I
107TH CONGRESS
1ST SESSION
H. R. 2142
To amend the Food Stamp Act of 1977 to improve nutrition assistance
for working families and the elderly, and for other purposes.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
JUNE 12, 2001
Mr. WALSH (for himself, Mrs. CLAYTON, Mr. DIAZ-BALART, Mr. HALL of
Texas, Mrs. JOHNSON of Connecticut, Ms. KAPTUR, Mr. LEACH, Ms.
LEE, Mrs. KELLY, Mr. LEVIN, Mrs. MORELLA, Mr. TOWNS, Mr. QUINN,
Mr. HINCHEY, Mr. FOLEY, Mr. COYNE, and Ms. DELAURO) introduced
the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Agriculture,
and in addition to the Committee on the Judiciary, for a period to be
subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration
of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee con-
cerned
A BILL
To amend the Food Stamp Act of 1977 to improve nutrition
assistance for working families and the elderly, and for
other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Nutrition Assistance
for Working Families and Seniors Act of 2001’’.
SEC. 2. RESTORATION OF FOOD STAMP BENEFITS FOR
LEGAL IMMIGRANTS.
(a) LIMITED ELIGIBILITY
OF QUALIFIED ALIENS
FOR CERTAIN FEDERAL PROGRAMS.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Section 402(a) of the Per-
sonal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Rec-
onciliation Act of 1996 (8 U.S.C. 1612(a)) is
amended—
(A) in paragraph (2)—
(i) in subparagraph (A), by striking
‘‘Federal programs’’ and inserting ‘‘Fed-
eral program’’;
(ii) in subparagraph (D)—
(I) by striking clause (ii); and
(II) in clause (i)—
(aa) by striking ‘‘(i)
SSI.—’’ and all that follows
through ‘‘paragraph (3)(A)’’ and
inserting the following:
‘‘(i) IN
GENERAL.—With respect to
the specified Federal program described in
paragraph (3)’’;
(bb) by redesignating sub-
clauses (II) through (IV) as
clauses (ii) through (iv) and in-
denting appropriately;
(cc) by striking ‘‘subclause
(I)’’ each place it appears and in-
serting ‘‘clause (i)’’; and
(dd) in clause (iv) (as redes-
ignated by item (bb)), by striking
‘‘this clause’’ and inserting ‘‘this
subparagraph’’;
(iii) in subparagraph (E), by striking
‘‘paragraph (3)(A) (relating to the supple-
mental security income program)’’ and in-
serting ‘‘paragraph (3)’’;
(iv) in subparagraph (F);
(I) by striking ‘‘Federal pro-
grams’’ and inserting ‘‘Federal pro-
gram’’;
(II) in clause (ii)(I)—
(aa) by striking ‘‘(I) in the
case of the specified Federal pro-
gram described in paragraph
(3)(A),’’; and
(bb) by striking ‘‘; and’’ and
inserting a period; and
(III) by striking subclause (II);
(v) in subparagraph (G), by striking
‘‘Federal programs’’ and inserting ‘‘Fed-
eral program’’;
(vi) in subparagraph (H), by striking
‘‘paragraph (3)(A) (relating to the supple-
mental security income program)’’ and in-
serting ‘‘paragraph (3)’’; and
(vii) by striking subparagraphs (I),
(J), and (K); and
(B) in paragraph (3)—
(i) by striking ‘‘means any’’ and all
that follows through ‘‘The supplemental’’
and inserting ‘‘means the supplemental’’;
and
(ii) by striking subparagraph (B).
(2) 
CONFORMING
AMENDMENT.—Section
402(b)(2)(F) of the Personal Responsibility and
Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (8
U.S.C. 1612(b)(2)(F)) is amended by striking ‘‘sub-
section (a)(3)(A)’’ and inserting ‘‘subsection (a)(3)’’.
(b) FIVE-YEAR LIMITED ELIGIBILITY OF QUALIFIED
ALIENS
FOR FEDERAL MEANS-TESTED PUBLIC BEN-
EFIT.—Section 403 of the Personal Responsibility and
Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (8 U.S.C.
