may furnish any negative information re-
lating to such a consumer. 
‘‘(ii) CONTENT.—Such notice shall— 
‘‘(I) be clear and conspicuous; 
‘‘(II) describe the types of activi-
ties that constitute negative informa-
tion; 
‘‘(III) inform the consumer that 
the person may report negative infor-
mation relating to any such accounts 
or transactions to a consumer report-
ing agency described in subsection (p) 
or (x) of section 603; 
‘‘(IV) state that the negative in-
formation may appear on a consumer 
report of the consumer for the periods 
described in section 605 and that dur-
ing such periods, the negative infor-
mation may adversely impact the con-
sumer’s credit score; 
‘‘(V) state that in some limited 
circumstances, the negative informa-
tion may result in other adverse ac-
tions, including a denial of a new job
or a promotion from existing employ-
ment; and 
‘‘(VI) state that the consumer 
has right to— 
‘‘(aa) obtain a copy of their 
consumer report and credit score 
or educational score (if applica-
ble), which in some instances can 
be obtained free of charge, from 
any consumer reporting agency 
to which negative information 
may be been sent; and 
‘‘(bb) 
dispute, 
free 
of 
charge, any errors on a consumer 
report relating to the consumer. 
‘‘(iii) TIMING OF NOTICE.—Such per-
son shall provide such notice to a consumer 
not later than 90 days before the date on 
which the person furnishes negative infor-
mation relating to such consumer. 
‘‘(B) SPECIFIC
NEGATIVE
INFORMATION 
NOTICE TO A CONSUMER.— 
‘‘(i) IN
GENERAL.—Any person de-
scribed in subparagraph (A) that has fur-
nished negative information relating to ac-
tivity on any accounts of a consumer held 
by such person or transactions associated 
with credit extended to a consumer by such 
person to a consumer reporting agency de-
scribed in subsection (p) or (x) of section 
603 shall send a written notice to each 
such consumer. 
‘‘(ii) CONTENT.—Such notice shall— 
‘‘(I) be clear and conspicuous; 
‘‘(II) inform the consumer that 
the person has furnished negative in-
formation relating to such accounts or 
transactions to a consumer reporting 
agency described in subsection (p) or 
(x) of section 603; 
‘‘(III) identify any consumer re-
porting agency to which the negative 
information was furnished, including 
the name of the agency, mailing ad-
dress, Internet website address, and 
toll-free telephone number; and 
‘‘(IV) include the statements de-
scribed in subclauses (IV), (V), and 
(VI) of subparagraph (A)(ii).
‘‘(iii) TIME OF NOTICE.—Such person 
shall provide such notice to a consumer not 
later than 5 business days after the date 
on which the person furnished negative in-
formation relating to such consumer. 
‘‘(C) NOTICE
EFFECTIVE
FOR
SUBSE-
QUENT SUBMISSIONS.—After providing the no-
tice described in subparagraph (B), the person 
may submit additional negative information to 
a consumer reporting agency described in sub-
section (p) or (x) of section 603 without pro-
viding additional notice to the consumer, unless 
another person acquires the right to repayment 
connected to the additional negative informa-
tion. The acquiring person shall be subject to 
the requirements of this paragraph and shall be 
required to send consumers the written notices 
described in this paragraph, if applicable. 
‘‘(D) 
NON-TRADITIONAL
DATA
FUR-
NISHERS.—Any person that furnishes negative 
information to a consumer reporting agency de-
scribed in subsection (p) or (x) of section 603 
relating to any accounts of, or transactions as-
sociated with, a consumer by such person in-
volving non-traditional data shall be subject to
the requirements described in subparagraphs 
(A), (B), and (C). 
‘‘(E) MODEL NOTICES.— 
‘‘(i) DUTY
OF
BUREAU.—Not later 
than 6 months after date of the enactment 
of this paragraph, the Bureau shall issue 
model forms for the notices described in 
subparagraphs (A) and (B) that a person 
may use to comply with the requirements 
of this paragraph. 
‘‘(ii) USE OF MODEL NOTICE NOT RE-
QUIRED.—No provision of this paragraph 
may be construed to require a person to 
use the model notices prescribed by the 
Bureau. 
‘‘(iii) COMPLIANCE USING MODEL NO-
TICES.—A person shall be deemed to be in 
compliance with the requirements of sub-
paragraph (A)(ii) or (B)(ii) (as applicable) 
if the person uses the model notice pre-
scribed by the Bureau. 
‘‘(F) ISSUANCE
OF
GENERAL
NEGATIVE 
WARNING NOTICE WITHOUT SUBMITTING NEGA-
TIVE INFORMATION.—No provision of this para-
graph may be construed to require a person de-
scribed in subparagraph (A) or (D) to furnish 
negative information about a consumer to a 
consumer reporting agency described in sub-
section (p) or (x) of section 603. 
‘‘(G) SAFE HARBOR.—A person shall not 
be liable for failure to perform the duties re-
quired by this paragraph if the person reason-
ably believes that the person is prohibited, by 
law, from contacting the consumer. 
‘‘(H) EFFECTIVE
DATE.—The require-
ments of subparagraphs (A), (B), (C), and (D) 
shall not take effect until the date that is 6 
months after the date of the issuance of model 
forms for notices under subparagraph (E). 
‘‘(I) DEFINITIONS.—In this paragraph, the 
following definitions shall apply: 
‘‘(i) NEGATIVE
INFORMATION.—The 
term ‘negative information’ means infor-
mation concerning a consumer’s delin-
quencies, late payments, insolvency, or any 
form of default. 
‘‘(ii) NON-TRADITIONAL
DATA.—The 
term ‘non-traditional data’ relates to tele-
communications payments, utility pay-
ments, rent payments, remittances, wire
transfers, and such other items as deter-
mined by the Bureau.’’. 
(c) DUTIES OF FURNISHERS AFTER RECEIVING NO-
TICE
OF
DISPUTE
FROM
A
CONSUMER.—Section 
623(a)(8)(E) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 
1681s–2(a)(8)(E)) is amended to read as follows: 
‘‘(E) DUTIES OF FURNISHERS AFTER RE-
CEIVING
NOTICE
OF
DISPUTE
FROM
A
CON-
SUMER.—After receiving a notice of dispute 
from a consumer pursuant to subparagraph 
(D), the person that provided the information 
in dispute to a consumer reporting agency 
shall— 
‘‘(i) promptly provide to each con-
sumer reporting agency to which the per-
son furnished the disputed information the 
notice of dispute; 
‘‘(ii) review all information, including 
any substantiating documents, provided by 
the consumer about the disputed informa-
tion and conduct an investigation, separate 
from any reinvestigation by a consumer re-
porting agency or a reseller conducted with 
respect to the disputed information;
‘‘(iii) before the expiration of the pe-
riod under section 611(a)(1) within which 
a consumer reporting agency would be re-
quired to complete its action if the con-
sumer had elected to dispute the informa-
tion under that section, complete an inves-
tigation of the disputed information pursu-
ant to the standards described in subpara-
graph (G); 
‘‘(iv) notify the consumer, in writing, 
of the receipt of the dispute that in-
cludes— 
‘‘(I) a statement about any infor-
mation additional to the information 
that the person is required to main-
tain under subsection (f) that would 
support the person’s ability to carry 
out an investigation to resolve the 
consumer’s dispute; and 
‘‘(II) a statement that the con-
sumer reporting agency to which the 
disputed information was provided will 
include a notation described in section 
605(e) in the consumer’s file until the 
investigation has been completed, and
information about how a consumer 
may request that such notation is re-
moved by the agency; 
‘‘(v) if the investigation determines 
the disputed information is inaccurate, in-
complete, or unverifiable, promptly notify 
each consumer reporting agency to which 
the person furnished such information in 
accordance with paragraph (2); and 
‘‘(vi) notify the consumer of the re-
sults of the investigation, in writing, in ac-
cordance with subparagraph (H).’’. 
(d) ELIMINATING FURNISHERS’ AUTHORITY TO DIS-
MISS DISPUTES AS FRIVOLOUS OR IRRELEVANT.—Section 
623(a)(8) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 
1681s–2(a)(8)) is amended by striking subparagraph (F) 
and redesignating subparagraph (G) as subparagraph (F). 
(e) ADDITIONAL DUTIES.—Section 623(a)(8) of the 
Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681s–2(a)(8)), as 
amended by subsection (d), is further amended by adding 
at the end the following new subparagraphs: 
‘‘(G) REASONABLE STANDARDS FOR FUR-
NISHERS
FOR
CONDUCTING
INVESTIGATIONS 
AND RESOLVING DISPUTES SUBMITTED BY CON-
SUMERS.—In any investigation conducted by a
person who furnishes information to a con-
sumer reporting agency of an item of informa-
tion being disputed by a consumer, the person, 
at a minimum— 
‘‘(i) shall maintain sufficient resources 
and trained staff, commensurate with the 
volume and complexity of disputes received 
or reasonably anticipated to be received, to 
conduct investigations; 
‘‘(ii) shall verify that the person has a 
record of the particular information being 
disputed, consistent with the requirements 
of subsection (f); 
‘‘(iii) shall verify that the personally 
identifiable information of the consumer 
submitting the dispute matches the person-
ally identifiable information contained on 
such records; 
‘‘(iv) shall conduct a reasonable re-
view to determine whether the disputed in-
formation is accurate, complete, and can 
be verified that considers all the informa-
tion, including any substantiating docu-
ments, provided by the consumer about the 
disputed information;
‘‘(v) shall ensure that the investiga-
tion is an independent analysis that is sep-
arate from any reinvestigation by a con-
sumer reporting agency or a reseller con-
ducted with respect to the disputed infor-
mation; and 
‘‘(vi) may not impose any limitations 
or otherwise impede the ability of a con-
sumer to submit information, including 
any substantiating documents, about the 
disputed information. 
‘‘(H) CONTENTS OF THE NOTICE TO THE 
CONSUMER ABOUT THE RESULTS OF THE IN-
VESTIGATION BY THE FURNISHER.—The notice 
of the results of the investigation described in 
subparagraph (E) shall include— 
‘‘(i) a statement informing the con-
sumer as to whether the disputed informa-
tion was determined to be inaccurate, in-
complete, or unverifiable; 
‘‘(ii) a statement of the specific rea-
sons supporting the results of the inves-
tigation; 
‘‘(iii) a description of the procedure 
used by the dispute resolution staff of the
person who furnishes information to a con-
sumer reporting agency to determine the 
accuracy or completeness of the informa-
tion, including the business name, mailing 
address, telephone number, and Internet 
website address (if available) of any person 
who was contacted by the staff in connec-
tion with the determination; 
‘‘(iv) a copy of all information relating 
to the consumer that was used in carrying 
out the investigation and was the basis for 
any determination about the accuracy or 
completeness of the disputed information; 
‘‘(v) a statement that consumer will 
receive, free of charge, a copy of their con-
sumer report and credit score or edu-
cational credit score (if applicable), from 
any consumer reporting agency to which 
the disputed information had been pro-
vided, regardless of whether the consumer 
obtained or will obtain a free consumer re-
port and credit score or educational credit 
score (if applicable) in the 12-month period 
preceding receipt of the notice described in
this subparagraph pursuant to section 
612(a)(1); 
‘‘(vi) if the disputed information was 
found to be inaccurate, incomplete, or un-
verifiable, a statement that the consumer 
report of the consumer shall be revised to 
reflect the change to the consumer’s file as 
a result of the investigation; 
‘‘(vii) a statement that the consumer 
has the right to appeal the results of the 
investigation under paragraph (10), free of 
charge, within 120 days after the date of 
the notice of the results of the investiga-
tion was provided to the consumer and the 
process for submitting an appeal; 
‘‘(viii) a statement that the consumer 
may add a narrative statement, free of 
charge, to the consumer’s file held by the 
consumer reporting agency to which the in-
formation has been furnished disputing the 
accuracy or completeness of the informa-
tion, regardless of the results of the inves-
tigation by the person, and the process for 
contacting any agency that received the
consumer’s information from the person to 
submit a narrative statement; 
‘‘(ix) a statement informing the con-
sumer that a notation described in section 
605(e) will be added to the consumer’s file 
during the period in which the consumer 
appeals the results of an investigation and 
that such notation can be removed at the 
request of the consumer; and 
‘‘(x) a statement that the consumer 
has the right to request a copy of their 
consumer report and credit score or edu-
cational credit score (if applicable), free of 
charge, within the 12-month period fol-
lowing the date of the conclusion of the in-
vestigation from any consumer reporting 
agency in which the disputed information 
had been provided, regardless of whether 
the consumer obtained or will obtain a free 
annual consumer report and credit score or 
educational credit score (if applicable) 
under 
this 
subparagraph 
or 
section 
612(a)(1).’’. 
(f) 
CONFORMING
AMENDMENT.—Section 
615(a)(4)(B) is amended—
(1) by striking ‘‘, under section 611, with a 
consumer reporting agency’’; and 
(2) by striking ‘‘furnished by the agency’’ and 
inserting ‘‘to a consumer reporting agency under 
section 611 or to a person who furnished informa-
tion to an agency under section 623’’. 
SEC. 105. RIGHT TO APPEAL DISPUTES RELATING TO RE-
INVESTIGATIONS AND INVESTIGATIONS. 
