) preventing or eliminating government involve-
ment in the violation of intellectual property rights, 
including cyber theft and piracy; 
(B) to secure fair, equitable, and nondiscriminatory 
market access opportunities for United States persons that 
rely upon intellectual property protection; and 
(C) to respect the Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement 
and Public Health, adopted by the World Trade Organiza-
tion at the Fourth Ministerial Conference at Doha, Qatar 
on November 14, 2001, and to ensure that trade agreements 
foster innovation and promote access to medicines. 
(6) DIGITAL TRADE IN GOODS AND SERVICES AND CROSS- 
BORDER DATA FLOWS.—The principal negotiating objectives of 
the United States with respect to digital trade in goods and 
services, as well as cross-border data flows, are— 
(A) to ensure that current obligations, rules, dis-
ciplines, and commitments under the World Trade 
Organization and bilateral and regional trade agreements 
apply to digital trade in goods and services and to cross- 
border data flows; 
(B) to ensure that— 
(i) electronically delivered goods and services 
receive no less favorable treatment under trade rules 
and commitments than like products delivered in phys-
ical form; and
H. R. 2146—8 
(ii) the classification of such goods and services 
ensures the most liberal trade treatment possible, fully 
encompassing both existing and new trade; 
(C) to ensure that governments refrain from imple-
menting trade-related measures that impede digital trade 
in goods and services, restrict cross-border data flows, or 
require local storage or processing of data; 
(D) with respect to subparagraphs (A) through (C), 
where legitimate policy objectives require domestic regula-
tions that affect digital trade in goods and services or 
cross-border data flows, to obtain commitments that any 
such regulations are the least restrictive on trade, non-
discriminatory, and transparent, and promote an open 
market environment; and 
(E) to extend the moratorium of the World Trade 
Organization on duties on electronic transmissions. 
(7) REGULATORY
PRACTICES.—The principal negotiating 
objectives of the United States regarding the use of government 
regulation or other practices to reduce market access for United 
States goods, services, and investments are— 
(A) to achieve increased transparency and opportunity 
for the participation of affected parties in the development 
of regulations; 
(B) to require that proposed regulations be based on 
sound science, cost benefit analysis, risk assessment, or 
other objective evidence; 
(C) to establish consultative mechanisms and seek 
other commitments, as appropriate, to improve regulatory 
practices and promote increased regulatory coherence, 
including through— 
(i) transparency in developing guidelines, rules, 
regulations, and laws for government procurement and 
other regulatory regimes; 
(ii) the elimination of redundancies in testing and 
certification; 
(iii) early consultations on significant regulations; 
(iv) the use of impact assessments; 
(v) the periodic review of existing regulatory meas-
ures; and 
(vi) the application of good regulatory practices; 
(D) to seek greater openness, transparency, and conver-
gence of standards development processes, and enhance 
cooperation on standards issues globally; 
(E) to promote regulatory compatibility through 
harmonization, equivalence, or mutual recognition of dif-
ferent regulations and standards and to encourage the 
use of international and interoperable standards, as appro-
priate; 
(F) to achieve the elimination of government measures 
such as price controls and reference pricing which deny 
full market access for United States products; 
(G) to ensure that government regulatory reimburse-
ment regimes are transparent, provide procedural fairness, 
are nondiscriminatory, and provide full market access for 
United States products; and 
(H) to ensure that foreign governments—
H. R. 2146—9 
(i) demonstrate that the collection of undisclosed 
proprietary information is limited to that necessary 
to satisfy a legitimate and justifiable regulatory 
interest; and 
(ii) protect such information against disclosure, 
except in exceptional circumstances to protect the 
public, or where such information is effectively pro-
tected against unfair competition. 
(8) STATE-OWNED AND STATE-CONTROLLED ENTERPRISES.— 
The principal negotiating objective of the United States 
regarding competition by state-owned and state-controlled 
enterprises is to seek commitments that— 
(A) eliminate or prevent trade distortions and unfair 
competition favoring state-owned and state-controlled 
enterprises to the extent of their engagement in commercial 
activity, and 
(B) ensure that such engagement is based solely on 
commercial considerations, 
in particular through disciplines that eliminate or prevent 
discrimination and market-distorting subsidies and that pro-
mote transparency. 
(9) LOCALIZATION BARRIERS TO TRADE.—The principal nego-
tiating objective of the United States with respect to localization 
barriers is to eliminate and prevent measures that require 
United States producers and service providers to locate facili-
ties, intellectual property, or other assets in a country as a 
market access or investment condition, including indigenous 
innovation measures. 
