474 
paper, document, or thing of value, shall be imprisoned not 
more than three years. 
§ 1093. Impersonator making arrest or search 
Whoever falsely represents oneself to be an officer, agent, 
or employee of the United States, and in such assumed char-
acter arrests or detains any person or in any manner searches 
the person, buildings, or other property of any person, shall be 
imprisoned not more than three years. 
SUBCHAPTER H—FUGITIVES FROM JUSTICE 
Sec. 
1101.
Concealing person from arrest. 
1102.
Concealing escaped prisoner. 
1103.
Flight to avoid prosecution or giving testimony. 
1104.
Flight to avoid prosecution for damaging or destroying any build-
ing or other real or personal property. 
§ 1101. Concealing person from arrest 
Whoever harbors or conceals any person for whose arrest 
a warrant or process has been issued under the provisions of 
any law of the United States, so as to prevent his discovery and 
arrest, after notice or knowledge of the fact that a warrant or 
process has been issued for the apprehension of such person, 
shall be imprisoned not more than one year; except that if the 
warrant or process issued on a charge of felony, or after convic-
tion of such person of any offense, the punishment shall be a 
fine under this title, or imprisonment for not more than five 
years, or both. 
§ 1102. Concealing escaped prisoner 
Whoever harbors or conceals any prisoner after that pris-
oner’s escape from the custody of the Attorney General or from 
a Federal penal or correctional institution, shall be imprisoned 
not more than three years. 
§ 1103. Flight to avoid prosecution or giving testi-
mony 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever moves or travels in interstate or 
foreign commerce with intent— 
(1) to avoid prosecution, or custody or confinement 
after conviction, under the laws of the place from which he 
flees, for a crime, or an attempt to commit a crime, punish-
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able by death or which is a felony under the laws of the 
place from which the fugitive flees; 
(2) to avoid giving testimony in any criminal pro-
ceedings in such place in which the commission of an of-
fense punishable by death or which is a felony under the 
laws of such place, is charged, or 
(3) to avoid service of, or contempt proceedings for al-
leged disobedience of, lawful process requiring attendance 
and the giving of testimony or the production of documen-
tary evidence before an agency of a State empowered by 
the law of such State to conduct investigations of alleged 
criminal activities; 
shall be imprisoned not more than five years. 
(b) SPECIAL VENUE AND APPROVAL REQUIRED.—Viola-
tions of this section may be prosecuted only in the Federal ju-
dicial district in which the original crime was alleged to have 
been committed, or in which the person was held in custody or 
confinement, or in which an avoidance of service of process or 
a contempt referred to in subsection (a)(3) is alleged to have 
been committed, and only upon formal approval in writing by 
the Attorney General, the Deputy Attorney General, the Asso-
ciate Attorney General, or an Assistant Attorney General of the 
United States, which function of approving prosecutions may 
not be delegated. 
§ 1104. Flight to avoid prosecution for damaging 
or destroying any building or other real 
or personal property 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever moves or travels in interstate or 
foreign commerce with intent— 
(1) to avoid prosecution, or custody, or confinement 
after conviction, under the laws of the place from which he 
flees, for willfully attempting to or damaging or destroying 
by fire or explosive any building, structure, facility, vehicle, 
dwelling house, synagogue, church, religious center or edu-
cational institution, public or private; or 
(2) to avoid giving testimony in any criminal pro-
ceeding relating to any such offense; 
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476 
shall be imprisoned not more than five years. 
(b) VENUE.—Violations of this section may be prosecuted 
in the Federal judicial district in which the original crime was 
alleged to have been committed or in which the person was held 
in custody or confinement: Provided, however, That this section 
shall not be construed as indicating an intent on the part of 
Congress to prevent any State, Territory, Commonwealth, or 
possession of the United States of any jurisdiction over any of-
fense over which they would have jurisdiction in the absence of 
such section. 
SUBCHAPTER I—OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE 
Sec. 
1131.
Assault on process server. 
1132.
Influencing or injuring officer or juror generally. 
1133.
Obstruction of proceedings before departments, agencies, and 
committees. 
1134.
Obstruction of court orders. 
1135.
Obstruction of criminal investigations. 
