899 
prior convictions under any such subsection shall be im-
prisoned for not more than 20 years. 
‘‘(d) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
‘‘(1) the term ‘hazardous or injurious device’ 
means a device, which when assembled or placed, is 
capable of causing bodily injury, or damage to prop-
erty, by the action of any person making contact 
with such device subsequent to the assembly or 
placement. Such term includes guns attached to trip 
wires or other triggering mechanisms, ammunition 
attached to trip wires or other triggering mecha-
nisms, or explosive devices attached to trip wires or 
other triggering mechanisms, sharpened stakes, lines 
or wires, lines or wires with hooks attached, nails 
placed so that the sharpened ends are positioned in 
an upright manner, or tree spiking devices including 
spikes, nails, or other objects hammered, driven, fas-
tened, or otherwise placed into or on any timber, 
whether or not severed from the stump; and 
‘‘(2) the term ‘avoidance costs’ means costs in-
curred by any individual for the purpose of— 
‘‘(A) detecting a hazardous or injurious de-
vice; or 
‘‘(B) preventing death, serious bodily in-
jury, bodily injury, or property damage likely to 
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result from the use of a hazardous or injurious 
device in violation of subsection (a). 
‘‘(e) CIVIL ACTION.—Any person injured as the re-
sult of a violation of subsection (a) may commence a civil 
action on his own behalf against any person who is alleged 
to be in violation of subsection (a). The district courts 
shall have jurisdiction, without regard to the amount in 
controversy or the citizenship of the parties, in such civil 
actions. The court may award, in addition to monetary 
damages for any injury resulting from an alleged violation 
of subsection (a), costs of litigation, including reasonable 
attorney and expert witness fees, to any prevailing or sub-
stantially prevailing party, whenever the court determines 
such award is appropriate. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER P—RESTRICTED BUILDING OR 
GROUNDS 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘1221. Restricted building or grounds. 
‘‘§ 1221. Restricted building or grounds 
‘‘(a) Whoever— 
‘‘(1) enters or remains in any restricted build-
ing or grounds without lawful authority to do so; 
‘‘(2) with intent to impede or disrupt the or-
derly conduct of Government business or official 
functions, engages in disorderly or disruptive con-
duct in, or within such proximity to, any restricted 
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building or grounds when, or so that, such conduct, 
in fact, impedes or disrupts the orderly conduct of 
Government business or official functions; 
‘‘(3) with the intent to impede or disrupt the 
orderly conduct of Government business or official 
functions, obstructs or impedes ingress or egress to 
or from any restricted building or grounds; or 
‘‘(4) engages in any act of physical violence 
against any person or property in any restricted 
building or grounds; 
shall be punished as provided in subsection (b). 
‘‘(b) The punishment for a violation of subsection (a) 
is— 
‘‘(1) a fine under this title or imprisonment for 
not more than 10 years, or both, if— 
‘‘(A) the person, during and in relation to 
the offense, uses or carries a deadly or dan-
gerous weapon or firearm; or 
‘‘(B) the offense results in significant bod-
ily injury as defined by section 2118(e)(3); and 
‘‘(2) a fine under this title or imprisonment for 
not more than one year, or both, in any other case. 
‘‘(c) In this section— 
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‘‘(1) the term ‘restricted buildings or grounds’ 
means any posted, cordoned off, or otherwise re-
stricted area— 
‘‘(A) of the White House or its grounds, or 
the Vice President’s official residence or its 
grounds; 
‘‘(B) of a building or grounds where the 
President or other person protected by the Se-
cret Service is or will be temporarily visiting; or 
‘‘(C) of a building or grounds so restricted 
in conjunction with an event designated as a 
special event of national significance; and 
‘‘(2) the term ‘other person protected by the 
Secret Service’ means any person whom the United 
States Secret Service is authorized to protect under 
section 3056 of this title or by Presidential memo-
randum, when such person has not declined such 
protection. 
‘‘CHAPTER 31—INTERNATIONAL LAW 
CRIMES 
‘‘Subchapter 
‘‘A. Piracy and privateering 
‘‘B. Peonage, slavery, and trafficking in persons Assault 
‘‘C. Genocide 
‘‘D. Torture 
‘‘E. War crimes 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER A—PIRACY AND PRIVATEERING 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘1251. Piracy under law of nations. 
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‘‘§ 1251. Piracy under law of nations 
‘‘Whoever, on the high seas, commits the crime of pi-
racy as defined by the law of nations, and is afterwards 
brought into or found in the United States, shall be im-
prisoned for life. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER B—PEONAGE, SLAVERY, AND 
TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 
‘‘1261. Peonage. 
‘‘1262. Sale into involuntary servitude. 
‘‘1263. Forced labor. 
‘‘1264. Trafficking with respect to peonage, slavery, involuntary servitude, or 
forced labor. 
‘‘1265. Sex trafficking of children or by force, fraud, or coercion. 
‘‘1266. Unlawful conduct with respect to documents in furtherance of traf-
ficking, peonage, slavery, involuntary servitude, or forced labor. 
‘‘1267. Civil remedy. 
‘‘§ 1261. Peonage 
‘‘Whoever holds or returns any person to a condition 
of peonage, or arrests any person with the intent of plac-
ing him in or returning him to a condition of peonage, 
shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years. If death re-
sults from the violation of this section, or if the violation 
includes kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated 
sexual abuse or the attempt to commit aggravated sexual 
abuse, or an attempt to kill, the defendant shall be impris-
oned for any term of years or life. 
‘‘§ 1262. Sale into involuntary servitude 
‘‘Whoever knowingly holds to involuntary servitude or 
sells into any condition of involuntary servitude, any other 
person for any term, or brings within the United States 
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any person so held, shall be imprisoned not more than 20 
years. If death results from the violation of this section, 
or if the violation includes kidnapping or an attempt to 
kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or the attempt to commit 
aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, the defend-
ant shall be imprisoned for any term of years or life. 
‘‘§ 1263. Forced labor 
‘‘(a) Whoever knowingly provides or obtains the labor 
or services of a person by any one of, or by any combina-
tion of, the following means— 
‘‘(1) by means of force, threats of force, phys-
ical restraint, or threats of physical restraint to that 
person or another person; 
‘‘(2) by means of serious harm or threats of se-
rious harm to that person or another person; 
‘‘(3) by means of the abuse or threatened abuse 
of law or legal process; or 
‘‘(4) by means of any scheme, plan, or pattern 
intended to cause the person to believe that, if that 
person did not perform such labor or services, that 
person or another person would suffer serious harm 
or physical restraint, 
shall be punished as provided under subsection (d). 
‘‘(b) Whoever knowingly benefits, financially or by re-
ceiving anything of value, from participation in a venture 
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attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt 
to kill, the defendant shall be imprisoned for any term of 
years or for life. 
‘‘§ 1264. Trafficking with respect to peonage, slavery, 
involuntary servitude, or forced labor 
‘‘Whoever knowingly recruits, harbors, transports, 
provides, or obtains by any means, any person for labor 
or services in violation of this subchapter shall be impris-
oned not more than 20 years. If death results from the 
violation of this section, or if the violation includes kidnap-
ping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse, 
or the attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an 
attempt to kill, the defendant shall be imprisoned for any 
term of years or life. 
‘‘§ 1265. Sex trafficking of children or by force, fraud, 
or coercion 
‘‘(a) ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE.—Whoever know-
ingly— 
‘‘(1) in or affecting interstate or foreign com-
merce, or within the special maritime and territorial 
jurisdiction of the United States, recruits, entices, 
harbors, transports, provides, obtains, or maintains 
by any means a person; or 
‘‘(2) benefits, financially or by receiving any-
thing of value, from participation in a venture which 
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has engaged in an act described in violation of para-
graph (1), 
knowing, or in reckless disregard of the fact, that means 
of force, threats of force, fraud, coercion described in sub-
section (e)(2), or any combination of such means will be 
used to cause the person to engage in a commercial sex 
act, or that the person has not attained the age of 18 
years and will be caused to engage in a commercial sex 
act, shall be punished as provided in subsection (b). 
