2414 pretty thoroughly in accord in their en. dorsement of the plan for a National Science Foundation as set forth in the measure before us. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Illinois has expired. Mr. WOLVERTON. Mr. Chairman, I yield 3 minutes to the gentleman from Pennsylvania (Mr. HucH D. Scort, JR.]. Mr. HUGH D. SCOTT, JR. Mr. Chair- man, I have been asked how I can pos- sibly be for this bill which contains no limitation as to the expense involved with relation to the scholarship program. My answer is that I do not like the ab- sence of any limitation, but I have every confidence in the Appropriations Com- mittee. I wish it were not necessary for us to be relegated to that solution of the particular problem; however, I know of no other way by which this particular measure can be handled. I am moved, as the gentleman from Iowa [Mr. Do.uiver] was, by the evi- dence before the committee to the effect that there are no funds available from private industry to accomplish this pur- pose, that there are no funds which will permit the development of research in the basic sciences from private industry. I know that among organizations favor- ing this bill are the Disabled American Veterans, the American Federation of Labor, the Congress of Industrial Organ- izations, and the National Association of Manufacturers, chairman of the commit- tee on patents. I am sure if it were felt by the manufacturers, for example, that funds for this purpose were available from industry they would have come to the committee and said so. I am moved also by consideration of the provisions in the bill providing for a Medical Research Council. I am aware of the fact that the isolation of the virus of the common cold, for example, has not yet been acomplished, the prevention of which colds would save millions of man- hours of productivity that, even more ur- gently, the cause and the cure of cancer has not yet been discovered, that the treatment of or even the method of on- set and the pathological course of un- known ailments of the human race which may develop in the atomic age are far beyond the hmited means of a tax-ridden and tax-burdened economy. For these reasons I may quarrel with mysclf on possible inconsistencies as re- gards the cost, but I am obliged, and re- luctantly, to come to the conclusion that the bill ought to be supported, and I am going to support it. I cannot reconcile any other course with my conscience. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Pennsylvania has ex- pired. Mr. WOLVERTON. Mr. Chairman, I yield 20 minutes to the gentleman from New York (Mr. WapswortH]. Mr. CHURCH. Mr. Chairman, I make the point of order a quorum is not present. The CHAIRMAN. The Chair will count. [After counting.] One hundred twenty-one Members are present, a quo- rum. Mr. WADSWORTH. Mr. Chairman, we are confronted here today with a fundamentally important issue. I am CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE painfully aware of the fact that I am not competent to discuss all of the details of this proposal]. I am concerned about one or two aspects of it; deeply concerned. Mr. Chairman, this is but one of a se- ries of measures that is coming before the Congress which, if enacted, will increase the future financial commitments of the Government of the United States, this in spite of the fact that the Treasury is faced with a $5,000,000,000 deficit for the fiscal year in which we are living; and in all probability a deficit of equal size will show up in the next fiscal year. We may say that this does not cost much, or that does not cost much, or that some other thing does not cost much, but every time we pass a bill of this sort we add to the national debt. I listened with deep interest, indeed, to the observations made by some of the gentlemen supporting this bill who admit that our tax system has reached the point now where people cannot save enough money to endow efforts of this kind, and that therefore we must spend the money out of the Federal Treasury, which means of course, that eventually we must in- crease the tax burden. I leave that thought in your minds, having to do not only with this bill but several others that are on what might be termed the “con- veyor belt,” against which I have pro- tested several times in the past. What- ever is the cost of this bill, we have not the money in the Treasury, whether it be $15,000,000 or $25,000,000; and I never knew any of these undertakings to stay within the limits estimated at the time they were authorized. Almost invariably they grow and grow just as bureaucracy always grows if you give it a chance. This measure itself goes far beyond the objective emphasized by its supporters. You only have to read it to understand where it goes. The emphasis is placed by its supporters on subsidies, and that is what it means, subsidies or grants to en- courage and support basic research. But, the bill does not stop with basic research. It goes into any kind of scien- tific research. I could call your atten- tion to some of the provisions which make that statement of mine perfectly clear. On page 2, line 15, we read: After consultation with the Secretary of Defense— Whatever “consultation” means, I do not know; it may be over the telephone— After consultation with the Secretary of Defense, to initiate and support scientific re- search in connection with matters relating to the national defense— The word “basic’’ is left out, although it is used in the preceding paragraph. If we turn over to another provision on page 12, we find language that— the Foundation is authorized— And that is a rather extraordinary proposa]l— to enter into contracts— That means the payment of money in return for services— or other arrangements, or modifications thereof, for the carrying on, by organizations or individuals in the United States and foreign countries, including other Govern- ment agencies of the United Btates and of FEBRUARY 27 foreign countries, of such basic scientific research activities and such scientific re- search activities in connection with matters relating to the national defense. They do not have to stop with basic research, they can go on with any kind of research. There it is in black and white. I may call your attention to the fact that these contracts or other arrange- ments which can be made with foreign citizens, citizens of other countries, as well as with foreign governments, with respect to the national defense, may be entered into “without legal considera- tion, without performance or other bond, and without regard to section 3709 of the revised statutes.” My recollection is, and my best information is that section 3709 of the Revised Statutes is that law which provides a contract shall be let in accordance with competitive bidding. In other words, the lid is off. We might just as well understand it. My position on this thing perhaps would not be so intense if literally this were confined solely to basic research and would not increase the future com- mitments of the United States Treasury. I think I am not violating a confidence when I say that I asked not only Dr. Vannevar Bush but others, and in cor- respondence with the Director of the Budget I asked, ‘‘Would it not be possi- ble to promote this legislation or so amend it that it would not, if passed, add to the financial burden of the Treas- ury?” I have to say that I have re- ceived no encouragement. Let us see what we are spending now and how much the passage of this bill will alter the picture. We are talking now of national defense. The Army had available funds for the fiscal year end- ing June 30, 1949, which is the last fiscal year, and I assume about the same sums are authorized for this year, of $51,000,- 000 to spend in departmental laborator- jes for scientific research. The Navy was to spend $60,000,000—I am giving the round figures—in departmental lab- oratories, and the Air Force $52,000,000, in departmental laboratories. Then when you get into other govern- mental laboratories where the three armed services are authorized to make contracts and expend money, the Army is to spend $6,000,000, the Navy $6,200,- 000, and the Air Force $2,700,000. The work of those departmental Jab- oratories is costing $163,000,000 per year, and in the other governmental labora- tories $15,000,000 a year. Then when we go into the industrial fleld, the laboratories maintained by in- dustries with which the Army, Navy, and Air Force make contracts, we find the Army is spending $34,800,000, the Navy $138,700,000, and the Air Force $132,600, 000—a total of $306,000,000. Then when we get to the contracts they are making and the money they are spending in university laboratories and nonprofit institutions, we find that the three forces—I shall not read the amount for each service—are spending | $59,000,000 a year. The total being spent by the three armed forces is $544,000,000 on scientific research,
1950 Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. WADSWORTH. I yield. Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Of course, that is not the full picture. We should also add the expenditures made by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and the Atomic Energy Commission. Mr. WADSWORTH. Yes; there are many others. I am coming to them, al- though I may not have all the figures. They are astronomical. In discussing this measure with emi- nent scientists who are most earnest and sincere in their support of it, but who, according to my way of thinking, do not look very far into the future with re- spect to what we can do financially in this country, I have been told that the expenditures now being made by the Army, Navy, and Air Force for scientific research are almost entirely in the field of applied science. But only a little of it is in the field of basic research. I have been told quite the opposite by other scientists who say a very considerable sum is being spent by the armed services for basic research. However that may be, what does this bill accomplish in teaming up these agencies? I cannot see anything, for under this bill this foundation may issue grants and subsidies not only to basic research, but to applied science. I can get no assurance from anybody to the contrary. In other words, I cannot cs- cape the conviction that this thing is going to add considerably to the burden of the Treasury and fail to accomplish the very things which some of these splendid people think it is going to ac- complish. I do not mean to be imperti- nent in my observation concerning them, but the fact is that most of the scien- tists with whom I have talked about this bill have never read it. That is the trouble. It goes much further than they think it does. Mr STEFAN. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. WADSWORTH. I yield. Mr. STEFAN. Has the gentleman added in the list of figures that he has given the $1,300,000,000 which the Air Navigation Board, the ANB, will spend in scientific research and for which we are now being asked to make an addi- tional appropriation? Mr. WADSWORTH. No; I have not. I confess my inability to make a list, without studying for weeks and weeks, of all the agencies of the Government who are spending money for research purposes. May I call your attention to this im- portant fact, when you consider this bill. This Science Foundation is to have nothing whatsoever to do with research in the fleld of atomic energy—nothing. If we are facing a crisis with respect to the A-bomb or the hydrogen bomb to- day, we are hard at work, through the Atomic Energy Commission, in an effort to keep up with that development. The passage of this bill will do nothing to aid or hasten that. It is already being done and at a cost of more than $590,- 000,000 a year. Mr. Chairman, I have tried to point out, and I have not done it completely, Mr. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE some of the provisions of this bill which are extraordinary to my judgment. I was very much surprised to find, for example, that under this bill the Foun- dation is authorized to acquire real estate. What for? There is a doubt in my mind as to whether they can em- ploy the right of eminent domain. The provision says they may purchase real eState if they make up their minds that its possession is necessary to carry out the provisions of this act. That looks to me like the establishment or the en- couragement of the establishment of a permanent bureau engaged in something more than mere education. Why do they need real estate? I have never had an answer. Another thing—they are authorized to maintain a reg:ster of scientific and tech- nical personnel and to provide a central clearing house for information covering all scientific and technical personnel in the United States. I may remind the members of the com- mittee that that is already being done by the National Academy of Science. Back in 1863, in the administration of Abraham Lincoln, the Congress incor- porated, under a charter granted to the organization, the National Academy of Science. It was not incorporated as a part of governmental machinery. It is outside the Government, as contrasted with this Foundation which is to he inside the Government, and a part of Government operation. The National Academy of Science, under its charter, is required to respond to the request of any department of the Government of the United States for aid and assistance in conducting scientific research. When so requested, and they must respond, they do so without any thought of gaining a profit In order to keep the Government informed as to what men in the United States are the better able to engage in these research problems, the National Academy of Science maintains a list of the eligible scientists that the Government may call upon at any moment. There is not the slightest necessity for this Foundation maintaining another list. But I am more deeply concerned as to the trend which this legislation indicates. Not all of you may agree with me, but I have long since reached the conclusion that when a Federal agency, a part of the Government, is authorized to distri- bute subsidies to colleges, universities, and perhaps to industrial laboratories, it will gain a measure of control over the activities of those institutions. It is almost inevitable. As human beings, you all know it to be so. This Foundation is authorized, in effect, to coordinate—and that is a ter- rible word, we never quite know what it means—to coordinate scientific research over the country; to sec to it that there is no duplication of effort as between the institutions; and, armed with the weapon of subsidy, it may say to a great university laboratory: ‘“‘Here is a subsidy for you if you will follow a certain line of investigation”; whereas another insti- tution may be tempted to take a subsidy if its line of inquiry does not duplicate the line of inquiry pursued by the first. 2415 The objective of this bill, as I under- stand, is to spread around the country amongst the institutions, collegiate, and of university character, these different efforts of research in the scientific field. Obviously, institutions accepting the subsidies must obey the schedule. It would be folly for the Foundation to give subsidies for duplication of efforts. In other words, the Foundation will even- tually become the master—the master of scientific research in the United States, because it will hold in its hand that very tempting bait, money, money. We are already holding our own in the field of atomic energy. I am not famil- jar with the progress made in other fields of science, except I cannot escape the conclusion, for example, that we are making extraordinary progress in the fleld of medicine, more so than in any country on the face of the earth today. It is being done almost entirely without Federal funds. For example, pharma- ceutical companies and Armour & Co. have only recently announced medical discoveries. We can get along better without this bill in the field of medicine. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from New York [Mr. Waps- WORTH] has expired. Mr. CROSSER. Mr. Chairman, I yield 10 minutes to the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. McCormack]. Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Chairman, this afternoon we have listened to sev- eral distinguished Members of the House speak in support of the passage of this bill. They have made able and convinc- ing arguments. The gentleman from Iowa frankly said that he had weighed both sides of the bill in his own mind and resolved to support and vote for the bill. The gentleman from New Jersey |[Mr. WOLVERTON], whom I consider to be one of the ablest and soundest and most courageous Members of the House, made a convincing argument that I be- lieve is unanswerable. The gentleman from New York bases his opposition on the ground of cost, stating that the passage of this bill will add to the na- tional debt. When I think of the 13 or 14 billion dollars that we appropriate for national defense—and repeatedly before I became majority leader did I follow the gentleman from New York in an ef- fort to increase national defense ap- propriations—I hope the amount of money we are appropriating for national defense, for aid, Navy, and Army, will be sufficient; but, if not, we ought to recognize our duty in the world today and provide the neccssary money to es- tablish strength, strength that would be respected by the challengers of our way of life, respect because of their fear. My friend from New York said that we are holding our own in the field of atomic energy. I do not want to hold our own in that field, I want to be ahead; I want our country to be way out front in that field. Reference was made to paragraph 3 of section 3 on page 2 of the bill. My friend the gentleman from New York [Mr. WaDswoRrTH] said that the word “basic” was omitted. Of course, it is omitted, because it ought to be omitted.
