datamatters24/research-document-archive huggingface dataset:
least in part for such failure, the candidate of the
party involved shall pay to the Secretary of the
Treasury an amount equal to the amount of the pay-
ments made to such candidate under section 9006.
‘‘(3) CRITERIA FOR ELIGIBILITY TO PARTICI-
PATE IN GENERAL ELECTION DEBATES.—In order to
be eligible to participate in general election debates,
as set out in this section, a candidate must meet the
following criteria:
‘‘(A) 
BALLOT
QUALIFICATIONS.—Such
candidate has qualified for the election ballot as
the candidate of a political party or as an inde-
pendent candidate to the office of President or
Vice President in not less than 40 States.
‘‘(B) FINANCIAL
QUALIFICATIONS.—Such
candidate—
‘‘(i) has qualified to receive payments
under section 9033 and this section; or
‘‘(ii) as reported under section 304 of
the Federal Election Campaign Act of
1971, has raised not less than $500,000
on or after January 1 of the calendar year
immediately preceding the calendar year of
the Presidential election.
‘‘(4) SPONSORING ORGANIZATION.—Any spon-
soring organization shall include in the general elec-
tion debates all candidates who meet the criteria in
this section.’’
SEC. 5. TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.
Section 9032(2)(A) of the Internal Revenue Code of
1986 is amended by inserting after ‘‘election,’’ the follow-
ing: ‘‘including, for independent or minor party can-
didates, initiating petition signature gathering activities to
be placed on the ballot for the general election’’.
Æ
Carolina, 917 F.2d 819 (4th Cir. 1990); New Alli-
ance Party of Alabama v. Hand, 933 F. 2d 1568
(11th Cir. 1991).
(7) In 1992, 26 States still required nonmajor
party candidates for President to qualify for the bal-
lot before the second major party national conven-
tion (California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware,
Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Maine,
Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, North
Carolina, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey,
Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Da-
kota, Texas, Washington, West Virginia). Nine of
these States required nonmajor party candidates to
qualify before the first major party national conven-
tion (Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Maine, Michigan,
Nevada, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Texas).
(8) In 1992, nonmajor party candidates for
President had to obtain 806,401 petition signatures
to be listed on the ballots of all 50 States and the
District of Columbia—32 times more signatures
than the 25,500 required of Democratic Party can-
didates and 15 times more signatures than the
54,250 required of Republican Party candidates. To
be listed on the ballot in all 50 States and the Dis-
trict of Columbia with a party label, nonmajor party
candidates for President had to obtain approxi-
mately 649,092 petition signatures and 79,136 reg-
istrants. In 1992, 32 of the 41 States that held
Presidential primaries required no signatures of
major party candidates for President (Arkansas,
California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia,
Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland,
Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi,
Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico,
North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon,
Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Ten-
nessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia,
Wisconsin). Only two States required no signatures
of nonmajor party candidates for President (Arkan-
sas and Louisiana; Louisiana, however, requires a
$500 filing fee).
(9) The number of petition signatures required
by the States to list a major party candidate for
Senate on the ballot in 1992 ranged from zero to
15,111. The number of petition signatures required
to list a nonmajor party candidate for Senate ranged
from zero to 180,935. Thirty-one States required no
signatures of major party candidates for Senate
(Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut,
Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Kansas, Ken-
tucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Min-
nesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska,
Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North
Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, Texas,
Utah, Washington, West Virginia, Wyoming). Only
one State required no signatures of nonmajor party
candidates for Senate, provided they were willing to
be listed on the ballot without a party label (Louisi-
ana, although a $600 filing fee is required, and to
run with a party label, a candidate must register
106,146 voters into his or her party).
(10) The number of petition signatures required
by the States to list a major party candidate for
Congress on the ballot in 1992 ranged from zero to
2,000. The number of petition signatures required to
list a nonmajor party candidate for Congress ranged
from zero to 12,252. Thirty-one States required no
signatures of major party candidates for Congress
(Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut,
Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Kansas, Ken-
tucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi,
Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hamp-
shire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Or-
egon, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, Washington,
West Virginia, Wyoming). Only one State required
no signatures of nonmajor party candidates for Con-
gress, provided they were willing to be listed on the
ballot without a party label (Louisiana, although a
$600 filing fee is required).
