APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD total incoming freight shipments to the irrigated areas of the West from Central and Eastern States in the year 1948 was estimated at $1,566,000,000. In 19849 one valley of two counties in southwestern Idaho purchased $55,000,000 worth of merchandise, which was imported from six North Central States. POPULATION MOVING WESTWARD There has been during the past decade, and still is, a tremendous westward movement of our population. Five far-western States have increased in population since 1940 near- ly 50 percent, while the Nation as a whole has increased only 7 percent. This is caused to @ very large extent by the tremendous, and yet undeveloped, great natural resources of that area. In that connection I would like to quote from a statement signed by seven northwest- ern Governors, or thelr representatives, at Pocatello, Idaho, March 24, 1949, as follows: “These new citizens add materially to the urgency of providing new jobs, new industries and opportunities through the development and use of these resources. We are now far behind in our development and are faced with the urgency of expanding every effort im united endeavor to provide for these new citizens, and we are not unmindful of the material national benefits that will be secured. * * * Most important to the whole basin, we believe, will be the develop- ment and reclamation of lands through irri- gation, accomplishing greater agricultural production, providing a balanced regional economy, vital in times of peace as in times of war.” FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES There are several principles which we of the West consider to be fundamental and which we believe should be strictly adhered to in any development program for the West: 1. Section 1 of the 1944 Flood Control Act should be maintained and the waters of the West which may ultimately be used for irri- gation and reclamation and other consump- tive purposes should be reserved and pro- tected for those purposes, In making that declaration I again call your attention to the fact that in the deserts of the West man cannot survive except by the artificial application of water to the land. 2. Throughout the arid West power should always remain incidental to irrigation and reclamation. True, we should develop the full power potential that is feasible In connection with our multipurpose water-resources projects. However, power should not only remain in- cidental to reclamation, but power should be required to repay those costs of such basin-wide development as are beyond the ability of the water users to repay. Other- wise, there can be little, if any, further de- velopment of the West. The small projects, easy to construct, were completed many years ago. 8. In any basin-wide water-resources de- velopment all phases of such development, including reclamation, navigation, food con- trol, power, and all other phases should pro- ceed concurrently. In no other way can a balanced economy within the region be maintained. 4, The integrity of Western States’ water laws should be forever protected and pre- served. The West has been developed and the wa- ter rights of the West have been established under these State laws. The economy of the West is dependent upon these State water laws. These rights should be protected against all hazards, including the threat of encroaching Federal controls. All water-resource projects by the Federal Government in the West, whether to be con- structed and operated by existing agencies, or by agencies hereafter created, should be developed, operated, and carried forward In full recognition of, conformity with, and ad- herence to the laws of the several States of the West. The Federal Government in acquiring wa- ter rights for a contemplated project, should be required to fe upon ire water as pro- vided for by State laws the same as any indi-~ vidual. The right to the use of the waters of the West under reclamation projects stems from State laws and not a contract with the Federal Government. 5. Valley authorities, such as MVA, CVA, and other proposals patterned after and sim- ilar to TVA should be opposed. We of the West oppose valley authorities, not only because of the general objections which are valid throughout the entire Na- tion, but particularly because of their pro- posed interference with, and control over the waters of the region encompassed. If there is one possession concerning which a west- ern farmer or rancher is zealous and will tolerate no interference, it is his water rights. CVA would supersede and do away with existing agencies, tried and proven, such as the Bureau of Reclamation and the Corps _ Of Engineers and establish in their places a board of three men—who they will be or where they will come from no one knows. ASSOCIATION SPONSORS PROGRAM Our association is now sponsoring the fol- lowing program before the present Congress: 1. To encourage basin-wide development throughout the West by existing agencies, coordinated through interagency commit- tees, and opposing valley authorities. 2. To liberalize and clarify the Federal reclamation laws, without abandoning the sound economic principles upon which rec- lamation was founded. The first reclamation law was enacted in 1902 under Theodore Roosevelt. The last significant amendment was made in 1989. The law needs to be brought up to date. 8. To sponsor a small projects program, including a separate small projects division within the Bureau of Reclamation. 4. To expedite the construction program of the Bureau of Reclamation and the Corps of Engineers in the West. 5. To accelerate and encourage the Forest Service program of revegetation and range improvements, and soil and water conserva~ tion, as well as the conservation programs of other State and Federal agencies having jurisdiction within the watersheds of the West. 6. To continue the snow surveys program of the Soil Conservation Service. %. To implement stream-flow measure- ments and ground-water studies of the United States Geological Survey. 8. To encourage an increase in credit and loans by Farmers Home Administration to settlers on reclamation projects, the major- ity of whom are veterans, ‘We believe there should be adequate funds available for our surveys and investigations in order to have available a shelf of projects. The employment situation is not too critical today, and, of course, we all hope that we never again in our lifetime see conditions as they were in the early thirties. But if such a@ situation should develop and it again be- comes necessary for the Government to em- bark upon a public-works program in order to stimulate employment, then we believe that we should be prepared with a shelf of projects providing for water resource develop- ment which would add to the permanent wealth and prosperity of the country. We have had our floods in the West, some of which bave been most disastrous. We appreciate the part which your organization played in bringing about a general recogni- tion of the fact that the control of the rivers and the prevention of floods is a national  aeianas which should be undertaken by our ‘ederal Government. The world today is confronted with a cold war. What the outcome will be no one can say. However, there is one situation which A3345 we all realize. America has emerged with the responsibility of leadership among the democracies of the world. In that leadership we cannot fail. To succeed we, as a nation, must remain strong, Our expanding econ- omy must meet the needs of our increasing population. Our standard of living must be maintained. The development of our natural resources Will create greater opportunities for our people, better living conditions, a more stabilized economy. It will strengthen us as a nation and give encouragement to our people. With this in mind we congratulate your great organization, the National Rivers and Harbors Congress. We believe you are per- forming a patriotic service for our country in outlining and fostering a sound program for the orderly development of the water resources of the Nation. We believe, too, that reclamation has a proper place in that program. We consider it a privilege to work and cooperate with you in carrying forward such a worth-while program. National Defense Week EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. ALEXANDER WILEY OF WISCONSIN IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Monday, May 8 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, the week from May 13 to May 20 is being observed as National Defense Week. During this week our Nation will be reminded that it must be enternally vigilant to defend it- self from the menace from without and the menace from within. It has been a pleasure in previous years for me to help point up the need for vigilance. ‘Thus, in February 1948 and in February 1949 I was glad to con- tribute articles for National Security Week observances to the distinguished magazine prepared by the Reserve Of- ficers Association of the United States. In those articles, I pointed out the need particularly for Federal decentraliza- ‘ion. In the May 1950 issue of the Reserve Officer, I have been glad to contribute another article, this time on the subject of the strategy of the masters of the Kremlin in the cold war in which they are now engaged with us. It is my hope that this article will be of some value, however small, in pointing up the public- spirited goals of the Reserve Officers Association and other alert defense- minded groups in our country. The ROA is well represented in my own State of Wisconsin and throughout the Nation, and I know it will continue in the van- guard of United States defense. I ask unanimous consent that the text of my article, which is entitled “If You Were Joe Stalin,” be printed in the Ap- pendix of the Rscorp. There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the Recor», as follows: Ir You Were Jor Strain (By Hon, ALEXANDER WILEY, United States Senator from Wisconsin) What would you do if you were “Uncle Joe” Stalin, the master of the Kremlin, con- troller of the destiny of 200,000,000 Russians?
A3346 No, that is not an idle question, friends. Think it over carefully. What actions would you take, assuming that you were the leader of the underground Communist conspiracy throughout the globe, asviving that you were the spearhead of the we lu-v 4.0 revo- lutionary movement aimed at overturning the capitalstic system? Wheat would you do, assuming that you were the man who had master-minded the conquest of 400,000,000 Chinese and of prac- tically the entire Asiatic hemisphere? Those indeed aren’t just academic ques- tions. It is up to you as readers of this magazine and to me to try to put ourselves in Joe Stalin’s shoes, so to speak, to try to imagine what we would do in the event that we were moving the Russian chessmen in this master chess game in which we find ourselves. The security of our entire coun~ try depends on solid, coxstructive answers to the question as to what we would do if we were Joe Stalin, No man can, of course, think accurately for another man. No man can predict accu- rately what is going on in another man’s mind, particularly when we of the West at- tempt to do so with someone who has an almost Asiatic or Oriental approach in his nature. But we can assume that if you or I were Joe Stalin, we would be aiming at certain objectives, among which we might presume are the following: A WEAK RESERVE 1, If you were Joe Stalin and if you wanted to conquer the globe, you would be trying with all your might to weaken the reserve forces of America. You would recognize that organizations like the ROA, designed to maintain a strong, vigilant reserve cadre in America, designed to maintain a strong force of minute men—that such organizations would have to be discredited. You would strive to discredit the idea of National De- fense Week as unnecessary or a waste of time. You would recognize that your propa~ gandists would have to keep up a continuous drum-fire of hate messages against those civic-minded Americans who devote quite a pit of time from their normal businesses or other affairs in order to train in the Organ- ized Reserve and in various affiliated units. You would recognize that any step, whether it be a congressional appropriation slash or any other action which would weak- en the Reserve forces of America—discour- age them, ruin their morale—would be that much to your advantage. CUT DEFENSE TO BONE 2. If you were Joe Stalin, you would not be content with simply weakening the Re- serve forces, you would try to cut down on America’s Army, Navy, and Air Forces them- selves. You would constantly have your propagandists roar that America was becom- ing a militaristic nation, because it was appropriating too much money for the Armed Forces. You would play upon the admitted need for economy here at home to bring about completely arbitrary slashes in Armed Forces appropriations, going far beyond the needs of economy and eating into the very bone and marrow of United States defense. (Not to miss a good bet, too, you would, on the other hand, seek to encourage wasteful use of funds by defense heads—wasteful use in obsolete weapons and programs for example.) You would attempt to have your propa- gandists gloss over the fact that right now in our country we have less than three full combat divisions ready for armed warfare. (Why is America so weak? Because all of our combat strength is dispersed throughout the rest of the globe, and because the re- mainder of our personnel are in supply or other roles.) NERVE WARFARE 8. If you were Joe Stalin, you would try to unsettle the nerves of the American people. You would use off-again on-again tactics de- signed to make the people jittery and to throw up their hands in disgust. You would open the land corridor to Berlin and then close it. You would put out peace feelers, then dash them to smithereens. You would agree to a discussion of atomic energy and then when the discussion actually started, you would completely destroy all possible pasis for discussion. By this constant Jab- bing off balance, this constant reversal of action, you would hope to make the Amer- ican people completely numb, completely disappointed and disenheartened in any pos- sible constructive result. These are some of the things you, sub- stituting for Joe Stalin, might do. How about some others? TORPEDOING ARMS AID 4. If you were Joe Stalin, you would do your best to torpedo the Marshall plan and the program of arms aid to western Europe. You would use every possible weapon in your: arsenal (like (a) Red-controlled longshore- men strikes designed to prevent the landing of arms aid or (b) anti-Huropean appro- priations propaganda in America) in order to sabotage the arms-~aid plan. You would have Communists in western European countries scream that America is attempting to take over the armed forces of those countries and, too, that “America would fight to the last Frenchman,” or “‘to the last Belgian,” or “to the last English- man.” Meanwhile, on the other side of the ocean, you would be telling the American people that England would fight “‘to the last American,” or then be telling us that “France would fight to the last American,” etc. In other words, you would carry on what amounts to self-contradictory propaganda, assuming that the Americans and English- men would never compare notes about your self-refuting claims and would never appraise the fact that you were obviously trying to set them against the other. ANTIPEDERATION EFFORT 5. If you were Joe Stalin, you would do all that was possible in order to prevent the program of European federation. You would play on age-old jealousies, fears, and hatreds in order to prevent the western democratic nations from integrating their economies. You would at the very minimum try to tor- pedo the efforts to make currencies inter- changeable, the efforts to cut down tariff barriers. You would realize that a united Europe would inevitably present a strong anti-Communist front to resist Soviet aggres~ sion, STRANGLE HOLD ON CONQUERED PEOPLES 6. If you were Joe Stalin, you would send out propaganda indicating that all the peo- ple behind the iron curtain are allegedly irretrievably lost to the western world, that their amalgamation within the Soviet Union js an accomplished fact. You would attempt to make the people of the world believe that devout Poland, that Latvia, Estonia, Lith- uania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Rumania are all “lost forever’ to the western cause, that no thought should be given whatsoever to their one day regaining their independence and their territorial in- tegrity. You would attempt to make the people of the world believe that the self- determination of these various peoples is a closed book, that nothing can be done about it, that there is no use trying to propagandize these peoples, that their hope for liberty is lost forever. CLASS WARFARE AGITATION 7. If you were Joe Stalin you would be ac- tive on the home front in America in at- tempting to set class against class, race against race, religion against religion, color ‘APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD against color. You would use your principal agents to infiltrate the labor unions of key industries, electric utilities, coal, railroads; heavy industries like steel and automobile, so that whenever the crucial occasion arises that you need to call these men out on a crippling strike, they would be able to re- spond like automaions. You would fight against legislation designed to prevent crip- pling national strixes. You would want to Jay America open for ruinous industrial paralysis. SMEARING OF FBI 8. If you were Joe Stalin you would make every effort to smear crv~arivet- 7 -vorking hardest on the problern o. nw cc. 2 . Amer~ ica’s internal security. You would give a king’s ransom to any individual who could get courageous J. Edgard Hoover out as head of the*Federal Bureau of Investigation. You would do everything you could in order to attempt to portray the FBT as a gestapo, in order to smear the FBI as allegedly violating the civil liberties of American citizens. You would similarly try to smear the Central In- telligence Agency, the House Un-American Activities Committee as well as individual Senators and Congressmen trying to clear disloyal individuals and groups from the Federal Government. Above all, you would concentrate on com- bating permanent anti-Communist legisla~ tion now pending before the Senate which would really put a crimp on your subversive forces in this country. These are some of the things you, as Joe Stalin, might do. REALISTIC CHESS PLAY I repeat: What my friends, do you as indl- vidual members of the ROA, think that Joe Stalin would do? And once you have thought of the actions that he would take in order to further his interests, the answer will come readily to your mind and mine on what we should do to foil his efforts. As you know, a good chess player always imagines not only his own moves many moves ahead, but the moves which his opponent will take. So, too, a@ good infantry commander, or naval com- mander, or air force commander always vis- ualizes the actions which his opponent will take in order to prevent and checkmate those actions. Let us ceca’) omoub ize our best thinks ing, not Go + ‘1d: ee of loose, irrespon- sible imagination, but on a coldly realistic basis. Let us think and we will save America, CONCLUSION Let us have a stronger Reserve Officers Asso-~ ciation than ever before. Let us have more universal dedication to national defense week than ever before. Let us have Amer- jca’s armed forces trained to a peak of ef- flelency with every dollar in the national de- fense budget and atom energy budgets being used for the soundest possible purpose. Let us not be weary and disheartened by the nerve warfare continued by the Rus- slans. Let us not allow any inconsequential factors to interfere with the Marshall plan, and with arms aid to Europe. At the same time, let us point out that the European nations must stand on their own feet and meet their domestic problems head-on, in- cluding, of course, the problem of ruinous strikes which peter out our aid. Let us urge the European nations to come closer to- gether toward the goal of federation. Let us never give up hope that the brave people trapped behind the iron curtain will main- tain their desire for freedom and independ- ence. Let us here in cur country heal whatever wounds exist between classes, between groups, between religions, and between re- gions. Let us carry on the anti-subsersive fight and give our heartfelt support to the great organization which has already spear- headed that fight, the Federal Bureau of In- vestigation. These are some of the things
