181 
and to prevent and restrain a person from violating, an 
order or regulation made or issued under this part. 
(c) ATTORNEY GENERAL.—A civil action authorized 
to be brought under this section shall be referred to the 
Attorney General for appropriate action. 
SEC. 4317. INVESTIGATIONS. 
The Secretary may make such investigations as the 
Secretary deems necessary for the effective administration 
of this part or to determine whether any person subject 
to this part has engaged or is about to engage in any act 
that constitutes or will constitute a violation of this part, 
the order, or any rule or regulation issued under this part. 
SEC. 4318. ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISION. 
The provisions of this part applicable to the order 
shall be applicable to amendments to the order. 
Subtitle E—Biofuels 
SEC. 4401. SHORT TITLE. 
This subtitle may be cited as the ‘‘Biofuels Research 
and Development Enhancement Act’’. 
SEC. 4402. BIOFUELS AND BIOREFINERY INFORMATION 
CENTER. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy (in this 
subtitle referred to as the ‘‘Secretary’’), in cooperation 
with the Secretary of Agriculture, shall establish a tech-
nology transfer center to make available information on
182 
research, development, and commercial application of 
technologies related to biofuels and biorefineries, includ-
ing— 
(1) biochemical and thermochemical conversion 
technologies 
capable 
of 
making 
fuels 
from 
lignocellulosic feedstocks; 
(2) biotechnology processes capable of making 
biofuels with an emphasis on development of bio-
refinery technologies using enzyme-based processing 
systems; 
(3) biogas collection and production tech-
nologies suitable for vehicular use; 
(4) cost-effective reforming technologies that 
produce hydrogen fuel from biogas sources; 
(5) biogas production from cellulosic and recy-
cled organic waste sources and advancement of gas-
eous storage systems and advancement of gaseous 
storage systems; and 
(6) other advanced processes and technologies 
that will enable the development of biofuels. 
(b) ADMINISTRATION.—In administering this section, 
the Secretary shall ensure that the center shall— 
(1) continually update information provided by 
the center;
183 
(2) make information available on biotechnology 
processes; and 
(3) make information and assistance provided 
by the center available for those involved in energy 
research, development, demonstration, and commer-
cial application. 
SEC. 4403. BIOFUELS AND ADVANCED BIOFUELS INFRA-
STRUCTURE. 
Section 932 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 
U.S.C. 16232) is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing new subsection: 
‘‘(f) BIOFUELS AND ADVANCED BIOFUELS INFRA-
STRUCTURE.—The Secretary, in consultation with the 
Secretary of Transportation and the Assistant Adminis-
trator for Research and Development of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency, shall carry out a program of 
research, development, and demonstration as it relates to 
existing transportation fuel distribution infrastructure and 
new alternative distribution infrastructure. The program 
shall focus on the physical and chemical properties of 
biofuels and efforts to prevent or mitigate against adverse 
impacts of those properties in the following areas: 
‘‘(1) Corrosion of metal, plastic, rubber, cork, 
fiberglass, glues, or any other material used in pipes 
and storage tanks.
184 
‘‘(2) Dissolving of storage tank sediments. 
‘‘(3) Clogging of filters. 
‘‘(4) Contamination from water or other 
adulterants or pollutants. 
‘‘(5) Poor flow properties related to low tem-
peratures. 
‘‘(6) Oxidative and thermal instability in long- 
term storage and use. 
‘‘(7) Microbial contamination. 
‘‘(8) Problems associated with electrical conduc-
tivity. 
‘‘(9) Such other areas as the Secretary con-
siders appropriate.’’. 
SEC. 4404. BIODIESEL. 
(a) BIODIESEL STUDY.—Not later than 180 days 
after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall 
submit to Congress a report on any research and develop-
ment challenges inherent in increasing to 2.5 percent the 
proportion of diesel fuel sold in the United States that 
is biodiesel (within the meaning of section 211(o) of the 
Clean Air Act). 
(b) MATERIALS
FOR
THE
ESTABLISHMENT
OF 
STANDARDS.—The Director of the National Institute of 
Standards and Technology shall make publicly available 
the physical property data and characterization of bio-
185 
diesel, as is defined in subsection (a), in order to encour-
age the establishment of standards that will promote their 
utilization in the transportation and fuel delivery system. 
SEC. 4405. BIOGAS. 
Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment 
of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a re-
port on any research and development challenges inherent 
in increasing to 5 percent of the transportation fuels sold 
in the United States fuel with biogas or a blend of biogas 
and natural gas. 
SEC. 4406. BIORESEARCH CENTERS FOR SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 
PROGRAM. 