‘‘(b) PUNISHMENT.—The punishment for an offense 
under subsection (a) is— 
‘‘(1) if the offense was effected by means of 
force, threats of force, fraud, or coercion described 
in subsection (e)(2), or by any combination of such 
means, or if the person recruited, enticed, harbored, 
transported, provided, or obtained had not attained 
the age of 14 years at the time of such offense, by 
a fine under this title or imprisonment for any term 
of years or for life, or both; or 
‘‘(2) if the offense was not so effected, and the 
person recruited, enticed, harbored, transported, 
provided, or obtained had attained the age of 14 
years but had not attained the age of 18 years at 
the time of such offense, by a fine under this title 
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or imprisonment for not more than 40 years, or 
both. 
‘‘(c) STATE OF MIND REQUIREMENT.—In a prosecu-
tion under subsection (a)(1) in which the defendant had 
a reasonable opportunity to observe the person so re-
cruited, enticed, harbored, transported, provided, obtained 
or maintained, the Government need not prove that the 
defendant knew that the person had not attained the age 
of 18 years. 
‘‘(d) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
‘‘(1) the term ‘abuse or threatened abuse of law 
or legal process’ means the use or threatened use of 
a law or legal process, whether administrative, civil, 
or criminal, in any manner or for any purpose for 
which the law was not designed, in order to exert 
pressure on another person to cause that person to 
take some action or refrain from taking some action; 
‘‘(2) the term ‘coercion’ means— 
‘‘(A) threats of serious harm to or physical 
restraint against any person; 
‘‘(B) any scheme, plan, or pattern intended 
to cause a person to believe that failure to per-
form an act would result in serious harm to or 
physical restraint against any person; or 
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‘‘(C) the abuse or threatened abuse of law 
or the legal process; and 
‘‘(3) the term ‘commercial sex act’ means any 
sex act, on account of which anything of value is 
given to or received by any person; 
‘‘(4) the term ‘serious harm’ means any harm, 
whether physical or nonphysical, including psycho-
logical, financial, or reputational harm, that is suffi-
ciently serious, under all the surrounding cir-
cumstances, to compel a reasonable person of the 
same background and in the same circumstances to 
perform or to continue performing commercial sex-
ual activity in order to avoid incurring that harm; 
‘‘(5) the term ‘venture’ means any group of two 
or more individuals associated in fact, whether or 
not a legal entity. 
‘‘§ 1266. Unlawful conduct with respect to documents 
in furtherance of trafficking, peonage, 
slavery, involuntary servitude, or forced 
labor 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever knowingly destroys, con-
ceals, removes, confiscates, or possesses any actual or pur-
ported passport or other immigration document, or any 
other actual or purported government identification docu-
ment, of another person— 
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‘‘(1) in the course of a violation of section 
1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, or 1265; 
‘‘(2) with intent to violate section 1261, 1262, 
1263, 1264, or 1265; or 
‘‘(3) to prevent or restrict or to attempt to pre-
vent or restrict, without lawful authority, the per-
son’s liberty to move or travel, in order to maintain 
the labor or services of that person, when the person 
is or has been a victim of a severe form of traf-
ficking in persons, as defined in section 103 of the 
Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, 
shall be imprisoned for not more than 5 years. 
‘‘(b) EXCLUSION.—Subsection (a) does not apply to 
the conduct of a person who is or has been a victim of 
a severe form of trafficking in persons, as defined in sec-
tion 103 of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 
2000, if that conduct is caused by, or incident to, that 
trafficking. 
‘‘§ 1267. Civil remedy 
‘‘(a) CIVIL ACTION.—An individual who is a victim 
of a violation of this subchapter may bring a civil action 
against the perpetrator (or whoever knowingly benefits, fi-
nancially or by receiving anything of value from participa-
tion in a venture which that person knew or should have 
known has engaged in an act in violation of this sub-
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chapter) in an appropriate district court of the United 
States and may recover damages and reasonable attorneys 
fees. 
‘‘(b) STAY.—(1) Any civil action filed under this sec-
tion shall be stayed during the pendency of any criminal 
action arising out of the same occurrence in which the 
claimant is the victim. 
‘‘(2) In this subsection, a ‘criminal action’ includes 
investigation and prosecution and is pending until final 
adjudication in the trial court. 
‘‘(c) LIMITATION.—No action may be maintained 
under this section unless it is commenced not later than 
10 years after the cause of action arose. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER C—GENOCIDE 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘1281. Genocide. 
‘‘1282. Definitions. 
‘‘§ 1281. Genocide 
‘‘(a) BASIC OFFENSE.—Whoever, whether in time of 
peace or in time of war and with the specific intent to 
destroy, in whole or in substantial part, a national, ethnic, 
racial, or religious group as such— 
‘‘(1) kills members of that group; 
‘‘(2) causes serious bodily injury to members of 
that group; 
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‘‘(1) the offense is committed in whole or in 
part within the United States; or 
‘‘(2) regardless of where the offense is com-
mitted, the alleged offender is— 
‘‘(A) a national of the United States (as 
that term is defined in section 101 of the Immi-
gration and Nationality Act); 
‘‘(B) an alien lawfully admitted for perma-
nent residence in the United States (as that 
term is defined in section 101 of the Immigra-
tion and Nationality Act); 
‘‘(C) a stateless person whose habitual res-
idence is in the United States; or 
‘‘(D) present in the United States. 
‘‘(e) NONAPPLICABILITY
OF
CERTAIN
LIMITA-
TIONS.—Notwithstanding section 3282, in the case of an 
offense under this section, an indictment may be found, 
or information instituted, at any time without limitation. 
‘‘§ 1282. Definitions 
‘‘As used in this subchapter— 
‘‘(1) the term ‘children’ means the plural and 
means individuals who have not attained the age of 
eighteen years; 
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‘‘(2) the term ‘ethnic group’ means a set of in-
dividuals whose identity as such is distinctive in 
terms of common cultural traditions or heritage; 
‘‘(3) the term ‘incites’ means urges another to 
engage imminently in conduct in circumstances 
under which there is a substantial likelihood of im-
minently causing such conduct; 
‘‘(4) the term ‘members’ means the plural; 
‘‘(5) the term ‘national group’ means a set of 
individuals whose identity as such is distinctive in 
terms of nationality or national origins; 
‘‘(6) the term ‘racial group’ means a set of indi-
viduals whose identity as such is distinctive in terms 
of physical characteristics or biological descent; 
‘‘(7) the term ‘religious group’ means a set of 
individuals whose identity as such is distinctive in 
terms of common religious creed, beliefs, doctrines, 
practices, or rituals; and 
‘‘(8) the term ‘substantial part’ means a part of 
a group of such numerical significance that the de-
struction or loss of that part would cause the de-
struction of the group as a viable entity within the 
nation of which such group is a part. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER D—TORTURE 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘1291. Torture. 
‘‘1292. Definitions. 
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‘‘§ 1291. Torture 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever outside the United States 
commits or attempts to commit torture shall be impris-
oned not more than 20 years and if death results to any 
person from conduct prohibited by this subsection, shall 
be punished by death or imprisoned for any term of years 
or for life. 
‘‘(b) JURISDICTION.—There is jurisdiction over the 
activity prohibited in subsection (a) if— 
‘‘(1) the alleged offender is a national of the 
United States; or 
‘‘(2) the alleged offender is present in the 
United States, irrespective of the nationality of the 
victim or alleged offender. 
‘‘(c) CONSPIRACY.—A person who conspires to com-
mit an offense under this section shall be subject to the 
same penalties (other than the penalty of death) as the 
penalties prescribed for the offense, the commission of 
which was the object of the conspiracy. 
‘‘§ 1292. Definitions 
‘‘As used in this subchapter— 
‘‘(1) the term ‘torture’ means an act committed 
by a person acting under the color of law specifically 
intended to inflict severe physical or mental pain or 
suffering (other than pain or suffering incidental to 
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lawful sanctions) upon another person within his 
custody or physical control; and 
‘‘(2) the term ‘severe mental pain or suffering’ 
means the prolonged mental harm caused by or re-
sulting from— 
‘‘(A) the intentional infliction or threat-
ened infliction of severe physical pain or suf-
fering; 
‘‘(B) the administration or application, or 
threatened administration or application, of 
mind-altering substances or other procedures 
calculated to disrupt profoundly the senses or 
the personality; 
‘‘(C) the threat of imminent death; or 
‘‘(D) the threat that another person will 
imminently be subjected to death, severe phys-
ical pain or suffering, or the administration or 
application of mind-altering substances or other 
procedures calculated to disrupt profoundly the 
senses or personality. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER E—WAR CRIMES 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘1296. War crimes. 
