A1020 Another livestock disease which is causing m concern js mastitis. Much progress through good herd-management practices and through new @iscoveries in the dela. of medicine. & QUALITY CODE DEVELOFED Although there had been much earlier talk atout better dairy products, dairy farmers during the 1920's began to realize that & on quality was inevitabie. The te cause for this realization wae the interest shown in sanitation by the United States Food, Drug, and Coemetic Ad~ Ministration and a tightening of require- gnents in certain milk markets. No concerted action was taken, however, until a bill to create milk production stand- ards waa introduced in the 1937 legislature. While the bill failed to pass, it probably laid the foundation for the adoption of a dairy quality enabling act by the 1989 legislature. This measure authorized the department of agriculture to estabiiah standards and regu- lations for the production of quality milk, Immediately after the passage of this lew, farmers, other members of the dairy indus- try, and governmental and educational agen- cles joined hands in launching a State-wide educational program for the production of clean milk. This program, set up on &@ county basis, was voluntary. Quality meet- tnge were acheduled in almost every school- bouse in the State. This program continued until 1942 when war demands for increased production overshadowed everything else. NEW INTEREST AFTER WORLD WAR IT After the war, interest in quality improve- ment was renewed. The Wisconsin Dairy In- duatry Committee, which had been active in the prewar quality campaign, was reorgan- ized into the Wisconsin Dairy Federation. This industry-wide group represents every major segment of the dairy industry. As ite firat job the federation made a study of the problems of dairying. On the basis of its findings, quality improvement in mili and cream was selected as the No. 1 need of the industry. A quality improvement com- mittee was therefore named. For nearly 2 years this committee studied Gairy quality, and at the end of that time submitted a set of proposed standards based on the provisions of the 1990 law. Then fol- lowed months of further study and delibera- tion and consultation with farmers, dairy plant operators, educators, and ecientists. ‘The revised draft was then submitted to the board of directors of the federation and in February 1046 the proposed atandards were presented to the State department of agricul. ture with a request that steps be taken to embecly thelr provisions in a new department regulation In May 1948 the department announced 2 series of nine hearings at which al) in- reguintt: hearings were completed all testimony was carefully studied, and changes made in the anno the needs of the Basween Ja January 1949 and November 15, 1940, when the regulations went into effect, hundreds of meetings were held with ferm- rs, milk haulers, dairy plant omprorees, quality naanen. inapectors, and The purpose was to expinin the reasoue Tor the new standards, how they had been pre- pared, and the were designed to serve. Announcement of the regulations im final form as General Order 19¢ was made by the department of agriculture on August . . MELP DEVELOP TRAM WORK "oa aatry farmers cinelon, team fs to belp dairy farmers develop teamwork im Shale: Lncuastey,. Their goal was the pro- duction of high quality mikk—a uniform minimum code to encourage cooperation and participation by all. The standards were developed in recogni- tion of the fundamental fact that {t is the quality of the product when it reaches the eonsumer that determines whether or not we maintain and expand our dairy markets. As is the consumer that writes the ticket.” Leaders in the dairy industry, as well as other industries, heye long recognized that the success of new business depends upon consistent production of high quality prod< ucts. Consumers want to feel confident that the goods they buy are of uniformly good quality—day in and day out. But the problems of the dairy industry are more complex than those of many other industries. Consistent production and mar- keting of high quality dairy products in- valves the cooperation and teamwork of thousands of individuals in the many steps which lead from the farm to the consumer's tahle. A year of operation under the mininum quality standards has not solved all quality problems. They have not performed mira- cles and they have not been a complete cure- all, But great forward strides have been made. Results this past year have been ac- claimed by many ae the greatest forward step in improving datry quality ever taken in the history of Wisconsin’s dairy industry. These standards have given farmers a bet~ ter understanding of the part they muet pisy in any qualtty improvement At same time, processors, and handlers of tnt have gotten a clearer understanding of the farmer’s quality problems. Bere are a few typical quotetions from a large number of statements by dairy feidmen and plant operators: “Quality is & lot better than it used to be.” “Milk has improved thie Lai over last.” “Butter scores are improvt “Cheese working better then ever. No trouble at all this year.” “Best sediments this year we have ever had.” “We have never had such good milk in the history of our company. Made the ‘best cheese this year in the 35 years we have been in business.” “The effect of this program is quite evident in the improved quality of milk being de- ltvered by our patrons.” Other accomplishmenta during the past year include doubling the number of covered milk trucks, a rapid increase in milk house construction, improved farm conditions, and & marked improvement in the general level of milk quality. The Wisconsin dairy industry should be commended for ite progress in improving the quality of tts finished products. The heroes are the thousands of farmers who have had enough pride in their business to take the extra care needed to make sure they are Going the best job at all times. Credit is also due dairy industry leaders who have been farsighted and constructive, even in the face of many obstacles, in developing the teamwork required within the industry to put the over-all program into high gear. PLANT STANDARDS NEXT STEP APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD posts for the further hnprovement in the quality of our products. As we have seen, the purpose of quality datry production is to put the best food on the dinner table of Mr. and Mrs. America— Any break in this chain spells @oom. Farmers can't do it alone. Neither can procesaors or salesmen, nor laws and reg- ulations, Real progress is being made through teamwork. Pulling together for quality will play a major role in the future success Of Wisconsin's dairy industry. LET'S TELL THE WORLD “We farmers have done a wonderful Job of producing but we have been the world's poor- est salesmen." This bit of wisdom has been repeated often by Milo K, Swanton, Wisecon- ain dairy farmer and farm organization Teader, Wisconsin's dairy industry has met a real challenge in setting the enviable record of production it holds today. But in meeting this production challenge so much of the industry's power has been used up that there hasn’t been enough steam left to blow the whistle. Certainly the industry is doing a much Yr and better job in consumer sean in and advertising than it did 50 years BGO. However, it must be recognized y's economy calls for many times the’ sales ‘effort than' was necessary a half century ago. ‘ Conditions today are not the same. Fami- lies no longer get their milk from the family cow. Butter no longer comes from the fam- ily churn. Today's dairy producers and con- sumers are often thousands of miles away from each other. These miles of separation have done more than increase the cost of the finished product on consumers’ tables— they have caused lack of understanding. Producers are not always aware of the de- sires of the modern consumer. Consumers do not always apprectate the many complex problems involved in putting their dally miik supply on thetr doorsteps and dairy foods on the food counters. All this means that the dairy industry must do a better job in consumer information and selling than ever before. WE HAVE A THRILLING STORY TO TELL The dairy industry has a much hetter story to tell its customers about milk and dairy products than we hed 50 years ago. Only during recent years have we realised the im- portance of milk as & food. We are learning more every day. We have the advantages of better manufacturing methods, more at- tractive packaging end improved means of distribution and display. We also have more media for bringing our message to our po- tential customers than ever before. We are mental and phys- fea health among adults and for older folks, As medinal science increases the average length of Mfe the importance of proper au- trition during the sunset years becomes in- creasingly important. Here again milk plays 8 vital role. MILE IS OUR MOST NEARLY PERFECT FOOD
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Dr. E. B. Hart, famous University of Wis- congin biochemist, has said that “if you had to choose 4 single food on which to live for the rest of your life, your wisest possible choice would be milk.” Milk and dairy products, scientific studies show, provide a major part of the dally nu- tritive needs of the American people. They supply one-half of the average family’s nu- tritive needs and do it at a cost of only one-fourth of the total food budget! A quart of milk or its equivalent in other dairy products supplies approximately the following percentages of the daily nutritive requirements of an average man: Percent Caleclum....-. eee e wen cae een ene eee ewe ~ 100 Riboflavin..._-. we ont meron ee on oe nan sare ts we wune 82 PhosphorusB....2..- 2-2. een een een eee ee 87 Protein... nwnen----- we enn nn eee ene “9 Vitamin A......-.----.~-- 2 ee eee 80 Vitamin B...2.22------ + - ee wune 92 Calories....-..----------enenene nn weeeen 22 Vitamin Cuu. nee nnn een nen ee nee eens 19 Niacin. ....----------.----------- -- == 6 Tron....-..--..------ In eee ee ome neeeennn 3 Nutrition studies leave no doubt of the im- portance of dairy foods in the diet, These facts substantiate the claim that milk Is the most nearly perfect food. As Americans, in spite of our high nutritional standards, we are not consuming nearly as many dairy foods as we should, Increased use of these products is one of the foundation stones of good national health and strength. , TRANSLATE NEEDS INTO WANTS The fact that Americans need more milk and dairy products does not necessarily mean that they will buy and consume them. We don't always buy things because we need them. Frequently we buy the things we want. Here then, ts today’s big problem: We know that the American people need more dairy foods. We know that the dairy industry has these foods to sell. How can we translate these needs into wants? Here is where edu- cation of consumers through Nation-wide ad- vertising and promotion can make a real con- tribution. In this part of our program of moving dairy products from the farm to the table we have failed to do the job on the scale it must be done today. We have falled to tell the story of milk and milk products with the power, the continuity, and the drama that it de- serves, FIELD IS HIGHLY COMPETITIVE Today's food field is extremely competitive, with scores of products fighting for the con~ sumers’ doilar. On every side advertising dollars are being spent in record-breaking amounts, all for the purpose of making the consumer want the foods being advertised. National magazines, newspapers, radio, and television networks are all being useci to sell food. During the first 6 months of this year nearly #61,000,000 were spent for food ad- vertising through magazines, radio and tele- vision networks. For every dollar spent for advertising dairy products, $15 are spent for advertising other foods. Nutritionists tell us that dairy foods should account for one-fourth of the family food budget. On that basis we should have spent about 615,000,000, or nearly four times our actual advertising budget. DIMBS AGAYNST DOLLARS When we look at advertising for other products we are even further behind. Less than 86,000,000 were spent in national newspaper advertising for all agricultural products in 1949. Expenditures for compet- ing products include one hundred ‘and twelve millions for groceries, forty-two mil - Mons for alcoholic beverages, eighty-five mil- lions for automobiles, and twenty milliong for tobacco. These are heavy odds. Because of this in- tensive advertising barrage, the consumer now wants these other products. These de- sires are like powerful magnets pulling at the consumers’ pocketbooks. There is only one effective way of counter- acting this magnetic pull. That ts to create &@ desire for more dairy products, to change needs into wants. It can be done only by effective advertising telling the story of dairy products with all the dramatic inten- sity the dairy industry can develop. TEAMWORK CAN DO THE JOB How can the job be done? There is only one answer: more teamwork. No one group, no single unit in the dairy industry can carry the load alone. For many years the American Dairy Asso- ciation has served as the backfield for our dairy advertising team. Small contribu- tions from hundrads of thousands of dairy farmers have provided an advertising fund which has made 1t possible for dairy products to meet, at least in part, the advertising pull exerted by competing foods. Starting in a small way with three States—Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa—the ADA now unites the efforts of dairy producers in 41 States. Within the limits of the available funds it has done a marvelous job of year-around ad- vertising to create an increased desire for dairy products throughout the Nation. Your Wisconsin Department of Agricul- ture, through its dairy promotion section, has added its voice in proclaiming the story of dairy foods. Its work is made possible by the cooperation of the State legislature in making funds available for the promotion of dairy foods. Through the dairy promotion program your department of agriculture over the years has teamed up with the indus- try in “spreading the gospel” about dairy foods across the country, Most large na- tional conventions now have a small carton of Cheddar cheese at each plate, made pos- sible through dairy promotion funds. Dairy cookbooks, menus, and place mats are being universally distributed. All these have helped in Wisconsin's dairy food sales efforts. Large dairy companies have joined their dollars and the power of their sales organ- izations. Nationally and in the communi- ties where they operate, they have preached the thrilling story of better health and Greater vigor through dairy foods. Other allied food industries have also co~ operated—foods which are logically used in combination with dairy products. The in- fluence of their assistance is hard to meas- ure but it has been extremely effective. HAVE ONLY SCRATCHED THE SURFACE But in spite of all we have done, we have only scratched the surface. Since 1940, dairy products have gained 4 percent in volume of sales (by weight). Using the same period, fresh produce sales gained 18 percent, meats 17 percent, and eggs and poultry 32 percent, Is the dairy industry keeping pace? Perhaps what is needed is more emphasis upon taste-appeal—dairy products taste good, they are refreshing, you will enjoy eat- ing them—in addition to the appeal they are good for you and you need them. More emphasis upon the pleasure of good eating may be more effective. Today's greatest need is for increased ad- vertising teamwork-—-teamwork where every- one gets into the game of boosting the prod- uct. Wisconsin’s dairy industry can and should sell dairy foods, the greatest family of foods known to civilization, RESEARCH: THE KEY TO PROGRESS Through research, the dairy industry has made great progress. Not only have increased nutritional values been brought to light, but great strides have been made in the ftelds A1021 of better production, processing, and dis- tribution methods. Research efforts have given us new labor-saving equipment, to- gether with improved tools to measure quality, Several agencies are today's members of the dairy research team. Through the Na- tional Datry Council and other organiza- tions, the industry itself has made impor- tant contributions. Research laboratories in our own university and agricultural col- lege and other schools have offered many discoveries to the dairy industry, not to men- tion the vital role which private industry has played in progress through research. But in spite of the knowledge which has been gathered about milk, there is atill much to learn. Each day brings new horizons in the possible uses of dairy products. MILK IS REAL BRAIN FOOD For example, only recently we have learned that a direct relationship exists between the amount of sugar in milk and the size of the brain. A compound known as galactose, found only in milk sugar, plays a big part in brain development. Here is the key to the added mental alertness obtained from milk and dairy foods; here is the real brain food—milk. Research leads the way tn discovering new ‘uses and new products in the dairy industry. It has revealed that whey, a dairy byproduct, contains forms of hydrolized proteins. These same proteins, when injected into the blood stream, exhibit remarkable properties in re- viving human beings suffering from starva- tion. It is research such ag this that must lead the way in developing and expanding the use of dairy products. FEARFULLY AND WONDERFULLY MADE In spite of the many discoveries already made, milk continues to be an inexhaustible source of new marvels. Says a famous bio- chemist: “Milk is fearfully and wonderfully made. The more science studies milk, the more wonderful milk becomes, the more there is to discover of nature’s secrets. Na- ture put something into milk that cannot be duplicated in the laboratory.” To strengthen this observation, one recent study lists 274 known constituents and prop- erties of milk and 255 chemical components. And there remain unknowns which science, as yet, has not been able to isolate. These new facts are the basis of a pro gram to inform consumers about dairy prod- ucts. The unknowns in milk serve as a challenge to research to continue patiently the hunt for more information to ald in improving the health and well-being of our people through the use of dairy products. By developing new products, finding new uses for our present products and byprod- ucts, helping to reduce manufacturing costs, improving our methods of packaging, seek- ing new ways of merchandising, research renders @ great service to the dairy industry. Research and progress are inseparable. Research must lead the way. It must be miles ahead of actual practice. SUMMARY The future welfare of dairying is vital to all citizens of Wisconsin. Splendid progress has been made among the State’a 160,000 dairy farmers and 2,274 dairy plants in main- taining 2 record production of dairy foods so essential to the State and Nation. But 1950 finds the industry facing new problems and new challenges. Marketing is the No. 1 challenge facing America’s dairyland today. The dairy marketing program is being strengthened through teamwork in an in- dustry-wide milk-quality program, com- bined with more emphasis on advertising, pro notion, and research. Wisconsin's State Department of Agriculture has a part to play in helping the dairy industry meet this midcentury challenge.