1136.
Obstruction of State or local law enforcement with regard to ille-
gal gambling business. 
1137.
Tampering with a witness, victim, or an informant. 
1138.
Retaliating against a witness, victim, or an informant. 
1139.
Civil action to restrain harassment of a victim or witness. 
1140.
Civil action to protect against retaliation in fraud cases. 
1141.
Definitions for certain provisions; general provision. 
1142.
Destruction of corporate audit records. 
§ 1131. Assault on process server 
Whoever— 
(1) knowingly obstructs, resists, or opposes any officer 
of the United States, or other person duly authorized, in 
serving, or attempting to serve or execute, any legal or ju-
dicial writ or process of any court of the United States, or 
United States magistrate judge; or 
(2) assaults, beats, or wounds any officer or other per-
son duly authorized, knowing him to be such officer, or 
other person so duly authorized, in serving or executing any 
such writ, rule, order, process, warrant, or other legal or 
judicial writ or process; 
shall, except as otherwise provided by law, be imprisoned not 
more than one year. 
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477 
§ 1132. Influencing or injuring officer or juror 
generally 
(a) ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE.—Whoever corruptly, or 
by threats or force, or by any threatening letter or communica-
tion, endeavors to influence, intimidate, or impede any grand 
or petit juror, or officer in or of any court of the United States, 
or officer who may be serving at any examination or other pro-
ceeding before any United States magistrate judge or other 
committing magistrate, in the discharge of duty, or injures any 
such grand or petit juror in his or her person or property on 
account of any verdict or indictment assented to by him or her, 
or on account of being or having been such juror, or injures 
any such officer, magistrate judge, or other committing mag-
istrate in his or her person or property on account of the per-
formance of his official duties, or corruptly or by threats or 
force, or by any threatening letter or communication, influ-
ences, obstructs, or impedes, or endeavors to influence, ob-
struct, or impede, the due administration of justice, shall be 
punished as provided in subsection (b). If the offense under 
this section occurs in connection with a trial of a criminal case, 
and the act in violation of this section involves the threat of 
physical force or physical force, the maximum term of impris-
onment which may be imposed for the offense shall be the high-
er of that otherwise provided by law or the maximum term that 
could have been imposed for any offense charged in such case. 
(b) PUNISHMENT.—The punishment for an offense under 
this section is— 
(1) in the case of a killing, the punishment provided 
in chapter 10; 
(2) in the case of an attempted killing, or a case in 
which the offense was committed against a petit juror and, 
imprisonment for not more than 20 years; and 
(3) in any other case, imprisonment for not more than 
10 years. 
§ 1133. Obstruction of proceedings before depart-
ments, agencies, and committees 
Whoever— 
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478 
(1) with intent to avoid, evade, prevent, or obstruct 
compliance, in whole or in part, with any civil investigative 
demand duly and properly made under the Antitrust Civil 
Process Act, knowingly withholds, misrepresents, removes 
from any place, conceals, covers up, destroys, mutilates, al-
ters, or by other means falsifies any documentary material, 
answers to written interrogatories, or oral testimony, which 
is the subject of such demand; or attempts to do so or so-
licits another to do so; or 
(2) corruptly, or by threats or force, or by any threat-
ening letter or communication influences, obstructs, or im-
pedes the due and proper administration of the law under 
which any pending proceeding is being had before any de-
partment or agency of the United States, or the due and 
proper exercise of the power of inquiry under which any in-
quiry or investigation is being had by either House, or any 
committee of either House or any joint committee of the 
Congress; 
shall be imprisoned not more than 5 years or, if the offense in-
volves international or domestic terrorism (as defined in section 
283), imprisoned not more than 8 years. 
§ 1134. Obstruction of court orders 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever, by threats or force, knowingly 
prevents, obstructs, impedes, or interferes with the due exercise 
of rights or the performance of duties under any order, judg-
ment, or decree of a court of the United States, shall be impris-
oned not more than one year. 
(b) INJUNCTIVE AND OTHER RELIEF AVAILABLE.—No in-
junctive or other civil relief against the conduct made criminal 
by this section shall be denied on the ground that such conduct 
is a crime. 
