datamatters24/research-document-archive huggingface dataset:
228
(ii) agrees to terms and conditions that the Administrator
for Federal Procurement Policy determines are required by
law or are appropriate for the purchase of commercial items;
and
(iii) agrees to establish and update prices, features, and
performance and to accept orders electronically through the
automated system established pursuant to subsection (a).
(3) COMPTROLLER GENERAL REVIEW AND REPORT.—
(A) AUTHORITY TO CONDUCT REVIEW AND MAKE REPORT.—
Not later than three years after the date on which the pilot pro-
gram is established, the Comptroller General shall review the pilot
program and report to Congress on the results of the pilot pro-
gram.
(B) CONTENT OF REPORT.—The report shall include the fol-
lowing:
(i) An evaluation of the extent to which there is competi-
tion for the orders placed under the pilot program.
(ii) The effect that the streamlined procedures under the
pilot program have on prices charged under multiple award
schedule contracts.
(iii) The effect that those procedures have on paperwork
requirements for multiple award schedule contracts and or-
ders.
(iv) The impact of the pilot program on small businesses
and socially and economically disadvantaged small businesses.
(4) WITHDRAWAL OF SCHEDULE OR PORTION OF SCHEDULE FROM
PILOT PROGRAM.—
(A) WHEN ALLOWED.—The Administrator for Federal Procure-
ment Policy may withdraw a multiple award schedule or portion
of a schedule from the pilot program if the Administrator deter-
mines that—
(i) price competition is not available under that schedule or
portion of that schedule; or
(ii) the cost to the Government for that schedule or portion
for the previous year was higher than it would have been if
the contract for that schedule or portion had been awarded
using procedures that would apply if the pilot program were
not in effect.
(B) NOTICE.—The Administrator for Federal Procurement Pol-
icy shall notify Congress at least 30 days before the date on which
†
HR 2069 EAS
and other family members that are infected with HIV
or living with AIDS.
(7) HIV/AIDS has devastated the lives of count-
less children and families across the globe. Since the
epidemic began, an estimated 13,200,000 children
under the age of 15 have been orphaned by AIDS,
that is they have lost their mother or both parents to
the disease. The Joint United Nations Program on
HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimates that this number
will double by the year 2010.
(8) HIV/AIDS also targets young people between
the ages of 15 to 24, many of whom carry the burden
of caring for family members living with HIV/AIDS.
An estimated 10,300,000 young people are now living
with HIV/AIDS. One-half of all new infections are oc-
curring among this age group.
SEC. 412. POLICY AND REQUIREMENTS.
(a) POLICY.—The United States Government’s re-
sponse to the global HIV/AIDS pandemic should place high
priority on the prevention of mother-to-child transmission,
the care and treatment of family members and caregivers,
and the care of children orphaned by AIDS. To the max-
imum extent possible, the United States Government should
seek to leverage its funds by seeking matching contributions
264
articles or things in accordance with the procedure established in
this chapter would be in the public interest.
(4) WHOLLY
OWNED
GOVERNMENT
CORPORATION.—The term
‘‘wholly owned Government corporation’’—
(A) means any corporation, regardless of the law under which
it is incorporated, the capital of which is entirely owned by the
Government; and
(B) includes the authorized officers, employees, and agents of
the corporation.
§ 17302. Compliance
(a) PRESCRIBING REGULATIONS.—With the approval of the President,
the Secretary of the Treasury and the United States Postal Service jointly
shall prescribe regulations governing the shipment of valuables by an execu-
tive department, independent establishment, agency, wholly owned Govern-
ment corporation, officer, or employee of the Federal Government, with a
view to minimizing the risk of loss and destruction of, and damage to,
valuables in shipment.
(b) COMPLIANCE.—Each executive department, independent establish-
ment, agency, wholly owned Government corporation, officer, and employee
of the Government, and each person acting for, or at the direction of, the
executive department, independent establishment, agency, wholly owned
Government corporation, officer, or employee, must comply with the regula-
tions when making any shipment of valuables.
§ 17303. Fund for the payment of Government losses in ship-
ment
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is a revolving fund in the Treasury known
as ‘‘the fund for the payment of Government losses in shipment’’.
(b) USE.—The fund shall be used for the replacement of valuables, or
the value of valuables, lost, destroyed, or damaged while being shipped in
accordance with regulations prescribed under section 17302 of this title.
