(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—Section 531(c) of title I of 
the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Acts of 
1968, as added by subsection (a), shall take effect on Oc-
tober 1 of the first fiscal year beginning after the date 
of enactment of this Act. 
TITLE IV—JUSTICE FOR VICTIMS 
OF LYNCHING 
SEC. 401. SHORT TITLE. 
This title may be cited as the ‘‘Justice for Victims 
of Lynching Act of 2021’’. 
SEC. 402. FINDINGS. 
Congress finds the following: 
(1) The crime of lynching succeeded slavery as 
the ultimate expression of racism in the United 
States following Reconstruction. 
(2) Lynching was a widely acknowledged prac-
tice in the United States until the middle of the 
20th century. 
(3) Lynching was a crime that occurred 
throughout the United States, with documented inci-
dents in all but 4 States. 
(4) At least 4,742 people, predominantly Afri-
can Americans, were reported lynched in the United 
States between 1882 and 1968. 
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(5) Ninety-nine percent of all perpetrators of 
lynching escaped from punishment by State or local 
officials. 
(6) Lynching prompted African Americans to 
form the National Association for the Advancement 
of Colored People (referred to in this section as the 
‘‘NAACP’’) and prompted members of B’nai B’rith 
to found the Anti-Defamation League. 
(7) Mr. Walter White, as a member of the 
NAACP and later as the executive secretary of the 
NAACP from 1931 to 1955, meticulously inves-
tigated lynchings in the United States and worked 
tirelessly to end segregation and racialized terror. 
(8) Nearly 200 anti-lynching bills were intro-
duced in Congress during the first half of the 20th 
century. 
(9) Between 1890 and 1952, 7 Presidents peti-
tioned Congress to end lynching. 
(10) Between 1920 and 1940, the House of 
Representatives passed 3 strong anti-lynching meas-
ures. 
(11) Protection against lynching was the min-
imum and most basic of Federal responsibilities, and 
the Senate considered but failed to enact anti-lynch-
ing legislation despite repeated requests by civil 
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rights groups, Presidents, and the House of Rep-
resentatives to do so. 
(12) The publication of ‘‘Without Sanctuary: 
Lynching Photography in America’’ helped bring 
greater awareness and proper recognition of the vic-
tims of lynching. 
(13) Only by coming to terms with history can 
the United States effectively champion human rights 
abroad. 
(14) An apology offered in the spirit of true re-
pentance moves the United States toward reconcili-
ation and may become central to a new under-
standing, on which improved racial relations can be 
forged. 
(15) Having concluded that a reckoning with 
our own history is the only way the country can ef-
fectively champion human rights abroad, 90 Mem-
bers of the United States Senate agreed to Senate 
Resolution 39, 109th Congress, on June 13, 2005, 
to apologize to the victims of lynching and the de-
scendants of those victims for the failure of the Sen-
ate to enact anti-lynching legislation. 
(16) The National Memorial for Peace and Jus-
tice, which opened to the public in Montgomery, Ala-
bama, on April 26, 2018, is the Nation’s first memo-
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rial dedicated to the legacy of enslaved Black people, 
people terrorized by lynching, African Americans hu-
miliated by racial segregation and Jim Crow, and 
people of color burdened with contemporary pre-
sumptions of guilt and police violence. 
(17) Notwithstanding the Senate’s apology and 
the heightened awareness and education about the 
Nation’s legacy with lynching, it is wholly necessary 
and appropriate for the Congress to enact legisla-
tion, after 100 years of unsuccessful legislative ef-
forts, finally to make lynching a Federal crime. 
(18) Further, it is the sense of Congress that 
criminal action by a group increases the likelihood 
that the criminal object of that group will be suc-
cessfully attained and decreases the probability that 
the individuals involved will depart from their path 
of criminality. Therefore, it is appropriate to specify 
criminal penalties for the crime of lynching, or any 
attempt or conspiracy to commit lynching. 
(19) The United States Senate agreed to unani-
mously Senate Resolution 118, 115th Congress, on 
April 5, 2017, ‘‘[c]ondemning hate crime and any 
other form of racism, religious or ethnic bias, dis-
crimination, incitement to violence, or animus tar-
geting a minority in the United States’’ and taking 
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