§ 1135. Obstruction of criminal investigations 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Whoever knowingly attempts by means 
of bribery to obstruct, delay, or prevent the communication of 
information relating to a violation of any criminal statute of 
the United States by any person to a criminal investigator shall 
be imprisoned not more than five years. 
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479 
(b) FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.—(1) Whoever, being an of-
ficer of a financial institution, with the intent to obstruct a ju-
dicial proceeding, notifies any other person about the existence 
or contents of a subpoena for records of that financial institu-
tion, or information that has been furnished to the grand jury 
in response to that subpoena, shall be imprisoned not more 
than 5 years. 
(2) Whoever, being an officer of a financial institution no-
tifies— 
(A) a customer of that financial institution whose 
records are sought by a grand jury subpoena; or 
(B) any other person named in that subpoena; 
about the existence or contents of that subpoena or information 
that has been furnished to the grand jury in response to that 
subpoena, shall be imprisoned not more than one year. 
(3) As used in this subsection— 
(A) the term ‘‘an officer of a financial institution’’ 
means an officer, director, partner, employee, agent, or at-
torney of or for a financial institution; and 
(B) the term ‘‘subpoena for records’’ means a Federal 
grand jury subpoena or a Department of Justice subpoena 
(issued under section 3486 of title 18), for customer 
records that has been served relating to a violation of, or 
a conspiracy to violate— 
(i) section 1003, 644, 645, 773, 774, 775, 779, 
804, 1451, 1452, or chapter 53 of title 31; or 
(ii) section 801 or 803 affecting a financial insti-
tution. 
(c) DEFINITION.—As used in this section, the term ‘‘crimi-
nal investigator’’ means any individual duly authorized by a de-
partment, agency, or armed force of the United States to con-
duct or engage in investigations of or prosecutions for viola-
tions of the criminal laws of the United States. 
(d) INSURANCE.—(1) Whoever— 
(A) acting as, or being, an officer, director, agent or 
employee of a person engaged in the business of insurance 
whose activities affect interstate commerce, or 
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(B) is engaged in the business of insurance whose ac-
tivities affect interstate commerce or is involved (other than 
as an insured or beneficiary under a policy of insurance) 
in a transaction relating to the conduct of affairs of such 
a business, 
with intent to obstruct a judicial proceeding, notifies any other 
person about the existence or contents of a subpoena for 
records of that person engaged in such business or information 
that has been furnished to a Federal grand jury in response 
to that subpoena, shall be imprisoned not more than 5 years. 
(2) As used in paragraph (1), the term ‘‘subpoena for 
records’’ means a Federal grand jury subpoena for records that 
has been served relating to a violation of, or a conspiracy to 
violate, section 1033 of this title. 
§ 1136. Obstruction of State or local law enforce-
ment with regard to illegal gambling busi-
ness 
(a) ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE.—It shall be unlawful 
for two or more persons to conspire to obstruct the enforce-
ment of the criminal laws of a State or political subdivision 
thereof, with the intent to facilitate an illegal gambling busi-
ness if— 
(1) one or more of such persons does any act to effect 
the object of such a conspiracy; 
(2) one or more of such persons is an official or em-
ployee, elected, appointed, or otherwise, of such State or 
political subdivision; and 
(3) one or more of such persons conducts finances, 
manages, supervises, directs, or owns all or part of an ille-
gal gambling business. 
(b) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
(1) the term ‘‘illegal gambling business’’ means a gam-
bling business which— 
(i) is a violation of the law of a State or political 
subdivision in which it is conducted; 
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481 
(ii) involves five or more persons who conduct, fi-
nance, manage, supervise, direct, or own all or part of 
such business; and 
(iii) has been or remains in substantially contin-
uous operation for a period in excess of thirty days or 
has a gross revenue of $2,000 in any single day; and 
(2) the term ‘‘gambling’’ includes pool-selling, book-
making, maintaining slot machines, roulette wheels, or dice 
tables, and conducting lotteries, policy, bolita or numbers 
games, or selling chances therein. 