A1022 ‘A Representative of the Free Nations of the World EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. THOMAS J. LANE OF MABBACHUESTTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27, 1951 Mr, LANE. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I wish to include the following artic'e from a recent issue of the Telegram-News, Lynn, Mass.: Asepassavor oy Goon Witt-—Lywn GI in Korea Laupep sr Bouporgs How a Lynn soldier ia serving as an am- bassador of good will in Korea was revealed today in a letter to the Telegram-News from two buddies in the war gone. Impressed with the philanthropy of Pfc William F. Pierce, whom they said has gone fer to inetill confidence of the Korean people toward the Americans, Corp. Bennie C. Rich and Corp. L. P. Fennessey wrote the follow- ing letter: “Evrror, TELEORAM-NEWS: “Since the beginning of time, people have sung the praises of great deeds done on the battlefields, but often as not the man behind the man, is forgotten. His is an importent fob also, since the front line men can't func- tion without him. “Many such stories as the following have probably crossed your desk, and no doubt after a period of time they become boring. But in all sincerity we feel that this one should be shown to the public. It portrays the American soldier, who has been called upon for every conceivable task since the beginning of the Army. “We feel aure that when and if the people of Lynn read this they will be proud of the fact that one of their boys has gone a long way toward showing the Korean people our way, the democratic way, of life. “Pio William F. Pierce since his arrival in Korea has continuously dreamed of his home town, his fern friends, and his girl that he has left be , but has not for- gotten his duty as a representative of the free nations of the world. He has shown a remarkable ability in improving the relation- ship and general feeling among the Korean people toward the Americans as a whole. He has gone far in teaching the people of the world the wisdom in the old adage: ‘Bulid your house by the side of the road and be a friend to man.’ “Bill staged an ‘amateur show,’ with candy and chewing gum es prizes, among the chil- dren of a wayside town that the train on awe that showed on their faces as they looked at the dusty, tired American saldiers who stepped out of that train to get a breath of treah air and stretch their legs. “They approachad singly and in patra, and then they seemed to appear out of nowhere, when they discovered that we did not come to loot, burn, and destroy as other nations had before us. They stood in line, if it might be calied that, as we all know how hard it is to bave children line up in an or- derly fashion, but they came to Bill es he passed out candy and then when he tried to have them sing, they pulled away as any other child would, but with them it was more pronounced. But Bill’s overwhelming smile and personality turned the trick. “He called them over and overcame the language berrier by signs and actions. The girls at first, they sang their quaint native songs in a reserved manner at first, and then with increased gusto. When the boys chimed in they sang in a boisterous and brag- gard manner, symbolic of an adoleacent who is trying his best to outshine the girls. When the initial prizes, which he got from his own personal rations, were distributed, do- nations were made by the other Cil's who were affected by the spontaneous response by the children. When the train continued on its weary journey it left many a saddened heart behind, but left many a pocket bulging with candy, gum, and other goodies, also & group of better citizens of a nation now in jeopardy because of the aggressive tactics of the North Koreans. This was made poseisle only by the philanthropy of Pfc William F, Pierce. “Truly, airs, this epitaph of an ambassador of good will, as well as a representative of our country, in the present crisis, will be remembered long; and as it is retold along with countless others, the beauty of the scene will undoubtedly be enhanced. “The soldier, Bill Pierce, does not know that thts is baing sent to you, for if he did, we feel sure that he wouldn’t approve of its being written. “Sincerely yours, “Oorp. Benniz C. Rich. “Corp. L. P. PenNwessy.” Not a Word About Economy Se eenmeneed EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. RALPH HARVEY OF INDIANA ‘IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27, 1951 Mr. HARVEY. Mr, Speaker, under Jeave to extend my remarks in the Recozp, I include the following editorial from the Liberty (Ind.) Herald of February 22, 1951: Nor a Worn Atovr Eoosomy The administration's tax message to Con- gress calle for very heavy increases in cor- poration and individual income taxes, on top of the boost which went into effect last October. Yt also asks for big jumps in the excise taxes on automobiles, household ap- pliances, and other commodtties. All of this was generally anticipated be- fore the ‘was made public, But tho startling part of the matter is that not a word is said about cutting nonessential Government costa. That was also true of the President's budget message, which went to Congress early in January. This blue- print for the coming fiscal year actually en- vistoned substantial in nondefense spending, to be piled onto a huge military budget, - APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Here is 9 policy which, if we accept it, can only lead to the impoverishment ‘of our people, the sapping of our energies and re- sources, and, in time, to the breakdown of our system of government. We are in a very different position now than we were in 1940, when the last defense program got rolling. Then taxes—local and State, as well as Federal-—were low by comparison with the present. So was the national debt. And the family cost of living was about half of today's figure. It has been authoritatively suld that the budget can be cut by as much as $8,000,000,- 000 in flelds which have nothing to do with the defense effort. That is not far from the amount the currently proposed tax bill is de- signed to raise. It is the plain duty of Con- gress to make every possible economy before approving new taxes. The people will pay what they have to pay, and make whatever sacrifices are necessary—but they cannot be expected to supinely accept “politics as usual” in this grim era of our history. Plenty To Buy EXTENSION OF REMARKS oF HON. GARDNER R. WITHROW or wisconsin IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27, 1951 Mr. WITHROW. Mr. Speaker, under unanimous consent to extend my re- marks in the Recor, I include an article which appeared in the Wall Street Jour- nal of February 7 relative to the increase in retail stocks. This article should make very interesting reading. Pisnry To Suy—Rerar Srocxs Tower, Sur- purrs Kyser Comina as Scans Saucs Ess— Derreotr Grore’s RoveragratoOr Brock Up 120 Percent in Yrar; Bic TV Risx mv PirtasuxcH; Some Meacstanrs Aas Negvous ‘When New Yorkers {] umbed through their ad-fat newspapers last Sunday they found big Macy's department store sale-ballyhooing @ 6550 television set for $320. The sale was symptomatic of a little noted fact of the hour: Despite the cry of “short- ages,” and despite the drain of January's pell-meil scare buying, the Nation's retailers are still loaded to the gunwales with con- sumer goods, The pattern is the same everywhere. A Wall Street Journal 10-city survey finds store after store with the biggest stocks ever—and continuing to receive a tremendous flow of goods from manufacturers. “No items are short, not even ammunition in our sportirg goods department,” says a Los Angeles department store executive, SOME ARE NERVOUS Some merchants are growing a ifttle ner- vous about thetr lapful. They've had several psychological jolta this wees. After watch- ing Nation-wide department sales roar 32 percent above a year ago in the 4 weeks through January 27, they saw sales in New York stores reported only 6 percent over 1060 in the week through February 3—and Phila- delphia sales charted 6 percent under 1960. Sales trends have been ziguagging so much in recent months, of course, that there's no assurance this slow-up will continue long. Tt's possible another burst of consumer buy- ing could be induced soon by Treasury Bec-. retary Suyder’s call for a 25-percent manu- facturers exalse on big home appliances, Since retatlers’ present inventories would be
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD free from this tax, these might move out in @ hurry. Consumer hard goods—on which most of the shortage talk centers—is the field in which the retailers appear to be most heavily loaded. A big department store in Detroit has on hand neurly five times as many television receivers as at this time last year. Its stocks of re<rigerators are up 120 percent, of furni. ture 11 percent. ACROSS THE BOARD One of Pittsburgh's biggest stores gives this account of its inventory situation, com- pared with a year ago: Television sets, up 200 percent; rugs, up 75 percent; refrig- erators and stoves, up 40 percent; furniture, up 85 percent; tolletries and perfumes, up 26 percent; clothing, up 10 percent. In Cambridge, Mass., }ioller’s, a furniture @nd appliance emporium, says its stocks average 20 percent greater than a year ago, with the biggest increases coming in washing machines, refrigerators, and television seta. And one of the owners of the Good House- keeping Shops, Inc., a chain of five furniture and appliance stores in Chicago, says his firm now has the largest inventories ever carried. Each store, he adds, has an aver- age 90-day supply of television receivers, re- frigerators, washing machines, and furniture; a normal stock, he figures, would be enough to last 30 days, MORE COMING IN On top of the higher inventories ts the continuing heavy delivery of goods by manu- facturers. Robert Gorman, appliance man- ager for Plunkett-Rogers Co., an appliance and furniture shop on Chicago’s West Side, calculates television sets are pouring in ata clip 50 percent faster than a year ago, The pace on refrigerators, washing machines, and stoves, he says, 1s up 80 percent. An Official of a Detroit department store puts its receipts of goods of all kitds in Jan- uary at 20 percent above the like 1960 month. And he thinks deliveries will continue to outstrip last year's for some months to come, For another indication of irony tn short- age talk, listen to Marvin Cossy, partner in Edward B. Dublin & Son, Chicago appliance store: “Television sets are supposed to be on an allocation basis, but it’s a funny thing that manufacturers keep calling up and ask. ing if I want more merchandise.” “ALWAYS THE LAST” The Los Angeles store which finds not even ammunition in short supply adds that it re- cently received more of the stuff. “And though we've been told by the manufacturers this was the last shipment,” says a spokes- man, “we've been told that for the last sev- eral orders.” And retailers have some sizable orders still sitting in manufacturers’ files. If any con- siderable percentage of these is filled, re- tail stocks may be heaped higher yet. The Plunkett-Rogers store in Chicago now has on order six times as many refrigerators, stoves, and washing machines as a year ago. In Boston, Harry Sussman, president of appliance-vending National Sales Co., says he's put in blanket orders with all his sup- ply sources and will take all they can give him. MORE MEN'S WEAR, MORE MUSIC The general manager of a big Detroit men’s wear store has ordered about 10 percent more than last year for the forthcoming spring season, and he’s trying to get the spring finery delivered in February instead of March. And Robert Benson, proprietor of Chi- cago's Benson Music Shop, Inc., reports: “I'm buying further ahead now than last year, about 60 days against 30 days tast February.” fa scare should come along soon, the resultant dip in public purchasing might prove a severe blow for some atores with heayy inventories, say some retailers. In case of such a stump, predicts a Boston TV dealer, “a Jot of banks will find themselves in the television-set business.” R. C. Bernier, of Bernier's Radio & Electric Co., in Cleveland, who’s not ordering far in advance, observes, “The grass will be awfully brown if we should suddenly come into 4 peacetime economy.” THE TREND IS STINKO The merchandise manager of a big Pitts- burgh department store sees the present buy-~ ing trend as a possible index to the future, and remarks: “The scare buying spree started to taper off the last week in January. The firet day in February was stinko.” . And Jim Earle, who runs Chicago's Wood- lawn Radio & Music Co., utters this word of caution: “The combination of an early Easter and a continuation of the cold weather may give a set-back to a lot of dealers getting up to their neck in merchandise that 1s costing plenty to finance.” The general abundance of things to buy doesn't mean, of course, that absolutely every consumer item is still untouched by war. There are exceptions. The copper- bottomed frying pan situation, for example, is not so good. Titche-Goettinger Co., one of Dallas’ lead- ing department stores, reports its supplies of copper-bottomed frying pans are just about cleaned out. An official order has banned their manufacture after March 1. Other stores the country over are running short of this ware. Foam-rubber mattresses are increasingly scarce, finds Arthur Larson, advertising and sales promotion manager for big Powers Furniture Co., in Portland, Oreg. And a Pittsburgher reports low-price bed sheets hard to come by. A Lesson in Socialism EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. LEON H. GAVIN OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27, 1951 Mr.GAVIN. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Recorp, [ include the following editorial from the Oll City (Pa.) Derrick of February 22, 1951: A Lesson 1n SOCIALISM Students in a Yonkers, N. Y., high school have a far better understanding of the fal- lacy of the Socialist theory of “take” and “give” as result of the ingenuity of a teacher of economics and history in that institution of learning. Recognizing that these students had lived their Mves exclusively in an atmosphere pol- luted by the propaganda of the Soctalist planners who held the reins of government, the teacher struck upon 4 novel method to show how false is the theory which his pupils generally had been led to accept. But we'll let the teacher tell his owa story that you, too, may recognize the dangers that lie ahead {tf we blindly follow the preachments of those who would guide us down the path to a welfare state. “As a teacher in the public schools, I find that the Socialist-Communist idea of taking ‘from each according to his ability,’ and giv- ing ‘to each according to his need’ is now generally accepted without question by most of our pupils. In an effort to explain the fallacy in this theory, I sometimes try this approach with my pupils: “When one of the brighter or harder- working pupils makes a grade of 95 on a A1023 test, I suggest that I take away 20 points and give them to a student who has made only 65 points on his teat. Thus each would contribute according to his ability and— since both would have a passing mark—each would receive according to his need. After T have juggied the grades of all the other pupils in this fashion, the result is umually & common-ownership grade of between 7. and 80—the minimum needed for passing or for survival, Then I speculate with the pupils as to the probable resuits if I actually used the socialistic theory for grading papers. “First, the highly productive puplis—and they are always a minority in school as well as in life—would soon lose all incentive for producing. Why strive to make a high grade if part of it is taken from you by authority and given to someone else? “Becond, the less productive pupile—a majority in school as elsewhere—would, for a time, be relieved of the necessity to study or to produce. This Socialist-Communist system would continue until the high pro- ducers had sunk—or had heen driven down— to the level of the low producers. At that point, in order for anyone to survive, the authority would have no alternative but to begin a system of compulsory labor and punishments against even the low producers, They, of course, would then complain bit- terly, but without understanding. “Finally, I return the discussion to the ideas of freedom and enterprise—the market economy—where each person has freedom of choice, and is responsible for his own deci sions and welfare. “Gratifyingly enough, most of my pupils then understand what I mean when I explain that socialism—even in a democracy—will eventually result in a ving death for all except the authorities and a few of their favorite lackeys.” A Sly Back-Stabber EXTENSION OF REMARKS CLARE E. HOFFMAN OF MICHIGAN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27, 1952 Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr, Speaker, under permission given, there is printed herewith one of Drew Pear- son's recent syndicated articles: Tre Dany WAsHINGTON Mrrrr-Go-Rounn (By Drew Pearson) WasHINGTON.—The bitter row over labor participation in the mobilization picture boils down partly to a clash with Gen, Luctus Clay, former military governor of Germany, now right-hand man to Defense Mobilization Czar Charles BE. Wileon. There is also a lot of peeve against Harry S, Truman personally, Clay, a hard-hitting, hard-working Army Officer, accustomed to giving and taking or- ders, was continually clashing with civilians when he served as right-hand man to War Mobilizer Jimmy Byrnes in World War I. Later, while in Germany, he established what is probably a record for any American official. He cabled his resignation to the State De~ partment as military governor of Germany three times in 1 day. Tiustrative of Clay’s dificulties with labor leaders is one backstage incident involving the appointment of a manpower commis- sioner. President Truman hed telephoned Mobili+ gation Czar Wilson asking him to appoint ex-Senator Frank Graham, of North Caro- lina, as Manpower Commissioner, Former
Al024 president of the University of North Caro~ lina, Dr. Graham served as a member of the War Labor Board in World War II and played & potent part in keeping labor relations on an even keel. Wilson seemed to welcome Truman’s sug- gestion, but later, when Graham called on Willison and General Clay, the latter made it clear that Graham would be only one of six assistants, and would report not to Mobitizer Boss Wilson but to Clay through ‘Wall Street Investment Banker Sidney Wein- Under these hamatringing conditions Grae ham politely declined. Nore: Graham subsequently went to Alaska, showed how skillful he wag in han- dling labor relations by smoothing out & difficult situation threatening to stop vital construction of Air Force housing and Army fortifications. CLAY STAGES A VISHINSKY On another occasion General Clay had calied a closed-door conference attended by Secretary of Labor Tobin, Selective Service Director Hershey, and Presidential Aide Dan- lel H. Stowe to discuss manpower problems, Clay at that time was all set to announce his own man as Manpower Commissioner, but he had scarcely begun to talk when White House Assistant Stowe interrupted. He ad- vised that he had instructions from the President that the manpower commissioner- ship was not to be discussed. Btowe did not say so, but the President knew, even then, how vigoroualy labor felt on the subject, and he did not want General Clay dictating the appointment. Faced with this message from the White House, Clay got red under the collar and stamped out. Later he got his way. His own candidate, Arthur Flemming, of the Civil Service Com- mission, became Manpower Commissioner— after belng pushed through by Wilson him- self. This is one of the reasons labor is so sore. BIG-BUSINEES TYCOONS Another reason 1s the number of big-busi- ness tycoons around Wilson and the manner in which they dominate the mobilization Picture. Here are some of them: General Clay, on Jeave from Continental Can; Fred Searls, on leave from Newmont Mining, a J. P. Morgan firm; Sidney Wein- berg, head of Goldman, Sachs, investment bankers; Howard Chase, of General Mills; Alfred Howse, of the Forest Land Develop- ment Co., general economic adviser to Wilson, The operations of Weinberg’s Goldman, Bechs investment house during the depres~- sion, incidentally, was one of the reasons why Congress passed the Securities and Ex- change Act. While these are skilled businessmen, they eerve as “no dollar” men. In other words, they are paid not by the Government but by thetr own companies, thus are in the difficult position of serving one master but being pald by another. Federal Patronage in Mississippi REMARKS HON. JOHN BELL WILLIAMS OF MISSINGIPPI IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, February 26, 1951 Mr. WILLIAMS of Mississippi. ‘Mr. Speaker, betrayal of a public trust is one of the most despicable of all crimes. Charges were made in the other body last Wednesday, and with good reason, that Federal patronage jobs in Missis- sippi were being bought and sold like sardines across ‘the counter, These charges are serious. They have long been the subject of common, everyday conversation in the State of Mississippi. ‘There is evidence that in some instances jobs have been sold. I hope in the inter- est of honest government and sound ad- ministration the chairman of the Com- mittee on Post Office and Civil Service will see that these charges are thor- oughly aired, and, if substantiated, those responsible for perpetuating these crimes will be brought to the bar of justice. Shipment of Critical Materials by Great Britain to Russia EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. HERMAN P. EBERHARTER OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27, 1951 Mr. EBERHARTER. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I in- clude a letter to me from Judge Henry Elienbogen, of the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, Pa. a former Member of this body, dated Feb- ruary 28, 1951, and an editorial from the Pittsburgh Press dated Thursday, Fab- ruary 15, 1951, on the subject of sale and shipment of critical defense materials by Great Britain to Soviet Russia: Jupoes’ CHAMBERS, Court or Common P.iEas, Pittsburgh, Pa., February 23, 1951. Hon. Heaman P. EverHarrer, House Office Busiding, Washington, D.C. Dear ConcressmMANn: I am enclosing an edi- torial from the Pittsburgh Preas of Thursday, February 15. The editorial is startling, and it appears to be absurd that we and our allies should fight Communists in Korea, while, at the same time, we or our allies should supply our enemies with the means to fight us. Many of our brave boys have been Killed or wounded with the material furnished to the enemy, and many others will suffer and die in the trying days ahead. The legal situation appears to be that the United Nations has branded both China and North Korea as aggressors. Great Britain is an important member of the United Nations. A decent respect for the resolution of the UN should cause England to suspend further shipment of ali materials to China—at least until the United Nations has decided what sanctions should be applied against the ag- gresgor nations, If a resolution of the United Nations does not carry that much weight among its own members—and Great Britain voted for the resolution—then such a resolution would ap- pear to have little value. If all free nations stand together in a de- termined resistance against the Communist Aaggreasors, who would enslave all peoples and degrade mankind, the cause of freedom ia sure to triumph. But if Great Britain pays no attention to resolutions of the United Nations, which have been solemniy ad after much deliberation, and sells critical materials to China that strengthen her in the Aight against the United Nations, then the free world is indeed in jeopardy. T hope that you will call this matter to the attention of our Government, with the view APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD that our Government may take effective ateps to cause Great Britain to suspend its trade with China. I would also apprectate it if you would bring this matter to the attention of your fellow Congressmen, and the country at large, by having this letter and the enclosed editorial inserted in the COonarrssionaL Sincerely yours, Henay Exciaeneo--"" ee Briris# Ler Ua Down Britiah shipments of iron and steel to Red China last December alone were almoust as much as her total shipments for 12 months of 1949. British woolen goods exports to Red China shot up from 62,000 in December 1049 to $300,000 in December 1950, And in the same related periods, British shipments of as- sorted machinery, also vehicles of various kinds, rose from a few thousand dollars to hundred of thousands. Britain in 1950 sold 20 times as much raw rubber to the Soviet Union as in 1949. Right now two shiploads of rubber totaling 10,000 tons are at sea between Singapore and Hong Kong, destined for a Communist enemy which British troops are fighting on two fronts. And the socialistic British Government says it has no intention of stopping these shipments. A Conservative member of Commons got & brush off this week when he asked Prime Minister Attlee whcther he was aware that British rubber was moving to Hong Kong and what he proposed to do to prevent the loss of this strategic material. An under secretary merely confirmed that the rubber, worth 610,000,000, was on the way and said the Government intended to do nothing about it. No British paper printed the story, or men- tioned the huge rubber shipments, according to a London dispatch. Small wonder. Reports from Korea yese terday sald that Red tanks and self-pro- pelled guns spearheaded a drive which threatened to cut off 100,000 Allied troops in- cluding British around Seoul, If those tanks weren’t made of British steel, if those self-propelled guns weren't moving on British rubber, they could have been—or more like them will be. How can we win a wer when an aily per- sists in selling much needed raw materials to the enemy? Senator O’Conor, of Maryland, repeatedly has called attention to the “alarming pro- portions” of strategic materials exports from Britain to the tron-curtain countries. In the first 10 months of 1950 these exports have aggregated $68,000,000. His subcommittee on export controls and Policies is doing valuable work in disclosing Britain's trade with the enemy. Its findings should get closest attention as Congress looks into the foreign-aid proposals in the Truman budget. Soil Conservation EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. GARDNER R. WITHROW OF WISCONSIN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuestay, February 27, 1951 Mr, WITHROW. Mr. Speaker, under unanimous cons:nt to extend my re- marks in the Recorp, I include a reso- Nation unanimously passed by the Wis- consin Association of Soll Conservation District Supervisors representing 61