(a) APPEALS OF REINVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED BY 
A CONSUMER REPORTING AGENCY.—Section 611 of the 
Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681i) is amend-
ed— 
(1) in subsection (b), by inserting ‘‘or if the 
consumer is unsatisfied with the results of an appeal 
conducted under subsection (i),’’ after ‘‘resolve the 
dispute,’’; and 
(2) by inserting after subsection (h) (as added 
by section 102) the following new subsection: 
‘‘(i) CONSUMER RIGHT TO APPEAL RESULTS OF A 
CONSUMER REPORTING AGENCY REINVESTIGATION.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Within 120 days after the 
date of receipt of the results of a reinvestigation 
conducted under subsection (a), a consumer (or au-
thorized third party) may, free of charge, appeal the
results of such reinvestigation by submitting a notice 
of appeal to the consumer reporting agency. 
‘‘(2) NOTICE OF APPEAL.— 
‘‘(A) REQUIREMENTS.—A notice of appeal 
described in paragraph (1) may be submitted in 
writing, or through a toll-free telephone number 
or other electronic means established by the 
consumer reporting agency (including on the 
Internet website described in subsection (h)), 
and— 
‘‘(i) shall identify the information con-
tained in the consumer’s file that is the 
subject of the appeal; 
‘‘(ii) shall describe the specific reasons 
for submitting the notice of appeal; and 
‘‘(iii) may provide any information the 
consumer believes is relevant to substan-
tiate the validity of the dispute. 
‘‘(B) CONSUMER REPORTING AGENCY NO-
TICE TO CONSUMER.—Upon receipt of such no-
tice of appeal, the consumer reporting agency 
shall promptly provide to the consumer a state-
ment confirming the receipt of the consumer’s 
notice of appeal that shall include—
‘‘(i) an approximate date on which the 
consumer’s appeal review will be com-
pleted; 
‘‘(ii) the process and procedures by 
which such review will be conducted; and 
‘‘(iii) an employee reference number 
or other employee identifier for each of the 
specific individuals designated by the con-
sumer reporting agency who, upon the re-
quest of the consumer, may discuss the 
substance and status of the appeal. 
‘‘(3) CONSUMER REPORTING AGENCY REQUIRE-
MENTS UPON RECEIPT OF NOTICE OF APPEAL.— 
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—Not later than 20 
days after receiving a notice of appeal, the con-
sumer reporting agency shall review the appeal. 
If the consumer reporting agency determines 
the information is inaccurate, incomplete, or 
cannot be verified, the consumer reporting 
agency shall delete or modify the item of infor-
mation being disputed by the consumer from 
the file of the consumer before the end of the 
20-day period beginning on the date on which 
the consumer reporting agency receives a notice 
of an appeal from the consumer.
‘‘(B) NOTICE OF APPEAL TO FURNISHER; 
INFORMATION REGARDING DISPUTE PROVIDED 
BY THE CONSUMER.— 
‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—Before the end of 
the period of 3 business days beginning on 
the date on which a consumer reporting 
agency receives a notice of appeal, the con-
sumer reporting agency shall provide no-
tice of the appeal, including all information 
relating to the specific appeal that the con-
sumer reporting agency has received from 
the consumer, to any person who provided 
any information in dispute. 
‘‘(ii) PROVISION OF ADDITIONAL IN-
FORMATION REGARDING THE DISPUTE.—If 
the consumer reporting agency receives ad-
ditional information from the consumer 
after the agency provides the notice re-
quired under clause (i) and before the end 
of the 20-day period described in subpara-
graph (A), the consumer reporting agency 
shall, not later than 3 business days after 
receiving such information, provide such 
information to any person who provided 
the information in dispute and shall have
an additional 10 business days to complete 
the appeal review. 
‘‘(C) MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR APPEALS 
EMPLOYEES.— 
‘‘(i) DESIGNATION.—Upon receipt of 
a notice of appeal under paragraph (1), a 
consumer reporting agency shall designate 
one or more specific employees who— 
‘‘(I) shall be assigned an em-
ployee reference number or other em-
ployee identifier that can be used by 
the consumer to discuss the appeal 
with the specific individuals handling 
the appeal; 
‘‘(II) shall have direct authority 
to resolve the dispute that is the sub-
ject of the notice of appeal from the 
review stage to its completion; 
‘‘(III) shall meet minimum train-
ing and ongoing certification require-
ments at regular intervals, as estab-
lished by the Bureau; 
‘‘(IV) shall be located within the 
United States;
‘‘(V) may not have been involved 
in the reinvestigation conducted or 
terminated pursuant to subsection (a); 
and 
‘‘(VI) may not be subject to any 
requirements linking incentives, in-
cluding promotion, to the number of 
appeals processed within a certain 
time period. 
‘‘(ii) REQUIREMENTS.—Such employ-
ees shall conduct a robust review of the ap-
peal and make a determination regarding 
the accuracy and completeness of the dis-
puted information by— 
‘‘(I) conducting an independent 
analysis, separate from any investiga-
tion by a reseller or person who pro-
vided the disputed information, and 
separate from any prior reinvestiga-
tion conducted by the consumer re-
porting agency of the disputed infor-
mation; 
‘‘(II) verifying that the personally 
identifiable information of the con-
sumer submitting the dispute matches
the personally identifiable information 
contained on the consumer’s file; 
‘‘(III) analyzing the notice of ap-
peal and all information, including 
any substantiating documents, pro-
vided by the consumer with the notice 
of appeal; 
‘‘(IV) evaluating the validity of 
any information submitted by any 
person that was used by the consumer 
reporting agency in the reinvestigation 
of the initial dispute; 
‘‘(V) verifying that the consumer 
reporting agency has a record of the 
information being disputed; and 
‘‘(VI) applying any additional 
factors or investigative processes, as 
specified by the Bureau. 
‘‘(D) NOTICE OF APPEAL RESULTS.—Not 
later than 5 days after the end of the 20-day 
period described under subparagraph (A) (or 
the 10-day extension period, as applicable) the 
consumer reporting agency shall provide the 
consumer with written notice of the results of 
the appeal by postal mail or, if requested by the
consumer, by other means. The contents of 
such notice shall include— 
‘‘(i) a statement that the appeal is 
completed and the date on which it was 
completed, the results of the appeal, and 
the specific reasons supporting the results 
of the appeal; 
‘‘(ii) a copy of all information relating 
to the consumer that was used as a basis 
for deciding the results of the appeal; 
‘‘(iii) a consumer report that is based 
upon the consumer’s file as that file may 
have been revised as a result of the appeal; 
‘‘(iv) a description of the procedure 
used to determine the accuracy and com-
pleteness of the information, including the 
business name, telephone number, mailing 
address, and Internet website address (if 
applicable) of any person who provided in-
formation that was contacted in connection 
with such information, if reasonably avail-
able; 
‘‘(v) information describing that the 
consumer may submit a statement, without 
charge, disputing the accuracy or com-
pleteness of information in the consumer’s 
file that was the subject of an appeal 
under this subsection by submitting a 
statement directly to each consumer re-
porting agency that received the informa-
tion; 
‘‘(vi) a description of the consumer’s 
rights pursuant to subsection (d) (relating 
to furnishing notifications to certain users 
of consumer reports); and 
‘‘(vii) any other information, as deter-
mined by the Bureau. 
‘‘(E) NO EXCUSE FOR FAILURE TO CON-
DUCT APPEAL.—A consumer reporting agency 
may not refuse to conduct a review of an appeal 
under this subsection because the agency deter-
mines that the notice of appeal was submitted 
by an authorized third party, unless the agency 
has clear and convincing evidence that the third 
party is not authorized to submit the notice of 
appeal on the consumer’s behalf. If the con-
sumer reporting agency refuses to conduct a re-
view of the appeal for these reasons, it shall 
provide a clear and conspicuous written notice 
to the consumer explaining the reasons for the
refusal and describing any information the con-
sumer is required to provide for the agency to 
conduct a review of the appeal.’’. 
(b) APPEALS OF INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED BY 
FURNISHERS OF INFORMATION.—Section 623(a) of the 
Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681s–2(a)) is 
amended by adding at the end the following new para-
graph: 
‘‘(10) DUTY OF FURNISHERS OF INFORMATION 
UPON NOTICE OF APPEAL OF INVESTIGATION.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Within 120 days of 
the date of receipt of the results of an inves-
tigation conducted under paragraph (8)(E), a 
consumer may, free of charge, appeal such re-
sults by submitting a notice of appeal to the 
person who provided the information in the dis-
pute to a consumer reporting agency (hereafter 
in this paragraph referred to as the ‘furnisher’). 
‘‘(B) NOTICE OF APPEAL.—A notice of ap-
peal described in subparagraph (A) may be sub-
mitted in writing, through a toll-free telephone 
number, or by other electronic means estab-
lished by the furnisher, and—
‘‘(i) shall identify the information con-
tained in the consumer’s file that is the 
subject of the appeal; 
‘‘(ii) shall describe the specific reasons 
for submitting the notice of appeal; and 
‘‘(iii) may include any information, in-
cluding substantiating documents, the con-
sumer believes is relevant to the appeal. 
‘‘(C) FURNISHER ACTIONS.—Upon receipt 
of such notice of appeal, the furnisher shall— 
‘‘(i) before the end of the period of 3 
business days beginning on the date on 
which the furnisher receives the notice of 
appeal, notify each consumer reporting 
agency to which the person furnished such 
information a statement identifying the 
items of information that a consumer is 
appealing; and 
‘‘(ii) notify the consumer confirming 
the receipt of the consumer’s notice of ap-
peal, including an approximate date when 
the consumer’s appeal will be completed, 
the process and procedures by which a re-
view of the appeal will be conducted, and 
the specific individual designated by the
consumer reporting agency who, upon the 
request of the consumer, may discuss the 
substance and status of the appeal. 
‘‘(D) FURNISHER
REQUIREMENTS
UPON 
RECEIPT
OF
NOTICE
OF
APPEAL.—Not later 
than 20 days after receiving a notice of appeal, 
the furnisher shall determine whether the item 
of information being disputed by the consumer 
is inaccurate, incomplete, or cannot be verified, 
and shall notify the consumer reporting agency 
of the determination. If the furnisher cannot 
verify the accuracy or completeness of the dis-
puted information, the furnisher shall, before 
the end of the 20-day period beginning on the 
date on which the furnisher receives notice of 
an appeal from the consumer, submit instruc-
tions to the consumer reporting agency that the 
item of information being disputed by the con-
sumer should be deleted from the file of the 
consumer. 
‘‘(E) MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR APPEALS 
EMPLOYEES.—Upon receipt of a notice of ap-
peal under subparagraph (A), a furnisher shall 
designate one or more specific employees who—
‘‘(i) shall be assigned an employee ref-
erence number or other employee identifier 
that can be used by the consumer to dis-
cuss the appeal with the specific individ-
uals handling the appeal; 
‘‘(ii) shall have direct authority to re-
solve the dispute that is the subject of the 
notice of appeal on behalf of the furnisher 
from the review stage to its completion; 
‘‘(iii) shall meet minimum training 
and ongoing certification requirements at 
regular intervals, as established by the Bu-
reau; 
‘‘(iv) may not have been involved in 
an investigation conducted pursuant to 
paragraph (8); and 
‘‘(v) may not be subject to any re-
quirements linking incentives, including 
promotion, to the number of appeals proc-
essed within a certain time period. 
‘‘(F) REQUIREMENTS FOR APPEALS PROC-
ESS.—Such employees shall conduct a robust 
review of the appeal and make a determination 
regarding the accuracy and completeness of the 
disputed information by—
‘‘(i) conducting an independent anal-
ysis, separate from any reinvestigation by 
a reseller or consumer reporting agency, of 
the disputed information; 
‘‘(ii) verifying that the personally 
identifiable information related to the dis-
pute is accurate and complete; 
‘‘(iii) analyzing the notice of appeal 
and all information, including substan-
tiating documents, provided by the con-
sumer with the notice of appeal; 
‘‘(iv) evaluating the validity of any in-
formation submitted by any person that 
was used by the furnisher in the initial in-
vestigation into the dispute; 
‘‘(v) verifying that the information 
being disputed relates to the consumer in 
whose file the information is located; 
‘‘(vi) verifying that the furnisher has 
a record of the information being disputed; 
and 
‘‘(vii) applying any additional factors 
or investigative processes, as specified by 
the Bureau.
‘‘(G) EXTENSION OF REVIEW PERIOD.—If 
a consumer submits additional information re-
lated to the appeal after the period of 3 busi-
ness days described in subparagraph (C)(i) and 
before the end of the 20-day period described in 
subparagraph (D), the furnisher shall have an 
additional 10 business days to complete the re-
view of the appeal. 