(c) EXCLUSION.—This section does not apply to any bingo 
game, lottery, or similar game of chance conducted by an orga-
nization exempt from tax under paragraph (3) of subsection (c) 
of section 501 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, if no part 
of the gross receipts derived from such activity inures to the 
benefit of any private shareholder, member, or employee of 
such organization, except as reimbursement for actual expenses 
incurred in the conduct of such activity. 
(d) PUNISHMENT.—Whoever violates this section shall be 
imprisoned not more than five years. 
§ 1137. Tampering with a witness, victim, or an in-
formant 
(a) VIOLENT OFFENSE.— 
(1) KILLING.—Whoever kills or attempts to kill an-
other person, with intent to— 
(A) prevent the attendance or testimony of any 
person in an official proceeding; 
(B) prevent the production of a record, document, 
or other object, in an official proceeding; or 
(C) prevent the communication by any person to 
a law enforcement officer or judge of the United States 
of information relating to the commission or possible 
commission of a Federal offense or a violation of condi-
tions of probation, parole, or release pending judicial 
proceedings; 
shall be punished as provided in paragraph (3). 
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482 
(2) USE OR THREAT OF PHYSICAL FORCE.—Whoever 
uses physical force or the threat of physical force against 
any person, or attempts to do so, with intent to— 
(A) influence, delay, or prevent the testimony of 
any person in an official proceeding; 
(B) cause or induce any person to— 
(i) withhold testimony, or withhold a record, 
document, or other object, from an official pro-
ceeding; 
(ii) alter, destroy, mutilate, or conceal an ob-
ject with intent to impair the integrity or avail-
ability of the object for use in an official pro-
ceeding; 
(iii) evade legal process summoning that per-
son to appear as a witness, or to produce a record, 
document, or other object, in an official proceeding; 
or 
(iv) be absent from an official proceeding to 
which that person has been summoned by legal 
process; or 
(C) hinder, delay, or prevent the communication to 
a law enforcement officer or judge of the United States 
of information relating to the commission or possible 
commission of a Federal offense or a violation of condi-
tions of probation, supervised release, parole, or release 
pending judicial proceedings; 
shall be punished as provided in paragraph (3). 
(3) PUNISHMENT.—The punishment for an offense 
under this subsection is— 
(A) the same as provided for a like offense in 
chapter 10; and 
(B) in the case of the threat of use of physical 
force against any person, imprisonment for not more 
than 10 years. 
(b) NONVIOLENT OFFENSES INVOLVING OTHER PER-
SONS.—Whoever knowingly uses intimidation, threatens, or cor-
ruptly persuades another person, or attempts to do so, or en-
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483 
gages in misleading conduct toward another person, with intent 
to— 
(1) influence, delay, or prevent the testimony of any 
person in an official proceeding; 
(2) cause or induce any person to— 
(A) withhold testimony, or withhold a record, doc-
ument, or other object, from an official proceeding; 
(B) alter, destroy, mutilate, or conceal an object 
with intent to impair the object’s integrity or avail-
ability for use in an official proceeding; 
(C) evade legal process summoning that person to 
appear as a witness, or to produce a record, document, 
or other object, in an official proceeding; or 
(D) be absent from an official proceeding to which 
such person has been summoned by legal process; or 
(3) hinder, delay, or prevent the communication to a 
law enforcement officer or judge of the United States of in-
formation relating to the commission or possible commis-
sion of a Federal offense or a violation of conditions of pro-
bation, supervised release, parole, or release pending judi-
cial proceedings; 
(c) NONVIOLENT OFFENSES NOT INVOLVING OTHER PER-
SONS.—Whoever corruptly— 
(1) alters, destroys, mutilates, or conceals a record, 
document, or other object, or attempts to do so, with the 
intent to impair the object’s integrity or availability for use 
in an official proceeding; or 
(2) otherwise obstructs, influences, or impedes any of-
ficial proceeding, or attempts to do so, 
shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years. 
