cent below 1990 levels for industrialized countries, 
but it did not specify policies for its implementation. 
The Kyoto Protocol also did not stipulate binding re-
ductions in greenhouse gas emissions for rapidly in-
dustrializing countries such as China, India, and 
Brazil. 
(7) Before negotiations were completed on the 
mechanisms for implementing Kyoto Protocol com-
mitments on greenhouse gas emissions, George W. 
Bush took office as President of the United States, 
and in March 2001, announced opposition to contin-
ued negotiations over implementation of the Pro-
tocol, stating that the Protocol was ‘‘fatally flawed’’ 
from the Administration’s point of view. 
(8) President Bush unveiled an ‘‘alternative’’ 
strategy to the Kyoto Protocol for halting global 
warming on February 14, 2002. The President’s 
plan did not contain any international component to 
amend or supplant the Kyoto Protocol or any kind 
of blueprint for committing major developing econo-
mies such as China, India, and Brazil to reduce fu-
ture greenhouse gas emissions. The President’s plan 
set a voluntary ‘‘greenhouse gas intensity’’ target for 
the United States that specified an 18 percent re-
duction in ‘‘emissions intensity’’ by 2012. This re-
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duction would allow actual emissions to increase by 
at least 12 percent over the same period. 
(9) On February 16, 2005, after Russia’s ratifi-
cation, the Kyoto Protocol entered into force. With 
entry into force, the emissions targets of the Pro-
tocol became legally binding commitments for those 
industrialized countries that ratified the Protocol. 
Because the United States and Australia did not 
ratify the Protocol, and because developing countries 
are not subject to its limits, the Protocol currently 
restricts the emissions of countries accounting for 
only 32 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. 
(10) The Kyoto Protocol required that parties 
to the Protocol begin negotiating in 2005 toward a 
second round of commitments to begin after the ex-
piration of the first emissions budget period in 2012. 
The eleventh Convention Conference of the Parties 
(COP–11) in November and December 2005 in 
Montreal, Canada launched the negotiations on the 
second round of commitments by parties to the Pro-
tocol and initiated a dialogue (a ‘‘parallel process’’) 
under the Convention that engaged both the United 
States and developing countries in discussions on fu-
ture efforts. 
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(11) At the twelfth Convention Conference of 
the Parties (COP–12) in November 2006 in Nairobi, 
Kenya, parties continued discussions on a second 
round of commitments under the Kyoto Protocol as 
a successor to the first commitment period (2008 
through 2012) and, in the parallel process, discussed 
enhanced cooperation under the Convention that 
would engage countries that did not have commit-
ments under the Protocol. 
(12) At a summit in Brussels, Belgium in 
March 2007, the head of governments of the Euro-
pean Union committed its Member States to cut 
greenhouse gas emissions 20 percent below 1990 lev-
els by 2020 and committed to move this target up 
to 30 percent if the United States and other major 
emitters joined the commitment. 
(13) On April 17, 2007, the United Nations Se-
curity Council held its first ever ‘‘open meeting’’ on 
the impact of climate change on international secu-
rity. British Foreign Secretary Margaret Beckett, in 
her capacity as President of the Security Council, 
declared in her opening statement that the Council 
has a ‘‘security imperative’’ to tackle climate change 
because it can exacerbate problems that cause con-
flicts and because it threatens the entire planet. 
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United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon told 
the Council that ‘‘issues of energy and climate 
change have implications for peace and security’’. 
(14) Working Group III of the IPCC met from 
April 30 through May 4, 2007, in Bangkok, Thai-
land to assess technologies and policies needed to 
avert dangerous climate change and to provide back-
ground for negotiations on a post-2012 climate 
change regime. The draft report by the IPCC Work-
ing Group III concludes that by quickly adopting 
technological options that are available or are being 
developed, the global concentration of greenhouse 
gases in the atmosphere can be stabilized at 450– 
550 parts per million (ppm). The IPCC scientists 
believe that a 450 to 550 ppm ceiling might limit 
the global rise in temperatures to no more than 3.6 
degrees Fahrenheit and avert impacts of escalating 
scale, scope, and costs, potentially including the de-
stabilization of large polar ice sheets that could con-
tribute to long-term, catastrophic sea level rise at 
higher temperatures. 
(15) The United Nations Secretary-General 
Ban Ki-moon has indicated that one of his top goals 
is to forge a more comprehensive agreement under 
the Convention to ensure there is no gap when the 
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first commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol 
ends in 2012. In order to reach this goal, critical ne-
gotiations involving all of the major greenhouse gas 
emitters, along with the vulnerable countries, must 
be initiated immediately and be completed by 2009. 
