580
‘‘(2) LOW DENSITY ADJUSTMENT.—In admin-
istering the apportionment formula under paragraph
(1)—
‘‘(A) in the case of a State with a popu-
lation density of 10 or fewer persons per square
mile in other than urbanized areas of the State,
the Secretary shall multiply by a factor of 1.5
the population of such other than urbanized
areas (as determined using the most recent de-
cennial United States Census); and
‘‘(B) in the case of a State with a popu-
lation density of more than 10 but equal to or
fewer than 12 persons per square mile in other
than urbanized areas of the State, the Sec-
retary shall multiply by a factor of 1.25 the
population of such other than urbanized areas
(as determined using the most recent decennial
United States Census).
‘‘(3) AVAILABILITY.—The amount apportioned
to a State under this subsection may be obligated by
the State for 2 fiscal years after the fiscal year in
which the amount is apportioned. An amount that is
not obligated at the end of that period shall be re-
apportioned among the States for the next fiscal
year.’’.
581
(d) USE
FOR ADMINISTRATION, PLANNING, AND
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE.—Section 5311(e) is amended—
(1) in the subsection heading by inserting ‘‘,
planning,’’ after ‘‘administration’’;
(2) by striking ‘‘(1) The Secretary’’ and insert-
ing ‘‘The Secretary’’;
(3) by striking paragraph (2); and
(4) by striking ‘‘recipient’’ and inserting ‘‘sub-
recipient’’.
(e) INTERCITY
BUS
TRANSPORTATION.—Section
5311(f) is amended—
(1) in paragraph (1) by striking ‘‘after Sep-
tember 30, 1993,’’; and
(2) in paragraph (2) by striking ‘‘A State’’ and
inserting ‘‘After consultation with affected intercity
bus service providers, a State’’.
(f) GOVERNMENT’S
SHARE
OF
COSTS.—Section
5311(g) is amended to read as follows:
‘‘(g) GOVERNMENT’S SHARE OF COSTS.—
‘‘(1) CAPITAL PROJECTS.—A grant for a capital
project under this section shall be for 80 percent of
the net capital costs of the project, as determined by
the Secretary; except that in the case of a State de-
scribed in section 120(b)(1) of title 23, such percent-
582
age shall be increased in accordance with such sec-
tion.
‘‘(2) OPERATING ASSISTANCE.—A grant made
under this section for operating assistance may not
exceed 50 percent of the net operating costs of the
project, as determined by the Secretary.
‘‘(3) REMAINDER.—The remainder of net
project costs—
‘‘(A) may be provided from an undistrib-
uted cash surplus, a replacement or deprecia-
tion cash fund or reserve, a service agreement
with a State or local social service agency or a
private social service organization, or new cap-
ital; and
‘‘(B) may be derived from amounts appro-
priated to or made available to a department or
agency of the Government (other than the De-
partment of Transportation) that are eligible to
be expended for transportation.
‘‘(4) USE OF CERTAIN FUNDS.—For purposes
of paragraph (3)(B), the prohibitions on the use of
funds for matching requirements under section
403(a)(5)(C)(vii) of the Social Security Act (42
U.S.C. 603(a)(5)(C)(vii)) shall not apply to Federal
583
or State funds to be used for transportation pur-
poses.
‘‘(5) 
LIMITATION
ON
OPERATING
ASSIST-
ANCE.—A State carrying out a program of operating
assistance under this section may not limit the level
or extent of use of the Government grant for the
payment of operating expenses.’’.
(g) RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER LAWS.—Section 5311
is amended—
(1) by striking subsection (h); and
(2) by redesignating subsections (i) and (j) as
subsections (h) and (i), respectively.
(h) CORRECTION TO CHAPTER ANALYSIS.—The anal-
ysis for chapter 53 is amended by striking the item relat-
ing to section 5311 and inserting the following:
‘‘5311. Formula grants for other than urbanized areas.’’.