‘‘(H) NOTICE OF APPEAL RESULTS.—Not 
later than 5 days after the end of the 20-day 
period described in subparagraph (D) (or the 
10-day extension described under subparagraph 
(G), as applicable) the furnisher shall provide 
the consumer with written notice of the results 
of the appeal by mail or, if requested by the 
consumer, by other means. The contents of 
such notice shall include— 
‘‘(i) a statement that the appeal is 
completed and the date on which it was 
completed, the results of the appeal, and 
the specific reasons supporting the results 
of the appeal; 
‘‘(ii) a copy of all information relating 
to the consumer that was used as a basis 
for deciding the results of the appeal;
‘‘(iii) if the appeal results in any 
change to the consumer report, a notifica-
tion that the consumer shall receive a copy, 
free of charge, of a revised consumer re-
port (based upon the consumer’s file as 
that file was changed as a result of the ap-
peal) and a credit score or educational 
credit score (if applicable) from each con-
sumer reporting agency that had been fur-
nished incorrect information; 
‘‘(iv) a description of the procedure 
used to determine the accuracy and com-
pleteness of the information, including the 
business name, telephone number, mailing 
address, and Internet website address (if 
applicable), of any person who provided in-
formation that was contacted in connection 
with such information, if reasonably avail-
able; 
‘‘(v) information describing that the 
consumer may submit a statement, without 
charge, disputing the accuracy or com-
pleteness of information in the consumer’s 
file that was the subject of an appeal 
under this paragraph by submitting a
(C) in paragraph (1)— 
(i) in the heading, by striking ‘‘COM-
MISSION’’ and inserting ‘‘BUREAU’’; 
(ii) in subparagraph (B)— 
(I) in clause (ii), by striking ‘‘a 
consumer report without charge under 
section 612’’ and inserting ‘‘consumer 
reports and credit scores or edu-
cational credit scores (as applicable) 
without charge under section 612’’; 
(II) in clause (iii), by inserting 
‘‘or section 623’’ after ‘‘section 611’’; 
(III) by striking clauses (iv) and 
(vi); 
(IV) by inserting after clause (iii) 
the following new clause: 
‘‘(iv) the right of a consumer to ap-
peal a determination of a reinvestigation 
conducted by a consumer reporting agency 
under section 611(i) or an investigation 
conducted by a furnisher of information 
under section 623(a)(10);’’; and 
(V) by adding at the end the fol-
lowing new clause:
‘‘(vi) the method and circumstances 
under which consumers can obtain a 1- 
year fraud alert, 7-year fraud alert, active 
duty alert, or security freeze as described 
in section 605A through a consumer re-
porting agency described under section 
603(p).’’; 
(iii) in subparagraph (C) (as amended 
by subparagraph (A)) by inserting ‘‘and 
the Commission’’ after ‘‘Bureau’’; and 
(iv) by adding at the end the following 
new subparagraph: 
‘‘(D) 
PUBLICATION
OF
SUMMARY 
RIGHTS.—A consumer reporting agency de-
scribed under subsection (p) or (x) of section 
603 shall display in a clear and conspicuous 
manner, including on the Internet website of 
the consumer reporting agency, the summary of 
rights prepared by the Bureau under this para-
graph.’’; and 
(2) in subsection (d), by inserting ‘‘Bureau and 
the’’ before ‘‘Commission’’. 
SEC. 106. REVISED CONSUMER REPORTS. 
Section 611 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681i), as amended by section 105(a)(2), is further
100 
amended by adding at the end the following new sub-
section: 
‘‘(j) REQUIREMENT TO SEND REVISED CONSUMER 
REPORT TO CONSUMER.—Upon receiving a notice de-
scribed in section 623(a)(8)(E)(iv), each consumer report-
ing agency shall send to the consumer a revised consumer 
report and credit score or education credit score (if appli-
cable) based upon the consumer’s file as that file was 
changed as a result of the investigation.’’. 
SEC. 107. INDICATION OF DISPUTE BY CONSUMERS AND 
USE OF DISPUTED INFORMATION. 
Section 605(f) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681c(f)) is amended to read as follows: 
‘‘(f) INDICATION OF DISPUTE.— 
‘‘(1) IN
GENERAL.—A consumer reporting 
agency shall include in any consumer report based 
on the consumer’s file a notation identifying any 
item of information that is currently in dispute by 
the consumer if— 
‘‘(A) a consumer disputes the completeness 
or accuracy of any item of information con-
tained in a consumer’s file pursuant to section 
611(a)(1);
101 
‘‘(B) a consumer files with a consumer re-
porting agency an appeal of a reinvestigation 
pursuant to section 611(i); or 
‘‘(C) the consumer reporting agency is no-
tified by a person that furnished any items of 
information that are currently in dispute by the 
consumer that— 
‘‘(i) a consumer disputes the com-
pleteness or accuracy of any information 
furnished by a person to any consumer re-
porting agency pursuant to paragraph (3) 
or (8) of section 623(a); or 
‘‘(ii) a consumer submits a notice of 
appeal under section 623(a)(10). 
‘‘(2) OPT OUT.—A consumer may submit a re-
quest to a consumer reporting agency or a person 
who furnished the information in dispute, as applica-
ble, to have the notation described in paragraph (1) 
omitted from the consumer report. Upon receipt of 
such a request— 
‘‘(A) by a consumer reporting agency, such 
agency shall remove the notation within 1 busi-
ness day; and 
‘‘(B) by a person who furnished the infor-
mation in dispute, such person shall submit
102 
such request to each consumer reporting agency 
to which the person furnished such information 
within 1 business day and such agency shall re-
move the notation within 1 business day of re-
ceipt of such request.’’. 
SEC. 108. ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS REPORT DUTIES 
FOR CONSUMER REPORTING AGENCIES AND 
FURNISHERS. 
Section 607(b) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681e) is amended to read as follows: 
‘‘(b) ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS OF REPORT.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—In preparing a consumer 
report, a consumer reporting agency shall maintain 
reasonable procedures to ensure maximum possible 
accuracy and completeness of the information con-
cerning the individual to whom the consumer report 
relates. 
‘‘(2) BUREAU RULE TO ASSURE MAXIMUM POS-
SIBLE ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS WITH CREDIT 
REPORTING PRACTICES.— 
‘‘(A) RULE.—Not later than 18 months 
after the date of enactment of this subsection, 
the Bureau shall issue a final rule establishing 
the procedures described in paragraph (1).
103 
‘‘(B) REQUIREMENTS.—In formulating the 
rule required under subparagraph (A), the Bu-
reau shall— 
‘‘(i) develop standards for matching 
the personally identifiable information in-
cluded in the consumer’s file with the per-
sonally identifiable information furnished 
by the person who provided the informa-
tion to the consumer reporting agency 
(hereafter in this subsection referred to as 
the ‘furnisher’), including the full name of 
a consumer, the date of birth of a con-
sumer, the full social security number of a 
consumer, and any other information that 
the Bureau determines would aid in assur-
ing maximum possible accuracy and com-
pleteness of such consumer reports; 
‘‘(ii) establish processes for a con-
sumer reporting agency to monitor the in-
tegrity of the data provided by furnishers 
and the compliance of furnishers with the 
requirements of this title; 
‘‘(iii) establish processes for a con-
sumer reporting agency to regularly rec-
oncile data relating to accounts in collec-
104 
tion, including those that have not been 
paid in full, by specifying the cir-
cumstances under which the consumer re-
porting agency shall remove or suppress 
negative or adverse information from a 
consumer’s file that has not been updated 
by a furnisher who is also a debt collector 
(as defined in section 803 of the Fair Debt 
Collection Practices Act) within the time 
period established by the Bureau; 
‘‘(iv) establish procedures to require 
each consumer reporting agency to review 
and monitor the quality of information re-
ceived from any source, including informa-
tion from public records, by regularly and 
on an ongoing basis comparing the infor-
mation received to the information avail-
able from the original source and ensuring 
that the information received is the most 
current information; 
‘‘(v) develop standards and procedures 
for consumer reporting agencies to identify 
furnishers that repeatedly fail to provide 
accurate and complete information, to take 
corrective action against such furnishers,
105 
and to reject information submitted by 
such furnishers; 
‘‘(vi) develop standards and proce-
dures for consumer reporting agencies to 
adopt regarding collection of public record 
data, including standards and procedures 
to consider the ultimate data source, how 
the public record information is filed and 
its availability and accessibility, and wheth-
er information relating to the satisfaction 
of judgments or other updates to the pub-
lic record are available on a reasonably 
timely basis from a particular source; and 
‘‘(vii) establish any other factors, pro-
cedures, or processes determined by the 
Bureau to be necessary to assist consumer 
reporting agencies in achieving maximum 
possible accuracy and completeness of the 
information in consumer reports. 
‘‘(3) CORRECTIVE
ACTION
FOR
FURNISHERS 
THAT
REPEATEDLY
FURNISH
INACCURATE
OR
IN-
COMPLETE INFORMATION.—Upon identifying a fur-
nisher that repeatedly fails to furnish accurate, com-
plete, or verifiable information to consumer report-
ing agencies, the Bureau shall—
106 
‘‘(A) ensure the prompt removal of any ad-
verse information relating to a consumer’s ac-
counts submitted by such furnisher; and 
‘‘(B) take corrective action, which may in-
clude— 
‘‘(i) mandatory revised training and 
training materials for the staff of the fur-
nisher regarding the furnishing of accurate 
and complete information; 
‘‘(ii) sharing industry best practices 
and procedures regarding accuracy and 
completeness; or 
‘‘(iii) temporarily prohibiting a fur-
nisher from providing information to a 
consumer reporting agency.’’. 
SEC. 109. INCLUSION OF PUBLIC RECORD DATA SOURCES 
IN CONSUMER REPORTS. 
Section 605(d) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681c(d)) is amended by adding at the end the 
following: 
‘‘(3) PUBLIC RECORD DATA SOURCE.—Any con-
sumer reporting agency that furnishes a consumer 
report that contains public record data shall also in-
clude in such report the source from which that data 
was obtained, including the particular court, if any,
107 
and the date that the data was initially reported or 
publicized.’’. 
SEC. 110. INJUNCTIVE RELIEF FOR VICTIMS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Fair Credit Reporting Act 
(15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.) is amended— 
(1) in section 616— 
(A) in subsection (a), by amending the 
subsection heading to read as follows: ‘‘DAM-
AGES’’; 
(B) by redesignating subsections (c) and 
(d) as subsections (d) and (e), respectively; and 
(C) by inserting after subsection (b) the 
following new subsection: 
‘‘(c) INJUNCTIVE RELIEF.—In addition to any other 
remedy set forth in this section, a court may award injunc-
tive relief to require compliance with the requirements im-
posed under this title with respect to any consumer. In 
the event of any successful action for injunctive relief 
under this subsection, the court may award to the pre-
vailing party costs and reasonable attorney fees (as deter-
mined by the court) incurred during the action by such 
party.’’; and 
(2) in section 617—
108 
(A) in subsection (a), by amending the 
subsection heading to read as follows: ‘‘DAM-
AGES’’; 
(B) by redesignating subsection (b) as sub-
section (c); and 
(C) by inserting after subsection (a) the 
following new subsection: 
‘‘(b) INJUNCTIVE RELIEF.—In addition to any other 
remedy set forth in this section, a court may award injunc-
tive relief to require compliance with the requirements im-
posed under this title with respect to any consumer. In 
the event of any successful action for injunctive relief 
under this subsection, the court may award to the pre-
vailing party costs and reasonable attorney fees (as deter-
mined by the court) incurred during the action by such 
party.’’. 
(b) ENFORCEMENT BY FEDERAL TRADE COMMIS-
SION.—Section 621(a)(2)(A) of the Fair Credit Reporting 
Act (15 U.S.C. 1681s(a)(2)(A)) is amended— 
(1) by amending the subparagraph heading to 
read as follows: ‘‘NEGLIGENT, WILLFUL, OR KNOW-
ING VIOLATIONS’’; and 
(2) by inserting ‘‘negligent, willful, or’’ before 
‘‘knowing’’.
109 
TITLE II—FREE CREDIT SCORES 
FOR CONSUMERS 
SEC. 201. DEFINITIONS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 603 of the Fair Credit 
Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681a) is amended by adding 
at the end the following new subsection: 
‘‘(bb) CREDIT SCORE AND EDUCATIONAL CREDIT 
SCORE DEFINITIONS.— 
‘‘(1) CREDIT SCORE.—The term ‘credit score’ 
means a numerical value or a categorization derived 
from a statistical tool or modeling system used by a 
person who makes or arranges a loan or extends 
credit to predict the likelihood of certain credit be-
haviors, including default, as determined by the Bu-
reau. 
‘‘(2) EDUCATIONAL CREDIT SCORE.—The term 
‘educational credit score’ means a numerical value or 
categorization derived from a statistical tool or mod-
eling system based upon information from a con-
sumer report that assists consumers in under-
standing how a lender or creditor may view the con-
sumer’s creditworthiness in deciding whether to 
make a loan or extend credit to that consumer. 
‘‘(3) KEY
FACTORS.—The term ‘key factors’ 
means any relevant elements or reasons affecting the
111 
‘‘(f) DISCLOSURE
OF CREDIT SCORE
AND EDU-
CATIONAL CREDIT SCORE
BY CONSUMER REPORTING 
AGENCIES.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Upon the request of a con-
sumer for a credit score or educational credit score, 
a consumer reporting agency shall supply to the con-
sumer a statement— 
‘‘(A) containing— 
‘‘(i) a current credit score at the time 
of the request generated using a commonly 
used credit scoring model to generate cred-
it scores, subject to regulations of the Bu-
reau; 
‘‘(ii) an educational credit score at the 
time of the request, if it is not practicable 
to generate such a credit score, as deter-
mined by the Bureau; or 
‘‘(iii) an explanation that the con-
sumer’s file does not have sufficient infor-
mation from which to generate such a 
credit score or educational credit score; 
and 
‘‘(B) with respect to each previous credit 
score in the file of the consumer—
112 
‘‘(i) the date on which the credit score 
was generated; 
‘‘(ii) the name of any entity that the 
credit score was provided to; and 
‘‘(iii) the credit score itself. 