2416 Paragraph 3 states that after “con- sultation with the Secretary of De- fense’’—this consultation on defense matters, Scientific research is not only basic or pure, but to be of value must also be applied. The man who works in the fleld of pure science is the man who develops the ideas. ‘These ideas must then be passed to scientists and techni- cians for testing and proof. After the discovery and proof of scientific prin- ciples they then go to engineers and de- signers who reduce the new discoveries to practical use. We must pursue re- search in the fields of basic science, but further than that we must put the basic scientific discoveries to practical appli- cation and development and operation. It is most important to our national welfare that basic research in all scien- tific fields receive the Federal aid that is promised by the establishment of the National Science Foundation. For many years our leading scientists and many of our military leaders have urged, over and over again, that we es- tablish this foundation which is designed to assure that our country will maintain its preeminent position in advancing na- tional health and welfare and to stimu- late scientific discovery in national de- fense. The National Science Foundation will provide vital basic information which military research and development can take and apply. The establishment of the National Science Foundation does not involve the expenditure of great sums of money. As @ matter of fact, while its influence will be great, its cost over what we are now spending, will be a relatively small an- nual expense. We must go forward, we cannot stand still or fall behind. The National Sci- ence Foundation is a great step forward, @ very necessary step—and while the re- sults from its work may be 10 or 20 years ahead, we must no longer delay estab- lishing it. We constantly read in the public press of the steps being taken to protcct our country against attack. Let me dwell briefly on one phase of our protection, which generally escapes wide attention, partly because it is the nature of the activity and the men engaged in it and because its work is shadowed in secrecy in the best interests of our country. Our basic research scientists strive to discover new phenomena, and improve everything that goes to wage successful war. They are away out in advance in their pioneering and normally it takes about 5 years for their work to come to fruition. Following them come the development scientists and technicians who must prove the value of these scientific dis- coveries and it usually means that these men are 3 years in advance of the day when the equipment is distributed to our fighting men. Then come the engineers and de- signers who reduce the new discoveries to practical size and try the equipment or materials out in the field. Finally come the procurement agencies, who must then place the orders for the new equipment, figure out the quantities, de- livery dates, and shipping points. so that CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE finally our Army, Navy, and Air Force receive the new military equipment and are trained in its use. Our great power of preparedness to Gefend ourselves comes from outstand- ing scientists, our great industrial plants, and our military leaders, working closely together in a closely knit team. Our great industries stand ready, our Army, Navy, and Air Force are prepared, but we must make sure that our scien- tists continue to receive all of the aid they need, and if necessary that we ex- pand these research activities to the greatest possible extent. Secretary Acheson has recently said in substance “The Soviet Union will not keep any agreement and the only power they will recognize is strength.” I submit to you that if our American scientists can be supreme in all phases of military scientific work, greatly su- perior to any country in the world, this will give us the protection against any attack that our enemies may plan. In- deed if they know of our great superi- ority, and they are bound to learn it as a fact and fear it in its specific applica- tion, we will have raised the greatest possible defense against a war in the future. At the present time America still leads in many fields of military scientific work, but we must be supreme in all of them and I believe that if our scientists need more money, greater freedom of activity, more cooperation, that we should make sure that they have it. Let us increase our military scientific work to the greatest possible degree and do it without delay, and enlist every scientist that has the capability of pro- ducing something of military value. The statement has bcen frequently made that one of these quiet learned men, working and concentrating on some particular development, may at any time come forward with some new device, some ncw weapon, some new defense that could save the lives of hundreds of thousands of American boys in the event that we are again called on to protect our country. America must not fall behind in this international race for supremacy in military weapons and equipment. Let us all hope and pray that we will never find it necessary to use these weapons against an enemy but let us be prepared. Full preparedness is our best protection, and this includes superiority in the field of military science. I would like to know what scientists the Soviet Union have today? I wish I knew whether they are ahead of us or we are ahead of them. It may be that as a result of the discoveries of scientists war may or may not be averted. To an important extent, in the passage of this bill lies the future security and welfare of this and future generations. This bill will accomplish these purposes in two main ways. It will provide a cen- tral agency which will assure adequate and continuing support of basic research and it will also provide for the continu- ing supply of highly trained scientists in greater numbers to meet the needs of basic research. The last 50 years has witnessed out- standing developments which have al- FEBRUARY 27 most completely changed our way of life, and it is most certain that in the next 25 years we will see even greater accom- plishments as mankind releases the forces of nature and applies them for the betterment of everyone. The basis of this great advance lies in scientific discovery and application. Working with mathematical formulas, and studying through microscopes and test tubes, year in and year out, our basic scientists and technicians work con- stantly for these new discoveries. The applied scientists take these findings and develop them for our use, but no great advance could be made, unless the basic scientist first discovered a new phenom- enon or a new bacteria, Basic research is in essence that work done usually in universities or nonprofit foundations. Although frequently fi- nanced by grants from industry, basic research is seldom carried on in indus- trial laboratories because, practically speaking, it does not result in a thing or process which can immediately be made and sold or used for profit. Our scientific world is without national leadership and there are many gaps in our knowledge that should be explored. This organized exploration is one of the promises of the National Science Foun- dation. Perhaps of even greater impor- tance is the undeniable fact that the number of outstanding scientists in America is very limited and we must do everything possible to increase the num- ber of quahfied men and women engaged in this work. The National Science Foundation will have the power to make scholarship and fellowship grants to promising scientists and students. Today we are all vitally concerned with the importance of military research. We must be sure that. America remains pre- eminent and supreme in the discovery of new weapons and military equipment. A world-wide race is going on for new and better ways of waging war. In my opinion, one of the ways of pre- venting war is to be so far ahead in mili- tary scientific research and development that no country or combinations of coun- tries will dare attack us. If we have this outstanding leadership in military re- research the fact will inevitably become known, even though the particular weap- ons or discoveries are guarded secrets and not known to those who might attack us. The National Science Foundation will provide vital basic information which military research and development can take and apply. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Massachusetts has ex- Pired. Mr. CROSSER. Mr. Chairman, I yield the gentleman five additional min- utes. Mr. KEEFE. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. McCORMACK, I yield to the gentleman from Wisconsin. Mr. KEEFE. The gentleman is mak- ing a very splendid statement. Does the gentleman understand that if this bill is enacted into law and becomes operative, the operations end of this research pro- gram that he is discussing will be taken out of the hands of the Army and the
1950 Navy and the Air Force, and be trans- ferred to an operating agency under the National Science Foundation. Mr. McCORMACK. No; I am not making that argument. Mr. KEEFE. Well, does the gentle- man understand whether that is or is not the purpose of this bill? Mr. McCORMACK. I cannot say that, but I will give the gentleman a frank answer. I hope that some civilian control of our scientists will take place, because one thing that a scientist will not stand for is to be subject to disci- pline by an Army officer. I will state thet I stood for it as a buck private, but I do not want to stand for it in civillan life. Certainly, in the Army and the Nevy there has got to be discipline. But, Iam frankly stating that this is a ques- tion that has to be looked into as to whether or not there is that freedom, without the attempt of discipline going on, that would permit the maximum de- velopment in the fleld of pure or basic science. Mr. KEEFE. I do aot want to inter- runt the gentleman’s train of thought, but I think these questions are basic. Normally I am for this program, but I want to get certain basic things estab- lished in my mind so that we will under- stand what we are voting for when we vote for this legislation. The gentleman or no one will dispute the fact that the gentleman from New York has called at- tention to the various research programs of the Army, the Navy, the Air Force, the Aeronautics Board, and so on, costing vast sums of money. Now docs the gen- tleman understand, in advocating the passage of this legislation, that if it passes, the operating end of those re- search programs will be transferred from where they are presently located and established under the authority of the National Science Foundation Commis- sion Mr. McCORMACK. Frankly, I have no such understanding as that, and I am meking no such argument. Mr. KEEFE. I would like to have that matter cleared up. Mr. BIEMILLER. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. McCORMACK. I yield to the gen- tleman from Wisconsin. Mr. BIEMILLER. The intent of the bulis perfectly clear. The opeiating 1e- search programs, particularly the Gov- ernment program to which the gentle- man from Wisconsin |Mr. KEEFE], re- fers, will remain as operating agencies whcre they are now located; the Army, the Navy, Public Health, or whatever the siiuation may be. Mr. KEFFE, I thank the gentleman. Mr. McCORMACK. May I say that the gentleman’s questions, I think, have een very pertinent. I hope that there is a complete understanding on the part of the Army officers and the scientists; end that includes the Navy and the Air Force. I hope there is no misunder- standing, and that resignations have not been reluctantly mode, like President Compton, and men like that. We necd them. God knows we need these scien- tists. If that is so, I hope the situation will be rectified very quickly, because one thing 1s certain, that the man who is a CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE scientist is a very valuable citizen. We did not expect so much of him before; that is, the people generally, but he plays a very important part in the world of today, not only in peacetime, but par- ticularly in time of war, and particularly in developing the ideas that might avert war or, in case of the further visitation of war, result in victory for our side. Mr, KEEFE, Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield further? Mr. McCORMACK. I yield. Mr. KEEFE Does not the genticman agree with me that any operating pro- gram under this present law must give and afford complete and absolute free- dom to the scientist who may be engaged in any part of scientific rescarch? He must have absolute freedom. Mr. McCORMACK. I thoroughly agree with the gentleman, and that means there must be understanding co- operation. I would like to know if the pure scientists in the Army are operat- ing with the knowledge of what is going on in the Navy and the Air Force, or whether they are detached? All those things are important. We are taiking about a man with a brain that the Amer- ican people should realize is of great value, and that is the scientists in all ficlds, but particularly the scientists in the basic or pure field of science. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Massachusctts has again expired. Mr.CROSSER- Mr. Chairman, TI yield the gentleman three additional minutes. Mr. McCORMACK siIn every field of science, all over America, our scientists are loyally working to develop new dis- coveries in military equipment, weapons, and materials, in their own individual laboratories, in groups, and in large in- stitutions of learning. The work is constant, never ceasing, and more than ever I am convinced that from these patriotic men must come the strongest force of our preparation, so that if the day comes that our boys must again defend our country, they will again not alone have the best equipment that brains can devise and our industry pro- duce, but it will be so superior that there will be no question of the result. We have to be practical. The most critical period in a democracy 1s when danger is imminent. That is the time we should prepare. That is the time when public opinion operates. When war exists we all have to get behind the Government to win the war. In times of peace we can struggle along, but when danger is imminent public opinion is usually inflamed and responds to emo- tional influences, and usually public opinion is wrong. I recognize it to be a human trait that the average individual does not want to see danger approaching. I was majority leader before Pearl Har- bor. I saw the selective service exten- sion bill pass this House by one vote. I lived 200 years in the 25 minutes on that roll call. It is when danger is immi- nent that democracy is weakest, because that is when we fail to do the things we ought to do. I do not say I have the answer, for I am just a human being, a Member of this body trying to do the best I can for my country and for a future decent world, 2417 but I am convinced that the one thing that will stop war is greater power on the part of America and those countries associated with us, but mainly America, because the Communist world, the Com- munist countries, have only one respect, and that respect is the respect through fear of any countiy or countries that have greater strength and power than they. In this particular fleld, in the field of science in all of its aspects, and par- ticularly in the ficld of pure or basic science, any money we invest now I con- tend is one of the best investments we can make at this time. Mr. Chairman, our basic research sci- entists strive to discover new phenomena, and improve everything that goes to wage successful war. They are away out in advance in their pioneering and normally it takes about 5 years for their work to come to fruition. Following them come the development sclentists and technicians who must prove the value of these scientific discov- eries and it usually means that these men are 3 years in advance of the day when the equipment is distributed to our fighting men. Then come the engineers and de- signers who reduce the new discoveries to practical size and try the equipment or materials out in the field. Finally come the procurement agencies, who must then place the orders for the new equip- menu, figure out the quantities, delivery dates, and shipping points, so that finally our Army, Navy, and Air Force receive the new military equipment and are trained in its use, Our great power of preparedness to defend ourselves comes from outstanding scientists, our great industrial plants, and our military leaders working closely together in a closely knit team. Our great industries stand ready, our Army, Navy, and Air Force are prepared, but we must make sure that our scien- tists continue to receive all of the aid they need, and if necessary that we ex-~ pand these research activities to the greatest possible extent. Secretary Acheson has recently said in substance ‘The Soviet Union will not keep any agreement and the only power they will recognize is strength.” I submit to you that if our American scientists can be supreme in all phases of military scientific work, greatly su- perior to any country in the world, this will give us the protection against any attack that our enemies may plan. In- deed, if they know of our great superi- ority, and they are bound to learn it as a fact and fear it in its specific ap- plication, we will have raised the great- est possible defense against a war in the future. At the present time America still leads in many fields of miltary scien- tific work, but we must be supreme in all of them and I belicve that if our scientists need more money, greater freedom of activity, more cooperation, that we should make sure that they have it. Let us increase our military scientific work to the greatest possible degree and do it without delay, and enlist every
2418 scientist that has the capability of pro- ducing something of military value. The statement has been frequently made that one of these quiet learned men, working and concentrating on some particular development, may at any time come forward with some new device, some new weapon, some new defense that could save the lives of hundreds of thousands of American boys in the event that we are again called on to protect our country. America must not fall behind in this international race for supremacy in mili- tary weapons and equipment. Let us all hope and pray that we will never find it necessary to use these weapons against an enemy, but let us be prepared. Full preparedness is our best protection, and this includes superiority in the fleld of military science. Mr. WOLVERTON. Mr. Chairman, I yield 10 minutes to the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr HESELTON]. Mr. HESELTON. Mr. Chairman, I certainly approach this subject with a good deal of hesitation in view of the remarks that have been made by the able gentleman from New York. I recognize his sincerity and his conviction that this is bad legislation. I hope I will be able to indicate to you why I have been forced to the conclusion that this is not only good legislation but that there is no other alternative open to us this after- noon other than to support this legisla- tion in the interest, first, of our national security, and in the interest, second of the conditions that face us as far as the economic welfare of this country and the health of the American people is con- cerned. The gentleman is entirely right in call- ing attention to the gigantic expendi- tures of the Federal Government now in the fizid of research, both basic and ap- plied. But there are some distinctions which I think it might be well for us to consider. On page 1118 of the budget, there js a listing of the expenditures for 1949, 1950, and 1951 for research and development in the Federal] Government. It is as follows: Expenditures for other developmental purposes {In milhons of dollars] 1049 1950, | 1061, Research and development 1 esti- | esti- actual mato | mate Civil: Direct Fodoral programs: Atomic Energy Commis- 8 114 185 176 oO 85 118 19 Total, direct Federal programs. ..--..--- 2.6 100 278 205 Grants-in-nid_.....2-.-2.. +8] 12 12 Total, civil research and development... 210 285 307 National defense: a Department of Defense_...... 688 630 606 Other agencies...........--.-. 42 4 60 Total, national-defense research and develop- ment.....2.....------ 730 679 656 ao ee |e me Total, research and development... ....2.. 940 964 963 So the total of the Federal Govern- ment’s expenditures, according to the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE budget, is $940,000,000 actually in 1949; $964,000,000 recommended in 1950 and $963,000,000 estimated in 1951, That gave me a great dea] of concern as to where we were heading and as to whether we were actually accomplishing the purposes most of us had in mind. I am frank to say when we first considered this question in committee I was in seri- ous doubt as to the wisdom of the legis- lation. The more I listened to and stud- jed the evidence presented to us by over 150 qualified witnesses from all over the country, practically all of them earnestly in favor of some kind of legislation such as this, the more I became convinced we simply had to face the picture realisti- cally and accept our responsibility in this field. In that connection I urge careful con- ‘sideration of the list of eminent Ameri- cans who are in support of this bill, which list is contained at the completion of the remarks of the gentleman from New Jersey [Mr. Wo.vEerToN]. Let me turn to another development which is, in my opinion, of extreme in- terest. You will recall that the Dc; art- ment of Defense actually spent $688,0°0,- 000 for research and development in 1949, that its estimate for 1950 in this field dropped $58,000,000 to $630,000,000 and that its estimate for 1951 dropped an- other $24,000,000 to $606,000,000 in 1951. That is a total reduction in a period of only 2 years of $82,000,000. Certainly such a development is not being made at the expense of our national security. Surely a substantial savings in the fleld of national security should point the way to other agencies which, without excep- tion, increased their estimate in 1950 over 1949 and increased them again in 1951 over 1950. In short, while the National Defense has succeeded in reducing its program by $82,000,000 in this 2-year period, the other agencies have increased their estimates by $105,000,000 Why its this? I think the answer is to be found in the second report of the Secretary of De- fense. Let me quote briefly from that report. In the Secretary’s report you will find these two paragraphs at page 16: In the fleld of science, unification is work- ing well. The Research and Development Board, with the aid and advice of the Na- tion's top civilian and military technical epe- cialists, 1s coordinating some 13,000 specific research and development projects of the armed forces, involving an expenditure of about a half billion dollars a year. By elim- inating undesirable duplication, by requir- ing full use of existing facilities, and by sponsoring the exchange of information on pertinent research and development, both in- side and outside the Government, the Board has been able to bring about savings in some g@reas and to shift funds made available thereby to neglected or to more important fields. Satisfactory progress is being made in the formulation of a complete and integrated program of military research and devclop- ment to provide instruments of warfare es- sential to our security within a budget that can be supported by the economy of this country. Recognizing the need for technical and operational evaluation of weapons on an interservice basis, the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Research and Development Board, with the concurrence of the Secretary of Defense, established the Weapons Systems FEBRUARY 27 Evaluation Group early this year to provide rigorous, unprejudiced, and independent analyses of present and future weapons sys- tems under probable future combat condi- tions. These analyses are being made by the ablest professional minds, military and civilian, employing the most advanced analytical methods that can be brought to bear. The entire chapter IV, entitled ‘‘Scien- tific Research and Development,” is worthy of careful reading and again I recommend it highly as valuable evi- dence for all of us to consider. For my purposes, I would like to quote brief excerpts answering the question, Why military research and development is necessary: If there is any one military policy on which the Congress and the public seem to be unanimous, over and beyond the dctermi- nation to be strong in this period of inter- national uncertainty, it is determination to nave superior military equipment and to base war strategy on its use. The phrases “Maginot Line complex” and “preparing to fight the next war with weap- ons of the last war” are familiar expressions of our concern lest we take the easy but dangerous course of reliance on the status quo in a world of accelerating progress in technology. It was a determination to take full ad- vantnge of every possible technological su- periority that led the Congress to establish the Research and Development Board as part of the national defense structure, it is the job of this Board to insure that the desired superiority is achieved. Aircraft that can travel faster than sound, guided missiles with increasing ranges and greater accuracy, and submarines that can “breathe” under water for indefinite periods of time are a few of the potential weap ons on which material progress has been made since the close of World War II It is essential to the security of the United States that its defense be planned in terms of significant new technological advances. Already many of the remarkable weapons of World War II are obsolcte or obsolescent, and planning must be done not only in terms of what exists today but in terms of those developments, the early realization of which may profoundly influence the nature of fu- ture conflicts. Another element which plays a substantial part in research and development planning is the possibility of unconventional war- fare. This term is applied to such things as biological warfare, radiological warfare, and chemical warfare in new and insidious forms. It also includes psychological war- fare which affords a potential enemy many techniques for the destruction of morale and for undermining the capacity of self-de- fense. Except for the psychological aspects, unconventional warfare did not figure in World War II. Because it exists as a po- tential threat, however, full consideration must be given to adequate defenses and countermeasures. The Army and the Navy have vigorous re- search and development programs which have grown up over a period of years. When the Air Force was constituted as a separate branch of the armed services, its research and development efforts represented a third important program. The size, diversity, and complexity of the fields covered by these pro- grams make sound planning increasingly important. It is the function of the Research and De- velopment Board to provide a complete and integrated plan of military research and de- velopment and to assign responsibility for carrying out its various parts to the respec- tive military departments. The Board must decide such questions as what vortion of the
1950 research and development dollar should go into studies in the defensive aspects of bio- logical warfare, into basic research in the physical sciences, into the development of guided missiles, and so on through the whole list of weapons, equipment, techniques, and devices. The coordinating activities of the Re- search and Development Board enable each department to become aware of what the other departments are doing in research and development. Unnecessary duplication is thereby located and eliminated or prevented. More difficult, but probably of greater sig- nificance, is the Board's continuing respon- sibility to shift emphasis and funds away Tiom programs of lesser military promise and into those of greater value. The exist- ence of such a coordinating agency mukes it possible to stretch the research and devel- opment dollar and to cut costs. Since the close of World War II military expenditures for research and devclopment have averaged over a half billion dollars per year Although this is but a small per- centage of the average total military budget, it is a large figure in compaiison to the much smaller sums spent on military re- search and development before the war-—in comparison, say, to the $13,000,000 obligated fo: military research and development in 1939, the year World War II began The amount of money currently being spent for research and development is only slightly less than the entire military appropriation for 1924, and is almost 50 percent as much as the total military appropriation as late as 1837. *. = *» * . Every citizen is natuwially interested in three questions: (1) Why has it become necessary to spend large sums for research and development, (2) what are these funds buying, and (3) does the United States have the best military research and development program in the world today? * * *. * * Basic research represents the broad base of theoretical knowledge and new ideas from which all applications, military and othei- wise, must be drawn If basic research alrcady flourished independently in our uni- versities and industrial organizations, the necd for Government sponsorship in this area would not exist, or at least it would not be required on the present scale In the past the United States has drawn heavily upon the basic research of Europe for ideas, while it excelled in practical applications and engineering Although there 1s a growing body of funda- mental scienco in the United States today, the reservoir is not yet great enough to com- pensete for the drains made upon it and for the destruction of European science by the war. The military departments are there- fore sponsoring limited programs in funda- mental science until such time as the United States has caught up in this area. They are also suppoiting the proposed legislation for a National Sclence Foundation. Let me repeat that: ‘‘They are also supporting the proposed legislation for a National Science Foundation.” This bill was reported June 14, 1949. The report of Secretary of Defense was filed Decem- ber 30, 1849. Now to return to that report: The country is also interested in the early rehabilitation of European science as part of the storehouse of general knowledge. Then there is this significant section entitled “Savings Through Coordina- tion,” which continues: By eliminating undesirable duplication, by requiring full use of existing facilities, and by sponsoring the active cross-exchange of CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE information on pertinent research and de- velopment both in and outside the Govern- ment, the Research and Development Board has been able to bring nbout savings in some areas and to shift funds made available thereby to neglected or to more important areas of research ond development, Not ell savings are reflected in the ledgers, however, because much coordination takes place in the Research and Development Board, when members of the military de- partments get together around committee or panel tables. For example, in the field of eleciron tubes a proposal for military work on a metal envelope cathode ray tube was not activated, since such a tube was found to be already under development by another agency. Formally effected coordination is illus- trated by recent Board action on the recom- mendation of the Committee on Guided Mis- siles, requesting that three existing projects be terminated and two others combined into one. Through this action an estimated 86,000,000 in planned obligations for the fiscal year 1950 was made available for allo- catlon to other guided missiles projects of high priority. The Research and Development Board also sponsors slundurdization wherever possible to make for greatcr economy and effi- ciency An example in the research and de- velopment field proper was the introduction of standards for a uniform system of tele- metering for the flight testing of guided missiles at the several test ranges. This has reduced the vast number of different parts of equipments formerly in use by the serv- ices. Old telemetering equipment is being replaced by the new standard equipment on @ maintenance basis. To render assistance to the Munitions Board, the Research and Development Board has established ® policy which urges the departments to give attention through- out the development of each project to the creation of simple, easily produced designs, Ease of fabrication, assembly, inspection, and maintenance and promotion of inter- changeability wherever possible are impor- tant considerations. The departments must assuro the minimum use of strategic and critical materials, the minimum number and diversity of parts, and the maximum use of standard components and accessories. In its own operations, the Research and Development Board saves funds and avoids duplication of effort by utilizing wherever possible the estublished groups of other agencies to make necessary studies and in- vestigations. The Committee on Medical Sciences, for example, is utilizing several of the medical committecs and panels of the National Research Council as pancls of Its own committee. ty * . . e The problem, therefore, becomes one of obtaining the maximum benefit from every research and development dollar. * * J - . Public opinion demands that American delences be modern and adequate to render the country secure against attack. When the United States citizen faces his responsi- bilities as a taxpayer he must bear in mind that the development cost of a modern large bomber through the prototyne stage, to cite but one example, may well exceed $50,000,- 000, including the necessary special equip- ment that must go with it. Similarly, the development cost of a jet fighter through the prototype stage 1s likely to be from §5,000,- 000 to 10,000,000. The construction of prototypes is the stage in the research and development process where costs run highest. Research must, therefore, be well planned and results metic- ulously checked through all the earlier stages in order that costly errors may be avoided in the prototype phase. 2419 Let me turn to still another phase of this which I think is important. Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield for a question? Mr. HESELTON. Gladly. Just as soon as I complcte this one point. On page 173 of this report of the Pres- ident’s Board entitled “Science and Public Policy,” there is the only break- down I know of which js available for our considvration of this problem of the division between basic research and ap-= plied research or development; and if you go through the budget you find prac- tically no agency, down to the smallest, that does not have some kind of research undertaken It is easy and apparently popular to label some appropriation item “research.” Then the door is wide open. It may be important and necessary. It may be relatively unimportant. And it may be a senseless, extravagant waste of time and money. And remember all the evidence is to the effect that no one knows how much is good, indifferent, or bad. I personally suspect that a very great deal of it would not be counte- nanced by any reputable scientist. I think it entirely possible that the Na- tional Science Foundation would find in the rest of Government much more than the 82 millions the national defense is eliminating which would be discarded without injuring anything but actually improving the Federal program by un- chaining talented scientists and placing them in sound programs. I have made reference to the report of the President’s Scientific Research Board. This Board was created by Ex- ecutive Order 9791, dated October 17, 1946. As it was first constituted, it con- sisted of John R. Steelman, Chairman: Robert P. Patterson, Secretary of War; James Forrestal, Secretary of the Navy; Julius A. Krug, Seerctary of the Interior; Clinton P. Anderson, Seerctary of Agri- culture; W. Averell Harriman, Sceretary of Commerce; John D. Goodloe, Admin- istrator, Federal Loan Agency; Watson B. Miller, Administrator, Federal Secu- rity Agency; Maj Gen. Philip B. Flem- ing, Administrator, Federal Works Agency; Charles R. Denny, Jr., Chair- man, Federal Communications Commis- sion; Dr. Jerome C. Hunsaker, Chair- man, National Advisory Committee of Aeronautics; Dr. Vannevar Bush, Direc- tor, Office of Scientific Research and Development; David Lilicnthal, Chair- man, Atomic Energy Commission; Gor- don R. Clapp, Chairman, Tennessee Valley Authority; Gen. Omar N. Bradley, Administrator, Veterans’ Administra- tion; J. Donald Kingsley, executive secretary. Board of Alternates: Maj. Gen. H. S. Aurand, Director, Research and Develop- ment Division, General Staff, War De- partment; John Nicholas Brown, Assist- ant Secretary for Air; Rear Adm. Paul F. Lee, Chief, Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy; Dr. Thomas B. Nolan, Assistant Director, Geological Survey, Department of the Interior; Dr. W. V. Lambert, Director, Agricultural Research Administration, Department of Agriculture; Dr. Edward U. Condon, Director, National Bureau of Standards, Department of Commerce; Miss Mary E.