(c) UNAVAILABILITY.—The fund is not available with respect to any loss,
destruction, or damage affecting valuables—
(1) that relates to property of the United States Postal Service that
is chargeable to its officers or employees; or
(2) of which shipment shall have been made at the risk of persons
other than the Federal Government and the executive departments,
independent establishments, agencies, wholly owned Government cor-
porations, officers and employees of the Government.
(d) CREDITING OF RECOVERIES AND REPAYMENTS.—All recoveries and
repayments on account of loss, destruction, or damage to valuables for
286
(41) In section 12603(d), strike ‘‘section 201(a) of the Federal Prop-
erty and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 481(a))’’ and
substitute ‘‘section 501 of title 40’’.
(42) In section 18239(b)(1), strike ‘‘section 355 of the Revised Stat-
utes (40 U.S.C. 255)’’ and substitute ‘‘section 3111 of title 40’’.
(c) TITLE 14.—Title 14, United States Code, is amended as follows:
(1) In section 92—
(A) insert ‘‘subtitle I of title 40 and title III of’’ before ‘‘the
Federal’’; and
(B) strike ‘‘(40 U.S.C. 471 et seq.)’’ and substitute ‘‘(41 U.S.C.
251 et seq.)’’.
(2) In section 93(h)—
(A) insert ‘‘subtitle I of title 40 and title III of’’ before ‘‘the
Federal’’; and
(B) strike ‘‘(40 U.S.C. 471 et seq.)’’ and substitute ‘‘(41 U.S.C.
251 et seq.)’’.
(3) In section 641—
(A) in subsection (a)—
(i) insert ‘‘subtitle I of title 40 and title III of’’ before ‘‘the
Federal’’; and
(ii) strike ‘‘(40 U.S.C. 471 et seq.)’’ and substitute ‘‘(41
U.S.C. 251 et seq.)’’; and
(B) in subsection (c)(2), strike ‘‘section 203 of the Federal
Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C.
484)’’ and substitute ‘‘sections 541–555 of title 40’’.
(4) In section 685(c)—
(A) in clause (1), strike—
(i) ‘‘The’’ and substitute ‘‘Subtitle I of title 40 and title
III of the’’; and
(ii) ‘‘(40 U.S.C. 471 et seq.)’’ and substitute ‘‘(41 U.S.C.
251 et seq.)’’; and
(B) strike clause (2) and substitute—
‘‘(2) Section 1302 of title 40.’’.
(d) TITLE 18.—Section 3668(c) of title 18, United States Code, is
amended by striking ‘‘sections 304f–304m of Title 40’’ and substituting
‘‘section 1306 of title 40’’.
(e) TITLE 23.—Title 23, United States Code, is amended as follows:
(1) In section 112(b)(2)(A), strike ‘‘title IX of the Federal Property
and Administrative Services Act of 1949’’ and substitute ‘‘chapter 11
of title 40’’.
287
(2) In section 113(a), strike ‘‘the Act of March 3, 1931, known as
the Davis-Bacon Act (40 U.S.C. 276a)’’ and substitute ‘‘sections 3141–
3144, 3146, and 3147 of title 40’’.
(f) 
THE
INTERNAL
REVENUE
CODE
OF
1986.—Section
7608(c)(1)(A)(i)(IV) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C.
7608(c)(1)(A)(i)(IV)) is amended by striking ‘‘section 34 of title 40, United
States Code’’ and substituting ‘‘section 8141 of title 40’’.
(g) TITLE 28.—Title 28, United States Code, is amended as follows:
(1) In section 604(g)(3)(B), strike ‘‘section 203 of the Federal Prop-
erty and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 484)’’ and
substitute ‘‘sections 541–555 of title 40’’.
(2) In section 612(f), strike ‘‘section 201 of the Federal Property
and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 481)’’ and sub-
stitute ‘‘sections 501–505 of title 40’’.
(3) In section 1499, strike ‘‘section 104 of the Contract Work Hours
and Safety Standards Act’’ and substitute ‘‘section 3703 of title 40’’.
(h) TITLE 31.—Title 31, United States Code, is amended as follows:
(1) In section 781(a), strike ‘‘section 7 of the Public Buildings Act
of 1959, as amended (40 U.S.C. 606)’’ and substitute ‘‘section 3307
of title 40’’.
(2) In section 782, strike ‘‘(as defined in section 105 of the Public
Buildings Cooperative Use Act of 1976 (40 U.S.C. 612a))’’ and sub-
stitute ‘‘(as defined in section 3306(a) of title 40)’’.