‘‘(2) REQUIREMENTS.—A statement provided 
under clause (i) or (ii) of paragraph (1)(A) shall in-
clude— 
‘‘(A) a minimum of four key factors, if 
available, that adversely affected the credit 
score or educational credit score, except that if 
one of the key factors consists of the number of 
enquiries made with respect to a consumer re-
port, that factor shall be provided to the con-
sumer in addition to the factors required by 
this subparagraph; 
‘‘(B) to the extent possible, specific actions 
a consumer could take with respect to each key 
factor listed in subparagraph (A) to improve 
the consumer’s credit score or educational cred-
it score; 
‘‘(C) a minimum of four key factors, if 
available, that positively affected the credit 
score or educational credit score;
113 
‘‘(D) the range of possible credit scores or 
educational credit scores under the credit scor-
ing model used; 
‘‘(E) the distribution of credit scores or 
educational credit scores among consumers who 
are scored under the same credit scoring model 
by the consumer reporting agency, and using 
the same scale as that of the score that is pro-
vided to a creditor or consumers— 
‘‘(i) in the form of a bar graph con-
taining a minimum of six bars that illus-
trates the percentage of consumers with 
credit scores or educational credit scores 
within the range of scores represented by 
each bar; or 
‘‘(ii) by another clear and readily un-
derstandable graphical depiction, state-
ment, or illustration comparing the con-
sumer’s credit score or educational credit 
score to the scores of other consumers, as 
determined by the Bureau; 
‘‘(F) the date on which the credit score or 
educational credit score was created; and 
‘‘(G) the name of the person that devel-
oped the credit scoring model on which the
114 
credit score or educational credit score was 
based. 
‘‘(3) APPLICABILITY TO CERTAIN USES.—This 
subsection shall not be construed so as to compel a 
consumer reporting agency to— 
‘‘(A) develop or disclose a credit score if 
the agency does not distribute credit scores 
used by a person who makes or arranges a loan 
or extends credit to predict the likelihood of 
certain credit behaviors; or 
‘‘(B) develop or disclose an educational 
credit score if the agency does not develop edu-
cational credit scores that assist in under-
standing the general credit behavior of a con-
sumer and predicting the future credit behavior 
of the consumer. 
‘‘(4) MAINTENANCE OF CREDIT SCORES.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—All consumer report-
ing agencies shall maintain in the consumer’s 
file credit scores relating to the consumer for a 
period of 2 years from the date on which such 
information is generated. 
‘‘(B) 
DISCLOSURE
ONLY
TO
CON-
SUMERS.—A past credit score maintained in a 
consumer’s file pursuant to subparagraph (A)
115 
may only be provided to the consumer to which 
the credit score relates and may not be included 
in a consumer report or used as a factor in gen-
erating a credit score or educational credit 
score. 
‘‘(C) 
REMOVAL
OF
PAST
CREDIT 
SCORES.—A past credit score maintained in a 
consumer’s file pursuant to subparagraph (A) 
shall be removed from the consumer’s file after 
the end of the 2-year period described under 
subparagraph (A).’’. 
SEC. 203. DISCLOSURES RELATING TO CREDIT SCORES AND 
EDUCATIONAL CREDIT SCORES. 
Section 609(f) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681g(f)), as amended by section 202, is further 
amended by adding at the end the following new para-
graphs: 
‘‘(5) WEBSITE DISCLAIMER.—A consumer re-
porting agency that generates or provides credit 
scores or educational credit scores shall clearly and 
conspicuously display on the home page of the agen-
cy’s Internet website, and as part of any application, 
solicitation, or marketing material or media pro-
viding information related to a credit score or edu-
cational credit score, the following notice, in boldface
116 
type of 18-point font or larger and in a text box 
with boldface outer borders: 
‘‘ ‘CREDIT SCORE DISCLAIMER. 
‘‘ ‘There is no ‘‘one’’ credit score. There are many 
scoring formulas derived from a wide variety of models 
available to a consumer and used by lenders and creditors. 
Different lenders and creditors use different scoring for-
mulas to determine whether to extend credit or make a 
loan to you, and the terms of the credit or loan. An edu-
cational credit score is not a credit score that a person 
who makes a loan or extends credit to you is likely to use. 
Educational credit scores are merely intended to be used 
as an educational tool to help consumers understand how 
the information contained in a consumer report may affect 
the terms and conditions of a loan or extension of credit 
that may be available to a consumer. Lenders and credi-
tors may also rely on information not contained in your 
consumer report and not reflected in the calculation of 
your credit score.’. 
‘‘(6) ADDITIONAL
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
EDU-
CATIONAL CREDIT SCORES.— 
‘‘(A) 
DISCLAIMER.—If 
an 
educational 
credit score is provided pursuant to paragraph 
(1), a consumer reporting agency shall clearly 
and conspicuously include in a prominent loca-
117 
tion on the statement, in boldface type of 18- 
point font or larger, and in a text box with 
boldface outer borders, the following notice: 
‘‘ ‘EDUCATIONAL CREDIT SCORE DISCLAIMER. 
‘‘ ‘The educational credit score provided to you is not 
a credit score that a lender or creditor is likely to use to 
make a loan or extend credit to you. There are many dif-
ferent credit scores derived from a wide variety of models 
used by lenders and creditors. An educational credit score 
is merely an educational tool. It is intended to provide con-
sumers with a basic understanding of how the information 
contained in a consumer report may affect the terms and 
conditions of credit that are available. The credit scores 
you receive directly from different lenders and creditors 
may not be the same as an educational credit score. There 
are a number of reasons for this: 
‘‘ ‘(1) Each company may use a different for-
mula for calculating credit scores and the differences 
in the formulas may lead to differences in your 
scores. 
‘‘ ‘(2) Companies may produce scores that give 
results on different scales. 
‘‘ ‘(3) Not all lenders or creditors report to 
every consumer reporting agency, and therefore the 
information contained in your consumer report that
118 
the consumer reporting agencies use to calculate 
your educational credit score may differ among 
agencies.’. 
‘‘(B) PROHIBITION ON MISLEADING REP-
RESENTATIONS.—A consumer reporting agency 
may not refer to an educational credit score as 
a credit score in any application, solicitation, 
marketing, or other informational materials or 
media. 
‘‘(7) MODIFICATION
OF
DISCLAIMERS.—The 
Bureau may modify the content, format, and man-
ner of the disclaimers required under paragraphs (5) 
and (6), if warranted, after conducting consumer 
testing or research.’’. 
SEC. 204. FREE CREDIT SCORE DISCLOSURES AND CON-
SUMER REPORTS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 612 of the Fair Credit 
Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681j) is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a)— 
(A) in paragraph (1)— 
(i) in subparagraph (A), by inserting 
after ‘‘section 609’’ the following: ‘‘(includ-
ing the disclosure of a credit score or edu-
cational credit score under subsection (f) 
of such section)’’; and
119 
(ii) in subparagraph (C)— 
(I) by striking ‘‘Commission’’ 
and inserting ‘‘Bureau’’; and 
(II) by inserting ‘‘, credit scores, 
and educational credit scores (as ap-
plicable)’’ after ‘‘consumer reports’’ 
each place that term appears; 
(B) in paragraph (2)— 
(i) by striking ‘‘15 days’’ and insert-
ing ‘‘3 business days’’; and 
(ii) by inserting ‘‘, credit score, or 
educational credit score’’ after ‘‘consumer 
report’’; 
(C) in paragraph (3), by inserting ‘‘, credit 
score, or educational credit score’’ after ‘‘con-
sumer report’’; and 
(D) in paragraph (4), by inserting ‘‘, credit 
scores, or educational credit scores’’ after ‘‘con-
sumer reports’’; 
(2) in subsection (b), by inserting ‘‘(including 
the disclosure of a credit score or educational credit 
score, as applicable, under subsection (f) of such sec-
tion)’’ after the first instance of ‘‘section 609’’; 
(3) in subsection (c)—
120 
(A) by inserting ‘‘(including the disclosure 
of a credit score or educational credit score 
under subsection (f) of such section)’’ after 
‘‘pursuant to section 609’’; 
(B) in paragraph (2), by striking ‘‘; or’’ 
and inserting a semicolon; 
(C) in paragraph (3), by striking the pe-
riod at the end and inserting a semicolon; and 
(D) by adding at the end the following new 
paragraphs: 
‘‘(4) has disputed information, or submitted an 
appeal of an investigation or reinvestigation of such 
information, under section 611 or 623, regardless of 
whether the consumer has already received a credit 
report, credit score, or educational credit score 
under section 611 or 623; or 
‘‘(5) has had information that was previously 
deleted under section 611(a)(5) reinserted into the 
consumer’s file, regardless of whether the consumer 
has already received a credit report, credit score, or 
educational credit score under such section.’’; 
(4) in subsection (d), by inserting ‘‘(including 
the disclosure of a credit score or educational credit 
score under subsection (f) of such section)’’ after 
‘‘section 609’’;
121 
(5) in subsection (f)(1)— 
(A) by striking ‘‘reasonable charge’’ and 
all that follows through ‘‘section 609’’ and in-
serting ‘‘reasonable charge on a consumer for 
providing a consumer report to a consumer’’; 
(B) by striking subparagraph (B); 
(C) by redesignating clauses (i) and (ii) as 
subparagraphs (A) and (B), respectively (and 
conforming the margins accordingly); and 
(D) in subparagraph (B) (as so redesig-
nated), by striking ‘‘disclosure; and’’ and insert-
ing ‘‘disclosure.’’; and 
(6) by adding at the end the following new sub-
sections: 
‘‘(h) CENTRALIZED SOURCE FOR OBTAINING FREE 
COPY OF CONSUMER REPORT AND SCORES.— 
‘‘(1) 
NATIONWIDE
CONSUMER
REPORTING 
AGENCIES.— 
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—Not later than 180 
days after the date of enactment of this sub-
section, each consumer reporting agency de-
scribed under subsection (p) of section 603 
shall prominently display on the home page of 
the agency’s website—
122 
‘‘(i) a hyperlink labeled ‘Get Your 
Free Annual Credit Reports along with ei-
ther your Credit Scores or Educational 
Credit Scores provided for under Federal 
Law’ or substantially similar text, as deter-
mined by the Bureau; and 
‘‘(ii) a disclosure titled ‘Consumer’s 
Right to Free Credit Scores, Educational 
Credit Scores, and Reports under Federal 
Law’ or substantially similar text, as deter-
mined by the Bureau that includes the fol-
lowing statement: 
‘‘ ‘All consumers are entitled to obtain a free copy of 
their consumer report and credit score or educational cred-
it score annually from each of the nationwide consumer 
reporting agencies. Under Federal law, a consumer is enti-
tled to obtain additional free copies of their consumer re-
ports, along with a copy of either the consumer’s credit 
score or educational credit score (under certain cir-
cumstances), including: 
‘‘ ‘(1) When a consumer is unemployed and in-
tends to apply for employment within 60 days. 
‘‘ ‘(2) When a consumer is a recipient of public 
welfare assistance.
123 
‘‘ ‘(3) When a consumer has a reasonable belief 
that their report contains inaccuracies as a result of 
fraud. 
‘‘ ‘(4) When a consumer asserts in good faith a 
suspicion that the consumer has been or is about to 
become a victim of identity theft, fraud, or a related 
crime, or harmed by the unauthorized disclosure of 
the consumer’s financial or personally identifiable in-
formation. 
‘‘ ‘(5) When a consumer files a dispute or an 
appeal of the results of a dispute with a consumer 
reporting agency or a person who furnished informa-
tion to the consumer reporting agency regarding the 
accuracy or completeness of the information con-
tained on their report. 
‘‘ ‘(6) After a furnisher of information discovers 
it has furnished inaccurate or incomplete informa-
tion to a consumer reporting agency, and the fur-
nisher notifies the agency of the error. 
‘‘ ‘(7) After an adverse action is taken against 
a consumer or a consumer receives a risk-based pric-
ing notice. 
‘‘ ‘(8) When a mortgage lender, private edu-
cational lender, indirect auto lender, or motor vehicle
124 
lender obtains and uses a consumer’s reports or 
scores for underwriting purposes.’. 
‘‘(B) HYPERLINK
REQUIREMENTS.—The 
hyperlink described in subparagraph (A)(i) shall 
be prominently located on the top of the home 
page and should link directly to the website of 
the centralized source established pursuant to 
section 211(d) of the Fair and Accurate Credit 
Transactions Act of 2003 (15 U.S.C. 1681j 
note). 
‘‘(C) MODIFICATIONS.—The Bureau may 
modify the disclosure described in subparagraph 
(A)(ii) as necessary to include other cir-
cumstances under which a consumer has the 
right to receive a free consumer report, credit 
score, or educational credit score. 
‘‘(2) NATIONWIDE SPECIALTY CONSUMER RE-
PORTING AGENCIES.— 
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—Not later than 180 
days after the date of enactment of this sub-
section, each nationwide specialty consumer re-
porting agency shall prominently display on the 
Internet home webpage of the agency a disclo-
sure titled ‘Consumer’s Right to Free Con-
sumer Reports and Credit Score or Educational
125 
Credit Score (as applicable) under Federal 
Law’. Such disclosure shall include the fol-
lowing statement: 
‘‘ ‘Upon request, all consumers are entitled to obtain 
a free copy of their consumer report and credit score or 
educational credit score (as applicable) during any 12- 
month period from each of the nationwide specialty con-
sumer reporting agencies. Federal law also provides fur-
ther circumstances under which a consumer is entitled to 
obtain additional free copies of their consumer report and 
credit score or educational credit score (as applicable) in-
cluding: 
‘‘ ‘(1) When a consumer is unemployed and in-
tends to apply for employment within 60 days. 
‘‘ ‘(2) When a consumer is a recipient of public 
welfare assistance. 