(11) Eight States required additional signatures
to list a nonmajor party candidate for President on
the ballot with a party label (Alabama, Arizona,
Idaho, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Ten-
nessee). Thirteen States required additional signa-
tures to list a nonmajor party candidate for Senate
or Congress on the ballot with a party label (Ala-
bama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Idaho, Hawaii,
Kansas, Louisiana, North Dakota, Nebraska, Ohio,
Oregon, Tennessee). Two of these States (Ohio and
Tennessee, respectively) required 5,000 signatures
and 25 signatures, respectively, to list a nonmajor
party candidate for President or Senate on the ballot
in 1992, but required 34,777 signatures and 19,759
signatures, respectively, to list the candidate on the
ballot with her or his party label. One State (Califor-
nia) required a nonmajor party to have 78,992 reg-
istrants in order to have its candidate for President
listed on the ballot with a party label.
(12) In 1992 one State (Arizona) required
nonmajor party candidates for President or Senate
SEC. 8. NATIONAL HIGHWAY SAFETY ADVISORY COMMIT-
TEE.
The third sentence of section 404(a)(1) of title 23,
United States Code, is amended by inserting ‘‘, of
bicyclists and pedestrians,’’ after ‘‘owners’’.
Æ
to obtain 10,555 signatures in 10 days, but allowed
major party candidates for Senate 45 days to obtain
approximately half that number of signatures, and
required no signatures of major party candidates for
President. Another State (California) required
nonmajor party candidates for President or Senate
to obtain 134,781 signatures in 105 days, but re-
quired major party candidates for Senate to obtain
only 65 signatures in 105 days, and required no sig-
natures of major party candidates for President. An-
other State (Texas) required nonmajor party can-
didates for President or Senate to obtain 38,900 sig-
natures in 75 days, and required no signatures of
major party candidates for President or Senate.
(13) Two States required all nonmajor party
candidates to pay fees of ten and five cents per peti-
tion signature, while requiring no fees or signatures
of major party candidates (Florida and North Caro-
lina, respectively).
(14) Seven States require nonmajor party can-
didates for President or Senate to collect a certain
number or percentage of their petition signatures in
each congressional district or in a specified number
of congressional districts (Michigan, Missouri, Ne-
braska, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina,
112TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION 
H. R. 2250 
AN ACT 
To provide additional time for the Administrator of 
the Environmental Protection Agency to issue 
achievable standards for industrial, commercial, 
and institutional boilers, process heaters, and in-
cinerators, and for other purposes.
Virginia). Only three of these States impose a like
requirement on major party candidates for President
or Senate (Michigan, New York, Virginia).
(15) Twenty States restrict the circulation of
petitions for nonmajor party candidates to residents
of those States (California, Colorado, Connecticut,
District of Columbia, Idaho, Illinois, Kansas, Michi-
gan, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New
York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas,
Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin). Three States
restrict the circulation of petitions for nonmajor
party candidates to the county or congressional dis-
trict where the circulator lives (Kansas, Nebraska,
Virginia).
(16) Four States prohibit people who voted in
a primary election from signing petitions for
nonmajor party candidates (Nebraska, New York,
Texas, West Virginia). Twelve States restrict the
signing of petitions to people who indicate intent to
support or vote for the candidate or party (Califor-
nia, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland,
New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Or-
egon, Utah). Five of these 12 States require no peti-
tions of major party candidates (Delaware, Mary-
land, North Carolina, Oregon, Utah), and only one
of the six remaining States restricts the signing of
petitions for major party candidates to people who
indicate intent to support or vote for the candidate
or party (New Jersey).
(17) Restrictions on the ability of citizens to ex-
ercise the rights identified in this subsection have
disproportionately impaired participation in the elec-
toral process by various groups, including racial
minorities.