(10) LABOR AND THE ENVIRONMENT.—The principal negoti-
ating objectives of the United States with respect to labor 
and the environment are— 
(A) to ensure that a party to a trade agreement with 
the United States— 
(i) adopts and maintains measures implementing 
internationally recognized core labor standards (as 
defined in section 111(17)) and its obligations under 
common multilateral environmental agreements (as 
defined in section 111(6)), 
(ii) does not waive or otherwise derogate from, 
or offer to waive or otherwise derogate from— 
(I) its statutes or regulations implementing 
internationally recognized core labor standards (as 
defined in section 111(17)), in a manner affecting 
trade or investment between the United States 
and that party, where the waiver or derogation 
would be inconsistent with one or more such stand-
ards, or 
(II) its environmental laws in a manner that 
weakens or reduces the protections afforded in 
those laws and in a manner affecting trade or 
investment between the United States and that 
party, except as provided in its law and provided 
not inconsistent with its obligations under common 
multilateral environmental agreements (as defined 
in section 111(6)) or other provisions of the trade 
agreement specifically agreed upon, and
H. R. 2146—10 
(iii) does not fail to effectively enforce its environ-
mental or labor laws, through a sustained or recurring 
course of action or inaction, 
in a manner affecting trade or investment between the 
United States and that party after entry into force of 
a trade agreement between those countries; 
(B) to recognize that— 
(i) with respect to environment, parties to a trade 
agreement retain the right to exercise prosecutorial 
discretion and to make decisions regarding the alloca-
tion of enforcement resources with respect to other 
environmental laws determined to have higher prior-
ities, and a party is effectively enforcing its laws if 
a course of action or inaction reflects a reasonable, 
bona fide exercise of such discretion, or results from 
a reasonable, bona fide decision regarding the alloca-
tion of resources; and 
(ii) with respect to labor, decisions regarding the 
distribution of enforcement resources are not a reason 
for not complying with a party’s labor obligations; a 
party to a trade agreement retains the right to reason-
able exercise of discretion and to make bona fide 
decisions regarding the allocation of resources between 
labor enforcement activities among core labor stand-
ards, provided the exercise of such discretion and such 
decisions are not inconsistent with its obligations; 
(C) to strengthen the capacity of United States trading 
partners to promote respect for core labor standards (as 
defined in section 111(7)); 
(D) to strengthen the capacity of United States trading 
partners to protect the environment through the promotion 
of sustainable development; 
(E) to reduce or eliminate government practices or 
policies that unduly threaten sustainable development; 
(F) to seek market access, through the elimination 
of tariffs and nontariff barriers, for United States environ-
mental technologies, goods, and services; 
(G) to ensure that labor, environmental, health, or 
safety policies and practices of the parties to trade agree-
ments with the United States do not arbitrarily or 
unjustifiably discriminate against United States exports 
or serve as disguised barriers to trade; 
(H) to ensure that enforceable labor and environment 
obligations are subject to the same dispute settlement and 
remedies as other enforceable obligations under the agree-
ment; and 
(I) to ensure that a trade agreement is not construed 
to empower a party’s authorities to undertake labor or 
environmental law enforcement activities in the territory 
of the United States. 
(11) CURRENCY.—The principal negotiating objective of the 
United States with respect to currency practices is that parties 
to a trade agreement with the United States avoid manipulating 
exchange rates in order to prevent effective balance of payments 
adjustment or to gain an unfair competitive advantage over 
other parties to the agreement, such as through cooperative
H. R. 2146—11 
mechanisms, enforceable rules, reporting, monitoring, trans-
parency, or other means, as appropriate. 
(12) FOREIGN
CURRENCY
MANIPULATION.—The principal 
negotiating objective of the United States with respect to unfair 
currency practices is to seek to establish accountability through 
enforceable rules, transparency, reporting, monitoring, coopera-
tive mechanisms, or other means to address exchange rate 
manipulation involving protracted large scale intervention in 
one direction in the exchange markets and a persistently under-
valued foreign exchange rate to gain an unfair competitive 
advantage in trade over other parties to a trade agreement, 
consistent with existing obligations of the United States as 
a member of the International Monetary Fund and the World 
Trade Organization. 
(13) WTO AND MULTILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS.—Recog-
nizing that the World Trade Organization is the foundation 
of the global trading system, the principal negotiating objectives 
of the United States regarding the World Trade Organization, 
the Uruguay Round Agreements, and other multilateral and 
plurilateral trade agreements are— 
(A) to achieve full implementation and extend the cov-
erage of the World Trade Organization and multilateral 
and plurilateral agreements to products, sectors, and condi-
tions of trade not adequately covered; 
(B) to expand country participation in and enhance-
ment of the Information Technology Agreement, the 
Government 
Procurement 
Agreement, 
and 
other 
plurilateral trade agreements of the World Trade Organiza-
tion; 
(C) to expand competitive market opportunities for 
United States exports and to obtain fairer and more open 
conditions of trade, including through utilization of global 
value chains, through the negotiation of new WTO multilat-
eral and plurilateral trade agreements, such as an agree-
ment on trade facilitation; 
(D) to ensure that regional trade agreements to which 
the United States is not a party fully achieve the high 
standards of, and comply with, WTO disciplines, including 
Article XXIV of GATT 1994, Article V and V bis of the 
General Agreement on Trade in Services, and the Enabling 
Clause, including through meaningful WTO review of such 
regional trade agreements; 
(E) to enhance compliance by WTO members with their 
obligations as WTO members through active participation 
in the bodies of the World Trade Organization by the 
United States and all other WTO members, including in 
the trade policy review mechanism and the committee 
system of the World Trade Organization, and by working 
to increase the effectiveness of such bodies; and 
(F) to encourage greater cooperation between the World 
Trade Organization and other international organizations. 