1613) is amended—
(1) in subsection (c)(2), by adding at the end
the following:
‘‘(L) Assistance or benefits under the Food
Stamp Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.).’’;
and
(2) in subsection (d)—
(A) by striking ‘‘not apply’’ and all that
follows through ‘‘(1) an individual’’ and insert-
ing ‘‘not apply to an individual’’; and
(B) by striking ‘‘; or’’ and all that follows
through ‘‘402(a)(3)(B)’’.
(c) AUTHORITY FOR STATES TO PROVIDE FOR AT-
TRIBUTION OF SPONSOR’S INCOME AND RESOURCES TO
THE ALIEN WITH RESPECT TO STATE PROGRAMS.—Sec-
tion 422(b) of the Personal Responsibility and Work Op-
portunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (8 U.S.C. 1632(b))
is amended by adding at the end the following:
‘‘(8) Programs comparable to assistance or ben-
efits under the Food Stamp Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C.
2011 et seq.).’’.
(d) REQUIREMENTS FOR SPONSOR’S AFFIDAVIT OF
SUPPORT.—Section 423(d) of the Personal Responsibility
and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (8
U.S.C. 1183a note; Public Law 104–193) is amended by
adding at the end the following:
‘‘(12) Benefits under the Food Stamp Act of
1977 (7 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.), if a sponsor is unable
to make the reimbursement because the sponsor ex-
periences hardship (including bankruptcy, disability,
and indigence) or if the sponsor experiences severe
circumstances beyond the control of the sponsor, as
determined by the Secretary of Agriculture.’’.
(e) DERIVATIVE ELIGIBILITY FOR BENEFITS.—Sec-
tion 436 of the Personal Responsibility and Work Oppor-
tunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (8 U.S.C. 1646) is re-
pealed.
(f) EFFECTIVE DATE; APPLICATION
OF AMEND-
MENTS.—
(1) EFFECTIVE DATE—Except as provided in
paragraph (2), this section and the amendments
made by this section shall take effect on April 1,
2002.
(2) APPLICATION
OF
AMENDMENTS
TO
CUR-
RENT CERTIFICATION PERIODS.—The amendments
made by subsections (a) through (d) shall—
(A) not apply to certification periods that
begin before April 1, 2002, and end before or
on October 1, 2002, unless the State agency (as
defined in section 3 of the Food Stamp Act of
1977 (7 U.S.C. 2012)) involved elects to make
such amendments applicable before the respec-
tive ends of such periods, but not before April
1, 2002; and
(B) apply on October 1, 2002, to certifi-
cation periods that begin before April 1, 2002,
and end after October 1, 2002, unless the State
agency involved elects to make such amend-
ments applicable to such periods on a date be-
fore October 1, 2002, but not before April 1,
2002.
SEC. 3. PREVENTION OF HUNGER AMONG FAMILIES WITH
CHILDREN.
(a) STANDARD DEDUCTION.—Section 5(e) of the
Food Stamp Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 2014(e)) is amended
by striking paragraph (1) and inserting the following:
‘‘(1) STANDARD DEDUCTION.—
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—Subject to subpara-
graph (B), the Secretary shall allow a standard
deduction for each household in the 48 contig-
uous States and the District of Columbia, Alas-
ka, Hawaii, Guam, and the Virgin Islands of
the United States equal to the applicable per-
centage established under subparagraph (C) of
the income standard of eligibility under sub-
section (c)(1).
‘‘(B) LIMITATIONS.—The standard deduc-
tion for each household in the 48 contiguous
States and the District of Columbia, Alaska,
Hawaii, Guam, and the Virgin Islands of the
United States under subparagraph (A) shall not
be—
‘‘(i) less than $134, $229, $189,
$269, and $118, respectively; or
‘‘(ii) more than the applicable percent-
age specified in subparagraph (C) of the
income standard of eligibility established
under section (c)(1) for a household of 6
members.
