biofuels and bioproducts from advanced biomass re-
sources by identifying the most suitable species of 
plants for use as energy crops; and improving meth-
ods of breeding, propagation, planting, producing, 
harvesting, storage and processing. Activities may 
include the following: 
‘‘(A) Research activities to increase sus-
tainability, including— 
‘‘(i) advancing knowledge of how bio-
energy crop interactions with biotic and 
abiotic environmental factors influence 
crop growth, yield, and quality; 
‘‘(ii) identifying the most impactful 
research areas that address the economics 
of biofuels and bioproducts production; and 
‘‘(iii) utilizing multiscale modeling to 
advance predictive understanding of biofuel 
cropping ecosystems. 
‘‘(B) Research activities to further feed-
stock development, including lignocellulosic, 
algal, gaseous wastes including carbon oxides 
and methane, and direct air capture of single 
carbon gases via plants and microbes, includ-
ing— 
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‘‘(i) developing genetic and genomic 
tools, high-throughput analytical tools, and 
biosystems design approaches to enhance 
bioenergy feedstocks; 
‘‘(ii) conducting field testing of new 
potential bioenergy feedstock crops under 
environmentally benign and geographically 
diverse conditions to assess viability and 
robustness; and 
‘‘(iii) developing quantitative models 
informed by experimentation to predict 
how bioenergy feedstocks perform under 
diverse conditions. 
‘‘(C) 
Research 
activities 
to 
improve 
lignocellulosic deconstruction and separation 
methods, including— 
‘‘(i) 
developing 
feedstock-agnostic 
deconstruction processes capable of effi-
ciently fractionating biomass into targeted 
output streams; 
‘‘(ii) gaining a detailed understanding 
of plant cell wall biosynthesis, composition, 
structure, 
and 
properties 
during 
deconstruction; and 
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‘‘(iii) improving enzymes and ap-
proaches for biomass breakdown and cel-
lulose, hemicellulose, and lignin processing. 
‘‘(D) Research activities to improve the 
feedstock conversion process for advanced 
biofuels and bioproducts, including— 
‘‘(i) developing high-throughput meth-
ods to screen or select high-performance 
microbial strains to improve product for-
mation rates, yields, and selectivity; 
‘‘(ii) establishing a broad set of plat-
form microorganisms suitable for metabolic 
engineering to produce biofuels and bio-
products, as well as high-throughput meth-
ods for experimental validation of gene 
function; 
‘‘(iii) developing techniques to en-
hance microbial robustness for tolerating 
toxins to improve biofuel and bioproduct 
yields and to gain a better understanding 
of the cellular and molecular bases of toler-
ance for major chemical classes of inhibi-
tors found in these processes; 
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‘‘(iv) advancing technologies for the 
use of batch, continuous, as well as con-
solidated bioprocessing; 
‘‘(v) identifying, creating, and opti-
mizing microbial and chemical pathways to 
produce promising, atom-economical inter-
mediates and final bioproducts from bio-
mass with considerations given to environ-
mentally benign processes; 
‘‘(vi) 
developing 
high-throughput, 
real-time, in situ analytical techniques to 
understand and characterize the pre- and 
post-bioproduct separation streams in de-
tail; 
‘‘(vii) creating methodologies for effi-
ciently identifying viable target molecules, 
identifying high-value bioproducts in exist-
ing biomass streams, and utilizing current 
byproduct streams; 
‘‘(viii) identifying and improving plant 
feedstocks with enhanced extractable levels 
of desired bioproducts or bioproduct pre-
cursors, including lignin streams; and 
‘‘(ix) developing integrated biological 
and chemical catalytic approaches to 
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valorize and produce a diverse portfolio of 
advanced fuels and bioproducts. 
‘‘(6) INDUSTRY PARTNERSHIPS.—Centers shall 
establish industry partnerships to translate research 
results to commercial applications.’’. 
(c) LOW-DOSE RADIATION RESEARCH PROGRAM.— 
Section 306(d)(7) of the Department of Energy Research 
and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18644(c)), as redesignated 
under subsection (a), is amended to read as follows: 
‘‘(7) FUNDING.—For purposes of carrying out 
this subsection, the Secretary is authorized to make 
available from funds provided to the Biological and 
Environmental Research Program $40,000,000 for 
fiscal year 2025 and $50,000,000 for fiscal year 
2026.’’. 