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD which you and I must do in our capacity as individual citizens and as legislators. You can be sure that the individuals in the politiburo are thinking: If we were Americans and we were try- ing to protect our peace and security, what would we do? In other words, the politburo will be trying to imagine actions which we would take in our self-interest. Let us show that we can think through our own needs clearly and that we can foresee to the great- est possible extent the thinking and actions of the Kremlin. This is a hard task, but it is an urgent one, Let us think, I repeat and we will save America, Address by Governor Dewey at Annual New York State Republican Committee Dinner EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. IRVING M. IVES OF NEW YORE IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Monday, May 8 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. IVES. Mr. President, I ask unani- mous consent to have printed in the Ap- pendix of the ReEcory the text of an ad- dress by Gov. Thomas E. Dewey, of New York, delivered last Thursday evening, May 4, at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City. There being no objection, the address was ordered to be printed in the Rrcorp, as follows: You know the Democrats have sometimes accused the Republicans of saying “Me too, but we will do it better.” Well, for once they are right. They did invent this idea of a fund-raising dinner. Now we have bor- rowed it and we have done it a whale of a lot better. This is the biggest family dinner ever held by any political party In our State. I con- gratulate Brn Preirrer and every one of you on a wonderful job. All three thousand of you here tonight have contributed to the cost of running the party. It shows that in New York State the Repub- licans do not depend upon any individual or:group but have a base as broad as the American people themselves. Today it is the Democrats who are the party of blg money, Last year in the New . york City and State campaigns they proved it by drenching the air with paid radio time and by full-page advertisements in the papers. They spent at least $3 for every $1 of Republican money that was spent. The Democrats have, indeed, become the party of big money. But there are other differences even more important than their ability to tax union treasuries without the consent of the members and to shake down wealthy playboys for Government jobs. One big difference is that we Republicans believe in keeping our political promises— and we keep them faithfully, Another difference is that we really be- Ifeve that spies and traitors belong in fail. We also believe that sex offenders and the like should be in prisons or mental hospi- tals and not in any ‘part of the Federal Government. FOR HONEST ELECTIONS We believe that State elections should be decided by vote of the people and not by stolen paper ballots or by the pistols of gunmen in Kansas City clubhouses, We believe in honest government and I am happy to say that no associates in my office have been convicted of perjury. We believe that in a free Republic the purpose of a political party is to serve the people and not just to hang on to public office by hook—or by crook. We also believe that a political party ought to stand for something. In this State the Democrats don’t stand for anything at all. In the legislature they vote as they are told by the CIO: they take their candidates from the misnamed Liberal Party and they take their orders from Washington. And what do they do when a State cam- paign comes around? Do they have the guts to run as Democrats? Heaven forbid. No Democrat would dare run for governor or Senator on his own feet and hasn’t done so in 14 years. They have to have at least two crutches, one labeled the Communist Ameri- can Labor Party and the other labeled the Socialist Liberal Party. And this year I forecast right now that, again, no Democrat will dare to run on his own hind legs. They will bend the knee again. They will pay the price and they will get the support of one or both of the splinter parties which would ruin the State and Na- tion if they ever got in control. By contrast, the Republican Party in this State, standing by its principles and keeping its promises, attracts to its candidates the votes of thousands upon thousands of Demo- crats, Liberals, and Independents, men and women who vote their own convictions. We welcome them to our ranks in the never- ending effort to give good government. We welcome them on the record of what has happened here during the eight legisla- tive sessions in the almost 8 years of Re- publican administration. That brings up the final great difference between the Republi- cans and the Democrats in New York State. They talk—we act. They promise—and promise and promise. We perform. ‘They talk about the welfare state. We provide social welfare. ‘Whoever runs for Governor on the Republi- can ticket has a record the Democrats can never equal. Take housing, for example. In the 20 years the Democrats ran this State, from 1922 to 1942, just 7,200 subsidized or limited-divi- dend housing units were built. We have had less than 5 years since the end of the war. How have we done with our limited dividend projects, cooperatives, slum clearance and low-rent housing, our new redevelopment companies law, and veterans’ emergency housing? Compared with the Democrat 20-year record of 7,200 units, we can show you 36,900. In 5 years, under a Republican administration, five times as many housing units have been built as under the Democrats in 20 years. The Democrats talked about houses, the Republicans have built them. We will keep on building them until the housing shortage is met. Until then we need rent control. Back in 1946, when the Federal rent control lapsed, you will remember what happened; ours was the only State in the Union with a stand-by law to protect its tenants from gouging.’ This year two inconsistent sets of rent control—city and Federal—operated in the biggest city in the United States. The Dem- ocrats in New York City and in Washington were busy fighting—each saying what a rot- ten job the other was doing on rent control, For once they were both right. To bring an, end to that farce and to protect the ten- ants, again we had to take rent control over, And who was against it? The Democrats, as always. And every last one of them in both Houses—with a single brave exception—voted against the only rent-control bill they knew would work. We have rent control in New York because the Republican. administration brought it about. A3347 Let me mention a few more high Hghts of the record. The Democrats had 20 years to do some- thing about discrimination in our State. It waited for the Republican Party to make New York the first State in the Union to pass a law carrying out the fundamental that people have a right to earn a living regard- less of who their parents were. Since then we have also outlawed discrimination in edu- cation and publicly aided housing. The Democrats talk about fair play. We believe in it—in action. PUBLIC POWER Now, let’s take a minute to look at that good old subject of public power. For 20 years the Democrats talked about water power, but it took a Republican administra- tion to pass the laws declaring that the water power of this State belongs to the people. This business of water power is now getting serious. We need that water power; we need to develop it; we need 1t right now. With every factor that goes into costs skyrocket- ing, what’s going to happen to your electric- light bills? Even the efficiency of the power industry can’t keep them down forever, un- less We can get cheap hydroelectric power flowing in the veins of our power system. We want to build those hydroelectric plants on the St. Lawrence River and on the Ni- agara River. Enormous amounts of cheap power are there waiting for the askmg. New York State and the Province of Ontario are ready, able, eager, and willing to develop that power. It has been only Mr. Truman who says no, the people of New York may not develop their own power. We will tax them to death to build power in the Missouri Valley, in the TVA, in California, in Wash- ington, Oregon, and Idaho, says Mr. Tru- man as he travels to Oregon to dedicate a Federal dam. But, he has refused to allow us to work with Canada to develop our own power at our own expense. And Wwe can do it ourselves without a penny of new taxes, on a self-liquidating, self-sustaining basis and get cheap power to keep down the cost of living in the State of New York. I see by the papers that Senator LEHMAN and “Junior” have just introduced a bill to permit diversion of water from the Ni- agara River for power purposes. I sincerely trust that their bill will not attempt to rob the State of all that enormous power; that it Js not designed merely as a Federal power grab. I hope that it’s not just an- other political maneuver in the old-fash- loned Democrat faro game. The Fair Deal is a faro deal for New York State. The people get trimmed every day. We have a right to that water power by solemn agreement and I propose that we fight for it. HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION Take highway transportation: we inherited from. the Democrats a crumbling and de-- crepit system. Since the war we have made great strides in improving it but a billion dollars wouldn’t make our present winding, narrow highways serve modern heeds. If we should continue to rely on them, New York State would wither away for lack of adequate modern transportation and from traffic congestion in the cities. More than a century ago the Erie Canal operied New York to the West and made it the Empire State. What the Erie Canal did for the nine- teenth century must now be done for the twentieth century with the great new thru- way—486 miles long, four to six lames of concrete, running from New York City to Albany and west to Buffalo with a thousand feet of clear vision at every point, not a grade more than § percent, and not a stop light all the way. The thruway will cut an average of $28 off the cost of every truckload of milk that reaches the city of New York. It will save
A3348 $100 on every shipment of heavy machinery between Buffalo and New York City. It will reduce the cost of living for every New Yorker and make his job more secure. It will double our #2,000,000,0C0 vacation industry from the Great Lakes to Broadway and from the Adirondacks to the Thousand Islands. It will release funds for highways all over th: State and for the $232,000,000 of new arterial routes in the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Manhattan. It will end the dreadful bumper-to-bumper congestion around the city of New York and in every other city all the way to Buffalo. The Federal Government wants it urgently for national defense. Every expert who has studied it recommends it. The people of our State desperately need it. Mayor O’Dwyer, of the city of New York, is all out for it. And who is against it? Nobody but the poor old Democratic Party. They are so desperate for an issue they forgot something. They forgot that it was Governor LrHmaNn who signed the first Republican bill for the thru- way eight long years ago. NOT ONE DIME OF TAX MONEY They also forget or can’t seem to under- stand that the thruway will not cost one single dime of tax money. It will be built by an independent authority and will be self- supporting and self-liquidating. It will pay for itself a hundred times over. It is the most important physical development of the century. . There is no need to go into the salt tears the Democrats are shedding as they call for hospital beds not roadbeds. We're building both. We have to because in the last year they occupied Albany, the Democrats had the mental hygiene department squeezed down to $41,000,000 against $107,000,000 we are now spending for the care of the mentally ill. But money is not the only test. The qual- ity of care has been revolutionized. Our mental hospitals are no longer custodial in- stitutions. They are symbols of hope and cure A great new staff of dietitians and ad- ditional funds have made the food good. In our new internship program, work therapy and brain surgery, we are leading the Nation. Meanwhile, today we have 60 mental hy- giene projects under way involving $45,000,- 000 and during this year we will double our program of construction. Under my Democratic predecessors the State of New York did more to cure tubercu- losis in cattle than it did in human beings. Today we have the leading tuberculosis pro. gram of the world with free X-rays in process for all 14,000,000 people of the State and free hospital care until cured. Where were the Democrats during all their 20 years? They were talking about welfare. We have been delivering welfare and preserv- ing human freedom in the process. We have made mighty contributions to a whole panorama of services in aid to the blind, in the reduction of the death rate of infants, in pioneering a cerebral palsy pro- gram, in blood bank services, in water pellu- tion, by a 2,000 percent increase in cancer detection work, and in research in the Rh factor in the blood of infants and in the medical problems of the aged. Under our social welfare programs, no citizens of the State of New York need go without adequate medical care whether he has the money to pay for it or not. And all of it is done, let me assure you, without the slightest tinge of Mr. Truman’s socialized medicine which would wreck the standards of health of our people. SICKNESS DISABILITY LAW Our latest program is the new sickness disability law which will start paying benefits on July 1. At a cost of no more than 30 cents a week to employer and employee, 6,000,000 workers in our State will be pro- tected during illness up to 13 weeks, And let me remind you that when this program came to the floor of the legislature, every single Democrat in both Houses voted against it on direct orders from their CIO posses—and I hope you will see to it that they are reminded of 1t every day from now on. So 1t goes. The Democrats talked. We acted. We increased unemployment insur- ance from $18 to $26 a week and the coverage from 20 to 26 weeks. We extended minimum wage protection to 500,000 new workers. We guaranteed women equal pay for equal work. Through our youth commission we have established 700 youth centers in this State and we have reduced juvenile delinquency by 27 percent. We have provided on-the-job and appren~ tice training for 110,000 veterans and homes for 28,180 others, with their famulies, in State-aided housing projects. Our veterans have made use of the counseling services of our division of veterans affairs no less than 4,760,000 times. In addition, we have more than doubled the State aid to education, more than doubled minimum teachers’ salaries, created a State university, five new institutes of ap- plied arts and sciences and added two great medical centers for the training of much- needed doctors. The story could go on and on, but again in 8 years we have done much more than the Democrats did in 20 years in every branch of education. ‘ The New York farmer also knows that at last he has a State administration that knows something about farming. Great new research programs in cattle and poultry dis- eases have brought real progress. Research in marketing and the mighty new program of farm-to-market roads approved by this year’s legislature are the most important progress for our farmers in many a decade. BUDGET BALANCED Business has flourished because we have created and maintained here the atmosphere in which private enterprise expands. To- day we have 580,000 individual firms doing business in this State. In the period since Vd-day, we have added 179,000 business establishments. For eight successive years we have led the country in harmonious labor- management relations, with the lowest pro- portion of man-days lost through strikes, This has meant uninterrupted production and steady, profitable jobs and operations. And finally, what has happened to the taxpayer in New York? Well, our budget is balanced and the Federal Government is running a deficit of $6,000,000,000 a year. Here in New York we have doubled our contributions for local assistance, our ald to education, our aid to welfare and still we have reserve funds for a rainy day. As we made great social progress, we have actually reduced the tax rates. Right now, despite these vital increases in services and the payment of a $400,000,000 veterans’ bo- nus in 10 years, our tax structure is 10 per- cent below what it was in 1941, the last pre- war, peacetime year. We have saved the taxpayers of this State a billion dollars by good management. We have substituted good government for.,hot air. In all this you who are here tonight have had a liberal share and I Know the people of the State are grateful for what you have done, It has been a teamwork job by a great team of good citizens. As we have given good government to our State, we have given our best to the welfare of the Nation in a troubled world, We have stoutly fought for a strong Amer- ica in a peaceful world through a bipartisan foreign policy which we have supported all the time and not just when it was politically expedient. As Americans ‘we have put our country first and made our party an instrurbent of great service to all the people. May it ever be thus. arguments should be known. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project Fallacies EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. JAMES E. VAN ZANDT OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, May 8, 1950 Mr. VAN ZANDT. Mr. Speaker, the longer the proponents of the St. Law- rence seaway project testify the more fallacies are uncovered. The following article from the April 27, 1950, issue of the New York Journal- American reveals glaring inconsisten- cies in the testimony presented to date. To those who are searching for the truth the following article tells the story: SEaws4y FALLacres “Acheson favors seaway project,” so runs @ recent newspaper headline. Another is: “Sawyer. indorses seaway project.” We may expect that pretty soon Secretary of Agricul- ture Brannan will favor seaway project for the Brannan plan, and Mrs. Roosevelt will endorse seaway project on behalf of the world. This St. Lawrence seaway scheme has been under more or less active consideration since 19383. By this time, all the facts and I think I know them. I can say without qualifica- tion, that the scheme is without any eco. nomic or military merit. The endorsements and favors of these politicians are but proof of their incompetence or their servility to the Mttle boss, Truman. (He never misses a chance to drag the seaway scheme into his messages.) Briefly the facts are: (1) the seaway is an economically unsound and impractical scheme; (2) we can’t afford the huge cost of it. It would never be self-supporting, and no competent or informed person has ever thought or said that it would be. As to its economic merits: Probably the outstanding point is that the seaway would not be a seaway, because of the many in- superable difficulties it would present, 1. It would be closed by ice at least one- third of the time. Ice and fog would serl- ously hamper its use approximately one- half of the time. It is as much an iceway as a seaway. Look at lake navigation this year, It has hardly opened yet, and the total railway freight traffic has been much less than in some years because we can't get ore down from Lake Superior to Cleveland and Ash- tabula by lake. * This is fresh water, you know. It freezes solid. Maybe Acheson and Sawyer, as experts on such matters, plan to develop the electric power part of the project in order to use the current for keeping their precious seaway warm in winter. 2. It would not be used by seagoing vessels to any important extent. Not only is the fact of ice and fog enough to keep any regu- lar liner service off, but also the length and the slowness of the trip are prohibitive, It is 2,200 miles from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the head of the lakes. The locks and cur- rents that would beset the course would greatly hamper traffic, A different type of vessel would be required. The number of turn arounds or trips per year would be 60 reduced, that nearly all steamship com-~- panies have stated that they would not use the seaway. As the thing would cost about $2,000,000, 000, the tolls required to make it pay would be prohibitive: either no traffic, or more taxes for you and me.
