I 
119TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 3997 
To protect children from oppressive child labor and unsafe workplaces, and 
for other purposes. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
JUNE 12, 2025 
Mr. SCOTT of Virginia (for himself, Ms. OMAR, Ms. BONAMICI, and Mr. 
MCGARVEY) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Com-
mittee on Education and Workforce 
A BILL 
To protect children from oppressive child labor and unsafe 
workplaces, and for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Protecting Children 
Act’’. 
SEC. 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
The table of contents for this Act is as follows: 
Sec. 1. Short title. 
Sec. 2. Table of contents. 
Sec. 3. Effective date. 
TITLE I—IMPROVING ENFORCEMENT 
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Sec. 101. Adjusting civil monetary penalties. 
Sec. 102. Enhancing criminal penalties. 
Sec. 103. Expanding use of hot goods injunctions. 
Sec. 104. Enabling private enforcement. 
TITLE II—STRENGTHENING CAPACITY TO PROTECT CHILDREN 
Sec. 201. Increasing expertise for protecting children from unsafe employment 
and oppressive child labor. 
Sec. 202. Supporting implementation and interagency collaboration. 
TITLE III—UPDATING STANDARDS TO PROTECT CHILDREN 
Sec. 301. Improving process for updating standards on conditions of oppressive 
child labor. 
Sec. 302. Judicial review of rulemaking. 
TITLE IV—INCREASING RESEARCH AND PUBLIC EDUCATION 
Sec. 401. Coordinating research on child labor. 
Sec. 402. Developing a comprehensive statistical program. 
Sec. 403. Enabling training and public engagement. 
SEC. 3. EFFECTIVE DATE. 
This Act, and the amendments made by this Act, 
shall take effect on the date that is 60 days after the date 
of enactment of this Act. 
TITLE I—IMPROVING 
ENFORCEMENT 
SEC. 101. ADJUSTING CIVIL MONETARY PENALTIES. 
(a) OPPRESSIVE CHILD LABOR.—Section 16(e) of 
the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 216(e)) 
is amended— 
(1) in paragraph (1)(A)— 
(A) by striking ‘‘not to exceed—’’ and in-
serting ‘‘as follows:’’; 
(B) by moving the margins for clauses (i) 
and (ii) 4 ems to the left; 
(C) in clause (i)— 
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(C) by redesignating subsection (d) as sub-
section (a)(1)(C); 
(D) by redesignating subsection (c) as sub-
section (a)(1)(D); 
(E) by redesignating subsection (i) as sub-
section (a)(1)(E); 
(F) in subsection (f), by striking ‘‘Any’’ 
and inserting the following: 
‘‘CRIMINAL PENALTIES.— 
‘‘(1) Any’’; 
(G) by redesignating subsection (f), as so 
amended, as subsection (b); 
(H) by redesignating subsections (g), (h), 
and (e) as subsections (b)(2), (b)(3), and (b)(4) 
respectively; and 
(I) by redesignating subsections (j), (k), 
and (l) as subsections (c), (d), and (e) respec-
tively. 
(2) PENALTY AMOUNTS.—Section 17(a)(1) of 
the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, as 
amended by paragraph (1), is further amended— 
(A) in paragraph (1)— 
(i) in subparagraph (A)— 
(I) by striking ‘‘$70,000’’ and in-
serting ‘‘$700,000’’; 
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(II) by striking ‘‘$5,000’’ and in-
serting ‘‘$50,000’’; and 
(III) by striking the word ‘‘will-
ful’’; 
(ii) in subparagraph (B), by striking 
‘‘$7,000’’ and inserting ‘‘$70,000, but not 
less than $7,000,’’; and 
(iii) in subparagraph (C), by striking 
‘‘$7,000’’ and inserting ‘‘$70,000, but not 
less than $7,000,’’; and 
(B) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(2) ENHANCEMENTS.— 
‘‘(A) YOUNG WORKERS.—If any significant 
violation caused or contributed to serious phys-
ical harm to an employee under 18 years of 
age, the minimum and maximum civil penalty 
otherwise allowed by paragraph (1) shall be 
doubled for each such violation. 
