(1) SUBSECTION (a).—The amendments made
by subsection (a) shall apply to plans established
after December 31, 2001.
(2) SUBSECTION (b).—The amendments made
by subsection (b) shall apply to plan years beginning
after December 31, 2002.
SEC. 13. AUTHORIZATION FOR PBGC TO PAY INTEREST ON
PREMIUM OVERPAYMENT REFUNDS.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 4007(b) of the Employ-
ment Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C.
1307(b)) is amended—
(1) by striking ‘‘(b)’’ and inserting ‘‘(b)(1)’’,
and
(2) by inserting at the end the following new
paragraph:
‘‘(2) The corporation is authorized to pay, subject to
regulations prescribed by the corporation, interest on the
amount of any overpayment of premium refunded to a des-
ignated payor. Interest under this paragraph shall be cal-
culated at the same rate and in the same manner as inter-
est is calculated for underpayments under paragraph
(1).’’.
(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendment made by
subsection (a) shall apply to interest accruing for periods
beginning not earlier than the date of the enactment of
this Act.
SEC. 14. SUBSTANTIAL OWNER BENEFITS IN TERMINATED
PLANS.
(a) MODIFICATION OF PHASE-IN OF GUARANTEE.—
Section 4022(b)(5) of the Employee Retirement Income
Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1322(b)(5)) is amended
to read as follows:
‘‘(5)(A) For purposes of this paragraph, the term
‘majority owner’ means an individual who, at any time
during the 60-month period ending on the date the deter-
mination is being made—
‘‘(i) owns the entire interest in an unincor-
porated trade or business,
‘‘(ii) in the case of a partnership, is a partner
who owns, directly or indirectly, 50 percent or more
of either the capital interest or the profits interest
in such partnership, or
‘‘(iii) in the case of a corporation, owns, directly
or indirectly, 50 percent or more in value of either
the voting stock of that corporation or all the stock
of that corporation.
For purposes of clause (iii), the constructive ownership
rules of section 1563(e) of the Internal Revenue Code of
1986 shall apply (determined without regard to section
1563(e)(3)(C)).
‘‘(B) In the case of a participant who is a majority
owner, the amount of benefits guaranteed under this sec-
tion shall equal the product of—
‘‘(i) a fraction (not to exceed 1) the numerator
of which is the number of years from the later of the
effective date or the adoption date of the plan to the
termination date, and the denominator of which is
10, and
‘‘(ii) the amount of benefits that would be guar-
anteed under this section if the participant were not
a majority owner.’’.
(b) MODIFICATION OF ALLOCATION OF ASSETS.—
(1) Section 4044(a)(4)(B) of the Employee Re-
tirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C.
1344(a)(4)(B)) is amended by striking ‘‘section
4022(b)(5)’’ and inserting ‘‘section 4022(b)(5)(B)’’.
(2) Section 4044(b) of such Act (29 U.S.C.
1344(b)) is amended—
(A) by striking ‘‘(5)’’ in paragraph (2) and
inserting ‘‘(4), (5),’’, and
(B) 
by 
redesignating 
paragraphs 
(3)
through (6) as paragraphs (4) through (7), re-
spectively, and by inserting after paragraph (2)
the following new paragraph:
‘‘(3) If assets available for allocation under
paragraph (4) of subsection (a) are insufficient to
satisfy in full the benefits of all individuals who are
described in that paragraph, the assets shall be allo-
cated first to benefits described in subparagraph (A)
of that paragraph. Any remaining assets shall then
be allocated to benefits described in subparagraph
(B) of that paragraph. If assets allocated to such
subparagraph (B) are insufficient to satisfy in full
the benefits described in that subparagraph, the as-
sets shall be allocated pro rata among individuals on
the basis of the present value (as of the termination
date) of their respective benefits described in that
subparagraph.’’.
(c) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.—
(1) Section 4021 of the Employee Retirement
Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1321) is
amended—
(A) in subsection (b)(9), by striking ‘‘as
defined in section 4022(b)(6)’’, and
(B) by adding at the end the following new
subsection:
‘‘(d) For purposes of subsection (b)(9), the term ‘sub-
stantial owner’ means an individual who, at any time dur-
ing the 60-month period ending on the date the determina-
tion is being made—
‘‘(1) owns the entire interest in an unincor-
porated trade or business,
‘‘(2) in the case of a partnership, is a partner
who owns, directly or indirectly, more than 10 per-
cent of either the capital interest or the profits inter-
est in such partnership, or
‘‘(3) in the case of a corporation, owns, directly
or indirectly, more than 10 percent in value of either
the voting stock of that corporation or all the stock
of that corporation.
For purposes of paragraph (3), the constructive ownership
rules of section 1563(e) of the Internal Revenue Code of
1986 shall apply (determined without regard to section
1563(e)(3)(C)).’’.
(2) Section 4043(c)(7) of such Act (29 U.S.C.
1343(c)(7)) 
is 
amended 
by 
striking 
‘‘section
4022(b)(6)’’ and inserting ‘‘section 4021(d)’’.
(d) EFFECTIVE DATES.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in para-
graph (2), the amendments made by this section
shall apply to plan terminations—
(A) under section 4041(c) of the Employee
Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29
U.S.C. 1341(c)) with respect to which notices
of intent to terminate are provided under sec-
tion 4041(a)(2) of such Act (29 U.S.C.
1341(a)(2)) after December 31, 2002, and
(B) under section 4042 of such Act (29
U.S.C. 1342) with respect to which proceedings
are instituted by the corporation after such
date.