(d) BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES RESEARCH ACTIVITIES.— 
Section 306(b) of the Department of Energy Research and 
Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18644), as redesignated under 
subsection (a), is amended as follows: 
‘‘(b) BIOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS.—The Director shall 
carry out research and development activities in funda-
mental, structural, computational, and systems biology to 
increase systems-level understanding of the complex bio-
logical systems, which may include activities to— 
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‘‘(1) accelerate breakthroughs and new knowl-
edge that would enable the cost-effective, sustainable 
production of— 
‘‘(A) biomass-based liquid transportation 
fuels; 
‘‘(B) bioenergy; and 
‘‘(C) biobased materials; 
‘‘(2) improve understanding of the global car-
bon cycle, including processes for removing carbon 
dioxide from the atmosphere, through photosynthesis 
and other biological processes, for sequestration and 
storage; 
‘‘(3) understand the biological mechanisms used 
to transform, immobilize, or remove contaminants 
from subsurface environments; 
‘‘(4) leverage tools and approaches across the 
Office of Science to expand research to include novel 
processes, methods, and science to develop bio-based 
chemicals, polymers, inorganic materials, including 
research to— 
‘‘(A) advance the understanding of how 
CRISPR tools and other gene editing tools and 
technologies work in nature, in the laboratory, 
and in practice; 
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‘‘(B) deepen knowledge of the genetics of 
root architecture and growth in crops, including 
trees; and 
‘‘(C) develop methods and tools to increase 
the efficiency of photosynthesis in plants; and 
‘‘(5) develop other relevant methods and proc-
esses as determined by the Director.’’. 
(e) CLIMATE, ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE, 
AND 
OTHER ACTIVITIES.—Section 306 of the Department of 
Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18644) 
is further amended by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(e) 
EARTH
AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
SYSTEMS 
SCIENCES ACTIVITIES.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—As part of the activities au-
thorized under subsection (a), and in coordination 
with activities carried out under subsection (b), the 
Director shall carry out earth and environmental 
systems science research, which may include activi-
ties to— 
‘‘(A) understand, observe, and model the 
response of Earth’s atmosphere and biosphere 
to increased concentrations of greenhouse gas 
emissions and any associated changes in cli-
mate, including frequency and intensity of ex-
treme weather events; 
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‘‘(B) understand the coupled physical, 
chemical, and biological processes to transform, 
immobilize, remove, or move carbon, nitrogen, 
and other energy production-derived contami-
nants such as radionuclides and heavy metals, 
and understand the process of sequestration 
and transformation of these, carbon dioxide, 
and other relevant molecules in subsurface envi-
ronments; 
‘‘(C) understand, observe, and model the 
cycling of water, carbon, and nutrients in ter-
restrial systems and at scales relevant to re-
sources management; 
‘‘(D) understand the biological, biogeo-
chemical, and physical processes across the 
multiple scales that control the flux of environ-
mentally relevant compounds between the ter-
restrial surface and the atmosphere; and 
‘‘(E) inform potential natural mitigation 
and adaptation options for increased concentra-
tions of greenhouse gas emissions and any asso-
ciated changes in climate. 
‘‘(2) PRIORITIZATION.—In carrying out the 
program authorized under paragraph (1), the Direc-
tor shall prioritize— 
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‘‘(A) the development of software and algo-
rithms to enable the productive application of 
environmental systems and extreme weather 
prediction models in high-performance com-
puting systems; and 
‘‘(B) capabilities that support the Depart-
ment’s mission needs for energy and infrastruc-
ture security, resilience, and reliability. 
‘‘(3) 
SUBSURFACE
BIOGEOCHEMICAL
RE-
SEARCH.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—As part of the activi-
ties described in paragraph (1), the Director 
shall carry out research to advance a funda-
mental understanding of coupled physical, 
chemical, and biological processes for control-
ling the movement of sequestered carbon, nitro-
gen, and other subsurface environmental con-
taminants, including how hydrology drives bio-
geochemistry across molecular to watershed 
scales, and how coupling between physical, 
chemical, and biological processes influence 
flows of water, carbon, nutrients, and contami-
nants. 
