I 
110TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 2332 
To strengthen sanctions against the Government of Syria, to enhance multilat-
eral commitment to address the Government of Syria’s threatening poli-
cies, to establish a program to support a transition to a democratically- 
elected government in Syria, and for other purposes. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
MAY 15, 2007 
Ms. ROS-LEHTINEN (for herself, Mr. ENGEL, Mr. BLUNT, Mr. HOEKSTRA, 
Mr. HUNTER, Mr. CANTOR, Mr. MCCOTTER, Mr. CHABOT, Mr. BURTON 
of Indiana, Mr. PENCE, Mr. ROHRABACHER, Mr. FORTUN˜O, Mr. WILSON 
of South Carolina, Mr. MACK, Mr. POE, Mr. MCCAUL of Texas, Mr. 
BURGESS, Mr. TIBERI, Mrs. MYRICK, Mr. GERLACH, Mr. LATOURETTE, 
Mr. TERRY, Mr. LAMBORN, Mr. GOODLATTE, Mr. LINDER, Mr. KLINE 
of Minnesota, Mr. SAXTON, Mr. MARIO DIAZ-BALART of Florida, and Mr. 
MCHUGH) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Com-
mittee on Foreign Affairs, and in addition to the Committees on Ways 
and Means, Financial Services, and Oversight and Government Reform, 
for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case 
for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the 
committee concerned 
A BILL 
To strengthen sanctions against the Government of Syria, 
to enhance multilateral commitment to address the Gov-
ernment of Syria’s threatening policies, to establish a 
program to support a transition to a democratically- 
elected government in Syria, and for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
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SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
(a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 
‘‘Syria Accountability and Liberation Act’’. 
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents of 
this Act is as follows: 
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 
Sec. 2. Definitions. 
TITLE I—STRENGTHENING UNITED STATES SANCTIONS AGAINST 
SYRIA 
Sec. 101. Declarations of policy. 
Sec. 102. Codification of existing sanctions. 
Sec. 103. Sanctions against certain persons. 
Sec. 104. Sanctions against certain foreign countries. 
TITLE II—SANCTIONS TARGETING SYRIA’S ENERGY SECTOR 
Sec. 201. Imposition of sanctions. 
Sec. 202. Advisory opinions. 
Sec. 203. Termination of sanctions. 
Sec. 204. Duration of sanctions; presidential waiver. 
Sec. 205. Determinations not reviewable. 
Sec. 206. Exclusion of certain activities. 
TITLE III—DIPLOMATIC EFFORTS TO ISOLATE THE 
GOVERNMENT OF SYRIA 
Sec. 301. Sense of Congress relating to bilateral efforts. 
Sec. 302. Opposition to Syria’s membership and candidacy for leadership posts 
in United Nations institutions. 
Sec. 303. Actions at the United Nations General Assembly. 
Sec. 304. Actions at international financial institutions. 
Sec. 305. Actions at the International Atomic Energy Agency. 
Sec. 306. Establishment of United States and regional contact groups. 
Sec. 307. Report on assistance to, and commerce with, Syria. 
TITLE IV—ASSISTANCE TO SUPPORT DEMOCRACY IN SYRIA 
Sec. 401. Declarations of policy. 
Sec. 402. Assistance to support a transition to democracy in Syria. 
SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 
In this Act: 
(1) APPROPRIATE
CONGRESSIONAL
COMMIT-
TEES.—The term ‘‘appropriate congressional com-
mittees’’ means— 
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(A) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and 
the Committee on Appropriations of the House 
of Representatives; and 
(B) the Committee on Foreign Relations 
and the Committee on Appropriations of the 
Senate. 
(2) DEVELOP; DEVELOPMENT.— To ‘‘develop’’, 
or the ‘‘development’’ of, petroleum resources means 
the exploration for, or the extraction, refining, or 
transportation by pipeline of, petroleum resources. 
(3) GOODS
AND
TECHNOLOGY.—The terms 
‘‘goods’’ and ‘‘technology’’ have the meanings given 
those terms in section 16 of the Export Administra-
tion Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2415). 
(4) GOVERNMENT OF SYRIA.—The term ‘‘Gov-
ernment of Syria’’ includes any agency or instru-
mentality of the Government of Syria, including any 
entity that is controlled by the Government of Syria. 
(5) INVESTMENT.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘‘investment’’ 
means any of the following activities if the ac-
tivity is undertaken pursuant to an agreement, 
or pursuant to the exercise of rights under such 
an agreement, that is entered into with the 
Government of Syria or a nongovernmental en-
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tity in Syria on or after the date of the enact-
ment of this Act: 
(i) The entry into a contract that in-
cludes responsibility for the development of 
petroleum resources located in Syria, or 
the entry into a contract providing for the 
general supervision and guarantee of an-
other person’s performance of such a con-
tract. 
(ii) The purchase of a share of owner-
ship, including an equity interest, in that 
development. 
(iii) The entry into a contract pro-
viding for the participation in royalties, 
earnings, or profits in that development, 
without regard to the form of the partici-
pation. 
(B) EXCLUSION.—The term ‘‘investment’’ 
does not include the entry into, performance, or 
financing of a contract to sell or purchase 
goods, services, or technology. 
(C) AMENDMENTS
OR
MODIFICATIONS.— 
For purposes of this paragraph, an amendment 
or other modification that is made, on or after 
the date of the enactment of this Act, to an 
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agreement or contract shall be treated as the 
entry of an agreement or contract. 
(6) PERSON.—The term ‘‘person’’ means— 
(A) a natural person; and 
(B) a corporation, business association, 
partnership, society, trust, any other non-
governmental entity, organization, or group, 
and any governmental entity operating as a 
business enterprise. 
(7) PETROLEUM RESOURCES.— The term ‘‘pe-
troleum resources’’ includes petroleum and natural 
gas resources. 
(8) UNITED
STATES
ASSISTANCE.—The term 
‘‘United States assistance’’ means— 
(A) any assistance under the Foreign As-
sistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2251 et seq.), 
other than urgent humanitarian assistance or 
medicine; 
(B) sales and assistance under the Arms 
Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.); 
(C) financing by the Commodity Credit 
Corporation for export sales of agricultural 
commodities; and 
(D) financing under the Export-Import 
Bank Act of 1945 (12 U.S.C. 635 et seq.). 
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