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD county-wide districts in the State of Wisconsin, This resolution was sent to me by Mr. Herbert Meyer, secretary of the association. It is needless for me to extol at this time the virtues of soil conservation. We are accomplishing great things in Wisconsin through the application of intelligent soil-conservation methods. All groups are working in harmony, which probably is greatly accountable for the results being obtained. WISCONSIN ASSOCIATION oF SOIL ConsrrvaTion Disraicr SUPERVISORS, Baraboo, Wis., February 2, 1951. Hon. Garpnzr R. Wrrnrow, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. Dear Mr, WirHRow: As secretary of the Wisconsin Association of Botl Conservation District Supervisors, representing 61 county- wide districts in the State, I have been in- structed to transmit to you the following resolution: “Whereas conservation of our soil and water resources fs essential to the vigorous health and high morale of our people, a st ong national defense, and our democratic system of government, is an established and accepted truth; and “Whereas soil-conservation diatricts, dem- ocratically organized and locally controlled local units of State government, have proved to be an effective group through which this vitally important national assignment can be accomplished; and “Whereas soll-conservation district super- visors have secured excellent cooperation from State and Federal agencies and or- ganizations, particularly the Soil Conserva- tion Service, in working toward a well- rounded program of proper land use and soil and water conservation, and since cone tinuation of this essential work is dependent on keeping a strong and adequately financed Soil Conservation ice; and ‘whereas rumors in the press indicate that various reorganization ideas are under ion, which would weaken or de- stroy the direct technical assistanoe the Soil Conservation Service is giving districts: Therefore be it “Resolved, That the Wisconsin Members of Congress, and the United States Secretary of Agriculture be informed that sotl-con- servation district supervisors in assembly at 8 State meeting in Madison, Wis., on Febru- ary 1, 1961, hereby enthusiastically endorse the work of the Soil Conservation Service and do further petition that this agency be administratively strengthened, kept a sep- arate bureau tn the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, given full responsi- bility for Federal help on soll and water conservation, and given adequate appropria- tions to take care of technical needs of farmera of the Nation through the medium of our soil-conservation districts.” Your consideration and support of our resolution will be greatly appreciated, Very truly yours, Hersrar RK. Mrrxz, Secretary. Reconstruction Finance Corperation EXTENSION OF REMARKS ar HON. THOMAS J. LANE OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27, 1951 Mr. LANE, Mr, Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I wish to include xXovit—App.—§ 5 the following interesting article which appeared in the Boston Globe, Boston, Mass., on February 26, 1951: T. G. M.'s Cotumy RYC NEED MAKE NO APOLOGIES FOR ITS SMALL LOANS’ These are unhappy days for the Recon- struction Finance Corporation. The agency seems to be up to its neck in a hot brew of Lustron (housing), Texmass (oil) and vari- ous other none too savory ingredients. Pre- siding, of course, is chief chef Senator J. W, FULsRiIGHT, and assistant chefs, Senators Tovey and Pau. Dovatas. The RFO, in short, stands charged with yielding to political influence in the granting of loans. A secondary but almost equally uncom- fortable situation has been brought about by the curious coincidence that about 11 different employees of the agency have re- signed over the past few years and then shown up a few weeks later with fat jobs v.ith some of the agency’s largest borrow- ers—by chance only a few weeks after these companies had been loaned money, All in all the giant $2,000,000,000 lending agency is in a mess, a fact which causes no great sadness in the hearts of the many who for some years have had thetr scalping knife out for the RFC anyway on the theory that it represented an infringement of the prin- ciples of free enterprise and offered a dan- gerous degradation to the whole structure of private credit. Even the White House has gone skittish in this mess, ordering copies of the agency’s correspondence with Members of Congress on the subject of applications for loans and playing a sort of on-agatn-off-again game as to whether to turn control of the agency over to a single man or to continue its present five-man Board of Directors. WINETY PRECENT OF LOANS UNDER $100,000 All of this ts too bad. It is too bad because over the years the RFO has done a rather remarkable job of playing “poor man’s bank” to thousands of small-business men who might otherwise have gone to the wall. Less than 10 percent of the agency's loans are for an amount in excess of $100,000, and hence come to the Washington office for ap- proval—and it is in the Washington office where the political pressure has been applied apparently. The average small-business man must first go to his commercial bank. Only If this and other sources of private credit have been ex- hausted may he apply to the RFO, which thus gets only risks which commercial banks either cannot, or do not, wish to undertake. If his application is among the 90 percent under $100,000-—~-4,904 last year out of a total of 5,506 loans, for instance—it 1s authorized or rejected by the regional office having ju- risdiction in the city where he lives. Only if he is afters big money does he enter the Washington picture. Even with such political abuses as have no doubt occurred, the RFO has an interesting lending record. It has authorived a total of 69,000 loans amounting to $4,600,000,000 since it was founded by Congress in 1932, a pet anti- depression measure of President Hoover. Although these loans include the so-called defense loans during World Wer IZ and loans under the National Housing Act, total losses have been only 101,000,000, out of which 685,000,000 was in the one loan to Lus- tron, which was made only after its O. K. by @ highly respected private engineering firm and receipt of a signed letter urging its Howse atationery. : On its normal peacetime lending program the agenoy has suffered a ratio of loss of less than three-fourths of 1 percent, a record A1025 comparable to that of most banking insti- tutions. AID TO AUTO DEALERS AND SMALL GROCERIES The big loans that the agency makes— the ones that perhaps go sour or turn up with suggestions of improper political tn- fluence—are the ones that make the head~ ines and hold public attention, But what of these—the 159 motor vehicle Gealers who last year borrowed #4,785,000 from the agency, an average of @30,000 each—~ the 119 grocery stores which borrowed on the average of $1,500—the 103 motels and auto courts which borrowed less than §3,000 each—and the other 2,800 borrowers for amounts leas than $25,000? Or the other 2,000 who borrowed between 825,000 and $100,000? These loans—not the politically preasured Lustron, nor the rich man’s tax high jinks of Texmass—make up the great mass of RFO loans. These are almost entirely term loans of the sort which commercial banks do not make, so-called capital or term loans in order to expand or resuscitate a small business. Perhaps the RFC should have its cars pinned back by being prevented by statute from making loans in the larger amounts, and be forced in the future to confine its activities to the small business loans with which it has done such a apectacular job. It has been big business, not the little fellows, which has been singing siren songs to the agency. Joun HaRgIMan, America the New Canaan EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. E. L. FORRESTER OFr GEORGIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27, 1951 Mr. FORRESTER. Mr. Speaker, on Thursday, February 22, we listened to the reading of Gen. George Washington’s immortal address. This wonderful speech, and the unselfish patriotic and distinguished service of this great man always serves as an inspiration to me, and, I believe, to this body. Iam wondering if it would not be well that we consider the omnipotent hand of God in the fashioning of a man like Gen- eral Washington and every other citizen that has made any enduring contribu- tion to our Republic and way of life, and in the creation of our country? The day of miracles has not passed. Our country is a miracle, for if had a spiritual birth. No one can ever con- vince me that the winning of our inde- pendence was not a miracle performed under the approval and guidance of Al- mighty God by patriotic, poor but pious, men and women, willing to be led by God and that God looked down from heaven and smiled on their ambitions to set up a Republic, governed by representatives of the people. I will always believe that God intended this country to be a new Canaan. A home for disciplined and godly people. God disciplined the people of old Canaan before permitting them to set foot upon that land. Anyone studying history, especially biblical history, must be impressed with
A1026 the similarity of the people’s ambitions for old Canaan and the ambitions of our forefathers for this new Canaan, in that they desired God as their King and their guide, and must be impressed with the similarity of God's omnipotent hand in His provision for leadership. As Joshua was the leader into old Canaan, George Washington was the leader of the new. The comparison of these two figures is interesting to me. Both of these men were permitted to see the lands before fighting upon them. Joshua saw old Canaan when he went as a spy. General Washington saw the land he was to fight for as a citizen, as @ surveyor and as a soldier, Both were commanders in chief of their respective armies. They both fought a 7 years’ war, They both fought against terrifying odds numerically, and both had their tempers and faith sorely tried. They both estab- lished 13 colonies, one of which was my native State of Georgia. One might say, there were only 12 tribes o Israel, and that is correct, but we must not forget that the portion of Joseph was divided between Ephraim and Manessah. Both were the first presidents of their respective republics. Both were humble enough, and thank God, big enough and wise enough to give God the entire credit for their victories, and to remind their people that their country’s destiny was dependent upon their submissiveness to God. Consequently, our form of government was spiritual in its origin. Democracy is not, and cannot be for other than spiritual people. In some quarters today it is considered smart to deny God. Yet, those people are now partaking of fruits, and reaping generously where they have not sown, all the gifts of the God they deny. Our forefathers had their problems. General Washington had his. There was the atheist then es now. Then there were the Tories. As a boy, I wondered what manner of men were those Tories. What was their thinking that they could object to a government by men? And, how could anyone object to such a Gov- ernment as our patriots had conceived? I searched the books for the answer, and found it. I read many of their speeches, and was startled to find that these peo- ple opposed our freedoms upon the premise that history had indubitably proven that no democracy had existed more than 200 years, and contended that within 200 years the people would be- come so corrupt, so greedy, so power- conscious, so demanding of the Govern- ment's obligations to them whether real or supposed, while so thoroughly forget- ful of the practical fact that the Gov- ernment could give nothing that the citi- gens had not already in the performance of their obligations given the Govern- ment, that they would pull down the pillars that supported the temple of de- mocracy, Our forefathers knew this history, and they did not deny the arguments of facts the Tories set forth. But our people and General Washington said: “That need not be the case at all, for so long as we walk with God and serve Him. He will be merciful and our Government will endure.” That has been the touchstone of America. That explains the fact that from our humble but spiritual beginning we have become the greatest and richest nation the world has ever know. In the light of the Tories’ argument, however, it is exceedingly worth while that we now appraise their predictions. We are now approaching 200 years as a Republic. What is the situation today concerning the greed, corruption, power madness, and demands of the people without any thought of those people as to their duties and obligations to the Government? It is pitiful to see so many in the so- called name of higher education at- tempting to destroy God as our leader, and to wipe out every concept that made our country great, In these times of crisis surpassing any other crisis of the human race, we could do no finer thing or more patriotic thing than to firmly resolve to go back to the God and the faith and the concepts of our founding fathers and General Washington. Myr. Speaker, February 22, was not only Gen. George Washington's birthday, but was also the birthday of another great American, and a product of the little, but fine county, Lee County, Ga., where I was born and reared. I refer to Hon. Frank Lebby Stanton. This man and his week- ly newspaper published at Smithviile, Lee County, Ga., caught the eye and won the admiration of all America, Born in poverty, he did not consider poverty a disgrace, nor did he appeal for help from his Government. Living as he did, short- ly after the War Between the States, he in common with his people and section knew the touch of poverty, famine, and oppression. But he knew and his people and section knew the promise of Amer- ica. Our Government had said to him and to his and to every citizen, “You can go as far as your will to work and ability will permit you to go.” He knew, and we know, that is all that any honest government can say. That is all any honest man can desire that his govern- ment say. With a heart full of love for his people, his family, and his country, and e belief in all of them, he put his head, his hands, and his heart to work. In a short while this country boy was with the Atlanta Constitution, then the South’s greatest newspaper, and with the immortal Henry W. Grady, who was one of the greatest orators, newspaper writers, and Americans this world has ever seen, Mr, Stanton was a poet. The South’s sweetest singer. Everyone has heard that beautiful song, Mighty Lak a Rose. Perhaps you do not know Mr. Stan- ton wrote that song in the matter of a few minutes and immediately after he had stood by the bedside of his little son who was stricken with infantile paralysis. As that little mite of human- ity lay on his bed in pain with cheeks reddened by the heat of a high fever, Mr. Stanton’s mother said, “He looks like arose.” Mr, Stanton left the sick room, took up his pencil and wrote that song eee the people of this Nation still sing, Mr. Stanton loved his family. On one occasion, Mrs. Stanton went to South Carolina to visit relatives, leaving Mr. Stanton at home. Mr. Staaton, coming home from work, immediately missed the APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD companionship of his wonderful wife. There was the empty chair, so he sat down and wrote his wife a letter in song. You know it, and America sings it, the title being “Just a Wearyin’ for You.” Mr, Stanton loved our country. On one occasion a depression visited our country and section. Our people were in despair. There were problems to be faced and to be solved by a resolute peo- ple, and not by people who despaired. In his desire to build up the morale of the people by a message in song, he wrote those words: This old world we are living in, is mighty hard to beat; Oh, you get a thorn with every rose, but ain’t the roses sweet. The heartthrobs of America were al- ways sweet to Frank L. Stanton, of Lee County, Ga. Mr. Stanton left that feel- ing with his people. Today I proudly say to you that the people of our section love this country with a devotion second to none. And our section loves God also. Some writers and newspapers have re- ferred to us in tones of disparagement, criticism, and pity as “the Bible Belt.” We take that reference as a great com- pliment and accept the title with thank- fulness. As our junior Senator, Hon. Rrcwarp B, RussE.., observed, however: It is refreshing to note that some of those higher critics now realizing the dangers of an atomic bon:b, have suddenly become quite anxious that we move over a little and let then aim the protection of a God they had en. . Wherever you see godly men and women, and ministers of God, those whom God has put his infallible finger upon and said, “I want you,” preaching the Book as it was written and not the interpretations some men placed on it about 10 years ago, there you will see the principles of General Washington and Frank L. Stanton not only enduring, but prospering every hour. I thank God for these men I have mentioned, and for all men and women of like mind over the 48 States and the world, And we have many, and no sec- tion has a complete monopoly, and I hope they rise up with the courage God gives his true servants and assert themselves boldly in this critical hour. The Selective Service Draft EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. USHER L. BURDICK OF NORTH DAKOTA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27, 1951 Mr. BURDICK. Mr. Speaker, the present operation of the selective-service draft, if continued, will have a disastrous effect on the farm production in North Dakota for 1951 and 1952. As everyone ought to know, farming is now done by tractor power—practi- cally everything is done by power ma- chinery on a farm. The old men were uséd to horses and horsedrawn machin- ery, and it is the younger men whn are
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD operating the tractor power. Practically every one of these boys is a mechanic, many schooled in that work, and the old men cannot operate without some of these boys. I understand that the Army wants them—tuore than any other class—~because they are mechanics and the Army is now tractor-propelled. The Army seems to think other men can be supplied and the production will go right along. We had experience in that in the last war. Men were sent out to the farms that could not tell a combine from a road grader. They at- tempted to operate tractors and com- bines. They smashed up more machin- ery than they were worth even if they had worked for nothing. Evidently the Army does not want these men and is trying to pawn them off on the farmers of the Northwest. Production of food is an important business to this country and to those of our allies who are actually fighting with us, This food must be produced. I know any number of farmers who produce twenty to thirty thousand bush- els of grain annually where their boys are being drafted and the old men will sim- ply have to quit farming. The draft boards, the appeal boards, and the whole machinery of the selective service is guided by one thing and one thing only, What does the Army say about this? If the general of the selective service says draft, draft it is. Congressmen do not like to interfere and ask deferments, as it would look like a sabotage of the war effort. It seems to me the Army ought to know, without any congressional appeals, that produc- tion is vital to the war effort. The Legislature of North Dakota has spoken of this subject oy a concurrent resolution and I submit the resolution herewith: House Concurrent Resolution C Concurrent resolution urging that the draft of essential agricultural labor be kept at & minimum and not materially reduce es- sential agricultural production and the harvest and care of agricultural resources Whereas it is absolutely essential for the best interests of the people of the United States and of the State of North Dakota that maximum and uninterrupted production of all agricultural crops and livestock ordinarily raised and grown in the State of North Da- kota be maintained during the period of the present emergency, and ‘Whereas, to produce and harvest a crop in North Dakota and otherwise to engage in agricultural pursuits to the maximum ca- pacity of the farmers of this State, it is absolutely necessary that adequate help be avaliable on the farms of this State; and ‘Whereas it now appears to be the policy of selective service to draft and induct into the service of the United States farm boys essential to the operation of the farms of the State of North Dakota and to the production of the maximum amount of crops and the proper harvest and care of our agricultural resources: Now, therefore, be it Besolved by the House of Representatives of the Thirty-second Legislative Assemdly of the State of North Dakota (the senate con- curring therein), That we do hereby urge and request that the drafting of essential farm help in the State of North Dakota be kept at a minimum, and that no farm boys or farm help be drafted or inducted into the service of the United States where such draft will materially reduce the operation of farm units to maximum capacity; and be it further Resolved, That veterans of World War II who are now actively engaged in farming be given priority over nonveterans, tnaofar as agricultural deferments are concerned; be it further Resolved, That the Director of Belective Service be apprised of the action of the thirty-second legislative masembly by the adoption of this resolution, and that a copy be forwarded to him; and Le it further Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be forwarded to the entire congressional delega- tion from the State of North Dakota. Lxo StTuKa, Speaker of the House, Eannetn L. Morgan, Chief Clerk of the House, Whisky Ocean EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. GARDNER R. WITHROW OF WISCONSIN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27, 1951 Mr. WITHROW. Mr. Speaker, under unanimous consent to extend my re- marks in the Recorp, I include an article, which appeared in the February 7 issue of the Wall Street Journal, which deals with and points out the fact that ever since the Korean crisis, the distillers of this country have been upping their out- put in some instances more than 50 per- cent. There is no shortages; in reality, there is a “glut.” Wrisxy OcraNn—Distriters Hike Bourson, Rye Ovrrvur sy 60 PERCENT; TIPPLERS ARE LETHARGIC—-WHOLESALERS, RETAILERS BOOST Stocks AGAINST SHoRTAGES; Coutp THERE Bu a Gur? (By T. A. Wise and Michael J. Saada) Whisky, whisky everywhere. . Since Korea, the pipelines from still: to retail store have filled to near the bursting point. The Nation’s distillers have hiked their whisky output by 50 percent. Whole- salers have built their stocks from a 47-day supply to an estimated 60-day one. Re- tailers have increased their buying by 17 percent, “There's more bourbon, rye, and blends in this country today than at any time in his- tory,” declares one big eastern wholesaler. “‘There’s enough in stock to fill demand for eight peacetime years; when World War II broke out stocks were equal to about 4 years’ demand.” Adds one in New York: “There's so much whisky stacked on Manhattan that an A- bomb blast would plaster half of Phila- delphia.” TIFPLING NOT BRISK The reason for this feverish stockpiling of firewater, of course, is the fear that the Government may restrict whisky output ag it did in World War I. But how about the Nation's tipplers? They’ve barely increased their buying of potent beverages. Most re- tallers report little or no gain in whisky sales. At best the storemen find eales up 3 t from this time last year. estion: Could either a “peace scare” or a shatp demand ¢rop bring inventory dis- comfort to the whisky merchants? A etiff hike in the Federal excise tax from 69 a galion to $12, as proposed by President Truman, might bring a sharp sag in demand, In November 1942, when excises were raised, A1027 © case sales of whisky plunged. In Michigan, fur example, the drop was nearly 40 percent, In North Carolina it was 43 percent. WORRY SIGNS SLIGHT If the whisky makxers are worrled they show little sign of it. Big distillers like Pub- licker and Schenley and little ones itke Glen- more are still operating full blast. And they are increasing their bulging storage space to cram in more whisky. For example, National Distillers, which just finished building two new warehouses, is building Ave more. Brown-Forman recently purchased an old lumber mill in Louisville and turned it into a warehouse. Calvert Distilling Co., @ subsidiary of Dis- tillers Corp.