2420 Switzer, Special Assistant to the Admin- istrator, Federal Security Agency; Her- bert S. Fairbank, Deputy Director, Fed- eral Works Agency; Carroll L. Wilson, General Manager, Atomic Energy Com- mission; E. K. Jett, Commissioner, Fed- eral Communications Commission; John P. Ferris, Director of the Commerce De- partment, Tennessee Valley Authority; John W. Crowley, Jr., Acting Director of Aeronautical Research, National Advis- ory Committee for Aeronautics; Dr. Paul R. Hawley, Chief, Medical Division, Veterans’ Administration; Dr. Edward Cushing, Medical Division, Veterans’ Ad- ministration; John T. Cox, Jr., Admin- istrative Officer, Office of Rubber Reserve, Reconstruction Finance Corporation; Dr. Eugene W. Scott, Deputy Director, Pro- grams Division, Joint Research and De- velopment Board. Its reports to the President were in five volumes, three dealing with the Fed- eral Government’s special role in the Nation’s total science effort, a fourth with the preblem of science and techni- cal manpower and final report discussing research and allied science both in the Government and in the Nation at large. These reports contain a wealth of sta- tistics and other material from which Members can obtain concrete and con- vincing evidence of the preeminent ne- cessity of action in this field. Let me read just a few sentences from the opening part of the first report: The security and prosperity of the United States depend today, as never before, upon the rapid extension of scientific knowledge. So important, in fact, has this extension be- come to our country that it may reasonably be said to be a major factor in national survival. A generation which has witnessed the aw- ful destructiveness of the atom bomb— And I might insert here, has now learned of the hydrogen bomb~ or which has read newspaper accounts of de- velopments in biological warfare needs no special demonstration of the relation of science to military preparedness. In the war the laboratory became the first line of de- fense and the scientist, the indispensable warrior. There is no likelihood that this would be changed in the event of another confitct It is unfortunate that any part of the case for Federal support of science should rest upon its military importance But no re- sponsible person can fail to recognize the un- easy character of the present peace. The scientific isolationism which inevitably re- sults increases the urgency of Federal sup- port for science and influences the balance in any recommended program. Scientific discovery 1s equally the basis for our progress against poverty and disease. This alone would provide adequate justifica- tion for public interest and support. If we are to remain a bulwark of democracy in the world, we must continually strengthen and expand our domestic economy and our foreign trade. A principal means to this end 1s through the constant advancement of scientific knowledge and the consequent steady improvement of our technology. Throughout most of our history, the liv- ing standards of our people were raised by expanding our land area and bringing more and more acres under cultivation. That route has now been substantially closed for more than a generation, and we have in- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE creased our productivity through an ad- vancing technology. The processes and ma- chines we use in our factories, the ways in which we raise and preserve our food, all derive from theoretical discoveries in the various sciences. The technology in which We excel and which has transformed us in some 60 years from a backward agricultural nation to a world power rests upon progress in the basic sciences. Only through research and more research can we provide the basis for an expanding economy, and continued high levels of employment. Our technology is sufficiently advanced and our resources sufficiently adequate so that there is no immediate prospect that we shall fall technologically behind. We shall in the future, however, have to rely largely upon our own efforts in the basic sciences to pro- vide the basis for that improvement. The anger lies in the future. As a people, our strength has lain in prac- tical application of scientific principles, rather than in original discoveries. In the past, our country has made less than its proportionate contribution to the progress of basic science. Instead, we have imported our theory from abroad and concentrated on its application to concrete and immediate problems. This was true even in the case of the atomic bomb. The basic discovery of nuclear fission was made by Otto Hahn and F, Strassman in Germany, founded on pre- liminary research in Italy, and published in a German periodical in January, 1939, just before the laboratories of Europe went dark. That free exchange of ideas which formerly permitted us to import to meet our needs no longer prevails. Europe's laboratories are still blacked out and are likely to remain so as long as the unsettled state of the world continues. In many parts of Europe, scien- tists have been dispersed or slaughtered, lab- oratories wrecked, intricate and unique equipment destroyed. In others an iron curtain has been drawn around the work of the scientists. The strong nationalism, characteristic of these times, and the {sola- tionism of science that results is a further barrier, The unity of western civilization has been shattered, and for the first time in our history, we are on our own so far as the extension of knowledge is concerned. Let me quote just one more piece of evidence from these reports. It is pointed out in that most major nations of the world recognize the essential im- portance of science to them and are expanding their research and develop- ment budgets and then it is stated: The Soviet Union's 1947 budget is reported to provide $1,200,000,000 as compared with outlays of $900,000,000 in 1946. Compare that to our actual 1949 ex- penditures of $940,000,000. The report goes on to say: In addition, the Russians have embarked— And this was in 1947— upon a 5-year program of stepped-up sci- entific training, under which they are re- ported to be producing 140,000 engineers and scientists each year. Compare that with the fact that in 1930 we had 49,000 scientists and tech- nicians, 92,000 in 1940, and then in June 1947 our universities and colleges grad- uated only 35,000 bachelors and 1,800 to 1,400 doctors of science. This bill deals specifically and con- structively with a means of encouraging the education of more of our young men and women in this vital field. While I FEBRUARY 27 certainly respect the integrity, sincerity, intelligence, and ability of my colleagues who are inclined to oppose this legisla- tion, I earnestly suggest that some of these facts in the light of the almost unanimous opinion of our responsible leaders in national defense, fn the edu- cational fleld, and in the business world should carry great weight with us in reaching our final decision. Now, let me turn to the Hoover Com- mission Report, filed with Congress on March 25, 1949. As you all know there were certain differences of opinion among the Commissioners as to a num- ber of the reports, but this was the unan- imous report and recommendation of the 12 Commissioners. The full report on Federal research is not long and I com- mend it to you as additional and ex- tremely important evidence. For my part, I wish now to quote only certain excerpts which I believe to be of vital importance in our consideration of this legislation: INTRADEPARTMENTAL RESEARCH The report c‘ the Sclentific Research Board makes it plain that a satisfactorily coordi- nated research progeam for the National Government has not yet been realized. A number of such staff groups is now in operation. These groups include the Agri- cultural Research Administration, the Office of Naval Research, the Office of Research Planning of the Public Health Service, and the Research and Development Division of the Department of the Army’s General Staff, Effort along these lines within individual agencies 1s not enough. There is need for an organization to facilitate the development of research policy for the Federal Government asawhole This was recognized in the report of the President’s Scientific Research Board. That Board recommended, as a first step, the establishment of an tnterdepartmental Com- mittee on Scientific Research and Develop- ment. Such @ committee was created by Executive order in Decomber 1947. It was directed to further the most effective admin- istration of scientific research and develop- ment activities in the Federal Government, and was authorized to submit recommenda- tions on research policy and administration directly to the President. The full potentialities of this committee have not been realized since its members have not as yet attacked major problems of research policy for the Federal Government asa whole. This may be due in part to lack of staff and funds. CREATION OF A NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION This points to the need for a National 8&cience Foundation. The major functions of such a foundation should be (a) to exam- ine the total scientific research effort of the Nation, (b) to assess the proper role of the Federal Government in this effort, (c) to evaluate the division of research effort among the scieitific disciplines and among fields of applied research, and (d) to evaluate the key factors that impede the development of an effective national research effort. Based upon its investigations, it should advise the President as to the measures necessary to establish a sound scientific research program for the Nation. The National Science Foundation should consider most carefully the manner in which national policies with respect to scientific research are related to broader questions of educational policy. At present grants for
1950 research purposes are being made on a hit= and-miss basis, making the award of re- search grants, in effect, a new form of pat- ronage. The awarding of research grants must be put upon a more systematic basis, with due recognition given to their impact on the educational programs of our higher institutions of learning. Finally, the Commission made two rec- ommendations. The second is the im- portant one for our consideration at this time. It was: The Commission recommends that— b. A National Science Foundation be es- tablished We have this bill before us this after- noon. The fact that this bill in quite similar form had passed in the other body in May 1948 was known to the mem- bers of the Commission when it made that recommendation. We can take judicial notice of that fact. I think it is compelling evidence to those of us who can see in that Commission’s recom- mendations perhaps the only solution to the fiscal mess we are in. It is the bill I sincerely believe will accomplish the purposes recommended both by the President’s Board and the Hoover Com- mission. I shall put in the REcorp—and I resret I do not have it completed yet—some material I think will convince you that we are duplicating now; that we are making unnccessary and unwise expendi- tures, and that the only way we can control it is the same way that the De- partment of Defense is controlling it in that important field, and that our hope lies in the National Foundation, not with many of these other Departments with their constantly increasing demands for more tunds for their pet research pro- grams, many of which they cannot ex- plain today. These are three analyses developed from the budget as to what has been done and what is recommended, from reports as to pending legislation in this field, and as to research activi- ties in the health field under the Public Heelth Service. The latter is not in- tended as criticism It 1s entirely pos- sible that every activity is useful and should receive even stronger support. It is only to place before you the evidence as to the breadth of the aciivily in the Federal Government and to urge that there is an imperative necessity for a National Science Foundation to evaluate the entire activity and to advise us upon the proper course of action we shculd take in the future. These analyses follcw: SeEurcTep ITEMS From 1950 Buncer To ILLUS- TRATE BREADTH OF ACTIVITIES UNDER RE- BEARCH Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation: Engi- neering and economic investi- gation, 1950____---.---------- Bureau of Mines. Scientific and technical research, National Park Service—Histori- cal and archcological research ‘without break-down-— Fish and Wildlife Service. Research on fish and fish- $461, 500 18, 135, 807 1, 736, 000 476, 700 20, 810, 007 Department of Labor Child Labor and Youth Employ- ment Research, 1950._---.---- Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1950: The Bureau, a research and statistical organization _._-.-- Bureau of Consumers Price In- dey, 1950 _-_---_------------- Wage and Tiour Division, 1950.. Research and development pro- gram, 1950, under act of Aug. 16, 1949, Public Law 231___---. (Estimate of $151,900 previ- ously carried on under this title transferred to “General ecministration.”) Total__.---- +e eee State Department Scientific and technical pro- grams, 1950 .._..-----_------- Some part of Philippine Rcha- bilitation, over-all, 1950___-.. Some part of Institute of Inter- American Affairs, 1950_---.--. Treasury Department Division of Tax Research, 1950-- Other departments Atomic Energy Commission, Physical Research, 1950_- .._- Federal Communications Com- mission. Applied technical re- search and frequency alloca- tion, 1950_-...--.----------- General Accounting Office De- velopment installation and evoluation of accounting sys- tems, Interstate Commerce Commis- sion. Collection and analysis of accounting and statistical data, 1950____-.-.----------- National Advisory Committce for Aeronautics, 1950__------ Smithsonian Institution Re- search, 1950__.--------------- Tariff Commission: Assembly and anulysis of basic tariff, production and trade data, 1950 __-_-----------------+.-- Depaitment of Commerce’ Bu- reau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, same general fields and objectives as Tariff Commistion, 1950_---_------- Maritime Commission: Design and construction of prototype vessels, 1950, estimated cost (design and construction of Noval auxiliary prototype ves- eels, estimated cost, 1951, $10,- 000,000) Reconstruction Finance Corpo- ration: Expense for research and maintenance of synthetic rubber stand-by plants_- Synthetic rubber program, research and = devclop- ment _-_---------------- TVA: Fertilizer and munitions reseaich, R & D_._--.------- Food and Drug Administration, some part of research and de- velopment, 1950..----..~.--.. Howard University: Resident in- struction and departmental research; some part of re- search and development, 1950. Federal Security, Office of Edu- cation: Collection and analy- sis of statistics and grants-in- aid, 1950.--...--- wowennnee -- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE $108, 634 5, 493, 700 1, 126, 000 142, 000 6, 870, 334 Post Office Department $74, 00 74, 000 $301, 926 14, 061, 350 6, 992, 600 20, 355, 876 $137, 600 $31, 377, 238 383, 023 1, 017, 944 873, 840 43, 000, 000 178, 250 858, 764 5,017, 058 4, 744, 000 8, 300, 000 3, 000, 000 4, 879, 000 708, 725 2,478, 125 100, 915 2421 Other departments—Continued Public Health Service: Clinical and laboratory re- search and grants-in-aid, 1960 --.-2- ee Control of tuberculosis— cooperative applied re- search, 1950_--_-.------~ - General health studies, etc., 1950 ~.--------.---.---- Control of communicable discases studics, ctc., 1950 __---.--. 2-2 ------ - Disease and siunitation in- vestigation and control, Alaska, 1060_--..----..- - Hospital construction, grants for research, eXx- periments, and demone- stration, 1950 (1951, $1,- 0C0,000) National Institutes of Health, Basic Research, 1950 _~-_---.---~--.---- - National Cancer Institute, 1950 Mental Health, 1950_...- - National Heart Institute, 1950 Dental Health, 1950-...---. Arctic Health Institute, 1051, estimate £975,000_- $596, 476 721, 996 16, 720, 292 3, 070, 030 1,317, 000 11, 844, 137 20, 916, 000 9, 620, 794 16, 161, 500 1, 934, COO Total 189, 319, 107 Federal Security Administration Children's Bureau, Research in Child Life: 1949 eee eee eee 1950 _--. 686, 826 1951 ~.-------_------------- 88, 721 General Services Admintstration, Geophysical Institute, Alaska: 1949 979, 000 1950 _.. 675, 000 1951 _--------~------------- 2----- eee (Plus $6,625,000 contract au- thority ) Expansion Public Health Service, Bethesda: 1949 _-_ oe eee 6, 723, 729 1950 _. 39, 320, 000 1951 _--.. -- ee eee 10, 700, 000 Research Facilities, National In- stitute of Dental Research: Building 1950 85, 000 Limit ~--..---.------------- 2, 000, 000 Housing and Home Finance Afen- cy, Housing Research Program: 1949.22 eee ~- 332, 000 2, 318, 000 8, 318, 000 Department of Agriculture, Solicitor’s Office Lands, forestry research, and general legal services: 1949__.-- 2 eee $528, 466 1950__------. 535, 300 1951___ 22. eee 560, 900 Agricultural Research Adminis- tration: (Working capital fund to be established in 1951, $1,5C0,000 ) Special research fund: 1, 278, 856 1, 262, 600 1, 272, 800 Research on strategic and critical agricultural materials: 1949 353, 408 1950... 354, 800 1951 517, 500 Research on agricultural problems of Alaska: 434, 943 -678, 800 816, 200
2422 Department of Agriculture, Solicttor’s Office—Continued $239, 517 236, 250 238, 450 Federal Experiment Station, Puerto Rico: 139, 719 147, 800 160, 950 1, 491, 109 1, 336, 400 1, 567, 100 1, 128, 298 1, 098, 700 1, 271, 700 For eradicating tuberculosis and Bangs disease: 6, 144, 476 6, 316, 700 0 Research under foot-and-mouth disease control: 1949__ 258, 000 1950... 0 1951 0 Bureau of Dairy Industry: 1949 1, 145, 038 1950. 1, 116, 000 1951 1, 371, 000 Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering: 2, 958, 464 2, 846, 800 2,971, 000 2,614, 688 2, 413, 580 2, 649, 950 Fruit, vegetable, and specialty crops: 1949 2,606, 211 1950 2, 406, 600 1951 2, 644, 000 421, 359 442,440 473, 700 Soils, fertilizers, arid irriga- tion 2, 152, 671 2, 424, 600 2, 709, 570 1949 793, 280 1950 870, 670 1951 1, 047,610 Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering: Rubber investigations: 1, 420, 396 1, 843, 600 1, 885, 800 Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine: 8, 340, 184 8, 648, 100 4, 021, 000 control: 4, 180, 849 4, 700, 500 4, 752, 000 2, 204, 248 2, 364, 000 2, 618, 000 1, 212, 227 1, 175, 600 1, 837, 500 Bureau of Agricultural and In- dustrial Chemistry: 1949.2 ee 5, 845, 124 5, 728, 525 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE Department of Agriculture, Solicitor’s Ofice—Continued Bureau of Agricultural and In- dustrial Chemistry—Continued 1961.....-.--.--. 2-2-2 $5, 807, 000 Agricultural chemical and naval stores investigation: 628, 657 655, 925 Regional research labora- tories: 1949.22 5, 197, 372 5, 072, 600 1949_.. 2-2 13, 742 81, 860 115, 000 Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Economics: 900, 170 919, 200 1, 370, 500 Forest Service: Forest and range research: 1949__.---------- 2, 858, 657 1950__-___-..--- +e 2,719, 919 1951_.-------------- 2,761, 735 1, 212, 931 1, 205, 500 1, 216, 100 Soil Conservation Service: Soil conservation research: 1949.22 2 1, 650, 188 1950_...------------- 1, 452, 800 1951_.--2-------- ee 1, 467, 850 Production and Marketing Ad- ministration. Marketing re- search. 1949.2 1, 138, 274 « 1950. .-2 22222 1, 168, 477 1961.._--2-2----- +e 1, 197, 468 Farm Credit Administration: Research and technical assist- ance 493, 962 491, 200 547, 000 Department of Commerce Bureau of Census: 1949 $5, 581, 717 1950__. 5, 865, 000 1961 6, 585, 000 Civil Aeronautics Administra- tion: Research and devclop- ment of airway facilities: 1949 91, 243 1950 7, 000, 000 1951 9, 948, 000 Coast and Geodetic Survey: Earthquake investigation: 1949 110, 943 1950. 111, 8300 1951 112, 300 Bureau of Public Roads: Testing and research laboratories: 552, 088 447,917 (Funds for continulng of construction at Langley, Va., contained in appropriation of Independent Offices Appropriation Act of 1949, provided by an appropriation of $1,000,000 in above act.) National Bureau of Standards: Research and testing: $4, 891, 657 5, 019, 388 4, 729, 000 Radio propagation and standards: 1949. ... eaceecnwcee-= 8,042,870 1960...--..-. wonwene --~ 8,100, 000 1951-..---...- menemeeen - 8,153,000 FEBRUARY 27 Department of Commerce—Continued National Bureau of Standards— Continued Construction and equip- ment, Radio Laboratory and Guided Missiles Laboratory: 1949...---2 2 weenwcwen - $6, 375, 000 681, 756 626, 366 780, 726 Department of the Army Research and development: Quartermaster Corps, 19650, estimate ..-.------------- $8, 194, 209 Transportation Corps, 1950, estimate _..-_----.------. 681, 348 Signal Corps, 1950, estimate. 25, 208, 072 Medical Corps, 1950, esti- mate_...-----.----------- 8, 551, 396 Corps of Engineers, 1950, estimate (1950 program: 235 projects, 35 scheduled for completion) -_...-.---. 5, 877, 351 Ordnance Department, 1950, estimate_..-..------------ 49, 017,897 Chemical Corps, 1950, esti- mate -_.-.--------------- 102, 032 Total ---.-.-...----.- 92, 642, 305 Department of the Navy (Navy personnel—applied research program to develop more effective methods for util- izing human resources to military require- ments) Research and development: Aircraft facilities, 1950, esti- mate --_-_--.---~------- $77, 853, 434 Ships and facilities, 1950, estimate --..--_-_-_----- Ordnance and facilities, 1950, estimate._-_-_---_- Medical care, 1950, estimate. Civil engineering, 1950, esti- mate --.---------------- Engineering research facili- ties—operating and muin- taining facilities engaged in civilian engineering re- research and development programs such as advance base proving ground, Port Hueneme and Arctic test station, Point Barrow, Alaska, 1950..-......_.. Research, 1950__.---.------ Service-wide supply and finance, 1950, estimate___ Service-wide operations— refers to research and development without break-down at naval ob- servatory__.-.--.-------- ------- ee - 23, 138, 000 69, 672, 904 2, 767, 770 902, 000 1, 872, 420 46, 497, 500 958, 093 Total ---.----- +--+ 213, 662, 121 Department of the Air Force Research and development, 1950 ...-.------------------ $213, 641, 584 National Defense Department of the Army.-.-... $92, 642,305 Department of the Navy -..... 213, 662, 121 Department of the Air Force._.. 213, 641, 584 Total .-.-.-----..----.- 519, 946, 010 BoME PENDING LEGISLATION DIRECTLY oR INDI- RECTLY DEALING WITH RESEARCH ACTIVIFIES MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTES (8, 2591, H.R. 3943) Numerous bills were introduced to estab- lish separate rescarch institutes for arthritis,