(18) The establishment of fair and uniform na-
tional standards for access to the ballot in elections
for Federal office would remove barriers to the par-
ticipation of citizens in the electoral process and
thereby facilitate such participation and maximize
the rights identified in this subsection.
(19) The Congress has authority, under the
provisions of the Constitution of the United States
in sections 4 and 8 of article I, section 1 of article
II, article VI, the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fif-
teenth amendments, and other provisions of the
Constitution of the United States, to protect and
promote the exercise of the rights identified in this
subsection.
(b) PURPOSES.—The purposes of this Act are—
(1) to establish fair and uniform standards reg-
ulating access to the ballot by eligible citizens who
desire to seek election to Federal office and political
parties, bodies, and groups which desire to take part
in elections for Federal office; and
(2) to maximize the participation of eligible citi-
zens in elections for Federal office.
SEC. 3. BALLOT ACCESS RIGHTS.
(a) An individual shall have the right to be placed
as a candidate on, or to have such individual’s political
party, body, or group affiliation in connection with such
candidacy placed on, a ballot or similar voting materials
to be used in a Federal election, if such individual presents
a petition stating in substance that the signatories desire
such individual’s name and political party, body or group
affiliation, if any, to be placed on the ballot or other simi-
lar voting materials to be used in the Federal election with
respect to which such rights are to be exercised, and
(1) with respect to a Federal election for the of-
fice of President, Vice President, or Senator, such
petition has a number of signatures of persons quali-
fied to vote for such office equal to one-tenth of one
percent of the number of persons who voted in the
most recent previous Federal election for such office
HR 1757 EH
‘‘(1) ensure the security and privacy of trans-
missions over the Internet and the integrity of digi-
tal information accessed via the Internet; and
‘‘(2) facilitate the management and protection
of copyrighted information which is accessed via the
Internet.
‘‘(c) EASE OF INTERNET USE.—The Plan shall speci-
fy research programs needed to develop and demonstrate
human/computer interfaces that will simplify access to and
use of the Internet by nonspecialists in computing and
networking technologies and by individuals with disabil-
ities.
‘‘(d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—From
sums otherwise authorized to be appropriated, there are
authorized to be appropriated for the purposes of this sec-
tion, $6,000,000 for fiscal year 1994, $15,000,000 for
fiscal year 1995, $20,000,000 for fiscal year 1996,
$20,000,000 for fiscal year 1997, and $20,000,000 for
fiscal year 1998.
‘‘SEC. 307. APPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION.
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Plan shall specify projects
to develop and apply computing and networking tech-
nologies for use in education at all levels from early child-
hood education through higher education, including
projects for the education and training of individuals with
HR 1757 EH
disabilities. The National Science Foundation shall be the
lead agency for implementing the activities required by
this section, and shall consult with the Department of
Education in implementing those activities. Activities
under this section shall include—
‘‘(1) projects, including support for acquisition
of required computer hardware and software, that
demonstrate the educational value of the Internet,
including cost effectiveness, in providing for ad-
vances in distance learning and electronic class-
rooms, facilitating nationwide communication among
educators and students, access to databases of infor-
mation in digital format, and access to innovative
curricular materials;
‘‘(2) development, testing, and evaluation of
computer systems, computer software, and computer
networks for—
‘‘(A) teacher training, including teachers in
special education programs; and
‘‘(B) informal education outside of school,
including workforce training in mathematics,
science, and technology and in specific job-relat-
ed skills, including literacy; and
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‘‘(3) development, testing, and evaluation of ad-
vanced educational software and of network-based
information resources.