‘‘(B) FATALITIES.—If any significant vio-
lation caused or contributed to the death of an 
employee— 
‘‘(i) the minimum and maximum civil 
penalty otherwise allowed by paragraph (1) 
shall be doubled for each such violation; 
and 
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‘‘(ii) in a case in which such employee 
was under 18 years of age, such civil pen-
alty shall be trebled for each such viola-
tion.’’. 
(3) CONSIDERATIONS FOR PENALTY LEVELS.— 
Section 17(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health 
Act of 1970, as redesignated by paragraph (1), is 
further amended— 
(A) by striking the first word and inserting 
‘‘ASSESSMENT OF PENALTIES.—The’’; and 
(B) by striking ‘‘and the history’’ and in-
serting ‘‘the economic benefit of noncompliance, 
and the history’’. 
(4) DEFINITION.—Section 17(d) of the Occupa-
tional Safety and Health Act of 1970, as redesig-
nated by paragraph (1), is further amended— 
(A) by striking ‘‘For purposes of this sec-
tion, the’’ and inserting the following: 
‘‘DEFINITIONS.—For purposes of this section— 
‘‘(1) SERIOUS.—The’’; and 
(B) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(2) SIGNIFICANT.—The term ‘significant viola-
tion’ means— 
‘‘(A) a serious, willful, or repeated viola-
tion; 
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‘‘(B) a failure to correct, as described in 
paragraph (1)(C), where the underlying viola-
tion was a serious, willful, or repeated viola-
tion.’’. 
SEC. 102. ENHANCING CRIMINAL PENALTIES. 
(a) OPPRESSIVE CHILD LABOR.—Section 16(a) of 
the Fair Labor Standards Act (29 U.S.C. 216(a)) is 
amended— 
(1) by striking the first word and inserting the 
following: 
‘‘CRIMINAL PENALTIES.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in para-
graph 2, any’’; 
(2) by striking the word ‘‘subsection’’ each 
place it appears and inserting the word ‘‘para-
graph’’; and 
(3) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(2) OPPRESSIVE CHILD LABOR.— 
‘‘(A) NEGLIGENCE
WITH
RESPECT
TO
A 
CHILD.—Any person who knowingly or willfully 
violates section 15(a)(4) of this Act and thereby 
negligently places an employee employed in vio-
lation of such section in imminent danger of 
death or serious bodily injury shall be punished 
by a fine under title 18, United States Code, or 
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by imprisonment for not more than 1 year, or 
both. If a conviction of any person under this 
subparagraph is for a violation committed after 
a first conviction of such person under this 
paragraph, the maximum punishment shall be 
doubled with respect to both the fine and im-
prisonment. 
‘‘(B) KNOWING VIOLATION WITH RESPECT 
TO A CHILD.—Any person who knowingly or 
willfully violates section 15(a)(4) of this Act 
and thereby knowingly places an employee em-
ployed in violation of such section in imminent 
danger of death or serious bodily injury shall be 
punished by a fine under title 18, United States 
Code, or by imprisonment of not more than 15 
years, or both. Any person, other than an indi-
vidual, committing such violation shall, upon 
conviction under this subparagraph, be subject 
to a fine of not more than $5,000,000 for each 
violation. If a conviction of any person under 
this subparagraph is for a violation committed 
after a first conviction of such person under 
this paragraph, the maximum punishment shall 
be doubled with respect to both the fine and im-
prisonment. 
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‘‘(C) CAUSE OF DEATH TO A CHILD.—Any 
person who knowingly or willfully violates sec-
tion 15(a)(4) of this Act and thereby knowingly 
places an employee employed in violation of 
such section in imminent danger of death or se-
rious bodily injury, and such violation results in 
the death of a child, shall be punished by a fine 
under title 18, United States Code, and impris-
onment for any term of years or for life. Any 
person, other than an individual, committing 
such violation shall, upon conviction under this 
subparagraph, be subject to a fine of not more 
than $10,000,000 for each violation. If a con-
viction of any person under this subparagraph 
is for a violation committed after a first convic-
tion of such person under this paragraph, the 
maximum punishment shall be doubled with re-
spect to both the fine and imprisonment.’’. 