‘‘(C) APPLICABLE PERCENTAGE.—The ap-
plicable percentage referred to in subpara-
graphs (A) and (B) shall be—
‘‘(i) for fiscal year 2002, 8 percent;
‘‘(ii) for fiscal year 2003, 8.5 percent;
‘‘(iii) for fiscal year 2004, 9 percent;
‘‘(iv) for fiscal year 2005, 9.5 percent;
and
‘‘(v) for each subsequent fiscal year,
10 percent.’’.
(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by
this section shall take effect on—
(1) July 1, 2002; or
(2) October 1, 2002, if the State agency (as de-
fined in section 3 of the Food Stamp Act of 1977
(7 U.S.C. 2012)) involved elects to make such
amendment effective on such later date.
SEC. 4. ENCOURAGEMENT OF COLLECTION OF CHILD SUP-
PORT.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 5(e)(2) of the Food
Stamp Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 2014(e)(2)) is amended—
(1) by inserting ‘‘AND CHILD SUPPORT’’ after
‘‘INCOME’’;
(2) in subparagraph (A) by—
(A) striking ‘‘DEFINITION OF’’ and all that
follows through ‘‘not include’’ and inserting
‘‘LIMITATION ON DEDUCTION.—The deduction
in this paragraph shall not apply to’’;
(B) striking ‘‘or’’ at the end of clause (i);
(C) striking the period at the end of clause
(ii) and inserting ‘‘; or’’; and
(D) adding at the end the following:
‘‘(iii) child support received to the ex-
tent of any reduction in public assistance
to the household as a result of receiving
such support.’’; and
(3) in subparagraph (B)—
(A) by striking ‘‘with earned income’’; and
(B) by striking ‘‘of all’’ and all that follows
through the period at the end, and inserting the
following:
‘‘of the sum of—
‘‘(i) all earned income; and
‘‘(ii) child support received from an
identified or putative parent of a child in
the household if that parent is not a house-
hold member.’’.
(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by
this section shall take effect on—
(1) July 1, 2002; or
(2) October 1, 2002, if the State agency (as de-
fined in section 3 of the Food Stamp Act of 1977
(7 U.S.C. 2012)) involved elects to make such
amendment effective on such later date.
SEC. 5. MINIMUM FOOD STAMP ALLOTMENT.
Section 8(a) of the Food Stamp Act of 1977 (7
U.S.C. 2017(a)) is amended by striking ‘‘shall be $10 per
month.’’ and inserting ‘‘shall be—
‘‘(1) for each of fiscal years 2002 and 2003,
$15 per month;
‘‘(2) for each of fiscal years 2004 and 2005,
$20 per month;
‘‘(3) for fiscal year 2006, $25 per month;
‘‘(4) for fiscal year 2007 and each subsequent
fiscal year, the minimum allotment under paragraph
(3), adjusted on each October 1 to reflect the per-
centage change in the cost of the thrifty food plan
(as adjusted under section 3(o) without regard to
paragraphs (1) through (4) of such section) during
the period beginning on June 30, 2005, and ending
on the most recent June 30 preceding such fiscal
year, rounded to the nearest lower dollar incre-
ment.’’.
SEC. 6. TRANSITIONAL BENEFITS OPTION.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 11 of the Food Stamp Act
of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 2020) is amended by adding at the end
the following:
‘‘(s) TRANSITIONAL BENEFITS OPTION.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—A State may provide tran-
sitional food stamp benefits to a household that is
no longer eligible to receive cash assistance under a
State program funded under part A of title IV of the
Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 601 et seq.).
‘‘(2) TRANSITIONAL BENEFITS PERIOD.—Under
paragraph (1), a household may continue to receive
food stamp benefits for a period of not more than
6 months after the date on which cash assistance is
terminated.