‘‘(b) ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION.—
In accordance with subsection (a), applications for elemen-
tary, secondary, and vocational/technical education shall
be designed to complement and strengthen ongoing na-
tional, State, and local educational restructuring and re-
form activities and shall include—
‘‘(1) projects in computing and networking
that—
‘‘(A) provide for network connections
among elementary and secondary schools in
local regions and connections to the Internet to
enable students and teachers to—
‘‘(i) communicate with their peers;
‘‘(ii) communicate with educators and
students in institutions of higher edu-
cation; and
‘‘(iii) access educational materials and
other computing resources;
‘‘(B) address the needs of rural popu-
lations and of urban communities; and
‘‘(C) address the needs of individuals with
disabilities;
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‘‘(2) collection and dissemination of information
about ongoing elementary and secondary educational
projects, including special education projects, based
on application of computing and networking tech-
nologies, and about other educational resources
available over the Internet;
‘‘(3) development and evaluation of undergradu-
ate courses in the educational applications of com-
puting and networking for the instruction of stu-
dents preparing for teaching careers, including
courses that will ensure the early familiarization and
training of these students in the use of the Internet;
and
‘‘(4) development, testing, and evaluation of
educational software designed for collaborative use
over the Internet, including tools that will enable
classroom teachers easily to adapt software to local
conditions.
‘‘(c) COOPERATION.—In carrying out the require-
ments of this section, the National Science Foundation,
the Department of Education, and other Federal agencies
participating in such activities shall work with the com-
puter hardware, computer software, and communications
industries, authors and publishers of educational mate-
HR 1757 EH
rials, State education departments, and local school dis-
tricts, as appropriate.
‘‘(d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—From
sums otherwise authorized to be appropriated, there are
authorized to be appropriated to the National Science
Foundation for the purposes of this section, $16,000,000
for fiscal year 1994, $45,000,000 for fiscal year 1995,
$60,000,000 for fiscal year 1996, $75,000,000 for fiscal
year 1997, and $75,000,000 for fiscal year 1998.
‘‘SEC. 308. APPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE.
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Plan shall specify projects
to develop and apply high-performance computing and
high-speed networking technologies for use in the health
care sector, with the goal of improving the quality and
enhancing the cost-effectiveness of health care. Special
consideration shall be given to applications that are de-
signed to lower health care costs. The Department of
Health and Human Services, through the National Insti-
tutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, shall be the lead agency for implementing the
activities required by this section.
‘‘(b) CLINICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS.—In accord-
ance with subsection (a), applications related to clinical
information systems shall include—
HR 1757 EH
‘‘(1) testbed networks for linking hospitals, clin-
ics, doctor’s offices, medical schools, medical librar-
ies, and universities to enable health care providers
and researchers to share medical images and to de-
velop computer-based records;
‘‘(2) software and visualization technology for
visualizing the human anatomy and analyzing diag-
nostic images and records;
‘‘(3) virtual reality technology for simulating
surgical and medical procedures;
‘‘(4) collaborative technology to allow several
health care providers in remote locations to provide
real-time treatment to patients;
‘‘(5) interactive technologies to allow health
care providers to monitor, evaluate, and treat pa-
tients in nonclinical settings;
‘‘(6) database technology to provide health care
providers with access to relevant medical information
and literature;
‘‘(7) database technology for storing, accessing
and transmitting patients’ medical records while pro-
tecting the accuracy and privacy of those records;
‘‘(8) numerical simulation of chemical inter-
actions relevant to reducing the time and cost of
drug development;
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‘‘(9) three dimensional geometric modeling and
artificial intelligence methods for interpreting an
array of medical images; and
‘‘(10) complex simulations of sociological popu-
lations affected disproportionately by selected dis-
eases or disorders.
‘‘(c) HEALTH INFORMATION TO THE PUBLIC.—In ac-
cordance with subsection (a), applications related to deliv-
ery of health information to the public shall include—
‘‘(1) development, testing, and evaluation of
database and network technologies for the storage of
consumer-oriented, interactive, multimedia materials
for health promotion, and for the distribution of
such materials to public access points, such as com-
munity health and human service agencies, Centers
for Independent Living established by the Rehabili-
tation Act of 1973, organizations established by title
I of the Technology-Related Assistance for Individ-
uals with Disabilities Act of 1988, schools, and pub-
lic libraries;
‘‘(2) pilot programs to develop, test, and evalu-
ate the effectiveness and cost efficiency of inter-
active, multimedia materials to assist patients in de-
ciding among health care options;
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‘‘(3) development and demonstration of human/
computer interfaces to allow nonspecialists in com-
puting and networking technologies ease of access to
and use of databases of health information and net-
works providing health information service; and
‘‘(4) development, testing, and evaluation of
database and network access technologies to provide
individuals with health information, including health
risk appraisal, preventative medical advice, and dis-
ease treatment options, which is oriented to
nonhealth professionals and which is customized to
take into consideration an individual’s medical
history.