-Seagram, 1s putting up six 600,- 000-gallon tanks for storage of spirits at its Relay, Md., plant. Each of those tanks could theoretically take care of 1 dny’s whisky consumption for the entire Nation. Calvert has also leased more space for aging whis- ky—some 60,000 square feet, or nearly the area of three foothbull felds. And it isn’t just the giants of the indus- try that are acquiring more apace to cache their product. Stitvel-Weller Distillery of Louisville is one of the smaller concerns which ig doing the same thing. It has jumped storage capacity by building four new warehouses. “MONOPOLY” STATE BUYING UP The whisky trade, from distiller to re- tailer, has long been chary about releasing figures on stocks. But a good indication of how they are mounting at the wholesale level comes from the public figures of the 17 “monopoly” States. Liquor boards in these states buy from the distillers and direct re- tatl sales. These commissions have been among the heaviest stocker-uppers. Present supplies on hand in the warehouses of the various States run from 15 percent to 60 percent greater than at this time last year. Take Virginia. On the lst of January that State had 108,000 cases of one well- known brand of blended whisky. A year earlier it had well under half that number— about 49,000. Normally the State carries a 6- to To week supply of all brands, It is now carrying @ 16-week stock and steadily expanding this inventory, The State has rented an extra warehouse on the James River to “freeze” a large supply of liquor; it would be “thawed” only in an absolute emergency. Michigan, another monopoly State, has been placing orders with distillers in bulk quantities for the first time, asking for de- livery over regularly spaced intervals. The State's Mquor commissioners think they'll have a better chance of getting orders filled by taking this tack; it permite the distiller to schedule his own purchases of bottles, car- tons, and caps, for example. For the first quarter Michigan has ordered 15 percent more whisky than in the Uke period a year ago. JOWBERS’ STOCKS Hic Monopoly States are not alone in bulld- ing up their stocks, of course. Jobbers and retail stores in big cities of free States also have been putting away spirits. One dis- tiller knows that a New York City jobber has 80 percent more stocks in his own and rented warehouses today than he had last October, when supplies are normally at their annual peak, just before the holldays. A spot check of liquor stores in New York shows inventories up sharply. Liquor dealers in the big city were carrying about a 4-weeks’ supply last June—about half what they con- sider normal. Now they’ve bullt stocks to a point where a 12-weeks' inventory 18 stand- ard. On some items like low-priced blends and scotch they're piling up & 16-weeks’ sup- ply--perhaps more in some casts,
A1628 Many retailere expect a marked spurt in bustness from tipplers rushing to beat the pro) Federal tax hike. It would lift the price of a fifth of whisky by about 61. One likely result of the tax hike will be an increase in moonshining—clandestine whisky-making to avoid the Federal tax. Iicit distilling has already jumped mark- edly since 1937, No one knows how many sub-rosa stills there are, but one measure is the number seized by Bureau of Internal Revenue agents each year. In 1047 the “reve- nuers” closed up 6,000 stills. The following year the number mounted to 6,700 and in 1948 leaped to over 8,000. ° Last year 10,000 were put out of business. Moonshining is by no means confined to the backwoods of Kentucky and Tennessee, Within the past 2 months a 1,500-gallon still was closed in Haverhill, Mass. A 700-gallon outht was seized at Liberty, N. Y., in the heart of a big resort area. A 500-gallon still was hig taken at Babylon on New York's Long jand, Your Income Tax EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. THOMAS J. LANE OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27, 1951 Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I wish to include the following interesting article from the fprrican Legion magazine of March Wu. You Pay Morr THan Your SHARE or IncomME TAXES? Income taxes have increased tremendously in this country in the last 11 yeare—and the man who has borne a heavy share of the burden of the increase is the taxpayer in the low and middle income brackets. From 1939 to 1945, the tax of man making 45,000 a year actually rose 689 percent. And taxes are going Up again. This is » shocking and frightening thing, especially since large taxes (without wage stabilization) taken out of middle incomes are apt to have an inflationary effect on everything we buy. And the situation ts complicated further by inequities in the tax Jaw that make the 85,000-a-year wage earner the butt of some very unpleasant and unfair practices, Be.ore we get into the bad things, however, let us take a look at some brenks the new tax law gives to two groups of taxpayers: the veterans, and present members of our Armed Forces. If you are an enlisted man or a com- misaioned warrant officer you are not taxed on any pay you get for time spent in a com~ bat zone. Even if you serve in the combat gone (combat zones are designated by the President) for only a single day in a month, the entire momth's pay is tax-exempt. This is admittedly earning a tax exemption the hard way, but is nonetheless a benefit which is given solely to members of the Armed Forces. Commissioned officers get the same break on the first $200 of each month's military pay earned in a combat zone. For all ranks there will ba no more with- holding tax on any pay earned in combat ones, Other breaks given servicemen, ex-service- men and their families are: Family allot- ments are not taxable; dividends on GI in- surance are not taxed; armed-service mem- bere can apply for extensions on paying in- come tax until 6 months after service ends. There are other important details to know about income taxes paid by former members of the Armed Forces. If you are receiving retirement pay for disability, you may get @ break by electing to have that pay recom- puted under the new Career Compensation Act. Your collector of internal revenue can supply details. But for the great mass of those out of service, even these small ad- vantages are missing. The tax law contains a number of prac- tices which are, to say the least, illogical. At worst, they can be called downright unfair and unjust. As Government gets more expensive, and taxes go up, these inequities in our tax law give one man an even greater advantage over another man. And, more than ever, it be- comes necessary to do something about them. Agreeing on the principle that we all have to pay more taxes, and being 100 per- cent unified on the purpose for which the money is being spent, still, as Americans, we reserve the right to protest when the law that raises the money is unfair. The tax law was written by Americans to extract money equitably from Americans. When it fails in its purpose, it is high time not only to protest but to get a new law. One of the things that ought to be changed is the forme themselves. When a man is supposed not only to keep tabs on what he owes and to pay it in hard cash, but he has to go through a set of mathematical computations that would baffle the average atomic scientist in order to do it, then it is time to call a halt and to simplify the tax returns. It can be done. It has been done for some of us. Let’s get it done for all of us. One of the most unfair aspects of the tax Jaw is the different treatment received by a business and by an individual. For in- stance, when a Midwestern corporation de- cided to train its salesmen in a special school, the total expense of the course to the firm was allowable as an income deduction. But when the salesmen who attended the course were inspired to do some studying on their own, and subscribed to correspondence courses to further their progress in their company, they were not allowed to deduct the expense from their taxable income. It is a known fact that there are business people who pay for their homes, servants, liquor, speedboats, baseball tickets, auto- mobiles, and just about everything else on expense accounts that are eliminated from taxed income. You remember the fabulous expense accounts of some of our Washing- ton 5-percenters. The parties thrown by them for all sorts of people, including some who work for the Government, may he counted as legitimate business expense items and deducted as tax-free from their income. And Restaurateur Toots Shor is allowed to deduct the cost of his baseball tickets from hia income tax as a business expense. An employee who decided to entertain his boss in lavish style, in the hopes of getting a@ raise or a better job, would not be allowed to deduct the cost from his income. And whereas a businessman can travel tax-free around the world, if necessary, to get an order for his factory (and take his wife with his as secretary, if he wishes), the man who has to commute to work because he can't find a home near enough to his job, is not allowed to deduct this necessary travel expense from his income. And here's another example of the tllogic of our tax law: A large company recently decided to move from New England to New York City. Now it is very expensive to move & business, especially since important rec- ords must be kept in order so that the opera- tion can start functioning the minute the staff is set down in the new location. All of this tremendous expense—thousands of dollars—was considered part of the com- pany's normal overhead, and was tax-de- ductibie. The company also paid for the moving ex- penses of some of its top brass. But there APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD were hundreds of other employees affected by the move. If they wanted to keep thetr jobs, they had to sell their homes—either at @ profit, which was taxed, or at a loss, which was not deductible. Then they had to buy new homes on today’s inflated market. On top of this they had to pay for moving their furniture several hundred miles. None of what this cost them was considered, under the present tax laws, to entitle them to any deductions. Perhaps the most glaring inequity of all is the medical expense allowance. As you know, you're allowed only the medical costs over 5 percent of your income as a medical deduction. So a man with a $5,000 annual salary has to spend $250 on which he pays a tax before he is able to start curing himself, or his family, tax-free. This, it seems to us, is the most ridiculous- ly Mogical of the injustices under the pres- ent tax law. The least the Government can do is to apply the same logic in treating the cost of keeping its citizens in good repair which it uses in handling the maintenance cost of machinery in factories. A business is allowed to deduct the full cost of repairing any and all of its equip- ment from taxable income. If an executive ‘uses his car for business, he can even deduct the cost of a smashed fender—all of it— from his tax base. But if one of his em- ployees becomes seriously ill, the man is not allowed to start deducting the cost of his operation and hospital bill until he has spent 5 percent of his already tax-pared income on curing himself, And if, as in one family with a $10,000 in- come, disaster strikes, the tax law again shows how inadequate it really is. In the family we mean, the mother was stricken with cancer, the child got polio, and the father, worn out by sleeplessness and worry, fell asleep while driving his car and smashed into a telegraph pole. His total cost for medical and hospital bills that year was more than 86,000. He had to go deeply into debt to meet the expense. His salary was mortgaged for the next 4 years. Yet only $3,750 of his $6,000 cost was tax-free. This seems patently unfair. It is bad enough to have to suffer worse to pay for it. By what logic must the Government add its burden of tax onto these unfortunate people? There are many other inequities in the income tax laws that should be corrected. Some of them don't hurt individual taxpay- ers as much as they hurt all of us together. For instance, charity. Charitable deduc- tions are limited by law to 15 percent of ad- jJusted gross income. Many wealthy people would give much more than that if their donations were exempt from taxation. And many people would like to help others direct- ly, but the law prohibits any except certain specified charities from receiving gifts if the donations are to be tax-deductible. So many deserving individuals never get the help they need. One reason the small taxpayer gets so many bad breaks is simply that he is not organized. Of all the lobbies in Washington, none represents him. Unless he organizes himself, or unless some organization takes up the cudgels in his defense, the small tax- payer will pay more than his share of our ever-growing tax burden. Even organized pressure will not correct the abuses of the income-tax law overnight, however. If Congresa should suddenly be- come aware of all inequities and decide to correct them, it would take months of legis- lative maneuvering before the law was actu- ally changed. And it could not take effect on your tax for at least another year, What can you do about your tax mean- while? The answer is, plenty. Not all the wumnecessary costs of income tax are in the law. Many people pay more than they owe because of thelr own ignorance of the law. Their own mistakes cost them real money.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Knowing your rights can save you hard cash. Remember, yotr are not vypping the Gov- ernment when you follow the tax rules. You are merely dotng your duty ss a well-in- formed citizen. And you have nothing to fear 8o long as your return ts honestly computed. One of the most frequent errors is the choice of the wrong income-tax blank. Most people do not know that there may be several aifferent ways of figuring thefr income tax— and that each way may give a different result, On a $5,000 income, the difference in tex be- tween using one method of figuring end an- other may be as much as $162. Each case is different, so no blanket rule can be given, except figure your tax {n alt ways open to you before selecting your form for filing. ‘It ig wise to do tts early because, contrary to what most people betieve, tt ts not possible te change your method of filing after tho Que date of the tax. You can ge your method of filing even though you may have filed tr you refile before the tax due date, Posaibly the biggest source of overpay- ment by ama] taxpayers is in their failure to take legitimate deductions, There are liter- ally hundreds of items which are not listed on income-tax bienks and which are never- theless, perfectly legitimate deductions from taxabie income. It would take too much space to list them here. Those most fre- quently omitted include many medical ex- penses (such items as nursing care, surgical appliances, and even necessary travel pre- scribed by a physician). Many people also forget to claim all their Gependents’ medical expenses, as Well as all of thelr own charitable contributions, up to 16 percent of their income. You may de- duct the value of clothing and furniture con. tributed to charity; even gas and of! used In legitimate charitable work are deductible. Other people overlook the full value of jegit- imate deductions from compensation income. Many professionals and businessmen do not take all the deductions pertaining to their occupations to which they are entitled. Many husbands and wives frequently ig- nore the benefits of one of the biggest breaks all married people get: joint fillng, The advantage is that it is chenper to pay the tax on two small incomes than on just one that ts twice as large. Under jotnt filing you may declare your own and your wife's income as two equal incomes—one yours, one your wife's, You may do this even !f you earned ali the money. But don’t forget that both husband and wife must sign a joint return. There are many other sources of common error resulting in overpayment of many mil- Hons of doilara to the United States Treasury every year. Not olatming-all the exemptions due you is one. Not spreading income over prior years iz another. Authors, compoeers, inventors as well as others can get quite a break here. Some people mistakenly pay tax on exempt interest or dividends. Some pay too much on annuities or pensions. Others include in their Income money paid by estates that are not taxed. Still others fail to claim all deductible taxes. These are only a few of the errors you, too, may Make th.t can cost you money. If you discover you've overpaid on your income tax, you can file a claim any time up to 3 years after the tax was due. Like- wise, the Government has 8 yeara to get after you if you've underestimated your tex. After this S-year period set by the statute of limitation neither party can do anything about mistakes, if nothing has yet been queetioned. However, there is no atatute of limitations on fraud. The Gov- ernment can prosecute on & frandulent tax return any time. _ _ Kederal Judge Yearned Hand once sald, “Nobot'y owes arty publte duty to pay more than the law demands: taxes are enforced ex- ‘actions, mot voluntary contribations.” In other words, Government neither expects nor wants you to pay more than the lew re- quires of you. Matty people make mistakes, both of com- mission and omtesion, on their tax returns which sre never caught and which, after the 3-year limitation, go into the limbo of dead filea forever. But even the amall taxpayer is not tmmune from Government inspection. The first thing that happens after return are sent tn is that all returns are checked for mathematical errors. Then about 15 percent of returns (the big personal mcomres, the big corporate returns). go to Washington for more careful reading. Of the 85 percent which remain right where they were sent, a certain percentage is spot-checked. If an error, exciuding a mathematical one, is found on your return, then upon examina- tion the agent is given a report of your past returns, Your name does not go on a biack- ist for future checking, however. Once you've been called in and have etther ex- plained your case satisfactorily or have paid up, you've nothing more to worry about— except that the Government expects you to be routinely honest. The income tax law ts unique in that you must prove your deductions to the tax au- thoritios tf it is decided to question you. You may plead that you've kept no records, but that does you no good at all. If you can’t prove that you're right, you can be held wrong. This is the reverse of our theory of criminal law, which holds every man in- nocent until he is proved guilty. Two Terms Only for Presidents EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. CHARLES W. VURSELL OF ILLINOIS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27, 1951 Mr. VURSELL, Mr. Speaker, the good news today is that in the future no Presi- dent will be permitted to serve more than two 4-year terms. The twenty-second amendment to the Constitution will pre- vent it. Upon the occasion of the ratification of the twenty-second amendment to the United States Constitution yesterday by Nevada making the necessary majority, I wish to express the deep satisfaction I feel in the fact that this great reform has now become a permanent part of our Constitution. The Republican Eightieth Congress was a Congress of significant accam- plishment. Of the many valuable pieces of legislation that were enacted by that Congress, I believe the most important will prove to be the resolution limiting the President to two terms. In the years ahead historians will undoubtedly look back on the record of the Eightieth Con- gress and agree that it was the twenty- second amendment that had the greatest effect in shaping the future course of our Republic. The twenty-second amend- ment will prove to be our strongest bar- rier against a totalitarian government in this country. It will prevent any Presi- dent of either party from aoqguiring a monopoly on the office and perpetuating himself in power by building up a huge machine that will control millions of votes. America does not want one- man government. That principle is the source of our strength, for it assures that A1629 ours will always be a xovernment of the people-—-not of one maz. For 150 years every President of the United States obeyed the unwritten law against more than two terms. Many of them, including Washington, Jefferson end Jackson, spoke out emphstically against third or fourth terms: But we realized In 1940 that an unwritten law was not enough. The tradition had to be put in writing and given the force of a Constitutional amendment. The conduct of the Roosevelt and Truman administrations with their relentless drive toward a socialistic America is the best proof of the wisdom of the twenty- second amendment. Socialism is totall- tarianiam; the twenty-second amend- ment is directed against totalitarianism. It is fitting that ratification of the new amendment has occurred so close to the anniversary of tlie birthday of ‘Washington, who refused to serve more establishing a precedent, T salute the esta’ a en 8 36 States that have elready ratified the twenty-second amendment, and I hope that before long the remaining 12 States will see fit to approve the amendment as well. The people of America will al- wave be grateful for what they have ne, Let’s Build the St. Lawrence Waterway . Now EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. HAROLD C. HAGEN OF MINWESOTA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27, 1951 Mr. HAGEN. Mr. Speaker, a most tm- portant project, and one that has been discussed for a number of years, is the St. Lawrence waterway. The close eco-' nomic ties between the United States and Canada and the unity of the two Nations is now more important than ever from a standpoint of hemisphere defense. We should draw the hearings and de- bate to a close and seek action in the very near future. A number of important facts on the proposed St. Lawrence waterway have been brought out in an article published in the magazine, Inspiration, published at Duluth, Minn., by Charles L. Hood.: For the information of the Members of Congress, I am inserting this article in the Recorp. It follows: Boro ree Sr. LawauNce Waterway ‘The St. Lawrence waterway is nothing new. In 1896 the Assembly of Lower Canada considered the idea of building canals around the rapids between Lake Ontario and Mant- real. The thought develaped and they were bullt wholly on Canadian soil and atill today sare the only alds to navigation. Smaller ocean boats make use of them but for many years the building of larger canals, dredging of channels and the generation of joint commission of Canadians and Ameri- cans. Complete development of the river requires a treaty ratified both govern- ments. The only obstacle to oorming the