1950 multiple sclerosis, blindness, etc. The Pub- lic Health Service opposed such continued proliferation of separate rescarch institutes within the Public Health Service. This bill was devised a5 a compromise solution. It established two new institutes, one on arth- ritis, rheumatism, and metabolic diseases and another on blindness and neurological diseases including multiple sclerosis, epi- lepsy, and cerebral palsy. Also, the Sur- geon General is given additional authority to expand or contract research programs. This bill passed the Senate and is pending in the health subcommittee of the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com- merce. The House health subcommittee completed its public, hearings on June 23, 1949, but did not take action on the bill. STUDY OF CHRONIC AND DISABLING DISEASES (8. 2584) This bill authorizes the appropriation of $200,000 to enable the Public Health Service to study and report to Congress on the best methods of obtaining periodic estimates of the amount and distribution of chronic dis- eases, injuries, and handicapping conditions. This bill passed the Senate and was referred to the health subcommittee of the House In- terstate and Foreign Commerce Committee. FAMILY ASPECTS OF CIIRONIC ILLNESS (S. CON. RES 17) This bill declares it to be the sense of Con- gress that research on the familial aspects of chronic illness and investigation of prac- tical methods of furnishing family health services should be expanded and intensified. Accordingly, the bill directs the United States Public Health Service to extend its ac- tivities toward this end. It passed the Sen- ate and is now pending before the health subcommittee of the Houce Interstate and Foielgn Commerce Committee. UNITED MEDICAL ADMINISTRATION (8S. 2008, HOR. 5182) This bill carries out the Hoover Commis- sion proposal for u new United Medical Ad- ministration to provide for medical, care, public health, and medical research. In it would be consolidated most of the large-scale activities of the Federal Government in the fields of medical care, medical research, and public health, including Federal hospital facilities The Public Health Service would be transterred from the Federal Security Agency. Also, responsibility for turnishing medical and hospital care for veterans would be transferred from the Vetcrans’ Adminis- tration. No hearings were held on these bills. CHILD LIFE RESEARCH (S 904, H. R. 4465) This bill would broaden the mandate of the United States Children’s Bureau to in- vestigate and report upon all matters per- taining to the welfare of children and child life, and extend its powers and duties to implement this responsibility. For this phase of its work the Children’s Bureau re- ceived an appropriation of $571,000 this year. This bill calls for the appropriation of $7,500,000 for the first year to be used for research and demonstartions in child life and development, research fellowships, training and instruction in pediatrics and in child Nfe and development, and the de- velopment of a national clearing house for information on current and proposed re- searches and studies. Hearings were held by the Senate Labor and Public Welfare Com- mittee, but no further action was taken on the bill. In the House the bill was referred to the health subcommittee of the Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee which took no action on the measure. SURVEY OF PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED PERSONS (8. 458, H. R. 3937) This bill authorizes $5,000,000 to enable the Bureau of the Census to make a survey of the number and characteristics of physi- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE cally handicapped persons. It was reported favorably in the Senate but was not called up for action. In the House the Post Office Committee took no action on the bill after receiving unfavorable reports from the Fed- eral Security Agency and the Bureau of the Budget. LOCAL PUBLIC HEALTH UNITS (8, 522, H. R. 58658) This bill authorizes increased Federal aid to encourage and assist each State in estab- lishing and maintaining a network of local public health units organized to provide basic full-time public health services in all areas of the State. Public health services are defined to include services dealing with the diagnosis and prevention of disease, the control of communicable diseases, health education, demonstrations, sanitation, vital statistics, the training of personne] for State and local public health work and other as- pects of preventive medicine. The bill was passed by the Senate without a dissenting vote. In the House, hearings were held on this subject by the health subcommittee of the House Committee on Interstate and For- eign Commerce which reported the bill for consideration by the full committee. SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES (8. 1411, H. R. 3942) This bill authorizes $35,000,000 a year for Federal grants to aid the States in develop- ing health services for children of elementary and secondary school age. The bill calls for periodic medical and dental examinations for all school children, with treatment of con- ditions whenever the parents are unable to provide such treatment Treatment for all children, regardless of the economic status of parents, is left to the option of each State. Services would be available to children at- tending public and parochial schools. In a State whose constitution or laws prohibit the use of public funds by private schools, the Federal Security Administrator would make grants directly to the private schools instead of through the State agency. This bill passed the Senate without a dissenting vote In the House hearings were held by the health subcommittee ot the House In- terstate and Foreign Commerce Committee which reported the bill for reconsideration by the full committee. MATLRNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES The United States Children's Bureau ad- ministers giants to the Stutes ($11,000,000 annually) for maternal and child health services such as prenatal clinics, public health services, well-child clinics, immuniza- tions, and examinations of children of school ago by physicians and dentists. In addition, the Bureau makes grants to the States for serviccs to crippled children which includes locating them, diagnosing their crippled condition, and providing or locating skilled care for them, Legislation was introduced to increase the amounts of each of these appropriations to $25,000,000 for the first year with no ceiling on appropriations there- after. This proposal is included in part B, title VI, of article 1679, as well as in S. 2352, H. R. 5835, In the course of the extended public hearings in both branches of Congress on the major health bills, consideration was given to this proposal, but no action was taken. MEDICAL AND HEALTH PERSONNEL TRAINING (S 1453, H. R. 5040) These bills would establish an emergency 5-year program to increase the number of trained personnel in medicine, nursing, dentistry, dental hygiene, hospital adminis- tration, and public health. Eligible schools would receive Federal grants to help meet costs of instruction, with incentives for in- creasing enrollments. Grants would also be made for establishing new schools and ex- panding existing ones, Over the 6-year period, Federal grants would average over 655,000,000 a year. The Senate passed the bill (8. 1453) without a dissenting vote. A 2423 similar bill (H. R 5940) was reported favor- ably to the House, except that it includes assistance to schools of optometry. When Congress adjourned, the bill was still before the House Rules Committee. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE HOSPITAL PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION SERVICES The appropriation for this item finances the direct expenses of the Public Health Serv- ice under the hospital construction pro- gram Technical services: The Service assists the States and their communities in making in- ventories of their hospitals and health cen- ters, determining the additional facilities re- quired, and developing a coordinated pro- gram to meet the indicated need. Proposed hospital and medical center projects for which Federal financial help is requested are reviewed to determine eligibility for assist- ance, and the project plans and specifications are reviewed for compliance with construc- tion standards. To assure adequate facili- ties and adherence to cost limits, technical assistance is provided on architectural and engineering aspects. The Service is also au- thorized by recent legislation to conduct re- search, experiments, and demonstrations to- ward the effective development and utiliza- tion of hospital services, facilities, and re- sources. Funds are included for initiating this program. The budget includes $1,605,- 862 for these activities—$601,702 more than the current year's appropriation Cooperative applied research: In coopera- tion with States, medical schools, and pri- vate investigators, the Service conducts studies of the effectiveness of BCG vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis and of problems in epidemiology, diagnosis, prog- nosis, immunology, and therupy of tubercu- losis In addition, the Service makes re- lated studies of chest X-ray interpretation and the development and application of ra- iological equipment. The 1951 estimate provides for an expansion of BCG vaccine studies in Puerto Rico to include preschool children. The estimated cost of this ex- panded program is $856.000—an increase of $134,004. NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH The purpose of the activities financed from this appropriation is to foster and con- duct research in fundamental problems in microblology, communicable diseases, com- munity health, pathology and pharmacology, physiology, biochemistry and nutrition, chemistry and chemotherapy, physical bi- ology, and other fields. Grants to medical schools and other in- stitutions and to individuals for research and training: The current year's appropria- tion of 85,995,000 is supporting approxi- mately 565 research projects, averaging $9,700 @& project, and 170 research fellowships, averaging $2,940 each. The 1951 program calls for an increased appropriation of $7,166,000 and contemplates a sizable expan- sion in research grants, particularly for sup- port of extensive investigations in a new fleld of medical research recently opened up by discovery of the therapeutic activity of cer- tain sterold compounds, including cortisone ani adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which promises beneficial effect in the treat- ment of rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases. Of the prdédposed appropriation, $6,650,000 is for research projects, and $515,- 000 (same as current year) is for research fellowships, Headquarter research program: An appro- priation of 85,107,000 is proposed to support basic research in fundamental physiological and biochemical processes, in infectious and tropical diseases, and in biologics. The 1951 estimate contemplates expansion of studies of the causes and possible cures for the crippling diseases of the bones and joints,
2424 with particular emphasis on rheumatoid arthritic, including research in cortisone, ACTH, and related compounds. Proposed increases are partially offset by the discon- tinuation of yellow-fever vaccine production by 1951. NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE Approximately 200,000 people died from cancer in 1948. It is estimated that 600,000 people are presently under treatment for cancer and that 375,000 new cases are diag- nosed each year. The activities fnanced from this appropriation have three major purposes: 1. To foster and conduct research in the causes of the various types of cancer and in the development of improved methods of detection, diagnosis, and treatment, 2. To improve teaching in cancer prob- Jems and increase the supply of personnel trained for cancer work. 8. To assist in development and main- taining detection, diagnostic, and home- care services at the loca] level. The proposed appropriation will permit continuation of this program at about the present level. Grants for research and training’ The budget includes appropriations as follows for grants to medical and dental schools and other institutions and to individuals for cancer research and training: $2, 600, 000 500, 000 375, 000 2, 250, 000 All of these amounts are the same as for the current fiscal year. They provide teach- ing grants of 625,000 to each of 72 recog- nized 4-year medical schools and of 85,000 to each of 47 recognized dental schools and 2-year medical schools. No new cash or contract authority is provided to assist in- stitutions in the construction of cancer- research facilities; 85,000,000 is included to Nquidate prior-year commitments. Grants to States for detection, diagnosis, and other contro] services: The sum of $3,- 500,000 is proposed for grants to all States to strengthen State and local clinical and educational services. Grants for special control projects: Sev- enty-one special control projects receive fi- nancial assistance through special grants of Federal funds ($1,000,000) to State and lo- cal health agencies, universities, hospitals, and nonprofit professional organizations to develop, initiate, or establish improved types of cancer-contro] techniques and devices. Federal research and services: The budget calls for an appropriation of $3,756,000 (com- pared with $3,663,863 this year) for Federal cancer-research activities. Other direct op- erations, including consultative services to States in the development of their programs would continue at their present levels. MENTAL-HEALTH PROGRAM Approximately half of the beds in the Nation's hospitals are occupied by the men- tally ill, A relatively large percentage of those seeking medical attention have con- ditions which are influenced by some form of emotional disorder. The activities financed from this appropriation have three major purposes: 1. To foster and conduct research in the causes of the various mental and neuro- logical diseases and in the development of improved methods for their prevention, de- tection, diagnosis, and treatment. 2. To improve teaching in mental health and increase the supply of personnel trained for mental-health work. 8. To assist in the development and main- tenance of preventive, diagnostic, and out- patient clinical services at the local level. Grants to States for control services: The budget calls for the appropriation of 89,- 650,000 (same as current year) for grants Teaching of medical subjects_. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE to the States for detection, nosis, and other preventive and control activities, Fed- eral grants have resulted in the initiation of mental-health programs in 27 States, and the expansion of such ams in 24 others. Programs include preventive and educational activities, professional services, clinical serv- ices, and training of State and local mental- health personnel. Grants for research and training: The budget calls for increased grants to medical schools and other institutions, and to indi- viduals for research and training as follows: Current year Next year Research projects... 8794,000 $1,100, 000 Research fellow- ships ----..-.---. Expansion of grad- uate teaching grants for teach- ing of subjects relating to men- tal ilIness__._____ 1, 950, 500 2, 299, 000 Training stipends... 900, 000 1, 050, 000 While the current year's appropriation in- cludes grants of 810,000 each to 42 medical schools for undergraduate teaching in psy- chiatry, the 1951 estimate provides no funds for expanding this activity on the assump- tion that Congress will pass general legis- lation providing aid to medical schools, Federal research: The proposed appro- priation includes funds ($599,300 compared with $329,200 for the current year) for Fed- eral research activities including: 1. Research in narcotic and barbiturate addiction. 2. Epidemiological field research in multi- ple sclerosis 3 A field study in Phoeniz, Ariz, to de- termine the mental health needs of an urban community with a heterogeneous population. 4 Initiation and expansion of neurological research, a new program of research in schizophrenia, and preliminary studies ot the effects of cortisone and acth in nervous and mental disorders. NATIONAL HEART INSTITUTE Heart diseases constitute one of the leading causes of death. The activities financed from this appropriation have three major purposes: 1. To foster and conduct research in the causes of the various diseases of the heart and circulation and in the development of improved methods for their detection, diag- nosis, and treatment. 2. To improve teaching in cardiac prob- lems and increase the supply of personnel trained for research and treatment of heart diseases. 3. To assist in the development and main- tenance of detection, diagnostic, and home care services at the local level. Grants for research and training: The pro- posed appropriations for grants to medical schools and other institutions and to indi- viduals for research and training are the same us the current year's, with one excep- tion. While the 1951 estimate provides $5,350,000 to liquidate last year’s commit- ments for the construction of research facilities, no new contract authority for this purpose is given. Grants would be made as 100, 000 200, 000 follows: Research projects...__ ~-------- $3, 820, 000 Research fellowships__...---.. 800, 000 Expansion of teaching of medical subjects relating to heart dis- eases .---------. cee we nee ween 9741, 000 Training estipends._.......-.-.~< 150, 000 Grants for control activities: The sum of $2,000,000 (same as current year) is proposed for grants to States for detection, diagnosis, and other control activities. Under this pro- gram, the States find and refer cardiac pa- tients for diagnosis and treatment, provide services to heart-disease patients in their FEBRUARY 27 homes, furnish training opportunities to phy- sicians and public-health workers in cardiac problems, and supply public information. Federal research: An appropriation of $1,- 830,354 is proposed, compared with $1,407,939 for the current year, for Federal research in the development of diagnostic and case- finding instruments, the peripheral vascular system, kidney and electrolyte metabolism, high blood pressure, gerontology, rheumatic heart disease, therapeutics, and epidemiology. DENTAL HEALTH ACTIVITIES The activities financed from this appropri- ation have three major purposes: 1. To foster and conduct research in the causes and prevention of dental diseases and in the development of: improved methods for their diagnosis and treatment. 2. To increase the supply of personnel trained for dental health work and improve the utilization of dental health personnel now available. 3. To assist in the development and main- tenance of preventive and clinical programs at the local level. Grants for research and training: The fund for grants to dental schools and other insti- tutions and to individuals for research and training would be increased to $325,000, com- pared with $235,000 for the current year. Federal research: The proposed appropri- ation of $329,225 (%287,320 this year) pro- vides for expansion of research into the cause and possible cure of transient bacte- riemia, studies relating to the reattach- ment of supporting dental tissues destroyed in periodontal disease, and expansion of other studies in dental disease. Last year, Congress had appropriated $100,000 for de- veloping plans for the erection of a dental research building on the grounds of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesdn, Md. It ts proposed to postpone this project, until it is found that this additional epic” is needed. CONSTRUCTION OF RESEARCH FACILITIES The Public Health Service is currentiv er - gaged in a major expansion of {ts medicn: research facilities at the National Institue of Health in Bethesda, Md. The princi building, now in its second year of conttruc- tion, is the clinical center, a resenrch labe- ratory equipped with 500 reseatch becis for clinical research in cancer, heart, mental, metabolic, and infectious diseases Its pur- pose will be to provide a medical cenler where the best quality of hospital care can be given all types of patients under scientific obser- vation and where laboratory facilities 1u: adjunct studies with animals are immedi- ately accessible The project aleo includes auxiliary structures to provide power, incin- eration, storage, laundry, animul breedi..g, and shops services for the entire Nationul In- stitutes of Health. It 1s expected that tbo clinical center will be finished and eyuipped for operation by the close of 1952 The budget calls for the appropriation of $16,- 125,000 which is in addition to the $18,100,- 000 appropriated to date for this activity. CONTROL OF VENEREAL DISEASES The number of reported syphilis cases has deciined from a peak of 592,041 in 1943 to 353,393 in 1948 and 300,975 in 1949 The ac-~ tivities financed from this appropriation have two major purposes: 1. To assist Btates and localities in case finding and treatment, 2.To develop an immunizing azvent and more effective treatment and diagnostic agents and methods. The budget calls for an appropriation of $14,000,000 for the next fiscal year commenc- ing July 1, 1950 (fiscal year 1951), compared with $16,000,000 for the current fiscal year. Federal grants to the States for case finding and treatment would be $1,670 00C less. Grants for case finding, tieatment, and other control activities: The proposed uppro-