As to the military argument: I have yet to see a single unqualified approval by any Army or Navy authority. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A3349 Imports of dried and frozen eggs and eag products, by country, 1949 Here is what the [Pounds] Product ‘ Canada China Argentina Japan Total thing would do: 1. It would be indefensible, inviting easy bomb attack on far-flung locks, canals, and shipping. 2. It would divert great war equipment and forces to attempt its defense. 8. If by any chance we came to rely upon it, it would be a serious hazard, as its easy stoppage might be a fatal blow. Two added thoughts: If there is any power shortage, the electric power part of the scheme can be executed separately at half the cost. Is there a power shortage? The scheme is no sounder than the Passa- maquoddy Bay scheme. Where are the labor and money we sank in that silly project? Yet that, too, was endorsed by eminent po- litical stooges. Remember, the Pharaohs made the Egyptians build the pyramids. Importations of Fresh and Dried Eggs EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. JAMES I. DOLLIVER OF IOWA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, May 8, 1950 Mr. DOLLIVER. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Rrc- orD, I include the following letters: Uniren STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, PRODUCTION AND MarRKETING ADMINISTRA~ TION, ° Washington, D. C., May 1, 1950. Hon. James I. DoLuiver, House of Representatives. DEAR Mr. Doutiver: This is in reply to your request of April 20 for information regarding the quantity of dried and fresh eggs im- ported into the United States in 1949. According to census data the following quantity of eggs was imported in 1949: Whole in shell (chicken) doz- eNS) -..---~.------------- += 3, 359, 428 Whole in shell (other) (dozens)... 234, '753 Dried whole (pounds) ~-----..~.-. 93, 205 Frozen whole (pounds)... —— 48, 093 Yolks, dried (pounds) -~--~~~. ~~ 1,811, 400 Yolks, frozen (pounds) -.. -. 283,088 Albumen, dried (pounds) ~.-..--. 47, 721 We hope that this information will be of service to you. Sincerely yours, RauPx 8. Triac, Administrator. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Orrice or INTERNATIONAL TRADE, Washington, D. C., May 5, 1950, The Honorable JAmzs I. DonLIveEr, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. Dear Mr. Douxiver: This will acknowledge your letter of April 20, 1950, in which you request the amount of fresh and dried eggs imported into the United States during 1949. United States imports of eggs, by country of origin, during the calendar year 1949 are as follows: Imports ofshell eggs, by country, 1949 [Dozens] Chicken exes Other 8, 249, 996 108 480 are 128 8, 859, 428 Dried whole eggs...----...--- ole eggs, frozen or prepared Egg yolks, arie Egg yolks, roca or prepared... Egg albumen, dried... eee eee nee e renee anne Source: Report No. FT 110, United States Imports of Merchandise for Consumption, 1949, Bureau of the Census. The major markets for United States ex-~ ports of eggs and egg products in 1949 are indicated in the following tabulations: Exports of shell eggs, by country of destina-~ tion, 1949 Dozens 1, 514, 501 1, 043, 804 2,985, 901 9, 160, 196 1, 284, 730 596, 228 550,974 1, 358,645 Philippines, Republic of...----.. Switzerland_...-.---- Total__.----------.------- 18, 444, 979 Exporis of dried eggs, by country of destina- tion, 1949 Pounds United Kingdom._.--._..--..~.. 6, 109, 750 Germany_.. = 8, 727, 252 ~ 1,492, 658 253, 550 846, 126 417, 548 Total. ean ne nena 12, 346, 884 Exports of frozen eggs, by country of desti- nation, 1949 Pounds Mexico. ~--. eee ee nee 174, 780 Canal Zone... 104, 088 Venezuela__.__---.. mown 265, 426 United Kingdom. 13, 945, 812 Belgium —~......--------.-- 637, 866 Switzerland._._.---.---.-------= 263, 070 Others (20 countries) ___.-.---. 176, 709 Total_...--_--.~~.---.---- 15, 567, 251 Exports of other prepared or preserved eggs, by country of destination, 1949 Pounds Egypt._...---.~-~--~--~~--+~---+-~---- 2, 200 Colombla._....-~-...------ --.~ 1,000 Union of South Africa.._._._....-~..- 1, 000 Others (9 countries) ..1-------------- 2, 670 Total... nan a wannanen 6, 870 Detailed information regarding exports by country of destination is published in Bu- reau of the Census Report FT 410, United States Exports of Domestic and Foreign Mer- chandise, 1949. If we can be of further service, please call on us again, Sincerely yours, Lorine K. Macy, Deputy Director. St. Lawrence Seaway Must Be Completed EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. ALEXANDER WILEY OF WISCONSIN IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Monday, May 8 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I send to the desk a statement on the St. Law- rence seaway, which I ask to have printed in the Appendix of the ConcRrEs~ SIONAL RECORD. There being no objection, the state- ment was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: Coneress Must Quit DawDLING aNnp Must Pass a Szraway BILu On Wednesday, the House Public Works Committee will conclude hearings on the St. Lawrence seaway bill. According to re- ports, that committee will then put the sea- way bill to sleep until and unless the Sen- ate takes action. Mr. President, our country is considerably surprised that hearings were held over on the House side without substantive committee action developing. I personally deplore this “After you, my dear Alphonse”; “No, after you, my dear Gaston,” act which has been played by what might be regarded as the suspiciously over- polite Senate and the House for many years on. this issue. SENATE SUBCOMMITTEE IS STACKED AGAINST SEAWAY Since when must statesmen sit on their dignity and await actions of the other Cham- ber if they really feel that action is necessary and desirable? The House committee knows full well that the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on the Seaway Bill (S. J. Res. 99) is stacked against the seaway 4 to 1, with my own vote being the only committed pro- seaway vote, Since July 29 last year, this subcommittee under the chairmanship of the distinguished: Senator from Maryland [Mr. Typives] has been sitting on the bill, in spite of my numerous appeals for action, Why, then, doesn’t the House committee take this issue in its teeth and proceed to report it? Why cannot the House set a pat- tern for the Senate instead of allowing Sen- ate inaction to serve as an excuse for a House serenade of lullaby and good night on this issue? I am not excusing the obstruction of my colleagues in the Senate who feel contrary to the way I feel on this issue, nor am I con- demning them as individuals. I deplore their stand, but I do respect them for the honesty of their mistaken convictions. AMERICA IS SKEPTICAL ABOUT HOUSE HEARINGS Let me say quite candidly that the people of this Nation were somewhat skeptical about the House hearings from the very beginning. The people felt that these hearings were (a) too long, (b) too late in the session, (c) played into the hands of the obstruction- ists who have sabotaged the seaway all along. With all due respect to that able commit- tee, let me point out that the sands are running out on this second session of the Eighty-first Congress. Based on the regular legislative schedule, presumably only the full months of June and July remain. The Mem- bers on the House side realize full well, I am. sure, that the House has a tremendous number of issues which it must take care of during the next 90 or so days, and that the only hope for the seaway is for a prompt re~- port to be made to the full House of Repre- sentatives, with floor time quickly cleared by the Rules Committee. Mr. President, I am presenting these com-= ments frankly, because America’s 150,000,000
A3350 people are not interested in anything but frankness from their Congress on this or any other issue. COMMITTEE PRINT PREPARED BY WILEY SUBCOMMITTEE Mr. President, on March 2, 1949, as former subcommittee chairman during the Republi- can Hightieth Congress, I presented to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee a com~ plete report of the latest opinions of Govern- ment agencies and outstanding private in~ dividuais and groups on the St. Lawrence seaway. This 76-page committee print in- dicated that this great self-liquidating proj- ect would involve expenditures of only $802,- 000,000 on the part of Canada and the United States, for completion of the 27-foot project. Of this sum, the United States share was $573,000,000 and Canada’s share was $229,- 000,600. My aim in presenting the commit- tee print was to show to the obstructionists that there was more than enough technical evidence already on hand to complete this seaway legislation once and for all without dawdling in further surveys. Unfortunately, however, this committee print, like so many previous studies has not been heeded by the majority. ECA APPROVED BUT NOT SEAWAY On Friday night, the Senate passed a $3,000,000,000 foreign-aid bill, I should like to point out, Mr. President, that it is an incredible contradiction that the Senate and House should approve with great speed a $3,000,000,000 measure for revitalizing Euro- pean countries, while the Congress drags its feet on a project which has been pending before us for 30 years to vitalize the great Middle West and to help assure continuing economic health for the best neighbor that any other country ever had, namely, our good friend to the north, Canada. Now, Mr. President, I do not mean to under- estimate completely the value of the hear~ ings held before the Public Works Commit- tee. I know that no subject is ever so com- pletely studied as not to benefit from some additional facts. But I, for one, feel that the necessity for action far outweighed the necessity for accumulating some minor addi- tional facts on this issue. WISCONSINITES HAVE TESTIFIED ON SEAWAY I was glad to personally testify before the Public Works Committee and I am glad to say that numerous other Wisconsinites also testified including the following: The energetic president of the Wisconsin State Federation of Labor, Mr. George Haber- mann. One of the outstanding port experts in our Nation, the municipal port director of Mil- waukee, Mr. Harry Brockel, One of the stanchest battlers for the sea- way down through these decades, Mr. Her- man Ekern, chairman of the deep waterways commission of my State. One of the ablest businessmen and indus- trialists of Wisconsin whose interest in the seaway has never flagged, Mr. Walter Olen, of Clintonville, as well as other able in- dividuals. SHEBOYGAN PRESS EDITORIAL Now, Mr. President, in this connection I have in my hands an editorial entitled “Thank You, Governor,” written by one of the greatest newspapermen of the Badger State, a renowned fraternal leader and civic- minded citizen, Mr. Charles E. Broughton, of Sheboygan. While Charley and I have not always seen eye to eye on some of the politi- cal issues of our times, I am glad to say that on the seaway as well as on many other themes there is virtually complete agreement between myself and this outstanding American. STATEMENT BY GOVERNOR RENNEBOHM I was particularly happy to see that Mr. Broughton drew attention to a splendid statement prepared by the esteemed Gover- nor of our State, the Honorable Oscar Renne- pohm. Our State’s chief executive had in- tended to appear personally before the Public Works Committee, but due to an illness was unable to come to Washington. He was, how= ever, well represented by his executive secre- tary, Mr. Phillip Drotning, who presented the governor’s comment. TUESDAY A. F. OF L, CONFERENCE IN CHICAGO Now, Mr. President, tomorrow, Tuesday, May 9, there is going to be an important pre- liminary conference on the St. Lawrence sea- way at the Stevens Hotel in Chicago, at- tended by A. F. of L. representatives through- out the Middle West. There is an interesting article on this conference in the May 1950 issue of the official bulletin of the Wisconsin State Federation of Labor, the Wisconsin Federationist. And so I ask unanimous con- sent that this article commenting upon this important meeting be printed at this point in the Appendix of the CONGRESSIONAL REcorRD. I should like to convey my warmest greet- ings to the convention and my sincerest hopes that out of its deliberations will come renewed and strengthened A. F. of L. leader- ship in this struggle to which we of labor, government, business, agriculture are mu- tually dedicated on a nonpartisan basis. Re- gardless of our differences on other issues, regardless of political party, let us join hands in continued battle for this great project. Finally I present for reprinting also in the ReEcorD a terse, hard-hitting editorial from the April 28 Toronto (Canada) Daily Star en- titled “United States Actions -Speak the Louder.” [From the Sheboygan (Wis.) Press of May 5, 1950] THANK You, GovERNOR! Twenty-three years ago, April 11, 1927, the Sheboygan Press editorially had this to say of the proposed St. Lawrence waterway: “At last the United States has taken up the question of negotiating with Canada for the building of the St. Lawrence water- way, and we will now see these problems jroned out with more than a possibility that a treaty will be presented and ratified on the part of the United States and Canada. Pres- ent at the conference at Muskegon, Mich., this winter, we predicted that the deep water- way would be built and that ocean liners would ‘make’ western ports on Lake Michi- gan in 8 or 9 years. That is no idle dream. “Canada will benefit as much as the United States by such a waterway, and where in- terests are identical, and when the cost of the building will eventually be met out of the receipts from created electric power, neither country can afford to pass up this opportunity.” Ever since that time selfish interests have been blocking a treaty with Canada which would make possible water transportation between the Great Lakes and the nations of the world. In other words, we would have ocean steamers plying the Great Lakes and making landlocked regions in this and Mid- dle West areas open to the trade of the world. There are some who may argue that we would be brought into competition with the world, but that argument will come from isolation- ists rather than from broadminded citizens who realize that even in America you can- not live alone or have your doors barricaded. Gov. Oscar Rennebohm Wednesday after- noon expressed his views through Phillip D. Drotning, executive secretary, who appeared at the hearing of the House Committee on Public Works with reference to House Joint Resolution 271 dealing with the St. Law- rence Seaway problem. We like the senti- ments expressed in the statement of the gov- ernor when. he said: APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD “The State of Wisconsin has been a leader in pushing this project. In the year 1919 the Legislature of Wisconsin created the Wisconsin Deep Waterways Commission, which was entrusted with the task of work~ ing for a deep-water route connecting the Middle West with the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence River. Since its creation the Wisconsin Deep Waterways Commission has worked unceasingly to attain this goal.” We might add, too, that our Wisconsin Senators and Congressmen over the years have worked untiringly in the interest of the St. Lawrence waterway and one of the outstanding figures has been Senator ALEx- ANDER WiLEey. This is neither Republican nor Democratic legislation; it is legislation for the whole Nation. Here is something, too, that is very im- portant, and that is the development of water power, a necessity if we are to main- tain lower costs. The railroads of the Na«# tion cannot give us the service that we need, and they will profit even more in the to- morrow that is to follow by the increased shorter hauls to ports of embarkation. The Governor has six points that he raises, and the second is one of the best, telling the story of the need for an ocean water- way into the Great Lakes. He says: “The seaway will give the Middle West access to the newly discovered high-grade ore deposits in Canada which will offset the rapid depletion of the iron-ore deposits in the Lake Superior district. Inasmuch as three-fourths of the Nation’s total produc- tion of steel is centered in the Great Lakes States, the importance of cheap water trans- portation to carry the Canadian ore to the Middle West cannot be overemphasized.” The Governor then calls attention to the St. Lawrence seaway as a necessily for our national defense and the military security of this Nation. In the last war many of our large muni- tions plants were bullt on the seaboards. If another war is to come these will have to seek safer interior locations and likewise safer places for the storage of strategic ma- terials and for the construction of naval and merchant vessels. The Great Lakes offer a rendezvous for just this kind of manufacture, Long before we were conscious or mindful of the advantages of the St. Lawrence water- way, Canada was interested in the subject. They were the first to urge a joint seaway project and we would have one today but for the fact that selfish interesis have been able to Keep Congress from voting on the subject. Canada has completed the Welland Canal which bypasses Niagara Falls and which will be a vital link in the ship channels from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. We of Wisconsin have always been ocean- minded, There has never been a day when we thought that this Nation could live en- tlrely on its own resources. We must give and take in this matter and when all is sald and done we can back the words of Governor Renunebohm when he said: “In the interests of the United States, and on behalf of the people of Wisconsin, I urge this commitbee to report out favorably House Joint Resolution No. 271, Eighty-first Con- gress, second session.” We do not ask this for Wisconsin; we ask it for the Middle West; Michigan, Minnesota, Indiana, and the groat North and Middle West. We attended our first deep waterway conference at Muskegon, Mich., in 1927 and it was so heartening and the expressions of those in attendance so optimistic that we had every belief that it would be only a few years before jointly we would open the chan- nels of water navigation from the ports on the Great Lakes to the markets of the world. By this time the railroads have found out that they need the deep waterway, the power interests have awakened to the grave situa- tion if electricity is to be provided for the whole United States.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD {From the Toronto Daily Star of April 26, 1950] Unirep States AcTIONS SPEAK THE LOUDER Canada is becoming tired of the favorable words uttered by United States public men about the St. Lawrence River improvement, tired because of the unfavorable actions of United States public bodies. Prime Minis- ter St. Laurent reflected the attitude of this country when he said it had waited patiently, and recently not so patiently, for the neigh- boring Republic to let the work proceed. The defense authorities of the United States say that the St. Lawrence improve- ment is desirable in the interest of the safety of Canada and the United States. The United States Secretary of Commerce told Congress on Monday that everyone who seeks the con- tinued economic strength and expansion of the United States supports the project. Sec- retary of State Acheson said yesterday that the work was long overdue; that it would make the already happy relations with Can- ada still happier. Perhaps Canadians should be pleased with such observations on the part of United States governmental authorities. But of what value are they when the party in power ap- points hostile chairmen to committees deal~- ing with the project who use their authority to prevent the matter going to a vote? That has happened not once but many times. Al- ways some maneuver or specious argument is used to block progress. This country has a feeling of frustration. It has to look on impotently while $60,000,- 000 of electric energy go to waste annually down the St. Lawrence Rapids—half of it Canada’s—as it has been doing during the past 30 years that selfish interests across the line have been blocking the undertaking. And it has to pay transportation costs mil- lions of dollars higher yearly than those that the deep St. Lawrence ship channel would provide. The United States is much richer than Canada. But Congress acts as though it were appalled by the estimated cost of the combined power and navigation project. The Parliament of Canada knows, on the con- trary, that the project would more than pay for itself, being, in effect, a rich and inex- haustible gold mine. This country is ready to go 50-50 in sharing the cost. Surely it is time that the great United States of America stopped trifling with so Important an international question and showed herself to he a partner worth having in the economic fleld as well as in the com- mon defense of this continent. [From the Wisconsin Federationist for May 1950] Sr. Lawrence Progecr FINAL PLANS MADE; PROGRAM ANNOUNCED Final plans have been made for the pre- liminary conference on the St. Lawrence seaway project, to be held at the Stevens Ho- tel, Chicago, on May 9. Invitations to par- ticipate in the planning phases have been sent to AFL representatives and State officers in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minne- sota, Nebraska, Ohio, North and South Da- kota, and Wisconsin, In urging the State groups to attend WSFL President George Haberman writes: “With the growth of our industrial center and great amount of foreign exports from both agri- culture and industry in the Midwest, and with conversion from coal to both gas and oil for heat and power, as well as new depos- tts of ore to replace the depleting supply of the Mesabi Range, the welfare of our indus- tries stands in peril, not only in the way of expansion, but a continuity of production.” GOVERNMENT ASSIGNS DELEGATE Haberman, also announced the program of. speakers in the invitation. The Government Was assigning Col. William Fondren, of the. Plans and Operations Division, United States Army, to address the delegates. It is unique for the Government to do this since this is a preliminary planning session and Army rep- resentatives rarely attend such conferences, Haberman also pointed out this was signifi- cant in that it stresses the national security aspect of the seaway project. Other speak- ers include: Dr. N. R. Danielian, executive vice presi- dent, Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Association, Daniel W. Hoan (former Milwaukee may- or), president, Great Lakes Harbor Associa- tion. William Snow, Chief, Canadian Division, United States Department of State, and member of United States-Canada Joint Board of Defense. Harry C. Brockel, municipal port director, city of Milwaukee. Haberman is also attempting to get United States Senator Paut H. Doucras (Democrat, Illinois) to attend and discuss with the dele- gates the possibility of appropriations for the seaway project in the near future. In planning the conference with Milwau- kee Federated Trades Council representa- tives it was pointed out that the principal goal of the preliminary session was to con- vince the national AFL body of the economic and national defense justifications of the project. Its economic benefits claimed are low-cost water transportation and low-cost hydroelectric power. Defensewise it should be noted that shortly after World War II the Joint Chiefs of Staff advised the Con- gress that from their experience in World War II, the project is absolutely essential to the national security as a shipbuilding re- source, as an additional transportation facil- ity, and as a new source of power. The sessions will begin at 10 a. m. on Tuesday, May 9. Termination of Rent Control EXTENSION OF REMARKS oF HON. HARRY P. CAIN OF WASHINGTON IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Monday, May 8 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. CAIN. Mr. President, the junior Senator from Washington asks unani- mous consent that there be printed in the Appendix to the Rrcorp six of the hundreds of letters, including an edi- torial from the Cleveland Plain Dealer, which come constantly to my office on the subject of Federal rent control. Readers will note that the present communications, and others I have and will offer for the Rrcorp, are signed by citizens in every walk of life and who live in every region throughout the Nation. These citizens write to make their views known to the Congress, and I would urge the Congress to fully dis- prove the views expressed before permit- ting Federal rent control to be extended beyond June 30, 1950, its legislative ter- mination date. There being no objection, the matters were ordered to be printed in the RecorD, as follows: Senator Harry P. Carn, The Senate, Washington, D. C. Dear Senator Carn! I Am writing a letter of protest against the continuation of rent controls, Much has been said against this A3351 law which by common consent is agreed to be unfair, discriminatory, and unsound eco- * nomically. A great deal has been said both pro and con about the scarcity of rentals. It is true that we do not have 8 percent or 10 percent vacancies, but on the other hand, everyone is housed and housed better than ever was true in the history of this country. It is ridiculous to expect large percentage vacan- cies when the rest of the economy of the country is going full blast. I might shed a little light on this question from my own experience. I happen to op- erate two medium-sized apartments totaling 75 suites. In the last 12 months I have had a turn-over of 25 suites out of the 75. This should more than indicate that suites are available and people are moving around, al- though rental quarters do not go begging. I would also like to say that if there were any fair parts of the rent control law, the part permitting local option to determine the continuation or decontrol was such, However, the Ethiopian in the wood pile is the mandatory provision that the Govern- nor must approve such decontrol after it is voted at the local level. This again imme- diately makes it a political football, and is true in the case of our own Governor, He has decontrolled a few minor towns and vil- lages as a sop to his own conscience, and has failed to do so with the others regardless of their wishes. I agree with all of the editorials that we have had by all the papers in this city against the further extension of rent controls. I be- Neve that anyone who is interested in the good of the country and sound economy, should vote against it. Sincerely, Henry DvuLavrencE, Jr. [From the Cleveland Plain Dealer of March 28, 1950] RenrTERs Are Given Noticu The occupants of rental housing have been given notice by Congress that it probably will decline to vote another extension of rent controls beyond the expiration date of June 80. Similar notice has been served on Hous- ing Expediter Tighe Woods and his 4,000 or more employees. No doubt a last ditch fight will be waged by the Socialist-labor coalition, which now controls both the Truman administration and the Democratic National Committee, to extend rent controls for another year, or at least until after the November election. Congressional committees are still to conduct hearings on this subject, but as of this date Congress has voted $2,600,000 to the Hous- ing Administration which is to be used only to pay terminal leaves of employees when the agency is abolished. Moreover, Congress appropriated only $1,400,000 for operating ex- penses of the agency from now until June 30, although Woods had asked for $3,600,000. This was clearly a directive to Woods to begin now to curtail operations and to be ready to close up shop when the existing rent-control act expires. This newspaper believes the termination of Government rent control is long overdue. The legal basis for this form of property con- ‘ fiscation is the fiction that the country is still at war and cannot spare the materials with which to build housing. But the politi- cal basis for it is even more indefensible. It rests on the assumption that one class of people, the owners of rental property, should subsidize part of the living expenses of their tenants because it would be politically un- popular if renters had to pay the full value of the premises they occupy. It has been demonstrated time and again that there is no longer an actual housing shortage. What has happened is that the beneficiaries of cheap rent have been en- couraged by rent controls to occupy more .