(d) HARASSMENT.—Whoever intentionally harasses an-
other person and thereby hinders, delays, prevents, or dis-
suades any person from— 
(1) attending or testifying in an official proceeding; 
(2) reporting to a law enforcement officer or judge of 
the United States the commission or possible commission 
of a Federal offense or a violation of conditions of proba-
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484 
tion, supervised release, parole, or release pending judicial 
proceedings; 
(3) arresting or seeking the arrest of another person 
in connection with a Federal offense; or 
(4) causing a criminal prosecution, or a parole or pro-
bation revocation proceeding, to be sought or instituted, or 
assisting in such prosecution or proceeding; 
or attempts to do so, shall be imprisoned not more than one 
year. 
(e) AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE.—In a prosecution for an of-
fense under this section, it is an affirmative defense, that the 
conduct consisted solely of lawful conduct and that the defend-
ant’s sole intention was to encourage, induce, or cause the 
other person to testify truthfully. 
(f) SPECIAL RULES.—For the purposes of this section— 
(1) an official proceeding need not be pending or 
about to be instituted at the time of the offense; and 
(2) the testimony, or the record, document, or other 
object need not be admissible in evidence or free of a claim 
of privilege. 
(g) STATE OF MIND.—In a prosecution for an offense 
under this section, no state of mind need be proved with re-
spect to the circumstance— 
(1) that the official proceeding before a judge, court, 
magistrate judge, grand jury, or government agency is be-
fore a judge or court of the United States, a United States 
magistrate judge, a bankruptcy judge, a Federal grand 
jury, or a Federal Government agency; or 
(2) that the judge is a judge of the United States or 
that the law enforcement officer is an officer or employee 
of the Federal Government or a person authorized to act 
for or on behalf of the Federal Government or serving the 
Federal Government as an adviser or consultant. 
(h) 
EXTRATERRITORIAL
JURISDICTION.—There 
is 
extraterritorial Federal jurisdiction over an offense under this 
section. 
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(i) VENUE.—A prosecution under this section or section 
1132 may be brought in the district in which the official pro-
ceeding (whether or not pending or about to be instituted) was 
intended to be affected or in the district in which the conduct 
constituting the alleged offense occurred. 
(j) INCREASED PUNISHMENT.—If the offense under this 
section occurs in connection with a trial of a criminal case, the 
maximum term of imprisonment which may be imposed for the 
offense shall be the higher of that otherwise provided by law 
or the maximum term that could have been imposed for any 
offense charged in such case. 
§ 1138. Retaliating against a witness, victim, or an 
informant 
(a) OFFENSES INVOLVING KILLING.— 
(1) ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE.— Whoever kills an-
other person with intent to retaliate against any person 
for— 
(A) the attendance of a witness or party at an of-
ficial proceeding, or any testimony given or any record, 
document, or other object produced by a witness in an 
official proceeding; or 
(B) providing to a law enforcement officer any in-
formation relating to the commission or possible com-
mission of a Federal offense or a violation of conditions 
of probation, supervised release, parole, or release 
pending judicial proceedings, 
(2) PUNISHMENT.—The punishment for an offense 
under this subsection is the same as for a like offense 
under chapter 10. 
(b) OFFENSES
INVOLVING
BODILY
INJURY.—Whoever 
knowingly engages in any conduct and thereby causes bodily in-
jury to another person or damages the tangible property of an-
other person, or threatens to do so, with intent to retaliate 
against any person for— 
(1) the attendance of a witness or party at an official 
proceeding, or any testimony given or any record, docu-
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486 
ment, or other object produced by a witness in an official 
proceeding; or 
(2) any information relating to the commission or pos-
sible commission of a Federal offense or a violation of con-
ditions of probation, supervised release, parole, or release 
pending judicial proceedings given by a person to a law en-
forcement officer; 
(c) INCREASED PUNISHMENT.—If the retaliation occurred 
because of attendance at or testimony in a criminal case, the 
maximum term of imprisonment which may be imposed for the 
offense under this section shall be the higher of that otherwise 
provided by law or the maximum term that could have been im-
posed for any offense charged in such case. 
(d) 
EXTRATERRITORIAL
JURISDICTION.—There 
is 
extraterritorial Federal jurisdiction over an offense under this 
section. 
(e) OTHER RETALIATION.— Whoever knowingly, with the 
intent to retaliate, takes any action harmful to any person, in-
cluding interference with the lawful employment or livelihood of 
any person, for providing to a law enforcement officer any 
truthful information relating to the commission or possible 
commission of any Federal offense, shall be imprisoned not 
more than 10 years. 