‘‘1297. Recruitment or use of child soldiers. 
‘‘§ 1296. War crimes 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever, whether inside or outside 
the United States, commits a war crime, in any of the 
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circumstances described in subsection (b), shall be impris-
oned for life or any term of years and if death results 
to the victim, shall also be subject to the penalty of death. 
‘‘(b) CIRCUMSTANCES.—The circumstances referred 
to in subsection (a) are that the person committing such 
war crime or the victim of such war crime is a member 
of the Armed Forces of the United States or a national 
of the United States (as defined in section 101 of the Im-
migration and Nationality Act). 
‘‘(c) DEFINITION.—As used in this section the term 
‘war crime’ means any conduct— 
‘‘(1) defined as a grave breach in any of the 
international conventions signed at Geneva 12 Au-
gust 1949, or any protocol to such convention to 
which the United States is a party; 
‘‘(2) prohibited by Article 23, 25, 27, or 28 of 
the Annex to the Hague Convention IV, Respecting 
the Laws and Customs of War on Land, signed 18 
October 1907; 
‘‘(3) which constitutes a grave breach of com-
mon Article 3 (as defined in subsection (d)) when 
committed in the context of and in association with 
an armed conflict not of an international character; 
or 
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‘‘(4) of a person who, in relation to an armed 
conflict and contrary to the Protocol on Prohibitions 
or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps 
and Other Devices as amended at Geneva on 3 May 
1996 (Protocol II as amended on 3 May 1996), 
when the United States is a party to such Protocol, 
knowingly kills or causes serious injury to civilians. 
‘‘(d) COMMON ARTICLE 3 VIOLATIONS.— 
‘‘(1) PROHIBITED
CONDUCT.—In subsection 
(c)(3), the term ‘grave breach of common Article 3’ 
means any conduct (such conduct constituting a 
grave breach of common Article 3 of the inter-
national conventions done at Geneva August 12, 
1949), as follows: 
‘‘(A) TORTURE.—The act of a person who 
commits an act specifically intended to inflict 
severe physical or mental pain or suffering 
(other than pain or suffering incidental to law-
ful sanctions) upon another person within his 
custody or physical control for the purpose of 
obtaining information or a confession, punish-
ment, intimidation, coercion, or any reason 
based on discrimination of any kind. 
‘‘(B) CRUEL OR INHUMAN TREATMENT.— 
The act of a person who commits an act in-
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tended to inflict severe or serious physical or 
mental pain or suffering (other than pain or 
suffering incidental to lawful sanctions), includ-
ing serious physical abuse, upon another within 
his custody or control. 
‘‘(C) PERFORMING
BIOLOGICAL
EXPERI-
MENTS.—The act of a person who subjects one 
or more persons within his custody or physical 
control to biological experiments without a le-
gitimate medical or dental purpose and in so 
doing endangers the body or health of such per-
son or persons. 
‘‘(D) MURDER.—The act of a person who 
intentionally kills or kills whether intentionally 
or unintentionally in the course of committing 
any other offense under this subsection, one or 
more persons taking no active part in the hos-
tilities, including those placed out of combat by 
sickness, wounds, detention, or any other cause. 
‘‘(E) MUTILATION OR MAIMING.—The act 
of a person who intentionally injures or injures 
whether intentionally or unintentionally in the 
course of committing any other offense under 
this subsection, one or more persons taking no 
active part in the hostilities, including those 
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placed out of combat by sickness, wounds, de-
tention, or any other cause, by disfiguring the 
person or persons by any mutilation thereof or 
by permanently disabling any member, limb, or 
organ of his body, without any legitimate med-
ical or dental purpose. 
‘‘(F) INTENTIONALLY
CAUSING
SERIOUS 
BODILY INJURY.—The act of a person who in-
tentionally causes serious bodily injury to one 
or more persons, including lawful combatants, 
in violation of the law of war. 
‘‘(G) RAPE.—The act of a person who 
forcibly or with coercion or threat of force 
wrongfully invades the body of a person by pen-
etrating, however slightly, the anal or genital 
opening of the victim with any part of the body 
of the accused, or with any foreign object. 
‘‘(H) SEXUAL ASSAULT OR ABUSE.—The 
act of a person who forcibly or with coercion or 
threat of force engages in sexual contact with 
one or more persons, or causes one or more per-
sons to engage in sexual contact. 
‘‘(I) TAKING
HOSTAGES.—The act of a 
person who, having knowingly seized or de-
tained one or more persons, threatens to kill, 
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injure, or continue to detain such person or per-
sons with the intent of compelling any nation, 
person other than the hostage, or group of per-
sons to act or refrain from acting as an explicit 
or implicit condition for the safety or release of 
such person or persons. 
‘‘(2) DEFINITIONS.—In the case of an offense 
under subsection (a) by reason of subsection 
(c)(3)— 
‘‘(A) the term ‘severe mental pain or suf-
fering’ shall be applied for purposes of para-
graphs (1)(A) and (1)(B) in accordance with 
the meaning given that term in section 1292(2); 
‘‘(B) the term ‘sexual contact’ shall be ap-
plied for purposes of paragraph (1)(G) in ac-
cordance with the meaning given that term in 
section 205(2); 
‘‘(C) the term ‘serious physical pain or suf-
fering’ shall be applied for purposes of para-
graph (1)(B) as meaning bodily injury that in-
volves— 
‘‘(i) a substantial risk of death; 
‘‘(ii) extreme physical pain; 
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‘‘(iii) a burn or physical disfigurement 
of a serious nature (other than cuts, abra-
sions, or bruises); or 
‘‘(iv) significant loss or impairment of 
the function of a bodily member, organ, or 
mental faculty; and 
‘‘(D) the term ‘serious mental pain or suf-
fering’ shall be applied for purposes of para-
graph (1)(B) in accordance with the meaning 
given the term ‘severe mental pain or suffering’ 
(as defined in section 1292(2)), except that— 
‘‘(i) the term ‘serious’ shall replace 
the term ‘severe’ where it appears; and 
‘‘(ii) as to conduct occurring after the 
date of the enactment of the Military Com-
missions Act of 2006, the term ‘serious 
and non-transitory mental harm (which 
need not be prolonged)’ shall replace the 
term ‘prolonged mental harm’ where it ap-
pears. 
‘‘(3) INAPPLICABILITY OF CERTAIN PROVISIONS 
WITH RESPECT TO COLLATERAL DAMAGE OR INCI-
DENT OF LAWFUL ATTACK.—The intent specified for 
the conduct stated in subparagraphs (D), (E), and 
(F) or paragraph (1) precludes the applicability of 
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those subparagraphs to an offense under subsection 
(a) by reasons of subsection (c)(3) with respect to— 
‘‘(A) collateral damage; or 
‘‘(B) death, damage, or injury incident to 
a lawful attack. 
‘‘(4) INAPPLICABILITY
OF
TAKING
HOSTAGES 
TO
PRISONER
EXCHANGE.—Paragraph (1)(I) does 
not apply to an offense under subsection (a) by rea-
son of subsection (c)(3) in the case of a prisoner ex-
change during wartime. 
‘‘(5) DEFINITION OF GRAVE BREACHES.—The 
definitions in this subsection are intended only to de-
fine the grave breaches of common Article 3 and not 
the full scope of United States obligations under 
that Article. 
‘‘§ 1297. Recruitment or use of child soldiers 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever knowingly— 
‘‘(1) recruits, enlists, or conscripts a person to 
serve while such person is under 15 years of age in 
an armed force or group; or 
‘‘(2) uses a person under 15 years of age to 
participate actively in hostilities; 
knowing such person is under 15 years of age, shall be 
punished as provided in subsection (b). 
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‘‘(b) PENALTY.—Whoever violates subsection (a) 
shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years, and, if death 
of any person results, shall be imprisoned for any term 
of years or for life. 
‘‘(c) EXTRATERRITORIAL JURISDICTION.—There is 
extraterritorial jurisdiction over an offense under this sec-
tion. 
‘‘(d) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 
‘‘(1) PARTICIPATE ACTIVELY IN HOSTILITIES.— 
The term ‘participate actively in hostilities’ means 
taking part in— 
‘‘(A) combat or military activities related 
to combat, including sabotage and serving as a 
decoy, a courier, or at a military checkpoint; or 
‘‘(B) direct support functions related to 
combat, including transporting supplies or pro-
viding other services. 