A3352 space than they really need or than they would retain if they had to pay the going price for it. Another and even more evil effect of rent controls has been to drive rental property off the market. The owners of rental property have preferred to sell it to owner-occupants rather than to continue to rent it for an inadequate return or to take the risk of acquiring undesirable tenants who cannot be evicted except at great trouble and expense. It is probably true that in some parts of the country there 1s a shortage of rental housing, but this is a situation which has been brought about by rent controls which cannot be overcome until they are abolished. Moreover, the situation will grow worse the longer rent Controls are continued. We believe, therefore, that Congress should allow rent controls to expire on June 30. It is probable that in many communities there would be a period of considerable confusion if landlords were free to charge what they could get for their properties. But out of this very confusion more rental property would emerge, as competition was restored and the law of supply and demand began to reassert itself. In any event, renters have 3 months in which to prepare themselves mentally and financially for the probable expiration of rent controls. They should start thinking now about paying their own way and standing on their own feet, instead of basking in the comfortable illusion that someone else is going to pay part of their housing bills indefinitely. Searrne, WasH., April 19, 1950. Senator Harry P. Carn, Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C. My Dear SEnNaTorR CaINn: I take the liberty of writing you with reference to the continu- ation of rent controls in Seattle, Wash. Iam sure that no good can come from continuing these controls, either to the tenants or the owners. At the present time it is practically impossible to rent a house in Seattle because the owners will not rent their property but insist on selling it while rent control con- tinues. There are many, many tenants with children, or with more than two in a, family, who cannot buy or at least it is not to their advantage to buy, but who should be in a home, which is not available. Hundreds of houses would be put on the market for rent if the controls were lifted and would relieve the entire situation, and at the same time eliminate the hundreds of places where peo- ple are forced to live where they are required to share the use of the bathrooms and the kitchens with other tenants and pay ridic- ulous rates for such accommodations. Con- trols were lifted in the city of Spokane this past year and it improved the condition gen- erally for both tenant and landlord. The average increase in rent, I understand, was less than 15 percent. I am satisfied that the rates in Seattle would not be increased at an average of over 15 percent and possibly not over 10 percent to 12 percent, We have built thousands of houses and apartments since the close of the war. The houses cannot be rented; the apartments are not filled. The condition is wrong and should be remedied. We urge you to vote-that these controls be discontinued June 30, 1950. Very truly yours, D. B. MacKinrosx. — Sr. Louis, Mo., April 21, 1950. Hon. Harry P. Carn, Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C. Hon. Harry P. Carn: I write this letter to ask for rent decontrol. I am an owner of rental property, and I believe that ever since the last war ended nearly 5 years ago the Property owner, who belongs to a responsible and trustworthy part of our citizens, has been discriminated against. Our country has been prosperous ever since the war ended, but the money has been spent on nonessentials in many cases, while our Government has decreed that a basic thing like shelter had to be provided by its owner at far below current prices. The rental owner has been browbeaten and intimidated at the rent office. Our State capital at Jef- ferson City, Mo., has imprinted above its stone pillars, ‘Property is the fruit of labor.” I know that my property represents just that and also self-denial to have savings to invest that way. The United States of America solved every problem of the last war with prompt effi- ciency, which won the war and our standing as a preeminent Nation. All such was done in less than 5 years, and so could the hous- ing problem have been solved, but the Gov- ernment has been willing to persecute one part of the population to attain popularity with the rest of it. The condition of older property has suffered or deteriorated more, too, due to the rise of the prices of labor and materials for upkeep. Surely now is the time to rectify this condition, which has the characteristics of old-world absolutism. I really meant to say like Russia. Yours truly, Guapys C. StamM. Srecuriry ABSTRACT Co., El Dorado, Ark., April 6, 1950. Re Federal rent control. Senator H. P. Carn, Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C. Dear Senator: I wish to thank you for your vigorous opposition to continuance of Federal rent control as expressed in meet- ing of Town Hall last evening. May I add my testimony to support your position? My husband was a victim of can- cer, dying two days before Pearl Harbor. He left my daughter and me a small title busi- ness and a brick apartment house, into which all our savings had gone. Depression prices still were prevailing in this oil boom town on rental property, because of over- pbuilding in the 1920’s and because the East Texas oil discovery had emptied our houses of the oil industry. Our four room furnished apartments, water bills, garbage bills, and yard upkeep paid by owner, have been frozen at $38.25 per month (the dirctor let us raise to that sum), One of the tenants stated to me that he made around $20,000 last year. One tenant, a widow, married a wealthy man and they now live in the apartment she originally rented. All of them have prospered to the point that I have had to reconstruct the driveway to the garage (a stall for each apartment) to accommodate the long low lines of their expensive new cars. Aside from the monetary angle, I have been unable to have the use of my own property when I wanted to bring an ab- stracter here to work in the business, and have been unable to secure room for rel- atives when I should like to help them. The measure is no longer a war measure; it is high-handed bureaucratic usurpation of the rights of private citizens as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States. It is working a hardship on the lower in- come group; one of the typists working for me has to pay $50 for a small three-room apartment (basement, but new construc- tion). The economic level should find an adjustment somewhere between these two levels and the general public should Be able to shop for its rental facilities according to their likes and dislikes. There are vacancies listed in the paper now; many people would offer rental units tf they could again man- age them as they prefer. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD The labor unions got behind the rent control man here and prevented the coun- cilmen of the city from passing a measure to decontrol the town. We will never be able to decontrol through local petitions. My plight can be multiplied many times over in this area, and those persons so af- fected join me in imploring you to see that the Federal rent-control measure 1s not re- newed in June. Thanking you for your patience in read- ing this, and trusting you will continue to represent all of th> : “te ©” the Nation in the light of the Cc...i. . by which we exist as a free people. I am very truly yours, Mrs. E J. Drage, Denver, Coo., April 26, 1950. Hon. Harry P. Carn, Senate Office Building, Washington, D. C. HlonoraBie Sir: As property owners, we are watching closely the healings in Washington this week. We know your stand and are glad for people like you, and we think we are que for a break. We just finished paying $472 taxes on our remodeled houses located on six lots in the low-rent area. Our rents would go up very little in some cases and not at allin others. There are many many land- lords in Denver who are sick and tired of waiting and fighting and have given up. They are converting to business, or selling out, so that rent control is not helping the housing situation. It helps some politicians, I guess. What we want is our freedom to run our own business. Sincerely, F. Hanson. BELLINGHAM, WasH., April 25, 1950. Senator Harry P. Cain, Washington, D, C. Dear Sir: Please be advised that we sent the attached copy of letter to Senator War- REN G. MacGNuUSON, Representative THor C. TonLerson, Representative Henry M. Jack~ son, and Representative Hua MuTcHELL. The reason we did not send it to you is be- cause we know you are doing everything you can to eliminate rent control, and we appre- clate your efforts, but thought it wise to ad-~ vise you what we had done in this respect. Very truly yours, D. L. AssHireE. Aprin 25, 1950. Dear Sir: 1. We have purposely held our correspondence to’ you to a minimum be- cause we know you are busy and we try to carefully weigh what we convey as there are two sides to most issues, but we feel it is timely that we contact you regarding the termination of rent controls, which, we be- lieve, are long overdue termination here. Please believe us, as we are really close to the issue here. We are probably this city’s largest rental agency (not by choice, but be- cause our customers ask that we give them this service) and we have had considerable ccntact with rent-control personnel here. , Leeally, we feel, relations here with rent-control personnel has reached such a state of deterioration that an almost un- workable state of cooperation exists. Prop- erty owners are being put to needless ex- pense of delay, loss of revenue, attorneys fees, ete, to evict undesirable tenants. Most tenants are very easy to get along with, but th» exception that occasionally rears his head is a troublemaker from the beginning, and any thread of support he can solicit to further enjoy his trouble-making of course he does, and he does this through rent con- trol, who for a lack of much else to do and to make their superiors think they are busy, rush to these isolated cases and build them up. This is typical in this area, 8. In this area a fear of excessive rents is foolish, as we have several places now that
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD are charging less then the authorized ceil- ing because we are more concerned with ob- taining good steady renters, and in turn, we recommend to the owners that allowances be made accordingly in favor of good tenants. 4. May we further state that to our knowl- edge there is no other phase of industry who is so penalized by the Federal Govern- ment that the extrepreneur has to actually subsidize his own client without aid or relief from increasing costs. We are aware of cer= tain courses of possible relief under rent con= trol, but from a practical angle in actual practice here it’s a lost cause. 5. We are of the opinion that rent con- trol on a national level should be abolished, and should there be any justification for continued controls, then let each community involved take care of its own situation. We sincerely urge your support of termination of rent controls. Thank you. Very truly yours, D. L. Assn. Address by Hon. Harold E. Stassen Before Women’s Auxiliary, New York Repub- lican County Committee EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. EDWARD J. THYE OF MINNESOTA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Monday, May 8 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. THYE. Mr, President, in accord- ance with unanimous consent given me during the course of the debate today, I present for publication in the Appendix the address delivered by Hon. Harold E. Stassen, former Governor of Minnesota, now president of the University of Penn- sylvania, before a women’s Republican group on Tuesday, May 2, 1950. There being no objection, the address was ordered to be printed in the Rec- orp, as follows: PRESIDENT TRUMAN’S TRAVELS I commend the Republican women of New York for their early and thorough prepara- tions for their part in the crucial congres- sional elections of 1950. You can-—you must—play a very important part in those elections. The 1950 elections may well turn out to be the most important congressional elections ever held. If our Republican Party makes major gains, it will signalize a rebuilding which this time, I am confident, will not stop short of complete National Republican vic- tory. But we must neither underestimate the difficulty of this congressional campaign nor its Importance. President Truman has al- ready indicated that he will take an all-out personal part in the congressional elections, This should not be taken lightly. President Truman is the cleverest politi- clan ever to occupy the White House. And he is also the worst President ever to occupy the White House. He is a postgraduate of the most effective political school in America—the Pendergast school of Kansas City, Mo. From that school he knows the methods of attacks on eppo- sition, of claims for all improvement, of dodging blame for things that go wrong, and marshaling votes through organization. . He will demonstrate his political aptitude next week on the trip that he is taking across the country. With a carload of his politi- cal supporters, he will travel across the Na= tion in a special train, with his trip paid for out of the taxes of the people. He will go out to the Grand Coulee Dam; the plans for which were prepared under President Hoover; the construction of which was car- ried on by President Roosevelt; the payment for which was voted overwhelmingly by both Republicans and Democrats; and standing at the edge of that dam he will strike a pose and act as if he built it with his own little Missouri hands, He will act as if he came to the State of Washington for a ceremony to start the gen- erating of power at the dam, whereas in fact, he is going there to try to generate more po- litical power behind his Democratic Senator of that State who is in trouble because of playing on the sands of Hollywood instead of working at his seat in the Capitol. Going to and coming from the dam, he Will just happen to stop in the congressional and senatorial districts where he hopes to salvage a troubled Democrat incumbent or weaken a present Republican Congressman or Senator. With the great advantage of naturally having the front page of every newspaper in America, and ample quanti- ties of radio and television time, he will do a very, very clever and effective job of cam- paigning. It is strange but it is true that the meth- ods of the foreign economic Socialists and of the domestic political bosses are very sim- ilar. Both make extravagant, extreme, and rosy promises, Both collect heavy taxes from the people. Both give less than they prom- ise. Both Keep a lot of the people’s money for themselves in the Government. Both thrive when citizens carelessly depend on politicians to take care of their worries. So- elalism is as surely the result of giving too much power to the national Government as the Kansas City scandals are the result of political inertia in city wards. The tragedy for America is that the same school which fmade Truman such a clever politician also made him such a bad Presi~ dent. This is true because it is a school whose graduates are lacking in a sense of idealism and who minimize the importance of honesty and integrity. This lack of the sense of the importance of idealism is what has made our postwar foreign policy so neg- ative and weak, and has caused us to lose so much ground in the cold war with the So- viet Union. The idealism of this Nation is the most dynamic force in the world. But that idealism has not translated into an af- firmative, hard-hitting, inspiring foreign policy under President Truman’s adminis- tration. Thus it is, that with a policy of holding the line, of waiting for the dust to settle, of containment, the United States is in part responsible for the tremendous ad- vance in the cruel and dictatorial domina- tion by the rulers of Russia. In the brief space of 5 years this Kremlin clique has es- tablished dictatorships over 600,000,000 peo- pie in Poland, in Rumania, in Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, in eastern Germany, in Hun- gary, and in China. The administration’s lack of appreciation of the importance of hortesty and integrity is shown in the flagrant association of the President:in the White House with men like Ed Pauley, who made a million dollars in speculating as an insider upon the food of the Nation; and John Maragon, who ac- cepted funds from a perfume company while Officially representing and being paid by the United States Government in Greece. These are but small examples of a situation that exists and which tends to undermine the morality of the Nation and contribute to- ward the record high total of gambling and ‘of illicit funds in America today. In fact, one of the greatest difficulties which our Republican Party faces is the fact ‘that the people of the country are reluctant to believe that the corruption and the com-~ A3353 munism are as bad under President Tru- man’s administrative as they really are. Furthermore, if we analyze the record of the Truman administration, we find that in those situations in which he had his own way our country isin a bad way. He had his own way at Potsdam without any Repub- lican participation and without any con- gressional participation. The result has been very, very bad for the position of our country in Berlin, in Austria, and in the entire Balkans. It has been a part of the cause of losing the cold war. He had his own way in Asiatic policy without any participation in the forming of the policy by the Republicans and with- out any participation by Congress. The re- sult has been very, very bad, and our coun- try has also lost much ground there in the cold war. He wanted to keep control over all the housing materials in this country after the war. He wanted to keep control over all new building. But Congress overruled him and freed the builders, retaining only the loaning programs which had support by both parties. The result has been that the pri- vate builders and the building craftsmen of the country, aided by the suppliers and lumbermen, are now turning out a record total of houses, and we are on the way to real improvement in the housing supply in this country. It was the action of Congress in overruling President Truman that led to this progress. If President Truman had his way, the whole building industry would still be in a snarl. There would still be the necessity of knowing somebody who knew somebody who could call Harry Vaughan to get a permit approved for building material. He tried to have the Government go into the steel business. Congress overruled him and left the steel industry in private owner- ship, and it 1s today producing more steel than ever before and is rapidly catching up with all the requirements for the country, wn enough left over to help rearm western ‘ope. He wanted to bring agriculture under the grip of his administration, but Congress at least partly overruled him, and the farm~ ers have produced an abundant supply of food so that food prices are now coming down to the consumer, and we are able to supply needs throughout the world. We Republicans can meet the 1950 situa- tion brought about by the political clever- ness of the President and by his use and misuse of the great power of his office, only in this threefold way. First, by fighting back vigorously and hit- ting hard in the exposure of the conditions of his administration. Second, by bringing * forward definite, sound, constructive meas- ures to meet the problems of our country at home and abroad. Third, by organizing and working and voting with a thoroughness and @ drive such as we have never shown before. Of these three, I count as the most impor-~ tant the bringing forward of constructive solutions. We must think through and study carefully, and then with ingenuity and with forthrightness present definite, sound, and constructive measures for the improved health of the people, for an agricultural pro- gram, for more and more jobs at good wages, for streamlining the Government, for saving money and keeping down taxes, for winning the cold war with Russia, and for advancing the cause of freedom of men throughout the world. Let me discuss in detail tonight just one of these issues. You all know of the Tru- man-Ewing proposal to have the Government take over the health system of America; to put all doctors and hospitals under the thumb of a five-man board appointed by the President; to bring politics into the relation- ships between patients and doctors, and pa- tients and hospitals; and in general to copy the British and German systems of socializ- ing medicine.