§ 1139. Civil action to restrain harassment of a 
victim or witness 
(a) TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER.—(1) A United 
States district court, upon application of the attorney for the 
Government, shall issue a temporary restraining order prohib-
iting harassment of a victim or witness in a Federal criminal 
case if the court finds, from specific facts shown by affidavit 
or by verified complaint, that there are reasonable grounds to 
believe that harassment of an identified victim or witness in a 
Federal criminal case exists or that such order is necessary to 
prevent and restrain an offense under section 1137 of this title, 
other than an offense consisting of misleading conduct, or 
under section 1138 of this title. 
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(2)(A) A temporary restraining order may be issued under 
this section without written or oral notice to the adverse party 
or such party’s attorney in a civil action under this section if 
the court finds, upon written certification of facts by the attor-
ney for the Government, that such notice should not be re-
quired and that there is a reasonable probability that the Gov-
ernment will prevail on the merits. 
(B) A temporary restraining order issued without notice 
under this section shall be endorsed with the date and hour of 
issuance and be filed forthwith in the office of the clerk of the 
court issuing the order. 
(C) A temporary restraining order issued under this sec-
tion shall expire at such time, not to exceed 10 days from 
issuance, as the court directs; the court, for good cause shown 
before expiration of such order, may extend the expiration date 
of the order for up to 10 days or for such longer period agreed 
to by the adverse party. 
(D) When a temporary restraining order is issued without 
notice, the motion for a protective order shall be set down for 
hearing at the earliest possible time and takes precedence over 
all matters except older matters of the same character, and 
when such motion comes on for hearing, if the attorney for the 
Government does not proceed with the application for a protec-
tive order, the court shall dissolve the temporary restraining 
order. 
(E) If on two days notice to the attorney for the Govern-
ment or on such shorter notice as the court may prescribe, the 
adverse party appears and moves to dissolve or modify the tem-
porary restraining order, the court shall proceed to hear and 
determine such motion as expeditiously as the ends of justice 
require. 
(F) A temporary restraining order shall set forth the rea-
sons for the issuance of such order, be specific in terms, and 
describe in reasonable detail (and not by reference to the com-
plaint or other document) the act or acts being restrained. 
(b) PROTECTIVE ORDER.—(1) A United States district 
court, upon motion of the attorney for the Government, shall 
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issue a protective order prohibiting harassment of a victim or 
witness in a Federal criminal case if the court, after a hearing, 
finds by a preponderance of the evidence that harassment of an 
identified victim or witness in a Federal criminal case exists or 
that such order is necessary to prevent and restrain an offense 
under section 1137 of this title, other than an offense con-
sisting of misleading conduct, or under section 1138 of this 
title. 
(2) At the hearing referred to in paragraph (1) of this 
subsection, any adverse party named in the complaint shall 
have the right to present evidence and cross-examine witnesses. 
(3) A protective order shall set forth the reasons for the 
issuance of such order, be specific in terms, describe in reason-
able detail (and not by reference to the complaint or other doc-
ument) the act or acts being restrained. 
(4) The court shall set the duration of effect of the protec-
tive order for such period as the court determines necessary to 
prevent harassment of the victim or witness but in no case for 
a period in excess of three years from the date of such order’s 
issuance. The attorney for the Government may, at any time 
within ninety days before the expiration of such order, apply 
for a new protective order under this section. 
(c) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
(1) the term ‘‘harassment’’ means a course of conduct 
directed at a specific person that— 
(A) causes substantial emotional distress in such 
person; and 
(B) serves no legitimate purpose; and 
(2) the term ‘‘course of conduct’’ means a series of 
acts over a period of time, however short, indicating a con-
tinuity of purpose. 