SEC. 3013. RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, DEMONSTRATION,
AND DEPLOYMENT PROJECTS.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 5312 is amended—
(1) in subsection (a)—
(A) by striking the first parenthetical
phrase;
(B) by striking ‘‘or contracts’’ and insert-
ing ‘‘, contracts, cooperative agreements, or
other transactions’’;
584
(C) by striking ‘‘help reduce urban trans-
portation needs, improve mass transportation
service,’’ and inserting ‘‘improve transportation
service’’;
(D) by striking ‘‘urban’’ each place it ap-
pears; and
(E) 
by 
striking 
‘‘and 
demonstration
projects’’ and inserting ‘‘, demonstration or de-
ployment projects, or evaluation of technology
of national significance’’;
(2) by striking subsections (b) and (c);
(3) by redesignating subsections (d) and (e) as
subsections (b) and (c), respectively;
(4) in subsection (b)(2) (as so redesignated) by
striking ‘‘other agreements’’ and inserting ‘‘other
transactions’’; and
(5) in subsection (c)(2) (as so redesignated) by
striking ‘‘public and’’ and inserting ‘‘public or’’.
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.—
(1) 
SECTION
HEADING.—Section 
5312 
is
amended by striking the section heading and insert-
ing the following:
585
‘‘§ 5312. Research, development, demonstration, and
deployment projects’’.
(2) CHAPTER
ANALYSIS.—The analysis for
chapter 53 is amended by striking the item relating
to section 5312 and inserting the following:
‘‘5312. Research, development, demonstration, and deployment projects.’’.
SEC. 3014. COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 5313 is amended—
(1) in subsection (a) by striking ‘‘(1) The
amounts made available under paragraphs (1) and
(2)(C)(ii) of section 5338(d) of this title’’ and insert-
ing ‘‘The amounts made available under paragraphs
(1)(C)(iv) and (2)(C) of section 5338(d)’’;
(2) by striking subsection (b);
(3) in subsection (a)(2) by striking ‘‘(2) The’’
and inserting ‘‘(b) FEDERAL ASSISTANCE.—The’’;
and
(4) in subsection (c) by striking ‘‘subsection (a)
of’’.
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Section 5313 is amended by
striking the section heading and inserting the fol-
lowing:
586
‘‘§ 5313. Cooperative research program’’.
(2) CHAPTER
ANALYSIS.—The analysis for
chapter 53 is amended by striking the item relating
to section 5313 and inserting the following:
‘‘5313. Cooperative research program.’’.
SEC. 3015. NATIONAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY PRO-
GRAMS.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 5314 is amended—
(1) by striking the section heading and insert-
ing the following:
‘‘§ 5314. National research and technology programs’’;
(2) in subsection (a)(1)—
(A) by striking ‘‘subsections (d) and (h)(7)
of section 5338 of this title’’ and inserting ‘‘sec-
tion 5338(d)’’;
(B) by striking ‘‘and contracts’’ and insert-
ing ‘‘, contracts, cooperative agreements, or
other transactions’’;
(C) by striking ‘‘5303–5306,’’; and
(D) by striking ‘‘5317,’’;
(3) in subsection (a)(2) by striking ‘‘Of the
amounts’’ and all that follows through ‘‘$3,000,000
to’’ and inserting ‘‘The Secretary shall’’;
(4) by striking subsection (a)(4)(B);
(5) by redesignating subsection (a)(4)(C) as
subsection (a)(4)(B); and
587
(6) in subsection (b) by striking ‘‘or contract’’
and all that follows through ‘‘section,’’ and inserting
‘‘, contract, cooperative agreement, or other trans-
action under subsection (a) or section 5312,’’.
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—The analysis for
chapter 53 is amended by striking the item relating to
section 5314 and inserting the following:
‘‘5314. National research and technology programs.’’.
SEC. 3016. NATIONAL TRANSIT INSTITUTE.
Section 5315 is amended—
(1) in subsection (a) by striking ‘‘public mass
transportation’’ and inserting ‘‘public transpor-
tation’’; and
(2) in subsection (d) by striking ‘‘mass’’ each
place it appears.