1950 Priation for such grants for the next fiscal year is $6,535,000, compared with $7,757,000. This estimate assumes that despite the re- duction in Federal grants, the total of all Federal, State, and local expenditures in 1951 for these purposes will equul or exceed that of 1950: 1 Increases in State and local contribu- tions are anticipated. 2 Significant increases in local services are expected to result from increased Federal granis for general public-health work. 3 Estimated decreases in State and local contributions ior in-patient treatment 1s ex- pected to release more State and local funds Sor case finding and out-patient treatment. Grents for special in-petient treatment ecnvers' Admissions have declined from a peak of 181,754 in 1947 to 160,066 in 1949, and average patient days per admission from 08 days in 1947 to 88 days in 1949. The fore- casts of patient-day loads and estimates of the Federal share of costs in fiscal years 1950 avd 1951 are as follows. 1950 1951 Patient-days .---- 1, 280, 000 1, 100, 000 Federal share of costs, §390 per day_----------- $4, 992, 000 $4, 290, 000 Grants for special case-finding projects: The budget calls for an appropriation of $300,000, compared with $346,000 for the cur- rent year Continuing progress by States in achieving improved case-finding methods is expected to decrease the need for making Federal grants on a epacial project basis Tochnical assistance to States The Public Health Service furnished assistance to the States in medical, nursing, and laboratory activities through field studies and demon- strations in improved case-finding methods and treatment, and through preparation and dissemination of scientific information af- fecting venereal diseases The proposed ap- propriation for these purposes is approxi- mately 10 percent less than for the current fiscal year. CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSIS The reported incidence of tuberculosis in this country remains higin; 138331 cases were reported in 1948. The activities financed from this appropriation have two major purposes 1 To assist States and localities in case finding, diagnosis, and in placing cases un- der local medical supervision. 2 To determine the cause of the disease and the mode of its tranmission and to develop improved methods of detection, diagnosis, and treatment as well as an ef- fective immunizing agent. The budget calls for an appropriation of $9,609,000 which is slightly less than the current year's appropriation, Grants to States for tuberculosis control activities: Federal grants to the States would be §6,350,000—8440,000 less than the amount available for the current year. This estimate assumes that despite the reduction in Federal grants, the total of all Federal, State, and lccal expenditures in 1951 fcr this purpose will equal or exceed that of 1959 Increased State and local contribu- tions, and increased local health services which ure expected to result from increased Federal grants for general public health work, are expected to offset the cut in Federal erents for this program Mars X-ray surveys in large cities: It 1s estimated that over two-thirds of the Na- tiou’s tuberculosis preblem is concentrated tn cities In the last 4 years, the Public Health Service hes taken chest X-ray fiims for 2,495,635 adults. OL that number, ap- proximately 24,571 with a tentative diagnosis of tuberculosis have been referred to physi- clans fer diasnosis and treatment During 1959, the service is for the first time operat- ing with two complete teams on a full-year CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE basis. Forecasts of work load and unit costs are as follows: 1950 1951 Chest X-ray films. 2, 479, 362 2, 900, 000 Cost per film__.... 46¢ 43¢ Amount.-.- 222. $1,140, 508 61, 247,000 Significantly lower-unit costs in 1950 and 1951 are expected to result from an increascd volume of films and the introduction of impioved methods and procedures. Follow-up work after mass X-ray surveys: Mass X-ray surveys cause an increase in cases requliing follow-up, which is frequently five or six times the normal load The facilities and personnel of local health departments usually cannot effectively take care of such a rapid increase It is proposed, as a now program, to assign trained professional work- ers to local health departments in the two metropolitan-survey aleas to be covered in 1951 for a specified period of time after the mass cuse-finding surveys to assist in final diugnosis and other follow-up work. The estimated cost is $105,000. CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Despite notable progress in recent years, Many communicable diseases are not yet under control This appropriation finances laboratory and fleld investigations and con- trol operations designed to supplement and support the activities of the States and local- ities in the control of communicable diseases. General communicable-disease control: This Includes epidemiology, laboratory tech- nological services, general veterinary public health activities, enginecring, entomological and technical development activities, and training and production of training mate- rials. The 1951 estimate provides increases for: 1. Improving the diagnostic methods and performance of State, local, and other non- profit laboratorics. 2 Expanding epidemiological studies of the mode of transmission of virus diseases, streptococcal infections, and enteric diseases. 3 Expanding studies of the health hazards involved in the use of new insecticides, ro- denticides, and other commercial poisons tn the control of communicable diseases. The budget includes 82,600,000 for these purposes—an incrense of $150,000. Investigation and control of specific com- municable diseases. These diseases ure ma- Jarie, typhus, plague, and other rat-borne diseases, rabies, leprosy, infant diarrheal dis- evses, poliomyelitis, encephalitis, and other virus diseases, and “Q” fever und other rickettsial disenses. The 1951 estimate re- flects reductions in control operations for malaria and typhus of 42 and 56 percent, re- spectively, in accordance with morbidity rates which have sharply declined from their wartime and postwar peaks. Only partially offsetting increases are estimated for investi- gations of infant diarrheal diseases and en- cephaltis. The proposed appropriation of $2,650,000 1s $1,055,000 less than the appro- priation for the current fiscal year. General epidemic and disaster aid Emer- gency aid is furnished in disease epidemics and disasters which create problems beyond the capacity of State health departments. Saventeen States in which epidemics or dis- asters occurred in 1949 received aid from the communicable-disease center of the Service. The appropriation for this work is $40,000. SANITATION AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE The purpose of the activities financed from this appropriation ts to supplement and sup- port the activities of States and localities in promoting and preserving the public health through control of the basic essentials of individual ond community Mfe—atr, water, food, and shelter. The proposed appropria- tion is 84,600,000-—almost 81,000,6C0 more than the amount available for the current fiscal year. 2425 Water pollution control: The present pro- gram consists of the initial development and organization of activities authorized in the Water Pollution Control Act of 1948, including: technical and consultative serv- ices on prevention and abatement of water pollution; preparation of comprehensive river basin programs for pollution control; and field and laboratory investigations in devising and perfecting methods of testing for and treating certain industrial wastes. The 1951 estimate provides increases in funds for the further development of these activ- ities to meet the objectives set forth in the act. The budget includes $1,766,826 for this program— $645,226 over the current year's ap- propriation. In addition, $1,000,000 (same as last yeur) is proposed for grants to State and interstate water pollution agencies in order to assist them in the conduct of surveys, studies, investigations, and research related to the r~evention and control of water pol- lution caused by industrial wastes. Mlk, food, and other sanitation activities: Thece include consultative and technical as- sistance to State and local authorities and laboratory and field investigations in sani- tation of water, milk, shellfish, and other focds. The 1951 estimate provides increases for a new program of certifying interstate shipments of milk and for intensification of activities in shellfish sanitation. The budget includes $715,000 for these activities—$103,- 880 over the current year's appropriation, Industrial hygiene: Technical and consul- tative services are furnished to States, local authorities, and industry, Including assist- ance in establishing, conducting, and im- proving industrial hygiene services and in making atmospheric pollution studics. Re search and investigations are undertaken in the evaluation of injurious and objectional chemical, physical, and biological agents used or produced in indvstrial processes, and in the development of control measures. The budget estimate of $655,000 will permit operation of this program at approximately the current year’s level, Radiological health services: These ine clude the collection, analysis, and disseml- netion of information relative to the hazards of handling, using, and disposing of radio- active substances and the training of per- sonnel competent to render advisory services to Federal, State, and local authorities in radiological health problems. An increase in funds from §60,000 for the current year to $110,000 for the next fiscal year would permit the establishment of a radiological health training unit. GENERAL PUBLIC HEALTH WoRK Latest available information indicated that little more than one-half of all counties are serviced by full-time local health units, and many of these are inadequately staffed This means that most counties lack adequate serv- ices in one or more of such fundamental phases of public health as public health nursing, public henlth dentistry, control of communicable diseases, and sanitation. The basic purpose of this xppropriation is to assist States in meeting the need for local health services as well ns to provide financial support for State health services of a general character. The budget calls for the appro- priation of $26,425,000—an increase of more than #9,000,000 over this year's appropriation, Grants to States for general health: The Proposed increase is primarily for assisting States to expand and strengthen Iccal health services. The 1951 estimate of $23,450,000 for grants under this appropriation, tcgethor with the 1951 estimate of 3,550,000 for grants to States under ‘Mental health activities,” equals the limit of €27,090,000 imposed by existing lew. Technical assistance to States’ The pres- ent program includes’ (n) consultative serv- ices to States for local and general health ecrvices, and review and analysis of State
2426 plans, programs, and budgets, (b) sanitation and other general training of State and local public health personnel, assistance to States in establishing training programs, and in- service training for Public Health Service officers in local health units; and (c) dem- onstrations in nutrition and diabetes. The 1951 estimate provides for the addition of a screcning team for finding diabetes cases and demonstrating the case-finding tech- nique to local health departments. Other increases are for strengthening the train- ing program. The increased funds included in this budget for these purposes are as follows: 1950 1951 Consultative services. $510,000 $540, 000 Training. --..--.----- 305, 163 £37, 000 Demonstrations ~-.-.. 1,301,163 1, 452, 000 The studies in chronic-disease problems: This budget includes a new appropriation of $105,000 for studies in: The development of techniques for screening individuals in one visit for various chronic diseases, mass screening for glaucoma, and home care and restorative services for the chronically ill. SPECIAL HEALTH PROGRAM IN ALASKA The activities financed from this appro- priation have two basic purposes The first is to supplement and strengthen the services of the Territorial Department of Health to mect the needs of an expanding military and civillan population in Alaska. The second ts to enable the Public Health Service to con- duct field and laboratory investivations of the disease problems of the Territory, many of which are different from those in the continental United States An appropria- tion of $1,259,000 is proposed, which Includes & special grant of $708,000 to Alaska for gen- eral health purposes. Grants for research, experiments, and demonstrations: New legislation enacted last year authorizes the Public Health Service to make grants-in-aid to States, local govern- ments, and nonprofit organizations for proj- ects for the conduct of research, experiments, or demonstrations toward development, utili- zation, and coordination of hospital services, facilities, and resources. The sum of $1,000,- 000 is recommended for this purpose. HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH The Veterans’ Administration conducts a continuous program of research on various phases of the administration of its hospi- tals Following are some examples of recent research projects: Vetcrans’ Administration has estimated that during the past 3 years research in connection with the design of hospital equip- ment alone covered some 900 major studies and resulted in an annual saving of $750,000. In cooperation with manufacturers, a floor material was developed that meets require- ments in all parts of the country and under all kinds of weather conditions. Four items of waiting room furniture were standardized, having common replacement parts. Test results have indicated the superiority and economy of zone-controlled heating sys- tems A study is currently under way to disclose & practical methad of flameproofing mattress ticking and filling. In 1947 the total research activities were given as $1,160,000,000. This in- cludes industries and universities. Of that in the Federal Government there was $625,000,000 appropriated and only $55,000,000 went to basic research, while $570,000,000 went to applied research development. In the War Department there was $500,000,000, but only $35,000,000 was ex- pended on basic research, which this bill CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE deals with, and yet $465,000,000 was ex- pended on applied research. Industry, $450,000,000, only $10,000,000 on basic and $440,000,000 on applied. Universities, $35,000,000 on basic and only $10,000,000 on applied. So I hope you will see what this com- mittee is trying to do and why it is trying to focus attention on basic research, and why, as the gentleman from New Jersey (Mr. WOLVERTON] and others have so ably stated, we felt it was our duty, irre- spective of party, by a very heavy major- ity, not only to recommend this Icgisla- tion to the House, but it was our duty and obligation to support it and try to con- vince you of its soundness as well. Mr. TABER. Now, will the gentleman yield? Mr. HESELTON. I yield. Mr. TABER. I am wondering if the gentleman could point out to us any lan- guage in the bill which would authorize the so-called Foundation to do the things that you indicated was being done in the armed services 1n connection with the coordination activity. In the armed services they have authority to do it. Mr. HESELTON. Yes. I think you will find that in paragraph 6, section 3 (a), On page 3. You will find in the committee bill that there is a new com- mittee amendment recommended. Iam happy to say that the members of the committee were willing to consider a sug- gestion that I made because of the Hoover Commission report, but unfor- tunately that language does not do what we intended it to do. Therefore, I pro- pose to offer an amendment, and I hope it will be supported by members of the committee. It is as follows: To evaluate scientific research programs undertaken by agencies of the Federal Gov- ernment and correlate the Foundation ecien- tific research prcgrams with those under- taken by individuals and by public and pri- vate research groups. That, in my judgment, will properly place this new Foundation, if we create it, in a position to evaluate the whole Federal picture. It will not place it ina position where it can say to private re- search groups, “You must do this or else we will not give you something” or “You cannot do that or we will withdraw funds.” It leaves them to do their job by cor- relating this Federal activity in the over- all industrial research and university picture of this country, but it definitely gives the Foundation no authority to evaluate the work of non-Federal groups or to interfere with their prozrams. I want to add that our colleague from Del- aware [Mr. Bocas] has discussed it with me, as well as our colleague from New York (Mr. Keating] and others. I am confident that the substitute amendment meets their very proper objection to the form of the committee amendment. I want to absolve other members of the committee from any responsibility for that language. I had too little time to consider it carefully. It would not do what I intended—carry out the recom- mendation of the Hoover Commission. This substitute will do that. I hope it will be accepted by the Interstate and FEBRUARY 27 Foreign Commerce Committee and by you. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. HeEsEL_Ton] has expired. Mr. KEATING. Since I had prepared an amendment substantially similar, al- though, I admit, inferior in quality to that offered by the gentleman from Massachusetts, I shall support his amendment and think it is most impor- tant that it be adopted. Mr. CROSSER. Mr. Chairman, I yield 10 minutes to the gentleman from Wis- consin {Mr. BremMILuer!. Mr. BIEMILLER. Mr. Chairman—— Mr. KEATING. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. BIEMILLER. I yield. Mr. KEATING. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent to extend my remarks in the RecorD immediately following the remarks by the gentleman from Massa- chusetts [Mr. HEesE.Ton]. The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from New York? There was no objection. Mr. KEEFE. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. BIEMILLER. I yicld. Mr. KEEFE. Mr Chairman, I know that the gentleman who is now address- ing the House has spent a lot of tine on this bill. There are a few questions I would like to try to get answered. I asked one a short time ago, and the gentleman attempted to answer it. He said that it was not the intent of this bill to transfer operating functions in the fields of scientific research, whether basic or otherwise, to the Foundation. Did I understand the gentleman cor- rectly? Mr. BIEMILLER. That is correct. Mr. KEEFE. Then if the gentleman has time, I would like for him to explain why on page 19, section 8 was stricken out and a new section was inserted which proposes to make the funds that have heretofore been made available to operat- ing agencies in the field of research transferable to the Science Foundation. Mr. BIEMILLER. Mr. Chairman, the point raised by the gentleman from Wis- consin is one that I do intend to dis- cuss in my remarks. If he will be pa- tient for just a few moments, I will be coming back to the question he raises. I wish to spend most of the time avail- able to me in dealing with the general basic problem which the gentleman from Wisconsin [Mr. KEEFE] has raised. But first I think the urgency of the situation should be made clear. The very suddenness with which we were catapulated into the atomic era is dramatic proof of the urgency of a Nation Science Foundation in relation to our national security. The general theories from which the practical work- ings of atomic energy were developed were common knowledge among the ex- plorers of the scientific frontier long be- fore the rest of us wakened to their shattering realities. These theories came not from the researchers who work toward a known goal within the fron- tier, but from the pure researchers who
