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(7) the term ‘‘ITER’’ means the International
Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor;
(8) the term ‘‘magnetic fusion’’ means fusion
based on toroidal confinement concepts;
(9) the term ‘‘Secretary’’ means the Secretary
of Energy; and
(10) the term ‘‘Tokamak Physics Experiment’’
means a facility to replace the Tokamak Fusion Test
Reactor which is designed to be capable of conduct-
ing experiments on reactions with a pulse length of
at least 15 minutes and demonstrating a more com-
pact and efficient magnetic fusion reactor design.
TITLE I—HYDROGEN ENERGY
RESEARCH PROGRAM
SEC. 101. SHORT TITLE.
This title may be cited as the ‘‘Hydrogen Future Act
of 1994’’.
SEC. 102. FINDINGS.
The Congress finds that—
(1) fossil fuels, the main energy source of the
present, have provided this country with tremendous
supply but are limited and polluting, and their pro-
duction and utilization technologies are mature;
(2) the basic scientific fundamentals are needed
for private sector investment and development of
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new and better energy sources and enabling tech-
nologies;
(3) hydrogen holds tremendous promise as a
new and better energy source because it secures a
practically infinite supply from water and combusts
purely to water;
(4) hydrogen production efficiency is a major
technical barrier to society collectively benefitting
from one of the great energy sources of the future;
(5) an aggressive, results-oriented, multiyear re-
search initiative on efficient hydrogen fuel produc-
tion and use should continue; and
(6) the current Federal effort to develop hydro-
gen as a fuel is inadequate.
SEC. 103. PURPOSES.
The purposes of this title are—
(1) to provide for the development and dem-
onstration of the processes and technologies needed
to produce, store, transport, and utilize hydrogen for
transportation, industrial, residential, and utility ap-
plications; and
(2) to foster industry participation during each
stage of the Department of Energy hydrogen re-
search, development, and demonstration program to
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ensure that technology transfer to the private sector
occurs to develop viable, marketable products.
SEC. 104. RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRA-
TION.
(a) PROGRAM GOAL.—The goal of the program de-
scribed in this section is the demonstration, by the year
2000, of the practicability of utilizing hydrogen for trans-
portation, industrial, residential and utility applications on
a broad scale.
(b) PRODUCTION.—The Secretary shall support hy-
drogen energy production research, development, and
demonstration in the following areas, including funding
for at least 1 technical demonstration in each such area:
(1) Photoconversion.
(2) Bioconversion.
(3) Electrolysis of water.
(c) STORAGE.—The Secretary shall support research,
development, and demonstration of safe and economical
storage of hydrogen, both for onboard vehicle and station-
ary use. Such research, development, and demonstration
should be aimed at improving existing methods and devel-
oping new approaches in each of the following areas, in-
cluding funding for at least 1 technical demonstration in
each such area:
(1) Hydrides and porous materials.
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(2) Liquefaction and cryogenics.
(3) Compressed gas, especially low-temperature
dense gas.
(4) Advanced methods, such as iron oxide,
microspheres, and phase change materials.
(d) USE.—The Secretary shall support hydrogen en-
ergy research, development, and demonstration for each
of the following uses, including funding for at least 1 tech-
nical demonstration in each such area:
(1) Fuel cell systems for stationary applica-
tions.
(2) Fuel cell systems for mobile applications.
(3) Electricity generation using hydrogen as a
fuel source for utility and industrial applications.
(4) Heating and cooling using hydrogen.
(e) TRANSPORTATION.—The Secretary shall support
research, development, and demonstration of safe, effi-
cient, and nonpolluting hydrogen-based transportation ve-
hicles of the following types, including funding for at least
1 technical demonstration of each such type:
(1) An economically feasible, low emission
motor vehicle using hydrogen as a combustible power
supply, either in pure form or mixed with other
fuels, in a hybrid electric vehicle using a hydrogen
fuel cell.
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(2) An economically feasible, zero emission or
low emission engine using hydrogen.
(f) SCHEDULE.—Within 180 days after the date of
enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall solicit proposals
for carrying out the research and development activities
authorized under this section. Awards of financial assist-
ance shall be made within 1 year after such date of enact-
ment.