A3354 We know President Truman’s proposal is bad, The majority of the people now know it is bad. The British experience is proving that what looks in theory like a grand scheme turns out to be a sad mistake which leads to more medical care of a lower quality for more people at a higher cost with more deaths and increased illness throughout the Nation. But it is not enough to recognize the evil of President Truman’s proposal. There are very real problems in health in America. Serious illness or accident to a member Of a family in the working or middle income group is an economic catastrophe. There are not enough doctors today and not enough opportunities for young men to study medi- cine. Many of our hospitals are in financial difficulty. Many areas of the country are en- tirely without a doctor or a decent hospital. We have the best health record of all the major nations in the world, but it is not good enough for America. These problems must be met without mak- ing the mistake of President Truman’s so- cialized and political medical program. They should be met with the cooperation of the medical profession. They should be met by working with the doctors and the nurses and the hospital administrators. I believe our Republican Party might work out, with the professions involved, a program to meet the problems in a modern effective way without making the mistakes of the British or Tru- man programs. Something like this might be done. We could use the example of the very successful Federal Deposit Insurance Cor- poration, which Senator VANDENBERG initi- ated, and which has secured the bank de- posits of America without having the Gov~ ernment take over the banks. We could es- tablish a Federal Health Reinsurance Cor- poration to underwrite the various Blue Cross and other local voluntary insurance systems developed by farm cooperatives, unions, and local groups, so that these groups could offer comprehensive complete coverage for the people at moderate cost. This Federal Health Reinsurance Corporation would thereby have a relationship only with the local insurance associations and would not bring the Gov- ernment in between the patient and the doc- tor or the patient and the hospital. Contracts such as that recently entered into by Bethlehem Steel should then be en~ couraged through which the employees and the employer join in paying the health-in- surance premium and under which splendid protection is given to the workers and their families. Careful expansion for insurance coverage for those who are self-employed or are not on social security could also be worked out through these voluntary local associations. In this method, within a brief space of time, with the expenditure of a frac- tion of the amount of money, we could have in operation a system giving better quality of medical care at lower cost with better re- sults than any of the socialized schemes that have been advanced. Steps should further be taken to assist in establishing doctors in those poor or remote areas of the country that cannot now support a doctor in private practice. These are the same territories that need the public health services of vaccination, immunization, ex- amination of school children, inspectors for health and sanitation. Therefore a moderate, careful program of paying a small part-time salary to a young doctor to go into those territories to practice privately, but to give & part of his time to public health activities, would lead to an advance of health in these arcas. The further extension of the Hill-Burton Act, which is a sound bipartisan measure, to assist in the construction of local hospitals and local health centers should also be car=- ried forward. Likewise some moderate as- sistance in the expanding of medical educa- tion shouid be given: Medical education is very expensive to administer because on the average, as our experience at the University of Pennsylvania where we are operating the oldest medical schcol in this country shows, it costs about $2,700 per student per year to give a good medical education. Since the tuition is just $700, there is a large difference to make up from other sources, That is the principal reason that medical education is so difficult to attain. Some steps should be taken to expand these opportunities, par- ticularly in the South where the present chances to study medicine are entirely too limited. This expansion likewise should be done without any discrimination as to race, or color, or creed. By measures such as these, and by increasing private support through philanthropy, through keeping inviolate the local control and the high independent pro- fessional standing, and by pushing on with health research, we can keep America in the very forefront in the health of the people of the world steadily improving in every re- spect. From steps such as this we should work out a Republican health program that will be sound for the people and will be rec- ognized as such and will be supported by them. In a similar way we should develop programs on the other major problems. Angry and petulant about Congress’ refusal to obey his orders, the President is now tak- ing to the stump to try to get a puppet Con- gress. He knows how to pull the political strings. ButI believe that the American peo-~ ple want men and women who stand on their own feet in Congress, and they will refuse to send President Truman’s personal puppets to Congress. A Republican Party, ready to serve the people of this country and fighting hard against the weakness and deficits of the pres- ent administration, will become a victorious Republican Party. Cut in Postal Service EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. ANGIER L. GOODWIN OF MASSACKUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, May 8, 1950 Mr. GOODWIN. Mr. Speaker, evi- dence continues to accumulate that while the people want to see economy in the various departments of the Government, even if it means curtailment of services, they are not disposed to take kindly to the proposal of the Postmaster General to save money in his Department by a cut in the postal service through a reduc- tion of mail.deliveries unless they can be satisfied that the report of the Hoover Commission is wrong in pointing out other ways in which the desired economy may be effected. Under leave to extend my remarks, I add hereto the- following editorial from the Malden (Mass.) Eve- ning News: Cur mn Posran SERvicr Decision to reduce postal service in behalf of economy will not be accepted by the American people with good grace. While there is a universal cry for a reduction in Government expense it is hardly fitting to start with a branch so vital in the life of the people. A single mail delivery in resi- dential and semibusiness sections will not be accepted without protest. Yet that is the first move inaugurated by the Department. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Postmaster General Donaldson says this 1s necessary following the refusal of Congress to grant increases in postal rates which would net some $600,000,000. Just how reduction of deliveries will save money is hard to under- stand. If the Department has sufficient manpower now to make two deliveries what will become of the manpower released by cut- ting the service in half? Certainly it does not mean that any sizable number of em-~ ployees will be laid off. Surely there are other places where millions could be saved without reducing a service so vital to the public. Then, too, there could be a bit of slick politics mixed up in Donaldson's scheme. If the people want economy, let’s take it out of their hides, so to speak. Ade- quate mail service is extremely vital to the Nation. To go back to horse-and-buggy service will be a distinct harassment to every American. It might be a good thing for the Postmaster General and his advisers to take another peek at the Hoover Commission re- port that found that the Post Office could make greater use of mechanical devices for handling mail. In general, it was short of equipment of all kinds, and much of its equipment was obsolete. Average age of Post Office motor vehicles was over 15 years. T".e Commission recommended the modern- izing and streamlining of the Post Office De- partment and that the Department should be taken out of politics by abolishing Senate confirmation of postmasters. Boston Herald Comment on Address By Joseph A. Erickson EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. LEVERETT SALTONSTALL OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Monday, May 8 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, last Thursday I asked unanimous con- sent to place in the Appendix of the Recorp an address entitled, “The New England Economy—1950 Model,” de- livered by Joseph A. Erickson, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, at the New England congressional din- ner of 1950 held at the Hotel Mayflower in Washington on May 2, 1950. At the same time I asked unanimous consent to place an editorial entitled “New England Rallied,” from the Boston Herald of May 3, 1950, commenting upon his address, Mr. Erickson is a distinguished New England banker and a business analyst of great repute. I now find that Representative Lane, of Massachusetts, had previously placed Mr. Erickson’s address in the Rercorp. As a result, my remarks requesting the in- sertion of Mr. Erickson’s speech, under the rule, were not printed. I renew the request for unanimous consent to place in the Recorp the editorial from the Boston Herald. There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: New Enciann Rau.yrep The day is past when New England cah shape her destiny within New England. power wielded in Washington over the cotthe
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD try’s economy is too great now. Much as we may dislike sectionalism, the formation of blocs, and the horse trading of Congress, it’s there, and we have got to play the game as it is played or drop out by default. Joseph A. Erickson, president of the Fed- eral Reserve Bank of Boston, spoke to a meeting of the New England delegation in Congress along these lines last night. These gatherings have been sponsored annually by the New England council and the chambers of commerce for some time, and they have produced potent argument for a unified non- partisan approach by the Senators and Rep- resentatives of this section. But never be- fore has the problem been put so bluntly. This was plain speaking by Mr. Erickson. There is, for instance, the matter of a steel mill in New England. The United States Steel Corp. has chosen to ignore a New England site in favor of a plant on the Delaware River. That’s the company’s right. But will New England be required to pay its share of the dredging of the river so another section can have the steel mill? The last year has shown an extensive con- version to oil as a fuel in New England. We are fortunately situated to get oil from foreign fields. Should our delegation in Con- gress be asked to support the program of domestic producers for higher tariffs and quotas on foreign oil? The huge expenditures for power, naviga- tion, flood control, and reclamation serve other sections that would invite industry away from us by the lure of cheap power. Exactly what do we get in return? A united New England delegation would command enough votes for effective bar- gaining. It could say to the farm bloc which imposes an undue burden on New England by the huge cost of subsidies, “what can you give in return that will afford our section an advantage equivalent to yours?” Mr. Erickson did not carry his exhortation to the precise point of intersectional bar- gaining, but it was clearly implicit in what he said. His was a rallying cry for a realistic defense of New England interests. Will the New England Senators and Representatives respond? This Nation Under God EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. ALEXANDER WILEY OF WISCONSIN IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Monday, May 8 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, a distin- guished Member of the Senate, the senior Senator from Utah [Mr. THomas], re- cently wrote and published a book en- titled “This Nation Under God.” There appeared in the Washington Star of Sun- day, in a column entitled “Spires of the Spirit,” by Dr. Frederick Brown Harris, the Chaplain of the Senate, an editorial in which, among other things, Dr. Harris said: Here is a hook with truths timely and time- less, which will help to put our contemporary lenses in focus. Mr. President, it was my privilege a few days ago to hear a discussion of the book written by the Senator from Utah, and I am happy to recommend it. I ask unanimous consent that the entire edi- torial by Dr. Harris be printed follow- ing my remarks, There being no objection, the edi- torial was ordered to be printed in the RecorD, as follows: THis NaTIion (By Frederick Brown Harris, pastor, Foundry Methodist Church; Chaplain, U. 5S. Senate) This Nation is today the most significant factor in all the tangled and tragic skein of human affairs. This Nation holds in its hands the power to determine the destiny of this planet for generations to come—perhaps, forever—whether it shall be the blessing or the curse, life or death. This Nation is today the greatest reser- vow of material resources and spiritual ideal- ism on the face of the earth. This Nation is the only serious challenge to the bid for world domination by a sinister slave system which already holds untold millions in the despotism of its iron grasp. This Nation in the providence of God has come to the king- dom. for such a time as this. All this means that, in an age—on ages telling—to be true to America at its best is to share an awe-inspiring role in the unfold- ing of the divine purpose. Rather than any American should sap his Nation’s strength by his own moral treason; betray her by his treachery, or exploit her by his greed, it were better for him that a millstone be hanged about his neck and that he be drowned in the depths of the sea. No one can be a worthy partner in a democracy unless he helps sustain the moral and spiritual roots. If democracy withers Jt will never be de- stroyed by suspected Reds, but by neglected roots. The surest way to cause the fair flowers of freedom to fade is to cut the roots reaching into rich, ancestral soil in which they have been nourished, and from which, fed by springs of living water, has come their help and health. A cut flower is a doomed flower. Its beauty cannot endure because its roots have been severed. For a democ- racy which has fruits without roots the undertaker called Time is already at the door. In this frightening day it is dawning upon America as with a fresh and startling revela- tion that only religious faith can undergird democracy, and that when this is withdrawn some form of coercive totalitarianism lift- ing an almighty state into God's throne comes in like a flood. An honored member of the United States Senate, a national leader with a rich working background in religious, labor, educational and international affairs, Senator Exsrrt D, THomas of Utah, has recently pub- lished a volume tingling with intense convic- tion and shot through with prophetic in- sight. In scintillating chapters he@ writes the title, “This Nation Under God,” in letters of fire across our national sky. To this perplexed day, the distinguished Senator declares: ‘Everything for which de- mocracy stands is based on religious faith. Neither enlightened self-interest nor prac- tical ethics can make an effective substitute.” In “This Nation Under God” is inspiringly portrayed the real manifest destiny of Amer- ica. The author is no strutting Pharisee under the white dome of the National Tem- ple, thanking God that we are not as other people. We are only a chosen people when we choose to be instruments of His will for all mankind. Here is a book with truths timely and timeless, which will help to put our contem- porary lenses in focus. The Senator’s credo ia set down simply but profoundly, as he bears witness: “To me, the basic fact about our faith in God’s power and our destiny is that He has blessed us with the opportunity to provide abun-~ dance for ourselves, all of us, and to share the abundance with the world—that our destiny is to hold high the.flaming torch of liberty for all, and to rule over none. I he- eve in something wordless and wonderful A3355 about man and the universe. I believe in faith without proof, hope without reason, love above advantage, without which man-~- Kind will indeed perish.”* In this yolume there is impressively pic- tured the unanimous ‘procession of the American Presidents as each in his own words witnesses to the spiritual roots of America. The ultimate truth about “This Nation Under God” has never been put more succinctly than by Woodrow Wilson, to whose “world” Senator THomas devotes a chapter. Significantly, Wilson’s warning sentence is from his “The Road Away From Revolution.” Hear it, O America! “The sum of the whole matter is this, that our Civilization cannot survive materially unless it is redeemed spiritually. Only thus can discontent be driven out and all the shadows lifted from the road ahead.” A fable tells of a spider that once slid down a single silky thread from the lofty rafter of a barn and set up an elaborate domain on a lower level. There he spread his acquisitive net, caught flies, grew slick and prospered. One day, wandering proud- ly about his opulent premises he saw the thread that stretched up into the unseen above him. What is the use of that? he cynically blurted, and snapped it. And his filmy palace collapsed. God forbid that a collapsed silken weh should be a portent of the fate of this Na- tion. To Help Mr. Acheson EXTENSION OF REMARKS oF HON. EDWARD L. LEAHY OF RHODE ISLAND IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Monday, May 8 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. LEAHY. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have inserted in the Rrcorp an editorial entitled “To Help Mr. Acheson,” which appeared in the Providence Journal of May 3, 1950. There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the Rrcorp, as follows: To Herp Mr. AcHESON The sort of attack that has been leveled at Owen Lattimore invites retaliation in Kind. It was probably inevitable, therefore, that the Far Eastern expert who has been called the top Soviet espionage agent in the United States should have included in his defense a violent personal attack on his ac- cusers. From the viewpoint of the public, however, it must be said that Mr. Lattimore’s latest diatribe on the morals and motives of Senator McCartHy and his principal witness, Louis Budenz, contributes nothing toward resolution of the controversy. An end to this procedure of smearing and counter-smearing is certainly what the na- tional interest demands. Secretary of State Acheson, who is the real target of the McCartHy campaign, is about to sail for London on a highly important diplomatic mission designed to extend cooperation among the Atlantic pact nations from the military sphere into the economic and politi- cal field. How much damage has already been done to his stature as a negotiator by these attacks on his competence and good faith remains to be seen. It is obvious, however, that a continuation of this controversy during the forthcoming conferences will in some degree lessen Secre- tary Acheson’s ability to speak with authority