‘‘(3) AMOUNT.—During the transitional bene-
fits period under paragraph (2), a household shall
receive an amount equal to the allotment received in
the month immediately preceding the date on which
cash assistance is terminated, adjusted for—
‘‘(A) the change in household income as a
result of the termination of cash assistance; and
‘‘(B) any changes in circumstances that
may result in an increase in the food stamp al-
lotment of the household and that the house-
hold elects to report (as verified in accordance
with standards established by the Secretary).
‘‘(4) DETERMINATION
OF
FUTURE
ELIGI-
BILITY.—In the final month of the transitional bene-
fits period under paragraph (2), the State agency
may—
‘‘(A) require a household to cooperate in a
redetermination of eligibility to receive uninter-
rupted benefits after the transitional benefits
period; and
‘‘(B) renew eligibility for a new certifi-
cation period for the household without regard
to whether the previous certification period has
expired.
‘‘(5) LIMITATION.—A household sanctioned
under section 6 shall not be eligible for transitional
benefits under this subsection.’’.
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.—
(1) Section 3 of the Food Stamp Act of 1977
(7 U.S.C. 2012) is amended by striking subsection
(c) and inserting the following:
‘‘(c) CERTIFICATION PERIOD.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—‘Certification period’ means
the period for which households shall be eligible to
receive benefits under this Act.
‘‘(2) DURATION.—
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—A certification period
shall not exceed 12 months, except that—
‘‘(i) a certification period may be up
to 24 months if all adult household mem-
bers are elderly or disabled; and
‘‘(ii) a certification period may be ex-
tended during the transitional benefits pe-
riod under section 11(s).
‘‘(B) EXTENSION.—The certification pe-
riod may be extended to the end of a transi-
tional benefits period established by a State
under section 11(s).
‘‘(3) CONTACT.—A State agency shall have at
least 1 contact with each certified household—
‘‘(A) at least once every 12 months; or
‘‘(B) in a case in which the household is in
a transitional benefits period under section
11(s), within the 6-month period beginning on
the date on which cash assistance is termi-
nated.’’.
(2) Section 6(c) of the Food Stamp Act of 1977
(7 U.S.C. 2015(c)) is amended by striking ‘‘No
household’’ and inserting ‘‘Except in a case in which
a household is receiving transitional benefits during
the transitional benefits period under section 11(s),
no household’’.
SEC. 7. FOOD STAMP INFORMATION.
(a) TRAINING MATERIALS; NUTRITION INFORMA-
TION.—Section 11 of the Food Stamp Act of 1977 (7
U.S.C. 2020) (as amended by section 6) is amended by
adding at the end the following:
‘‘(t) RESOURCES FOR STATE AGENCY EMPLOYEES.—
Of funds made available under the 1st sentence of section
18(a) for fiscal years 2002 through 2006, $1,000,000 in
the aggregate shall be expended by the Secretary—
‘‘(1) to develop, in partnership with State agen-
cies, training materials, guidebooks, and other re-
sources for use by employees of State agencies that
focus on issues of access and eligibility under the
food stamp program; and
‘‘(2) to make such materials, such guidebooks,
and such other resources available in appropriate
formats to State agencies for such use.
‘‘(u) NUTRITION
INFORMATION.—The Secretary
shall maintain a toll-free information number for individ-
uals to call to obtain information concerning the nutrition
programs.’’.
(b) INTER-PROGRAM COORDINATION
OF APPLICA-
TION AND VERIFICATION PROCESS.—Section 17 of the
Food Stamp Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 2026) is amended by
striking subsection (e) and inserting the following:
‘‘(e) PILOT PROJECTS FOR INTER-PROGRAM COORDI-
NATION OF APPLICATION AND VERIFICATION PROCESS.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall provide
the Federal shares of funds to States to carry out
pilot projects under paragraph (2) to improve the
application and verification process for low-income
working households to participate in the food stamp
program.
‘‘(2) ELIGIBLE PROJECTS.—
‘‘(A) INTER-PROGRAM APPLICATION PROC-
ESS.—
‘‘(i) APPLICATION AT ONE-STOP DE-
LIVERY
CENTERS.—The Secretary shall
provide funding to not more than 5 States
to conduct pilot projects to improve inter-
program coordination by co-locating em-
ployees and automated systems necessary
to accept complete initial processing of ap-
plications for assistance under this Act at
centers in one-stop delivery systems estab-
lished under section 134(c) of the Work-
force Investment Act of 1998 (29 U.S.C.