(3) In section 1105(g)(2)(B)(ii), strike ‘‘section 901 of the Brooks
Architect-Engineers Act (40 U.S.C. 541)’’ and substitute section ‘‘1102
of title 40’’.
(4) In section 3126—
(A) in subsection (a), strike ‘‘section 2 of the Government
Losses in Shipment Act (40 U.S.C. 722)’’ and substitute ‘‘section
17303(a) of title 40’’; and
(B) in subsection (b), strike ‘‘Section 3 of the Government
Losses in Shipment Act (40 U.S.C. 723) (related to finality of de-
cisions of the Secretary)’’ and substitute ‘‘Section 17304(c) of title
40’’.
(5) In section 3511(c)(1), strike ‘‘section 205(b) of the Federal
Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 486(b))’’
and substitute ‘‘section 121(b) of title 40’’.
(6) In section 3551(3), strike ‘‘section 3 of the Federal Property and
Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 472)’’ and substitute
‘‘section 102 of title 40’’.
288
(7) In section 3905(f)(1), strike ‘‘section 2 of the Act of August 24,
1935 (40 U.S.C. 270b)’’ and substitute ‘‘section 3133(b) of title 40’’.
(8) In section 6703(d)(5)—
(A) strike ‘‘the Act of March 3, 1931 (commonly known as the
Davis-Bacon Act); as amended (40 U.S.C. 276a–276a–5)’’ and
substitute ‘‘sections 3141–3144, 3146, and 3147 of title 40’’; and
(B) strike ‘‘section 2 of the Act of June 1, 1934 (commonly
known as the Copeland Anti-Kickback Act), as amended (40
U.S.C. 276c, 48 Stat. 948)’’ and substitute ‘‘section 3145 of title
40’’.
(9) In section 9303—
(A) in subsection (d), before clause (1)—
(i) strike ‘‘the Act of August 24, 1935 (known as the Mil-
ler Act) (40 U.S.C. 270a–270d)’’ and substitute ‘‘sections
3131 and 3133 of title 40’’; and
(ii) strike ‘‘section 3 of the Act (40 U.S.C. 270c)’’ and sub-
stitute ‘‘section 3133(a) of title 40’’;
(B) in subsection (d)(1)—
(i) strike ‘‘the Act of August 24, 1935 (known as the Mil-
ler Act) (40 U.S.C. 270a–270d)’’ and substitute ‘‘sections
3131 and 3133 of title 40’’; and
(ii) strike ‘‘section 2 of the Act (40 U.S.C. 270b)’’ and
substitute ‘‘section 3133(b) of title 40’’; and
(C) in subsection (e)(2)(A), strike ‘‘the Act of August 24, 1935
(known as the Miller Act) (40 U.S.C. 270a–270d)’’ and substitute
‘‘sections 3131 and 3133 of title 40’’.
(i) TITLE 36.—Title 36, United States Code, is amended as follows:
(1) In section 2103(a)(1), strike ‘‘section 355 of the Revised Stat-
utes (40 U.S.C. 255)’’ and substitute ‘‘section 3111 of title 40’’.
(2) In section 220314(b), strike ‘‘section 451 of the Legislative Re-
organization Act of 1970 (40 U.S.C. 193m–1)’’ and substitute ‘‘section
5108 of title 40’’.
(j) TITLE 38.—Title 38, United States Code, is amended as follows:
(1) In section 115(1), strike ‘‘section 355 of the Revised Statutes
(40 U.S.C. 255)’’ and substitute ‘‘section 3111 of title 40’’.
(2) In section 310(b), strike ‘‘division E of the Clinger-Cohen Act
of 1996 (40 U.S.C. 1401 et seq.)’’ and substitute ‘‘subtitle III of title
40’’.
(3) In section 8122(a)(1), strike ‘‘section 321 of the Act of June 30,
1932 (40 U.S.C. 303b)’’ and substitute ‘‘section 1302 of title 40’’.
289
(4) In section 8135(a)(8), strike ‘‘the Act of March 3, 1931 (40
U.S.C. 276a—276a–5) (known as the Davis-Bacon Act)’’ and sub-
stitute ‘‘sections 3141–3144, 3146, and 3147 of title 40’’.