‘A3356 for the United States. To that degree, any prolonging of the public debate touched off by the McCarthy charges will directly damage the security of this country, which depends so heayily on maintaining and expanding western unity. , The debate cannot s~mn'v be turned off, of course. If Senator 2°.C 72° chooses to go on making public charges of Communist influence in the State Department, he can- not be stopped. If the individuals named by him want to continue dragging out the Senator’s dirty linen 1n an effort to discredit his charges, they are free to do so. But it does seem to us, in view of the fact that these tactics cannot bring out the truth but can only do serious harm to our national interests at London, that the Senate investigating committee should do what it can to call a halt to such public exchanges. Ideally, we would like to see the whole matter taken out of the hands of the Tyd- ings group and turned over to some more re-~ sponsible investigating body, such as Senator Loner has suggested. If that is not prac- tical—as it appears not to be—the Tydings committee might well wind up its own in- quiry forthwith. Or if it Js not ready to do that—and continuing reports of new de- velopments again indicate that 1t probably i8 not—at least the Senators should be able to issue an interim report on their findings to date. . - An official reminder to the world that Senator McCartHy’s charges are still un- proven, to say the least, would be some help to Secretary “Acheson at London. Even if the report established conclusively nothing more than the indisputable fact that Mr. Lattimore was never a permanent or promi- nent employee of the State Department, it would do something to dissipate the cloud of confusion in which this country’s spokes~ man is going forth to represent us before the bewildered peoples of the free world. ' Federal Bureaucracy EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF HON. E. C. GATHINGS OF ARKANSAS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, May 8, 1950 Mr. GATHINGS. Mr. Speaker, the steadily growing Federal Government and what it would mean to the Ameri- can people’s welfare if a citizen’s daily life is regimented is exemplified in a se- ries of letters by Associate Editor A. A. Fredrickson in a recent edition of Blytheville (Ark.) Carrier News. These letters are purported to have been writ- ten in 1960. I am including as a part of my remarks the full text of Mr. Fred- rickson’s most unique article: ONcE OvER LIGHTLY (By A. A. Fredrickson) WELFARE, IT’S WONDERFUL Marce 28, 1960. OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR, Payroll Division, Redistribution Bureau, Washington, D. C, Dear Sir: After submitting it for my en- dorsement, my employer as usual sent my pay check to Washington last week to cover my participation in the Federal-benefits pro- gram. But something must have happened it, Anyway, I haven’t received my certificates of entitlement for this week. My wife needs an infected tooth pulled but cannot get an appointment with the United States den- tistry office here without her certificate for this week. The Dry Gulch Valley Authority has threatened to shut off my electricity if I don’t turn in my certificate showing I am a paid-up consumer, : Also, until I can show my entitlements for this week, my credit has been cut off at Brannan Memorial Delicatessen No. 82A, I can’t get a pair of shoes my boy needs from the Federal Clothing Allotment Administra- tion branch here, I can’t make the next pay- ment on my house to the Bureau of Low- Middle-Class Housing and I can’t get credit for the second-quarter premium on my Gov- ernment life msurance. While Iam writing you, I would like to take care of a couple of other matters. Since I have been authorized by the Bureau of Extra- Curricular Employment Assignment to raise a half-acre of black-eyed peas in my back yard, I would like to apply for the required 200 pounds of Government fertilizer. THORNTON P. BLIvEetTr. Wet Rock, ArK. THORNTON P. BLIVETT, : Wet Rock, Ark. - Dear Mr. Buiverr: Yours of the 28th in« stant received and noted. : However, you failed to submit your cor- respondence in octuplicate so as to provide copies for each of the organizations men- tioned in your letter. Kindly resubmit your letter thus in order that all items may be properly channeled. QuaGmirRE K. GraPyrt, Director, Payroll Drmsion, Redistribution Bureau. P. S—You are cautioned to note closely the carbon-paper ration for your district for the current month and penalties for exceed~ ing same.—Q. K. G. DrmEcToOR, PAYROLL DIVISION. . Dear Sim: It’s been 2 weeks since [ resub- mitted. I’m now missing certificates for 3 weeks. My family is starving. My electric- ity has been shut off. My wife’s jaw is in- fected, my insurance has been canceled and the Government is threatening to foreclose on my house. Can't youdo something? And my name is not Thornwall T. Blivets. ‘THORNTON P. BLivert. THORNWALL Z. BLIVENS, Wet Rock, Ark. DE4sR Mr. Buivens: In answer to your re- quest of April 9, 1958, please find enclosed the Government manual on Sex Life of the Female Night Crawler in Lower Slobovia, e Otiver H. RINGworm, Department of Animal Husbandry. Director, PAYROLL Division. Dear Sir: I’m now down to 103 pounds and barefoot. For goodness sake, do something! Even if it’s only getting my name right. THORNTON P, BLIVETT, Wert Rocx, ARK. THORNLEY E. GLIVENS, Wet Rock, Ark, Dear Mr, Guivens: As per your request, 108 pounds of fertilizer is being shipped to you express Collect. CROMWELL C. Compost, Department of Utter Fertility. Drrecror, PAyroit Division. Dear Sir; What's the matter with you peo- ple? A month has past since 1 wrote you. I’m now out of a job and living in a tent on the courthouse lawn. Can’t even get unemployment compensation because you've got my records all tied up, I beg you, get this mess straightened out. * * * . THORNTON P, BLIVET?. WET Rock, ArK, ‘APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD THorny C. SPIVENS, Wet Rock, Ark. Dear Mr. Spivens: After a thorough check of your records, we fail to understand your trouble. According to our files, you died February 16°last year. Such being the case, you will report im- mediately to the public embalming adminis. tration branch office nearest your home. In your case, this office is located in For- maldehyde, Ariz. We hope this takes care of your case. We have been happy to assist you, and assure you that any future business you may have with our department will be just as speedily consummated. CLIFTON Q. BUNGSTARTER, Federal Benefits Administration. River Valley Development EXTENSION OF REMARKS F HON. JAMES E. MURRAY OF MONTANA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Monday, May 8 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. MURRAY. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp a very able article on river .valley development, by Willard R. Espey, appearing in the maga- zine section of the New York Times o: Sunday, May 7, 1950. , ’ This article constitutes an extensive study of the serious conditions of ero- sion, waste, and neglect in the various river valley areas of our country, and calls for the application of the success- ful TVA program to our whole river val- ley system. The program is opposed by a small clique of vested interests, backed by great wealth and desire to exploit the undeveloped resources of our country at the expense of the Nation. It is a chal- lenge to the common sense of the Amer- ican people. The future of our Ameri- can economy will be determined by our action on this vitally important pro- gram. There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the Rxecorp, as follows: Mort TVA's?—Tue Issuzs Werienep (By Willard R, Espey) The Senate recently passed a measure add- ing half a billion dollars’ worth of navigation and flood-control projects to the billion- dollar rivers and harbors bill approved by the House. Both branches of Congress ig- nored alternative bills for TVA-like authori- ties which, their backers contend, would save the taxpayer hundreds of millions of dollars that are now going to waste through political logrolling and would provide con- trolled development of our great river valleys. Not that these ignored projects would be cheap. Over the next half century they would cost in the neighborhood of $42,000,- 000,000. But valley authority proponents assert that the record of the present Con- gress, like that of most earlier Congresses, proves that $42,000,000,000 will only be the start if valley development remains a pork- barrel item, The true question is what do we get for our money. The proposed authorities—many of them do not go by that name—would directly affect almost every corner of the country: A fourth
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of the Nation’s farmland in the Missouri Valley; 10 percent of our land area in the Pacific Northwest; a seventh of our popula- tion in the Ohio Valley; the entire heart land of the United States that would be served by the proposed St Lawrence waterway. These projects are as important as they are expensive because of what they can do for the country. If we spend the $42,000,000,000, says a recent Twentieth Century Fund sur- vey, the United States would be enriched by hydroelectric plants with a combined gen- erating capacity of 54,000,000 kilowatts— nearly the equivalent of our capacity from all sources at the end of the war. We would be freed forever from the danger of floods of the kind that turned a Columbia River city of 40,000 people into kindling wood in a half hour’s time in 1948, or killed 1387 persons and: destroyed $400,000,000 worth of property along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers in 1937. The amount of western land under irriga- tion—21,000,000 acres now—would be doubled. Erosion would be halted on 300,~. 000,000 acres of crop and range land, while 100,000,000 acres more would be made culti- vable by draining and clearing. Cutting and_ replacement would be brought into balance on nearly half a billion acres of forest land. If we do not adopt a program of con- trol and development projects, the retarded areas of the United States must slide even farther backward. In great sections of the most advanced country in the world today, poverty, filth, ignorance and sickness are the order of: the day. Topsoil is peeling off our earth like a rind off an orange, de- creasing our wealth at a rate which has been, estimated at $4,000,000,000 annually... Every year our flood losses alone run to more than $100,000,000. Stream pollution has turned the loveliest rivers known to man into cur- rents of diluted sewage. It is because of the growing realization of these conditions and the necessity of cor- recting them taat demands, both in and out of Congress, for additional river-valley de- velopments are increasing. Allowing for regional differences and spe- cial problems, the proposals seek to apply in other areas the experience and techniques of the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Amer- ican project which set the minds of men in every retarded region of the world afire with the dream of bettering their lot through grand-scale river-valley developments. In the light of the expanding demand for development projects, why has Congress not passed legislation authorizing them? The answer is that it has been unable to agree on the answers to two fundamental ques- tions: Can we afford, at a time of unpar- alleled commitments, with a deficit running at $5,000,000,000 and more a year, to spend still more money for large-scale TVA’s? Does Government creation of additional power represent unfair competition with pri- vate enterprise? Fortunately, both questions can be an- swered objectively out of our own experience and without regard to any special Interests. But before presenting the answers it might be well to review briefly the need for and present status of our development projects. There are three reasons for this: First, all intelligent discussion of river- valley developments must start with need, and the need for additional projects has been studied and well tabulated. Second, the plans have been drawn up. Although Congress has yet to pass the neces- sary over-all enabling legislation, all projects have been worked out in detail, at least on paper. Third, much more has already been done than many of us realize. While the Con- gress has debated, engineers have gone ahead and changed the face of America. On the Tennessee, the Missouri, the Columbia, the Snake, the Colorado—on all those rivers, and XCVI-—App.——212 others, there have risen monuments so huge as to be visible from the moon. Sums s0 tremendous as to dwarf our national income of a generation ago are being expended each year on dams, levees, power plants, irriga- tion ditches. The argument as to whether or not we should encourage more TVA’s is to some extent academic because most of the proposed developments are, in one way or another, already in work Here is a résumé of the major projects. The Ohio Valley is increasingly menaced by floods and pollution. The valley drains waste from a population of 4,000,000 directly into the Ohio River; in some places a quarter of all the river flow has passed through a sewage system. Proposed projects would not only stabilize and cleanse the Ohio, but also provide a badly needed fresh-water connec- tion between Lake Erie and tributaries of the upper Ohio, facilitating traffic in iron and coal. They would cost about $2,000,000,000. The Arkansas Valley suffers from under~ employment of 60 percent of its farmers. It has been proposed to retire 8,000,000 mar- ginal acres from cultivation, putting the dis- placed farmers into new industries powered by abundant hydroelectricity. Cost of soil conservation, flood and pollution’ control, power, irrigation, and water-supply projects is estimated at $2,000,000,000. ‘ The lower Mississippi has been the scene since 1927 of $500,000,000 worth of work on levees, reservoirs, spillways, and floodways. Another $500,000,000 remains to be expended on projects to provide for flood abatement and malaria control and to support a larger and healthier population. In the Savannah Valley, an authority pro- posed jointly by the two Senators from Georgia would cost between $250,000,000 and 300,000,000. Besides navigation and flood control, it would include dams with an in- stalled generating capacity of 761,200 kilo- watts. - In the Connecticut ‘and Merrimack River Basins of New England, the enactment of proposals for flood control, pollution abate-~ ment, and hydroelectric projects would cost 100,000,000, produce a billion kilowatt- Kours of electricity a year. An effort is now being made to integrate the entire river- valley development of New England. The Colorado Valley, third largest drainage basin in the United States, is being devel- oped, not through a single regional author- ity but through an interstate compact. An international flavor is added to the under- taking by the involvement of Mexico in the lower river. In addition to Boulder Dam and the All-American Canal, projects are planned to control silting, establish an electrical gen- erating capacity of 4,000,000 Kilowatts, and irrigate 2,000,000 more acres, They will cost $2,500,000,000. The Central Valley of California has 200,- 000 acres of land returning to desert. The State water plan will restore this land and bring an additional 7,000,000 acres under cul- tivation through water from 38 major dams. The cost has been estimated at between $1,- 000,000,000 and $2,000,000,000. The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence waterway is the only project that still remains entirely on paper. Canadians and Americans for more than 50 years have agitated for a canal which would enable deep-draft ocean vessels to steam from the Atlantic to the Great Lakes. At a cost of §500,000,000 the 27-foot~ deep ditch would create an electric-generat- ing capacity of 1,640,000 kilowatts. All the above proposals have aroused bit- ter controversy. The banks of the Colorado have provided a setting for disputes among Western States which for a while took on characteristics of civil war. But the devel- ‘opments which are bringing about the great- est exchange of name calling today are those which are already under way for the Missouri Valley’ and the Pacific Northwest, A38357, They are also the two best known and the two largest. The Missouri: The Missouri River, twist- ing 2,640 miles and serving 29 percent of the total area of the United States, repre- sents an economic and social problem of tremendous complexity. In its lower reaches—eastern Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, and Atissiis 2ni the crying need 1s for flood cont’ vl “Ler {cward the source, in the Great Plains, a parched countryside waits for irrigation. The Army engineers, one of the two great Government bureaus at work on the Mis- sourl, started from the assumption that the valley needed flood control and increased navigation. They began building dams for a few tremendous reservoirs, The Bureau of Reclamation, on the other hand, decided that irrigation was the pri- mary need and, accordingly, began building a large number of small reservoirs. Both parties worked with a will—throwing up dams and levees, hydroelectric power plants, flood walls; boring tunnels, digging ditches, deepening canals. Into this turmoil there was flung in 1944 a proposal for a unified Missouri Valley Au-, thority. Ag fighting eats will forget their’ quarrel long enough to drive off an invading dog, the Army and the Bureau of Reclama-~ tion at once joined hands in a compromise, known as the Pick-Sloan plan. The Hoover Commission, which looked over Pick-Sloan, reported in consternation: ‘The ‘compromise’ consisted for the most part in a division of projects, each agency agreeing to forego the privilege of criticizing projects assigned by the agreement to the other. The result is in no sense an integrated develop~ ment plan for the basin, and there !+ serious reason to question whether agreement he- tween the two agencies is not more costly than disagreement.’ The proposed Missouri Valley Authority differs from Pick-Sloan in being a unified project, which would be preceded by a care= ful study of the entire valley area. Accord ing to its backers it would raise the Pick= Sloan sights on power production from 1,- 000,000 to 3,000,000 kilowatts—more than the entire capacity of the Union of Soviet Social- ist Republics as recentiy as 1930. The Columbia. In some ways similar, in others vastly different from the story of the Missouri, is that of the Columbia and Snake Valleys. Where the Missouri population is dwindling, that of the Northwest between 1940 and 1949 rose 86 percent. Where the Missouri lacks major industrial development, the Columbia is going through one of the great industrial bursts of American history. The economy of the Missouri is on dead center; that of the Columbia is hurtling for- ward, The Columbia River is 1,214 miles long. Its hydroelectric potential is 30,000,000 kilo- watts—more than a third the potential of all the United States, and more than our entire electric consumption in 1929. Federal agencies working to develop the Columbia Valley are handicapped, as on the Missouri, by lack of over-all direction. In early 1949 President Truman had to give @ public spanking to those same old Kil- Kenny cats, the Army engineers and the Bu- reau of Reclamation, for squabbling over who was to build what. A few weeks later, his administration’s proposal for a Columbia Valley Administration reached Congress. It called also for an additional immediate out- lay of $100,000,000 for hydroelectric and rec- lamation projects. These, then, are our Nation’ 8 most urgent development needs, .and what has been planned and is being done to meet them. There remain the two great policy questions: Can we afford to go all-out for valley devel- opments at the present time? And are the projects compatible with the American tradi- tion of free, private enterprise?