Great Lakes to international communication ére the amall canals around. the rapids in he iver; the international section covering @ Aistance of about 45 miles. Canada built the new Welland Canal around the Niagara; ‘we bullt the larger Goo canal and did a lot of @redging. Opening these lakes by enlarging the waterway will create a fourth coastline reaching into the heart of North America, Tt has been said that a 27-foot channel will admit 90 percent of ccean-going craft. Do- ing eo means that our productive power will forge ahead to new and greater heighta. Already a power shortage confronts this Nation, and although millions have been apent building power dams yet we continue neglecting the greatest undeveloped source of power on the St. Lawrence River. It ts said that a total of 6,000,000 horsepower of electric energy is waiting to be made aval'- able, although present plans contemplate the generation of only 2,200,000 horsepower. The power-hungry districts of New York, New England, and Quebec are not only in dire need but will quickly use it for the common Nature's law !s inexorable: Either grow or die. Too long the progress of this Nation has been locked by fatlure to develop low- cost water-borne transportation and the wasted energy of a mighty river force whose ald would promote growth. Manufacturers cannot compete in world markets if over 300 miles from ocean coast. An illustration {8 that of a Duluth manufacturer who re- sponded to a call for bids supplying some machinery to an English firm and notified of its acceptance. Seeking to learn about getting it there, he found that the all-rail shipment to the coast, and also the combined lake and rail shipment, plus the ocean haul and final rail shipment to its destination would eat up ail the profit, resulting in re- Jecting the offered contract. Were it possi- ble to have loaded that shipment in Duluth @nd unloaded it in Liverpool, the contract could have been accepted and money earned. Long rail haul and frequent handling bars such competition. While we are willing to spend billions for defense, yet the cost of failure to promote and develop national Growth is much more expensive. Without St. Lawrence River power which oan be pro- duced at a third of the cost of steam-gener- ated power, New York's only possibility of meeting demands to supply growth and de- fense would be to build steam plants. With the power shortage now existing, current rates are high, growth stifled, old industries consider moving out, new ones hesitate Moving in, and 10 years of steam-generated power would pay New York's share for de- veloping the St, Lawrence, Four things are necessary to create a high standard of living: 1. Freedom to think and act, 2. Raw materials. 3. Creation of productive means. 4. Transportation, Consider them: 1, Freedom of thought and action is guar- Bnteed by our Constitution. 8. While we have large quantities of some raw materials, yet others must be bought in World markets, 8. No nation has equaled the United States in productng such vast quantities of agri- cultural and manufactured products, but great as that Is it still can ba multiplied. 4. Adequate transportation is necessary to get raw materials to producers at lowest cost and to consumers of finished produots, Same must be transported in quicker time, henee all form of water, rail, and air come munications are needed. Consider the Department of Commerce re- ‘port on potential trafic via the St. Lawrence Waterway, listing four bulk commodities through it. 1, Grain: Six and one-half million tons annually to eleven and a half million ‘tons, Estimates of savings to farmers amounting to 10 cents per bushel are not excessive, but Tealizing that agriculturists constitute such @ large part of our citizenry, and one of the largest buying groups, money added to their income is reflected in greater prosperity. 2. Petroleum: Six million tons likely in- creasing to 20,000,000 tons. The demand for oll ig constantly increasing. Imports of oll will move upward but with Canadian Oil going down the Lakes and an open water- way, it likely will become an export product thereby increasing tonnage movement. 3. Coal: Four to six million tons. A few million tons will enter our ports but it affords a far greater opportunity to export American coal abroad. Look to Buffalo to become a great coal export center. 4. Iron: Thirty to thirty-seven and a half million tons annually. This latter item ts of intense concern becauee the right answer will yield increased national prosperity. The wrong answer will be a serlous blow to mil- lions of Midwest citizens. Waterways are instruments of commerce, increasing the value of merchandise by transporting from producer to consumer at lower cost, or the obtaining of raw materials. As lower cost increases the number of buyers, a clear understanding for the necessity of bringing Labrador ore to central State smelters and Mills will be gained by considering the re- lated facts. This Nation has drawn heavily on its raw material resources. Particularly is this true of iron. For many years the Lake Superior region has supplied 85 percent of national requirements of tron ore, and the Mesaba Range contributed most of it, supplying American industry with the iron that made Possibie the greatest productive power the world has ever known, but building our in- dustrial machine, plus two wars have ex- hausted the major part. Another war would so far exhaust the balance that with Mesaba Ores depleted, other United States mines could not supply more than a third of the amount necessary to keep mills operating at full capacity. Knowing that the last war subtracted 121,000,000 tons from the Hull- Rust group of mines at Hibbing, Minn., surely it will not be difficult to realize that no mine can operate indefinitely at that rate of withdrawal. Other mines were corre- spondingly affected. Labrador ores are vitally needed to con- serve the remaining Mesaba ores, at least while the processing of taconite ore is being sought. It is true that there are billions of tons of this low-grade ore, but methods of effecting commercial recovery is still in the making. Mining companies have spent millions of dollars in building test or pilot Plants and research but the big question re- mains—can a merchantable ore be produced at costs that will meet the competition of other ores? Although much time has been spent in seeking a solution, yet up to date no commercial plant has been evolved. The iron occurs in two forms: a magnetite and & bematite. Both need crushing to a pow- dery form to extract the iron particles, From there on, different processes are used to effect 2 final recovery. Heavy, expensive machinery is necessary; solidly bullt plants to house them, separation and washing plants, and finally a method of fusing the fine ore to prepare it for the smelter. To produce the equivalent amount of tron as is now mined will require the best part of @ billion-dollar investment and upwards of 20 years of time obtaining the n equipment, installing and getting it to work~ ing satisfactorily, What will Midwest mills Go in the meantime? This will be best understood by consider. ing the location of mills and smelters and why they are there, The automobile tndus- try is an excellent example of cost, High cost of early autos meant only a few buyers. Selling later ones for a few hundred doilars APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ut Amarica on wheels. Reducing cost in- Frensed the number of purchasers. What ap- plies to autos applies also to every other product, As this Nation operates under the profit system and costs assembling raw materials ts 8 factor, then the area where all materials can be brought together at lowest cost is the best. Doubly so when it also is the largest consuming market. Ten States, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Tilinots, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Min- nesota, Iowa, and Missouri! represent that low-cost section. More than 60 percent of iron and steel products are produced within those States. Competent authority says that the section comprising Pittsburgh, Buf- falo, and Chicago contribute more than 75 percent of blast furnace capacity. These mills are there because Lake Superior ore is unloaded from the boats with only short rail hauls, 126 miles from Ashtabula to Pitts- burgh; 177 miles, Toledo to Hamilton, Ohio; 249 miles to Ashland, Ky. Where then can these Midwest milis turn for a supply? Con- sider relative distances. From Duluth to Ashtabula, 876 miles; from Seven Islands (shipping point for Labrador ore) to Ash- tabula, 952 miles. If the St. Lawrence is not opened to general navigation so that Labrador ore can be unloaded at lake ports, then that ore will go down the coast some 1,550 miles to Baltimore, or other coast towns. The distance from Baltimore to Pittsburgh, Ashland, or Hamilton by rail is more than double that now used to trans- port ore. Longer hauls mean extra cost in getting raw materials, thereby increasing the cost of steel. When costs of assembly be- come too high, moving to a more suitable location is a solution. This being true, stockholders will resist the idea of letting their investments wither on the limb and quickly demand that plants be moved to the ocean coast or north into Canada where large supplies of high-grade ore are avail- able. It literally means that two of every three Midwest plants are threatened with being torn up by the roots and relocated in congested areas along the coast. That such @ move would be little short of a calamity to millions of people is readily understood. Such a dislocation of our economic struc- ture as it would create will take years to ef- fect a readjustment. Viewing the enor- mous national debt, any let down in produc- tion may have serious consequences. Finally, the problem of our national de- fense must be thoroughly and intelligently considered. Bringing Labrador ore through an interior waterway affords greater pro- tection to transport than can be given boats on the open sea. During the last war, one convoy bound for Murmansk, Russia, lost more than half its fleet on a single trip. Today's improved means of destruction has @ serious import, In fact we dare not de- pend, in time of war, on ocean transport for a supply of tron. Interior waterways can be protected by submarines, submarine nets, coast artillery, and antiaircraft guns. Boats plying between the Seven Islands and lake ports would have maximum protection. Moving steel planta to the coast adds greatly to the hazard of protection. In the last war, flights of enemy bombers bent on attack, clearly indicated that a majority of them would be successful in reaching the area of objective. Can coast mills success- fully hope to escape? Guided missiles from surfacing submarines may well be within the picture. Instead of concentrating in- dustry in vulnerable spots along the sea const move them into the interior for greater Needless delay tn ratifying the treaty is retarding the growth of this country and Ganeda. If the Canadians are restless be- cause of our unwarranted delay in carrying Out the agreement to build the waterway, then realize that they have an escape route from the enforced stagn@tion. They can
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD enlarge their own small canals or build ‘tigger ones on their own soll, and thet with- out a treaty. That some have been urging such a course fs not surprising. Should they Mo a0, the power developed will be their own and we will pay such tolla for using the waterway as they impose. Considering what we have already invested toward completing the waterway, will it be wisdom to sacrifice ‘the millions of dollars already spent by fail- - tug to go ahead, when Canada has already invested four times the amount we heave and yet ready to join with us in mutuel of that great enterprise? Dare we neglect developing the power resource when that at Massena would equal the en- tire output of the Tennessee Valley project. Decentralization of industry has tong been urged, but industry cannot be decentralized unless adequate low-cost transportation enables them to supply their customers. Firms located on the sea coast and competing in world markets dare not move inland unless ocean shipping follows them. Only tho seaway will make deoentralization possible. Tolls will repay the cost of building. We pay only our share for navigation. New York State pays the cost of electric power instal- lations. With these Lakes open to international navigation, the power thus made avatlable ‘would have shortened the last war. It would have furnished the energy necessary to sus- ‘tain the increased war effort. Lake shipyards could have aided such construction and all ‘would have forged ahead much faster. Realizing that 75 percent of blast furnace capacity is between the points mentioned; that more than 50 percent of fron and steel products are made and consumed withtn that game section, surely then before deciding to the oountry into an economic read- justment by moving the steel mills, the re- sulting loss of employment and necessary slow down before we could get moving again, some soul searching may help determine whether national welfare precedes that of selfish interest. Ratify that treaty and build for the future on sound grounds of live and let live. How to Sarprise Congress EXTENSION OF REMARES HON. HORACE SEELY-BROWN, JR. Or CONNECTICUT IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27, 1951 Mr. SEEKLY-BROWN. Mr. Speaker, undcr unanimous consent to extend my Farm Journal entitled “How To Surprise How To Suarame Comuaxss Not spending money apparently is the hardest thing & government faces. Spend- ing js easy. Everybody seems to like that. closely on other expenditures, the total budge: for next yea can be reduced hy $9,- 100,000,000. That would be a long step to- ‘ward making things como out more nearly even, so that the Government would not be putting out more than !t would be taking in. Someone will be in Washington to appear before the Appropriations Committees in favor of every ane of the vast expenditures proposed by the President. Some one, prob- ably seme one now on the Federal payroll, will be there to argue that the money is badly needed; probably to argue that it will help the defense program. Nearly every Member of Congress will get a few letters from home, perhaps receive @ delegation or so, pressing him to support and get other Members to support this or that Httle appropriation of interest to his district or State. He will also get some iet- ters urging him to economise, but on some~ thing clee. He will take all this in stride as part of his job. One thing, though, will make him sit up and take notice. If he begins to get letters saying: “Sure, we want this, but not now. We can get along at least until after the defense business has been pald for"~-if he gets a fow letters like that he will be so sure prised that he will do something about them. He will realise that some people put a solvent country and a safe dollar above their other immediate interests. Is there a spending proposal affecting your area or your particular interests that can wait? If so, your letter to a Congressman, or the resolution of your organization, can serve your country well. For invoived im all this is far more than the ordinary prudence of Government econ- omy. The future value of the dollar is at stake. Needless spending now will not only cause neediess taxes, but more deficit bor. rowing: and that means higher prices and more inflation. Here is a time and a piace where respon- sible citizenship has a job to do. Pearson: Always Sniping EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. CLARE E. HOFFMAN OF MICHIGAN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27, 1951 Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. Speaker, a plece by Westbrook Pegler and his own column shed light on Drew Pearson’s almost daily efforts to smear anyone and everyone who opposes the New Deal or who is disliked by Red sym- pathigers: Yam Sxovch (By Westbrook Pegier) This will be an unadorned statement show- ing that Drew Pearson plugged for Army commissions for Communists in his column which was published in many papers, Already, I have exposed Pearson's ballyhoo in behalf of John Gates, who became a Communist in 1933 and was editor-in-chief of the Daily Worker. Gate: was one of the notorious 11 Communist Party leaders who were convicted in Judge Medina's Federal court in New York of conspiring to over- throw the National Government, Bubsoquentiy, Gates testified that ip would not Sight for the United States Russia. In no case where he pleaded for a commission for an individual did Poataon intimate that the individual was a Oom- qmunist. Not only was Gates editor in chief of the Worker, he had been «a colonel in Statin’s foreign legion in the Spanish civil war. He had been an organizer of the Young Coromu- nist League in Youngstown, Ohio, in 1933, where he was active in the riotous insurrec- tions agatnst the authority of our Govern- ment. He was also director of voterens’ affairs for the Communist Party and director of its legislative program. He joined the party in 1988. Pearson did not assy that Gates was an assumed name. In the same column, Pearson lauded Capt. Hermann Battcher, whom he described as the Sergeant York of the Pacific. Without any reference to communism, Pearson wrote that when men who had joined the Linoaln in Spein enlisted in the American Army, they were cross-questioned ss though they were social outcasts, He did not say that the Lincoln brigade was Stalin's foreign legion. Captain Batt- cher got into the Amertcan Army earty be- fore the War Department clamped down a thinly velled discrimination against vet~- erans of the Abraham Lincoln brigade, and thus was able to become a captain. In the Comonmssronan Reooan of January 92, an analysis of Pearson's pro-Commu- nist propaganda, inserted by Senator Jor McCarruy, states that Battcher was & mem- ber of the Communist Party. In his column of June 1, 1948, in the Wash- ington Post, Pearson that Mal- ooim C. Dobbs had the duty at one Army post of helping his colonel keep a record of his winnings on the races. Presently he was sent to a post which serves as a dumping ground for undestrables. He depicted Dobhs aa an admirable young man and good officer Communist. In ita story on the American Peace Mobili- gation, in Chicago, in September 1940, the Worker published @ picture of Dobbs and identified him as “one of three young south- erners” who took part in the mobilization, and as “president of the League of Young Southerners." This Chicago meeting, held during the alliance between Hitler and Stalin, opposed “war and conscription.” Pearson said nothing about that. On April 14, 1948, Pearson wrote that Sgt. Irving Fajans, on the eve of graduation from an officers’ schoo! at Fort Benning, had been told he could not graduate and was trans- ferred to another post. The Daily Worker of March 28, 1948, listed a man of the same name as 4 member of the Communist Party. Irving Fajans also is listed as a member of the national board of the Abrabam Lincoln Brigade. Also on April 14, 1948, Pearson complained that “for some mysterious and unexplained reason” Morris Brier, who had soldiered in Spain, was denied a commission after he had qualified for one in an officer candidates’ schoci. “These,” Peatson wrote “are only a few of many cases in which an unseen hand, similar to the influences found in both the State and War ents in the past, have (sic) reached tn to penalize youngsters who were fareighted enotigh to see what was going on and to risk their lives to stop !t.” of the same name, Morris Brier, 9 leader of the Young Communist © in New York, in the Young Commu- ‘Weekly Review of May 19, 1944. A man the same name is listed also as a apeaker 5B Spain A man lated as in eeee
A1032 along with the old battle-ax, Elizabeth Gur- Wey Flynn, on @ program at the Premier Pal- ace, Rrowneville, Brooklyn, January 16, 1950, to get subscriptions for the Daily Worker. _ Aman of the same name also ts shown in a picture in the Dally Worker, May 10, 1942, feeding a belt into a mechinegun, The scene was said to be Spain, Tas Dany Wasninatoxn Muarxy-Go-Rounp (By Drew Pearson) Wasurnaron..-Probably the only American who has ever met Stalin’s mother is Oarle-~ ton Smith, director of the Netional Arta Foundation, who, while traveling near Tifits 4m 1986, was taken to a village where Stalin's mother lived. Her home was a mud hut dug out of the side of a hill, and she proved to be a wrinkled, kindly old lady. Telling Smith how she had Yaised her son to be a priest, the old lady added: “T hear he’s now running al) of Russia, but I don't believe it.” A year later Smith was in Moscow at the Boleho! Theater when Stalin was also pres- ent, and had an interview with the Russian dictator. Among other things, he told him about the visit to his mother. Btalin matntained an icy silence. not seem interested in his mother, VICTORY IN KOREA Gen. Matthew Ridgway personally is largely credited with turning the most humiliating Gefeat in 85 years of American military hise tory into gradual victory in Korea. Military men say that Ridgway has done an amazing job. Yet he did it with almost no reinforcements and with a larger number of enemy forces against him than faced UN forces when General MacArthur was in direct eommand. For an estimated Chinese force of 276,000 men plus 191,000 revitalized North Koreans face Ridgway today, more than the Communist army that knocked MacArthur off balance in North Korea and drove him back across the thirty-elghth parallel. Not generally publicized is that almost sole responsibilitiy in Korea has now been given to General Ridgway. For all practical pur- poses, MacArthur has been relieved of the fighting Korean command. Technically, of course, this is not true, because MacArthur still remains supreme commander. Actually, however, MacArthur virtually washed his hands of the Korean War after Washington refused to send him the four National Guard divisions he requested early in January. Furthermore, Ridgway, coming direct to Korea from the United States has been more independent than the flela generals who had served under MacArthur in Japan and who, having been close to him, looked to him for direction. Pentagon offictals emphasize that there has been no friction between MacArthur and General Ridgway, The latter has merely used different tactics. He hag quietly shaken up his command at the divisional level, has profited from MacArthur's mistakes, has given the UN Army a new shot in the arm and has turned a defeat complex on the part of the troops into a new fighting epirit. He did Tre Dar.y WasHincron Meray-Go-Rotunp (By .rew Pearson) WasHinoton.—Some Senators seem to be- Neve that it Is a criminal matter for a news- paper to criticize military mistakes. This a view also shared by many brass hats, though not all, However, mistakes are sometimes rectified chiefly through knowing about them, and a gase in point is the magnificent manner in which Gen, Matthew Ridgway has profited from the mistakes of General MacArthur in turning 8 tragic defeat inte Korean victory. _ ‘While the very loyal MacArthur clique may argue thet he ts still supreme commander in Tokyo and, therefore, deserves credit for the current victory, the indisputable facts are that General Ridgway was sent to Korea di- rect from Washington where he had been deputy Chief of Staff and, as such, was in close contact with the Pentagon's views of warfare, It is also an indisputable fact that Ridgway won his victory with no fresh troops and facing a somewhat strong r enemy than MacArthur. According to military observers who read the battle dispatches, here is how Ridgway profited by mistakes and accomplished his remarkable feat. Careful intelligence; MacArthur conducted only limited patrolling for 3 or 4 days be- fore launching his attack. Then after the attack boomeranged, the Highthy Army re- treated so fast it lost all contact with the enemy and for several weeks didn't know where the Communists were. In contrast, Ridgway conducted aggres- sive patrolling for 8 to 10 days before kick- ing off his offensive. He sent heavy patrols deep into enemy territory in so-called “re- connaissance in force.” His orders were to disrupt any Communist build-up, to inflict @s8 many casualties as possible, and to survey enemy positions. The lack of patrolling by MacArthur failed to detect the Chinese Com. munist build-up that swept our armies back to the 38th parallel. However, Ridgway's troops knew exactly what to expect. Public relations: MacArthur announced his offensive the same morning it was launched, predicting his troops would be “home by Christmas.” Ridgway waited until his offensive had been rolling over 24 hours before announcing it. Poor battle Maison: MacArthur struck in all directions at once. His troops were fanned out from one end of North Korea to the other, in no position to head off a sur- prise counterattack, The Eighth Army and Tenth Corps also had no battle lisison, had to coordinate their actions through Tokyo. In contrast, Ridgway opened his attack on the western front, but didn’t order hia eastern front to move until 9 days later— after he was sure all was going well. He had the added advantage of being in full command in the fleld, and wasn't forced to direct two fronts by remote contro) from Tokyo. Contrast in casualties: MacArthur suffered devastating casualties after the Chinese hit, lost more than 15,000 casualties in 2 weeks, Later, the Marines, who broke out of the Chosin Reservoir trap, mowed down the Ohinese at # ratio of 20 tol. However, Ridg- way'’s losses during the first 2 weeks of his offensive were the lightest of the Korean War. He suffered less than 1,500 casualties, at the same time taking a toll of 62,000 Communist casualties. Tn fairness to MacArthur and in tribute to the Air Force, Ridgway hes been meeting more scattered opposition. This is largely because the Alr Force has raked enemy positions with devastating fire bombs and rocket fire. Ridgway’s aggressive armored patrols also killed and rooted out Commu- nists along the path of the offensive. Stop Abolition of VA Contact Offices EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. THOMAS J. LANE OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27, 1951 Mr. LANE. Mr, Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I wish to include the following article from the Chelsea Record, Chelsea, Mass.: APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Neenep; Mort Pressure It is Indeed heartening to see that at least one local veterans’ organization and the Chelsea Board of Aldermen are awake to the threat of a needless hardship which is due to be imposed on veterans and their depend- ents from this city and surrounding areas. But if enough pressure is to be brought to bear on those who can do something about the impending closing of the Chelsea VA office, added strength must be forthcoming from areas outside this city which have hun- Greds of veterans who have been aided in their VA problem here in the past and who will need this aid in the future. Statistics compiled at the Chelsea city hall VA office show that during 1950, 18,919 con- tacts had been made between the officials here and veterans, their wives and children in need of aid and advice. In addition, 881 correspondence forms were prepared here, 2,753 other forms, and 2,026 benefit applica- tions handled through this office, Of the thousands of persons helped, 50 per- cent were from this city; 30 percent from Re- vere; 10 percent from Winthrop and the re- mainder from East Boston and Everett. For all this service, the VA has had only to pay the salaries of its two-person office staff. All other costs are borne by the city. The closing of the Chelsea office on April 1 will hurt these out-of-towners just as much as those Chelsea veterans who will be forced to undergo the trip to Boston and the con- fusion and hub-bub of the intown head- quarters. If a protest movement is to be of any value, all the local vet organizations must make their feelings known to our national legislators, as well as the municipal govern- ments and veteran groups of other cities whose veterans have been courteously and ef- ficiently served here. Address of Rev. Edward A. Keller, C. S.C. EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. B. CARROLL REECE QF TENNESSEE IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27, 1951 Mr. REECE of Tennessee. Mr. Speak- er, under leave to extend my remarks, I include for the Rrcorp a copy of a speech by Rev. Edward A. Keller, C. 8. C., direc- tor of the bureau of economic research, Notre Dame University, which he de- livered at Los Angeles. Father Keller ig an able economist and a great American. He has made and is making a fine contribution to the relig- ious and civic life here. Father Keller points the way in this speech to maintain the American way of life here in America, Appates Bsrore THxr Los ANGELES ROTARY Oxvs, Janvary 26, 1951, sy Rev. Howaarp A. Keiier, C. 8. C., Drarcror, Burgav or Eco- NoMic Resrarcn, Noras Dame UNIVERSITY The present emergency has created an hysteria which makes very diMoult, if not impossible, a clear, rational appraisal of the problems that confront us as a Nation. Such an appraisal would necessarily take into consideration the fact that we are en- terlng upon a period of emergency which will extend over many years, 10, 15, maybe even 26 years; we really are entering upon a new way of life not merely a temporary emergency. Because of the lengthy dura- tion of the emergency, programs should not be adopted except those which will assure,