‘‘(B) COORDINATION.— 
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‘‘(i) DIRECTOR.—The Director shall 
carry out activities under this paragraph in 
accordance with priorities established by 
the Secretary to support and accelerate the 
decontamination of relevant facilities man-
aged by the Department. 
‘‘(ii) 
SECRETARY.—The 
Secretary 
shall ensure the coordination of activities 
of the Department, including activities 
under this paragraph, to support and ac-
celerate the decontamination of relevant fa-
cilities managed by the Department. 
‘‘(4) CLIMATE
AND
EARTH
MODELING.—As 
part of the activities described in paragraph (1), the 
Director, in collaboration with the Advanced Sci-
entific Computing Research program described in 
section 304, and in consultation with the National 
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and other 
relevant agencies, shall carry out research to de-
velop, evaluate, and use high-resolution regional cli-
mate, global climate, and Earth system models to in-
form decisions on reducing greenhouse gas emissions 
and the resulting impacts of a changing global cli-
mate. Such modeling shall include, among other crit-
ical elements, greenhouse gas emissions, land use, 
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watershed responses, and interaction among human 
and Earth systems. 
‘‘(5) MID-SCALE FUNDING MECHANISM.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Any of the activities 
authorized in this subsection may be carried out 
by competitively selected mid-scale, multi-insti-
tutional research centers in lieu of individual re-
search grants, or large-scale experiments or 
user facilities. 
‘‘(B) 
CONSIDERATION.—The 
Biological 
and Environmental Research Advisory Com-
mittee shall provide recommendations to the Di-
rector on projects most suitable for the research 
centers described in subparagraph (A). 
‘‘(f) BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 
USER FACILITIES.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall carry 
out a program for the development, construction, op-
eration, and maintenance of user facilities to en-
hance the collection and analysis of observational 
data related to complex biological, climate, and envi-
ronmental systems. 
‘‘(2) FACILITY REQUIREMENTS.—To the max-
imum extent practicable, the user facilities devel-
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oped, constructed, operated, or maintained under 
paragraph (1) shall include— 
‘‘(A) distributed field research and obser-
vation platforms for understanding earth sys-
tem processes; 
‘‘(B) instruments and modeling resources 
for understanding the physical, chemical, and 
cellular processes of biological and environ-
mental systems; 
‘‘(C) integrated high-throughput sequenc-
ing, advanced bioanalytic techniques, DNA de-
sign and synthesis, metabolomics, and computa-
tional analysis; and 
‘‘(D) such other facilities as the Director 
considers appropriate, consistent with section 
209 of the Department of Energy Organization 
Act (42 U.S.C. 7139). 
‘‘(3) EXISTING
FACILITIES.—In carrying out 
the program established in paragraph (1), the Direc-
tor is encouraged to evaluate the capabilities of ex-
isting user facilities and, to the maximum extent 
practicable, invest in modernization of those capa-
bilities to address emerging research priorities. 
‘‘(4) USER FACILITIES INTEGRATION AND COL-
LABORATION PROGRAM.— 
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‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Director shall 
support a program of collaboration between 
user facilities as defined under this subsection 
to encourage and enable researchers to more 
readily integrate the tools, expertise, resources, 
and capabilities of multiple user facilities to fur-
ther research and advance emerging tech-
nologies. 
‘‘(B) ACTIVITIES.—The program shall ad-
vance the integration of automation, robotics, 
computational 
biology, 
bioinformatics, 
bio-
sensing, cellular platforms and other relevant 
emerging technologies as determined by the Di-
rector to enhance productivity and scientific im-
pact of user facilities. 
‘‘(5) EARTH
AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
SYSTEMS 
SCIENCES USER FACILITIES.—In carrying out the 
activities authorized under paragraph (1), the Direc-
tor shall establish and operate user facilities to ad-
vance the collection, validation, and analysis of at-
mospheric data, including activities to advance 
knowledge and improve model representations and 
measure the impact of atmospheric gases, aerosols, 
and clouds on earth and environmental systems. 