‘‘(2) ARMED
FORCE
OR
GROUP.—The term 
‘armed force or group’ means any army, militia, or 
other military organization, whether or not it is 
state-sponsored, excluding any group assembled sole-
ly for nonviolent political association. 
‘‘CHAPTER 33—TRANSPORTATION- 
RELATED CRIMES 
‘‘Subchapter 
‘‘A. Aircraft and motor vehicles 
‘‘B. Railroads 
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‘‘C. Seamen and stowaways 
‘‘D. Maritime-related crimes 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER A—AIRCRAFT AND MOTOR 
VEHICLES 
‘‘1301. Destruction of aircraft or aircraft facilities. 
‘‘1302. Destruction of motor vehicles or motor vehicle facilities. 
‘‘1303. Penalty when death results. 
‘‘1304. Imparting or conveying false information. 
‘‘1305. Violence at international airports. 
‘‘1306. Fraud involving aircraft or space vehicle parts in interstate or foreign 
commerce. 
‘‘1307. Aircraft piracy. 
‘‘1308. Interference with flight crew members and attendants. 
‘‘1309. Carrying a weapon or explosive on an aircraft. 
‘‘1310. Application of certain criminal laws to acts on aircraft. 
‘‘1311. Aiming a laser pointer at an aircraft. 
‘‘1312. Definitions. 
‘‘§ 1301. Destruction of aircraft or aircraft facilities 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Whoever knowingly without au-
thority— 
‘‘(1) sets fire to, damages, destroys, disables, or 
wrecks any aircraft in the special aircraft jurisdic-
tion of the United States or any civil aircraft used, 
operated, or employed in interstate, overseas, or for-
eign air commerce; 
‘‘(2) places or causes to be placed a destructive 
device or substance in, upon, or in proximity to, or 
otherwise makes or causes to be made unworkable or 
unusable or hazardous to work or use, any such air-
craft, or any part or other materials used or in-
tended to be used in connection with the operation 
of such aircraft, if such placing or causing to be 
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placed or such making or causing to be made is like-
ly to endanger the safety of any such aircraft; 
‘‘(3) sets fire to, damages, destroys, or disables 
any air navigation facility, or interferes by force or 
violence with the operation of such facility, if such 
fire, damaging, destroying, disabling, or interfering 
is likely to endanger the safety of any such aircraft 
in flight; 
‘‘(4) with the intent to damage, destroy, or dis-
able any such aircraft, sets fire to, damages, de-
stroys, or disables or places a destructive device or 
substance in, upon, or in proximity to, any appliance 
or structure, ramp, landing area, property, machine, 
or apparatus, or any facility or other material used, 
or intended to be used, in connection with the oper-
ation, maintenance, loading, unloading or storage of 
any such aircraft or any cargo carried or intended 
to be carried on any such aircraft; 
‘‘(5) interferes with or disables, with intent to 
endanger the safety of any person or with a reckless 
disregard for the safety of human life, anyone en-
gaged in the authorized operation of such aircraft or 
any air navigation facility aiding in the navigation of 
any such aircraft; 
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‘‘(6) performs an act of violence against or in-
capacitates any individual on any such aircraft, if 
such act of violence or incapacitation is likely to en-
danger the safety of such aircraft; or 
‘‘(7) communicates information, knowing the 
information to be false and under circumstances in 
which such information may reasonably be believed, 
thereby endangering the safety of any such aircraft 
in flight, 
shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years. 
‘‘(b) OTHER
CIVIL
AIRCRAFT.—Whoever know-
ingly— 
‘‘(1) performs an act of violence against any in-
dividual on board any civil aircraft registered in a 
country other than the United States while such air-
craft is in flight, if such act is likely to endanger the 
safety of that aircraft; 
‘‘(2) destroys a civil aircraft registered in a 
country other than the United States while such air-
craft is in service or causes damage to such an air-
craft which renders that aircraft incapable of flight 
or which is likely to endanger that aircraft’s safety 
in flight; or 
‘‘(3) places or causes to be placed on a civil air-
craft registered in a country other than the United 
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States while such aircraft is in service, a device or 
substance which is likely to destroy that aircraft, or 
to cause damage to that aircraft which renders that 
aircraft incapable of flight or which is likely to en-
danger that aircraft’s safety in flight, 
shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years. There is also 
extraterritorial jurisdiction over an offense under this sub-
section if a national of the United States was on board, 
or would have been on board, the aircraft; an offender is 
a national of the United States; or an offender is after-
wards found in the United States. 
‘‘(c) THREATS.—Whoever knowingly imparts or con-
veys any threat to do an act which would violate any of 
paragraphs (1) through (6) of subsection (a) or any of 
paragraphs (1) through (3) of subsection (b) of this sec-
tion, with an apparent determination and will to carry the 
threat into execution shall be imprisoned not more than 
five years. 
‘‘§ 1302. Destruction of motor vehicles or motor vehi-
cle facilities 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
‘‘(1) knowingly, with intent to endanger the 
safety of any person on board or anyone who he be-
lieves will board the same, or with a reckless dis-
regard for the safety of human life, damages, dis-
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ables, destroys, tampers with, or places or causes to 
be placed any explosive or other destructive sub-
stance in, upon, or in proximity to, any motor vehi-
cle which is used, operated, or employed in interstate 
or foreign commerce, or its cargo or material used 
or intended to be used in connection with its oper-
ation; 
‘‘(2) knowingly, with like intent, damages, dis-
ables, destroys; 
‘‘(3) sets fire to, tampers with, or places or 
causes to be placed any explosive or other destruc-
tive substance in, upon, or in proximity to any ga-
rage, terminal, structure, supply, or facility used in 
the operation of, or in support of the operation of, 
motor vehicles engaged in interstate or foreign com-
merce or otherwise makes or causes such property to 
be made unworkable, unusable, or hazardous to 
work or use; or 
‘‘(4) with like intent, knowingly disables or in-
capacitates any driver or person employed in connec-
tion with the operation or maintenance of the motor 
vehicle, or in any way lessens the ability of such per-
son to perform his duties as such; 
shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years. 
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‘‘(b) INCREASED PENALTY.—Whoever is convicted of 
a violation of subsection (a) involving a motor vehicle that, 
at the time the violation occurred, carried high-level radio-
active waste (as that term is defined in section 2(12) of 
the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982) or spent nuclear 
fuel (as that term is defined in section 2(23) of the Nu-
clear Waste Policy Act of 1982), shall be imprisoned for 
any term of years not less than 30, or for life. 
‘‘§ 1303. Penalty when death results 
‘‘Whoever is convicted of any crime prohibited by this 
subchapter, which has resulted in the death of any person, 
shall be subject also to the death penalty or to imprison-
ment for life. 
‘‘§ 1304. Imparting or conveying false information 
‘‘(a) CIVIL PENALTY.—Whoever imparts or conveys 
or causes to be imparted or conveyed false information, 
knowing the information to be false, concerning an at-
tempt or alleged attempt being made or to be made, to 
do any act which would be a crime prohibited by this sub-
chapter or subchapter B or D of this chapter shall be sub-
ject to a civil penalty of not more than $1,000 which shall 
be recoverable in a civil action brought in the name of 
the United States. 
‘‘(b) CRIMINAL OFFENSE.—Whoever knowingly, or 
with reckless disregard for the safety of human life, im-
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parts or conveys or causes to be imparted or conveyed 
false information, knowing the information to be false, 
concerning an attempt or alleged attempt being made or 
to be made, to do any act which would be a crime prohib-
ited by this subchapter or subchapter B or D of this chap-
ter shall be imprisoned not more than five years. 
‘‘§ 1305. Violence at international airports 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever unlawfully and knowingly, 
using any device, substance, or weapon— 
‘‘(1) performs an act of violence against a per-
son at an airport serving international civil aviation 
that causes or is likely to cause serious bodily injury 
or death; or 
‘‘(2) destroys or seriously damages the facilities 
of an airport serving international civil aviation or a 
civil aircraft not in service located thereon or dis-
rupts the services of the airport, 
shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years, and if the 
death of any person results from conduct prohibited by 
this subsection, shall be punished as provided in chapter 
10. 
‘‘(b) JURISDICTION.—There is jurisdiction over the 
prohibited activity in subsection (a) if— 
‘‘(1) the prohibited activity takes place in the 
United States; or 
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‘‘(2) the prohibited activity takes place outside 
the United States and— 
‘‘(A) the offender is later found in the 
United States; or 
‘‘(B) an offender or a victim is a national 
of the United States. 