§ 1140. Civil action to protect against retaliation 
in fraud cases 
(a) WHISTLEBLOWER PROTECTION FOR EMPLOYEES OF 
PUBLICLY TRADED COMPANIES.—No company with a class of 
securities registered under section 12 of the Securities Ex-
change Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78l), or that is required to file 
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reports under section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 
1934 (15 U.S.C. 78o(d)), or any officer, employee, contractor, 
subcontractor, or agent of such company, may discharge, de-
mote, suspend, threaten, harass, or in any other manner dis-
criminate against an employee in the terms and conditions of 
employment because of any lawful act done by the employee— 
(1) to provide information, cause information to be 
provided, or otherwise assist in an investigation regarding 
any conduct which the employee reasonably believes con-
stitutes a violation of section 801, 803, 804, or 807, any 
rule or regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commis-
sion, or any provision of Federal law relating to fraud 
against shareholders, when the information or assistance is 
provided to or the investigation is conducted by— 
(A) a Federal regulatory or law enforcement agen-
cy; 
(B) any Member of Congress or any committee of 
Congress; or 
(C) a person with supervisory authority over the 
employee (or such other person working for the em-
ployer who has the authority to investigate, discover, or 
terminate misconduct); or 
(2) to file, cause to be filed, testify, participate in, or 
otherwise assist in a proceeding filed or about to be filed 
(with any knowledge of the employer) relating to an alleged 
violation of section 801, 803, 804, or 807, any rule or reg-
ulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or any 
provision of Federal law relating to fraud against share-
holders. 
(b) ENFORCEMENT ACTION.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—A person who alleges discharge or 
other discrimination by any person in violation of sub-
section (a) may seek relief under subsection (c), by— 
(A) filing a complaint with the Secretary of Labor; 
or 
(B) if the Secretary has not issued a final decision 
within 180 days of the filing of the complaint and there 
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is no showing that such delay is due to the bad faith 
of the claimant, bringing an action at law or equity for 
de novo review in the appropriate district court of the 
United States, which shall have jurisdiction over such 
an action without regard to the amount in controversy. 
(2) PROCEDURE.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—An action under paragraph 
(1)(A) shall be governed under the rules and proce-
dures set forth in section 42121(b) of title 49, United 
States Code. 
(B) EXCEPTION.—Notification made under section 
42121(b)(1) of title 49, United States Code, shall be 
made to the person named in the complaint and to the 
employer. 
(C) BURDENS
OF
PROOF.—An action brought 
under paragraph (1)(B) shall be governed by the legal 
burdens of proof set forth in section 42121(b) of title 
49, United States Code. 
(D) STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS.—An action under 
paragraph (1) shall be commenced not later than 90 
days after the date on which the violation occurs. 
(c) REMEDIES.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—An employee prevailing in any ac-
tion under subsection (b)(1) shall be entitled to all relief 
necessary to make the employee whole. 
(2) COMPENSATORY DAMAGES.—Relief for any action 
under paragraph (1) shall include— 
(A) reinstatement with the same seniority status 
that the employee would have had, but for the discrimi-
nation; 
(B) the amount of back pay, with interest; and 
(C) compensation for any special damages sus-
tained as a result of the discrimination, including liti-
gation costs, expert witness fees, and reasonable attor-
ney fees. 
(d) RIGHTS RETAINED BY EMPLOYEE.—Nothing in this 
section shall be deemed to diminish the rights, privileges, or 
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remedies of any employee under any Federal or State law, or 
under any collective bargaining agreement. 
