I 
119TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 1929 
To authorize additional district judges for the district courts and convert 
temporary judgeships. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
MARCH 6, 2025 
Mr. JOHNSON of Georgia (for himself, Mr. RASKIN, and Mr. NADLER) intro-
duced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on the Ju-
diciary 
A BILL 
To authorize additional district judges for the district courts 
and convert temporary judgeships. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Judicial Understaffing 
Delays Getting Emergencies Solved Act of 2025’’ or the 
‘‘JUDGES Act of 2025’’. 
SEC. 2. FINDINGS. 
Congress finds the following: 
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(1) Article III of the Constitution of the United 
States gives Congress the power to establish judge-
ships in the district courts of the United States. 
(2) Congress has not created a new district 
court judgeship since 2003 and has not enacted 
comprehensive judgeship legislation since 1990. 
(3) This represents the longest period of time 
since district courts of the United States were estab-
lished in 1789 that Congress has not authorized any 
new permanent district court judgeships. 
(4) By the end of fiscal year 2022, filings in the 
district courts of the United States had increased by 
30 percent since the last comprehensive judgeship 
legislation. 
(5) As of March 31, 2023, there were 686,797 
pending cases in the district courts of the United 
States, with an average of 491 weighted case filings 
per judgeship over a 12-month period. 
(6) To deal with increased filings in the district 
courts of the United States, the Judicial Conference 
of the United States requested the creation of 66 
new district court judgeships in its 2023 report. 
SEC. 3. ADDITIONAL DISTRICT JUDGES FOR THE DISTRICT 
COURTS. 
(a) ADDITIONAL JUDGESHIPS.— 
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(1) 2029.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The President shall ap-
point, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate— 
(i) 1 additional district judge for the 
central district of California; 
(ii) 1 additional district judge for the 
eastern district of California; 
(iii) 1 additional district judge for the 
northern district of California; 
(iv) 1 additional district judge for the 
district of Delaware; 
(v) 1 additional district judge for the 
middle district of Florida; 
(vi) 1 additional district judge for the 
southern district of Indiana; 
(vii) 1 additional district judge for the 
northern district of Iowa; 
(viii) 1 additional district judge for 
the district of New Jersey; 
(ix) 1 additional district judge for the 
southern district of New York; 
(x) 1 additional district judge for the 
eastern district of Texas; and 
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(xi) 1 additional district judge for the 
southern district of Texas. 
(B) TABLES.—The table contained in sec-
tion 133(a) of title 28, United States Code, is 
amended— 
(i) by striking the items relating to 
California and inserting the following: 
‘‘California: 
Northern .................................................................
Eastern ...................................................................
Central ....................................................................
Southern .................................................................
13’’; 
(ii) by striking the item relating to 
Delaware and inserting the following: 
‘‘Delaware ...............................................................
5’’; 
(iii) by striking the items relating to 
Florida and inserting the following: 
‘‘Florida: 
Northern .................................................................
Middle .....................................................................
Southern .................................................................
17’’; 
(iv) by striking the items relating to 
Indiana and inserting the following: 
‘‘Indiana: 
Northern .................................................................
Southern .................................................................
6’’; 
(v) by striking the items relating to 
Iowa and inserting the following: 
‘‘Iowa: 
Northern .................................................................
Southern .................................................................
3’’; 
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(vi) by striking the item relating to 
New Jersey and inserting the following: 
‘‘New Jersey ...........................................................
18’’; 
(vii) by striking the items relating to 
New York and inserting the following: 
‘‘New York: 
Northern .................................................................
Southern .................................................................
Eastern ...................................................................
Western ..................................................................
4’’; and 
(viii) by striking the items relating to 
Texas and inserting the following: 
‘‘Texas: 
Northern .................................................................
Southern .................................................................
Eastern ...................................................................
Western ..................................................................
13’’. 
(C) EFFECTIVE
DATE.—This paragraph 
shall take effect on January 21, 2029. 
(2) 2031.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The President shall ap-
point, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate— 
(i) 1 additional district judge for the 
district of Arizona; 
(ii) 2 additional district judges for the 
central district of California; 
(iii) 1 additional district judge for the 
eastern district of California; 
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(iv) 1 additional district judge for the 
northern district of California; 
(v) 1 additional district judge for the 
middle district of Florida; 
(vi) 1 additional district judge for the 
southern district of Florida; 
(vii) 1 additional district judge for the 
northern district of Georgia; 
(viii) 1 additional district judge for 
the district of Idaho; 
(ix) 1 additional district judge for the 
northern district of Texas; and 
(x) 1 additional district judge for the 
southern district of Texas. 