On May 1, 2007, the Secretary-General named three 
Special Envoys on Climate Change to assist in ‘‘con-
sultations with Governments’’. The Secretary-Gen-
eral will host a ‘‘high-level meeting’’ on climate 
change at the United Nations General Assembly in 
September 2007 to give ‘‘political direction’’ to the 
thirteenth Convention Conference of the Parties 
(COP–13) to take place in December 2007 in Bali, 
Indonesia. 
SEC. 2102. CONGRESSIONAL STATEMENT OF POLICY. 
Congress declares the following to be the policy of the 
United States: 
(1) To promote United States and global secu-
rity through leadership in cooperation with other na-
tions of the global effort to reduce and stabilize 
global greenhouse gas emissions and stabilize atmos-
pheric concentration of such gases. As such, the 
United States will seek to obtain mitigation commit-
ments from all major greenhouse gas emitting coun-
tries under the institutional framework provided by 
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the United Nations Framework Convention on Cli-
mate Change (hereinafter in this section referred to 
as the ‘‘Convention’’). 
(2) To facilitate progress in global negotiations 
toward a comprehensive agreement under the Con-
vention, and in service of this goal, the United 
States will, during the course of 2007, engage in 
high level dialogue on climate change within the 
Group of Eight (G–8), with the European Union, 
with Japan and other industrialized countries, and 
with China, India, Brazil, and other major devel-
oping countries. The United States will also partici-
pate in the initiative of the United Nations Sec-
retary-General to build consensus among govern-
ments on enhanced international cooperation on 
these matters. 
(3) To participate more actively and construc-
tively in the intergovernmental climate change proc-
ess, including at the thirteenth Convention Con-
ference of the Parties (COP–13) to take place in De-
cember 2007 in Bali, Indonesia. As such, at the 
COP–13 meeting, the United States will be rep-
resented by a high-level delegation composed of cli-
mate experts and career foreign service officers with 
extensive diplomatic experience, including experience 
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in multi-lateral negotiations, headed by the Sec-
retary of State, the Secretary’s Deputy, or the Un-
dersecretary for Global Affairs of the Department of 
State. 
(4) To engage in serious discussion of possible 
future commitments under the Convention. These 
discussions will seek to develop a plan of action and 
time-table with the goal of adopting a new inter-
national agreement under the Convention that stipu-
lates commitments from all major greenhouse gas 
emitters, including the United States and other 
countries listed in Annex 1 to the Convention, 
China, India, and Brazil, at the fifteenth Convention 
Conference of the Parties (COP–15) to take place in 
2009. This process will seek as its objective that a 
new instrument will come into force by the time the 
first commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol 
ends in 2012. 
(5) To protect United States national and eco-
nomic interests and United States competitiveness in 
all sectors by negotiating a new agreement under the 
Convention that is cost effective, comprehensive, 
flexible, and equitable. Such an agreement shall, at 
a minimum— 
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(A) require binding mitigation commit-
ments from all major emitting countries based 
on their level of development; 
(B) provide for different forms of commit-
ments, including economy-wide emissions tar-
gets, policy-based commitments, sectoral agree-
ments, and no-regrets targets; 
(C) increase cooperation on clean and effi-
cient energy technologies and practices; 
(D) target all greenhouse gases, including 
sources, sinks, and reservoirs of greenhouse 
gases, and should expand the current scope of 
the Kyoto Protocol and Convention to sectors 
not covered, such as the international aviation 
and maritime sectors; 
(E) include mechanisms to harness mar-
ket-based solutions, building upon the joint im-
plementation, clean development mechanism, 
and international emissions trading developed 
under the Protocol; 
(F) include incentives for sustainable for-
estry management that reflect the value of 
avoided deforestation; 
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390 
that are likely to be impacted by climate 
change. 
‘‘(B) Adaptive management strategies for 
land use to respond or adapt to changing envi-
ronmental conditions, including strategies to 
protect biodiversity and establish habitat buffer 
zones, migration corridors, and climate refugia. 
‘‘(C) Requirements to initiate and main-
tain long-term monitoring of environmental 
change to assess coastal zone resiliency and to 
adjust when necessary adaptive management 
strategies and new planning guidelines to attain 
the policies under section 303. 
‘‘(3) STATE
HAZARD
MITIGATION
PLANS.— 
Plans developed with a grant under this section shall 
be consistent with State hazard mitigation plans de-
veloped under State or Federal law. 
‘‘(4) ALLOCATION.—Grants under this section 
shall be available only to coastal states with manage-
ment programs approved by the Secretary under sec-
tion 306 and shall be allocated among such coastal 
states in a manner consistent with regulations pro-
mulgated pursuant to section 306(c). 
‘‘(5) PRIORITY.—In the awarding of grants 
under this subsection the Secretary may give priority 
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