1950 explore beyond the outer limits of man’s knowledge of himself and his universe. What has that to do with this bill? Just this. This Nation is sponsoring or assisting in many research projects, pub- lic and private. The most prominent are being carried on by the Atomic Energy Commission. Almost every one of them is aimed at the accomplishment of given ends, of goals believed reachable inside the present limits of man's knowledge of the way the world works. Meanwhile scientists from all over the United States have appeared before ccn- gressional committees to tell us that al- most no pure research of the kind that first provided the atomic theories is be- ing done. Skilled minds ere applying that which the restless probers of the universe discovered years ago to the con- struction of a hydrogen bomb. But vir- tually no one is back out in that limitless scientific area where the potentialities of the H-bomb were discovered. Pure research is enormously expensive without having any foreseeable benefits. Years of effort might result in scientific explanation of the principles of man’s behavior—or in nothing. It might result in some principle of the universe that would bury the hydrogen bomb with the caveman’s club—or in nothing. But pure research must be done because it is our chance that in the end science may balance the awful gift of power with the precious counterweight of con- trol. There are endless other potentialities in pure research, many of them almost as important. As Franklin D. Roosevelt said in November 1944: New frontiers of the mind are before us and if they are pioneered with the same vision, boldness, and drive with which we have waged the war we can creute a fuller and more fruitful employment and a fuller and more truitful life. Mr Chairman, we must see the urgen- cy 1n all this. The urgency in bringing to bear on our common problems not only the vast store of man’s present knowl- edge, but that which has so far escaped him There hes our hope. The National Science Foundation Act was written with these great needs in mind. It deals with smaller proolems as well as the large, but all within the con- text of the urgent importance of expand- ing this Nation's scientific research pro- gram. According to Dr. Vannevar Bush, Di- rector of the wartime Office of Scientific Research and Development: The responsibility for the creation of new scientific knowledge—and for most of its ap- plication—rests on that small body of men and women who understand the fundamen- tal laws of nature and are skilled in the techniques of scientific research. We shall have rapid or slow advance on any scientific frontier depending on the number of highly qualifed and trained scientists exploring it. The testimony is ample, indeed over- whelming, that the advance is not yet rapid, particularly in the pure research which is basic to applied research. It is estimated that our stock pile of as yet unapplied basic knowledge is down about 40 percent below prewar levels. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE Dr. Kar] Compton, well known to most of you as former Chairman of the Re- search and Development Board of the National Military Establishment, has written that the Board more and more frequently meets problems the solution of which is at least temporarily halted by lack of basic knowledge. Why have existing private and public agencies failed to take up the slack? There is the problem of personnel stated by Bush, the problem of far greater cx- pense in terms of equipment and man hours because of the huge scale of ac- tivities needed and the problem of over- all direction. What, first, is the personnel situation? If the prewar trend in this country had continued we would have had about 205,060 scientists in this country. We now have about 165,000. There are greater demands for them than ever. As a result there are unfilled research posi- tions in almcest every public or private research agency as well as on university teaching staffs. What about equipment and laboratory space? Acommittee of the National Re- search Council indicates that the capital outlay needed by universities and col- leges alone is about $130,000,000. To show the present lack of cohesive know]- edge about our scientific personnel and facilities as a whole, there is no com- parable figure on private needs. And, third, what about coordination? The Hoover Commission is worried about the lack of it among Federal agencies alone, witnout mentioning the much worse situation of private research groups. There 1s a right to be suspicious of a system hich produced sulfanila- mide before the First World War, but got its first real use from the discovery more than 20 years later. I think the need is pretty well estab- lished. There is, in fact, only scattered opposition to the measure. If the bill’s intent were better understood, it seems likely even this opposition, mostly con- cerned about its effects on patents, would vanish. The bill says only that each contract for research shall contain provisions governing the disposition of inventions produced thereunder in a manner calcu- lated to protect the public interest and the equities of the other parties to the contract—that no such provision will be inconsistent with any patent law. Only those who believe the Government of the United States can do no right would mistrust such a clause. It is a course of action that would be followed by any public agency with or without such a clause. Any agency which did not pro- tect the rights of the taxpayer to such a limited extent would deserve and get a sound thrashing from Congress. As one of the authors of National Sci- ence Foundation legislation, I want to discuss in some detail other advantages of H. R. 4846, the bill before you. It is a solution to one of the crucial problems of this type of legislation. The administrative structure provides direct responsibility to the executive branch. It provides equally for participation in 2427 policy decisions by impartial, but vitally interested scientists. Not only is the proposed foundation administratively sound, but it has prop- erly flexible authority. It can move from subject to subject, placing its emphasis on research in the area where the na- tional need is greatest at the time. The bill also takes into consideration a situation created by the 4 years which it has taken to bring the foundation this close to reality. Many Federal agencies are already conducting research pro- grams which could not and did not wait for the creation of an over-all agency. These programs are producing splendidly and are, in fact, good advertisements of what the nationally integrated program of the foundation can do on a much greater scale. Among the agencies with the largest programs are the Atomic Energy Com- mission, the Military Establishment and the Public Health Service. They are performing their particular functions with distinction. Under this legislation, it is not pro- posed that their programs will be taken over, The foundation would, of course, immediately assume its role as the co- ordinating agency, but it is expected that operating responsibility of present pro- grams will remain in the hands of indi- vidual agencies. There are three prin- cipal reasons for this expectation. First, provision of research funds to a number of Federal sources is healthy, particu- larily since Federal funds are such a high percentage of the total allotted for research in this country. Second, there is an extensive network of non-Federal advisory groups now cooperating with the Federal agencies and their knowl- edge and uninterrupted assistance is vital. Finally, the foundation must not divert ettention from the major prob- lems of national scientific strategy to the details of individual programs already in operation. The Public Health Service is a par- ticular case in point. Grants for basic research in medicine and related sci- ences in this fleld are made to support investigations selected by scientists in the Nation's medical schools, universi- tles and hospitals. The scientists and not the Public Health Service select the arcas in which they wish to work, Ap- plications for grants are reviewed by nongovernmental specialists who are leaders in their fleld. Their recom- mendations are reviewed by national advisory councils, These councils must not only approve all specific grants, but advise on policies of the total program. Almost all this activity is directed to- ward the chronic diseases which are the major causes of death in this country. As now handled, this activity has been a marvelously successful case study in democratic debate and decision. There is no need to alter its operation in any major respect; indeed, there is a need to preserve its present general form and content. The programs of the Public Health Service would require changing only as the national scientific strategy requires changing as determined by the National
2428 Science Foundation. There, I think, is the ideal relationship between the foundation and such agencies as the Public Health Service. Mr. KEEFE. Myr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. BIEMILLER. I yield to the gen- tleman from Wisconsin. Mr. KEEFE. Does this bill contem- plate that the National Science Founda- tion, if established, will make requests for one over-all appropriation to cover the research indulged in by all Govern- ment agencies authorized to conduct research? Mr. BIEMILLER. That is definitely not my understanding. I understand that the amounts requested would be (a) for the obvious operating expenses of the agency, and (b) for such opera- tions as are not covered by any other grant made by the Congress for research by any existing Federal agency. Mr. KEEFE. So that those present operations, such as the Public Health Service’s categorical programs for public health, and the National Institute of Health, would not under this, in the judgment of the gentleman, be com- pelled to bid for the favor of one over- all piece of money in order to get a slice for the operation of their particular agency? Mr. BIEMILLER. That is precisely my understanding and may I add in con- nection with the question which the gentleman raised earlier on page 19, sub- section (h) of section 14. My under- standing for the need of that section, and I ask my subcommittee chairman to check me if I am not correct, is that in the event a project had already been initiateda—and let us use the Public Health Service inasmuch as that is the illustration in front of us—if there had been some project initiated by one of the Public Health Service institutes, either for their work in public health or under the grants it makes to various universities or other agencies which needed supplementing by some further grant for which the National Science Foundation might have funds, this sub- section (h) gives the authority for pool- ing those funds and pooling the results and pooling the work that is to be done under such situation. Mr. PRIEST. That is my understand- ing of the purpose of that provision. Let us say that the National Cancer In- stitute had some research going on at Johns Hopkins; let us say there was need for an additional amount for which the division of medical education in this bill had some funds, that the two might be pooled to further the project. That, I think, would be an example of what the language is intended to do. Mr. KEEFE. I doubt if that is an answer to the question which the gen- tleman from Wisconsin now speaking has raised, because subsection (h) on page 19 of this bill definitely provides that— Funds available to any department or agency of the Government for scientific or technical research, or the provision of facil- ities therefor, shall be available for transfer, with the approval of the head of the de- partment or agency involved, in whole or CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE in part, to the Foundation for such use as is consistent with the purposes for which such funds were provided. Mr. PRIEST. That is my understand- ing. If the funds were provided for cancer research on that agreement be- tween the two agencies concerned a transfer could be made. There is au- thority therefor. Mr. KEEFE. They could take the funds that the Congress has granted for research for cancer, for example, if the Foundation requested transfer of those funds with the consent of the Surgeon General or the head of the Federal Se- curity Agency who would be the person involved, I suppose, they could transfer funds from that appropriation over to the National Science Foundation? Mr. BIEMILLER. The section goes on to say: “to the Foundation for such use as is consistent with the purposes for which such funds were provided.” In other words, you have to have the approval of the Surgeon General in the instant case and the fact that the funds must still be utilized for the purposes for which the Congress appropriated them. This is a matter of bookkeeping. It is intended for such projects as it may be more desirable to coordinate than to have go on independently; but does not affect the basic work that would be done by the Public Health Service. Mr. KEEFE. It makes the Foundation an operating agency in that respect. Mr. BIEMILLER. Only insofar as the Surgeon General is willing to agree. In addition to these major advantages of a national science foundation as pro- posed in H. R. 4846, there are a number which are almost as important. First. The foundation could contribute to a solution of the problem of exchange of scientific information in which the need for secrecy is matched by the need to have the information available under the safeguards written into the bill to as many scientists as possible. Second. The foundation could give us a total picture of how many scientists are needed, the rate of production and the flelds in which the most acute shortages exist. Third. The foundation could give us our first sound understanding of what private -and public scientific resources we have, how they are distributed now and how they are likely to be distributed and used in the future. When all this has been said about the National Science Foundation; when you add to it the 4 years of discussion, public and private; when you sum it up—what more can be said? Only this. There are those who fear any activity on the part of government. They are the government haters. They think anything the Government does is bound to be wrong. Well, we are relative- ly reasonable men. Every single one of us saw and helped this Government suc- cessfully prosecute a war in which the life of the Nation was at stake. Every single one of us knows of other good and im- portant things this Government has done, in peace as in war. There is no more important thing Congress can do at this time than pledge FEBRUARY 27 this democratic government to under- write its scientific future. The benefits of science are for all of the people of this country—and eventually of the world. It is fitting that the repre- sentatives of the people of this country once more man the outer frontiers of science with the pioneers who are our hope of a new and better world. It is as important that those outer frontiers be manned as it is that we strengthen the bastions of our national defense. For, in the end they are the same—at once protection against our fears and hope for our future. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Wisconsin has expired. Mr. WOLVERTON. Mr. Chairman, I yield 12 minutes to the gentleman from Minnesota [Mr. O'Hara]. Mr. O'HARA of Minnesota. Mr. Chairman, may I say that this is a bill upon which we have had hearings in the Seventy-ninth Congress. In the Hight- ieth Congress we had hearings upon the same subject, and in the Highty-first Congress we had hearings on the same subject, and that I started oul as a mem- ber of the committee in the Seventy- ninth Congress being opposed to such type of legislation. But I have been overcome by the overwhelming weight of the arguments made by the witnesses in behalf of this bill, and I listened with equal car2 to those opposed to it. I think one of the most able and pow- erful witnesses who appeared before our committee was Dr. Karl T. Compton, and I should like to read, if I may, some por- tions of his testimony which are directly in answer to some of the questions which have been raised, particularly by the gentleman from New York [Mr. Waps- wortH!]. Dr. Compton said, in part. I am here in three capacities—as repre- sentative of the National Military Establish- ment by designation of the Secretary of De- fense, as Chairman of the Reseaich and De- velopment Board, which is generally responsible for planning and coordinating military rescarch, and as a citizen with some experience in scientific research as president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technol- ogy until last November. I hasten to say that in all three capacities I strongly support the establishment of a National Science Foundation. I should also add that the De- partments of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force support the basic legislation and concur in this statement. In addition, the Bureau of the Budget has advised me that there is no objection to presentation of this statement to you. Despite the extensive discussion during the past 4 years of legislation for this purpose, I feel that it might be useful briefly to review the essential elementb of the agency with which we are concerned, for I have the teel- ing that there is danger of diversion of atten- tion to extraneous issues. In so doing, it may be less confusing if I refer only to H. R. 2308 and H. R. 12, intending, of course, to include the bills identical with each. How- ever, I should like to exclude H. R. 359 for the time being and discuss it separately. The need for a scientific foundation rests upon the major requirement in this country with respect to science. This is the dual necessity of supplementing the private re- sources available for the support of basic research and for the training of scientists and engineers. All other issues which have arisen in the course of consideration of Na- tional Sclence Foundation Icgislation, al-
1950 though many are important in themselves, are subordinate to the basic need for a foun- dation, and within the limit of reasonable- ness, they should be kept subordinate. We have in the last 10 years devoted an enormous effort to applied research, and this, although considerably reduced since the war, 1s still roughly three times the annual effort made before 1939. This effort, together with previous modern advances in the utilization for practical purposes of natural phenomena, is bringing us near the point of diminishing returns. We have literally exhausted the ae pile of fundamental] knowledge in many elds - Further improvements are, of course, pos- sible, but significant progress is becoming more and more difficult. I speak now from the point of view of the National Military Establishment concerned with providing for our armed forces equipment and weapons superior to those of any potential enemy, but the same thing applies to other rovernmental Reencies and to industry as well. Tt is basic research which provides the data and general knowledre for use by those engaged in ap- pled research for particular ends, and nei- ther Government nor industry can maintain substantial technological progress without a steady increase in the quality and scope of this basic knowledge. Mr. Chairman, I feel that that state- ment by Dr. Compton alone ts the over- wne’ming argument which makes this lecisiation important and imperatively necessary. Mr. WOLVERTON. Mr. Chairman, I yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from Maine |[Mr. Har}. Mr. McSWEENEY. Mr. will the gentleman yield? Mr. HALE. I yield to the gentleman from Ohio. Mr. McSWEENEY. May I say that I grew up in the same town with Dr. Karl Compton, attended the same college, and have had definite correspondence with him relative to this legislation. I asked him one question which maybe the gen- tleman can answer. Does the gentleman believe it would stifle private industry in its efforts and research? Mr. HALE. I quite definitely do, and Iam going to develop that thought. Nothing would please me more than to join in the chorus of praise for this legis- lation. It is never very pleasant to serve as a dissenter on a congressional com- mittee, particularly on a committee as strong and able as I think the Commit- tee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce is. It is only because I feel rather strongly that this particular piece of legislation is not really wise and salutary that I voted against it in the committee this year. I voted against it in the Eightieth Congress, and at that time made a more elaborate and extensive speech than I expect to make today. The truth of the matter as I see it is that the effect of this bill is to inject science into politics and politics into sci- ence; and I think it is a miscegenation devoutly to be avoided. I do not believe that you can possibly draw a bill which gives Government con- trol over scientific-research programs and still leaves scientists the freedom I think they must have. Nobody has said any more eloquently than it was said this morning by the gentleman from Massa- chusetts, our majority leader, that the scientist must have his freedom. I do XCVI——153 Chairman, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE not care how well-meaning political bu- reaus or commissions or foundations may be, I do not think they can leave scien- tists altogether free, and free scientists must be. The way to accomplish the result which this bill seeks to accomplish is, in my opinion, to amend our tax laws and make more readily possible private donations and corporate donations to scientific pur- suits and research. I believe that amendments of this kind to our tax laws could very readily be devised. I think they would be completely effective, and would cost the Government very much less money than it will find itself spend- ing for the support of this Foundation. The trouble with this bill, in my opinion, is that it is one more straw in the gradual socialization of our whole national structure. I read the other night with great interest the President’s $100-dinner speech in which he poked fun at the Republican Party for opposing this, that and the other measure as being socialistic. Of course, Mr. Chairman, one straw does not make a haystack. Two straws do not make a haystack. Three or 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. 10, 100, or 200 straws do not make a haystack. Finally you get enough straws—I just do not know how many it does take—but you get enoush straws and you get something that everybody rccognizos to be a hay- stack. It seems to me if you place more and more activities, whether of a busi- ness or a scientific nature, under Gov- ernment regimentation, then you have— finally—a structure, the character of which no one can mistake. I have great respect for Dr. Compton and Dr. Bush and all the other distinguished scientific gentlemen who favor this legislation I will call attention to the fact, how- ever, that there are many distinguished scientists who are heartily opposed to this legislation. During the Eighticth Coneress I inserted in the REcorp a very large number of communications which I received from distinguished scientists in opposition to a measure similar to this. But the sad truth is that too many scientists find themselves like so many farmers, manufacturers, and others un- able to resist the lure of Government subsidies. I wish that this legislation might be rejected. Science will not suffer if it is. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Maine has expired. Mr. CROSSER. Mr. Chairman,I yield 7 minutes to the gentleman from New York [Mr. CELLER]. Mr. CELLER. Mr. Chairman, the Of- fice of Scientific Research and Develop- ment, as directed by Dr. Vannevar Bush, was an organization during the war of 5,000 scientists and 10,000 technicians. They advanced our scientific and tech- nical knowledge 20 years in the space of 5 war years. If the Office of Scientific Development and Research was effica- cious during the war, we should have a continuation of similar work during peacetime. The National Science Foun- dation would accomplish that—a con- tinuation of the splendid work performed by these technicians and scientists under the able direction of Dr. Vannevar Bush. 2429 I hope a man of the caliber and stamp of Dr. Vannevar Bush will become Chief of the National Science Foundation. We could never find a better man than he to head up this outfit. There are no longer any physical fron- tiers but frontiers of science are still vague intellectual regions unconquered. Indeed, they seem to recede ever further away as physicists, biochemists, biolo- gists, medical savants make new revela- tions and discoveries. To help control these ever-changing frontiers will be the function of the Na- tional Science Foundation. That prob- lem is too gigantic for private industry or groups to cope with. Our Govern- ment must step in. I want to call the attention of the gentleman from New York to the fact that Charles Kettering, a very noted sci- entist and automotive industrialist, tells us that 6,060,009 men and women ere marked for death from cancer and 200,- C00 will de every year from that dread scourge, cancer. If a cure could be found for cancer at a cost of $25,000,000, which is the estimated ultimate cost for the National Scicnce Foundation, I say the cost would be minuscular in com- parison to the dread disease called can- cer. Dr. Kettering stated: Cancer presents a number of curious para- doxcs, such as the fnct that biologically it is at the positive extreme of life and growth and is at the same time a widespread cause of death, that the more complete our med!- cal services and the higher our standards of living, the more cancer we seem to de- velop; that scientists have a relatively great knowledge of the world around us, but have failed to penetrate with equal mastery the unit of man himself, the cell. Then he foes on to ask: Why fs it that 200,000 people amid us must die evcry year from cancer? Mr. MILLER of Nebraska Mr. Chair- man, will the gentleman yield? Mr. CELLER. I yicld. Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. The gen- taeman understands that vast sums of moncy are now being spent upon re- search to discover the cause and cure of cancer. Mr. CELLER. I say that the National Science Foundation, regardless of all other scientific endeavor, will speci‘i- cally direct its attention to the finding of a cure for cancer. Take the case of the common cold. The medical profession has advanced remarkably in latter years, but it is no disparagement of the medical profession to say that the doctors have not cven succeeded in finding a cure for the com- mon cold. The story is told of a man who comes to a doctor. The doctor says, “Why, you are suffering from a cold.” “Well, can you help me?” asked the patient. The doctor says, “I’ll tell you what you do. It is raining cats and dogs outside, take off your coat and your hat and walk about 3 miles in that teeming rain. Then come back to me.” The patient said, “But I will get pneumonia.” The doctor said, “That is exactly what I want you to get. I can cure pneu- monia but I cannot cure a common cold,”
2430 If we could cure a common cold, it would be worth more than the $25,000,- 000 a year, the cost of estimated opera- tion under the National Science Foun- dation. Mr. KEEFE. Mr Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. CELLER, I yield. Mr. KEEFE. I do not want the gen- tleman to be under a misapprehension, of course. The $20,000,000 that is pro- posed here as the cost of this bill is in no way related to the direct research in the field of cancer, If the gentleman had been here he would understanc that the National Science Foundation itself is not to be an operating agency. Weare going to spend $100,000,000, if necessary. Do not talk $25,000,000 in cancer. We want a hundred million dollars. Mr. CELLER. Please do not use all my time. I will say to the gentleman that we in this House still have control of the purse strings of the Nation. All you need to do is to vote down anything above and ke} ond $25,000,000. I want to be economical when it comes to expendi- tures. Economy, yes; but not parsi- mony. I do not want to react toward this proposition in a pinch-penny man- ner. I fear that some of those who are opposing this bill are acting in a nig- gardly menner. The National Science Foundation will have justified itself if it finds, say, the cause and cure of heart disease. Where human life is at stake, the cost cannot be weighed as some do in the Chamber who oppose the bill. The argument of bureaucracy as advanced against the bill is the usual argument of die-hard conservatism. If another bu- reau will help save human lives or ad- vance our national health and welfare, I am for another bureau. There are scores of nonfatal maladies of which medical science knows very little. Those maladies are serious and laden with intense pain. They are not lethal. You do not die from them, but their cost in misery and suffering and the loss of man-hours ts incalculable. May- be the National Science Foundation can find a cause and give us a remedy for shingles, for gout, for arthritis, for rheu- matism. Medical science has not been able to effectuate a cure for any of those diseases that I have mentioned. They do not know the causes and, therevore, know no peimanent cure. Take the malady commonly called gout. It in- volves the one having gout in most ex- cruciating pain. There is the idea that gout is caused from an improper accu- mulation of uric acid that has an affinity for the great big tee. I was afflicted with gout not so long ago, The doctor told me I had the gout. I was in terrible pain. I said, “Are you sure? I do not lead that kind of a life.” “Oh,” he said, “you have heen reading Dickens or Benjamin Franklin's Ode to Gout.” “Gout,” he said, “could attack anyone; man or woman, tall or short, lean or fat; those who live richly and those who live on an austere diet.” “But,” he said, “we really do not know much about it.” He gave a specific remedy which tended to rcheve the pain, but gout can recur any time, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE Shingles is a dreadful affliction. I hope nobody ever gets shingles, but I can tell you that shingles is like a thousand toothaches under your skin. It is due to some nerve condition, but the doctors know practically nothing about it except to recognize the symptoms. Maybe the National Science Foundation will yield a remedy for shingles or gout or arthritis. Medical science and biochemistry have lengthened somewhat life’s span, but there seems to be no valid reason why it should not be lengthened further. The National Science Foundation might well be the fulcrum by which our life’s span might be heightened and lifted. Too many of our own members leave us for their final reward at a time when they reach the height of their intellec- tual powers; when they could do their best work and create greater benefits for the Nation; when they could draw upon rich experience to help solve the prob- lems of this hectic age. But illness be- sets them and the grim reaper demands his toll. Perhaps through the National Science Foundation we can help to strengthen these men in body and mind by post- poning the coming of infirmities and thus give them a longer lease on life. I recall the lines in the second act of Shakespeare's AS You Like It: Last scene of all That ends this strange eventful history, Is second childishness and mere oblivion, Sans tecth, sans eyes, cans taste, sans every- thing Perhups the research and medical and technological advances that would be made by the National Science Founda- tion can prevent the second childishness and mere oblivion that comes with the seventh age of man, so that men at seventy cou'd be strong and vigorous and still have their facultics and not be “sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans every- thing.” I also recall the Hnes in All’s Well That Ends Well: Let me not hve Aftcr my flame lacks oll, to be the snuff of younger spirits. Perhaps the results of the research of the National Science Foundation can supply that oil now lacking and makc the flame of life glow after seventy. A proposed amendment would add a loyalty oath requirement for scholarship and fellowship holders. The amendment would add a part (b) to section 10 read- ing as follows: No part of any funds appropriuted or otherwise made available for expenditure by the Foundation under authority of this act shall be used to make payments under any scholarship or fellowship to any individual unless there js on file with the Foundation an affidavit executed by such individual that he does not believe in, and is not & member of and does not support any organization that believes in or teaches the overthrow of the United States Government by force or violence or by any illegal or unconstitutional methods, The provisions of section 1001 of title 18, United States Code, shall be appli- cable in respect of such affidavits, As to this amendment, I quote from an article by Dael Wolfle, of the Ameri- FEBRUARY 27 can Psychological Association, as same appears in the magazine Science, pub- lished by American Association on the Advancement of Science, January 27, 1950: This amendment was proposed to the very great regret of scientists. It was proposed last spring when Atomic Energy Commission fellowship holders were under fire from other congressional committees. It {s a conces- sion to the current temper of Congress and many citizens, But it 1s unnecessary; overt treason or acts of disloyalty are adequately handled by existing lew, which is not strengthened by the affidavit requiremont. It is ulso an invasion ot freedom, and it is disturbing to have undergraduate and grad- uate students majoring in any of the eci- ences and supported by Foundation funds required to sign such an affidavit regardless of whether the work upon which they aro engaged requires security classification or not. The affidavit is, however, a milder re- quirement than the FBI investigation which must now be made of all Atomic Energy Commission fellows, and accepting it may be necessary. At its meeting in New York City on December 27 the Inter-Society Com- mittee for a National Science Foundation formally voted its disapproval of the inclu- sion of this proposed amendment, At the same time, if the amendment is added de- spite the opposition which it will arouse, the bill as a whole wil] have the support of the intersociety committee. Mr. WOLVERTON. Mr. Chairman, I yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from California [Mr. HinsHaw]. Mr. HINSHAW. Mr. Chairman, I hope there is no misapprehension among the membership of this committee and the House concerning the basic reasons why this bill is brought here. There is a very vast difference between what is called basic or fundamental research and the applied research, which is that type of research which most of us seem some- what familar with. Basic research is something that delves into the absolutely unknown; it delves into the very deepest unknown aspects of science. We talk a lot about virus diseases, for example; but no one yet knows what a virus is; itis a name for something they describe, but they have yet to find out what a virus is, what it looks like and how viruses differ from one another. It is said that a Virus causes shingles; it is said that a virus causes the common cold, but no one yet has been able to identify either or do anything to destroy them except to know that they are there. This is one example in the field of medicine. In the field of pure science such as that dealing generally with electronics or radiation, it was research into the very unknown, the blue, so to speak, that brovght out those principles which de- veloped in the application of that scicnce into, among other applications, what now is known as radar. In the field of mathematics it is not the kind of mathe- matics that figures out some particular problem, but it is the finding of new kinds of mathematics with which to learn the answers to heretofore unsolved questions. This is basic; it is funda- mental; it has nothing to do with the applications of the things that are dis- covered. My good friend, the gentleman from Maine, has said that this problem might
1950 well be solved; that is, the problem of the financial support of basic or fundamental research, if we would permit a greater exemption in the income tax for gifts to scientific institutions, and I have no quarrel with that. I believe that if In- stead of having a 10 percent allowable deduction from income for contributions to eleemosynary institutions, churches, and so forth and so on, it were 20 per- cent, 30 percent, 40 percent, or 50 per- cent, we might indeed get those moneys. But that is not in the offing as far as I can see into the future; I cannot see any immediate time in the future when de- ductions would be permitted to be made from income for these purposes so long as we have the very great national debt we now have to meet. It is important if we are going to find those basic and fundamental answers that are needed from science before we can make appli- cation of those answers to the solution of the many, many problems in our coun- try that the Government help in estab- lishing this foundation. Let me point out that during the re- cent war when we had the Selective Service Act before us we made no ex- emption of scientific personnel until we found our universities stripped of some of the really great minds that. were needed to train further in basic science. I offer that statement here because if we ever should consider another such bill let us not take these minds that can be developed into the very highest type and send them out to dig trenches, to bake bread, to carry arms, or whatever else the man might be called upon to do in the field of military effort. We must realize that we had a whole generation of these fellows taken out of our colleges. Today we are short of men who can think into the blue, into the unknown, and we must reestablish that broader basis of men who are interested in these technologies and scientific pursuits in order that we can keep abreast and keep ahead of our applied science which are searching for new knowledge on which to base further applications. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from California has expired. Mr. WOLVERTON. Mr. Chairman, I yield 2 minutes to the gentleman from California {[Mr. Jounson]. Mr, JOHNSON. Mr. Chairman, I had a little experience in the Eightieth Con- gress that impressed me with the need for an organization such as the one set up in this bili. When the Armed Serv- ices Committee was organized the chair- man of that committee, the late Mr. An- drews, of New York, appointed a scien- tific research and development subcom- mittee and he named me as chairman of that committee. I learned there that the last war was won in a large measure in the laboratories of the country. The thing that the military men and the scientific men with whom we came in contact dwelt on most was the need for basic research; that is, to expand the frontiers of science and thus learn some- thing new. Part of the object in pursu- ing basic research was to block out theories they had which were not ten- able, it was found, after extensive basic research, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE Iam not impressed with the argument that this might mean the regimentation of scientists. In our great State univer- sities which our various States own and operate, and I have gone to two of them, that has not occurred. At the University of Wisconsin, where I was a student at one time, there was a charge that the scientists were being regimented and there was such a violent reaction to this charge that no one ever tried to regi- ment the scientists any more. Also I learned as a member of this committee that the cost of basic research is so stupendous and also so essential that we must find money other than pri- vate money to finance it. The only place I can see to find that money is in the National Treasury. Even the States such as California and Wisconsin, whose activities in science are nationally recog- nized cannot, without private aid finance such programs. As everyone has point- ed out, the private foundations are grad- ually dying out due to our fiscal system, which levies very high taxes on large in- comes. Mr. Chairman, I believe this bill af- fords a vehicle which can do the basic research that is necessary in our na- tional defense as well as in our national life and for the reasons stated I am going to support the bill. We have not been as preeminent in pure research as many people believe. The following statement from Dr. Van- nevar Bush from his book, Science: The Endless Frontier, which I accept as my statement, states the situation as follows: Our national preeminence in the fields of applied research and technology should not blind us to the truth that, with respect to pure research—the discovery of fundamental new knowledge and basic scientific princl- ples—America has occupied a secondary place. Our spectacular development of the automo- bile, the airplane, and radio obscures the fact that they were all based on fundamental dis- coveries made in nineteenth-century Europe. From Europe also came formulation of most of the laws governing the transformation of energy, the physical and chemical structure of matter, the behavior of electricity, Nght, and magnetism. In recent years the United States has made progress in the field of pure science, but an examination of the relevant statistics suggests that our efforts in the field of applied science have increased much fuster so that the proportion of pure to applied research continues to decrease. Several reasons make it imperative to in- crease pure research at this stage in our his- tory. First, the intellectual banks of contl- nental Europe, from which we formerly bor- rowed, have become bankrupt through the ravages of war. No longer can we count upon those sources for fundamental science. Sec- ond, in this modern age, more than ever be- fore, pure research is the pacemaker of tech- nological progress. In the nineteenth cen- tury, Yankee mechanical ingenuity, building upon the basic discoveries of European sci- ence, could greatly advance the technical arts. Today the situation is different. Fu- ture progress will be most striking in those highly complex flelds—electronics, aerody- namics, chemistry—which are based directly upon the foundation of modern science. In the next generation, technological advance and basic scientific discovery will be insep- arable; a nation which borrows its basic knowledge will be hopelessly handicapped in the race for innovation, The other world powers, we know, intend to foster scientific research in the future. 2431 A matter that came to my attention while I was subcommittee chairman of the Scientific Research and Development Subcommittee was that there was a great shortage of scientists, especially young scientists. This was due in part to our failure to grant deferment to scientists who were inducted Into the armed serv- ices. Britain deferred these men, but we did not. The Westinghouse Corp. is doing a marvelous work in conduct- ing an annual contest to uncover sci- entific talent in our high schools. Each year they hold a dinner at which they ‘announce the winners of their contest. This year is the ninth annual dinner which climaxes their scicnce talent search and at this dinner 40 winners will be announced and given scholarships. This event is one of the most inspiring that I goto. I have not missed one since I was first invited. The winners who are brought to Washington receive scholar- ships ranging from $2,800 to $100. In addition the search reveals many more promising young scientists and 260 more are given honorable mention. The di- rector of this great project is Mr. Watson Davis and the project is known as Sci- ence Service, The Westinghouse Corp. deserves great credit for sponsoring and financing this very important activity. There is a great shortage of young sci- entists and this cannot be filled by private enterprise. Consequently I feel that a bill such as the one before us is worth passing so we may help private enter- prise get the scientists that this modern world needs so badly. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from California has expired. Mr. WOLVERTON. Mr. Chairman, I yield 3 minutes to the gentleman from Iowa [Mr. Gross]. Mr. GROSS. Mr. Chairman, until the Federal budget is balanced and payment on the national debt is at least begun, I must be convinced that H. R. 4846 or any bill, that would set up another bu- reau, is absolutely necessary or would be of immeasurable value to the country before I could vote for it. Therefore, I should like to ask pro- ponents of this so-called National Science Foundation Act of 1949 some questions. I find in the bill absolutely no esti- mate as to how much the Foundation would cost the taxpayers per year. Un- der section 8, the Foundation would be allowed to make “grants, Joans, and other forms of assistance” using, according to section 15, ‘‘such sums as may be neces-~ sary.” It has been estimated on the floor that the cost would be at least $25,000,000 a year. To me, this looks too much like an- other blank check at the disposal, ac- cording to section 2, of the executive branch—in other words, the President. And, although section 3 provides for the Foundation to render an annual report to the President for submission to Con- gress, would not section 11 amount to censorship powers of information vital to the public through allowance of funds without regard to the limitations of other laws relating to the expenditure of public funds and accounting therefor?