(5) In section 8162(a)—
(A) in paragraph (1), strike ‘‘section 321 of the Act of June
30, 1932 (40 U.S.C. 303b), sections 202 and 203 of the Federal
Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 483,
484)’’ and substitute ‘‘subchapter II of chapter 5 of title 40, sec-
tions 541–555 and 1302 of title 40’’; and
(B) in paragraph (3), strike ‘‘the Act of March 3, 1931 (40
U.S.C. 276a et seq.)’’ and substitute ‘‘sections 3141–3144, 3146,
and 3147 of title 40’’.
(6) In section 8165(c), strike ‘‘section 204 of the Federal Property
and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 485) or the Act
of June 8, 1896 (40 U.S.C. 485a)’’ and substitute ‘‘subchapter IV of
chapter 5 of title 40’’.
(7) In section 8201(e), strike ‘‘section 321 of the Act of June 30,
1932 (40 U.S.C. 303b)’’ and substitute ‘‘section 1302 of title 40’’.
(k) TITLE 39.—Section 410(b)(4) of title 39, United States Code, is
amended to read as follows:
‘‘(4) the following provisions of title 40:
‘‘(A) sections 3114–3116, 3118, 3131, 3133, and 3141–3147;
and
‘‘(B) chapters 37 and 173;’’.
(l) TITLE 44.—Title 44, United States Code, is amended as follows:
(1) In section 311(a), strike ‘‘the Federal Property and Administra-
tive Services Act, approved June 30, 1949, as amended,’’ and sub-
stitute ‘‘subtitle I of title 40 and title III of the Federal Property and
Administrative Services Act of 1949 (41 U.S.C. 251 et seq.)’’.
(2) In section 2901(13), strike ‘‘section 3(a) of the Federal Property
and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 472(a))’’ and sub-
stitute ‘‘section 102 of title 40’’.
(3) In section 3501(8)(B), strike ‘‘the Computer Security Act of
1987 (Public Law 100–235)’’ and substitute ‘‘section 11332 of title
40’’.
(4) In section 3502(9)—
(A) strike ‘‘section 5002 of the Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996 (40
U.S.C. 1401)’’ and substitute ‘‘section 11101 of title 40’’; and
(B) strike ‘‘section 5142 of that Act (40 U.S.C. 1452)’’ and
substitute ‘‘section 11103 of title 40’’.
(5) In section 3504—
290
(A) in subsection (g)(2), strike ‘‘section 5131 of the Clinger-
Cohen Act of 1996 (40 U.S.C. 1441), and sections 5 and 6 of the
Computer Security Act of 1987 (40 U.S.C. 759 note)’’ and sub-
stitute ‘‘sections 11331 and 11332(b) and (c) of title 40’’;
(B) in subsection (g)(3), strike ‘‘section 5131 of the Clinger-
Cohen Act of 1996 (40 U.S.C. 1441) and sections 5 and 6 of the
Computer Security Act of 1987 (40 U.S.C. 759 note)’’ and sub-
stitute ‘‘sections 11331 and 11332(b) and (c) of title 40’’;
(C) in subsection (h)(1)(B), strike ‘‘section 5131 of the Clinger-
Cohen Act of 1996 (40 U.S.C. 1441)’’ and substitute ‘‘section
11331 of title 40’’; and
(D) in subsection (h)(2)—
(i) strike ‘‘division E of the Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996 (40
U.S.C. 1401 et seq.)’’ and substitute ‘‘subtitle III of title
40’’; and
(ii) strike ‘‘section 110 of the Federal Property and Admin-
istrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 757)’’ and sub-
stitute ‘‘section 322 of title 40’’.
(6) In section 3506—
(A) in subsection (g)(2), strike ‘‘the Computer Security Act of
1987 (40 U.S.C. 759 note)’’ and substitute ‘‘section 11332 of title
40’’; and
(B) in subsection (g)(3), strike ‘‘the Computer Security Act of
1987 (40 U.S.C. 759 note)’’ and substitute ‘‘section 11332 of title
40’’.
(7) In section 3518(d), strike ‘‘section 5131 of the Clinger-Cohen
Act of 1996 (40 U.S.C. 1441) and the Computer Security Act of 1987
(40 U.S.C. 759 note)’’ and substitute ‘‘sections 11331 and 11332 of
title 40’’.
(m) TITLE 46.—Title 46, United States Code, is amended as follows:
(1) In section 2101(17), strike ‘‘section 13 of the Coast Guard Au-
thorization Act of 1986’’ and substitute ‘‘section 558 of title 40’’.