‘‘(c) BAR TO PROSECUTION.—It is a bar to Federal 
prosecution under subsection (a) for conduct that occurred 
within the United States that the conduct involved was 
during or in relation to a labor dispute, and such conduct 
is prohibited as a felony under the law of the State in 
which it was committed. 
‘‘(d) DEFINITION.—As used in this section, the term 
‘labor dispute’ has the meaning set forth in section 13(c) 
of the Act of March 23, 1932 (47 Stat. 70) (commonly 
known as the Norris-LaGuardia Act). 
‘‘§ 1306. Fraud involving aircraft or space vehicle 
parts in interstate or foreign commerce 
‘‘(a) OFFENSES.—Whoever, in or affecting interstate 
or foreign commerce, knowingly and with the intent to de-
fraud— 
‘‘(1)(A) falsifies or conceals a material fact con-
cerning any aircraft or space vehicle part; 
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‘‘(B) makes any materially fraudulent represen-
tation concerning any aircraft or space vehicle part; 
or 
‘‘(C) makes or uses any materially false writing, 
entry, certification, document, record, data plate, 
label, or electronic communication concerning any 
aircraft or space vehicle part; or 
‘‘(2) exports from or imports or introduces into 
the United States, sells, trades, installs on or in any 
aircraft or space vehicle any aircraft or space vehicle 
part using or by means of a fraudulent representa-
tion, document, record, certification, depiction, data 
plate, label, or electronic communication; 
shall be punished as provided in subsection (b). 
‘‘(b) PENALTIES.—The punishment for an offense 
under subsection (a) is as follows: 
‘‘(1) AVIATION QUALITY.—If the offense relates 
to the aviation quality of a part and the part is in-
stalled in an aircraft or space vehicle, a fine of not 
more than $500,000, imprisonment for not more 
than 15 years, or both. 
‘‘(2) 
FAILURE
TO
OPERATE
AS
REP-
RESENTED.—If, by reason of the failure of the part 
to operate as represented, the part to which the of-
fense is related is the proximate cause of a malfunc-
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tion or failure that results in serious bodily injury, 
a fine of not more than $1,000,000, imprisonment 
for not more than 20 years, or both. 
‘‘(3) FAILURE RESULTING IN DEATH.—If, by 
reason of the failure of the part to operate as rep-
resented, the part to which the offense is related is 
the proximate cause of a malfunction or failure that 
results in the death of any person, a fine of not 
more than $1,000,000, imprisonment for any term 
of years or life, or both. 
‘‘(4) OTHER CIRCUMSTANCES.—In the case of 
an offense under subsection (a) not described in 
paragraph (1), (2), or (3) of this subsection, a fine 
under this title, imprisonment for not more than 10 
years, or both. 
‘‘(5) ORGANIZATIONS.—If the offense is com-
mitted by an organization, a fine of not more than— 
‘‘(A) $10,000,000 in the case of an offense 
described in paragraph (1) or (4); and 
‘‘(B) $20,000,000 in the case of an offense 
described in paragraph (2) or (3). 
‘‘(c) CIVIL REMEDIES.—The district courts of the 
United States shall have jurisdiction to prevent and re-
strain violations of this section by issuing appropriate or-
ders, including— 
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‘‘(1) ordering a person (convicted of an offense 
under this section) to divest any interest, direct or 
indirect, in any enterprise used to commit or facili-
tate the commission of the offense, or to destroy, or 
to mutilate and sell as scrap, aircraft material or 
part inventories or stocks; 
‘‘(2) imposing reasonable restrictions on the fu-
ture activities or investments of any such person, in-
cluding prohibiting engagement in the same type of 
endeavor as used to commit the offense; and 
‘‘(3) ordering the dissolution or reorganization 
of any enterprise knowingly used to commit or facili-
tate the commission of an offense under this section 
making due provisions for the rights and interests of 
innocent persons. 
‘‘(d) EXTRATERRITORIAL JURISDICTION.—There is 
extraterritorial jurisdiction over an offense under this sec-
tion. 
‘‘§ 1307. Aircraft piracy 
‘‘(a) IN SPECIAL AIRCRAFT JURISDICTION.—(1) For 
the purposes of this subsection— 
‘‘(A) the term ‘aircraft piracy’ means seizing or 
exercising control of an aircraft in the special air-
craft jurisdiction of the United States by force, vio-
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lence, threat of force or violence, or any form of in-
timidation, and with wrongful intent; and 
‘‘(B) an attempt to commit aircraft piracy is in 
the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States 
although the aircraft is not in flight at the time of 
the attempt if the aircraft would have been in the 
special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States had 
the aircraft piracy been completed. 
‘‘(2) Whoever commits aircraft piracy shall be impris-
oned for not less than 20 years. 
‘‘(b) OUTSIDE SPECIAL AIRCRAFT JURISDICTION.— 
(1) Whoever commits an offense (as defined in the Con-
vention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Air-
craft) on an aircraft in flight outside the special aircraft 
jurisdiction of the United States shall be imprisoned for 
at least 20 years. 
‘‘(2) There is extraterritorial jurisdiction over the of-
fense in paragraph (1) if— 
‘‘(A) a national of the United States was 
aboard the aircraft; 
‘‘(B) an offender is a national of the United 
States; or 
‘‘(C) an offender is afterwards found in the 
United States. 
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‘‘§ 1308. Interference with flight crew members and 
attendants 
‘‘An individual on an aircraft in the special aircraft 
jurisdiction of the United States who, by assaulting or in-
timidating a flight crew member or flight attendant of the 
aircraft, interferes with the performance of the duties of 
the member or attendant or lessens the ability of the mem-
ber or attendant to perform those duties, shall be impris-
oned for not more than 20 years. However, if a dangerous 
weapon is used in assaulting or intimidating the member 
or attendant, the individual shall be imprisoned for any 
term of years or for life. 
‘‘§ 1309. Carrying a weapon or explosive on an air-
craft 
‘‘(a) DEFINITION.—In this section, ‘loaded firearm’ 
means a starter gun or a weapon designed or converted 
to expel a projectile through an explosive, that has a car-
tridge, a detonator, or powder in the chamber, magazine, 
cylinder, or clip. 
‘‘(b) GENERAL CRIMINAL PENALTY.—An individual 
shall be imprisoned for not more than 10 years if the indi-
vidual— 
‘‘(1) when on, or attempting to get on, an air-
craft in, or intended for operation in, air transpor-
tation or intrastate air transportation, has on or 
about the individual or the property of the individual 
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a concealed dangerous weapon that is or would be 
accessible to the individual in flight; 
‘‘(2) has placed, attempted to place, or at-
tempted to have placed a loaded firearm on that air-
craft in property not accessible to passengers in 
flight; or 
‘‘(3) has on or about the individual, or has 
placed, attempted to place, or attempted to have 
placed on that aircraft, an explosive or incendiary 
device. 
‘‘(c) CRIMINAL PENALTY INVOLVING DISREGARD 
FOR HUMAN LIFE.—An individual who willfully and with-
out regard for the safety of human life, or with reckless 
disregard for the safety of human life, violates subsection 
(b) of this section, shall be imprisoned for not more than 
20 years, and, if death results to any person, shall be im-
prisoned for any term of years or for life. 
‘‘(d) NONAPPLICATION.—Subsection (b)(1) of this 
section does not apply to— 
‘‘(1) a law enforcement officer of a State or po-
litical subdivision of a State, or an officer or em-
ployee of the United States Government, authorized 
to carry arms in an official capacity; 
‘‘(2) another individual the Administrator of 
the Federal Aviation Administration or the Under 
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Secretary of Transportation for Security by regula-
tion authorizes to carry a dangerous weapon in air 
transportation or intrastate air transportation; or 
‘‘(3) an individual transporting a weapon (ex-
cept a loaded firearm) in baggage not accessible to 
a passenger in flight if the air carrier was informed 
of the presence of the weapon. 
‘‘§ 1310. Application of certain criminal laws to acts 
on aircraft 
‘‘An individual on an aircraft in the special aircraft 
jurisdiction of the United States who commits an act 
that— 
‘‘(1) if committed in the special maritime and 
territorial jurisdiction of the United States would 
violate section 102, 111, 121, 141, 649, 650, or sub-
chapter A of chapter 13, shall be imprisoned under 
that section or chapter; or 
‘‘(2) if committed in the District of Columbia 
would violate section 9 of the Act of July 29, 1892 
(D.C. Code Sec. 22–1112), shall be imprisoned 
under section 9 of the Act. 