‘‘ ‘(3) When a consumer has a reasonable belief 
that their report contains inaccuracies as a result of 
fraud. 
‘‘ ‘(4) When a consumer files a dispute or an 
appeal of the results of a dispute with a consumer 
reporting agency or a person who furnished informa-
tion to the consumer reporting agency regarding the 
accuracy or completeness of the information con-
tained on their report.
126 
‘‘ ‘(5) After a furnisher of information discovers 
it has furnished inaccurate or incomplete informa-
tion to a consumer reporting agency, and the fur-
nisher notifies the agency of the error. 
‘‘ ‘(6) After an adverse action is taken against 
a consumer or a consumer receives a risk-based pric-
ing notice. 
‘‘ ‘(7) When a mortgage lender, private edu-
cational lender, indirect auto lender, or motor vehicle 
lender obtains and uses a consumer’s reports or 
scores for underwriting purposes.’. 
‘‘(B) MODIFICATIONS.—The Bureau may 
modify the disclosure described in subparagraph 
(A) as necessary to include other circumstances 
under which a consumer has the right to receive 
a free consumer report and credit score or edu-
cational credit score (as applicable). 
‘‘(C) TOLL-FREE
TELEPHONE
ACCESS.— 
The information described in this paragraph 
shall also be made available via a toll-free tele-
phone number. Such number shall be promi-
nently displayed on the home page of the 
website of each nationwide specialty consumer 
reporting agency. Each of the circumstances 
under which a consumer may obtain a free con-
127 
sumer report and credit score or educational 
credit score (as applicable) shall be presented in 
an easily understandable format and consumers 
shall be directed to an individual who is a cus-
tomer service representative not later than 2 
minutes after the initial phone connection is 
made by the consumer. Information provided 
through such telephone number shall comply 
with the requirements of section 633. 
‘‘(D) ONLINE
CONSUMER
REPORTS; EX-
EMPTION.—Upon receipt of a request by a con-
sumer for a consumer report, each nationwide 
specialty consumer reporting agency shall pro-
vide access to such report electronically on the 
Internet website described in section 611(h). 
‘‘(i) AUTOMATIC PROVISION OF FREE CONSUMER 
REPORTS AND CREDIT SCORES OR EDUCATIONAL CREDIT 
SCORES.—A consumer reporting agency shall provide to 
a consumer a free copy of the file and credit score or edu-
cational credit score of the consumer who— 
‘‘(1) obtains a 1-year fraud alert, 7-year fraud 
alert, active duty alert, or security freeze as de-
scribed in section 605A; or
128 
‘‘(2) has disputed information, or submitted an 
appeal of an investigation or reinvestigation of such 
information, under section 611 or 623.’’. 
(b) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—Section 615(h)(7) of 
such Act (15 U.S.C. 1681m(h)(7)) is amended by striking 
‘‘section’’ each place such term appears and inserting 
‘‘subsection’’. 
SEC. 205. PROVISION OF CONSUMER REPORTS AND CREDIT 
SCORES BY PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL LEND-
ERS. 
Section 609 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681g) is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing new subsection: 
‘‘(h) DISCLOSURE
OF CONSUMER REPORTS
AND 
CREDIT SCORES BY PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL LENDERS.— 
‘‘(1) IN
GENERAL.—If a private educational 
lender obtains a copy of any consumer reports or 
credit scores and uses such reports or scores in con-
nection with an application of a consumer for a pri-
vate education loan, the private educational lender 
shall provide to the consumer, not later than 3 busi-
ness days after obtaining such reports or scores and 
before the date on which the consumer enters into 
a loan agreement with the private educational lend-
129 
er, a copy of any such reports or scores, along with 
the statement described under subsection (f)(2). 
‘‘(2) COSTS.—None of the costs to the private 
educational lender associated with procuring con-
sumer reports or credit scores under this subsection 
may be charged, directly or indirectly, to the con-
sumer. 
‘‘(3) RULE
OF
CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in 
this subsection shall be construed to eliminate any 
requirement for creditors and lenders to provide 
credit score disclosures, including the statement de-
scribed under subsection (f)(2), to consumers as 
part of an adverse action or risk-based pricing no-
tice.’’. 
SEC. 206. PROVISION OF CONSUMER REPORTS AND CREDIT 
SCORES BY MOTOR VEHICLE LENDERS OR IN-
DIRECT AUTO LENDERS. 
Section 609 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681g), as amended by section 205, is further 
amended by adding at the end the following new sub-
section: 
‘‘(i) DISCLOSURE
OF CONSUMER REPORTS
AND 
CREDIT SCORES USED BY MOTOR VEHICLE LENDERS OR 
INDIRECT AUTO LENDERS.—
130 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—If a motor vehicle lender or 
indirect auto lender obtains a copy of any consumer 
reports or credit scores and uses such reports or 
scores in connection with an application of a con-
sumer for a motor vehicle loan or lease, the motor 
vehicle lender or indirect auto lender shall provide to 
the consumer a document, separate from the con-
sumer’s lease or purchase agreement and before the 
consumer enters into a lease or purchase agreement, 
disclosing any consumer reports and credit scores, 
including the statement described in subsection 
(f)(2), used by the lender to determine whether to 
extend credit to the consumer. 
‘‘(2) COSTS.—None of the costs to the motor 
vehicle lender or indirect auto lender associated with 
procuring consumer reports or credit scores under 
this subsection may be charged, directly or indi-
rectly, to the consumer. 
‘‘(3) RULE
OF
CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in 
this subsection shall be construed to eliminate any 
requirement for creditors and lenders to provide 
credit score disclosures, including the statement de-
scribed under subsection (f)(2), to consumers as 
part of an adverse action or risk-based pricing no-
tice.
131 
‘‘(4) DEFINITIONS.— 
‘‘(A) INDIRECT AUTO LENDER.—The term 
‘indirect auto lender’ has the meaning given the 
term by the Bureau, and shall include a person 
extending a loan made with respect to a car, 
boat, motorcycle, recreational vehicle, or other 
similar vehicle used primarily for personal or 
household purposes. 
‘‘(B) 
MOTOR
VEHICLE
LENDER.—The 
term ‘motor vehicle lender’ has the meaning 
given the term by the Board of Governors of 
the Federal Reserve System, and shall include 
a person extending a loan made with respect to 
a car, boat, motorcycle, recreational vehicle, or 
other similar vehicle used primarily for personal 
or household purposes.’’. 
SEC. 207. PROVISION OF CONSUMER REPORTS AND CREDIT 
SCORES BY RESIDENTIAL MORTGAGE LEND-
ERS. 
Section 609(g) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681g(g)) is amended— 
(1) by redesignating paragraph (2) as para-
graph (5); 
(2) in paragraph (1)—
132 
(A) by striking ‘‘a consumer credit score’’ 
and inserting ‘‘any consumer reports or credit 
scores’’; 
(B) by striking ‘‘, as defined in subsection 
(f),’’; 
(C) by striking ‘‘the following to the con-
sumer as soon as reasonably practicable:’’ and 
inserting ‘‘, not later than 3 business days after 
using such reports or scores, a document dis-
closing any consumer reports and credit scores 
used by the lender to determine whether to ex-
tend credit to the consumer along with the 
statement described in subsection (f)(2).’’; 
(D) by striking subparagraphs (A), (B), 
(C), (E), and (F); 
(E) by redesignating subparagraph (D) as 
paragraph (3) (and adjusting the margins ac-
cordingly); and 
(F) by redesignating subparagraph (G) as 
paragraph (4) (and adjusting the margins ac-
cordingly); 
(3) by inserting before paragraph (3) (as so 
designated) the following new paragraph: 
‘‘(2) RULE
OF
CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in 
this subsection shall be construed to eliminate any
134 
TITLE III—STUDENT BORROWER 
CREDIT IMPROVEMENT ACT 
SEC. 301. REMOVAL OF ADVERSE INFORMATION FOR CER-
TAIN 
PRIVATE 
EDUCATION 
LOAN 
BOR-
ROWERS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Fair Credit Reporting Act 
(15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.), as amended by section 405, is 
further amended by inserting after section 605D the fol-
lowing new section: 
‘‘§ 605E. Credit rehabilitation for distressed private 
education loan borrowers 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—A consumer reporting agency 
may not furnish any consumer report containing any ad-
verse item of information relating to a delinquent or de-
faulted private education loan of a borrower if the bor-
rower has rehabilitated the borrower’s credit with respect 
to such loan by making nine on-time monthly payments 
(in accordance with the terms and conditions of the bor-
rower’s original loan agreement or any other repayment 
agreement that antedates the original agreement) during 
a period of 10 consecutive months on such loan after the 
date on which the delinquency or default occurred. 
‘‘(b) INTERRUPTION
OF 10–MONTH PERIOD
FOR 
CERTAIN CONSUMERS.—
135 
‘‘(1) PERMISSIBLE INTERRUPTION OF THE 10- 
MONTH PERIOD.—A borrower may stop making con-
secutive monthly payments and be granted a grace 
period after which the 10-month period described in 
subsection (a) shall resume. Such grace period shall 
be provided under the following circumstances: 
‘‘(A) With respect to a borrower who is a 
member of the Armed Forces entitled to incen-
tive pay for the performance of hazardous duty 
under section 301 of title 37, United States 
Code, hazardous duty pay under section 351 of 
such title, or other assignment or special duty 
pay under section 352 of such title, the grace 
period shall begin on the date on which the bor-
rower begins such assignment or duty and end 
on the date that is 6 months after the comple-
tion of such assignment or duty. 
‘‘(B) With respect to a borrower who re-
sides or works in an area affected by a major 
disaster or emergency declared under the Rob-
ert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency 
Assistance Act, the grace period shall begin on 
the initial date of the incident period of the 
major disaster or emergency and end on the 
date that is the earlier of—
136 
‘‘(i) 6 months after the date on which 
the major disaster or emergency was de-
clared; and 
‘‘(ii) the later of— 
‘‘(I) 3 months after the date on 
which the major disaster or emer-
gency was declared; and 
‘‘(II) the date that the Director 
of the Bureau, in consultation with 
the Administrator of the Federal 
Emergency Management Agency, de-
termines is the date on which substan-
tially all provision of assistance by the 
Federal 
Emergency 
Management 
Agency under such major disaster or 
emergency declaration has concluded. 
‘‘(2) OTHER CIRCUMSTANCES.— 
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Bureau may 
allow a borrower demonstrating hardship to 
stop making consecutive monthly payments and 
be granted a grace period after which the 10- 
month period described in subsection (a) shall 
resume. 
‘‘(B) BORROWER DEMONSTRATING HARD-
SHIP DEFINED.—In this paragraph, the term
137 
‘borrower demonstrating hardship’ means a 
borrower or a class of borrowers who, as deter-
mined by the Bureau, is facing or has experi-
enced unusual extenuating life circumstances or 
events that result in severe financial or personal 
barriers, including homelessness (as defined by 
the Secretary of Housing and Urban Develop-
ment), such that the borrower or class of bor-
rowers does not have the capacity to comply 
with the requirements of subsection (a). 
‘‘(c) PROCEDURES.—The Bureau shall establish pro-
cedures to implement the credit rehabilitation described 
in this section, including— 
‘‘(1) the manner, content, and form for request-
ing credit rehabilitation; 
‘‘(2) the method for validating that the bor-
rower is satisfying the requirements of subsection 
(a); 
‘‘(3) the manner, content, and form for noti-
fying the private educational loan holder of— 
‘‘(A) the borrower’s participation in credit 
rehabilitation under subsection (a); 
‘‘(B) the requirements described in sub-
section (d); and
138 
‘‘(C) the restrictions described in sub-
section (f); 
‘‘(4) the manner, content, and form for noti-
fying a consumer reporting agency of— 
‘‘(A) the borrower’s participation in credit 
rehabilitation under subsection (a); and 
‘‘(B) the requirements described in sub-
section (d); 
‘‘(5) the method for verifying whether a bor-
rower qualifies for the grace period described in sub-
section (b); 
‘‘(6) the manner, content, and form of notifying 
a consumer reporting agency and private educational 
loan holder that a borrower was granted a grace pe-
riod. 
‘‘(d) STANDARDIZED REPORTING CODES.—A con-
sumer reporting agency shall develop standardized report-
ing codes for use by any private educational loan holder 
to identify and report a borrower’s status of making and 
completing nine on-time monthly payments during a pe-
riod of 10 consecutive months on a delinquent or defaulted 
private education loan, including codes specifying the 
grace period described in subsection (b) and any agree-
ment to modify monthly payments. Such codes shall not 
appear on any report provided to a third party, and shall
139 
be removed from the consumer’s credit report upon the 
consumer’s completion of the rehabilitation period under 
this section as soon as possible, but in no case later than 
5 days after such completion. 
‘‘(e) ELIMINATION OF BARRIERS TO CREDIT REHA-
BILITATION.—A consumer report in which a private edu-
cational loan holder furnishes the standardized reporting 
codes described in subsection (d) to a consumer reporting 
agency, or in which a consumer reporting agency includes 
such codes, shall be deemed to comply with the require-
ments for accuracy and completeness under sections 
607(b), 623(a)(1), and 632. 