SEC. 3017. JOB ACCESS AND REVERSE COMMUTE FORMULA
GRANTS.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 53 is amended by insert-
ing after section 5315 the following:
‘‘§ 5316. Job access and reverse commute formula
grants
‘‘(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section, the following
definitions apply:
‘‘(1) ACCESS TO JOBS PROJECT.—The term ‘ac-
cess to jobs project’ means a project relating to the
development and maintenance of transportation
588
services designed to transport welfare recipients and
eligible low-income individuals to and from jobs and
activities related to their employment, including—
‘‘(A) transportation projects to finance
planning, capital, and operating costs of pro-
viding access to jobs under this chapter;
‘‘(B) promoting public transportation by
low-income workers, including the use of public
transportation by workers with nontraditional
work schedules;
‘‘(C) promoting the use of transit vouchers
for welfare recipients and eligible low-income in-
dividuals; and
‘‘(D) promoting the use of employer-pro-
vided transportation, including the transit pass
benefit program under section 132 of the Inter-
nal Revenue Code of 1986.
‘‘(2) ELIGIBLE LOW-INCOME INDIVIDUAL.—The
term ‘eligible low-income individual’ means an indi-
vidual whose family income is at or below 150 per-
cent of the poverty line (as that term is defined in
section 673(2) of the Community Services Block
Grant Act (42 U.S.C. 9902(2)), including any revi-
sion required by that section) for a family of the size
involved.
589
‘‘(3) RECIPIENT.—The term ‘recipient’ means a
designated 
recipient 
(as 
defined 
in 
section
5307(a)(2)) and a State that receives a grant under
this section directly.
‘‘(4) REVERSE COMMUTE PROJECT.—The term
‘reverse commute project’ means a public transpor-
tation project designed to transport residents of ur-
banized areas and other than urbanized areas to
suburban employment opportunities, including any
projects to—
‘‘(A) subsidize the costs associated with
adding reverse commute bus, train, carpool, van
routes, or service from urbanized areas and
other than urbanized areas to suburban work-
places;
‘‘(B) subsidize the purchase or lease by a
nonprofit organization or public agency of a van
or bus dedicated to shuttling employees from
their residences to a suburban workplace; or
‘‘(C) otherwise facilitate the provision of
public transportation services to suburban em-
ployment opportunities.
‘‘(5) SUBRECIPIENT.—The term ‘subrecipient’
means a State or local governmental authority, non-
profit organization, or operator of public transpor-
590
tation services that receives a grant under this sec-
tion indirectly through a recipient.
‘‘(6) WELFARE RECIPIENT.—The term ‘welfare
recipient’ means an individual who has received as-
sistance under a State or tribal program funded
under part A of title IV of the Social Security Act
at any time during the 3-year period before the date
on which the applicant applies for a grant under this
section.
‘‘(b) GENERAL AUTHORITY.—
‘‘(1) 
GRANTS.—The 
Secretary 
may 
make
grants under this section to a recipient for access to
jobs and reverse commute projects carried out by the
recipient or a subrecipient.
‘‘(2) ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES.—A recipient
may use not more than 10 percent of the amounts
apportioned to the recipient under this section to ad-
minister, plan, and provide technical assistance for
a project funded under this section.
‘‘(c) APPORTIONMENTS.—
‘‘(1) FORMULA.—The Secretary shall apportion
amounts made available to carry out this section as
follows:
‘‘(A) 60 percent of the funds shall be ap-
portioned among designated recipients (as de-
591
fined in section 5307(a)(2)) for urbanized areas
with a population of 200,000 or more in the
ratio that—
‘‘(i) the number of eligible low-income
individuals and welfare recipients in each
such urbanized area; bears to
‘‘(ii) the number of eligible low-income
individuals and welfare recipients in all
such urbanized areas.
‘‘(B) 20 percent of the funds shall be ap-
portioned among the States in the ratio that—
‘‘(i) the number of eligible low-income
individuals and welfare recipients in urban-
ized areas with a population of less than
200,000 in each State; bears to
‘‘(ii) the number of eligible low-income
individuals and welfare recipients in urban-
ized areas with a population of less than
200,000 in all States.