(g) COST SHARING.—(1) Except as otherwise pro-
vided in section 105, for research and development pro-
grams carried out under this title, the Secretary shall re-
quire a commitment from non-Federal sources of at least
20 percent of the cost of the project. The Secretary may
reduce or eliminate the non-Federal requirement under
this paragraph if the Secretary determines that the re-
search and development is of a basic or fundamental na-
ture.
(2) The Secretary shall require at least 50 percent
of the costs directly and specifically related to any dem-
onstration project under this title to be provided from non-
Federal sources. The Secretary may reduce the non-Fed-
eral requirement under this paragraph if the Secretary de-
termines that the reduction is necessary and appropriate
considering the technological risks involved in the project
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and is necessary to serve the purposes and goals of this
title.
(3) In calculating the amount of the non-Federal
commitment under paragraph (1) or (2), the Secretary
shall include cash, personnel, services, equipment, and
other resources.
(h) DUPLICATION OF PROGRAMS.—Nothing in this
title shall require the duplication of activities carried out
under otherwise authorized programs of the Department
of Energy.
SEC. 105. HIGHLY INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES.
Of the amounts made available for carrying out sec-
tion 104, up to 5 percent may be used to support research
on highly innovative energy technologies. Such amounts
shall not be subject to the cost sharing requirements in
section 104(g).
SEC. 106. TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER.
The Secretary shall foster the exchange of generic,
nonproprietary information and technology developed pur-
suant to section 104, or other similiar Federal programs,
among industry, academia, and the Federal Government
with regard to production and use of hydrogen.
SEC. 107. REPORTS TO CONGRESS.
Within 18 months after the date of enactment of this
Act, and annually thereafter, the Secretary shall transmit
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to the Congress a detailed report on the status and
progress of the Department of Energy’s hydrogen re-
search, development, and demonstration programs. Such
report shall include an analysis of the effectiveness of such
programs, to be prepared and submitted by the Hydrogen
Technical Advisory Panel established under section 108
of the Spark M. Matsunaga Hydrogen Research, Develop-
ment, and Demonstration Act of 1990. Such Panel shall
also make recommendations for improvements to such
programs if needed, including recommendations for addi-
tional legislation.
SEC. 108. COORDINATION AND CONSULTATION.
(a) COORDINATION WITH OTHER FEDERAL AGEN-
CIES.—The Secretary shall coordinate all hydrogen re-
search, development, and demonstration activities with
other Federal agencies involved in similar research, devel-
opment, and demonstration, including the Department of
Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis-
tration.
(b) CONSULTATION.—The Secretary shall consult
with the Hydrogen Technical Advisory Panel established
under section 108 of the Spark M. Matsunaga Hydrogen
Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1990
as necessary in carrying out this title.
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SEC. 109. REPEAL.
Sections 104 and 105 of the Spark M. Matsunaga
Hydrogen Research, Development, and Demonstration Act
of 1990 are repealed.
SEC. 110. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.
(a) GENERAL AUTHORIZATION.—There are author-
ized to be appropriated, to carry out the purposes of this
title, in addition to any amounts made available for such
purposes under other Acts—
(1) $12,000,000 for fiscal year 1995;
(2) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 1996;
(3) $40,000,000 for fiscal year 1997; and
(4) $60,000,000 for fiscal year 1998.
(b) RELATED AUTHORIZATIONS.—For each fiscal
year from 1995 through 1998, the total amount author-
ized to be appropriated for Energy Supply Research and
Development Activities shall not exceed $3,302,170,000.
TITLE II—FUSION ENERGY
RESEARCH PROGRAM
SEC. 201. FINDINGS.
The Congress finds that—
(1) fusion energy is one of the nonfossil fuel
technologies which could potentially provide safe,
abundant, environmentally sound, secure, and af-
fordable energy supplies in the future;
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(2) in the last 16 years, fusion energy research-
ers have made significant progress toward realizing
magnetic fusion as a viable source of energy, in-
creasing power production from test reactors more
than a million-fold over that time period;
(3) while significant engineering, technical, and
scientific challenges remain to make fusion energy
commercially viable, limited funding remains the pri-
mary constraint to more rapid progress;
(4) the technical risks and the long time scale
needed to demonstrate the commercial viability of
fusion energy will likely require a stable, predictable,
and sustained investment of government funding for
decades to come;
(5) while magnetic fusion is the leading fusion
technology, research on alternative fusion concepts
should continue to be supported;
(6) opportunities to participate in international
fusion experiments can dramatically lower the cost
to the Federal Government of fusion energy re-
search;
(7) the United States must demonstrate that it
is a credible partner in international scientific pro-
grams by being able to make and keep long-term
commitments to funding and participation; and
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(8) the United States should commit to partici-
pating in the siting, construction, and operation of
ITER as soon as practicable.