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD at the termination of the eme-gency, the preservation of our free institutions, The actual policies adopted have not been carefully and objectively thought out. Wwe have adopted or are about to adopt policies of such rigid controls over the life of our Nation, that their only effect can be a totali- tarian type of regimentation. Now for the first time in our history, either in peace or war, plans to draft and regiment all man- power are being seriously proposed. It would be a tragic victory, indeed, if in defeating world communism we enslaved ourselves with the same chains of totalitariun regi- Toentation that have destroyed all personal freedom in the Communist countries of the world. The Council of Eoonomic Advisers in their December 1950 report to the President advised: “It is superficial and dangerous to conclude that a defense emergency must con- vert us into a totalitarian state.” The Council of Economic Advisers further stated: “The popular discussion of controls versus voluntary sction has tended to obscure a very basic issue. This issue is what middle ground between the freedoms we enjoy in normal peacetime and the unlimited com- pulsions of a State economy will maximize our strength for the task ahead. To assume that there is no middle ground would be to acknowledge that we can contest Stalin's aggressive designs effectively only by aping all of his methods. That would also assume that in peacetime there are many differences petween our kind of economy and political institutions and those of the Soviets, but that in a hot or cold war there are no differ- ences, The whole history of our achieve- ments in war no less than tn peace belies these naive assumptions.” (The Economics of Nationrl Defense, Fifth Annual Report to the President by the Council of Economic Advisers, December 1950, p. 24.) I would question the advisability of sorap- ping, without trial, the middle way of volun- tary cooperative action to solve the problems that He ahead with a minimum of man- datory controls. Such a program was advo- cated by former President Hoover at the be- gmning of the Becond World War before a congressional committee on December 16, 1941, on the basis of experience gained from the First World War. Mr. Hoover pointed out that the controls in the First World War were exercised by committees representing industry, trade, agriculture, etc. These com. mittees did the policing required by the vol- untary controle. They operated under the direction of Government officials, with the full authority of the law back of them, In other words, the controls were operated by private citizens, not by bureaucrats. The results were outatanding: Under the Food Control Act of World War I, 250,000 licenses were tssued, of which only 200 were can- celed for repeated and most grievous viola- tions. There were 8,000 cases of violation of the Food Control Act, of which most were dismissed; the others were dismissed upon the making of a contribution to the Red Mr. Hoover in his testimony made the following wise comments: nds now that we are actually Nothing affects eo many people and requires such delicate handling if morale is not to be impatred as these control meas< t is a job of steering between the rocks of economic disturbance living. legitimate and stimulative , avoidance of the appear- i trespasses upon the sc- cepted freedoms of men as ittle aa poasible, “It seems to me that every industry, trade, and calling involved tn war action that is not already organized (and some are already set up) should be organised by calling upon such groups to appoint their own committecs, whose leadership they will accept, freely to represent them, Before any of these meas- ‘ures are put in action effort should be made to come to voluntary agreements covering many of these problems. The industries and trades can invent and put into action far more increased production and conservae tion measures than any governmental agency can think of. They can in most cases be brought to agree upon prices, margins, and other measures in this category. They can do a large job in rationing, especially of industrial commoditics, among their mem« bers where that is necessary. The only force necessary in such cases would be upon the small fringe that will not comply, “I need scarcely mention that this was the fundamental basis of our actions in World War I. And I may mention here that the Commodity Control Act in that war contained the following provision: ‘That in carrying out the purposes of this act the President is authorized to enter into any voluntary arrangements or agreements, to create and use any agency or agencies, to accept the services of any person without compensation, to cooperate with any agency or person.’ “We availed ourselves of this authority every hour of the day, and 90 percent of restraint on prices and the other measures was accomplished in this fashion. “That a large measure of controls as to price and other measures can be effected by voluntary agreement and cooperation is therefore not conjecture. And in many flelds the powers to enforce were rarely, if ever, required. The whole Food Adminis- tration, the War Industries Board, and the Commercial Economy Byard, under Mr. Arch W. Shaw, which subsequently became the Conservation Division of the War Industrics Board, from the first relied upon agreement and persuasive powers, although always con- scious of the fact that there was authority behind them, “At once our great industrial raw mate- rials, which are produced and distributed by Umited groups, can be controlled by volun- tary ts with a modicum of legal authority to compel some minor dissenter to go along. It is more difficult in the wide- spread consumption industries, but it can be done to large extent. “We have to remember also that we have 180,000,000 people widely spread and in vary- tng economic surroundings in which coop- eration is far more flexible than forced reg- ulation. Our basis of action in the United Btates during World War I was entirely different from the formula applied during that time in France, England, and Ger- many. They were all pretty hard and fast mandatory systems. Often enough these systems were accepted as a challenge to a battle of evasion and ingenious violation, They required elaborate and exasperating policing that resulted in large expense and & great waste of energy. Their effect on the popular morale was most demoralizing and the results were not as effective as our Amer- tean methods. * * * “I dwell upon this subject of voluntary agreeme.it for reasons which I believe are of the first importance, I may repeat that we @re 130,000,000 ingenious and intelligent peo- ple. Our fundamental sense of freedoms makes force measures most irksome, We are naturally suspicious of all governmental interference even in war. Yet, on the other hand, ours are the most cooperative people in the world and the most willing to make wacrifice. It is this spirit which I hope will be invoked in the formulation and admin- fatration of these measures, Moreover, nothing will more greatly give confidence that our social and economic preserved than cooperative action.” dresses the American Road, 1941-45, by Herbert Hoover, pp. 151-164.) A1033 As you all know, Mr. Hoover's advice was not followed. Inatead of adopting a volun- tary, cooperative system of controls, the Gove ernment imposed a system of rigid, manda- tory controls operated by bureaucrats. “Rigid general price and wage controls do not fit the present altuation, for they only postpone the effects but do not prevent inflation as we learned in World War 1." (A. FP. of L.'s Labor's Monthly Survey November-December 1950.) The rigid con- trols of the last war curtailed production, created black markets whose prices became the real market prices once the controls were taken off. It is very doubtful whether during this very long-drawn-out emergency the effects of inflation can be postponed for 10 or 25 years. Most likely the controls, which mere- ly put the ld on the steaming kettle of in« fiation, will at some time be blown off by the inflation. The only way this could be prevented would be by converting us into a totalitarian state, But it is argued with prices rising as rap- idly as they have in the last 6 months, mane datory controls had to be imposed: volun- tary cooperation simply could not work. I maintain that voluntary controls could not work because an all-out effort to make them work was never tried. With their war expe- rience of shortages and black-market prices 80 vividly in their minds, our people could not be expected to act any differently than they have done in the last 6 month. t Despite the fact that it is now idle specu. lation. I think, that if our Governmant had promised the people that no rationing or price or wage controls would be imposed and if the Federal Government had appealed to the American people in their own self- interest for cooperative action in fighting inflation and meeting the other probleme of the emergency, the American people would have responded wholeheartedly. However, with the beginning of the Korean war the impression was given that controls would be inevitable. The natural effect could only have been the panic buying of last summer and the drive since by organized labor to ine crease its wages to beat the wage freeze, and the drive by management to increase prices to beat the price freeze. This does not preclude, however, the adoption even now or at a later date when the hysteria has died down, of an all-out ef- fort to try the middle-ground system of vole untary controls advocated by Mr. Hoover and bolstered by the indirect controls of tax and fiscal policies. I am convinced that the rigid controls that we have already imposed and in the fu- ture will impose, if continued for 10, 15, or 25 years, will make it tmpossible for us to survive a free nation. While there might be justification for the imposition of such rigid controls at the beginning of a hot war whose termination is expected to be a mat- ter of a few years, the imposition of such controls over the period of the present emer- gency will mean that our people will be eo conditioned over the next 10 or 15 years to such regimentation that it will be imposs‘+ ble ever to take off the controls. It is my firm conviction, therefore, that we can- not and will not emerge from this period of so-called emergency, with our fundamental freedoms intact. I realize full well the grave problems con- fronting this Nation at the present time; the problem of avoiding inflation and of getting sufficient productivity to make possi- ble our keeping a step ahead of the Com- munist regime. The best method of controlling inflation is by the indirect controls of tax and credit policies, We must adopt as an ant noe program the y-ae-you-go policy. 8 would necersarily entail the increasing of taxes all down the line to get aa much revenue by this method as possible, and
A1034 to sop up defense-created excess income. Tt would be grossly misleading, however, to permit our peopla to believe that adequate tax return can be obtained by soaking the rich. If all the income of those in the upper income bracket were taken by taxation the revenue obtained would not cover Govern- ment expenses except for a short period. Therefore, a pay-as-you-go program neces- sarily will mean that most of the increased tax burden will have to be borne by indi- viduals and families in the midcle and lower income brackets. Even the American Federation of Labor admitted this when it satd: “Millions of workers will have more money to spend in 1961. Overtime pay will increase, more will be employed, and wages are rising. Business’ income will increase too, but more of this will be taken in taxes and much of the rest must be spent for plant expansion. This new income, earned by workers and management in manufacturing military equipment, will total at lerst 620,000,000,000 per year * * * Most of the new income will be paid to workers * “ “ Much of the new tax money will be raised by heavier taxes on business; but business cannot foot the whole bill, As workers we must bear our share of the tax load. For total workers’ in- come ts 40 percent more than all other groups combined—business, farmers, management and investors.” (Labor's Monthly Survey, American Federation of Labor, November- December 1950.) However, with an announced budget next year of 671,000,000,000, I doubt if adequate tax revenue can be raised. Therefore, the Government will be forced to adopt a pro- gram of borrowing. If the borrowing is from private individuals and nonfinancial cor- porations, such borrowing would not be in- fiationary because it would result in the transfer of already existing purchasing power in the hands of private individuals to the Government. If, however, the Government, for whatever reason, refuses to face up to the realities and refuses, by taxation and by borrowing from private individuals to take the necessary income from the great mass of the people, the Government will be forced to resort again to deficit-financing on a large scale. Such a program will by its very mature, be extremely inflationary, since it would amount merely to the creation of new money through the monetization of the na- tional debt. If, over the long period of the emergency the Federal Government resorts to such monetization of the national debt it will create such an inflation as to make even the most mandatory rigid controls ineffec- tive. Such an inffation would destroy our economy as surely as a military defeat. I would point out that if the Federal Gov- ernment demands such sacrifices of its citi- gens the Government i{tself should set the example of equal or greater sacrifices by the elimination of all unnecessary nondefense expenditure. A recent report of a House In- veatigating Committee showed a very large amount of overstafiing in all the agencies of the executive branch of our Federal Gov- ernment. The report stated that there are a@ minimum of 500,000 unnecessary Govern. ment employees. Discharging of these un- necessary Civilian poy ae would bring a saving of at least $2,000,000,000 a year. At the same time it would give to our economy 600,000 much needed workers. Other gains by way of elimination of unnecessary expen- aitures by Federal, State, and local govern~ ments would bring an estimated savings of at least $10,000,000,000 a year. The recent budget message of the Presi- dent showed no evidence on the part of the Federal Government to effect any real econ- omy in nondefense spending despite the fact that in his state of the Union message the Prealdent promised that nondefense would be cut to the bone. Fortunately, we have in Congress such men as Senator Byan who said Congress would cut $7,000,000,000 out of the proposed budget. The second great problem confronting this Nation is that of maintaining and increas- ing the productivity of our industrial and agricultural plant, Since the enemy which confronts us both on the battle front and on the home front outnumbers us on a ratio of bout 15 to 1, obviously our only hope of ultimate victory is to close that great gap by increasing the productivity of our outnumbered workers. Increased produc- tivity Is also the second most important curb on inflation, Three things will be essential to increase productivity at the required rate: 1, More efficient management tn the utll- ization of our limited natural resources. 2. Greater work effort on the part of our workers (which might necessitate a return to a 44-hour week). 8. The giving to our workers more and better tools to work with. Howover, the tmprovement and expansion of the tools of production to meet the ex- traordinary defense demands and maintain our standard of living will require tremen- dous capital funds. In the five postwar years most of the funds for the great ex- pansion and improvement program we have enjoyed came from plowed-back earnings, From 1946 through 1949 corporations plowed back, after taxes, 62 percent of their earnings and paid out in dividends to the stockhold- ers only 38 percent, In the 1950 report of the Council of Economic Advisers it was pointed out that profits over the next 6 or 10 years would have to be maintained at the present level or increased to get the neces- sary funds for expansion and improvement since in their estimation profits would re- main the main source of capital funds for the expansion and improvement of the tools of production, The grave problem confronting us then is that with increased taxation upon corpo- ration earnings and especially with the im- position of an excess-profits tax, capital funds will not be adequate trom this source to finance the absolutely essential program of increasing production per worker, True, some relief will be obtained by permitting rapid amortization of defense facilities; this, however, will not be sufficient. The only remaining private source of capi- tal funds will be the savings of individuals in the middle-income brackets, because save ings as well as income are concentrated in their hands. I would, therefore, advocate a program of austerity savings by all our people and the investment of these savings in corporate stock. We would by this method make as broad as possible the ownership of American business; prevent socialism by keeping the ownership of business in the hands of private individuals and lastly pre- vent inflation by curtailing spending and by furnishing adequate capital funds for the expansion and improvement of the tools of production upon which will depend our sur- vival in this long drawn-out war against world communism. I fully realize what a burden will be imposed on those in the mid- dle-income bracket by heavy taxes and the purchase of Government bonds and corpo- rate stock, but I am certain that if the great mass of Americans realize that their sur- vival as a free people depends on this, they will come through with flying colors. If adequate funds cannot be obtained by this means then it looks as though the main source of funda will be the Federal Govern- ment. The financing of & program of ex- pansion by Government funds over a long emergency will apell the death knell of our private-enterprige system because we will end the period with such a large amount of Gov- ernment ownership as to have effective socialism, In conclusion, I would advocate eternal vigilance on the part of our people of their APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD basic Mberties. They should demand that Congress set up a “watchdog committee” to see that any controls imposed do not en- croach more than is absolutely essential upon their liberties. They should further demand that a time limit of 1 year be put upon every control so Congress can each year scrutinize the effect of the control and question ite renewal, Finally, they should demand that mandatory controls be completely termi- nated as soon as possible and that a system of voluntary controls by cooperative action be substituted as soon as possible. I could not conclude with a better quota- tion than that of the American Federation of Labor: “Because Moscow's war against the free world may last 10 or even 20 years, and be- cause we face a long period of sacrifice and hard work on the home front, it is essential that we organize our effort so that those free and voluntary institutions which are our greatest strength may be preserved and may serve us now. The dynamic quality of our economy which has its roots in free alert citi- zens hag made America the most productive country in the world. This will be our basic weapon in fighting an enemy that hopes to force its tyrannical controls on all nations, and to eliminate self-government throughout the world. The people know how grave the situation ts. If labor, management, and farmers are consulted and given the facts to make clear their duties and responsibilities, they will do their part. “A self-governing country cannot mobilize its full powers without voluntary organiza- tion through which to channel the joint ef- forts of its free citizens who are responsible for economic life—-whether they are manage- ment, labor, farmers, bankers, or consumers, and so forth. We are fortunate that depend~ able voluntary organizations already exist in these groups. It remains only to coordinate them under the Defense Administration so that 9 united effort will result—to get out defense equipment with all speed and to maintain the life and welfare of our Nation, Such coordination can easily be accom- plished, as President Green has suggested. He proposes that Defense Authorities consult with joint committees composed of repre- sentatives from management, labor, farm, and other organizations, and that these com- mittees be responsible (1) to cooperate in formulating defense policies, (2) to mobilize thelr membership for compliance and maxi- mum effort. By providing for such joint committees at national, industry, and plant Jevels and by arranging for periodic meetings with factual information on developments and reports on compliance, this voluntary orgenization could become the basic force tor effective action on the home front in the years ahead, Free men will find the best way when they have the facts before them and an organization through which they can pirticipate. “Production and inflation control require Joint effort in which each group performs a necessary agreed-on function in accord with plans made by the Joint committee, The ef- fort to stop increases in automobile prices was an example of the unnecessary difficulties arising when representatives of the industry are not called in to work with the Defense Administration, study the facts and develop satisfactory methods for voluntary controls, Obviously what happens in steel affects auto- mobiles and many otber tndustries and all must hold the line if a price cciling is to stay firm. The defense effort must be based on the principle of equal sacrifice. The main function of Government is to see that sacri- fices are equal, to furnish information, call together the organizations of labor, manage~ ment, and others, and coordinate all plans and activies, but not to dominate or dictate.” (Labor's Monthly Survev, November-Decem- ber 1950, pp. 2-3.)