‘‘(f) PROHIBITION
ON CIVIL ACTIONS
FOR CON-
SUMERS PURSUING REHABILITATION.—A private edu-
cational loan holder may not commence or proceed with 
any civil action against a borrower with respect to a delin-
quent or defaulted loan during the period of rehabilitation 
if the private educational loan holder has been notified, 
in accordance with the procedures established by the Bu-
reau pursuant to subsection (c)— 
‘‘(1) of such borrower’s intent to participate in 
rehabilitation; 
‘‘(2) that such borrower has satisfied the re-
quirements under subsection (a); or
140 
‘‘(3) that such borrower was granted a grace 
period. 
‘‘(g) IMPACT
ON STATUTE
OF LIMITATIONS
FOR 
PRIOR DEBT.—Payments by a borrower on a private edu-
cation loan that are made during and after a period of 
rehabilitation under this section shall have no effect on 
the statute of limitations with respect to payments that 
were due on such private education loan before the begin-
ning of the period of rehabilitation. 
‘‘(h) PAYMENT PLANS.—If a private educational loan 
holder enters into a payment plan with a borrower on a 
private education loan during a period of rehabilitation, 
such payment plan shall be reasonable and affordable, as 
determined by the Bureau. 
‘‘(i) RULES OF CONSTRUCTION.— 
‘‘(1) APPLICATION TO SUBSEQUENT DEFAULT 
OR DELINQUENCY.—A borrower who satisfies the re-
quirements under subsection (a) shall be eligible for 
additional credit rehabilitation described in sub-
section (a) with respect to any subsequent default or 
delinquency of the borrower on the rehabilitated pri-
vate education loan. 
‘‘(2) INTERRUPTION
OF
CONSECUTIVE
PAY-
MENT PERIOD REQUIREMENT.—The grace period de-
scribed in subsection (b)(1)(A) shall not apply if any
141 
regulation promulgated under section 987 of title 
10, United States Code (commonly known as the 
Military Lending Act), or the Servicemembers Civil 
Relief Act (50 U.S.C. App. 501 et seq.) allows for 
a grace period or other interruption of the 10-month 
period described in subsection (a) and such grace pe-
riod or other interruption is longer than the period 
described in subsection (b)(1)(A) or otherwise pro-
vides greater protection or benefit to the borrower 
who is a member of the Armed Forces.’’. 
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS AMENDMENT.—The table 
of contents of the Fair Credit Reporting Act, as amended 
by section 405, is further amended by inserting after the 
item relating to section 605D the following new item: 
‘‘605E. Credit rehabilitation for distressed private education loan borrowers who 
demonstrate a history of loan repayment.’’. 
(c) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section 623(a)(1) 
of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681s- 
2(a)(1)) is amended by striking subparagraph (E). 
SEC. 302. PRIVATE EDUCATION LOAN DEFINITIONS. 
Section 603 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681a), as amended by section 201(a), is further 
amended by adding at the end the following new sub-
section: 
‘‘(cc) PRIVATE EDUCATION LOAN DEFINITIONS.— 
The terms ‘private education loan’ and ‘private edu-
142 
cational lender’ have the meanings given such terms, re-
spectively, in section 140(a) of the Truth in Lending 
Act.’’. 
TITLE 
IV—CREDIT 
RESTORA-
TION FOR VICTIMS OF PRED-
ATORY ACTIVITIES AND UN-
FAIR CONSUMER REPORTING 
PRACTICES 
SEC. 401. ADVERSE CREDIT INFORMATION. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 605 of the Fair Credit 
Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681c), as amended by sections 
107, 109, and 201, is further amended— 
(1) in subsection (a)— 
(A) by striking ‘‘Except as authorized 
under subsection (b), no’’ and inserting ‘‘No’’; 
(B) in paragraph (1), by striking ‘‘10 
years’’ and inserting ‘‘7 years’’; 
(C) in paragraph (2), by striking ‘‘Civil 
suits, civil judgments, and records’’ and insert-
ing ‘‘Records’’; 
(D) in paragraph (3), by striking ‘‘seven 
years’’ and inserting ‘‘4 years’’; 
(E) in paragraph (4), by striking ‘‘seven 
years’’ and inserting ‘‘4 years’’; 
(F) in paragraph (5)—
143 
(i) by striking ‘‘, other than records of 
convictions of crimes’’; and 
(ii) by striking ‘‘seven years’’ and in-
serting ‘‘4 years’’; and 
(G) by adding at the end the following new 
paragraphs: 
‘‘(9) Civil suits and civil judgments (except as 
provided in paragraph (8)) that, from date of entry, 
antedate the report by more than 4 years or until 
the governing statute of limitations has expired, 
whichever is the longer period. 
‘‘(10) A civil suit or civil judgment— 
‘‘(A) brought by a private education loan 
holder that, from the date of successful comple-
tion of credit restoration or rehabilitation in ac-
cordance with the requirements of section 605D 
or 605E, antedates the report by 45 calendar 
days; or 
‘‘(B) brought by a lender with respect to 
a covered residential mortgage loan (as defined 
in section 605C(b)) that antedates the report 
by 45 calendar days. 
‘‘(11) Records of convictions of crimes which 
antedate the report by more than 7 years.
144 
‘‘(12) Any other adverse item of information re-
lating to the collection of debt that did not arise 
from a contract or an agreement to pay by a con-
sumer, including fines, tickets, and other assess-
ments, as determined by the Bureau, excluding tax 
liability.’’; 
(2) by striking subsection (b) and redesignating 
subsections (c) through (h) as subsections (b) 
through (g), respectively; and 
(3) in subsection (b) (as so redesignated), by 
striking ‘‘7-year period referred to in paragraphs (4) 
and (6)’’ and inserting ‘‘4-year period referred to in 
paragraphs (4) and (5)’’. 
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.—The Fair Credit 
Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681) is amended— 
(1) in section 616(e) (as redesignated by sec-
tion 110(a)(1)(B)), by striking ‘‘section 605(g)’’ 
each place that term appears and inserting ‘‘section 
605(f)’’; and 
(2) in section 625(b)(5)(A), by striking ‘‘section 
605(g)’’ and inserting ‘‘section 605(f)’’. 
(c) PROHIBITION ON INCLUSION OF ARREST INFOR-
MATION IF THERE IS NO CONVICTION.—Section 605(a) 
of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681c(a)),
145 
as amended by section 809, is further amended by adding 
at the end the following: 
‘‘(20) Records of an arrest, if the consumer was 
not convicted of any crime in connection with the ar-
rest.’’. 
SEC. 402. EXPEDITED REMOVAL OF FULLY PAID OR SET-
TLED DEBT FROM CONSUMER REPORTS. 
Section 605(a) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681c(a)), as amended by section 401, is further 
amended by adding at the end the following new para-
graph: 
‘‘(13) Any other adverse item of information re-
lated to a fully paid or settled debt that had been 
characterized as delinquent, charged off, or in collec-
tion which, from the date of payment or settlement, 
antedates the report by more than 45 calendar 
days.’’. 
SEC. 403. MEDICAL DEBT COLLECTIONS. 
(a) REMOVAL OF FULLY PAID OR SETTLED MED-
ICAL DEBT FROM CONSUMER REPORTS.—Section 605(a) 
of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681c(a)), 
as amended by section 402, is further amended by adding 
at the end the following new paragraph: 
‘‘(14) Any other adverse item of information re-
lated to a fully paid or settled debt arising from the
146 
receipt of medical services, products, or devices that 
had been characterized as delinquent, charged off, or 
in collection which, from the date of payment or set-
tlement, antedates the report by more than 45 cal-
endar days.’’. 
(b) ESTABLISHING AN EXTENDED TIME PERIOD BE-
FORE CERTAIN MEDICAL DEBT INFORMATION MAY BE 
REPORTED.—Section 605(a) of the Fair Credit Reporting 
Act (15 U.S.C. 1681c(a)), as amended by subsection (a), 
is further amended by adding at the end the following new 
paragraph: 
‘‘(15) Any information related to a debt arising 
from the receipt of medical services, products, or de-
vices, if the date on which such debt was placed for 
collection, charged to profit or loss, or subjected to 
any similar action antedates the report by less than 
365 calendar days.’’. 
(c) PROHIBITION ON REPORTING MEDICALLY NEC-
ESSARY PROCEDURES.—Section 605(a) of the Fair Credit 
Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681c(a)), as amended by sub-
section (b), is further amended by adding at the end the 
following new paragraph: 
‘‘(16) Any information related to a debt arising 
from a medically necessary procedure.’’.
147 
(d) MEDICALLY
NECESSARY
PROCEDURE
DE-
FINED.—Section 603 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681a), as amended by section 901, is further 
amended by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(ee) MEDICALLY NECESSARY PROCEDURE.—The 
term ‘medically necessary procedure’ means— 
‘‘(1) health care services or supplies needed to 
diagnose or treat an illness, injury, condition, dis-
ease, or its symptoms and that meet accepted stand-
ards of medicine; and 
‘‘(2) health care to prevent illness or detect ill-
ness at an early stage, when treatment is likely to 
work best (including preventive services such as pap 
tests, flu shots, and screening mammograms).’’. 
(e) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—Section 604(g)(1)(C) 
of 
the 
Fair 
Credit 
Reporting 
Act 
(15 
U.S.C. 
1681b(g)(1)(C)) is further amended by striking ‘‘devises’’ 
and inserting ‘‘devices’’. 
SEC. 404. CREDIT RESTORATION FOR VICTIMS OF PREDA-
TORY MORTGAGE LENDING AND SERVICING. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Fair Credit Reporting Act 
(15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.) is amended by inserting after 
section 605B the following new section:
148 
‘‘§ 605C. Credit restoration for victims of predatory 
mortgage lending 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—A consumer reporting agency 
may not furnish any consumer report containing any ad-
verse item of information relating to a covered residential 
mortgage loan (including the origination and servicing of 
such a loan, any loss mitigation activities related to such 
a loan, and any foreclosure, deed in lieu of foreclosure, 
or short sale related to such a loan), if the action or inac-
tion to which the item of information relates— 
‘‘(1) resulted from an unfair, deceptive, or abu-
sive act or practice, or a fraudulent, discriminatory, 
or illegal activity of a financial institution, as deter-
mined by the Bureau or a court of competent juris-
diction; or 
‘‘(2) is related to an unfair, deceptive, or abu-
sive act, practice, or a fraudulent, discriminatory, or 
illegal activity of a financial institution that is the 
subject of a settlement agreement initiated on behalf 
of a consumer or consumers and that is between the 
financial institution and an agency or department of 
a local, State, or Federal Government, regardless of 
whether such settlement includes an admission of 
wrongdoing. 
‘‘(b) COVERED RESIDENTIAL MORTGAGE LOAN DE-
FINED.—In this section, the term ‘covered residential
149 
mortgage loan’ means any loan primarily for personal, 
family, or household use that is secured by a mortgage, 
deed of trust, or other equivalent consensual security in-
terest on a dwelling (as defined in section 103(w) of the 
Truth in Lending Act), including a loan in which the pro-
ceeds will be used for— 
‘‘(1) a manufactured home (as defined in sec-
tion 603 of the Housing and Community Develop-
ment Act of 1974); 
‘‘(2) any installment sales contract, land con-
tract, or contract for deed on a residential property; 
or 
‘‘(3) a reverse mortgage transaction (as defined 
in section 103 of the Truth in Lending Act).’’. 
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS AMENDMENT.—The table 
of contents of the Fair Credit Reporting Act is amended 
by inserting after the item relating to section 605B the 
following new item: 
‘‘605C. Credit restoration for victims of predatory mortgage lending.’’. 
(c) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by 
this section shall take effect at the end of the 18-month 
period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act. 
SEC. 405. CREDIT RESTORATION FOR CERTAIN PRIVATE 
EDUCATION LOANS BORROWERS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Fair Credit Reporting Act 
(15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.), as amended by section 404, is
150 
further amended by inserting after section 605C the fol-
lowing new section: 
‘‘§ 605D. Credit restoration for certain private edu-
cation loans borrowers 
‘‘(a) PROCESS FOR CERTIFICATION AS A QUALIFYING 
PRIVATE EDUCATION LOAN BORROWER.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—A consumer may submit a 
request to the Bureau, along with a defraudment 
claim, to be certified as a qualifying private edu-
cation loan borrower with respect to a private edu-
cation loan. 
‘‘(2) CERTIFICATION.—The Bureau shall certify 
a consumer described in paragraph (1) as a quali-
fying private education loan borrower with respect to 
a private education loan if the Bureau or a court of 
competent jurisdiction determines that the consumer 
has a valid defraudment claim with respect to such 
loan. 
‘‘(b) REMOVAL OF ADVERSE INFORMATION.—Upon 
receipt of a notice described in subsection (d)(5), a con-
sumer reporting agency shall remove any adverse informa-
tion relating to any private education loan with respect 
to which a consumer is a qualifying private education loan 
borrower from any consumer report within 45 calendar 
days of receipt of such notification.
151 
‘‘(c) DISCLOSURE.—The Bureau shall disclose the re-
sults of a certification determination in writing to the con-
sumer that provides a clear and concise explanation of the 
basis for the determination of whether such consumer is 
a qualifying private education loan borrower with respect 
to a private education loan and, as applicable, an expla-
nation of the consumer’s right to have adverse information 
relating to such loan removed from their consumer report 
by a consumer reporting agency. 