‘‘§ 1311. Aiming a laser pointer at an aircraft 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever knowingly aims the beam 
of a laser pointer at an aircraft in the special aircraft ju-
risdiction of the United States, or at the flight path of 
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such an aircraft, shall be fined under this title or impris-
oned not more than 5 years, or both. 
‘‘(b) LASER POINTER DEFINED.—As used in this 
section, the term ‘laser pointer’ means any device designed 
or used to amplify electromagnetic radiation by stimulated 
emission that emits a beam designed to be used by the 
operator as a pointer or highlighter to indicate, mark, or 
identify a specific position, place, item, or object. 
‘‘(c) EXCEPTIONS.—This section does not prohibit 
aiming a beam of a laser pointer at an aircraft, or the 
flight path of such an aircraft, by— 
‘‘(1) an authorized individual in the conduct of 
research and development or flight test operations 
conducted by an aircraft manufacturer, the Federal 
Aviation Administration, or any other person author-
ized by the Federal Aviation Administration to con-
duct such research and development or flight test 
operations; 
‘‘(2) members or elements of the Department of 
Defense or Department of Homeland Security acting 
in an official capacity for the purpose of research, 
development, operations, testing, or training; or 
‘‘(3) by an individual using a laser emergency 
signaling device to send an emergency distress sig-
nal. 
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‘‘(d) AUTHORITY TO ESTABLISH ADDITIONAL EX-
CEPTIONS BY REGULATION.—The Attorney General, in 
consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, may 
provide by regulation, after public notice and comment, 
such additional exceptions to this section as may be nec-
essary and appropriate. The Attorney General shall pro-
vide written notification of any proposed regulations under 
this section to the Committees on the Judiciary of the Sen-
ate and the House of Representatives, the Committee on 
Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, 
and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure 
of the House of Representatives, not less than 90 days 
before such regulations become final. 
‘‘§ 1312. Definitions 
‘‘(a) DEFINITIONS.—As used in sections 1301 
through 1306, the following definitions apply: 
‘‘(1) AIRCRAFT.—The term ‘aircraft’ means a 
civil, military, or public contrivance invented, used, 
or designed to navigate, fly, or travel in the air. 
‘‘(2) AVIATION QUALITY.—The term ‘aviation 
quality’, with respect to a part of an aircraft or 
space vehicle, means the quality of having been man-
ufactured, constructed, produced, maintained, re-
paired, overhauled, rebuilt, reconditioned, or restored 
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in conformity with applicable standards specified by 
law (including applicable regulations). 
‘‘(3) DESTRUCTIVE
SUBSTANCE.—The term 
‘destructive substance’ means an explosive sub-
stance, flammable material, infernal machine, or 
other chemical, mechanical, or radioactive device or 
matter of a combustible, contaminative, corrosive, or 
explosive nature. 
‘‘(4) IN FLIGHT.—The term ‘in flight’ means— 
‘‘(A) any time from the moment at which 
all the external doors of an aircraft are closed 
following embarkation until the moment when 
any such door is opened for disembarkation; 
and 
‘‘(B) in the case of a forced landing, until 
competent authorities take over the responsi-
bility for the aircraft and the persons and prop-
erty on board. 
‘‘(5) IN
SERVICE.—The term ‘in service’ 
means— 
‘‘(A) any time from the beginning of pre-
flight preparation of an aircraft by ground per-
sonnel or by the crew for a specific flight until 
24 hours after any landing; and 
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‘‘(B) in any event includes the entire pe-
riod during which the aircraft is in flight. 
‘‘(6) MOTOR VEHICLE.—The term ‘motor vehi-
cle’ means every description of carriage or other con-
trivance propelled or drawn by mechanical power 
and used for commercial purposes on the highways 
in the transportation of passengers, passengers and 
property, or property or cargo. 
‘‘(7) PART.—The term ‘part’ means a frame, 
assembly, component, appliance, engine, propeller, 
material, part, spare part, piece, section, or related 
integral or auxiliary equipment. 
‘‘(8) SPACE VEHICLE.—The term ‘space vehicle’ 
means a man-made device, either manned or un-
manned, designed for operation beyond the Earth’s 
atmosphere. 
‘‘(9) USED FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES.—The 
term ‘used for commercial purposes’ means the car-
riage of persons or property for any fare, fee, rate, 
charge or other consideration, or directly or indi-
rectly in connection with any business, or other un-
dertaking intended for profit. 
‘‘(b) TERMS DEFINED IN OTHER LAW.—In this sub-
chapter, the terms ‘aircraft engine’, ‘air navigation facil-
ity’, ‘appliance’, ‘civil aircraft’, ‘foreign air commerce’, 
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‘interstate air commerce’, ‘landing area’, ‘overseas air 
commerce’, ‘propeller’, ‘spare part’, and ‘special aircraft 
jurisdiction of the United States’ have the meanings given 
those terms in sections 40102(a) and 46501 of title 49. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER B—RAILROADS 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘1331. Terrorist attacks and other violence against railroad carriers and against 
mass transportation systems on land, on water, or through the 
air. 
‘‘§ 1331. Terrorist attacks and other violence against 
railroad carriers and against mass trans-
portation systems on land, on water, or 
through the air 
‘‘(a) GENERAL PROHIBITIONS.—Whoever, as made 
applicable by subsection (c), knowingly and without lawful 
authority— 
‘‘(1) wrecks, derails, sets fire to, or disables 
railroad on-track equipment or a mass transpor-
tation vehicle; 
‘‘(2) places any biological agent or toxin, de-
structive substance, or destructive device in, upon, 
or near railroad on-track equipment or a mass 
transportation vehicle with intent to endanger the 
safety of any person, or with a reckless disregard for 
the safety of human life; 
‘‘(3) places or releases a hazardous material or 
a biological agent or toxin on or near any property 
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described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph 
(4), with intent to endanger the safety of any per-
son, or with reckless disregard for the safety of 
human life; 
‘‘(4) sets fire to, undermines, makes unwork-
able, unusable, or hazardous to work on or use, or 
places any biological agent or toxin, destructive sub-
stance, or destructive device in, upon, or near any— 
‘‘(A) tunnel, bridge, viaduct, trestle, track, 
electromagnetic guideway, signal, station, depot, 
warehouse, terminal, or any other way, struc-
ture, property, or appurtenance used in the op-
eration of, or in support of the operation of, a 
railroad carrier, and with intent to, or knowing 
or having reason to know such activity would 
likely, derail, disable, or wreck railroad on-track 
equipment; or 
‘‘(B) garage, terminal, structure, track, 
electromagnetic guideway, supply, or facility 
used in the operation of, or in support of the 
operation of, a mass transportation vehicle, and 
with intent to, or knowing or having reason to 
know, such activity would likely, derail, disable, 
or wreck a mass transportation vehicle used, 
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operated, or employed by a mass transportation 
provider; 
‘‘(5) removes an appurtenance from, damages, 
or otherwise impairs the operation of a railroad sig-
nal system or mass transportation signal or dis-
patching system, including a train control system, 
centralized dispatching system, or highway-railroad 
grade crossing warning signal; 
‘‘(6) with intent to endanger the safety of any 
person, or with a reckless disregard for the safety of 
human life, interferes with, disables, or incapacitates 
any dispatcher, driver, captain, locomotive engineer, 
railroad conductor, or other person while the person 
is employed in dispatching, operating, controlling, or 
maintaining railroad on-track equipment or a mass 
transportation vehicle; 
‘‘(7) commits an act, including the use of a 
dangerous weapon, with the intent to cause death or 
serious bodily injury to any person who is on prop-
erty described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of para-
graph (4); 
‘‘(8) surveils, photographs, videotapes, dia-
grams, or otherwise collects information with the in-
tent to plan or assist in planning any of the acts de-
scribed in paragraphs (1) through (6); 
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‘‘(9) conveys false information, knowing the in-
formation to be false, concerning an attempt or al-
leged attempt to engage in a violation of this sub-
section; or 
‘‘(10) threatens to engage in any violation of 
any of paragraphs (1) through (9); 
shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years, and if the 
offense results in the death of any person, shall be impris-
oned for any term of years or for life, or be subject to 
the penalty of death, except in the case of a violation of 
paragraph (8), (9), or (10). 