‘‘(C) 20 percent of the funds shall be ap-
portioned among the States in the ratio that—
‘‘(i) the number of eligible low-income
individuals and welfare recipients in other
than urbanized areas in each State; bears
to
592
‘‘(ii) the number of eligible low-income
individuals and welfare recipients in other
than urbanized areas in all States.
‘‘(2) USE OF APPORTIONED FUNDS.—Except as
provided in paragraph (3)—
‘‘(A) funds apportioned under paragraph
(1)(A) shall be used for projects serving urban-
ized areas with a population of 200,000 or
more;
‘‘(B) funds apportioned under paragraph
(1)(B) shall be used for projects serving urban-
ized areas with a population of less than
200,000; and
‘‘(C) funds apportioned under paragraph
(1)(C) shall be used for projects serving other
than urbanized areas.
‘‘(3) EXCEPTIONS.—A State may use funds ap-
portioned under paragraphs (1)(B) and (1)(C)—
‘‘(A) for projects serving areas other than
the area specified in paragraph (2)(B) or
(2)(C), as the case may be, if the Governor of
the State certifies that all of the objectives of
this section are being met in the specified area;
or
593
‘‘(B) for projects anywhere in the State if
the State has established a statewide program
for meeting the objectives of this section.
‘‘(d) COMPETITIVE PROCESS FOR GRANTS TO SUB-
RECIPIENTS.—
‘‘(1) AREAWIDE SOLICITATIONS.—A recipient of
funds apportioned under subsection (c)(1)(A) shall
conduct, in cooperation with the appropriate metro-
politan planning organization, an areawide solicita-
tion for applications for grants to the recipient and
subrecipients under this section.
‘‘(2) STATEWIDE SOLICITATION.—A recipient of
funds apportioned under subsection (c)(1)(B) or
(c)(1)(C) shall conduct a statewide solicitation for
applications for grants to the recipient and sub-
recipients under this section.
‘‘(3) APPLICATION.—Recipients and subrecipi-
ents seeking to receive a grant from funds appor-
tioned under subsection (c) shall submit to the re-
cipient an application in the form and in accordance
with such requirements as the recipient shall estab-
lish.
‘‘(4) GRANT
AWARDS.—The recipient shall
award grants under paragraphs (1) and (2) on a
competitive basis.
594
‘‘(e) TRANSFERS.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—A State may transfer any
funds apportioned to it under subsection (c)(1)(B)
or (c)(1)(C), or both, to an apportionment under
section 5311(c) or 5336, or both.
‘‘(2) LIMITED
TO
ELIGIBLE
PROJECTS.—Any
apportionment transferred under this subsection
shall be made available only for eligible job access
and reverse commute projects as described in this
section.
‘‘(3) CONSULTATION.—A State may make a
transfer of an amount under this subsection only
after consulting with responsible local officials and
publicly owned operators of public transportation in
each area for which the amount originally was
awarded under subsection (d)(4).
‘‘(f) GRANT REQUIREMENTS.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—A grant under this section
shall be subject to the requirements of section 5307.
‘‘(2) FAIR AND EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION.—A
recipient of a grant under this section shall certify
to the Secretary that allocations of the grant to sub-
recipients are distributed on a fair and equitable
basis.
‘‘(g) COORDINATION.—
595
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall coordi-
nate activities under this section with related activi-
ties under programs of other Federal departments
and agencies.
‘‘(2) WITH NONPROFIT PROVIDERS.—A State
that transfers funds to an apportionment under sec-
tion 5336 pursuant to subsection (e) shall certify to
the Secretary that any project for which the funds
are requested under this section has been coordi-
nated with nonprofit providers of services.
‘‘(3) PROJECT SELECTION AND PLANNING.—A
recipient of funds under this section shall certify to
the Secretary that—
‘‘(A) the projects selected were derived
from a locally developed, coordinated public
transit-human services transportation plan; and
‘‘(B) the plan was developed through a
process that included representatives of public,
private, and nonprofit transportation and
human services providers and participation by
the public.
‘‘(h) GOVERNMENT’S SHARE OF COSTS.—
‘‘(1) CAPITAL PROJECTS.—A grant for a capital
project under this section may not exceed 80 percent