2864(c)).
‘‘(ii) APPLICATION
FOR
ASSISTANCE
UNDER
MEDICAID/SCHIP.—The Secretary
shall provide funding to not more than 5
States to conduct pilot projects to improve
inter-program coordination by co-locating
employees and automated systems nec-
essary to accept complete initial processing
of applications for assistance under this
Act at locations where applications are re-
ceived for assistance under titles XIX and
XXI of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C.
1396 et seq. and 1397aa et seq.).
‘‘(B) 
INTER-PROGRAM
VERIFICATION
PROCESS.—
‘‘(i) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary
shall provide funding to not more than 5
States to conduct pilot projects to reduce
administrative 
burdens 
on 
low-income
working households by coordinating, to the
maximum extent practicable, verification
practices under this Act and verification
practices under titles XIX and XXI of the
Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1396 et
seq. and 1397aa et seq.).
‘‘(ii) ELIGIBILITY.—To be eligible to
conduct a pilot project under clause (i), a
State must have an automation system
with the capacity to verify through elec-
tronic records the most common sources of
incomes under this Act and titles XIX and
XXI of the Social Security Act.
‘‘(iii) 
ADMINISTRATION.—The 
Sec-
retary and the Secretary of Health and
Human Services shall adjust procedures
under this Act and titles XIX and XXI of
the Social Security Act, to the extent each
of the Secretaries determines appropriate,
to facilitate pilot projects under clause (i).
‘‘(3) PREFERENCES.—In selecting pilot projects
under this subsection, the Secretary shall provide a
preference to projects that—
‘‘(A) operate in rural areas; or
‘‘(B) benefit low-income households resid-
ing in remote rural areas.
‘‘(4) WAIVER.—To reduce travel and paperwork
burdens on eligible households, the Secretary may
waive requirements under sections 6(c) and 11(e)(3)
for pilot projects conducted under this subsection.
‘‘(5) EVALUATION OF PILOT PROJECTS.—Any
State conducting a pilot project under this sub-
section shall provide to the Secretary, in accordance
with standards established by the Secretary, an eval-
uation of the effectiveness of the project.
‘‘(6) FUNDING.—Of funds made available under
the first sentence of section 18(a) for each of fiscal
years 2002 and 2003, the Secretary shall use—
‘‘(A) $10,000,000 to pay 75 percent of the
additional costs incurred by State agencies to
conduct pilot projects under paragraph 2(A);
and
‘‘(B) $500,000 to pay 75 percent of the
costs of evaluating pilot projects conducted
under paragraph 2(B).’’.
(c) INNOVATIVE PARTICIPATION STRATEGIES.—Sec-
tion 17 of the Food Stamp Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 2026)
is amended by adding at the end the following:
‘‘(l) INNOVATIVE OUT-OF-OFFICE APPLICATION AND
PARTICIPATION STRATEGIES.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall con-
duct demonstration projects to evaluate the feasi-
bility and desirability of allowing eligible households
to participate in the food stamp program through
the use of the Internet and telephones instead of
through in-office visits and interviews.
‘‘(2) PREFERENCES.—The Secretary shall pro-
vide a preference under this subsection to projects
that—
‘‘(A)(i) are conducted in rural areas; or
‘‘(ii) serve eligible households in remote lo-
cations; and
‘‘(B) are collaborative efforts between
State 
agencies 
and 
nonprofit 
community
groups.
‘‘(m) GRANTS
FOR
PARTNERSHIPS
AND
TECH-
NOLOGY.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall provide
grants to State agencies and nonprofit organizations
to conduct projects to improve access to the food
stamp program through partnerships and innovative
technology.
‘‘(2) PRIORITY.—In providing grants under this
subsection, the Secretary shall give priority to
projects that focus on households with low food
stamp participation.