(2) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.—The amend-
ments made by subsection (c) shall take effect on
January 1, 2003.
SEC. 15. CIVIL PENALTIES FOR BREACH OF FIDUCIARY RE-
SPONSIBILITY.
(a) IMPOSITION AND AMOUNT OF PENALTY MADE
DISCRETIONARY.—Section 502(l)(1) of the Employee Re-
tirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C.
1132(l)(1)) is amended—
(1) by striking ‘‘shall’’ and inserting ‘‘may’’,
and
(2) by striking ‘‘equal to’’ and inserting ‘‘not
greater than’’.
(b) 
APPLICABLE
RECOVERY
AMOUNT.—Section
502(l)(2) of such Act (29 U.S.C. 1132(l)(2)) is amended
come Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1053(a)(3)(B)) to
provide that the notification required by such regulation
in connection with any suspension of benefits described in
such subparagraph—
(1) in the case of an employee who returns to
service described in section 203(a)(3)(B)(i) or (ii) of
such Act after commencement of payment of bene-
fits under the plan, shall be made during the first
calendar month or the first 4 or 5-week payroll pe-
riod ending in a calendar month in which the plan
withholds payments, and
(2) in the case of any employee who is not de-
scribed in paragraph (1)—
(A) may be included in the summary plan
description for the plan furnished in accordance
with section 104(b) of such Act (29 U.S.C.
1024(b)), rather than in a separate notice, and
(B) need not include a copy of the relevant
plan provisions.
(b) EFFECTIVE
DATE.—The modification made
under this section shall apply to plan years beginning after
December 31, 2002.
SEC. 17. STUDIES.
(a) MODEL
SMALL
EMPLOYER
GROUP
PLANS
STUDY.—As soon as practicable after the date of the en-
actment of this Act, the Secretary of Labor, in consulta-
tion with the Secretary of the Treasury, shall conduct a
study to determine—
(1) the most appropriate form or forms of—
(A) employee pension benefit plans which
would—
(i) be simple in form and easily main-
tained by multiple small employers, and
(ii) provide for ready portability of
benefits for all participants and bene-
ficiaries,
(B) alternative arrangements providing
comparable benefits which may be established
by employee or employer associations, and
(C) alternative arrangements providing
comparable benefits to which employees may
contribute in a manner independent of employer
sponsorship, and
(2) appropriate methods and strategies for
making pension plan coverage described in para-
graph (1) more widely available to American work-
ers.
(b) MATTERS TO BE CONSIDERED.—In conducting
the study under subsection (a), the Secretary of Labor
shall consider the adequacy and availability of existing em-
ployee pension benefit plans and the extent to which exist-
ing models may be modified to be more accessible to both
employees and employers.
(c) REPORT.—Not later than 18 months after the
date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Labor
shall report the results of the study under subsection (a),
together with the Secretary’s recommendations, to the
Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Com-
mittee on Ways and Means of the House of Representa-
tives and the Committee on Health, Education, Labor,
and Pensions and the Committee on Finance of the Sen-
ate. Such recommendations shall include one or more
model plans described in subsection (a)(1)(A) and model
alternative 
arrangements 
described 
in 
subsections
(a)(1)(B) and (a)(1)(C) which may serve as the basis for
appropriate administrative or legislative action.
(d) STUDY ON EFFECT OF LEGISLATION.—Not later
than 5 years after the date of the enactment of this Act,
the Secretary of Labor shall submit to the Committee on
Education and the Workforce of the House of Representa-
tives and the Committee on Health, Education, Labor,
and Pensions of the Senate a report on the effect of the
provisions of this Act and title VI of the Economic Growth
and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 on pension plan
coverage, including any change in—
(1) the extent of pension plan coverage for low
and middle-income workers,
(2) the levels of pension plan benefits generally,
(3) the quality of pension plan coverage gen-
erally,
(4) workers’ access to and participation in pen-
sion plans, and
(5) retirement security.
SEC. 18. PROVISIONS RELATING TO PLAN AMENDMENTS.
(a) IN GENERAL.—If this section applies to any plan
or contract amendment—
(1) such plan or contract shall be treated as
being operated in accordance with the terms of the
plan during the period described in subsection
(b)(2)(A); and
(2) except as provided by the Secretary of the
Treasury, such plan shall not fail to meet the re-
quirements of section 411(d)(6) of the Internal Rev-
enue Code of 1986 or section 204(g) of the Em-
ployee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 by
reason of such amendment.
(b) AMENDMENTS TO WHICH SECTION APPLIES.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—This section shall apply to
any amendment to any plan or annuity contract
which is made—
(A) pursuant to any amendment made by
this Act or title VI of the Economic Growth and
Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001, or pur-
suant to any regulation issued under this Act or
such title VI; and
(B) on or before the last day of the first
plan year beginning on or after January 1,
2005.
In the case of a governmental plan (as defined in
section 414(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of
1986), this paragraph shall be applied by sub-
stituting ‘‘2007’’ for ‘‘2005’’.
(2) CONDITIONS.—This section shall not apply
to any amendment unless—
(A) during the period—
(i) beginning on the date the legisla-
tive or regulatory amendment described in
paragraph (1)(A) takes effect (or in the
case of a plan or contract amendment not
required by such legislative or regulatory
amendment, the effective date specified by
the plan); and
(ii) ending on the date described in
paragraph (1)(B) (or, if earlier, the date
the plan or contract amendment is adopt-
ed),
the plan or contract is operated as if such plan
or contract amendment were in effect; and
(B) such plan or contract amendment ap-
plies retroactively for such period.
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