(b) UNSAFE WORKING CONDITIONS.—Section 17(b) 
of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 
U.S.C. 666(b)), as so amended and redesignated by this 
Act, is further amended— 
(1) in paragraph (1), by striking ‘‘of not more’’ 
and all that follows and inserting ‘‘under title 18, 
imprisonment for not more than 5 years, or both. If 
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mulgated pursuant to section 6 of this Act, or 
of any regulations prescribed pursuant to this 
Act, and such violation causes the death of an 
employee, shall be punished by a fine under 
title 18, United States Code, and imprisonment 
for any term of years or for life. Any person, 
other than an individual, committing such viola-
tion shall, upon conviction under this para-
graph, be subject to a fine of not more than 
$10,000,000 for each violation. If a conviction 
of any person under this paragraph is for a vio-
lation committed after a first conviction of such 
person under this paragraph, the maximum 
punishment shall be doubled with respect to 
both the fine and imprisonment. 
‘‘(5) ENDANGERMENT OF YOUNG WORKERS.— 
The maximum punishment otherwise prescribed by 
paragraph 4 shall be doubled with respect to both 
the fine and imprisonment for each violation that 
puts an employee under the age of 18 in imminent 
danger of death or serious bodily injury or causes 
the death of such employee, as the case may be.’’. 
SEC. 103. EXPANDING USE OF HOT GOODS INJUNCTIONS. 
Section 12(a) of the Fair Labor Standards Act (29 
U.S.C. 212(a)) is amended— 
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(1) by striking the first word and inserting the 
following: 
‘‘SHIPMENT OF GOODS.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—No’’; 
(2) by striking ‘‘thirty’’ and inserting ‘‘ninety’’; 
(3) by striking the colon after ‘‘employed’’ and 
inserting a period; 
(4) by striking ‘‘Provided, That any’’ and in-
serting the following: 
‘‘(2) GOOD FAITH.—Any’’; 
(5) by striking the colon after ‘‘prohibited by 
this subsection’’ and inserting a period; and 
(6) by striking ‘‘And provided further, That a’’ 
and inserting the following: 
‘‘(3) PROSECUTION AND CONVICTION.—A’’. 
SEC. 104. ENABLING PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT. 
Section 16(b) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 
1938 (29 U.S.C. 216(b)) is amended as follows: 
(1) STRUCTURE AND HEADERS.— 
(A) In the first sentence, by striking the 
first word and inserting the following: 
‘‘PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT.— 
‘‘(1) REMEDIES.— 
‘‘(A) MINIMUM WAGES AND OVERTIME.— 
Any’’. 
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(B) In the second sentence, by striking the 
first word and inserting the following: 
‘‘(B) FAIR
EMPLOYMENT
PRACTICES.— 
Any’’. 
(C) In the third sentence, by striking the 
first word and inserting the following: 
‘‘(C) TIPS.—Any’’. 
(D) In the fourth sentence, by striking the 
first word and inserting the following: 
‘‘(2) RIGHT OF ACTION.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—An’’. 
(E) In the fifth sentence, by striking the 
first word and inserting the following: 
‘‘(B) COLLECTIVE ACTION.—No’’. 
(F) In the sixth sentence, by striking the 
first word and inserting the following: 
‘‘(C) FEES AND COSTS.—The’’. 
(G) In the last sentence, by striking the 
first word and inserting the following: 
‘‘(3) ACTIONS BY THE SECRETARY.—The’’. 
(2) NEW RIGHT OF ACTION.—In paragraph (1), 
as amended by the previous paragraph, by adding at 
the end the following: 
‘‘(D) CHILD LABOR.—Any employer who 
violates section 12 shall, if any child is harmed 
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as a result of such violation, be liable to the 
child affected for compensatory and punitive 
damages.’’. 
TITLE II—STRENGTHENING CA-
PACITY TO PROTECT CHIL-
DREN 
SEC. 201. INCREASING EXPERTISE FOR PROTECTING CHIL-
DREN FROM UNSAFE EMPLOYMENT AND OP-
PRESSIVE CHILD LABOR. 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT OF ADVISORY COMMITTEE.— 
The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 204), 
as amended by title I of this Act, is further amended by 
inserting after section 4 the following new section: 
‘‘SEC. 4A. ADMINISTRATION OF CHILD LABOR PROVISIONS. 