‘‘(d) HEALTH DELIVERY SYSTEMS AND POPULATION
DATA SETS.—In accordance with subsection (a), applica-
tions for health delivery systems and for gathering popu-
lation data sets shall include—
‘‘(1) testbed networks and software that per-
mits collaborative communication among local public
and private health and human service providers,
such as health centers, clinics, entitlement offices,
and school-based clinics, to enable health and human
service providers to work together in delivering co-
ordinated services for at-risk populations;
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‘‘(2) pilot programs to develop high speed com-
munications networks and software for providing
health care providers with—
‘‘(A) immediate, on-line access to up-to-
date clinic-based health promotion and disease
prevention recommendations from the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention and other
Public Health Service agencies; and
‘‘(B) a two-way communications link with
prevention specialists in State and local health
departments, and other agencies with informa-
tion germane to clinic-based health promotion
and disease prevention; and
‘‘(3) development, testing, and evaluation of
database technologies to provide clinicians with ac-
cess to information to guide and assist them in pro-
viding diagnosis, providing treatment, and providing
advice regarding health promotion and disease pre-
vention to patients, and to facilitate the gathering of
systematic population data sets in compatible for-
mats on the efficacy of treatments and on national
health trends.
‘‘(e) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—From
sums otherwise authorized to be appropriated, there are
authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Health
HR 1757 EH
and Human Services for the purposes of this section,
$22,000,000 for fiscal year 1994, $54,000,000 for fiscal
year 1995, $72,000,000 for fiscal year 1996, $90,000,000
for fiscal year 1997, and $90,000,000 for fiscal year 1998.
‘‘SEC. 309. APPLICATIONS FOR LIBRARIES.
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Plan shall specify projects
to develop technologies for ‘digital libraries’ of electronic
information. The National Science Foundation shall be the
lead agency for implementing the activities required by
this section, and in implementing this section shall take
into account the needs of individuals with disabilities.
‘‘(b) DIGITAL LIBRARIES.—In accordance with sub-
section (a), activities to support the development of digital
libraries shall include—
‘‘(1) development of advanced data storage sys-
tems capable of storing hundreds of trillions of bits
of data and giving thousands of users simultaneous
and nearly instantaneous access to that information;
‘‘(2) development of high-speed, highly accurate
systems for converting printed text, page images,
graphics, and photographic images into electronic
form;
‘‘(3) development of database software capable
of quickly searching, filtering, and summarizing
large volumes of text, imagery, data, and sound;
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‘‘(4) encouragement of the development and
adoption of common standards and, where appro-
priate, common formats for electronic data;
‘‘(5) development of computer-based means to
categorize and organize electronic information in a
variety of formats;
‘‘(6) training of database users and librarians
in the use of and development of electronic
databases;
‘‘(7) development of means for simplifying the
utilization 
of 
networked 
databases 
distributed
around the Nation and around the world;
‘‘(8) development of visualization methods for
quickly browsing large volumes of imagery; and
‘‘(9) development of means for protecting copy-
righted material in electronic form, including, if
technologically feasible, systems with capabilities for
electronically identifying copyrighted works and for
electronically indicating whether any permission
which is required by title 17, United States Code,
has been granted by the copyright owner.
‘‘(c) DEVELOPMENT OF PROTOTYPES.—In accord-
ance with subsection (a), the Plan shall provide for the
development of prototype digital libraries to serve as
testbeds for the systems, software, standards, and meth-