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Annenia EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. THOMAS J. LANE OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27, 1951 Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I wish to include part of my remarks at the dedication of the Armenian Community Center at Lawrence, Mass., on Sunday, February 5, 1951: The Armenian people are one of the oldest races in this world. Your homeland lies between the Black and Caspian Seas, partly in Russia and partly in Turkey. It is the northern gateway to the rich and important of] fields of the Middle East, and to the land bridge between Europe and Asia. Your ancestors had to be tough in order to survive. Small in number, they have come through wars and conquests, because they have strong bodies and strong will-power. Love cf their land and of their families are the reasons why Armenians are a brave and a proud people. Many times through history, conquerors have swept across your country, killing and stealing and leaving only the bare, scorched earth behind them. Time and time again, Armenia seemed doomed by the cruel and savage lust of in- vaders who resented the fact that you would not bow the knee to them, and in their fury tried to turn your meado@s and your moun- tains into lifeless desert. But Armenians had an inner source of strength that neither sword nor fire could reach. That unconquerable spirit was based on your belief in the Creator of all things—and of your right to live according to His teach- inga, devoted to your families, at peace with your neighbors, filling the yeara with good and productive effort. Having weathered all the flerce moods of Nature, from the pie: ing winds and blazing summer suns that tried to rout you from the highlands, you had developed the vigor to endure the persecutions of man. After each wave o{ aggression had passed over you, and the crimes of evil men had been locked up in history, you struggled to your feet once more and out of the ruins bogan to hulld again. Armenia is not too far away from the place where the Son of God came upon this earth. As His message spread to you, there came the wisdom of His infinite patience, The experience of your people, tested as they have been by physica) and human forces that seemed to be completely tacking in mercy, has proved to you that the faith of man in God gives him 8 power greater than all others combined, and more. It ts this that has enabled the people of Armenta to rise above all fear and suffering. And they sent it as @ gift through their sons and daughters to America. You and I, and the descendants of all those other people who were persecuted elsewhere, have found sanctuary in this New World where we are buliding together a society of mutual understanding and respect. I am of Irish ancestry. I am naturally proud of the culture that I inherit, and I am glad to see the contributions it ts making to the glorious progress of the United States. But that fs not all. If I confined myself narrowly to this I would miss the splendid talent and character that all other peoples are pouring into the veins of onr Nation. Never before has there been such an ex- pertence in human fellowship like the one that ts succeeding in the United States today, Here we are witnessing the intermarriage of races and the creation of one human fam~ ily where all are partners. And the secret of this ts that one does not try to dominate the other and force the surrender of that precious quality that is known cs the soul of a man or a woman. This Sunday marks a “eal achievement for those citizens of Greater Lawrence who treasure the values that are honored hy the name of Armenian. At last you have a community center of ycur own where you can meet in a group larger than your immediate family circle to enjoy the comradeship of men and women who share your memortes and your customs. No race or creed can ever claim a preferred position in this great American Republic, We are here as equals. I know that I will visit this friendly center many times in the years to come so that I may learn your ways as you learn mine. You and I are making an important dis- covery on this 26th of February fn 1961. We are related, and we are united, without hav- ing to think and act and pray alike. We are huppy and progressive in the variety of our brotherhood. We used to think of American freedom as an escape from the oppressions of the Old World. That was our fret thought. Now we know that freedom also means the right aud the responsibility to do for our- selves and our neighbors. To be true to our- selves, in a way that will be good for us, and for our fellow citizens no matter whet their origin may be. This community center is your contribu- tion to the social life of the city, that we welcome with open hearts. It will preserve and propagate Armenian culture for the enrichment of every man, woman, and child in the big and generous home that we call Lawrence. An American Policy in Asia EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. FREDERIC R. COUDERT, JR. OF NEW YORK IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27, 1951 Mr. COUDERT. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I include an address by Mr. Harold Riegelman, a leading citizen and distinguished mem- ber of the New York Bar Association to the People’s League for World Order at Gramercy Park Hotel February 24, 1951: 4 American Pouicy un ASIA (By Harold Riegelman) You have asked me to speak about an American policy in Asia. Obviously, our policy in Asia should not, and cannot senei- bly, be separated from our total foreign policy. That policy has had a constent base throughout our history: To insure to Amer- ica the security of life, liberty, and the pur- suit of happiness through the medium of a form of government which is subordinated and consecrated to the inviolability of hu- A1035 and Central America, Germany, and Japan, Presently it pivots on Russia, The basic . factor there fe a Communist philosophy centering in Russia which, by ite very nature, fe expansionist, It has preached and deém- onstrated ita incapacity to thrive in contact and competition with those institutions which we and other free nations accept and are determined to preserve. It is hardly posetble to avotd the convic- tion that Communist leadership is dedi- cated to the destruction of our poltical, social, and economic coneepts, and has been so dedicated from the beginning, The pat- tern of Russian behavior during all but a few of the past 34 yenrs indicates to many Ob- servers that this has been, and is, a long- range dedication from which there will be no voluntary, lasting deviation. That pat- tern also indicates that the Soviet program has been planned in logical, progressive, and overlapping phases. I believe these phases are discerntbie, and that the firat phase has naturally been to make communism secure in Rugsia. The second phase, to soften other countries by propaganda, infiltration, sub- version, and fifth columns. The third, to create as many satellite nations as possib‘e by Rabotnge, coup d'état, and civil war. The fourth, to use tho satellite countries as agents of agyression, without commitment of Rus- sian manpower but with a significant flow of Russian matériel and guidance. This fourth phase is war by proxy. Its objectives would be to build up control of a vast pre- ponderance of manpower, to create an at- ceptance of Communist invincibility, to selze and deny to the free nations main sources of uranium, manganese, tin, rubber, and oll, and to sap the productive and human resources of the free nations by engaging and dissipating their power in many widely separated areas while the Russian war ma- chine {gs left intact and unexposed. Credible reports, some issued by the Soviets themselves, disclose that concur- rently with these phases, stockpiling of war materials and the training and equipment of vast armies go on apace. The very size and power of those forces are strong evidence that there is yet another, probably a final, phase. That final phase would logically be the full employment of those forces when conditions promise greatest success at lowest cost in overrunning those portions of the free world which shall not have yet suc- cumbed to the techniques of the preceding phases, This means global war. We had a revealing foretaste of the fourth or proxy war phase in Greece. But now we have entered in earnest upon that fourth phase which may well he the last step before a cataclysmic war. If we interpret the Rus- sian pattern aright, it would seem that the only chance of avoiding such a cataclysmic war ts to prevent the fourth phase from progressing to a point where coriditions fav- orable to that war are fulfilled. I would suppose thet such a war could occur in three contingencies: 1. The substantial achievement of the ob- jectives of the fourth or proxy phase. 2, An economic collapse of America and Western Europe. 8. A miscalculation as to whether the ob- jectives of the fourth phase have been suf- ficiently achieved, or as to whether the econ- omy of America and Western Europe has been suffictently sapped to assure impotent resistance against a determined attack. One may not exclude the additional pos. sibility that a failure of the fourth phase could catapult Russia into war regardtess of our economic vigor, but the whole course of Russian history greatly discounts that contingency. "rhere is a sufficient foyndation in the pat. tern of the last few decades of Russian be- havior to require that our foreign policy face the first three of these contingencies real- istically and practioally the world over.
A1036 ‘The application of that policy to Asia is eléar. Nowhere else does the fourth phase of the Communist program reveal itself more piainly. When satellite North Korean forces were inadequate to enforce Commu. nist rule south of the thirty-eighth parallel, satellite Chinese Communist forces were thrown into that war with every expectation, I am sure, that the entire peninsula would speedily fall under Communist control. There is evidence of the fourth phase in Tibet and in Indochina. It is not too difi- cult to project this pattern into Burma, ‘Thalland, and Malaya, and from thence to Indonesia and the Philippines. In those circumetances Japan and Formosa could hardly be held, and our Pacific line of de-~ fense might well*be forced back to the shores of Washington, Oregon, and California. Certainly the successful exploitation of the fourth or proxy phase in Asia could release 700,000 crack Russian troops presently in Siberia, for reinforcement of already over- whelmingly large Communist armies in Europe, or even for an assault upon Alaska. If this reasoning is correct or partially cor rect, it would appear vital to stop phase four in its tracks now, before it is too late, This would explain and justify our action in defense of South Korea. It would follow that in Formosa our policy should be to give an adequate measure of supply and guidance to the anti-Communist forces. We would withdraw our prohibition against attacks by those forces against the mainland, and provide them with the means of making their attacks effective. We would aid them to aid the anti-Communist guerril- las on the mainland with small arms, mobile ordnance, and ammunition. I see no possible justification for using any American troops in these operations. Their use is unnecessary. Their use would be the kind of dispersion of the most precious of our resources, which should be avoided ex- cept when military contingencies leave us no alternative. I submit that the immediate aim of our China policy should be to provide within practicable limits munitions sufficient to enable the anti-Communists to seize, hold, organize, administer, and defend all of China south of the Yangtze River, thereby insulating the Communist Indochinese from further Chinese Communist reinforcement and ending further armed Communist pene. tration in Burma. It would seem needful that the coast of Communist China be blockaded by the free nations, if the Com- munist supply of essential fuels, metals, food, and munitions ig to be cut off. That the United Nations would support this policy is devoutly to be wished. But we must face the fact that that potentially great instrumentality for peace might be alow to respond to the challenge. We should press the need for action with patience and restraint, but with an eye on the clock, Jest what comes may come too little or too late. Within and outside of the United Nations we must consider the problems pecullar to our friends and to the far-eastern area. In Asia, France's part is chiefly in Indo- china, and I belleve that in that extraordi- narily complex situation she is doing what she can with what help she can get from ua. Britain, for reasons which have seemed proper to her, has been an unwilling partner in the Far East. Her traditional aptitude for getting along with competitor nations has served her well in the past. And this ex- perience perhaps obscures the fact that com- muniam is not that kind of competition. There are able British leaders who are aware of that unpleasant truth. We can hope that their counsels may prevail, Aa to India, it may well be that her own internal problems are ao critical that she will not riak external complicationg any sooner than ghe has to, The political attitudes of the great mass of Asiatica is not quite the same os ours. We think of our freedoms as multiple and abstract, Too many Asiatics are of stark necessity concerned with but one material freedom: freedom from misery. To millions who are under constant threat of starvation, rice and wheat can be a more compelling motivation than a yearning for freedom of speech, press, assembly, or worship. If any political economy will promise freedom from misery, its underlying philosophy is not likely to be too carefully tested. These are circumstances, and there are others, which make the containment of communism more difficult. A sound foretgn-relations policy would recognize that we may not wisely withhold from starvation areas our excess food sta- ples. We should not at any time relax our efforts to acquaint the Asiatic people in every way we can with the real spirit and purpose of our institutions, without insist- ing that these inatitutions are the sole and only possible vehicles of those purposes, Where inexperience or centuries-old tradi- tion create weaknesses in administration, we should be slow to condemn, and should make some effort to encourage the building up of reservoirs of trained indigenous ad- ministrative talent. In offering advice, we should be humbly aware that our own gov- ernmental practices often fall far short of standards we proudly profess. We must recognize, too, that the gap be- tween our precept and our practice ts not limited to government. For there are also areas of our conduct in relation to people of color in America which do not make good anti-Communist propaganda among the col- ored races of Asia or elsewhere. Time may well be on our side if we make good use of it. Long before this, people have been subjugated for extended periods, and have at last freed themselves from yokes as securely fastened upon them as commu- nism appears to be upon those whom it has enslaved. There are indeed signs that all is not well behind the fron as well as the bamboo cur- tains. In time, these portents can materi- alize, This is not wishful thinking. If communism 1s bad for people; if commu- nism cannot compete or even survive in free contact with liberal political philosophies; if communism must conquer the world or die, and its aggression is effectively blocked, an end must come to this menace. I believe an end will come, and in our generation. But only if we possess a conscious and reso- lute awareness of what needs to be done and have the wisdom, imagination, courage, and discipline to do it. Philanthropist Finds Peace EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. JAMES J. HEFFERNAN OF NEW YORK IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27, 1951 Mr, HEFFERNAN. Mr. Speaker, un- der leave to extend my remarks in the Recorp, I include therein an article from the Montreal Daily Star of November 11, 1950, about Mr. Max Abelman, of Brook- lyn, N. Y.: PHILANTHROPIST Finps Pracse Here (By Frank Lowe) If this ever seeps back to “da Borough of Dem Bums” the repercusaions could be seri- ous, but in the interests of truth !t should be printed here that the man who is known as “Brooklyn's official ambassador of good will" always comes to Montreal when he ‘wants to relax. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD This startling information regarding his deviationist tendencies came from none other than the good-will ambassador him- self, genial Max Abelman, “Whenever I feel the need of a change and a rest,” he said today as he rested in the Mount Royal Hotel, “I come to Montreal.” This love for a community not bordered by the Gowanus Canal springs from the fact that for the last several decades Mr. Abelman has found in this area the peace and quiet he desires, after such herculean feats as raising $1,000,000 for charity (Brooklyn char- jty, of course) at a single dinner, In 40 years of philanthropic endeavor in the world's most publicized community (Brooklyn again, of course) he has, accord- ing to the CoNGRESSIONAL ReEcorD, raised more than 100,000,000 for various charities and war bond drives. Right now his interest is the Jewish Hos- pital of Brooklyn, an institution he has served by acting as both secretary and public relations director. This spot he has turned into something of an art center as ‘well as @ medical center by insisting that the walls of the institution would be better aids to healing if they were decorated. So he hired artists to turn the drab walls into art galleries—and then brought public attention to bear by having such men as the late Franklin D. Roosevelt and Wendell Willkie autograph the works. Lord Halifax, the suave British Ambassador to the United States during the difficult war years, was another famous figure who helped Mr. Abelman to make these walls the keepers of priceless autographs. Gen. George Marshall, Gov. Tom Dewey, and Cardinal Spellman are others who found themselves contributing to the worthy cause of making @ hospital in Brooklyn the most written- about health institution in the world. Mr. Abelman’s biggest fund-raising chore, though, was in World War I, when he had quit the job of banking to devote himself to philanthropy, and was asked to sell Lib- erty bonds. He held just one meeting at the Brooklyn Academy of Music and there sold $49,000,000 (count those zeros) worth of bonds. Now a man in his 60's Mr. Abelman has slowed down a bit. He would probably not promise to raise more than a few mil- lion in one evening—~and indicative of his slacking off is the fact that he has resigned as secretary of the Jewish Hospital and now acts as public relations director exclusively. “The other day, though, I felt I needed a rest even from this,” he said. ‘So I packed a bag and came to Montreal. Now I feel a lot better.” But don’t think a chubby dynamo like this can relax completely. While in Mont- real he visited quite a few of the friends he has made over the years—one of them being Dr. Cyril F. James, principal and vice chan- celor of McGill University, “Now there's a fine man,” he said, “the kind of man I'd like tc have visit our hose pital.” And, knowing Mr. Abelman’s powers of persuasion, don't be surprised if you read of Dr. James making a trip to Brooklyn in the near future, Christopher Columbus Memorial Arbor EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. PETER W. RODINO, JR. OF NEW JERSEY IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 27, 1952 Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I wish to include the following resolution adopted
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD by the Megaro Welfere Association of Newark, N. J., endorsing H. R. 2473, which I introduced on February 7, pro- viding for a Christopher Columbus Memorial Arbor in the District of Columbia: Whereas the members of the Megaro Wel- fare Association, 835 Roseville Avenue, in the city of Newark, county of Essex, State of New Jersey, at a meeting held on the 19th of February 1961, having been apprised of the present legislation before Congress con- cerning the Christopher Columbus Memo- rial Arbor; and Whereas the members of this association, having been organized primarily for the pur- pose of alding the underprivileged youth of the community, fee] that this movement to honor Christopher Columbus will aid in the harmonious relationship between the peo- ples of the American and Italian race: Be lt therefore Resolved, That this organization cv on rec- ord as officially endorsing the views of the honorable Congressman, Perrr W. Ropino, Jr., and Huan Apponrzto, who have intro- duced legislation before Congress to set up @ memorial which is to consist of the plant- ing of trees in arbor effect, representing each State of the Union, the District of Columbla, the Territories of Alaska and Hawall, and Puerto Rico, in a Federal park, in the Na- tion's Capital, and be it resolved further that since the cost of building this memorial is to be met by private citizens through the Citi- gens Committee for a Christopher Columbus Memorial Arbor, we, the members of the Megaro Welfare Association, agree to con- tribute to the cost of building said memorial as soon as the proper legislation is passed upon, Bigned by the officers of the Megaro Wel- fare Association, on the date and year first above written. ANTHONY MARINELLO, President. Attest: Frank Rosania, Secretary. The Republican Party Can Lead This Nation Out of the Valley of De- struction EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. JAMES E. VAN ZANDT OF PENNBYLVANIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, February 26, 1951 Mr. VAN ZANDT. Mr. Speaker, it was my privilege to be one of many Republican Members of Congress who participated in the Nation-wide celebra- tion of Lincoln’s Birthday. All of the Lincoln Day dinners were well attended and abounded with enthusiasm which gave every indication that the Grand Old Party is steadily gaining ground. One of the several addresses I de- livered was at Butler, Pa., at the annual Ladies and gentiemen, it is a distinet honor te accept your kind invitation and to join such « representative of Americans in onoring ths memory of immortal Lin- ‘My remarks this evening are to de tr ‘ght from the shoulder and while they will not be devoted entirely to the Geant Emancipator, they will reveal conditions to- day cortiparable to those faced by Lincaln as he labored to hold this Nation together. Before discussing present-day conditions, let us refresh our memories of Abraham Lincoln. We all know of his humility, his hardship, his deep reverence for God, his unfailing faith and determination, and his honesty and integrity that have become a symbol for all mankind. Even foreign nations revere the qualities of Abraham Lincoln and point to him as an example of the leadership needed in the conduct of public affairs. This great Republican President did not reach the heights of world acclaim without experiencing heartaches and bitter disap- pointments. A close study of his’ many reverses in life reveal that few men could have weathered such a series of trials and tribulations. When you read of Lincaln’s fe you are reminded of hig statement in speaking’ of his lack of formal education when he sald, “I didn’t know much—my schooling was limited to readin’, writin’, and cipherin’ to the rule of three.” This statement reveals the humility and sincerity of Lincoln, who was not ashamed of his early life and his humble surroundings. This humility of Abraham Lincoln was re- flected in his first campaign for o political office when he was a candidate for the Btate legislature in Illinois in 1832. At that time Lincoin said, “I presume you all know who Iam, Iam humble Abraham Lincoin. My politics are short and sweet, Iike the old woman’s dance. I am in favor of a national bank. I am in favor of the internal-im- provement system, and high protective tariff. These are my sentiments and political principles.” Yes. On clearly defined political prin- ciples Abraham Lincoln was content to place his future in the hands of the American people. It took on his part to stand on his princtples and to bypass the political magic of promising everybody everything in the hope of garnering a vote, a practice so popular today with the New Dealers and Fair Dealers. Lincoln, because of his courage and convictions, went down to defeat in 1832 as a candidate for the legislature. He was defeated again in business in 1833 and lost everything of a material value. In 18638 as candidate for speaker he was again defeated. In 1840 he lost as a candidate for elector, In 1843 he was defeated as a candidate for Commissioner of the Genera] Land Office, and also as a candidate for nomination to Congress. In 1848 he lost in his campaign for reelec- tion to Congress. In 1855 he was the losing candidate for United States Senator. In 1856 he was defeated as candidate for Vice President. In 1658 he was defeated as candidate for United States Senator. But in 1860 he was elected as the sixteenth President of the United States. What a glowing tribute to Lincoln's perseverance and to the truth of the old saying, “You can't defeat a man who will not quit.” When Abraham Lincoln sssumed the Presidency of the United States he became the first Republican ever to hold that high office. He became the leader of a new political party born in 1656 in the midst of the turmoil and terribie disagreements which preceded the Civil War. While Lincoln was President he gave to the American people a type of leadership that See et ne eee fax its cherished ideals Tt was 142 years ago that Abraham Lincoln ‘was born, and for nearly 20 years we have heard over and over in these words: “God grant thet we had another Lincoln to lead us out of the prosent-dey wilderness of despair.” : Yes, we Americans are reminded of the conditions that prevailed when Lincoln de- livered his Gettysburg Address—conditions that are comparable to those facing us today. At that time this Nation was threatened with destruction by disunity within, and ita future hung in the balance. It was Lin- coln'’s stirring reminder that we could not “live permanently half slave and half free” that fred men’s hearts and resulted in saving this Nation, If Lincoln had failed we would have found ourselves a divided nation as Korea was when the Communist hordes descended upon it. We would have had a North and a South working at cross purposes and againat each other, Yes. We could bave suffered the fate of Korea inateai of welding ourselves into the greatest and strongest nation on earth financially and physically. We reached this pinnacle of strength among all nations because we followed the philosophy of government conceived by our forefathers and embodied in that historic document—the Constitution of the United States. For nearly 20 years we have lived under the banner of the so-called New Deal-Fair Deal and In reality Raw Deal concept of gov- ernment, As a result we have seen the Con- stitution of the United States ridiculed and ignored while socialism and communism have been encouraged. The word democracy was given a new defl- nition and used as a cloak by the New Deal- Fair Deal forces tn Government, in carrying out their program of deception. They have been so successful in applying the term democracy that the American people have been fooled into using this New Deal word in describing our form of government. ‘Yes; even some Republicans have fallen into the trap, by discarding the word republic when speaking of the type of Government intended tor this nation. It is well to recall at this time the inspiring words contained in the pledge of allegiance to the flag, “I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which {it stands, one nation indivisible with liberty and justice to all.” T say to you in all fairness that this is not a democracy—it is a republic! The New Dealers in following their pro- gram of decelt experimented with every phase of our economic life and to such an extent that they lulled the American people into a sense of false security. They prom- ised everybody something for nothing—even luring many Republicans with their sugar- coated economic remedies. To be frank, in 1936 and again in 1940, the New Dealers bad convinced many Republi- cans that their party had no future and it has not been so long ago that some Repub- licans actually apologized for their Republi- can faith. With such a condition prevalent throughout the Nation our party was faced with extinction and serious consideration was asked that the name Republican be changed and another adopted in its place. Mind you, this is the same party founded by Abraham Lincoln. Fortunately, some of us refused to accept the New Deal philosophy of a more abundant Ufe, and girded ourselves for an all-out bat- tie against the New Deal forces. Those of us who were in Congress recall that during the early days of the Roosevelt regime we were publicly ridiculed because we refused to follow the dictates of the Chief Executive, who at that time had as his advisers, Harry Hopkins, Rex Tugwell, Henry Wallace, Alger Hise, Lee Pressman, and others of their stripe.