‘‘(a) NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON CHILD 
LABOR.— 
‘‘(1) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is hereby estab-
lished a National Advisory Committee on Child 
Labor, which shall advise, consult with, and make 
recommendations to the Secretary of Labor and the 
Secretary of Health and Human Services on matters 
relating to— 
‘‘(A) oppressive child labor; 
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‘‘(B) preventing children, including vulner-
able children, from being exposed to oppressive 
child labor; and 
‘‘(C) protecting children’s health, safety, 
and welfare with regard to employment. 
‘‘(2) MEMBERS.— 
‘‘(A) APPOINTMENT.—The Advisory Com-
mittee shall consist of 15 members appointed by 
the Secretary of Labor, five of whom are to be 
designated in consultation with the Secretary of 
Health and Human Services (acting through 
the Director of the National Institute for Occu-
pational Safety and Health), without regard to 
the provisions of title 5, United States Code, 
governing appointments in the competitive serv-
ice. 
‘‘(B) QUALIFICATION.—The members shall 
be selected upon the basis of their experience 
and competence in the field of occupational 
safety and health, child welfare, labor traf-
ficking, and child labor. 
‘‘(C) COMPOSITION.—The membership of 
the Advisory Committee shall consist of quali-
fied persons from Federal agencies, the States, 
and private life, including the following: 
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‘‘(i) one or more representatives of 
State agencies focused on occupational 
safety and health established pursuant to 
section 18 of the Occupational Safety and 
Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 667); 
‘‘(ii) one or more persons qualified by 
experience and affiliation to present the 
viewpoint of the employers involved, and 
one or more persons similarly qualified to 
present the viewpoint of the workers in-
volved, provided that the number of per-
sons presenting employer viewpoints is 
equal to the number of persons presenting 
workers’ viewpoints; and 
‘‘(iii) such other persons as the Sec-
retary may appoint who are qualified by 
knowledge and experience to make a useful 
contribution to the work of the Advisory 
Committee, provided that the number of 
persons so appointed shall not exceed the 
number appointed as representatives of 
Federal and State agencies. 
‘‘(D) CONFLICTS OF INTEREST.—No mem-
ber of the Advisory Committee (other than rep-
resentatives of employers and employees) shall 
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have an economic interest in any proposed rule, 
order, or recommendation for rule or order. 
‘‘(E) LEADERSHIP.—The Secretary shall 
designate one of the public members as Chair-
person. 
‘‘(F) COMPENSATION.—Members of the 
Advisory Committee appointed from private life 
shall be compensated in the same manner as 
consultants or experts under section 3109 of 
title 5, United States Code. The Secretary shall 
pay to any State which is the employer of a 
member of the Advisory Committee who is a 
representative of the occupational safety and 
health or child welfare agency of that State, re-
imbursement sufficient to cover the actual cost 
to the State resulting from such representa-
tive’s membership on the Advisory Committee. 
‘‘(G) CONTINUITY.—A member of the Ad-
visory Committee who is otherwise qualified 
may continue to serve until a successor is ap-
pointed. 
‘‘(3) RESOURCES.—The Secretary shall furnish 
to the Advisory Committee an executive secretary 
and such secretarial, clerical, and other services as 
are deemed necessary to the conduct of its business. 
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‘‘(4) MEETINGS.—The Advisory Committee 
shall hold no fewer than two meetings during each 
calendar year. All meetings of the Advisory Com-
mittee shall be open to the public and a transcript 
shall be kept and made available for public inspec-
tion.’’. 
(b) DEFINITION.—Section 3 of the Fair Labor 
Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 203) is amended by 
adding at the end the following new paragraph: 
‘‘(z) ‘Advisory Committee’ means the National Advi-
sory Committee on Child Labor established under section 
4A(a).’’. 
SEC. 202. SUPPORTING IMPLEMENTATION AND INTER-
AGENCY COLLABORATION. 