Section 977(a)(1) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 
(42 U.S.C. 16317(a)(1)) is amended by inserting before 
the period at the end the following: ‘‘, including the estab-
lishment of at least 5 bioresearch centers of varying sizes, 
as appropriate, that focus on biofuels, of which at least 
1 center shall be located in each of the 5 Petroleum Ad-
ministration for Defense Districts, which shall be estab-
lished for a period of 5 years, after which the grantee may 
reapply for selection on a competitive basis’’. 
SEC. 4407. GRANTS FOR BIOFUEL PRODUCTION RESEARCH 
AND DEVELOPMENT IN CERTAIN STATES. 
(a) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall provide 
grants to eligible entities for research, development, dem-
186 
onstration, and commercial application of biofuel produc-
tion technologies in States with low rates of ethanol pro-
duction, including low rates of production of cellulosic bio-
mass ethanol, as determined by the Secretary. 
(b) ELIGIBILITY.—To be eligible to receive a grant 
under this section, an entity shall— 
(1)(A) be an institution of higher education (as 
defined in section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 
2005 (42 U.S.C. 15801)) located in a State de-
scribed in subsection (a); or 
(B) be a consortium including at least 1 such 
institution of higher education, and industry, State 
agencies, Indian tribal agencies, National Labora-
tories, or local government agencies located in the 
State; and 
(2) have proven experience and capabilities with 
relevant technologies. 
(c) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 
out this section $25,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2008 
through 2010. 
SEC. 4408. BIOREFINERY ENERGY EFFICIENCY. 
Section 932 of Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 
16232), is amended by adding at the end the following 
new subsections:
187 
‘‘(g) BIOREFINERY ENERGY EFFICIENCY.—The Sec-
retary shall establish a program of research, development, 
demonstration, and commercial application for increasing 
energy efficiency and reducing energy consumption in the 
operation of biorefinery facilities. 
‘‘(h) RETROFIT TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE DEVELOP-
MENT OF ETHANOL FROM CELLULOSIC MATERIALS.— 
The Secretary shall establish a program of research, devel-
opment, demonstration, and commercial application on 
technologies and processes to enable biorefineries that ex-
clusively use corn grain or corn starch as a feedstock to 
produce ethanol to be retrofitted to accept a range of bio-
mass, including lignocellulosic feedstocks.’’. 
SEC. 4409. STUDY OF INCREASED CONSUMPTION OF ETH-
ANOL-BLENDED 
GASOLINE 
WITH 
HIGHER 
LEVELS OF ETHANOL. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, in cooperation 
with the Secretary of Agriculture, the Administrator of the 
Environmental Protection Agency, and the Secretary of 
Transportation, shall conduct a study of the methods of 
increasing consumption in the United States of ethanol- 
blended gasoline with levels of ethanol that are not less 
than 10 percent and not more than 40 percent. 
(b) STUDY.—The study under subsection (a) shall in-
clude—
188 
(1) a review of production and infrastructure 
constraints on increasing consumption of ethanol; 
(2) an evaluation of the environmental con-
sequences of the ethanol blends described in sub-
section (a) on evaporative and exhaust emissions 
from on-road, off-road, and marine vehicle engines; 
(3) an evaluation of the consequences of the 
ethanol blends described in subsection (a) on the op-
eration, durability, and performance of on-road, off- 
road, and marine vehicle engines; and 
(4) an evaluation of the life cycle impact of the 
use of the ethanol blends described in subsection (a) 
on carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions. 
(c) REPORT.—Not later than 1 year after the date 
of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to 
Congress a report describing the results of the study con-
ducted under this section. 
SEC. 4410. STUDY OF OPTIMIZATION OF FLEXIBLE FUELED 
VEHICLES TO USE E–85 FUEL. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, in consultation 
with the Secretary of Transportation, shall conduct a 
study of whether optimizing flexible fueled vehicles to op-
erate using E–85 fuel would increase the fuel efficiency 
of flexible fueled vehicles.
189 
(b) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after the date 
of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to 
the Committee on Science and Technology of the House 
of Representatives the Committee on Energy and Natural 
Resources of the Senate a report that describes the results 
of the study under this section, including any rec-
ommendations of the Secretary. 
SEC. 4411. STUDY OF ENGINE DURABILITY AND PERFORM-
ANCE ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF BIO-
DIESEL. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 30 days after the 
date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall initiate 
a study on the effects of the use of biodiesel on the per-
formance and durability of engines and engine systems. 
(b) COMPONENTS.—The study under this section 
shall include— 
(1) an assessment of whether the use of bio-
diesel lessens the durability and performance of con-
ventional diesel engines and engine systems; and 
(2) an assessment of the effects referred to in 
subsection (a) with respect to biodiesel blends at 
varying concentrations, including the following per-
centage concentrations of biodiesel: 
(A) 5 percent biodiesel. 
