I 
108TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 2028
To amend title 28, United States Code, with respect to the jurisdiction 
of Federal courts inferior to the Supreme Court over certain cases 
and controversies involving the Pledge of Allegiance. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
MAY 8, 2003
Mr. AKIN (for himself, Mr. MCINTYRE, Mr. DELAY, Mr. BLUNT, Mr. CAN-
TOR, Ms. PRYCE of Ohio, Mr. ADERHOLT, Mr. BACHUS, Mr. BAKER, Mr. 
BARRETT of South Carolina, Mr. BARTLETT of Maryland, Mr. BARTON 
of Texas, Mr. BASS, Mrs. BLACKBURN, Mr. BEAUPREZ, Mr. BEREUTER, 
Mr. BISHOP of Utah, Mr. BOEHNER, Mr. BONILLA, Mrs. BONO, Mr. 
BONNER, Mr. BOOZMAN, Ms. BORDALLO, Mr. BRADY of Texas, Mr. 
BROWN of South Carolina, Ms. GINNY BROWN-WAITE of Florida, Mr. 
BURGESS, Mr. BURNS, Mr. BURR, Mr. BURTON of Indiana, Mr. CAL-
VERT, Mr. CAMP, Mr. CHOCOLA, Mr. COLE, Mr. COLLINS, Mr. CRANE, 
Mr. CULBERSON, Mr. CUNNINGHAM, Mrs. JO ANN DAVIS of Virginia, 
Mr. DAVIS of Tennessee, Mr. TOM DAVIS of Virginia, Mr. DEAL of Geor-
gia, Mr. DEMINT, Mr. LINCOLN DIAZ-BALART of Florida, Mr. MARIO 
DIAZ-BALART of Florida, Mr. DOOLITTLE, Mr. DUNCAN, Ms. DUNN, 
Mrs. EMERSON, Mr. FEENEY, Mr. FLAKE, Mr. FOLEY, Mr. FORBES, Mr. 
FOSSELLA, Mr. FRANKS
of Arizona, Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN, Mr. 
GALLEGLY, Mr. GARRETT of New Jersey, Mr. GIBBONS, Mr. GILLMOR, 
Mr. GINGREY, Mr. GOODE, Mr. GOODLATTE, Mr. GRAVES, Mr. GREEN 
of Texas, Mr. GUTKNECHT, Ms. HARRIS, Mr. HAYES, Mr. HAYWORTH, 
Mr. HEFLEY, Mr. HERGER, Mr. HOBSON, Mr. HOEKSTRA, Mr. 
HOSTETTLER, Mr. HOUGHTON, Mr. HULSHOF, Mr. HUNTER, Mr. ISSA, 
Mr. ISTOOK, Mr. JANKLOW, Mr. JENKINS, Mr. SAM JOHNSON of Texas, 
Mr. JONES of North Carolina, Mr. KELLER, Mr. KENNEDY of Minnesota, 
Mr. KING of Iowa, Mr. KINGSTON, Mr. KLINE, Mr. LAHOOD, Mr. 
LATOURETTE, Mr. LEWIS of Kentucky, Mr. LUCAS of Oklahoma, Mr. 
MANZULLO, Mr. MCCRERY, Mr. MCHUGH, Mr. MCINNIS, Mr. MICA, Mrs. 
MILLER of Michigan, Mr. GARY G. MILLER of California, Mr. MILLER 
of Florida, Mrs. MUSGRAVE, Mrs. MYRICK, Mr. NEY, Mrs. NORTHUP, 
Mr. NUNES, Mr. OSBORNE, Mr. OSE, Mr. OTTER, Mr. PEARCE, Mr. 
PENCE, Mr. PETERSON of Pennsylvania, Mr. PITTS, Mr. PORTER, Mr. 
PLATTS, Mr. POMBO, Mr. PUTNAM, Mr. REGULA, Mr. REHBERG, Mr. 
RENZI, Mr. REYNOLDS, Mr. ROGERS of Kentucky, Mr. ROGERS of Michi-
gan, Mr. ROHRABACHER, Ms. ROS-LEHTINEN, Mr. RYAN of Wisconsin,
Mr. RYUN of Kansas, Mr. SAXTON, Mr. SCHROCK, Mr. SESSIONS, Mr. 
SHADEGG, Mr. SHERWOOD, Mr. SHIMKUS, Mr. SHUSTER, Mr. SIMPSON, 
Mr. SMITH of New Jersey, Mr. SMITH of Texas, Mr. SMITH of Michigan, 
Mr. SOUDER, Mr. STEARNS, Mr. SULLIVAN, Mr. TANCREDO, Mr. TAU-
ZIN, Mr. TAYLOR of North Carolina, Mr. TERRY, Mr. TIAHRT, Mr. 
TIBERI, Mr. TOOMEY, Mr. WALSH, Mr. WAMP, Mr. WELDON of Pennsyl-
vania, Mr. WELDON of Florida, Mr. WELLER, Mr. WHITFIELD, Mr. WIL-
SON of South Carolina, Mr. WOLF, Mr. YOUNG of Florida, and Mr. 
YOUNG of Alaska) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the 
Committee on the Judiciary 
A BILL 
To amend title 28, United States Code, with respect to 
the jurisdiction of Federal courts inferior to the Supreme 
Court over certain cases and controversies involving the 
Pledge of Allegiance.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Pledge Protection Act 
of 2003’’. 
SEC. 2. JURISDICTION LIMITATION. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 99 of title 28, United 
States Code, is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘§ 1632. Jurisdiction limitation 
‘‘No court established by Act of Congress shall have 
jurisdiction to hear or determine any claim that the recita-
tion of the Pledge of Allegiance, as set forth in section
4 of title 4, violates the first article of amendment to the 
Constitution of the United States.’’. 
(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of sections 
at the beginning of chapter 99 of title 28, United States 
Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new 
item:
‘‘1632. Jurisdiction Limitation.’’.
Æ