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‘‘(A) SELECTION.—The Director shall se-
lect user facilities under paragraph (1) on a 
competitive, merit-reviewed basis. The Director 
shall consider applications from the National 
Laboratories, institutes of higher education, 
multi-institutional collaborations, and other ap-
propriate entities. 
‘‘(B) TERMINATION.—Consistent with the 
existing authorities of the Department, the Di-
rector may terminate an underperforming user 
facility for cause during the performance pe-
riod. 
‘‘(C) EXISTING FACILITIES.—To the max-
imum extent practicable, the Director shall uti-
lize existing facilities to carry out this sub-
section. 
‘‘(6) COORDINATION.—In carrying out the pro-
gram authorized in paragraph (1), the Director shall 
ensure that the Office of Science— 
‘‘(A) consults and coordinates with the Na-
tional Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, the 
Environmental Protection Agency, the National 
Aeronautics and Space Administration, the De-
partment of Agriculture, the Department of the 
Interior, and any other relevant Federal agency 
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on the collection, validation, and analysis of at-
mospheric data; and 
‘‘(B) coordinates with relevant stake-
holders, including institutes of higher education, 
nonprofit research institutions, industry, State, 
local, and tribal governments, and other appro-
priate entities to ensure access to the best avail-
able relevant atmospheric and historical weath-
er data. 
‘‘(g) COASTAL ZONE RESEARCH INITIATIVE.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall carry 
out a research program to enhance the under-
standing of coastal ecosystems. In carrying out this 
program, the Director shall prioritize efforts to en-
hance the collection of observational data, and shall 
develop models to analyze the ecological, biogeo-
chemical, hydrological and physical processes that 
interact in coastal zones. 
‘‘(2) NATIONAL
SYSTEM
FOR
COASTAL
DATA 
COLLECTION.—The Director shall establish an inte-
grated system of geographically diverse field re-
search sites in order to improve the quantity and 
quality of observational data, and that encompass 
the major land water interfaces of the United 
States, including— 
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‘‘(A) the Great Lakes region; 
‘‘(B) the Pacific coast; 
‘‘(C) the Atlantic coast; 
‘‘(D) the Arctic; and 
‘‘(E) the Gulf coast. 
‘‘(3) EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE.—In carrying 
out the programs and establishing the field research 
sites under paragraphs (1) and (2), the Secretary 
shall leverage existing research and development in-
frastructure supported by the Department, including 
the Department’s existing marine and coastal re-
search lab. 
‘‘(4) COORDINATION.—For the purposes of car-
rying out the programs and establishing the field re-
search sites under the Initiative, the Secretary may 
enter into agreements with Federal Departments 
and agencies with complementary capabilities. 
‘‘(5) REPORT.—Not less than 2 years after the 
date of the enactment of the Department of Energy 
Science for the Future Act, the Director shall pro-
vide to the Committee on Science, Space, and Tech-
nology and the Committee on Appropriations of the 
House of Representatives and the Committee on En-
ergy and Natural Resources and the Committee on 
Appropriations of the Senate a report examining 
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whether the system described in this section should 
be established as a National User Facility. 
‘‘(h) TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT.—The Director 
shall support a technology research program for the devel-
opment of instrumentation and other research tools re-
quired to meet the missions of the Department and to pro-
vide platform technologies for the broader scientific com-
munity. Technologies shall include but are not limited to— 
‘‘(1) cryo-electron microscopy; 
‘‘(2) fabricated ecosystems; and 
‘‘(3) next generation sensors including quantum 
sensors for biological integration and bioproduction. 
‘‘(i) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 
out the activities described in this section— 
‘‘(1) $820,360,000 for fiscal year 2022; 
‘‘(2) $886,385,200 for fiscal year 2023; 
‘‘(3) $956,332,164 for fiscal year 2024; 
‘‘(4) $1,020,475,415 for fiscal year 2025; and 
‘‘(5) $1,099,108,695 for fiscal year 2026.’’. 
SEC. 5. ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING RESEARCH 
PROGRAM. 
(a) 
ADVANCED
SCIENTIFIC
COMPUTING
RE-
SEARCH.—Section 304 of the Department of Energy Re-
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