(2) In section 3305(c), strike ‘‘section 13 of the Coast Guard Au-
thorization Act of 1986’’ and substitute ‘‘section 558 of title 40’’.
(n) TITLE 49.—Title 49, United States Code, is amended as follows:
(1) In section 103(e)—
(A) insert ‘‘subtitle I of title 40 and title III of’’ before ‘‘the
Federal Property’’; and
(B) strike ‘‘(40 U.S.C. 471 et seq.)’’ and substitute ‘‘(41 U.S.C.
251 et seq.)’’.
291
(2) In section 5325(b), strike ‘‘title IX of the Federal Property and
Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 541 et seq.)’’ and sub-
stitute ‘‘chapter 11 of title 40’’.
(3) In section 5333(a)—
(A) strike ‘‘the Act of March 3, 1931 (known as the Davis-
Bacon Act) (40 U.S.C. 276a—276a–5)’’ and substitute ‘‘sections
3141–3144, 3146, and 3147 of title 40’’; and
(B) strike ‘‘section 2 of the Act of June 13, 1934 (40 U.S.C.
276c)’’ and substitute ‘‘section 3145 of title 40’’.
(4) In section 24312—
(A) in subsection (a)—
(i) strike ‘‘the Act of March 3, 1931 (known as the Davis-
Bacon Act) (40 U.S.C. 276a—276a–5)’’ and substitute ‘‘sec-
tions 3141–3144, 3146, and 3147 of title 40’’; and
(ii) strike ‘‘section 107 of the Contract Work Hours and
Safety Standards Act (40 U.S.C. 333)’’ and substitute ‘‘sec-
tion 3704 of title 40’’; and
(B) in subsection (b), strike ‘‘the Act of March 3, 1931 (known
as the Davis-Bacon Act) (40 U.S.C. 276a—276a–5)’’ and sub-
stitute ‘‘sections 3141–3144, 3146, and 3147 of title 40’’
(5) In section 40110(c)(2)—
(A) in subclause (C), strike ‘‘(as defined in section 13 of the
Public Buildings Act of 1959 (40 U.S.C. 612))’’ and substitute
‘‘(as defined in section 3301(a) of title 40)’’; and
(B) in subclause (F), strike ‘‘title II of the Federal Property
and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 481 et seq.)’’
and substitute ‘‘sections 121, 123, and 126 and chapter 5 of title
40’’.
(6) In section 44305(a)(1), strike ‘‘sections 1 and 2 of the Govern-
ment Losses in Shipment Act (40 U.S.C. 721, 722)’’ and substitute
‘‘sections 17302 and 17303 of title 40’’.
(7) In section 47107(a)(17), strike ‘‘title IX of the Federal Property
and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 541 et seq.)’’ and
substitute ‘‘chapter 11 of title 40’’.
(8) In section 47112(b), strike ‘‘the Act of March 3, 1931 (known
as the Davis-Bacon Act) (40 U.S.C. 276a—276a–5)’’ and substitute
‘‘sections 3141–3144, 3146, and 3147 of title 40’’.
(9) In section 49111(d)(1), strike ‘‘section 5 of the Act of June 6,
1924 (40 U.S.C. 71d),’’ and substitute ‘‘section 8722 of title 40’’.
(o) VETERANS’ BENEFITS PROGRAMS IMPROVEMENT ACT OF 1991.—
Section 403(e) of the Veterans’ Benefits Programs Improvement Act of
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HR 2069 EAS
TITLE VI—ADDITIONAL AUTHORITIES
Sec. 601. Authority of the Department of Health and Human Services.
Sec. 602. Microbicide research at the National Institutes of Health.
Sec. 603. Authority of the Department of Labor.
Sec. 604. Authority for international programs.
SEC. 2. FINDINGS.
Congress makes the following findings:
(1) During the last 20 years, HIV/AIDS has as-
sumed pandemic proportions, spreading from the
most severely affected region, sub-Saharan Africa, to
all corners of the world, and leaving an unprece-
dented path of death and devastation.
(2) According to the Joint United Nations Pro-
gramme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), more than
60,000,000 people worldwide have been infected with
HIV since the epidemic began; more than 22,000,000
of these have lost their lives to the disease; and more
than 13,000,000 children have been orphaned by the
disease. HIV/AIDS is the fourth-highest cause of death
in the world.
(3) At the end of 2001, an estimated 40,000,000
people were infected with HIV or living with AIDS.