(B) TABLES.—The table contained in sec-
tion 133(a) of title 28, United States Code, as 
amended by paragraph (1) of this subsection, is 
amended— 
(i) by striking the item relating to Ar-
izona and inserting the following: 
‘‘Arizona .................................................................
13’’; 
(ii) by striking the items relating to 
California and inserting the following: 
‘‘California: 
Northern .................................................................
Eastern ...................................................................
Central ....................................................................
Southern .................................................................
13’’; 
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(iii) by striking the items relating to 
Florida and inserting the following: 
‘‘Florida: 
Northern .................................................................
Middle .....................................................................
Southern .................................................................
18’’; 
(iv) by striking the items relating to 
Georgia and inserting the following: 
‘‘Georgia: 
Northern .................................................................
Middle .....................................................................
Southern .................................................................
3’’; 
(v) by striking the item relating to 
Idaho and inserting the following: 
‘‘Idaho ....................................................................
3’’; and 
(vi) by striking the items relating to 
Texas and inserting the following: 
‘‘Texas: 
Northern .................................................................
Southern .................................................................
Eastern ...................................................................
Western ..................................................................
13’’. 
(C) EFFECTIVE
DATE.—This paragraph 
shall take effect on January 21, 2031. 
(3) 2033.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The President shall ap-
point, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate— 
(i) 1 additional district judge for the 
central district of California; 
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(ii) 1 additional district judge for the 
eastern district of California; 
(iii) 1 additional district judge for the 
northern district of California; 
(iv) 1 additional district judge for the 
district of Colorado; 
(v) 1 additional district judge for the 
district of Delaware; 
(vi) 1 additional district judge for the 
district of Nebraska; 
(vii) 1 additional district judge for the 
eastern district of New York; 
(viii) 1 additional district judge for 
the northern district of Oklahoma; 
(ix) 1 additional district judge for the 
eastern district of Texas; 
(x) 1 additional district judge for the 
southern district of Texas; and 
(xi) 1 additional district judge for the 
western district of Texas. 
(B) TABLES.—The table contained in sec-
tion 133(a) of title 28, United States Code, as 
amended by paragraph (2) of this subsection, is 
amended— 
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(i) by striking the items relating to 
California and inserting the following: 
‘‘California: 
Northern .................................................................
Eastern ...................................................................
Central ....................................................................
Southern .................................................................
13’’; 
(ii) by striking the item relating to 
Colorado and inserting the following: 
‘‘Colorado ...............................................................
8’’; 
(iii) by striking the item relating to 
Delaware and inserting the following: 
‘‘Delaware ...............................................................
6’’; 
(iv) by striking the item relating to 
Nebraska and inserting the following: 
‘‘Nebraska ..............................................................
4’’; 
(v) by striking the items relating to 
New York and inserting the following: 
‘‘New York: 
Northern .................................................................
Southern .................................................................
Eastern ...................................................................
Western ..................................................................
4’’; 
(vi) by striking the items relating to 
Oklahoma and inserting the following: 
‘‘Oklahoma: 
Northern .................................................................
Eastern ...................................................................
Western ..................................................................
Northern, Eastern, and Western ...........................
1’’; and 
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(vii) by striking the items relating to 
Texas and inserting the following: 
‘‘Texas: 
Northern .................................................................
Southern .................................................................
Eastern ...................................................................
Western ..................................................................
14’’. 
(C) EFFECTIVE
DATE.—This paragraph 
shall take effect on January 21, 2033. 
(4) 2035.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The President shall ap-
point, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate— 
(i) 1 additional district judge for the 
district of Arizona; 
(ii) 1 additional district judge for the 
central district of California; 
(iii) 1 additional district judge for the 
eastern district of California; 
(iv) 1 additional district judge for the 
northern district of California; 
(v) 1 additional district judge for the 
southern district of California; 
(vi) 1 additional district judge for the 
middle district of Florida; 
(vii) 1 additional district judge for the 
southern district of Florida; 
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(viii) 1 additional district judge for 
the district of New Jersey; 
(ix) 1 additional district judge for the 
western district of New York; and 
(x) 2 additional district judges for the 
western district of Texas. 
(B) TABLES.—The table contained in sec-
tion 133(a) of title 28, United States Code, as 
amended by paragraph (3) of this subsection, is 
amended— 
(i) by striking the item relating to Ar-
izona and inserting the following: 
‘‘Arizona .................................................................
14’’; 
(ii) by striking the items relating to 
California and inserting the following: 
‘‘California: 
Northern .................................................................
Eastern ...................................................................
Central ....................................................................
Southern .................................................................
14’’; 
(iii) by striking the items relating to 
Florida and inserting the following: 
‘‘Florida: 
Northern .................................................................