‘‘(b) AGGRAVATED OFFENSE.—Whoever commits an 
offense under subsection (a) of this section in a cir-
cumstance in which— 
‘‘(1) the railroad on-track equipment or mass 
transportation vehicle was carrying a passenger or 
employee at the time of the offense; 
‘‘(2) the railroad on-track equipment or mass 
transportation vehicle was carrying high-level radio-
active waste or spent nuclear fuel at the time of the 
offense; or 
‘‘(3) the offense was committed with the intent 
to endanger the safety of any person, or with a reck-
less disregard for the safety of any person, and the 
railroad on-track equipment or mass transportation 
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vehicle was carrying a hazardous material at the 
time of the offense that— 
‘‘(A) was required to be placarded under 
subpart F of part 172 of title 49, Code of Fed-
eral Regulations; and 
‘‘(B) is identified as class number 3, 4, 5, 
6.1, or 8 and packing group I or packing group 
II, or class number 1, 2, or 7 under the haz-
ardous materials table of section 172.101 of 
title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, 
shall be imprisoned for any term of years or life, and if 
the offense resulted in the death of any person, the person 
may be sentenced to death. 
‘‘(c) APPLICABILITY.—Subsection (a) applies if any 
of the following are true: 
‘‘(1) Any of the conduct required for the offense 
is, or, in the case of an attempt, threat, or con-
spiracy to engage in conduct, the conduct required 
for the completed offense would be, engaged in, on, 
against, or affecting a mass transportation provider, 
or a railroad carrier engaged in interstate or foreign 
commerce. 
‘‘(2) Any person travels or communicates across 
a State line in order to commit the offense, or trans-
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ports materials across a State line in aid of the com-
mission of the offense. 
‘‘(d) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
‘‘(1) the term ‘biological agent’ has the meaning 
given to that term in section 627(1); 
‘‘(2) the term ‘dangerous weapon’ means a 
weapon, device, instrument, material, or substance, 
animate or inanimate, that is used for, or is readily 
capable of, causing death or serious bodily injury, in-
cluding a pocket knife with a blade of less than 21⁄2 
inches in length and a box cutter; 
‘‘(3) the term ‘destructive device’ has the mean-
ing given to that term in section 581(2); 
‘‘(4) the term ‘destructive substance’ means an 
explosive substance, flammable material, infernal 
machine, or other chemical, mechanical, or radio-
active device or material, or matter of a combustible, 
contaminative, corrosive, or explosive nature, except 
that the term ‘radioactive device’ does not include 
any radioactive device or material used solely for 
medical, industrial, research, or other peaceful pur-
poses; 
‘‘(5) the term ‘hazardous material’ has the 
meaning given to that term in chapter 51 of title 49; 
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‘‘(6) the term ‘high-level radioactive waste’ has 
the meaning given to that term in section 2(12) of 
the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982; 
‘‘(7) the term ‘mass transportation’ has the 
meaning given to that term in section 5302(a)(7) of 
title 49, except that the term includes intercity bus 
transportation, school bus, charter, and sightseeing 
transportation and passenger vessel as that term is 
defined in section 2101(22) of title 46; 
‘‘(8) the term ‘on-track equipment’ means a 
carriage or other contrivance that runs on rails or 
electromagnetic guideways; 
‘‘(9) the term ‘railroad on-track equipment’ 
means a train, locomotive, tender, motor unit, 
freight or passenger car, or other on-track equip-
ment used, operated, or employed by a railroad car-
rier; 
‘‘(10) the term ‘railroad’ has the meaning given 
to that term in chapter 201 of title 49; 
‘‘(11) the term ‘railroad carrier’ has the mean-
ing given to that term in chapter 201 of title 49; 
‘‘(12) the term ‘spent nuclear fuel’ has the 
meaning given to that term in section 2(23) of the 
Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982; 
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‘‘(13) the term ‘toxin’ has the meaning given to 
that term in section 627(2); and 
‘‘(14) the term ‘vehicle’ means any carriage or 
other contrivance used, or capable of being used, as 
a means of transportation on land, on water, or 
through the air. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER C—SEAMEN AND STOWAWAYS 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘1341. Drunkenness or neglect of duty by seamen. 
‘‘1342. Misuse of Federal certificate, license, or document. 
‘‘1343. Stowaways on vessels or aircraft. 
‘‘§ 1341. Drunkenness or neglect of duty by seamen 
‘‘Whoever, being a master, officer, radio operator, 
seaman, apprentice or other person employed on any mer-
chant vessel, by willful breach of duty, or by reason of 
drunkenness, does any act tending to the immediate loss 
or destruction of, or serious damage to, such vessel, or 
tending immediately to endanger the life or limb of any 
person belonging to or on board of such vessel; or, by 
knowing breach of duty or by neglect of duty or by reason 
of drunkenness, refuses or omits to do any lawful act prop-
er and requisite to be done by him for preserving such 
vessel from immediate loss, destruction, or serious dam-
age, or for preserving any person belonging to or on board 
of such ship from immediate danger to life or limb, shall 
be imprisoned not more than one year. 
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‘‘§ 1342. Misuse of Federal certificate, license, or doc-
ument 
‘‘Whoever— 
‘‘(1) not being lawfully entitled thereto, uses, 
exhibits, or attempts to use or exhibit, or, with in-
tent unlawfully to use the same, receives or pos-
sesses any certificate, license, or document issued to 
vessels, or officers or seamen by any officer or em-
ployee of the United States authorized by law to 
issue the same; 
‘‘(2) without authority, alters or attempts to 
alter any such certificate, license, or document by 
addition, interpolation, deletion, or erasure; 
‘‘(3) forges, counterfeits, or steals, or attempts 
to forge, counterfeit, or steal, any such certificate, li-
cense, or document; or unlawfully possesses or know-
ingly uses any such altered, changed, forged, coun-
terfeit, or stolen certificate, license, or document; 
‘‘(4) without authority, prints or manufactures 
any blank form of such certificate, license, or docu-
ment; 
‘‘(5) possesses without lawful excuse, and with 
intent unlawfully to use the same, any blank form 
of such certificate, license, or document; or 
‘‘(6) in any manner, transfers or negotiates 
such transfer of, any blank form of such certificate, 
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license, or document, or any such altered, forged, 
counterfeit, or stolen certificate, license, or docu-
ment, or any such certificate, license, or document 
to which the party transferring or receiving the same 
is not lawfully entitled; 
shall be imprisoned not more than five years. 
‘‘§ 1343. Stowaways on vessels or aircraft 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
‘‘(1) without the consent of the owner, 
charterer, master, or person in command of any ves-
sel, or aircraft, with intent to obtain transportation, 
boards, enters or secretes himself aboard such vessel 
or aircraft and is thereon at the time of departure 
of said vessel or aircraft from a port, harbor, wharf, 
airport or other place within the jurisdiction of the 
United States; 
‘‘(2) with like intent, having boarded, entered 
or secreted himself aboard a vessel or aircraft at any 
place within or without the jurisdiction of the United 
States, remains aboard after the vessel or aircraft 
has left such place and is thereon at any place with-
in the jurisdiction of the United States; or 
‘‘(3) with intent to obtain a ride or transpor-
tation, boards or enters any aircraft owned or oper-
ated by the United States without the consent of the 
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person in command or other duly authorized officer 
or agent; 
shall be punished as provided in subsection (b). 
‘‘(b) PUNISHMENT.—The punishment for an offense 
under subsection (a) is imprisonment for not more than 
5 years, but— 
‘‘(1) if the person commits an offense under 
this section, with the intent to commit serious bodily 
injury, and serious bodily injury occurs to any per-
son other than a participant as a result of the of-
fense shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years; 
and 
‘‘(2) if an individual commits an offense under 
this section, with the intent to cause death, and if 
the death of any person other than a participant oc-
curs as a result of the offense shall be imprisoned 
for any number of years or for life. 
‘‘(c) DEFINITION.—As used in this section the term 
‘aircraft’ includes any contrivance for navigation or flight 
in the air. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER D—SHIPPING 
‘‘1345. Violence against maritime navigation. 
‘‘1346. Devices or dangerous substances in waters of the United States likely 
to destroy or damage Ships or to interfere with maritime com-
merce. 
‘‘1347. Violence against aids to maritime navigation. 