A1038 From this loyal opposition to the devastat- . ing policies of the New Deal clique there de- Oped a growing resentment against the socialistic and communistic trends that Were discernible at that time. It was dificult to convince & lot of good Americans that they were being used as pawns in the New Deal program which Rex Tugwell aptly described when he said, “Let us roll up our sleeves and make over America.” In our opposition to the New Deal policies ‘we continued to rebuild our party with the result that in 1044 we showed signs of re- gaining our former strength. We were stiil pitted against the master politician in our bid for contro! of the White House and Con- gress and with ewollen Government payrolls and millions of people who regarded Uncle Sam as Santa Claus, we found that millions etill voted against us. By 1946, the Second World War had been concluded and the American people began to realize that the double-talk, the distor- tion of facts, the coddling of Communists, and the general misrnanagement of govern- ment with its enormous cost and mounting taxation had brought this Nation to the brink of disaster. It was then that the American people gave control of the Eightieth Congress to the Republican Party. When the Republican-controlled Congress convened in January 1947, it inherited the colossal mess resulting from 14 years of New Deal blundering, boondoggling and ineMiciency in Government reflected in countless bureaus, and commissions whose overlapping functions and duplication of efforts saddied the American people with high taxes and 76,000 useless Government directives that controlled their daily lives. We found that Communists, fellow-trav- elers, and parlor-pinks were occupying high postioné of Government and had a firm foot- old in the State Department. This radical- minded mob on the Federal payroll were writing directives designed to regiment the American people and destroy our form of government, Regardiess of the iron curtain of secrecy that the Truman administration threw around the affairs of the various departments of Government, the Republican Eightieth Congress reduced the national debt by $7,- 000,000,000 and at the same time cut income taxes despite several vetoes by our letter writing President. These income-tax reduc- tions benefited millions of persons in the lower-income group. We freed the American people of some 76,000 Government rules, reg- ulations, directives, and orders, and balanced the national budget for the first time in 16 years. In fact, the fiscal year of 1948 ended with a surplus of 88,500,000,000—the biggest Treasury surplus in the history of the Nation. Despite the fine record of the Republican Bightieth Congress, the American people al- lowed President Truman to label the Eight- feth Congress as the worst Congress in exist- ence. The Chief Executive was aided un- knowingly by the marked apathy on the part of members of the Republican Party who ferred to consider the election “in the beg." and who were lulled into a deep asleep. Those who refused to Hsten to the President or to be lulled to sleeg went fishing. As a result, we failed to get out the vote—even our own Repvbiican vote. Because 52 per- cent of all eligible Americans failed to vote in 1948, this Nation suffered the greatest po- litical catastrophe in its history. We Re- publicans can accept the blame, for we are Yesponsible for the listless campaign we ‘waged in the belief that victory was assured. As we compare 1948 with the election held on November 7, 1950, we Sind significant re- sults of our efforts to expose the New Deal- Pair Deal regime, Last fall’s election brought forth a definite vote of protest against the mismanagement of the’ biggest business on the face of the earth today—the Government of the Unite tates, Yes, it revealed that the American people at last began to realise that they had been outrageously betrayed by the Rooseyelt-Truman regime, Never before in the history of our country has our national honor suffered such humil- tation and disgrace as by the crimes com- mitted at Yalta, Tehran, and Potsdam. The crimes of Paarl Harbor, the partitioning of Germany, the appeasement of Russia, the coddling of Communists in high Government positions, the dismantling of our national defense, and our biundering foreign policy which plunged vs into the so-called police action in Korea constitute national sins that cry to heaven for vengeance. Today Washington is in a state of confu- sion. We have the national administration controlling Congress—the legislative arm of Government—and dominating the executive branch of Government as well, yet it has no blueprint for the present or future prob- Jems of our country. As a result, the fate of this Nation hangs in the balance. With scandals being unearthed daily in various Government departments and the cost of government mounting to where taxes are op- pressive, our Nation lacks the leadership sorely needed to lead us out of this period of national crisis. Speaking of the high cost of government, the President in his annual budget message requested 871,600,000,000 for the fiscal year beginning July 1. To provide the money the President has asked that new taxes be levied and present taxes increased. His proposal will impose upon the shoulders of the Amer- ican people the greatest 11x load in the his- tory of this Nation. In one breath the American people are told to tighten their belts and to practice economy in all phases of daily life. But hid- den away in the President's budget proposals are large amounts of money for the Truman socialistic program, which includes socialized medicine, the Brannan plan, and the even- tual socialization of ail industry. Jeffersonian Democrats in Congress and even some administration wheel horses ad- mit publicly that the budget can be reduced if the President has the will to do so. They are of the opinion that over 89,000,000,000 can be eliminated if the President will heed their advice and drop his socialistic program. The old New Deal philosophy enunciated by the late Harry Hopkins when he aaid, “Tax, spend, elect, for the people are too dumb to understand,” is still the accepted doctrine of President Truman and the New Deal-Fair Deal forces. Even though we are on the brink of economic ruin and faced with the most critical period in our history, the administration is trying to change our form of government by deception or in plain words by trying to fool the American people. They fail, however, to realize that the over- whelming majority of the American people are utterly dlagusted with the present ad- ministration in Washington and if the 1962 election were to be held today, they would repudiate the Truman clique with an ava- Janche of votes in protest against the monu- mental blundering and stupidity that have characterized the handling of the affairs of government, As I said previously, for nearly 20 years now we have been hearing the prayerful ut- terance over and over again, “God grant that we had another Lincoln to lead us out of the present-day wilderness of despair.” The Republican Party can again lead this Nation out of the valley of destruction if it accepts the challenge that we are con- fronted with today in providing real leader- ship. We must bury any selfish desires, set- tle peaceably any party squabbles, and de- termine to build a fighting party of real Americans who revere the Constitution of the United States as the cornerstone of our Aberty and freedom. The time has arrived to stand up and be counted. We must erase from our minds any defeatist attitude and recall how Abra- ham Lingoln after suffering 10 crushing de- APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD feats from 1632 to 1858 finally emerged tri- ‘umphant in 1860 by being elected the six- teenth President of the United States. Let us at this time rededicate ourselves to the principles of Abraham Lincoln and’ to the Republican Party. In so doing we are simply rededicating ourselves to the princi- ples of Americanism as embodied in our re- publican form of Government. The American way of life-—yes, the fate of our great Republic—is at stake—and fac- ing such a challenge, let us as loyal Repub- licans leave this banquet room tonight with the determination to remember the truth of the old saying about Abraham Lincoln, “You can't defeat a man who will not quit!” In such a spirit let us sound thie clarion call: “We Republicans have just begur to fight!” John Steelman, the Assistant to the Pres- ident, One of the Most Able Men in All the World EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. FRANK W. BOYKIN OF ALABAMA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, February 26, 1951 Mr. BOYKIN. Mr. Speaker, this marks the twenty-sixth Battle Report, Wash- ington, made by Ur. John R. Steelman, the Assistant to the President, in his series of documentary telecasts pro- duced by Ted Ayers and sent out over the National Broadcasting Co.'s network and cables to the American people each Sun- day afternoon for the last half year. Mr. Speaker, some years ago, in an address to this House, I told of hearing the president of one of the largest cor- porations in the United States at one time declare that John Steelman, the Assistant to the President, is one of the most able men in all the world, and, Mr. Speaker, he has grown immeasurably in stature every single day since I made that prophetic statement. I venture the suggestion that no one in the White House is earlier at his desk than John Steelman, To him, it is still midday when others go home. His is not a 9 to 5 o'clock job—it is a 24-hour-a- day, round-the-clock Job—and President Truman knows where he can get in touch with his trusted assistant, Mr. Steelman, every minute of every night, AS well as every day. While many persons associate Mr. Steelman largely with labor relations and labor problems, I know that these are but only a part of his daily duties, Noted for his humanities, he is prob- ably the greatest living labor economist. In his mediation and labor conciliation experience activities, and between the years 1937 to 1944, John Steelman in- duced embattled protagonists, in more than 80,000 cases involving labor-man- agement shuf-downs, to settle their labor problems and squabbles without lay-offs and without strikes, Yet, Mr. Speaker, his labor activities today are but one in @ long catalog of assignments which he accomplishes each day. Characterized by his integrity, all men, from the most obscure representa- tives of labor or management to the
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD highest, can each look forward to receiv- ing equity and justice under law—from the head, the heart, and the hand of this able Assistant to the President. . My. Speaker, Battle Report, Washing- ton, as sent to the American people last Sunday afternoon, was peculiar and unique in more ways than ons. It was unique in the tremendous listener in- terest aroused by the masterful work done on that part of the program de- voted to a description of conditions in Berlin, as depicted by Lou Hazam. For his radio and television writings Lou Hazam has long been distinguished by his receipt of many awards. The magnificent word picture which he painted of tke sociological, ethical, moral, physical, education.l, spiritual, financial, military, and political values as they exist in Berlin today stamp him as probably the greatest documentary writer in the business today. Additionally thereto Mr. Steelman brought to NBC television, and to the American people, tre Honorable Earl D. Johnson, Assistant Secretary of the Army, just returned from an inspection trip to Korea. Secretary Johnson dis- cussed the reasons which give rise to the existent high morale of our troops in Korea as well as to the quality of leader- ship which he found in the combined troops of the United Nations—inclusive of the Turxs, Greeks, Australians, Brit- ish, New Zealanders, and our own boys from the United States of America. Also on the program was the Honor- able Willard L. Thorp, Assistant Secre- tary of State for Economic Affairs. Mr. Thorp discussed the many causes which led to the famine conditions prevailing in India and the proposal to ship the 2,000,000 tons of American wheat. Mr. Geoffrey Lewis, Director of the Bureau of German Affairs of our State Department, spoke briefly on the atti- tude of the people in Berlin that lent factual support to the brilliant exposé of actual conditions so eloquently ex- pressed by Lou Hazam. Mr. Speaker, last but not least, was the unfoldment and presentation of the soul-stirring pictures taken by the Jones brothers behind the iron curtain within the last 10 days, and about which I ad- vised you 2 weeks ago would be avail- able to the American people within a fortnight. Thanks to the magnificent teamwork of these colorful twin newsreel photogra- phers, the National Broadcasting Co. was able to bring to television and pictorial- ize Hazam’s writings, by way of Battle Report, Washington, the actual scenes, taken but a few days prior, of conditions as they exist today behind the iron curtain Because of the tremendous reader in- terest in these subject., I am making unanimous request for insertion into the Recorp as part of my remarks the twenty-sixth teledocumentary, Battle Report, Washington, This reasis as follows: Barrie Rerorgt, Wasntnoron Mr. McCozaricn. As the Senate Poreign Re- lations Committee hears our top defense officials on the subject of troops for Europe, NBC television in the Nation's Capitol turns ite cameras upon some top guests of its own, that you may hear your twenty-sixth Battle Report, Washington. Weshington, its streets revealing the stepped-up tempo of mobilization as more men in uniform fill the city—while in Koreas our troops battle new Communist attempts to breach the UN line of the central front. But, first, let us hear from the Assistant to the President, Dr. John R. Steelman. Dr. Sreeiman. Behind the iron curtain the tyrannical exploitation of human beings stil! goes unabated. The propaganda ma- chines of the Kremlin stil) give out their messages of hatred day tn and day out. In Korea, the mad fury of the power-drunk despots is sending tens of thousands to their deathe—tens of thousands of peace-loving, generous men who ask only for an oppor- tunity to find happiness in their own way. We know these men who are being sent to the slaughter. They have been our friends for generations. We hope and pray the day ts not far distant when they will break their chaing and see their greedy masters for what they really are. And so—on to agenda of Battle Report today. First, we will hear from the Assistant Secretary of the Army who has Just returned from an inspection trip to Korea, Secretary Ear] D. Johnson. Next, a word about the starvation crisis in India, and American response to its call for help, from Mr. Willard L. Thorp, Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs. Then, Mr. Geoffrey Lewis, Acting Director of the State Department’s Bureau of Ger- man Affairs to put a spotlight on Germany. Germany, fram which today we will show the firat of the films that NBO’s Jones Boys are shooting to document Europe for you. Mr. McCormicx. Stand by, then, for Bat- tle Report, Washington. As China rang in tts new year—the year of the rabbit—the Chinese Communists on the battlefront in Korea began this belated new year—to abuse a pun—definitely “in- the red.” Up to 78,000 of them fell before the persistent limited offensive of our UN troops. Apparently regrouped again, they sre now seeking to break through the Allied line along the Han. Latest reports concede them certain successful penetrations. But they appear to have broken off thelr Wonju drive, and far from accomplished the dam-~- age they hoped. To report to you on what he found to be the all-important factor bol- stering our troops in Korea, we focus now upon one of our top Defense Department officials who has just returned. He is the Agsiatant Secretary of the Army, Earl D. Johnson. Mr, Joumnson. Morale ts a term which is very difficult to define, and over the years I have tried to determine in my own mind just what it means and what it implies. From my experience in the past I have come to the conclusion that it is largely an expreasion of the degree of confidence pos- sessed by the soldier. This confidence is re- lated to the quality of his equipment, the state of his training, the support he re- ceives from the home front, the support he receives from his sister services, and the quality of his leadership. Perhaps it would be advisable to review each one of these in turn. First, in regard to his equipment, our sol- dier knows from actual experience in the battlefield through the use of bis equipment that it is equal to any and to most of the similar equipment that the enemy has. Also, he knows that he has a larger sup- ply and a more ready supply of equipment than his enemy. Next, in regard to train- ing, his proficiency in the use of his superior equipment has constantly tnereased. He knows that the replacements who are coming in to fight alongside of him have achieved a degree of training than was possible in the initial operation in the beginning of the Korean campaign, so that today he has real confidence in his force’s capacity. Next, io to the support from the home front, ‘he, fust ke you and I, can pick up the paper and the various periodicals, and listen to the various broadcasts, and realize that there is an increasing flexing of military muscles of the Nation and that the puolic is rallying to his support in ever increasing numbers. ‘ Next, in regard to the support from his sister services, he has the demonstrated suc~- cess of the Inchon landings, the vallant withdrawal of the Marines and his brother soldiers from the Chosin Reservoir, the con- stant support from tactical aircraft, the combat cargo command, and all the relisted services in the rear areas. He knows that they have corifidence in thelr own field equipment as he has tn his. Next, in regard to the quality of his leader- ahip, just as the individual soldier has grown in military stature in the discharge of his dally duties, so have his officers. He hag seen the superb tactics of withdrawal and the manipulation of limited reserves which General Walker has dispisyed He has seen how brilliantly his commander conducted the offensive which swept the Korean forces back to the Yatu River. More recently, he has seen again the use of our troops’ greater mobility by thetr withdrawal sufficiently far beyond the reach of the Communists to al- low complete regrouping of forces and equtp- ment, and now he has seen the magnificent, dynamic leadership of a new Commander, General Ridgway, who, having had time to achieve an estimate of the enemy's capaci- ties, is leading our troops in a stubborn offensive. In addition to this, he bas come to know his enemy and knows that, in virtually every respect, the UN soldier is supertor. One last point that has added greatly to his morale is the fact that this is not an individual action of the United States but is the combined action of the United Nations. ‘This ts important because he has now fought alongside the Turk, the Greek, the Aus- tralian, the British, the New Zealander, and he knows that they are companions in arms who can well carry their end of the burden. All of these have combined to add to the growing high morale of our forces. Mr. McCoamicx, You are looking at film shot by NBC front-line cameramen showing our forces at the height of their offensive in Koren. Heavy fire from ships like these, laid down by the battleship Missouri off shore. UN forces were sparked by tanks covered by tremendous artillery barrage. Not until our troops reach the open plain be- low Seoul do the Reds surge forward in a suicidal charge, waving their flags and biow- ing their horns as they go to their death by the thousands. Not too far from this acene of fighting, another kind of struggle ts going on, 8 struggle agsinst starvation in India. To report to you upon that struggle, we bring you now Willard L. Thorp, Assist~ ant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs. Mr. Taosr. This is Bunday, and many of us have eaten a good American dinner. However, on the other side of the world, in the crowded country of India, families are Jess fortunate. Let me tell you what a poor family in the famine area of northern India had for ite Sunday dinner. There was only a thin wheat pancake, with a satice made of chickpeas. If the family is fortunate enough to own a cow, there might have been some milk or butter, Food like this would be # starvation diet, according to American standards, but in India, even that stmple meal ts threatened by the famine that hangs over the lives of quakes, Jocusts. Uniess India imports 6,000,000 tons of grain this year, millions of people will die from starvation, or from dinease against which undernourished bodies cannot survive,