‘‘(d) PROCEDURES.—The Bureau shall— 
‘‘(1) establish procedures for a consumer to 
submit a request described in subsection (a); 
‘‘(2) establish procedures to efficiently review, 
accept, and process such a request; 
‘‘(3) develop ongoing outreach initiatives and 
education programs to inform consumers of the cir-
cumstances under which such consumer may be eli-
gible to be certified as a qualifying private education 
loan borrower with respect to a private education 
loan; 
‘‘(4) establish procedures, including the man-
ner, form, and content of the notice informing a pri-
vate educational loan holder of the prohibition on re-
porting any adverse information relating to a private
152 
education loan with respect to which a consumer is 
a qualifying private education loan borrower; and 
‘‘(5) establish procedures, including the man-
ner, form, and content of the notice informing a con-
sumer reporting agency of the obligation to remove 
any adverse information as described in subsection 
(c). 
‘‘(e) STANDARDIZED REPORTING CODES.—A con-
sumer reporting agency shall develop standardized report-
ing codes for use by private education loan holders to iden-
tify and report a qualifying private education loan bor-
rower’s status of a request to remove any adverse informa-
tion relating to any private education loan with respect 
to which such consumer is a qualifying private education 
loan borrower. A consumer report in which a person fur-
nishes such codes shall be deemed to comply with the re-
quirements for accuracy and completeness required under 
sections 607(b), 623(a)(1), and 632. Such codes shall not 
appear on any report provided to a third party, and shall 
be removed from the consumer’s credit report upon the 
successful restoration of the consumer’s credit under this 
section. 
‘‘(f) DEFRAUDMENT CLAIM DEFINED.—For pur-
poses of this section, the term ‘defraudment claim’ means 
a claim made with respect to a consumer who is a bor-
153 
rower of a private education loan with respect to a propri-
etary educational institution or career education program 
in which the consumer alleges that— 
‘‘(1) the proprietary educational institution or 
career education program— 
‘‘(A) engaged in an unfair, deceptive, or 
abusive act or practice, or a fraudulent, dis-
criminatory, or illegal activity— 
‘‘(i) as defined by State law of the 
State in which the proprietary educational 
institution or career education program is 
headquartered or maintains or maintained 
significant operations; or 
‘‘(ii) under Federal law; 
‘‘(B) is the subject of an enforcement 
order, a settlement agreement, a memorandum 
of understanding, a suspension of tuition assist-
ance, or any other action relating to an unfair, 
deceptive, or abusive act or practice that is be-
tween the proprietary educational institution or 
career education program and an agency or de-
partment of a local, State, or Federal Govern-
ment; or 
‘‘(C) misrepresented facts to students or 
accrediting agencies or associations about grad-
154 
uation or gainful employment rates in recog-
nized occupations or failed to provide the 
coursework necessary for students to success-
fully obtain a professional certification or de-
gree from the proprietary educational institu-
tion or career education program; or 
‘‘(2) the consumer has submitted a valid de-
fense to repayment claim with respect to such loan, 
as determined by the Secretary of Education.’’. 
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS AMENDMENT.—The table 
of contents of the Fair Credit Reporting Act, as amended 
by section 404, is further amended by inserting after the 
item relating to section 605C the following new item: 
‘‘605D. Credit restoration for certain private education loans borrowers.’’. 
SEC. 406. FINANCIAL ABUSE PREVENTION. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Fair Credit Reporting Act 
(15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.), as amended by section 301, is 
further amended by inserting after section 605E the fol-
lowing new section: 
‘‘§ 605F. Financial abuse prevention 
‘‘For a consumer who is the victim of intentionally 
abusive or harmful financial behavior, as determined by 
a court of competent jurisdiction including a family court, 
juvenile court, or other court with personal jurisdiction, 
that was conducted by a spouse, family or household mem-
ber, caregiver, or person with whom such consumer had
155 
a dating relationship in a manner which resulted in the 
inclusion of an adverse item of information on the con-
sumer report of the consumer, and the consumer did not 
participate in or consent to such behavior, the consumer 
may apply to a court of competent jurisdiction, including 
a family court, juvenile court, or other court with personal 
jurisdiction, for an order to require the removal of such 
adverse information from the consumer’s file maintained 
by any consumer reporting agency.’’. 
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS AMENDMENT.—The table 
of contents of the Fair Credit Reporting Act, as amended 
by section 301, is further amended by inserting after the 
item relating to section 605E the following new item: 
‘‘605F. Financial abuse prevention.’’. 
SEC. 407. PROHIBITION OF CERTAIN FACTORS RELATED TO 
FEDERAL CREDIT RESTORATION OR REHA-
BILITATION. 
The Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et 
seq.), as amended by section 502, is further amended— 
(1) by adding at the end the following new sec-
tion: 
‘‘§ 632. Prohibition of certain factors related to Fed-
eral credit restoration or rehabilitation 
‘‘(a) RESTRICTION ON CREDIT SCORING MODELS.— 
A credit scoring model may not—
156 
‘‘(1) take into consideration, in a manner ad-
verse to a consumer’s credit score or educational 
credit score, any information in a consumer report 
concerning the consumer’s participation in credit 
restoration or rehabilitation under section 605C, 
605D, or 605E; or 
‘‘(2) treat negatively, in a manner adverse to a 
consumer’s credit score or educational credit score, 
the absence of payment history data for an existing 
account, whether the account is open or closed, 
where the absence of such information is the result 
of a consumer’s participation in credit restoration or 
rehabilitation under section 605C, 605D, or 605E. 
‘‘(b) RESTRICTION ON PERSONS OBTAINING CON-
SUMER REPORTS.—A person who obtains a consumer re-
port may not— 
‘‘(1) take into consideration, in a manner ad-
verse to a consumer, any information in a consumer 
report concerning the consumer’s participation in 
credit restoration or rehabilitation under section 
605C, 605D, or 605E; or 
‘‘(2) treat negatively the absence of payment 
history data for an existing account, whether the ac-
count is open or closed, where the absence of such 
information is the result of a consumer’s participa-
157 
tion in credit restoration or rehabilitation under sec-
tion 605C, 605D, or 605E. 
‘‘(c) ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS.—If a person 
who furnishes information to a consumer reporting agency 
requests the removal of information from a consumer re-
port or a consumer reporting agency removes information 
from a consumer report in compliance with the require-
ments under section 605C, 605D, or 605E, or such infor-
mation was removed pursuant at section 605(a)(11), such 
report shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements for ac-
curacy and completeness with respect to such information. 
‘‘(d) PROHIBITION RELATED TO ADVERSE ACTIONS 
AND RISK-BASED PRICING DECISIONS.—No person shall 
use information related to a consumer’s participation in 
credit restoration or rehabilitation under section 605C, 
605D, or 605E in connection with any determination of— 
‘‘(1) the consumer’s eligibility or continued eli-
gibility for an extension of credit; 
‘‘(2) the terms and conditions offered to a con-
sumer regarding an extension of credit; or 
‘‘(3) an adverse action made for employment 
purposes.’’; and 
(2) in the table of contents for such Act, by in-
serting after the item relating to section 631 the fol-
lowing new item:
158 
‘‘632. Prohibition of certain factors related to Federal credit restoration or reha-
bilitation.’’. 
TITLE V—CLARITY IN CREDIT 
SCORE FORMATION 
SEC. 501. CONSUMER BUREAU STUDY AND REPORT TO 
CONGRESS ON THE IMPACT OF NON-TRADI-
TIONAL DATA. 
(a) STUDY.—The Bureau of Consumer Financial 
Protection shall carry out a study to assess the impact 
(including the availability and affordability of credit and 
other noncredit decisions, the potential positive and nega-
tive impacts on consumer credit scores, and any unin-
tended consequences) of using traditional modeling tech-
niques or alternative modeling techniques to analyze non- 
traditional data from a consumer report and of including 
non-traditional data on consumer reports on the following: 
(1) Consumers with no or minimal traditional 
credit history. 
(2) Traditionally underserved communities and 
populations. 
(3) Consumers residing in rural areas. 
(4) Consumers residing in urban areas. 
(5) Racial and ethnic minorities and women. 
(6) Consumers across various income strata, 
particularly consumers earning less than 120 per-
159 
cent of the area median income (as defined by the 
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development). 
(7) Immigrants, refugees, and non-permanent 
residents. 
(8) Minority financial institutions (as defined 
under section 308(b) of the Financial Institutions 
Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 
(12 U.S.C. 1463 note)) and community financial in-
stitutions. 
(9) Consumers residing in federally assisted 
housing, including consumers receiving Federal rent-
al subsidies. 
(b) ADDITIONAL
CONSIDERATIONS.—In assessing 
impacts under subsection (a), the Bureau of Consumer Fi-
nancial Protection shall also consider impacts on— 
(1) the privacy, security, and confidentiality of 
the financial, medical, and personally identifiable in-
formation of consumers; 
(2) the control of consumers over how such in-
formation may or will be used or considered; 
(3) the understanding of consumers of how 
such information may be used or considered and the 
ease with which a consumer may decide to restrict 
or prohibit such use or consideration of such infor-
mation;
160 
(4) potential discriminatory effects; and 
(5) disparate outcomes the use or consideration 
of such information may cause. 
(c) CONSIDERATION
OF
RECENT
GOVERNMENT 
STUDIES.—In assessing impacts under subsection (a), the 
Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection shall also con-
sider recent Government studies on alternative data, in-
cluding— 
(1) the report of the Bureau of Consumer Fi-
nancial Protection titled ‘‘CFPB Data Point: Be-
coming Credit Visible’’ (published June 2017); and 
(2) the report of the Comptroller General of the 
United States titled ‘‘Financial Technology: Agen-
cies Should Provide Clarification on Lenders’ Use of 
Alternative Data’’ (published December 2018). 
(d) REPORT.—Not later than 1 year after the date 
of the enactment of this Act, the Bureau of Consumer Fi-
nancial Protection shall issue a report to the Committee 
on Financial Services of the House of Representatives and 
the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs 
of the Senate containing all findings and determinations, 
including any recommendations for any legislative or regu-
latory changes, made in carrying out the study required 
under subsection (a). 
(e) DEFINITIONS.—In this section:
161 
(1) ALTERNATIVE
MODELING
TECHNIQUES.— 
The term ‘‘alternative modeling techniques’’ means 
statistical and mathematical techniques that are not 
traditional modeling techniques, including decision 
trees, random forests, artificial neutral networks, 
nearest neighbor, genetic programming, and boost-
ing algorithms. 
(2) CONSUMER REPORT.—The term ‘‘consumer 
report’’ has the meaning given such term in section 
603 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 
1681a). 
(3) NON-TRADITIONAL DATA.—The term ‘‘non- 
traditional data’’ means data related to tele-
communications, utility payments, rent payments, 
remittances, wire transfers, data not otherwise regu-
larly included in consumer reports issued by con-
sumer reporting agencies described under section 
603(p), and such other items as the Bureau of Con-
sumer Financial Protection deems appropriate. 
(4) TRADITIONAL
MODELING
TECHNIQUES.— 
The term ‘‘traditional modeling techniques’’ means 
statistical and mathematical techniques (including 
models, algorithms, linear and logistic regression 
methods, and their outputs) that are traditionally 
used in automated underwriting processes.
162 
SEC. 502. CONSUMER BUREAU OVERSIGHT OF CREDIT 
SCORING MODELS. 
The Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et 
seq.), as amended by section 701, is further amended— 
(1) by adding at the end the following new sec-
tion: 
‘‘§ 631. Credit scoring models 
‘‘(a) VALIDATED CREDIT SCORING MODELS.—Not 
later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this 
section, the Bureau shall (in consultation with the Board 
of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Comp-
troller of the Currency, the Board of Directors of the Fed-
eral Deposit Insurance Corporation, and the National 
Credit Union Administration Board) issue final regula-
tions applicable to any person that creates, maintains, uti-
lizes, or purchases credit scoring models used in making 
credit decisions to establish standards for validating the 
accuracy and predictive value of all such credit scoring 
models, both before release for initial use and at regular 
intervals thereafter, for as long as such credit scoring 
models are made available for purchase or use by such 
person. 
‘‘(b) PROHIBITION.—At least once every 2 years, the 
Bureau shall conduct a review of credit scoring models to 
determine whether the use of any particular factors, or 
the weight or consideration given to certain factors by
163 
credit scoring models, is inappropriate, including if such 
factors do not enhance or contribute to the accuracy and 
predictive value of the models. Upon the conclusion of its 
review, the Bureau may prohibit a person described in 
subsection (a) from weighing, considering, or including 
certain factors in, or making available for purchase or use, 
certain credit scoring models or versions, as the Bureau 
determines appropriate.’’; and 
(2) in the table of contents for such Act, as 
amended by section 701, by adding after the item 
relating to section 630 the following new item: 
‘‘631. Credit scoring models.’’. 
SEC. 503. REVIEW OF CHANGES TO CREDIT SCORING MOD-
ELS. 
Section 631 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681 et seq.), as added by section 502, is amended 
by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(c) REVIEW
OF CHANGES
TO CREDIT SCORING 
MODELS.—With respect to a person that creates credit 
scoring models used in making credit decisions, if such 
person creates a new credit scoring model (including a re-
vision to an existing scoring model) that would, when com-
pared to previous credit scoring models created by such 
person, lower the credit scores of a class of consumers, 
the Director of the Bureau may review such new credit 
scoring model and, if the Director determines that such
164 
new credit scoring model is inappropriate (including, with 
respect to a revision to an existing scoring model, if such 
revision does not enhance or contribute to the accuracy 
and predictive value of the existing scoring model), the Di-
rector may prohibit such new credit scoring model.’’. 