Middle .....................................................................
Southern .................................................................
19’’; 
(iv) by striking the item relating to 
New Jersey and inserting the following: 
‘‘New Jersey ...........................................................
19’’; 
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(v) by striking the items relating to 
New York and inserting the following: 
‘‘New York: 
Northern .................................................................
Southern .................................................................
Eastern ...................................................................
Western ..................................................................
5’’; and 
(vi) by striking the items relating to 
Texas and inserting the following: 
‘‘Texas: 
Northern .................................................................
Southern .................................................................
Eastern ...................................................................
Western ..................................................................
16’’. 
(C) EFFECTIVE
DATE.—This paragraph 
shall take effect on January 21, 2035. 
(5) 2037.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The President shall ap-
point, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate— 
(i) 2 additional district judges for the 
central district of California; 
(ii) 1 additional district judge for the 
northern district of California; 
(iii) 1 additional district judge for the 
district of Colorado; 
(iv) 1 additional district judge for the 
middle district of Florida; 
(v) 1 additional district judge for the 
northern district of Florida; 
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(vi) 1 additional district judge for the 
northern district of Georgia; 
(vii) 1 additional district judge for the 
southern district of New York; 
(viii) 1 additional district judge for 
the eastern district of Oklahoma; 
(ix) 1 additional district judge for the 
southern district of Texas; and 
(x) 1 additional district judge for the 
western district of Texas. 
(B) TABLES.—The table contained in sec-
tion 133(a) of title 28, United States Code, as 
amended by paragraph (4) of this subsection, is 
amended— 
(i) by striking the items relating to 
California and inserting the following: 
‘‘California: 
Northern .................................................................
Eastern ...................................................................
Central ....................................................................
Southern .................................................................
14’’; 
(ii) by striking the item relating to 
Colorado and inserting the following: 
‘‘Colorado ...............................................................
9’’; 
(iii) by striking the items relating to 
Florida and inserting the following: 
‘‘Florida: 
Northern .................................................................
Middle .....................................................................
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Southern .................................................................
19’’; 
(iv) by striking the items relating to 
Georgia and inserting the following: 
‘‘Georgia: 
Northern .................................................................
Middle .....................................................................
Southern .................................................................
3’’; 
(v) by striking the items relating to 
New York and inserting the following: 
‘‘New York: 
Northern .................................................................
Southern .................................................................
Eastern ...................................................................
Western ..................................................................
5’’; 
(vi) by striking the items relating to 
Oklahoma and inserting the following: 
‘‘Oklahoma: 
Northern .................................................................
Eastern ...................................................................
Western ..................................................................
Northern, Eastern, and Western ...........................
1’’; and 
(vii) by striking the items relating to 
Texas and inserting the following: 
‘‘Texas: 
Northern .................................................................
Southern .................................................................
Eastern ...................................................................
Western ..................................................................
17’’. 
(C) EFFECTIVE
DATE.—This paragraph 
shall take effect on January 21, 2037. 
(6) 2039.— 
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(A) IN GENERAL.—The President shall ap-
point, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate— 
(i) 2 additional district judges for the 
central district of California; 
(ii) 1 additional district judge for the 
northern district of California; 
(iii) 1 additional district judge for the 
southern district of California; 
(iv) 1 additional district judge for the 
middle district of Florida; 
(v) 1 additional district judge for the 
southern district of Florida; 
(vi) 1 additional district judge for the 
district of New Jersey; 
(vii) 1 additional district judge for the 
eastern district of New York; and 
(viii) 2 additional district judges for 
the western district of Texas. 
(B) TABLES.—The table contained in sec-
tion 133(a) of title 28, United States Code, as 
amended by paragraph (5) of this subsection, is 
amended— 
(i) by striking the items relating to 
California and inserting the following: 
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‘‘California: 
Northern .................................................................
Eastern ...................................................................
Central ....................................................................
Southern .................................................................
15’’; 
(ii) by striking the items relating to 
Florida and inserting the following: 
‘‘Florida: 
Northern .................................................................
Middle .....................................................................
Southern .................................................................
20’’; 
(iii) by striking the item relating to 
New Jersey and inserting the following: 
‘‘New Jersey ...........................................................
20’’; 
(iv) by striking the items relating to 
New York and inserting the following: 
‘‘New York: 
Northern .................................................................
Southern .................................................................
Eastern ...................................................................
Western ..................................................................
5’’; and 
(v) by striking the items relating to 
Texas and inserting the following: 
‘‘Texas: 
Northern .................................................................
Southern .................................................................
Eastern ...................................................................
Western ..................................................................
19’’. 