Of these, more than 2,700,000 were children under the
age of fifteen and more than 17,600,000 were women.
Women are four times more vulnerable to infection
than are men and are becoming infected at increas-
ingly high rates because in many societies women
†
HR 2069 EAS
lack control over sexual encounters and cannot insist
on the use of protective measures. Women and chil-
dren who are refugees or are internally displaced per-
sons are especially vulnerable to sexual violence,
thereby increasing the possibility of HIV infection.
(4) As the leading cause of death in sub-Saharan
Africa, AIDS has killed more than 17,000,000 people
(more than 3 times the number of AIDS deaths in the
rest of the world) and will claim the lives of one-quar-
ter of the population, mostly adults, in the next dec-
ade.
(5) An estimated 1,800,000 people in Latin
America and the Caribbean and another 7,100,000
people in Asia and the Pacific region are infected
with HIV or living with AIDS. Infection rates are
rising alarmingly in Eastern Europe (especially in
the Russian Federation), Central Asia, and China.
(6) HIV/AIDS threatens personal security by af-
fecting the health, lifespan, and productive capacity
of the individual and the social cohesion and eco-
nomic well-being of the family.
(7) HIV/AIDS undermines the economic security
of a country and individual businesses in that coun-
try by weakening the productivity and longevity of
the labor force across a broad array of economic sec-
†
HR 2069 EAS
tors and by reducing the potential for economic
growth over the long term.
(8) HIV/AIDS destabilizes communities by strik-
ing at the most mobile and educated members of soci-
ety, many of whom are responsible for security at the
local level and governance at the national and sub-
national levels as well as many teachers, health care
personnel, and other community workers vital to com-
munity development and the effort to combat HIV/
AIDS. In some countries the overwhelming challenges
of the HIV/AIDS epidemic are accelerating the out-
ward migration of critically important health care
professionals.
(9) HIV/AIDS weakens the defenses of countries
severely affected by the HIV/AIDS crisis through high
infection rates among members of their military
forces. According to UNAIDS, in sub-Saharan Africa,
many military forces have infection rates as much as
five times that of the civilian population.
(10) HIV/AIDS poses a serious security issue for
the international community by—
(A) increasing the potential for political in-
stability and economic devastation, particularly
in those countries and regions most severely af-
fected by the disease; and
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HR 2069 EAS
(B) decreasing the capacity to resolve con-
flicts through the introduction of peacekeeping
forces because the environments into which these
forces are introduced pose a high risk for the
spread of HIV/AIDS.
(11) The devastation wrought by the HIV/AIDS
pandemic is compounded by the prevalence of tuber-
culosis and malaria, particularly in developing coun-
tries where the poorest and most vulnerable members
of society, including women, children, and those liv-
ing with HIV/AIDS, become infected. According to the
World Health Organization (WHO), HIV/AIDS, tu-
berculosis, and malaria accounted for more than
5,700,000 deaths in 2001 and caused debilitating ill-
nesses in millions more.
(12) Tuberculosis is the cause of death for one
out of every three people with AIDS worldwide and
is a highly communicable disease. HIV infection is
the leading threat to tuberculosis control. Because
HIV infection so severely weakens the immune system,
individuals with HIV and latent tuberculosis infec-
tion have a 100 times greater risk of developing active
tuberculosis diseases thereby increasing the risk of
spreading tuberculosis to others. Tuberculosis, in turn,
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HR 2069 EAS
accelerates the onset of AIDS in individuals infected
with HIV.
(13) Malaria, the most deadly of all tropical
parasitic diseases, has been undergoing a dramatic
resurgence in recent years due to increasing resistance
of the malaria parasite to inexpensive and effective
drugs. At the same time, increasing resistance of mos-
quitoes to standard insecticides makes control of
transmission difficult to achieve. The World Health
Organization estimates that between 300,000,000 and
500,000,000 new cases of malaria occur each year,
and annual deaths from the disease number between
2,000,000 and 3,000,000. Persons infected with HIV
are particularly vulnerable to the malaria parasite.
The spread of HIV infection contributes to the dif-
ficulties of controlling resurgence of the drug resistant
malaria parasite.
(14) Although HIV/AIDS is first and foremost a
health problem, successful strategies to stem the
spread of the pandemic will require not only medical
interventions, the strengthening of health care delivery
systems and infrastructure and determined national
leadership and increased budgetary allocations for the
health sector in countries affected by the epidemic but
also measures to address the social and behavioral