(B) 10 percent biodiesel.
190 
(C) 20 percent biodiesel. 
(D) 30 percent biodiesel. 
(E) 100 percent biodiesel. 
(c) REPORT.—Not later than 24 months after the 
date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit 
to the Committee on Science and Technology of the House 
of Representatives the Committee on Energy and Natural 
Resources of the Senate a report that describes the results 
of the study under this section, including any rec-
ommendations of the Secretary. 
SEC. 4412. BIOENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, AU-
THORIZATION OF APPROPRIATION. 
(a) Section 931 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 
U.S.C. 16231) is amended— 
(1) in subsection (b)— 
(A) at the end of paragraph (2) by striking 
‘‘and’’; 
(B) at the end of paragraph (3) by striking 
the period and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 
(C) by adding at the end the following new 
paragraph: 
‘‘(4) $963,000,000 for fiscal year 2010.’’; and 
(2) in subsection (c)— 
(A) 
in 
paragraph 
(2), 
by 
striking 
‘‘$251,000,000’’ and inserting ‘‘$377,000,000’’;
191 
(B) 
in 
paragraph 
(3), 
by 
striking 
‘‘$274,000,000’’ and inserting ‘‘$398,000,000’’; 
and 
(C) by adding at the end the following new 
paragraph: 
‘‘(4) $419,000,000 for fiscal year 2010, of 
which $150,000,00 shall be for section 932(d).’’. 
SEC. 4413. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOP-
MENT. 
(a) AMENDMENTS.—Section 977 of the Energy Pol-
icy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16317) is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a)(1), by striking ‘‘and com-
putational biology’’ and inserting ‘‘computational bi-
ology, and environmental science’’; and 
(2) in subsection (b)— 
(A) in paragraph (1), by inserting ‘‘in sus-
tainable production systems that reduce green-
house gas emissions’’ after ‘‘hydrogen’’; 
(B) at the end of paragraph (3), by strik-
ing ‘‘and’’; 
(C) by redesignating paragraph (4) as 
paragraph (5); and 
(D) by inserting after paragraph (3) the 
following new paragraph:
192 
‘‘(4) develop cellulosic and other feedstocks that 
are less resource and land intensive and that pro-
mote sustainable use of resources, including soil, 
water, energy, forests, and land, and ensure protec-
tion of air, water, and soil quality; and’’. 
(b) TOOLS
AND EVALUATION.—The Secretary, in 
consultation with the Administrator of the Environmental 
Protection Agency and the Secretary of Agriculture, shall 
establish a research and development program to— 
(1) improve and develop analytical tools to fa-
cilitate the analysis of life-cycle energy and green-
house gas emissions, including emissions related to 
direct and indirect land use changes, attributable to 
all potential biofuel feedstocks and production proc-
esses; and 
(2) promote the systematic evaluation of the 
impact of expanded biofuel production on the envi-
ronment, including forestlands, and on the food sup-
ply for humans and animals. 
(c) SMALL-SCALE
PRODUCTION
AND
USE
OF 
BIOFUELS.—The Secretary, in cooperation with the Sec-
retary of Agriculture, shall establish a research and devel-
opment program to facilitate small-scale production, local, 
and on-farm use of biofuels, including the development of
193 
small-scale gasification technologies for production of 
biofuel from cellulosic feedstocks. 
SEC. 4414. STUDY OF OPTIMIZATION OF BIOGAS USED IN 
NATURAL GAS VEHICLES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy shall 
conduct a study of methods of increasing the fuel effi-
ciency of vehicles using biogas by optimizing natural gas 
vehicle systems that can operate on biogas, including the 
advancement of vehicle fuel systems and the combination 
of hybrid-electric and plug-in hybrid electric drive plat-
forms with natural gas vehicle systems using biogas. 
(b) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after the date 
of enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Energy shall 
submit to the Committee on Energy and Natural Re-
sources of the Senate and the Committee on Science and 
Technology of the House of Representatives a report that 
describes the results of the study, including any rec-
ommendations of the Secretary. 
SEC. 4415. STANDARDS FOR BIOFUELS DISPENSERS. 
In the absence of appropriate private sector stand-
ards adopted prior to the date of enactment of this Act, 
and consistent with the National Technology Transfer and 
Advancement Act of 1995, the Secretary of Energy, in 
consultation with the Director of the National Institute 
of Standards and Technology, shall develop standards for
194 
biofuel dispenser systems in order to promote broader 
biofuels adoption and utilization. 
SEC. 4416. ALGAL BIOMASS. 
Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment 
of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee 
on Science and Technology of the House of Representa-
tives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Re-
sources of the Senate a report on the progress of the re-
search and development that is being conducted on the 
use of algae as a feedstock for the production of biofuels. 
The report shall identify continuing research and develop-
ment challenges and any regulatory or other barriers 
found by the Secretary that hinder the use of this re-
source, as well as recommendations on how to encourage 
and further its development as a viable transportation 
fuel. 
SEC. 4417. UNIVERSITY BASED RESEARCH AND DEVELOP-
MENT GRANT PROGRAM. 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary shall establish 
a competitive grant program, in a geographically diverse 
manner, for projects submitted for consideration by insti-
tutions of higher education to conduct research and devel-
opment of renewable energy technologies. Each grant 
made shall not exceed $2,000,000.
195 
(b) ELIGIBILITY.—Priority shall be given to institu-
tions of higher education with— 
(1) established programs of research in renew-
able energy; 
(2) locations that are low income or outside of 
an urbanized area; 
(3) a joint venture with an Indian tribe; and 
(4) proximity to trees dying of disease or insect 
infestation as a source of woody biomass. 
(c) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary 
$25,000,000 for carrying out this section. 
(d) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 
(1) INDIAN TRIBE.—The term ‘‘Indian tribe’’ 
has the meaning as defined in section 126(c) of the 
Energy Policy Act of 2005. 
(2) INSTITUTIONS
OF
HIGHER
EDUCATION.— 
The term ‘‘institutions of higher education’’ has the 
meaning as defined in section 102(a) of the Higher 
Education Act of 1965. 
(3) RENEWABLE ENERGY.—The term ‘‘renew-
able energy’’ has the meaning as defined in section 
902 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005.
196 
(4) URBANIZED AREA.—The term ‘‘urbanized 
area’’ has the mean as defined by the U.S. Bureau 
of the Census. 
Subtitle F—Carbon Capture and 
Storage 
SEC. 4501. SHORT TITLE. 
This subtitle may be cited as the ‘‘Department of En-
ergy Carbon Capture and Storage Research, Development, 
and Demonstration Act of 2007’’. 
SEC. 4502. CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE RESEARCH, 
DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRATION PRO-
GRAM. 
(a) AMENDMENTS.—Section 963 of the Energy Pol-
icy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16293) is amended— 
(1) in the section heading, by striking ‘‘RE-
SEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT’’ and inserting 
‘‘AND
STORAGE
RESEARCH, 
DEVELOPMENT, 
AND DEMONSTRATION’’; 
(2) in subsection (a)— 
(A) by striking ‘‘research and develop-
ment’’ and inserting ‘‘and storage research, de-
velopment, and demonstration’’; and 
(B) by striking ‘‘capture technologies on 
combustion-based systems’’ and inserting ‘‘cap-
197 
ture and storage technologies related to electric 
power generating systems’’; 
(3) in subsection (b)— 
(A) in paragraph (3), by striking ‘‘and’’ at 
the end; 
(B) in paragraph (4), by striking the pe-
riod at the end and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 
(C) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(5) to expedite and carry out large-scale test-
ing of carbon sequestration systems in a range of ge-
ological formations that will provide information on 
the cost and feasibility of deployment of sequestra-
tion technologies.’’; and 
(4) by striking subsection (c) and inserting the 
following: 
‘‘(c) PROGRAMMATIC ACTIVITIES.— 
‘‘(1) FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEER-
ING
RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT
AND
DEM-
ONSTRATION
SUPPORTING
CARBON
CAPTURE
AND 
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES.— 
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
carry out fundamental science and engineering 
research 
(including 
laboratory-scale 
experi-
ments, numeric modeling, and simulations) to 
develop and document the performance of new
198 
approaches to capture and store carbon dioxide, 
or to learn how to use carbon dioxide in prod-
ucts to lead to an overall reduction of carbon 
dioxide emissions. 
‘‘(B) PROGRAM INTEGRATION.—The Sec-
retary shall ensure that fundamental research 
carried out under this paragraph is appro-
priately applied to energy technology develop-
ment activities and the field testing of carbon 
sequestration and carbon use activities, includ-
ing— 
‘‘(i) development of new or advanced 
technologies for the capture of carbon diox-
ide; 
‘‘(ii) development of new or advanced 
technologies that reduce the cost and in-
crease the efficacy of the compression of 
carbon dioxide required for the storage of 
carbon dioxide; 
‘‘(iii) modeling and simulation of geo-
logical sequestration field demonstrations; 
‘‘(iv) quantitative assessment of risks 
relating to specific field sites for testing of 
sequestration technologies; and