TITLE 
VI—RESTRICTIONS 
ON 
CREDIT 
CHECKS 
FOR 
EM-
PLOYMENT DECISIONS 
SEC. 601. PROHIBITION ON THE USE OF CREDIT INFORMA-
TION FOR MOST EMPLOYMENT DECISIONS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 604 of the Fair Credit 
Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681b) is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a)(3)(B), by inserting ‘‘, sub-
ject to the requirements of subsection (b)’’ after 
‘‘purposes’’; and 
(2) in subsection (b)— 
(A) in paragraph (1)— 
(i) by amending the paragraph head-
ing to read as follows: ‘‘USE
OF CON-
SUMER REPORTS FOR EMPLOYMENT PUR-
POSES’’; 
(ii) in subparagraph (A), by redesig-
nating clauses (i) and (ii) as subclauses (I) 
and (II), respectively (and conforming the 
margins accordingly);
165 
(iii) by redesignating subparagraphs 
(A) and (B) as clauses (i) and (ii), respec-
tively (and conforming the margins accord-
ingly); 
(iv) by striking the period at the end 
of clause (ii) (as so redesignated) and in-
serting ‘‘; and’’; 
(v) by striking ‘‘agency may furnish’’ 
and inserting ‘‘agency— 
‘‘(A) may furnish’’; and 
(vi) by adding at the end the following 
new subparagraph: 
‘‘(B) except as provided in paragraph (5), 
may not furnish a consumer report for employ-
ment purposes, including for the purpose of de-
nying employment, with respect to any con-
sumer in which any information contained in 
the report bears on the consumer’s credit-
worthiness, credit standing, or credit capacity.’’; 
and 
(B) by adding at the end the following new 
paragraphs: 
‘‘(5) REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSUMER REPORTS 
BEARING ON THE CONSUMER’S CREDITWORTHINESS, 
CREDIT STANDING, OR CREDIT CAPACITY.—
166 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—A person may use a 
consumer report for employment purposes with 
respect to any consumer in which any informa-
tion contained in the report bears on the con-
sumer’s creditworthiness, credit standing, or 
credit capacity only if— 
‘‘(i)(I) the person is required to obtain 
the report by a Federal, State, or local law 
or regulation; 
‘‘(II) the information contained in the 
report is being used with respect to a na-
tional security investigation (as defined in 
paragraph (4)(D)); or 
‘‘(III) the report is necessary for a 
background check or related investigation 
of financial information that is required by 
a Federal, State, or local law or regulation; 
‘‘(ii) none of the cost associated with 
obtaining the consumer report will be 
passed on to the consumer to whom the re-
port relates; and 
‘‘(iii) the information contained in the 
consumer report will not be disclosed to 
any other person other than—
167 
‘‘(I) in an aggregate format that 
protects a consumer’s personally iden-
tifiable information; or 
‘‘(II) as may be necessary to 
comply with any applicable Federal, 
State, or local equal employment op-
portunity law or regulation. 
‘‘(B) DISCLOSURES.—A person who pro-
cures, or causes to be procured, a consumer re-
port described in subparagraph (A) for employ-
ment purposes shall, in the disclosure made 
pursuant to paragraph (2), include— 
‘‘(i) an explanation that a consumer 
report is being obtained for employment 
purposes; 
‘‘(ii) the reasons for obtaining such a 
report; and 
‘‘(iii) the citation to the applicable 
Federal, State, or local law or regulation 
described in subparagraph (A)(i)(I). 
‘‘(C) ADVERSE ACTIONS.—In using a con-
sumer report described in subparagraph (A) for 
employment purposes and before taking an ad-
verse action based in whole or in part on the re-
port, the person intending to take such adverse
168 
action shall, in addition to the information de-
scribed in paragraph (3), provide to the con-
sumer to whom the report relates— 
‘‘(i) the name, address, and telephone 
number of the consumer reporting agency 
that furnished the report (including, for a 
consumer reporting agency that compiles 
and maintains files on consumers on a na-
tionwide basis, a toll-free telephone number 
established by such agency); 
‘‘(ii) the date on which the report was 
furnished; and 
‘‘(iii) the specific factors from the re-
port upon which the adverse action (as de-
fined in section 603(k)(1)(B)(ii)) was 
based. 
‘‘(D) NATIONAL
SECURITY
INVESTIGA-
TIONS.—The requirements of paragraph (4) 
shall apply to a consumer report described 
under subparagraph (A). 
‘‘(E) NON-CIRCUMVENTION.—With respect 
to a consumer report in which any information 
contained in the report bears on the consumer’s 
creditworthiness, credit standing, or credit ca-
pacity, if a person is prohibited from using the
169 
consumer report pursuant to subparagraph (A), 
such person may not, directly or indirectly, ei-
ther orally or in writing, require, request, sug-
gest, or cause any employee or prospective em-
ployee to submit such information to the person 
as a condition of employment. 
‘‘(F) NON-WAIVER.—A consumer may not 
waive the requirements of this paragraph with 
respect to a consumer report. 
‘‘(6) RULE
OF
CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in 
this subsection shall be construed to require a con-
sumer reporting agency to prevent a Federal, State, 
or local law enforcement agency from accessing in-
formation in a consumer report to which the law en-
forcement agency could otherwise obtain access.’’. 
(b) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—The Fair Credit Re-
porting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.) is amended by strik-
ing ‘‘section 604(b)(4)(E)(i)’’ each place such term ap-
pears and inserting ‘‘section 604(b)(4)(D)(i)’’. 
(c) RULE
OF CONSTRUCTION.—The amendments 
made by this Act may not be construed as limiting the 
ability of a person to use non-financial or non-credit re-
lated consumer report information.
170 
TITLE 
VII—PROHIBITION 
ON 
MISLEADING 
AND 
UNFAIR 
CONSUMER 
REPORTING 
PRACTICES 
SEC. 701. PROHIBITION ON AUTOMATIC RENEWALS FOR 
PROMOTIONAL CONSUMER REPORTING AND 
CREDIT SCORING PRODUCTS AND SERVICES. 
The Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et 
seq.) is amended— 
(1) by adding at the end the following new sec-
tion: 
‘‘§ 630. Promotional periods 
‘‘(a) TERMINATION NOTICE.—With respect to any 
product or service related to a consumer report or a credit 
score that is provided to a consumer under promotional 
terms, the seller or provider of such product or service 
shall provide clear and conspicuous notice to the consumer 
within a reasonable period of time before the promotional 
period ends. 
‘‘(b) OPT-IN.—With respect to any such product or 
service, the seller or provider may not continue to sell or 
provide such product or service to the consumer after the 
end of the promotional period unless the consumer specifi-
cally agrees at the end of the promotional period to con-
tinue receiving the product or service.’’; and
171 
(2) in the table of contents for such Act, by in-
serting after the item relating to section 629 the fol-
lowing new item: 
‘‘630. Promotional periods.’’. 
SEC. 702. PROHIBITION ON MISLEADING AND DECEPTIVE 
MARKETING RELATED TO THE PROVISION OF 
CONSUMER REPORTING AND CREDIT SCOR-
ING PRODUCTS AND SERVICES. 
Section 609 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681g), as amended by section 206, is further 
amended— 
(1) in subsection (a)— 
(A) in paragraph (1)— 
(i) by striking ‘‘request, except’’ and 
all that follows through ‘‘consumer to 
whom’’ and inserting ‘‘request, unless the 
consumer to whom’’; 
(ii) by striking ‘‘disclosure; and’’ and 
inserting ‘‘disclosure.’’; and 
(iii) by striking subparagraph (B); 
and 
(B) in paragraph (6), by inserting ‘‘or edu-
cational credit score (if applicable) under sub-
section (f) or section 612’’ before the period at 
the end; and
172 
(2) by adding at the end the following new sub-
section: 
‘‘(j) DISCLOSURES ON PRODUCTS AND SERVICES.— 
The Bureau, in consultation with the Federal Trade Com-
mission, shall issue regulations within 18 months of the 
date of the enactment of this subsection requiring each 
consumer reporting agency and reseller to clearly and con-
spicuously disclose all material terms and conditions, in-
cluding any fee and pricing information associated with 
any products or services offered, advertised, marketed, or 
sold to consumers by the agency or reseller. Such disclo-
sures shall be made in all forms of communication to con-
sumers and displayed prominently on the agency or re-
seller’s website and all other locations where products or 
services are offered, advertised, marketed, or sold to con-
sumers.’’. 
SEC. 703. PROHIBITION ON EXCESSIVE DIRECT-TO-CON-
SUMER SALES. 
The Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et 
seq.), as amended by section 407, is further amended— 
(1) by adding after section 632 the following 
new section:
173 
‘‘§ 633. Fair and reasonable fees for products and 
services 
‘‘The Bureau may, with respect to any product or 
service offered by a consumer reporting agency to a con-
sumer, set a fair and reasonable maximum fee that may 
be charged for such product or service, except where such 
maximum fee is otherwise provided under this title.’’; and 
(2) in the table of contents for such Act, by 
adding at the end the following new item: 
‘‘633. Fair and reasonable fees for products and services.’’. 
SEC. 704. FAIR ACCESS TO CONSUMER REPORTING AND 
CREDIT SCORING DISCLOSURES FOR NON-
NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKERS AND THE VIS-
UALLY AND HEARING IMPAIRED. 
The Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et 
seq.), as amended by section 903, is further amended— 
(1) by adding at the end the following new sec-
tion: 
‘‘§ 635. Fair access to information for nonnative 
English speakers and the visually and 
hearing impaired 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days after 
the date of the enactment of this section, the Bureau shall 
issue a rule to require consumer reporting agencies and 
persons who furnish information to consumer reporting
174 
agencies under this title, to the maximum extent reason-
ably practicable— 
‘‘(1) to provide any information, disclosures, or 
other communication with consumers— 
‘‘(A) in each of the 10 most commonly spo-
ken languages, other than English, in the 
United States, as determined by the Bureau of 
the Census on an ongoing basis; and 
‘‘(B) in formats accessible to individuals 
with hearing or vision impairments; and 
‘‘(2) to ensure that— 
‘‘(A) customer service representatives, in-
cluding employees assigned to handle disputes 
or appeals under sections 611 and 623, who are 
available to assist consumers are highly familiar 
with the requirements of this title; 
‘‘(B) such representatives are available 
during regular business hours and outside of 
regular business hours, including evenings and 
weekends; and 
‘‘(C) at least one among such representa-
tives is fluent in each of the 10 most commonly 
spoken languages, other than English, in the 
United States, as determined by the Bureau of 
the Census on an ongoing basis.
175 
‘‘(b) BUREAU CONSULTATION.—The Bureau shall 
consult with advocates for civil rights, consumer groups, 
community groups, and organizations that serve tradition-
ally underserved communities and populations in issuing 
the rule described in subsection (a).’’; and 
(2) in the table of contents for such Act, by 
adding at the end the following new item: 
‘‘635. Fair access to information for nonnative English speakers and the visually 
and hearing impaired.’’. 
SEC. 705. COMPARISON SHOPPING FOR LOANS WITHOUT 
HARM TO CREDIT STANDING. 
Section 605 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681c), as amended by section 401, is further 
amended by adding at the end the following new sub-
section: 
‘‘(h) ENCOURAGING COMPARISON SHOPPING
FOR 
LOANS.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—With respect to multiple 
enquiries of the same type made to a consumer re-
porting agency for a consumer report or credit score 
with respect to a consumer, any credit scoring model 
shall treat such enquiries as a single enquiry if the 
enquiries are made within a 120-day period. 
‘‘(2) DEFINITION OF ENQUIRIES OF THE SAME 
TYPE.—With respect to multiple enquiries made to 
a consumer reporting agency for a consumer report
176 
or credit score with respect to a consumer, such 
enquiries are ‘of the same type’ if the consumer re-
porting agency has reason to believe that the 
enquiries are all made for the purpose of deter-
mining the consumer’s creditworthiness for an exten-
sion of credit described in one of the following: 
‘‘(A) A covered residential mortgage loan 
(as defined in section 605C). 
‘‘(B) A motor vehicle loan or lease (as de-
scribed in section 609(i)). 
‘‘(C) A private education loan. 
‘‘(D) Any other consumer financial product 
or service, as determined by the Bureau.’’. 
SEC. 706. NATIONWIDE CONSUMER REPORTING AGENCIES 
REGISTRY. 
The Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et 
seq.), as amended by section 704, is further amended— 
(1) by adding at the end the following new sec-
tion: 
‘‘§ 636. Nationwide consumer reporting agencies reg-
istry 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 1 year after the 
date of enactment of this section, the Bureau shall estab-
lish and maintain a publicly accessible registry of con-
sumer reporting agencies described in subsection (p) or
177 
(x) of section 603 (and any other agencies the Bureau de-
termines provide similar services to such consumer report-
ing agencies) that includes current contact information of 
each such agency, including the Internet website address 
of the Internet website described under section 611(h), 
and information on how consumers can obtain their con-
sumer report, credit scores, or educational credit scores 
(as applicable) by toll-free telephone, postal mail, or elec-
tronic means. 
‘‘(b) REGISTRY REQUIREMENTS.—The registry de-
scribed in subsection (a) shall— 
‘‘(1) identify the largest agencies and the mar-
kets and demographics covered by such agencies; 
and 
‘‘(2) disclose, with respect to each agency, 
whether the agency is subject to the supervisory au-
thority of the Bureau under this title. 
‘‘(c) INFORMATION
UPDATES.—Each agency de-
scribed under subsection (a) shall submit to the Bureau 
contact information for the registry, including any updates 
to such information. The Bureau shall— 
‘‘(1) independently verify information submitted 
by each agency; and 
‘‘(2) update the registry not less frequently 
than annually.’’; and