‘‘(n) GRANTS FOR COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS AND
INNOVATIVE OUTREACH STRATEGIES.—
‘‘(1) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary shall es-
tablish a program to award grants to eligible organi-
zations described in paragraph (2)—
‘‘(A) to develop and test innovative strate-
gies to ensure that low-income needy eligible
households that contain 1 or more members
that are former or current recipients of benefits
under a State program established under part
A of title IV of the Social Security Act (42
U.S.C. 601 et seq.) continue to receive benefits
under this Act if the households meet the re-
quirements of this Act;
‘‘(B) to help ensure that households that
have applied for benefits under a State program
established under part A of title IV of the So-
cial Security Act, but that did not receive the
benefits because of State requirements or ineli-
gibility for the benefits, are aware of the avail-
ability of, and are provided assistance in receiv-
ing, benefits under this Act if the households
meet the requirements of this Act;
‘‘(C) to conduct outreach to households
with earned income that is at or above the in-
come eligibility limits for benefits under a State
program established under part A of title IV of
the Social Security Act if the households meet
the requirements of this Act; and
‘‘(D) to conduct outreach to households
with children if the households meet the re-
quirements of this Act.
‘‘(2) ELIGIBLE ORGANIZATIONS.—
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—Grants under para-
graph (1) may be provided to—
‘‘(i) food banks, food rescue organiza-
tions, faith-based organizations, and other
organizations that supply food to low-in-
come households;
‘‘(ii) schools, school districts, health
clinics, non-profit day care centers, Head
Start agencies under the Head Start Act
(42 U.S.C. 9831 et seq.), Healthy Start
agencies under section 301 of the Public
Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 241), and
State agencies and local agencies providing
assistance under the special supplemental
nutrition program for women, infants, and
children established under section 17 of
the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 (42
U.S.C. 1786);
‘‘(iii) local agencies that operate child
nutrition programs (as those terms are de-
fined in section 25(b) of the Richard B.
Russell National School Lunch Act (42
U.S.C. 1769f(b)); and
‘‘(iv) other organizations designated
by the Secretary.
‘‘(B) GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION
OF
RECIPIENTS.—
‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.— Subject to clause
(ii), the Secretary shall select, from all eli-
gible applications, at least 1 recipient to
receive a grant under this subsection
from—
‘‘(I) each region of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture; and
‘‘(II) in addition to recipients se-
lected under subclause (I), each rural
or urban area determined to be appro-
priate by the Secretary.
‘‘(ii) 
EXCEPTION.—The 
Secretary
shall not be required to award grants
based on the geographical guidelines under
clause (i) to the extent that the Secretary
determines that an insufficient number of
eligible grant applications has been re-
ceived.
‘‘(3) CRITERIA.—The Secretary shall develop
criteria for awarding grants under paragraph (1)
that are based on—
‘‘(A) the demonstrated record of an organi-
zation in serving low-income households;
‘‘(B) the ability of an organization to reach
hard-to-serve households;
‘‘(C) the level of innovation in the pro-
posals submitted in the application of an orga-
nization for a grant; and
‘‘(D) the development of partnerships be-
tween the public and private sector entities and
the community.
‘‘(4) ADMINISTRATION.—
‘‘(A) ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS.—Not more
than 5 percent of the funds made available for
the grant program under paragraph (5) shall be
used by the Secretary for administrative costs
incurred in carrying out this subsection.
‘‘(B) PROGRAM EVALUATIONS.—
‘‘(i) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary
shall conduct evaluations of programs
funded by grants under this subsection.
‘‘(ii) LIMITATION.—Not more than 20
percent of funds made available for the
grant program under paragraph (5) shall
be used for program evaluations under
clause (i).
‘‘(5) FUNDING.—Of funds made available under
the first sentence of section 18(a) for each of fiscal
years 2002 and 2003, the Secretary shall use
$10,000,000 to carry out the grant program under
this subsection.’’.