2432 Except under parts of section 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, establishing the Board, di- rector, exectitive committee, divisional committecs, and special commission, I can find no limitations as to the num- ber of peovle who could be employed. And section 14 appears to give the direc- tor power to sidestep the Civil Service Cominission. Is this true? If so, would not the patronage handed over to the President be practically unlimited? What provision is there that any indi- vidual or group of individuals could make any crucial decision or recommencation when each member of the Foundaticn is appointed directly or indirectly by the President? In this connection, I call your attention to the fact that the Atomic Energy Commission was not per- mitted to decide whether to attempt the manufacture of the hydrcgen bomb. The President asserted that he and he alone would make that decisicn. And nowhere in the bill can I ascer- tain any guaranty against duplication of the Foundation’s activities with such bureaus as the Atomic Energy Commis- sion, the United States Employment Service, the Department of Education, and the D.pariment of Defense. The bill, under section 14, for example, calls only for consultation or concurrence with certain bureaus. Section 11 would give the Foundation authority to receive funds donated by others Could this lead to coercion of individuals and businesses or favoritism to these able to afford contributions? Could further impropriety result through allowance of the director or deputy di- rector to hold office in organizations making contracts with the Foundation simply by obtaining approval of the Ex- ecutive Committee, as outhned in section 14? And, under section 12, what would hap- pen to the entire patent set-up with oni- cers or employees of the Foundation being allowed to apply for patents under any rules and regulations that the Direc- tor might csteblish, even though such persons would be called nominees of the Government? Would the bill allow the Foundation to confiscate personal property of all kinds including research facilities and patents? If not, where in the bill is such an inter- pretation precluded? Under section 13, could not the Foun- dation grant up to a hundred percent of its funds to foreign governments and individuals? Is there any assurance that the Foundation weuld work primarily for the bencfit cf the people of the Unitcd States instead of forcign governments? And could not scholarships, authorized by section 10, be used as subsidics for foreign universities? If we epprove this bill, will we create another bureaucracy that will grow and grow, cat up unlimited funds, roam and rule the entire arena of science and all people, businesses, associations, and edu- cational institutions pertaining to science? Mr. HINSHAW. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. GROSS. I yield to the gentleman from California. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE Mr. HINSHAW. To most of the gen- tleman’s questions he can find answers in the repcrt. But, the answer to the question concerning the hydrogen bomb and the Atomic Energy Commission, I will say to the ecntleman thet the Atomic Iinergy Act provides that the President, and the President alone, can make the decision as to whether or not to build it. That is the act. ir. GROSS. That may be true, and I think that act should be revised. I am Il-kewise opposed to this legislation because it gives the President too much power. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Iowa has expired. Mr. CROSSER. Mr. Chairman, I yield the balance of my time to the fentle- man from Oklahoma [Mr. WILSsoN]. Mr. WILSON of Oklahoma. Mr. Chairman, it is my firm conviction that this House should pass the National Sci- ence Foundation bill, My able and dis- tinguished fellow committee member from Tennessee has ably and lucidly ex- plained the working provisions of H. R. 4846, how the National Science Founda- tion would function and how it would fill the research necds of the United States. I cannot emphasize too greaily the need for this organization. Our Yankee ingenuity has always been turned to the mass production of goods rather than to the research of a fundamental sort that mak2s possible these new de- veiopments. American industry deals primarily and essentially with apphed science and has preconceived goals which prevents its engineers, chemists and other skilled and trained employees from delving too far into the field of basic or speculative science As a matter of fact some of our most sensational new proc- esses and drugs have becn the result of basic research on matters previously thought to have littic bearing or relation to the end discovery. Such discoveries frequently come from remote and un- expected sources. The desire of American industry for practical short term results as opposcd to speculative research, which 1s essen- tially a long term proposition and non- commercial in nature, has led to a crila- cal unbalance between basic and pure scientific research and epphed scientific research. Probably less than 8 percent of the total expenditures on research activities in this country are channeled to basic research. The recent war chan- neled virtually all of our scientists away from basic research and the shortage of teachers, science graduates, and science Ph. D.’s has been estimated as high as 15,000, 100,000, and 3,000, respectively, for the three categories. Further, if we look at our past spec- tacular development of the automobile, radio, airplane, radar, and the atomic bomb as well as other less publicized in- ventions it can readily be scen that a tremendous part of our basic knowledge in thcse fields has been borrowed from Europe. Take a look at the 149 Nobel Prize winners in physics, chemistry, and medicine from 1991 through 1948; 123 were born and received all their early training in Europe; only 22 were born in FEBRUARY 27 the United States and trained here. With a war-devastated Europe, devas- tated intellectually as well and without the financial resources to conduct ex- pensive basic research, the time has come when we can no longer depend on otiner nations for our basic discoverics. As we push on to new frontiers in science basic research is going to require more and more expensive equipment and bet- ter trained personnel, Our colleges and universities, long the primary source of pure sclentific work in the United States, are finding that funds for anything but the applied sciences are dwindling year Ly year. Endowment funds are inade- quate and produce but an inadequate invome from which to finance the basic reszarch that provides the stream of new ideas and discoveries to turn the wheels of private and public enterprise. Not. only can we no longer borrow our basic scientific discoveries from Europe but we have but to peer beyond the iron curtain to see Russia midway in a 5-year program to produce 700,000 scientists and engineers and spending well over a hillion dollars a year in scientific training Further than that we have but to look at war-1mpov- erished England to see an example of a country now learning 1n the hard school of experience what it means to drop behind in research and development and permit her factories and Jabora- tories to become obsolete. I cannot overemphasize the importance of the National Science Foundation It may well prove the slim margin of victory m a shooting or cold war. That 1s what radar proved to be in our war of attrition with the Gerinan submarine in the last war and German rockets were stilled only by capturine the launching sites. The importance of a backlog of scien- tife data and research information is apparent from the development of pen- icillin and other wonder drugs. While war tended to accelerate the apovlica- tion of basic medical discoveries it was the fact of these discoveries that cut deaths from disease in the military from 141 per thousand in World War I to 0.6 per thousand in World War II. There remains yet a tremendous challenge in the medical rescarch field. Heart dis- ease, cancer and yearly scourges of in- fantile paralysis or pollo are constant re- minders of this fact. H. R. 4845 is admirably suited to per- form the functions demanded of it. The Hoover Commission 1n reporting on the Government's research program heartily endorsed the ercation of the National Science Foundation and stated that it shovld have the following major func- tions: (a) To examine the total scientific re- search effort of the Nation, (b) To assess the proper role of the Fed- eral Government in this effort, (c) To evaluate the division of research effort among the scientific disciplines and among fields of applied research; and (d) To evaluate the Key factors that im- pede the development of an effective na- tional research effort. Based upon its in- vestigations, it shovlid advise the President as to the measures necessary to establish a sound scientific research program for the Nation,
1950 Compare that, if you will, with the functions stated in section 3 (a) of H. R. 4846; the Foundation is authorized and directed— (1) To develop and encourage the pur- suit of a national policy for the promotion of basic research and education in the aci- ences; (2) To initiate and support basic acien- tific research in the mathematical, physical, medical, biographical, engineering, and other sciences, by making contracts or other @rrangements (including grants, loans, and other forms of assistance) for the conduct of such basic sctentific research and to ap- praise the impact of research upon indus- trial development and upon the general welfare; (83) After consultation with the Secretary of Defense, to initiate and support scientific research in connection with matters relat- ing to the national defense by making con- tiacts or other arrangements (including grants, loans, and other forms of assistance ) for the conduct of such scientific research; (4) To award, as provided in section 10, scholarships and graduate fellowships in the mathematical, physical, medical, biological, engineering, and other sciences; (5) To foster the interchange of scientific information among scientists in the United States and foreign countries; (6) To evaluate scientific research pro- grams undertaken by individuals and by public and private research groups, includ- ing scientific research programs of agen- cies of the Federal Government, and to cor- relate the Foundation’s acientific research programs with such programs; (7) To establish such special commissions as the Board may from time to time deem necessary for the purposes of this act; and (8) To maintain a register of scientific and technical personnel and in other ways to provide a central clearinghouse for in- formation covering all scientific and tech- nical personnel in the United States, in- cluding Territories and possessions. Section 3 (b) goes on to state: In exercising the authority and discharg- ing the functions referred to in subsection (a) of this section, it shall be one of the objectives of the Foundation to strengthen basic research and education in the sciences, including !ndependent research by individ- uals, throughout the United States, Includ- ing its Territories and possessions, and to avoid undue concentration of such research and education. This bill further provides that until otherwise decided by the Foundation there will be certain divisions created within it as follows: (1) A Division of Medical Research; (2) A Division of Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences; (8) A Division of Biological Sciences; and (4) A Division of Scientific Personnel and Education, which shall be concerned with programs of the Foundation relating to the granting of scholarships and graduate fel- lowships in the mathematical, physical, med- ical, biological, engineering, and other sciences. (b) There shall also be within the Foun- dation such other divisions as the Board may, from time to time, deem necessary. Mr. Chairman, I am confident that the creation of this Foundation with the purposes and organization provided in this bill will greatly stimulate and will coordinate and lend direction to the scientific endeavor of this Nation. May I state at this juncture that one of the most important features of this bill is that for scholarships and researeh fel- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE lowships. The most important single factor in science and technology is the quality of the personnel engaged therein. Where there are always those rare indi- viduals who will rise to the top without formal education and training they are the exception rather than the rule. Often the most talented of our youth are without means to pursue the extended education necessary to qualify them for pure science or basic research. The Na- tional Science Foundation will not only provide us with the means to educate the most talented of our youth but it will retain a register of the scientific person- nel of the Nation for use in times of war or national emergency and as a clearing- house for the full utilization of the crea- tive potential of this group. I want to stress, too, the fact that freedom of inquiry will be maintained and the Foundation will neither build nor operate scientific laboratories of its own. By utilizing the colleges and uni- versities and private research facilities the Foundation will employ the most productive units of original and creative scientific thinking. This system will pro- mote a strong sense of personal and in- tellectual freedom which we in America believe to be the most conducive to advancement and constructive work. Further, this agency is designed and is instructed by the terms of the bill to work to supplement and encourage pri- vate research facilities and efforts of manufacturers and others. With such a provision this bill has the support of the National Association of Manufac- turers. Another benefit that will be derived from the Foundation is the general dis- semination of scientific information to all the country except that which must be retained for security reasons. Pres- ently only large, well-established and highly integrated corporations are able to maintain a research staff with suffi- cient qualifications and proper equip- ment to carry on the long-range work necessary in basic research. As a result these units place small independent businesses at a competitive disadvantage and tends to foster monopoly of patents on new discoveries in corporations of that category. Published results of re- search under the National Science Foundation would be equally accessible to small businesses as large, and with equal speed. I do not hold out the National Science Foundation to be a panacea for progress but I do conceive of it as furnishing the necessary impetus to basic research which is an essential ingredient in our search for better health, prosperity, and national security. It will enable us to raise our standards of living and to re- lease the full creative and productive energies of the American people. It ts vital to our goal of full employment and a fruitful life. Dr. Vannevar Bush, former Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, in September 1945 dra- matically pointed out that our new fron- tiers lie in scientific research, and I quote his words: . It has been basic United States policy that Government should foster the opening of 2433 new frontiers. It opened the seas to clipper ships and furnished land for pioneers. Al- though these frontiers have more or less disappeared, the frontier of science remains. It is in keeping with the American tradi- tion—one which has made the United States great—that new frontiers shall be made ac- cessible for the development by all American citizens. Mr. Chairman, it is my firm conviction that the National Science Foundation will open new frontiers for all American people and help maintain this country in its present preeminent position. I urge the Members of the House of Represent- atives to approve it. I thank you. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Oklahoma has expired. All time has expired. The Clerk will read the bill for amend- ment, The Clerk read as follows: Be it enacted, etc., That this act may be cited as the “National Science Foundation Act of 1949.” Mr. KEATING. Mr. Chairman, I move to strike out the last word. Mr. Chairman, I have a couple of ques- tions which I would appreciate having cleared up either by the gentleman from Tennessee or the gentleman from New Jersey, or both, or by some other mem- ber of the committee. On page 13, section 11 subsection (e) gives to the Foundation the authority to acquire property by purchase, lease, loan, or otherwise. I am somewhat worried about the power of eminent domain, not so much in the field of real estate, although offhand I fail to see why it should be necessary for this Foundation to have any power to condemn property since it is not to be an operating agency, but I am particularly interested in, and the point to which I would appreciate some member of the committee directing his remarks has to do with the possible power of eminent domain over patents and patent rights. I have received a number of communi- cations from individuals connected with several industries in my community em- ploying large numbers of men and wom- en who are very much afraid that this particular language might permit the Foundation to acquire and force a con- cern to give up valuable patent rights through the power of condemnation. I notice, however, on page 159 of the hearings, that when there was some col- loquy on the point both the gentleman from Tennessee and the gentleman from Minnesota indicated that they did not think this power did exist. It seems to me important to have this point clari- fied on the record. I have prepared an amendment to this section to exclude the power of eminent domain over patents and patent rights. If it is not necessary, I do not want to offer it, but if it is, I should like to offer it, when we reach the consideration of section 11. I want to be sure that the Foundation cannot claim, by virtue of the provisions of this bill, that it has the right to walk into any plant, large or small, and say to the management that {t must turn
2434 over valuable patent rights to the Gov- ernment without any choice in the mat- ter or any voice except to be heard on the question of the amount of compen- sation. Mr. PRIEST. I appreciate very much the gentleman’s position in the matter. I can say without reservation that the Foundation would not have any author- ity under this bill or under any law on the statute books today to exercise the right of eminent domain and to condemn patents. The only general authority for eminent domain is contained in an act passed in 1888. That act restricts the right of Government agencies which have the authority under the act to real property for the purpose of public build- ings, highways, bridges, and other pub- lic structures of that kind. So the ques- tion of having any right to exercise emi- nent domain over patents 1s not con- tained in this law nor any other law. I believe we have studied that question pretty thoroughly to determine that point. Mr. KEATING. That has been can- vassed by the committee, and that is the considered judgment of those who have studied it? Mr. PRIEST. That is the considered judgement of those who have studied it over quite a long period of time. Mr. KEATING. I thank the gentle- man. Mr. HINSHAW. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. KEATING. I am elad to yield to the gentleman from California, a mem- ber of the committee. Mr. HINSHAW. As a matter of fact there was language which would have permitted that in the original bill, as I remember it, as it was submitted to the committee. It was specifically stricken from the bill by the committee and has not been reinserted in either the EHight- jeth or Eighty-first Congress. There is no power whatsoever to exercise eminent domain in this bill as we understand it. Mr. KEATING. I thank the gentle- man. I would like to refer to another section. At page 3, section 3, subsection (6) has to do with the evaluation and correla- tion of scientific research programs. AS now worded, it gives authority and direc- tion to evaluate all such programs, both those undertaken by agencies of the Federal Government and by individ- uals and private research groups. This seems to me to give rise to the possibility of an unwarranted intrusion into the affairs of individuals and such private research groups as are represented by the research laboratories of private in- dustry. Under no circumstances should this Foundation be able to claim that it is given authority under the provisions of this law to require, at least in time of peace, that private individuals or com- panies disclose the results of their own independent research. To permit other- wise would certainly open the door to the possibility of abuse through requiring an individual or company to make dis- closure to the public, including that CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE individual’s or that company’s com- petitors of all the results of research which had entailed immense expendi- tures of time and money. I had prepared an amendment to meet this problem, which would read as follows: (6) To evaluate scientific research pro- grams undertaken by public research groups, and by individuals and private research grouxs when mutually agreeable, including scientific research programs of agencies of the Federal Government, and to correlate the Foundation's scientific research pro- grams with such programs. Since I am now informed that the gen- tleman from Massachusetts {Mr. HESEL- TON] &2 member of the committee, will offer an amendment to limit the cvalua- tion of the scientific research programs solely to agencies of the Federal Gov- ernment, eliminate any authority for evaluation of such programs by individ- uals or private research groups and pro- vide that it shall only be in the proper field of correlation that the Foundation shall have anything to do with such in- dividual and private research groups, 1 shall, of course, not offer my amendment and will support the one oered by the gentleman from Massachusetts. Indeed, I think his language is superior to mine in making the legislative intent entirely clear that the Foundation shall under no circumstances, except by mutual agreement, be able to inject itself into the private field. I sincerely hope that the important amendment of the gentleman from Massachusetts will be adopted and I would emphatically urge its acceptance by the committee. Mr. PRIEST. May I say to the gen- tleman, so far as I know on this side we are perfectly willing to accept it, and I feel] that is true on the other side. Mr. KEATING. I thank the gentle- man. Mr. HOLIFIELD. Mr. Chairman, I rise in opposition to the pro forma amendment. Mr. Chairman, enactment of H. R. 4846, the National Science Foundation bill, is vital to the welfare and security of the United States. The National Science Foundation bill has been long in the making. It has re- ceived the most careful study by the Congress and by exccutive agencies of the Government over a period of years. Since July 1945, when Dr. Vannevar Bush submitted his memorable report, Sci- ence: the Endless Frontier,” three sep- arate Congresses have considered legisla- tion and taken testimony from hundreds of witnesses prominent in our national life. The objectives to be sought by a Na- tiona] Science Foundation have received virtually unanimous support and ap- proval by these many witnesses and by other individuals and organizations throughout the country. The urgent need to foster and promote basic research in the sciences rises above any party con- sideration; it goes to the heart of our na- tional welfare and safety. True, there have been sharp differences of opinion and, judgment on particular FEBRUARY 27 provisions of the National Science Foun- dation bill. The appropriate admin- istrative structure, the disposition of pat- ents involved in Government-financed research, the place of the social sciences in the proposed program—these and other vexing problems have been de- bated. President Truman’s veto of a science foundation bill passed by the Eightieth Congress indicated that the problem of administrative organization had not been satisfactorily rcsolved. The bill that came from the Eightieth Congress would have vested the responsibility for major policy decisions in the hands of private persons. The President has been a firm and consistent supporter of National Science Foundation legislation, but he has rightly used his veto power to insist that the public interest be safeguarded. The bill which we consider today has attempted to work out reasonable solu- tions to the controversial elements in earlier bills. Although these provisions may not meet with all of our individual views, I feel strongly that the unanimity O: agreement on general objectives and the urgency of the need for this legisla- tion should persuade us to vote the bill favorably. It is important to note that the Hoover Commission in its report of Federal re- search specifically and unanimously recommended that a National Science Foundation be established. In emphasizing the need for the de- velopment and integration of a research policy for the Federal Government as a whole, the Commission noted that an in- terdepartmental committee on scientific research and development had been created by executive order on December 1947. However, the Commission point- ed out that the full potentialities of this interdepartmental committee had not been realized, partly due to lack of staff and funds, and then stated: An interdepartmental committee working alone and without staff is seriously limited in achieving adequate coordination and in developing over-all plans to completion. This points to the need for a National Science Foundation. The major functions of such a foundation should be (a) to examine the total scientific research effort of the Nation, (b) to assess the proper role of the Federal Government in this effort, (c) to evaluate the division of research effort among the scientific disciplines and among fields of ap- plied research, and (d) to evaluate the key factors that impede the development of an effective national research effort. Based upon its investigations, it should advise the President as to the measures necessary to establish a sound scientific research program for the Nation. In addition, the foundation should be given appropriations for the support of basic rescarch and for research fellowshins in fields not adequately covered by the research grants and fellowships of other Federal Gov- ernment agencies. The foundation might administer the grant and tellowship pro- grams for which it has received funds, or delegate administration to other Federal agencies, In addition, it should advise the President as to the proper balance among research grant and fellowship programs sup- ported by appropriations given to other Fed- eral agencies, and as to major policies that