(C) EFFECTIVE
DATE.—This paragraph 
shall take effect on January 21, 2039. 
(b) TEMPORARY JUDGESHIPS.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The President shall appoint, 
by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
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1 additional district judge for the eastern district of 
Oklahoma. 
(2) VACANCIES
NOT
FILLED.—The first va-
cancy in the office of district judge in each of the 
offices of district judge authorized by this sub-
section, occurring 5 years or more after the con-
firmation date of the judge named to fill the tem-
porary district judgeship created in the applicable 
district by this subsection, shall not be filled. 
(3) EFFECTIVE
DATE.—This subsection shall 
take effect on January 21, 2029. 
(c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—There is authorized to be 
appropriated to carry out this section and the 
amendments made by this section— 
(A) for each of fiscal years 2029 and 2030, 
$12,965,330; 
(B) for each of fiscal years 2031 and 
2032, $23,152,375; 
(C) for each of fiscal years 2033 and 2034, 
$32,413,325; 
(D) for each of fiscal years 2035 and 
2036, $42,600,370; 
(E) for each of fiscal years 2037 and 
2038, $51,861,320; and 
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(F) for fiscal year 2039 and each fiscal 
year thereafter, $61,122,270. 
(2) INFLATION ADJUSTMENT.—For each fiscal 
year described in paragraph (1), the amount author-
ized to be appropriated for such fiscal year shall be 
increased by the percentage by which— 
(A) the Consumer Price Index for the pre-
vious fiscal year, exceeds 
(B) the Consumer Price Index for the fis-
cal year preceding the fiscal year described in 
subparagraph (A). 
(3) DEFINITION.—In this subsection, the term 
‘‘Consumer Price Index’’ means the Consumer Price 
Index for All Urban Consumers (all items, United 
States city average), published by the Bureau of 
Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor. 
SEC. 4. ORGANIZATION OF TEXAS DISTRICT COURTS. 
Section 124(b)(2) of title 28, United States Code, is 
amended, in the matter preceding paragraph (3), by in-
serting ‘‘and College Station’’ before the period at the end. 
SEC. 5. ORGANIZATION OF CALIFORNIA DISTRICT COURTS. 
Section 84(d) of title 28, United States Code, is 
amended by inserting ‘‘and El Centro’’ after ‘‘at San 
Diego’’. 
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SEC. 6. GAO REPORTS. 
(a) JUDICIAL CASELOADS.—Not later than 2 years 
after the date of enactment of this Act, the Comptroller 
General of the United States shall submit to the Com-
mittee on the Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee 
on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and 
make publicly available reports— 
(1) evaluating— 
(A) the accuracy and objectiveness of case- 
related workload measures and methodologies 
used by the Administrative Office of the United 
States Courts for district courts of the United 
States and courts of appeals of the United 
States; 
(B) the impact of non-case-related activi-
ties of judges of the district courts of the 
United States and courts of appeals of the 
United States on judicial caseloads; and 
(C) the effectiveness and efficiency of the 
policies of the Administrative Office of the 
United States Courts regarding senior judges; 
and 
(2) providing any recommendations of the 
Comptroller General with respect to the matters de-
scribed in paragraph (1). 
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(b) DETENTION SPACE.—The Comptroller General of 
the United States shall submit to the Committee on the 
Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee on the Judici-
ary of the House of Representatives a report on an assess-
ment of— 
(1) a determination of the needs of Federal 
agencies for detention space; 
(2) efforts by Federal agencies to acquire de-
tention space; and 
(3) any challenges in determining and acquiring 
detention space. 
SEC. 7. PUBLIC ACCESSIBILITY OF THE ARTICLE III JUDGE-
SHIP RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE JUDICIAL 
CONFERENCE OF THE UNITED STATES RE-
PORT. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Administrative Office of the 
United States Courts, in consultation with the Judicial 
Conference of the United States, shall make publicly avail-
able on their website, free of charge, the biennial report 
entitled ‘‘Article III Judgeship Recommendations of the 
Judicial Conference of the United States’’. 
(b) CONTENTS.—The report described in subsection 
(a) should be released not less frequently than biennially 
and contain the summaries and all related appendixes sup-
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porting the judgeship recommendations of the Judicial 
Conference of the United States, including— 
(1) the process used by the Judicial Conference 
in developing the recommendations; 
(2) any caseload and methodology changes; 
(3) judgeship surveys with recommendations; 
and 
(4) specific information about each court for 
which the Judicial Conference recommends addi-
tional judgeships. 
(c) SUBMISSION TO CONGRESS.—The Administrative 
Office of the United States Courts shall submit to the 
Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate and the Com-
mittee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives 
copies of the report described in subsection (a). 
Æ 
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