(14) TRADE
INSTITUTION
TRANSPARENCY.—The principal 
negotiating objective of the United States with respect to trans-
parency is to obtain wider and broader application of the prin-
ciple of transparency in the World Trade Organization, entities 
established under bilateral and regional trade agreements, and 
other international trade fora through seeking—
H. R. 2146—12 
(A) timely public access to information regarding trade 
issues and the activities of such institutions; 
(B) openness by ensuring public access to appropriate 
meetings, proceedings, and submissions, including with 
regard to trade and investment dispute settlement; and 
(C) public access to all notifications and supporting 
documentation submitted by WTO members. 
(15) ANTI-CORRUPTION.—The principal negotiating objec-
tives of the United States with respect to the use of money 
or other things of value to influence acts, decisions, or omissions 
of foreign governments or officials or to secure any improper 
advantage in a manner affecting trade are— 
(A) to obtain high standards and effective domestic 
enforcement mechanisms applicable to persons from all 
countries participating in the applicable trade agreement 
that prohibit such attempts to influence acts, decisions, 
or omissions of foreign governments or officials or to secure 
any such improper advantage; 
(B) to ensure that such standards level the playing 
field for United States persons in international trade and 
investment; and 
(C) to seek commitments to work jointly to encourage 
and support anti-corruption and anti-bribery initiatives in 
international trade fora, including through the Convention 
on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in Inter-
national Business Transactions of the Organization for Eco-
nomic Cooperation and Development, done at Paris 
December 17, 1997 (commonly known as the ‘‘OECD Anti- 
Bribery Convention’’). 
(16) DISPUTE SETTLEMENT AND ENFORCEMENT.—The prin-
cipal negotiating objectives of the United States with respect 
to dispute settlement and enforcement of trade agreements 
are— 
(A) to seek provisions in trade agreements providing 
for resolution of disputes between governments under those 
trade agreements in an effective, timely, transparent, equi-
table, and reasoned manner, requiring determinations 
based on facts and the principles of the agreements, with 
the goal of increasing compliance with the agreements; 
(B) to seek to strengthen the capacity of the Trade 
Policy Review Mechanism of the World Trade Organization 
to review compliance with commitments; 
(C) to seek adherence by panels convened under the 
Dispute Settlement Understanding and by the Appellate 
Body to— 
(i) the mandate of those panels and the Appellate 
Body to apply the WTO Agreement as written, without 
adding to or diminishing rights and obligations under 
the Agreement; and 
(ii) the standard of review applicable under the 
Uruguay Round Agreement involved in the dispute, 
including greater deference, where appropriate, to the 
fact finding and technical expertise of national inves-
tigating authorities; 
(D) to seek provisions encouraging the early identifica-
tion and settlement of disputes through consultation;
H. R. 2146—43 
and acceptable conditions of work with respect to minimum 
wages, hours of work, and occupational safety and health, and 
for the United States, includes Federal statutes and regulations 
addressing those standards, protections, or conditions, but does 
not include State or local labor laws. 
(19) UNITED STATES PERSON.—The term ‘‘United States per-
son’’ means— 
(A) a United States citizen; 
(B) a partnership, corporation, or other legal entity 
that is organized under the laws of the United States; 
and 
(C) a partnership, corporation, or other legal entity 
that is organized under the laws of a foreign country and 
is controlled by entities described in subparagraph (B) or 
United States citizens, or both. 
(20) URUGUAY ROUND AGREEMENTS.—The term ‘‘Uruguay 
Round Agreements’’ has the meaning given that term in section 
2(7) of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (19 U.S.C. 3501(7)). 
(21) WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION; WTO.—The terms ‘‘World 
Trade Organization’’ and ‘‘WTO’’ mean the organization estab-
lished pursuant to the WTO Agreement. 
(22) WTO 
AGREEMENT.—The term ‘‘WTO Agreement’’ 
means the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organiza-
tion entered into on April 15, 1994. 
(23) WTO MEMBER.—The term ‘‘WTO member’’ has the 
meaning given that term in section 2(10) of the Uruguay Round 
Agreements Act (19 U.S.C. 3501(10)). 
Speaker of the House of Representatives. 
Vice President of the United States and
President of the Senate.