(a) CHILD
LABOR
AND
SAFETY
AND
HEALTH 
FUND.—Section 4A of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 
1938, as added by the previous section, is further amended 
by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(b) CHILD LABOR
AND SAFETY
AND HEALTH 
FUND.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—There is established in the 
Treasury of the United States a fund, to be known 
as the ‘Child Labor and Safety and Health Fund’ 
(referred to in this subsection as the ‘Fund’), from 
which amounts may be obligated and expended with-
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out subsequent appropriation to carry out the pro-
gram established under paragraph (3). 
‘‘(2) TRANSFERS TO FUND.— 
‘‘(A) AVAILABILITY.—Amounts deposited 
into the Fund from the sources described in 
subparagraph (B) shall be available without fis-
cal year limitation solely for the uses described 
in paragraph (3). 
‘‘(B) SOURCES DESCRIBED.—The sources 
described in this paragraph are as follows: 
‘‘(i) Civil penalties described in sec-
tion 16(e)(5). 
‘‘(ii) Civil penalties described in sec-
tion 17(e) of the Occupational Safety and 
Health Act of 1970. 
‘‘(3) PROGRAM.— 
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary of 
Labor shall create and carry out a program to 
conduct, or award grants or contracts to enti-
ties to conduct, activities related to oppressive 
child labor and the occupational safety and 
health of employees under the age of 18 in ac-
cordance with subparagraph (B). 
‘‘(B) USES OF FUNDS.—On request of the 
Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Treasury 
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shall transfer from the Fund to the Secretary 
of Labor, such amounts as the Secretary of 
Labor determines to be necessary to implement 
the program established by subparagraph (A) 
through the following activities: 
‘‘(i) Investigation, enforcement, imple-
mentation, and interagency collaboration. 
‘‘(ii) Training and education of chil-
dren, employers, and teachers and other 
professionals who may reasonably be an-
ticipated to identify children working in 
conditions of oppressive child labor, on op-
pressive child labor, occupational safety 
and health, and young employees’ rights at 
work. 
‘‘(iii) Research on oppressive child 
labor in accordance with section 5 and the 
occupational safety and health of young 
employees in accordance with section 20 of 
the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 
1970, to be conducted directly or through 
grant or contract by the Secretary of 
Health 
and 
Human 
Services, 
acting 
through the Director of the National Insti-
tute for Occupational Safety and Health. 
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‘‘(4) RECORDS AND REPORTS.—The Secretary 
shall keep adequate records regarding amounts so 
deposited and used. Not later than March 1 of each 
year, the Secretary shall submit a report to the 
Committees on Appropriations, the Committee on 
Education and Workforce of the House of Rep-
resentatives, and the Committee on Health, Edu-
cation, Labor, and Pensions of the Senate consisting 
of the following: 
‘‘(A) For the fiscal year preceding the year 
in which a report is required to be submitted, 
all funds received in the Fund, uses of such 
funds, and data about such uses, including the 
number of investigations and enforcement ac-
tions brought using such funds and the out-
comes of such investigations and enforcement 
actions, trainings delivered, and research sup-
ported. 
‘‘(B) For the fiscal year in which a report 
is required to be submitted, all funds received 
and estimated to be received, all actual and es-
timated uses of such funds, and actual and esti-
mated data about such uses.’’. 
(b) RETENTION OF CHILD LABOR PENALTIES.—Sec-
tion 16(e)(5) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 
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(29 U.S.C. 216(e)(5)) is amended by striking the last sen-
tence and inserting ‘‘Civil penalties collected for violations 
of section 12 shall be deposited in the fund established 
by section 4A(b).’’. 
(c) RETENTION OF PENALTIES FOR YOUNG WORK-
ERS’ ILLNESS AND INJURY.—Section 17(e) of the Occupa-
tional Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 666(e)), 
as redesignated by title I of this Act, is amended further— 
(1) by striking the first word and inserting the 
following: 
‘‘PROCEDURE
FOR
PAYMENT
OF
CIVIL
PEN-
ALTIES.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in para-
graph 2, civil’’; and 
(2) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(2) PENALTIES
INVOLVING
YOUNG
WORK-
ERS.—Civil penalties enhanced pursuant to sub-
section (a)(2)(A) or subsection (a)(2)(B)(ii) shall be 
deposited in the fund established by section 4A(b) of 
the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938.’’. 
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