A3358 Answers to these questions can be found in the record of the one great valley develop- ment project that has had a chance to show its effectiveness—the TVA. Today TVA produces 15,000,000,000 kilo- watt-hours of energy a year. It watches 8,400,000 acres of test-demonstration farms. It is checking erosion and building soil on 7,000,000 acres. It is cooperating in devel- opments of new mineral deposits and control of pollution, In 1983, only 15,000 farms in the Tennessee Valley power-distribution area had electric- ity, today there are 300,000. During the first half of 1949 residents of the valley purchased $100,000,000 worth of electric appliances. Tennessee Valley farms in the same period used twenty times as much electricity as they had used in 1933, while the United States as a whole was using just three times as much. Within a decade the valley has developed 400 new industries, employing 100,000 workers. In 1930 an acre in the Missouri Valley was worth $39.17~—15 cents more than in the Tennessee. Fourteen years later an acre in the Tennessee Valley was worth $46.80, while in the Missouri Valley it was down to $25.82, Despite its scantiness of resources, the Ten- nessee Valley today supports 65 persons per square mile. If the Missouri Valley reached the same figure, its population would he up by more than 20 million. . It would be unrealistic to maintain that the faster gain in the Tennessee Valley was entirely due to TVA. Other parts of the South have also shown # more rapid improve- ment than the national average. Nonethe- Jess, if the income of the Tennessee Valley had risen only in the same proportion as that of the rest of the country, its annual in- come—and the nation’s—would total 61,240,- 000,000 less than 1t is today. This yearly dif- ference is far more than the entire $762,000,~ 000 cost of the Authority. Similarly rapid growth is likely in other valley authority areas. As the Twentieth Century Fund has remarked in analyzing the Arkansas Valley proposal, “The limit ta such expansion can- not be estimated. But it would certainly be many times the initial outlay, * * +7? The conclusion seems inescapable that we not only can afford such projects but also that we cannot afford to forego them. Flood control, hydroelectric production, irrigation and reclamation have long con~ stituted a pork barrel in which almost any Congressman could find a little money for his own constituency, The pork barrel in President Truman’s latest budget amounts to $1,200,000,000, much of it for projects al- ready under way. It is hardly to be expected that a vote-hungry Congress, however loud it cries for economy, will appreciably cut that figure. But there is no pork for a hungry Con- gressman in a TVA. Valley authorities in such areas as the Missouri and Columbia Basins—set up either by Congréss or by interstate agreement—are the only means on the horizon by which the waste, overlap- ping and log-rolling now taking place there are likely to be eliminated. On future un- dertakings of comparable magnitude valley authorities will be equally necessary—and tor the same reason, The principle of responsibility to Con- gress has been invoked against TVA’s by some sincere and disinterested men. It has been invoked by some also, however, t0 cover an equally ardent interest in the principle of the pork barrel, Valley authorities need not be a way to spend money. They ean be, on the contrary, a way to get far more value for the money ‘we are spending now. Our experience in the Tennessee Valley also appears to answer the second major question negatively. Many critics contend that the regional development projects con- tradict the spirit of private business. On the basis of experience so far, however, it seems to me fair to say not only that valley authorities can act as a stimulus to free enterprise but that it is free enterprise alone which makes their full achievement possible. In the Tennessee Valley the Government did not shut off a segment of the country from private investment; it opened a seg- ment to private investment.: It performed in twentieth-century terms the same func- tion that it had performed a hundred and more years ago, when, by turning over tens of Millions of acres of public land to home- steaders and railroads, it made possible the settlement of a continent nearly in the twin- kling of an eye. Today the Tennessee Valley is dotted with profit-making businesses—private busi- nesses——~which could not have existed there 20 years ago. Conversely, the gigantic achievements of the Tennessee Valley Authority were pos- sible only because private capital was avail- able to turn the newly available power into machines, to hire for industry the men and women who were no longer tied to their farms, to create the goods and services which could make for a richer and fuller life. With- out that capital and that grassroots incen- tive the network of dams could have pro- duced but a fraction of its actual benefits. There should be no stampede into new development projects. In each case the need should be clearly established, the rem~ edy clearly effective. The timing and de- tails will differ. Some projects are urgent; others can await the Nation’s convenience. As each is launched, it will be the duty of every citizen to seek firm safeguards against Federal encroachment, to insist on & maximum of local control and a rate of expenditure which is not in excess of a reasonable public investment capacity. But that 1s far different from blind opposition. Now, as in the past, those who seek to oppose something with nothing are likely to find themselves wringing their hands in the ruck of history. For integrated river-develop- ment projects, properly administered, can enrich America and strengthen American democracy. The projects are feasible, they are desirable, and therefore they are in- evitable, Freedom and Government Hand-Outs EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. ANGIER L. GOODWIN OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, May 8, 1950 Mr, GOODWIN. Mr. Speaker, in re- cent meetings with various groups in my congressional district, at all of which I have given myself the benefit of a ques- tion period, I have become more and More convinced that the rank and file of our people are demanding that Gov- ernment hand-outs to pressure minority groups be stopped. The First National Bank of Boston has just published some- thing along this line in its regular New England Letter and I append it hereto under leave to extend my remarks as re. printed in the Wakefield (Mass.) Item: FREEDOM AND GOVERNMENT Hanp-Ours Throughout our history, freedom has ever been the rallying cry in our struggle upward as a nation, says the First National Bank of Boston in its current New England letter. Continuing, the bank says, it is our most precious heritage. So much has this ideal dominated our national life that America has become the symbol of freedom to Hberty- loving people everywhere. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD This freedom was dearly won. Every step in our forward march has been marked by risk-taking. As Vannevar Bush, president of Carnegie Institution of Washington, and former Director of the Office of Scientific Re- search and Development, has pointed out: “There is no such thing as absolute security. In this uncertain and complex world there is no workable security without the willing- ness and courage to take risks. We cannot protect ourselves by passing a law. We can hope to protect ourselves only if our people— our greatest resource—maintain and develop their imagination and initiative and are will- ing and able to take chances.” Our forefathers by overcoming starvation and the perils of the wilderness developed the capacity that enabled them to deal with stern reality, and through their energy, dar- ing, and vision laid the foundation for the American system which rests primarily upon personal initiative and individual freedom. But this system is being jeopardized by the extension of the paternalistic spirit of gov- ernment, Every special favor asked of government, however, for protection against the risks of life imperils the liberties of the people, With government aid goes control, and unless checked, there grows up & Frankenstein bu- reaucracy that saps the vitality of the Nation, But the American people in general are in a state of lethargy and do not realize that their liberties are in peril as they are being duped by sugar-coated slogans, honeyed words, and false promises. While there are many manifestations of the shrinkage of freedom, {t is most clearly revealed on the financial front. It finds re- flection in the increasing proportion of the income syphoned by the Government from the American people. Taxes of all kinds— Federal, State, and local—now constitute about 25 percent of national income as against 13 percent in 1929 and 7 percent in 1900. All told, more than $60,000,000,000 is being spent through various governmental channels. This is equivalent to 85 percent of total national income in the prewar year 1939. Socialistic experiments can be extended only by means of financial ald provided by the taxpayers. In consequence, it is highly essential in the interest of freedom that the purse strings should be tightened on ex- penditures that are carrying us at a rapid pace down the road of collectivism. It has been pointed out by the nonpartisan Hoover Commission, as well as by other authorities, that at least $4,000,000,000 can be cut from the Federal budget without in any way im- pairing essential governmental services. A campaign for substantial savings of tax- payers’ money could become a rallying point for freedom which is being attacked on many fronts. All liberty-loving Americans should take a definite stand by joining forces with the nonpartisan committees for the Hoover report which have been organized in 38 States, The purpose of these committees is to keep the citizens intelligently informed on the savings that can be made by eliminat- ing waste and inefficiency in government and zealously working for the adoption of better government at lower costs. In other words, the objective is to apply to govern-~ ment the same principles of management and experience that are necessary for sur- vival in the field of business. The success of this commendable undertaking will de- pend upon whether the American people can be aroused to realize the inseparable link between freedom and solvency of the Nation as was clearly understood by its founders. At this crucial stage it is well to heed the counsel offered by Thomas Jefferson more than a century ago: “We must make our selection between economy and liberty, or profusion and servitude.” A recent warning regarding the threat to freedom was made by Senator Bran when he said: “Let us al-
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ways remember that human freedom is not agifttoman. It isan achievement by man, and, as it was gained by vigilance and strug~ gle, so it may be lost by indifference and supineness.” Chips Are Down EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. ANGIER L. GOODWIN OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, May 8, 1950 Mr. GOODWIN. Mr. Speaker, a re- cent editorial from the Somerville (Mass.) Journal states succinctly and pungently the feelings of many citizens with reference to desired economies in the Post Office Department. Under leave to extend my remarks, I append this excellent editorial hereto: Crips ARE DowN The chips are down—the fight is on—the, People versus the Politicians. Never was an issue more clear~cut than the disgraceful exhibition now being staged where we see the Hoover plan for modern- izing the post office being scuttled by the cowardly action of the Senate Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. The bipartisan Hoover committee clearly showed the way to substantial savings in postal operations. If adopted, the Hoover blueprint would reduce the post office deficit from five hundred million to at least three hundred million—but more important, by streamlining and modernizing the post office structure and equipment, the efficiency of its service would be improved. . Since last July a series of bills endorsed by President Truman and Postmaster Don- aldson has been before Congress. Yet no affirmative action has been taken. Now the showdown reveals a few willful Senators smothering Senate bill 2213 by post- poning indefinitely any action. Senate 2213 is the bill to reorganize the post office. Among its many provisions for more economical and efficient administration of the post office is a proposal to remove 22,000 postmasters from politics by making Senate confirmation unnecessary. Who is in favor? The President; the Post- master General; the Hoover Commission; the National Association of Postmasters and Assistant Postmasters; letter carriers; rail- way mail clerks; the American people. Who is ageirct 119 A few politicians who place pel. ics wbo ¢ the national welfare. This bill was approved by a subcommittee but laid on the table by the full committee. Thus we witness the spectacle of a few selfish Senators prevalling over the will of the Amer- ican people. The Truth About Federal Health Insurance EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. JOHN D. DINGELL OF MICHIGAN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, May 8, 1950 Mr. DINGELL. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Rrc- orp, I include the following article by Dr. Ira Dean McCoy, from the Huron News of February 17, 1950: Tue TruTH AsouT FEDERAL HEALTH INSURANCE (By Ira Dean McCoy, M. D.) ‘Honesty of thought and speech and writ. ten word is a jewel, and they who curb prej- udice and seek honorably to know and speak the truth are the only builders of a better life”——John Galsworthy. The American Medical Association, at enor- mous cost, has bombarded the American pub- lic with a flag-waving, red, white, and blue propaganda leaflet “explaining” the proposed Federal health-insurance legislation. Every member of the AMA was assessed $25 in order that one of the Nation’s top publicity agen- cies might be employed to frighten the American public by untruthfully calling the proposed legislation socialism, statism, and paternalism, Often in the heat of argument or in criti- cizing another’s belief, the words “paternal- ism” and “statism” are too indiscriminately used and the users forget or lose sight of exactly the form of government we have in these United States. The Government is composed of men like ourselves whom the majority of us elect to govern us and it is always within our power to change the political complexion of our National Government every 2 years if we so choose, Far, far more dangerous to the wel- fare of our country than statism or paternal- ism is our apathy toward our duties as citi- zens. It is everyone’s duty to be actively inquisitive and interested in Government; and it is the sacred privilege as well as our duty and obligation to cast our ballot at every opportunity. The more active and in- terested we as a people become in Govern- ment, the better will be our Government and the safer will be our Uberties. I firmly believe in the system of free en- terprise and our capitalistic way of life; but in a complex nation the size of ours, govern- ment simply must take over the education and health of our people to a greater extent in the future. If the handling of atomic energy is too complex and too big for pri- vate industry, certainly the health and edu- cation of our people is too great and pressing a problem to be allowed to drift much longer. There can be no solution but more and more Government aid and control. After all, isn’t good Government, ‘One for all and for one”? But let’s get back to Federal health insur- ance. In last week’s article I said over 300,000 of our people, men, women, and children, will die this year because they cannot afford medical care. That isn’t all the sad truth: this year, too, America will lose 4,300,000 man-years of work because of bad health. And this year, too, $2'7,000,000,000 in national wealth will be lost—lost because of sickness and disability. On the basis of selective- service experience at least 40 percent of our men of military age—between eight and nine million men—are unfit for military duty. On any one day, at least 7,000,000 people in the United States suffer some illness. As many as 23,000,000 persons have a chronic or dis- abling disease. Sickness and accidents cost the Nation at least $8,000,000,000 a year. Our health services and facilities are wholly inadequate. Forty percent of our counties do not have even a full-time local public-health officcr Hospitals are needed— areas of our country with an aggregate popu- lation of 15,000,000 people do not have a single recognized general hospital. Pure shortages of doctors, nurses, dentists, psychi- atrists, and other trained health personnel are so great that many persons are forced to forego medical care. In 1944, 553 counties had less than one active physician per 3,000 population, the danger line. And numer- ous counties had no active doctor at all. If we had adequate services available for mothers and children, we could prevent at A3359 least half of the deaths of mothers who die in childbirth, and one-third of the deaths of the young babies. Our State health agencies have, on their waiting lists, thousands of crippled children who require and cannot get proper attention because of the lack of facilities and personnel, and over half a mil- lion children with rheumatic fever fail to receive good medical care. Staggering statistics, aren’t they? But more shocking is the simple fact that we have the knowledge to prevent these need- less deaths and this tragic waste. We have the highly trained personnel capable of ap- plying that knowledge. The one essential ingredient lacking is the assurance that peo- ple needing that knowledge can have 1t when they need it. But before we project the solution, let’s look more searchingly at the problem. Can the average American family pay for modern Medical care? Can you? At least two out of every three Americans— that means 97,000,000 people—cannot, and this figure comes straight from the American Medical Association’s Bureau of Medical Eco- nomics. If your family has an annual in- come of $5,000 or less per year, you are in this group. You cannot afford adequate medical care. Most Americans avold seeking prompt medical attention at the first sign of com- plaint. They tend to put off going to the doctor in the hope that the pain or illness will right itself. They delay mainly because of fear of medical costs. Such delay is often serious, and sometimes fatal, as in tuberculosis and cancer. We doctors know that 30 percent of cancer is curable if caught in its very early stages. We know that the disabling effects of many other chronic diseases can be halted or even pre- vented entirely, if caught in time. There is an endless amount of data to prove that the relation between money and life— between wealth and health—is direct and deadly. The problem, from which we can no longer run, is simply this: how can we remove this major economic barrier which blocks better health for the Nation and assure everyone who needs it adequate medical care regard- less of economic status? The democratic solution is: National health insurance. By broadening the scope of our compulsory social-security program to include a system of national health in- surance, by utilizing the proven, successful method of pay-roll deductions to which em- ployers and employees would contribute equal shares—the costs of physicians and hospital care could be prepaid, guaranteeing both availability of care to all who need it and adequate payment to doctors, hospitals, and others who supply the services. For a long time, the AMA fought even vol- untary health insurance plans. It still fights them today, unless it can control them. It supports voluntary health insurance today, in a frenzied rearguard action to head off national health insurance. The AMA has long been several steps behind the march of events and the needs of the American people. Voluntary health-insurance plans, while often excellent in the limited spheres in which most of them operate, cannot and will not be able to do the necessary job because: 1. Bencfits are inadequate. The plans which provide anything approximating com- prehensive insurance protection reach rela- tively few persons—actually less than 3 per- cent of the population—because they have been held back by the opposition of medical societies. The plans sponsored by medical societies provide only very limited services. 2. Voluntary plans have no sliding scales of payments to match incomes. They charge & flat rate, usually high, for limited benefits that cover only a fraction of the population. It is hardly likely that they could broaden their benefits without pricing themselves out
A3360 of reach of many present subscribers. 3. Many of them offer only cash payments in- stead of actual medical services, and these payments cover only part of the costs of care. 4, They have the smallest coverage where the need is greatest—in rural areas and among lower income groups. A continuous smokescreen has been laid down by special interests to befog the pub- lie’s mind on what national health insurance is and what it would mean to the doctor and to the patient, Proponents of national health insurance cherish the freedom and intimacy of the doctor-patient relationship as much as our die-hard opponents. Patients, as now, would select their own doctors; doctors, as now, would accept or reject patients. National health insurance is just a method of paying for medical care. The only change proposed by advacates of national health insurance is that, instead of the patient paying when and if he has money available, the doctor or the hospital of his choice would be paid by the insurance sys- tem at a rate and by a method to which the doctor had agreed. Those who support national health insur- ance are keenly aware that our Nation has fewer physicians and hospital beds than we need, and these so poorly distributed that In some rural counties there are no resident physicians at all, and little or no hospitdliza- tion accessible. Nevertheless, it is unrealistic to argue that national health insurance should be delayed for the years required to train many more doctors and build many more hospitals, The supply of medical personnel and facilities will expand only when, through insurance, the money to pay for them is guaranteed. This demand depends on families’ purchas- ing power for medical care. This is the simple principle of supply and demand which operates throughout our economy. Opponents claim that national health in~ surance will cost too much, that national expenditure for medical and health services would be greater under this plan, and that administrative costs would be excessive. The first answer to this objection is that the Nation needs to spend more for health. Too many of us have been doing without for too long. Moreover, a large part of the expenditures under national health insurance would not he new or added expenditures. Money now expended in direct payments for medical care by sick persons would be dis- tributed under the plan in small regular pay- ments from all people. Consequently, the costs of sickness—ordinarily concentrated upon a small part of the population in any given year—would be spread over the whole year and over all the people, As for administrative costs, it is worth noting that expenses of voluntary, nonprofit plans run to 12 percent or more in compari- son with the premiums collected. An im- portant part of these administrative expenses is the cost of soliciting and retaining mem- bers, a task that would he eliminated by national health insurance. Many other costs would also be eliminated by national health insurance, It might at this time be interesting to note that the Blue Cross of Michigan has approximately 1,500,000 policyholders, or subscribers, as they choose to call the people who are buying Blue Cross insurance. From January 1 until June 30, 1949, the Blue Cross of Michigan had a total earned income of $12,399,566.37. But during that same period of time their operating expense was $1,135,477.46. Of that $1,135,477.46 are some interesting items of ex- pense; $711,990.07 was paid out in salaries; $47,547.09 was paid out in travel and other expenses; and $79,783.54 was paid out in sun- dry expenses (of which no explanation is made). By these few figures I have given, it is very plain to be seen that the administra- tive costs of the Michigan Blue Cross are tremendous in comparison to the amount of money collected from their policyholders. It is, however, a nonprofit corporation. A great many patrons who are using the Blue Cross learn to their sorrow its services are limited. This could be due to the huge expenses I have already cited. As a result of the very cunning insid- ious, and extremely expensive propaganda campaign carried on by the medical lobby, the AMA and its national physicians com- mittee, most people think that all doctors, or nearly all, unqualifiedly follow the AMA “party line” in opposition to national health insurance. The dictatorial, undemocratic rule of the AMA’s house of delegates imposes its pol- icies practically by fiat on a hapless and helpless membership. Serious disagreement by an individual doctor with the policies laid down by the house of delegates or by his local medical society may result in un- pleasant economic and professional conse- quences for that doctor. Few doctors dare risk these consequences. But opposition to AMA reaction has been growing and has expressed itself in several organizations of doctors who are in favor of national health insurance and who say so openly. These organizations—the Com- mittee of Physicians for the Improvement of Medical Care, the Physicians Forum, and the Committee for the Nation’s Health, composed of both laymen and doctors—are becoming growing spearheads of opposition to the entrenched leaders of the AMA, The American Medical Association has been spoon-feeding the American people a terrific amount of propaganda against na- tional health insurance, but I can cite the pill itself and tell you as well as anyone just what it js and what it will do for you. 1. It would make available to you and all other employed and self-employed per- sons (with few exceptions) all the care you need from physicians, both family doctors and specialists, hospital, laboratory and X- ray services, unusually expensive medicines, eyeglasses, and appliances; and dental care and home nursing to a limited degree. 2. It would also cover the dependent members of your family. 3. You would be free to choose your own doctor, hospital, etc. and to change your selection. Actually, countless individuals would have greater freedom of choice than they have now, because the prepaid plan of health insurance would help assure a better supply of physicians in many areas where there are not now enough doctors, and be- cause the prepayment plan would enable millions who cannot now pay to have the services of a doctor of their choice for the first time. 4. Your doctor’s professional freedom would be fully protected. He would not be- come a Government employee. He would remain a practitioner, free to accept or reject patients, to locate wherever he wishes, to participate in, or stay outside, the insurance plan. He would be paid by the insurance funds in amounts and methods which he or his own representatives would negotiate. 5. It would cost you 1% percent of your earnings (up to $3,600 of income), Your employer would pay an equal amount. You would pay 8 percent (up to $3,600) if you are self-employed. 6. If you are a member of a voluntary health-insurance plan that meets minimum standards, this plan could continue to pro- vide you with services, and your premiums vould be paid from the national insurance ‘und. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD 8. Health insurance would not be run from Washington. It would be managed by local areas under a plan adopted by each State. In closing these series on health and edu- cation, I wish to say there are four great issues confronting the American people. 1. The issue of war or peace; 2. peace between labor and industry; 8. the health of our country; 4. the education of our children. We must all work and strive to see that these issues are brought to a satisfactory con- clusion. Many of us fear the threat of communism put do we all realize the best way to combat the scourge of communism is to increase the opportunities of the ordinary individual? America is great enough and rich enough that we should have no slums; we should have equal opportunity insofar as public- school education is concerned in this country for all our children whatever their color or creed, All children have a right in this great country of ours to healthy and sound bodies insofar as our medical sclence can give tt to them. These are not visionary ideals. We can and must find a way for their fulfillment. “He stands straigrt who stoops to help a child.” Truman Prosperity on Borrowed Time EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. ANGIER L. GOODWIN OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, May 8, 1950 Mr. GOODWIN. Mr. Speaker, under the leave to extend my remarks in the Recorp, I include herewith an article by Edson B. Smith in the Boston Herald and I commend to my colleagues a care- ful reading of this timely article: TRUMAN PROSPERITY ON Borrowep Time Mr. Truman soon will start out on a trans- continental speech-making tour. In the course of his public addresses he probably will call attention to the great prosperity of the country and ask that he and the Demo- cratic Party be given credit for it. He probably will not explain to the voters that in considerable measure the undoubted great business boom is due to credit policies which, if persisted in, can end only in disaster, Superimposed upon the Govern- ment deficit has been a great expansion dur- ing the last 9 months in consumer credit and in real-estate mortgages. If enough money is borrowed and promptly spent business is hound to boom, When the Government borrows it does not have to worry too much about repayment day so long as individuals and banks are willing to take new Government issues as offered. Unfortu- nately, in the case of individuals, debts have to be paid off when due, What a man bor~ rows and spends today is Just that much less he will have to spend in the future. Maybe sometime we will have a Govern- ment blessed with more financial responsi- bility than the present administration. At some stage in this borrowing from the future for the sale of the present, creditors may get the jitters. We all like periods of prosperity but some of us cannot help feeling very uncomfortable in the knowledge that the longer the present boom goes on the more trouble is being stored up for the future. :