‘‘1348. Transportation of explosive, biological, chemical, or radioactive or nu-
clear materials. 
‘‘1349. Transportation of terrorists. 
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‘‘1350. Operation of submersible vessel or semi-submersible vessel without na-
tionality. 
‘‘§ 1345. Violence against maritime navigation 
‘‘(a) OFFENSES.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—A person who unlawfully 
and intentionally— 
‘‘(A) seizes or exercises control over a ship 
by force or threat thereof or any other form of 
intimidation; 
‘‘(B) performs an act of violence against a 
person on board a ship if that act is likely to 
endanger the safe navigation of that ship; 
‘‘(C) destroys a ship or causes damage to 
a ship or to its cargo which is likely to endan-
ger the safe navigation of that ship; 
‘‘(D) places or causes to be placed on a 
ship, by any means whatsoever, a device or sub-
stance which is likely to destroy that ship, or 
cause damage to that ship or its cargo which 
endangers or is likely to endanger the safe navi-
gation of that ship; 
‘‘(E) destroys or seriously damages mari-
time navigational facilities or seriously inter-
feres with their operation, if such act is likely 
to endanger the safe navigation of a ship; 
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‘‘(F) communicates information, knowing 
the information to be false and under cir-
cumstances in which such information may rea-
sonably be believed, thereby endangering the 
safe navigation of a ship; or 
‘‘(G) injures or kills any person in connec-
tion with the commission or the attempted com-
mission of any of the offenses set forth in sub-
paragraphs (A) through (F), 
shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years; and if 
the death of any person results from conduct prohib-
ited by this paragraph, shall be punished by death 
or imprisoned for any term of years or for life. 
‘‘(2) THREAT TO NAVIGATION.—A person who 
threatens to do any act prohibited under paragraph 
(1)(B), (C) or (E), with apparent determination and 
will to carry the threat into execution, if the threat-
ened act is likely to endanger the safe navigation of 
the ship in question, shall be imprisoned not more 
than 5 years. 
‘‘(b) JURISDICTION.—There is jurisdiction over the 
activity prohibited in subsection (a)— 
‘‘(1) in the case of a covered ship, if— 
‘‘(A) such activity is committed— 
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‘‘(i) against or on board a ship flying 
the flag of the United States at the time 
the prohibited activity is committed; 
‘‘(ii) in the United States; or 
‘‘(iii) by a national of the United 
States or by a stateless person whose ha-
bitual residence is in the United States; 
‘‘(B) during the commission of such activ-
ity, a national of the United States is seized, 
threatened, injured or killed; or 
‘‘(C) the offender is later found in the 
United States after such activity is committed; 
‘‘(2) in the case of a ship navigating or sched-
uled to navigate solely within the territorial sea or 
internal waters of a country other than the United 
States, if the offender is later found in the United 
States after such activity is committed; and 
‘‘(3) in the case of any vessel, if such activity 
is committed in an attempt to compel the United 
States to do or abstain from doing any act. 
‘‘(c) BAR TO PROSECUTION.—It is a bar to Federal 
prosecution under subsection (a) for conduct that occurred 
within the United States that the conduct involved was 
during or in relation to a labor dispute, and such conduct 
is prohibited as a felony under the law of the State in 
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which it was committed. For purposes of this section, the 
term ‘labor dispute’ has the meaning set forth in section 
13(c) of the Act of March 23, 1932 (47 Stat. 70) (com-
monly known as the Norris-LaGuardia Act). 
‘‘(d) DELIVERY OF SUSPECTED OFFENDER.—The 
master of a covered ship flying the flag of the United 
States who has reasonable grounds to believe that there 
is on board that ship any person who has committed an 
offense under Article 3 of the Convention for the Suppres-
sion of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime 
Navigation may deliver such person to the authorities of 
a State Party to that Convention. Before delivering such 
person to the authorities of another country, the master 
shall notify in an appropriate manner the Attorney Gen-
eral of the United States of the alleged offense and await 
instructions from the Attorney General as to what action 
to take. When delivering the person to a country which 
is a State Party to the Convention, the master shall, when-
ever practicable, and if possible before entering the terri-
torial sea of such country, notify the authorities of such 
country of the master’s intention to deliver such person 
and the reasons therefor. If the master delivers such per-
son, the master shall furnish to the authorities of such 
country the evidence in the master’s possession that per-
tains to the alleged offense. 
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‘‘(e) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
‘‘(1) the term ‘covered ship’ means a ship that 
is navigating or is scheduled to navigate into, 
through or from waters beyond the outer limit of the 
territorial sea of a single country or a lateral limit 
of that country’s territorial sea with an adjacent 
country; 
‘‘(2) the term ‘territorial sea of the United 
States’ means all waters extending seaward to 12 
nautical miles from the baselines of the United 
States determined in accordance with international 
law; and 
‘‘(3) the term ‘ship’ means a vessel of any type 
whatsoever not permanently attached to the sea-bed, 
including dynamically supported craft, submersibles 
or any other floating craft, but does not include a 
warship, a ship owned or operated by a government 
when being used as a naval auxiliary or for customs 
or police purposes, or a ship which has been with-
drawn from navigation or laid up. 
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‘‘§ 1346. Devices or dangerous substances in waters of 
the United States likely to destroy or 
damage ships or to interfere with mari-
time commerce 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever knowingly places in navi-
gable waters of the United States a device or dangerous 
substance which is likely— 
‘‘(1) to destroy or cause damage to a vessel or 
its cargo; 
‘‘(2) to cause interference with the safe naviga-
tion of vessels, or interference with maritime com-
merce (such as by damaging or destroying marine 
terminals, facilities, or any other marine structure or 
entity used in maritime commerce); 
with the intent of causing such destruction or damage, in-
terference with the safe navigation of vessels, or inter-
ference with maritime commerce shall be imprisoned for 
any term of years or for life. 
‘‘(b) SPECIAL RULE FOR OFFENSE RESULTING IN 
DEATH.—Whoever causes the death of any person by en-
gaging in conduct prohibited under subsection (a) may be 
punished by death. 
‘‘(c) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this sec-
tion shall be construed to apply to otherwise lawfully au-
thorized and conducted activities of the United States 
Government. 
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‘‘(d) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
‘‘(1) the term ‘dangerous substance’ means any 
solid, liquid, or gaseous material that has the capac-
ity to cause damage to a vessel or its cargo, or cause 
interference with the safe navigation of a vessel; and 
‘‘(2) the term ‘device’ means any object that, 
because of its physical, mechanical, structural, or 
chemical properties, has the capacity to cause dam-
age to a vessel or its cargo, or cause interference 
with the safe navigation of a vessel. 
‘‘§ 1347. Violence against aids to maritime navigation 
‘‘Whoever intentionally destroys, seriously damages, 
alters, moves, or tampers with any aid to maritime naviga-
tion maintained by the Saint Lawrence Seaway Develop-
ment Corporation under the authority of section 4 of the 
Act of May 13, 1954 (68 Stat. 92), by the Coast Guard 
pursuant to section 81 of title 14, or lawfully maintained 
under authority granted by the Coast Guard pursuant to 
section 83 of title 14, if such act endangers or is likely 
to endanger the safe navigation of a ship, shall imprisoned 
for not more than 20 years. 
‘‘§ 1348. Transportation of explosive, biological, chem-
ical, or radioactive or nuclear materials 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Whoever knowingly transports 
aboard any vessel within the United States and on waters 
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‘‘(14) any felony violation of sections 582 and 
584; 
‘‘(15) any violation of section 5861 of the Inter-
nal Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to firearms); 
‘‘(16) a felony violation of section 311 (relating 
to false statements in passport applications), section 
314 (relating to fraud and misuse of visas, permits, 
and other documents), section 318 (relating to 
bringing in and harboring certain aliens), section 
321 (relating to reentry of removed alien), section 
783 (relating to production of false identification 
documents), or section 784 (relating to aggravated 
identity theft) of this title or a violation of section 
278 of the Immigration and Nationality Act; 
‘‘(17) any criminal violation of section 631 (re-
lating to chemical weapons); or sections 271, 273, 
274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, or 281 (relating 
to terrorism); 
‘‘(18) any violation of section 657 (relating to 
theft of medical products); 
‘‘(19) any criminal violation of section 1 (relat-
ing to illegal restraints of trade or commerce), 2 (re-
lating to illegal monopolizing of trade or commerce), 
or 3 (relating to illegal restraints of trade or com-
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