SEC. 202. PURPOSES.
The purposes of this title are—
(1) to provide direction and authorize appro-
priations for a broadly based fusion energy research,
development, and demonstration program;
(2) to ensure that alternative fusion concepts
receive adequate funding and management attention
from the Department of Energy;
(3) to provide an accelerated commitment to
United States participation in ITER and provide au-
thorization of appropriations for such activity con-
tingent on meeting program milestones; and
(4) to provide for the selection of a host coun-
try and establish a site selection process for ITER.
SEC. 203. FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH PROGRAM.
(a) FUSION PROGRAM.—The Secretary shall carry
out in accordance with the provisions of this title a Fusion
Energy Research Program, including research, develop-
ment, and demonstration to demonstrate the technical and
economic feasibility of producing safe, environmentally
sound, and affordable energy from fusion.
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(b) PROGRAM GOALS.—The goals of the Fusion En-
ergy Research Program are to demonstrate by the year
2010 the practicability of commercial electric power pro-
duction and to lead to commercial production of fusion
energy by the year 2040.
(c) PROGRAM ELEMENTS.—The Fusion Energy Re-
search Program shall consist of the following elements:
(1) Research, development, and demonstration
on magnetic fusion energy technology, including—
(A) research on plasma physics and con-
trol, confinement, ignition, and burning;
(B) the design, construction, and operation
of experimental fusion reactors, including the
Tokamak Physics Experiment, and the develop-
ment of special materials for such reactors, the
facilities to develop such materials, and the de-
velopment of components which support the op-
eration of such reactors, such as diagnostic and
remote maintenance equipment; and
(C) participation by the United States in-
dustrial sector in the design and construction of
fusion reactors, and cooperation with utilities.
(2) Research, development, and demonstration
of alternative fusion concepts, to be administered
through a Program Director for Alternative Fusion
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Research, including research and development need-
ed to build and test an Induction Linac Systems Ex-
periment, and for systems engineering and design of
a prototype inertial fusion energy power plant suit-
able for the eventual development of a heavy ion
based commercial power plant, for the purpose of
developing heavy ion inertial fusion energy.
(3) Participation in the design, construction,
and operation of ITER with the goal of ITER be-
coming operational by the year 2005.
SEC. 
204. 
INDEPENDENT 
REVIEW 
OF 
FUSION 
TECH-
NOLOGIES.
Within 6 months after the date of enactment of this
Act, the Secretary shall contract with the National Acad-
emy of Sciences to conduct a study, to be completed within
18 months after such contract is executed, which—
(1) examines the various magnetic fusion tech-
nologies and alternative fusion concepts to assess
their current state of development;
(2) evaluates the potential of such technologies
and concepts to become commercially viable sources
of energy in the future;
(3) identifies research and development goals
and priorities, and the range of probable costs and
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time scales needed to achieve commercial viability;
and
(4) reviews facilities formerly proposed by the
Department of Energy for construction during the
past 10 years, comparing their proposed capabilities
and the justification offered for such proposals with
the rationale for the subsequent withdrawal of the
proposals.
SEC. 205. NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES STUDY.
Within 6 months after the date of enactment of this
Act, the Secretary shall contract with the National Acad-
emy of Sciences to conduct a study, to be completed within
18 months after such contract is executed, which examines
the status and promise of other energy sources, including
deuterated metal, and improvements in the efficient use
of energy which could affect our national energy needs on
the same time scale and quantity as projected fusion en-
ergy development, and which identifies priorities for re-
search on other energy sources and energy-efficient de-
vices and practices.
SEC. 206. ITER SITE SELECTION PROCESS.
(a) ITER STUDY AND REPORT.—Within 120 days
after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall
submit to Congress a study which compares the technical
and scientific advantages and disadvantages and the eco-