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Lynwood, Calif., High-School Students Use Self-Created Booklet, We Hold These Truths—They Have a Zeal for Democracy EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. CLYDE BOYLE OF CALIFORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Friday, May 5, 1950 Mr. DOYLE. Mr. Speaker and my colleagues, at Easter recess of Congress I again had the privilege of visiting at Lynwood High School, California. It is one of the largest high schools in the great Eighteenth Congressional District, which I am now representing for the second term. My first visit was an occasion upon which my privilege was to address the entire student body and faculty. I ihen noted the prompt, courteous, and pa- triotic manner in which they one and all saluted the flag of the United States of America and gave the usual pledge. They all knew which side their heart was on and where it was in their physical makeup. Upon my most recent visit I found op- portunity to ask the beloved school prin- cipal, William W. Jones, to explain to me the reasons for what I have just re- lated to you. Well, among other factors, he handed me a printed booklet entitled “We Hold These Truths.” I will not here have op- portunity to submit the complete text of this very valuable paperback, neatly printed booklet. It is printed in the Lynwood High School print shop, too, and was created and compiled by the social-studies department of said high school in January 1950. It is such a significant, timely, and sincere publication that I am certain its contents will be of real value to you who are here in the United States Congress and all others who learn of it. Every high school, academy, college— both public and private—could well emu- Jate the example of Lynwood High School, California. No doubt the vision, vigor, vigilance, and good common sense of Principal Jones and his faculty asso- ciates helped to inspire and lead these high-school students to a constructive and valuable high in this manner. As knowledge is power, so the best and sur- est way to keep communism from spreading its poisonous points is to have American youth kept aware of their glo- rious heritage and their privileges and to point them into living a proud and vigor- ous and enduring democracy. I am not here listing the several pa- triotic poems, songs, and sayings the stu- dent print shop also included, but such as America, America the Beautiful, God Bless America, There Are Many Flags, America for Me, This Day, My Creed, The Ship of State, America I Love You, O Captain! My Captain, Concord Hymn, Barbara Frietchie, by Whittier. These are a typical list used. The following text was printed in clear, sizable type, made attractive to read: Dear PARENT: Please accept this pam- phlet, We Hold These Truths, a booklet which has been compiled by the social studies department of Lynwood High School under the chairmanship of Mrs. Ethel Gil- lette. It was printed in the school’s print shop; the boys of the printing classes doing all of the work under the supervision of Mr. Wesley T. Dunn, our printing teacher. We use this book for the promotion of the zeal for democracy program in our school. It is only a small part of the total program; nevertheless, we feel it 1s extremely 1mpor- tant because in the documents renvodyced in this book are embodied the ‘tui ‘11. principles upon which American democracy has been founded. Will you please keep it in your home where it will be readily avail- able for use by your son or daughter, Each student is given a copy of the book- let, and before he 1s permitted to graduate from this school he must commit to mem- ory, as a@ minimum requirement, the fol- lowing: The first and last stanzas of The Star-Spangled Banner, all of the American’s Creed; the Preamble to the Constitution of the United States; the Gettysburg Address; that part of the Declaration of Independ- ence which appears in italics; and the 32 high lights of American history which are included in the pamphlet. We know that this does not constitute all that is necessary in the way of teaching the principles and ideals of American democ~ racy; but we do feel that every American should be thoroughly acquainted with these principles as they are set forth in these doc- uments. Very truly yours, Wn. W. Jonss, Principal, LYNwoop HIcH SCHOOL, January 1950. Dear FELLOW AMERICAN: By the grace of God and the fact that you were born in the United States of America, you have been en- dowed with the greatest heritage it has ever been the lot of man to enjoy. No effort has been required of you to make this good fortune of yours a reality. As a result, there is danger that you may not value it highly enough, for the very reason that it has cost you nothing. Or there is the danger that you may feel it is yours just asa matter of course, because you were born an American and naturally everyone recognizes what fine persons Americans are and wants them to continue enjoying the privileges of living in the greatest country in the world. Either of these attitudes can result in dis- aster and a loss to the world of the highest political, social, and economic achievements that man has ever been able to attain. You enjoy the benefits and responsibilities of American citizenship only because, down through the ages, there has resided in the heart of man a burning and driving desire to uplift himself, to do and be his best in the eyes of God and man. The history of his constant struggle against human and natural forces, to elevate his dignity and better his lot, is a thrilling story of which you as an appreciative and deserving heir can justly be proud. The birth and development of the United States of America mark the highest achieve- ment of this age-long struggle. Men and women who held an unfaltering faith in the constancy vf a Divine Creator, the sacredness of human personality, and the dignity and worth of the common man, were willing to sacrifice their lives and fortunes that these ideals might become a reality in this Nation whick they have given to you. It is yours to A3361 enjoy, but you cannot assume a complacent attitude and satisfaction in its possession. From the time in 1607 when the first per- manent settlers landed at Jamestown, to the end of the Second World War, our people have had to fight against foes that opposed them with physical force. The Indians, the wilderness of the frontier, and the French were the enemies to be overcome in the first epoch. Then the Revolution, the War of 1812, and the expansion westward engaged the physical strength of our forefathers in the establishment of our Nation. The win- ning of the Mexican War, the Civil War, and the extension of our boundaries to the Paci- fic coast demanded the extreme of physical exertion and sacrifice. Again, the Spanish American War, the First World War, and the Second World War called for the utmost in the mobilization of our industrial and physi- cal strength to achieve victory. Each time, the victory has been ours because the moral, physical, and industrial strength of our people has been greater than that of our foes. The building and development of this strength is a glorious and proud story of a people who have ever been willing and equal to the demands of the establishment of an ideal and the founding of a great nation, In this short 343 years since Jamestown we have done more to improve the condition of man than was ever before achieved in all re- corded history. But now, the scene and times have changed. We have entered a new era in which the physical and industrial strength of our Nation are no longer a guarantee of the victory. We fervently pray for peace but the struggle and danger have not ended. The human and mind-poisoning forces of fascism and communism are threatening now as never before in our history to wrest from you this hard-won heritage. Although the development of the implements of total de- struction, such as the atomic bomb, and the strengthening of our power to attack may ward off a physical conflict with the enemy, they are not sufficient in themselves. These enemies of ours have developed a weapon that seeps in and can undermine the greatest of military establishments because these de- fenses are founded on physical and material strength alone. They have developed as in- sidious weapons, the sinister forces of fear, hate, and doubt. These they plant in the hearts and minds of people to create con- fusion and the lack of will for opposition to their degrading doctrines. With these im- plements they have made great progress in extending their power in Europe and over a great part of Asia. They will not be satisfied until they have spread their rule over all the world. The extent of their power is so great that now we must fight for our very existence as a nation. At present we have assurance that we could meet them and come out victors in the opposing of physical strength to physical strength, but this ls not sufficient; for already they are at work with the weapons of fear, hate, and doubt, undermining all that we hold dear. We know what they plan and we know what they are doing. We also know that the only way to oppose and defeat them is to build in the hearts and minds of our people an understanding, patriotic, moral, and spiritual strength that will stand not only as an impregnable wall against their sinister assaults, but as well, a monument of strength declaring to all the world that liberty, equality, and justice can and will prevail. This confict is not one of just a day or even years, but is a continuation of that age- long struggle to uplift mankind. You, in your lifetime, if you are to preserve the dignity and worth of your heritage, will have to devote your total efforts to warding off the catastrophe that would ensue should
A3362 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD fascism or communism succeed in achieving their goals. Such a catastrophe would erase the little progress that man has made toward uplifting himself, and civilization would be set back at least a thousand years. All that we hold dear in these United States would be lost, not even to be recorded as a part of history. But such a calamity cannot occur because you are worthy of the faith placed in you. You are an American, understand- ing, cherishing, and willing to defend the ideal upon which this Nation was founded. The ideal that the soul of man is more precious than the most fabulous accumula~ tion of material wealth. That ideal is built into the structure of our Nation like girders of steel, and is set forth in those instruments of government which have served as blue- prints for the plan we have followed to build this, the greatest Nation in the world. Some of those instruments that are basic to the security of your rights, privileges, and responsibilities as freemen in a free Nation under God, are in part, reproduced in this booklet. Material wealth will pass away be- cause it can be stored only in perishable and inanimate vaults, but the truths, ideals, and dynamic import of these instruments will last forever if they are stored in the immortal hearts and minds of men. Read these docu- ments, learn them, and make them a part of your very being, that through you, “This Nation may continue as one deriving its just powers from the consent of the governed,” and, “that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.” WM. W. Jonss, Principal. Presidents of the United States enn een een 1. George Washington 2, John Ad 8, Thomas Jefferson. 4. James Madison... 5. James Monroe.._._. 12. Zachary Taylor, 13. Millard Fillmor 14. Franklin Pierce 15. James Buchanan. 16. Abraham Lincoln. 17, Andrew Johnson... 18. Ulysses S. Grant... 222. 19. Rutherford B. Hayes..... 20, James A. Garfield... 21, Chester A. Arthur. 22, Grover Cleveland_. 23, Benjamin Harrison. 24. Grover Cleveland... 25. William McKinley 26, Theodore Roosevelt. 27. William H. Taft. 28. Woodrow Wilson. 20. Warren G. Harding 30. Calvin Coolidge. _.. 31. Herbert C. Hi 32. Franklin D. Roosevelt... 33. Harry 8. Truman..__...- Took office 1789 1797 1801 Political party Federalist. Do. Democratie- Republican, 0. Do. National publican, Democrat. 0. Whig. D 0. Democrat. Whig. D 0. Democrat, Re- Qo. Republican. Do. Do. Democrat. Republican, Democrat. Republican, Do. Do. Democrat. Republican. Do. Do. Democrat, Do. eH THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER (By Francis Scott Key) (Our national anthem has a dignity of tone and measure that inspires respect and patrio- tic fervor in the hearts of alt true Americans, Here we have printed only the first and last stanzas. This last stanza sets forth our motto and breathes a prayerful and thankful spirit that should more truly express the feelings of our people. More often.—W. W. J.) We should sing it O say! can you see, by the dawn’s early light, What so proudly we hail’d at the twilight’s last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars, thro’ the perilous fight, O’er the ramparts we watch’d were so gal- lantly streaming? And the rocket’s red glare, the bombs burst- ing in air, Gave proof thro’ the night that our Flag was still there. O say, does that Star-Spangled Banner yet wave O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave? © thus be it ever when free-men shall stand Between their Lov’d homes and the war’s des-~ Olation. Blest with vict’ry and peace, may the Heav’n rescued land Praise the Pow’r that hath made and pre~ served us a nation! Then conquer we must, when our cause it is ‘ust, ava this be our motto: “In God is our trust!” And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave. THE AMERICAN’S CREED (By William Tyler Page) (The American’s Creed is the composite of a number of outstanding statements by pa- triotic American statesmen. It embodies in its brief statement many of the beliefs and ideals which are basic to our form of govern- ment. You should learn it gladly. —W. W. J.) I believe in the United States of America as a Government of the people, by the people, for the people; whose just powers are de- rived from the consent of the governed; a democracy in a republic;"a sovereign Nation of many sovereign States; a perfect union, one and inseparable; established upon those principles of freedom, equality, Justice, and humanity for which American patriots sac- rificed their lives and fortunes. I therefore believe it is my duty to my country to love it; to support its Constitu- tion; to obey its laws; to respect its flag; and to defend it against all enemies. PREAMBLE TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (The preamble is probably the most im- portant part of our Constitution in that it definitely sets forth the fact that ours is a Government of the people, since they are the ones who established it. You should know the preamble so well that you could recite it under any circumstances.—W. W. J.) We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the gen-~ eral welfare, and secure the blessings of lib~ erty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America, GETTYSBURG ADDRESS (Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address is the most eloquent statement of American ideals and principles in American literature. Learning his words should give you a deep patriotic satisfaction because those words are still the hope of America.—E. J. M.) Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new Nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that Nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle- fleld of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that Nation might live. It js altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, We cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow, this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or to detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be dedicated to the great task remaining be- fore us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of de- votion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this Nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth—ABRAHAM LINCOLN, PREAMBLE TO THE CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS We the peoples of the United Nations de- termined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our life- time has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of human persons, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, and for these ends to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbors, and to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and to ensure, by the accept- ance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples, have resolved to combine our efforts to accomplish these aims. Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (A declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress _ assembled July 4, 1776) When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by thelr Creator with certain un- allenable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are in- stituted among men, deriving their just pow- ers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it ig the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foun~ dation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happi- ness, Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their fuiure security. Such has been the patient suf- ferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of ccvor™r>or+ The history of the present Kins <1 Coe 7 Vee 3 is a history of repeated injuries and usurpa- tions, all having in direct object the estab- lishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to atiend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right cf revresentation in the legislature—a right nes. mable tc them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unsual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measure. He has dissolved representative houses re- peatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for thelr exercise; the state remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasions from without and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the popula- tion of these states; for that purpose ob- structing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners, refusing to pass others to encour- age their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new . olreneticns of lands. He has obstructed the adinunistration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiclary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. ; He has erected a multitude of new offices and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislatures, He has affected to render the military inde- pendent of, cud suncrior to, the civil power, He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our Constitution and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his agseut 10 the.r acts of pretended legislation: For quarterlng large bodies of armed troops among us. For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states. For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world. For imposing taxes on us without our con- sent. For depriving us, im many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury. For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offenses. For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and en- larging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for intro- ducing the same absolute rule into these colonies, For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, funda~ mentally, the forms of our governments. For suspending our own iccirlatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by de~ claring us out of his protection and waging War against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most bar- barous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the execu- tioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections among us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merci- less Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been an- swered only by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tryant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in our atten- tions to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrant- able jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity; and we have conjured them by the ties of com- mon kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our con- nections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and con- sanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separa- tion, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. We thereforo, the representatives of the United States of America, in general Con- gress assembled, appealing to the supreme judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the au- thority of the good people of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states; that they are absolved from all allegience to the British Crown, and that all political connection be- tween them and the state of Great Britain ds, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all other acts and things which indepen- dent states may of right do. And, for the support of this declaration, with a firm re- Mance on the protection of divine providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. HICH LIGHTS OF AMERICAN HISTORY 1. 1492: Columbus discovered America, 2. 1542: Cabrillo discovered California, 8. 1607: Jamestown, first permanent Eng- lish settlement. 4. 1619: Negro slavery begun in America. 5. 1620: Plymouth colony established. 6, 1768: End of French and Indian War} French possessions taken by England. 7, 1775-83: Revolutionary War for inde- pendence. 8. 1776: July 4, Declaration of Independ- ence signed, A3363 9.1781: Capture of Cornwallis at York- town. 10. 1787: Constitution framed at Phila- delphia. 11. 1789: George Washington inaugurated first President. 12. 1808: “Louisiana France. 13. 1812~15: War of 1812 with England. 14. 1823: Monroe Doctrine. 15. 1830: Beginning of railroads. 16. 1844: Morse’s telegraph. Purchase” from 17. 1845: Annexation of Texas to the Union. 18. 1846: Oregon boundary dispute with England settled. 19, 1846-48: Mexican War; California and New Mexico ceded to United States. 20. 1848: Gold discovered in California. 21. 1850: September 9, California entered Union (admission day). 22, 1861-65: Civil War over slavery and Secession. 23 1863: Emancipation Proclamation. 24. 1867: Purchase of Alaska from Russia. 25. 1869: First transcontinental railroad. 26. 1876: Bell's telephone 27. 1898: Spanish-American War; United States took Philippines. 2861901: Marconi’s first wireless signal across Atlantic. 29. 1903: Wright brothers’ airplane flight. 30. 1914-18. World War I. 81. 1941: December 7, Pearl Harbor. 32, 1945: End of hostilities—World War IT. + A SUMMARY OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS AND SUBSEQUENT AMENDMENTS Article 1: Freedom of speech, religion, the press, and assembly. Article 2; The right to keep and bear arms. Article 8: No soldier to be quartered with- out consent. Article 4: Regulation ofsearch andseizure. Article 5: Prosecution, trial, and punish- ment for crime. Compensation for private property taken for public use. Article 6: Right to speedy trial, witnesses, etc., in criminal prosecutions. Article 7: Right of trial by jury in suits at common law. Article 8: Prohibiting excessive bail, fines or cruel punishments. Article 9: Retention of rights not enumer- ated in the Constitution. Article 10: Rights reserved to the States or the people. . Subsequent amendments Article 11, 1795: Judicial powers explained. Article 12, 1804: Method of choosing the President and Vice President revised. Article 18, 1865: Slavery prohibited. Article 14, 1868: Rights of citizenship are not to be deprived any person. Article 15, 1870: Colored and white citizens have equal rights. Article 16, 1918: Congress shall have the power to levy income taxes. Article 17, 1918: Senators of the United States are to be elected by direct popular vote. Article 18, 1920: Prohibition of the sale, manufacture, and transportation of liquors. Article 19, 1920: The right to vote shall not be denied because of sex. Article 20, 1938: The terms of President and Vice President are to begin on January 20, Senators and Representatives on Jan- uary 3. Article 21, 1933: The Eighteenth Amend- ment to the Constitution is repealed. I AM THE UNITED STATES (Benjamin DeCasseres makes the United States talk—giving a record of historical events that have made our country great.— J. M.) For 150 years all the peoples of the earth have held me as a hope in their eyes,