§ 1141. Definitions for certain provisions; general 
provision 
(a) DEFINITIONS FOR SECTIONS 1137 AND 1138.—As used 
in sections 1137 and 1138 and in this section— 
(1) the term ‘‘official proceeding’’ means— 
(A) a proceeding before a judge or court of the 
United States, a United States magistrate judge, a 
bankruptcy judge, a judge of the United States Tax 
Court, a special trial judge of the Tax Court, a judge 
of the United States Court of Federal Claims, or a 
Federal grand jury; 
(B) a proceeding before the Congress; 
(C) a proceeding before a Federal Government 
agency which is authorized by law; or 
(D) a proceeding involving the business of insur-
ance whose activities affect interstate commerce before 
any insurance regulatory official or agency or any 
agent or examiner appointed by such official or agency 
to examine the affairs of any person engaged in the 
business of insurance whose activities affect interstate 
commerce; 
(2) the term ‘‘physical force’’ means physical action 
against another, and includes confinement; 
(3) the term ‘‘misleading conduct’’ means— 
(A) knowingly making a false statement; 
(B) intentionally omitting information from a 
statement and thereby causing a portion of such state-
ment to be misleading, or intentionally concealing a 
material fact, and thereby creating a false impression 
by such statement; 
(C) with intent to mislead, knowingly submitting 
or inviting reliance on a writing or recording that is 
false, forged, altered, or otherwise lacking in authen-
ticity; 
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(D) with intent to mislead, knowingly submitting 
or inviting reliance on a sample, specimen, map, photo-
graph, boundary mark, or other object that is mis-
leading in a material respect; or 
(E) knowingly using a trick, scheme, or device 
with intent to mislead; 
(4) the term ‘‘law enforcement officer’’ means an offi-
cer or employee of the Federal Government, or a person 
authorized to act for or on behalf of the Federal Govern-
ment or serving the Federal Government as an adviser or 
consultant— 
(A) authorized under law to engage in or supervise 
the prevention, detection, investigation, or prosecution 
of an offense; or 
(B) serving as a probation or pretrial services offi-
cer under this title; 
(5) the term ‘‘corruptly persuades’’ does not include 
conduct which would be misleading conduct but for a lack 
of a state of mind. 
(b) DEFINITION FOR SECTION 1133.—As used in section 
1505, the term ‘‘corruptly’’ means acting with an improper 
purpose, personally or by influencing another, including making 
a false or misleading statement, or withholding, concealing, al-
tering, or destroying a document or other information. 
(c) EXCLUSION.—This subchapter does not prohibit or 
punish the providing of lawful, bona fide, legal representation 
services in connection with or anticipation of an official pro-
ceeding. 
§ 1142. Destruction of corporate audit records 
(a) REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS).—(1) Any accountant 
who conducts an audit of an issuer of securities to which sec-
tion 10A(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 
78j-1(a)) applies, shall maintain all audit or review workpapers 
for a period of 5 years from the end of the fiscal period in 
which the audit or review was concluded. 
(2) The Securities and Exchange Commission shall pro-
mulgate, within 180 days, after adequate notice and an oppor-
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tunity for comment, such rules and regulations, as are reason-
ably necessary, relating to the retention of relevant records 
such as workpapers, documents that form the basis of an audit 
or review, memoranda, correspondence, communications, other 
documents, and records (including electronic records) which are 
created, sent, or received in connection with an audit or review 
and contain conclusions, opinions, analyses, or financial data 
relating to such an audit or review, which is conducted by any 
accountant who conducts an audit of an issuer of securities to 
which section 10A(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 
(15 U.S.C. 78j-1(a)) applies. The Commission may, from time 
to time, amend or supplement the rules and regulations that 
it is required to promulgate under this section, after adequate 
notice and an opportunity for comment, in order to ensure that 
such rules and regulations adequately comport with the pur-
poses of this section. 
(b) OFFENSE.—Whoever knowingly violates subsection 
(a)(1), or any rule or regulation promulgated by the Securities 
and Exchange Commission under subsection (a)(2), shall be 
imprisoned not more than 10 years. 
(c) RULE
OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this section 
shall be deemed to diminish or relieve any person of any other 
duty or obligation imposed by Federal or State law or regula-
tion to maintain, or refrain from destroying, any document. 
SUBCHAPTER J—PRISONS 
Sec. 
1161.
Providing or possessing contraband in prison. 
1162.
Mutiny and riot prohibited. 
1163.
Trespass on Bureau of Prisons reservations and land. 
§ 1161. Providing or possessing contraband in 
prison 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
(1) in violation of a statute or a rule or order issued 
under a statute, provides to an inmate of a prison a prohib-
ited object, or attempts to do so; or 
(2) being an inmate of a prison, makes, possesses, or 
obtains, or attempts to make or obtain, a prohibited object; 
shall be punished as provided in subsection (b) of this section. 
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(b) PUNISHMENT.—The punishment for an offense under 
this section is a fine under this title or— 
(1) imprisonment for not more than 20 years, or both, 
if the object is specified in subsection (d)(1)(C) of this sec-
tion; 
(2) imprisonment for not more than 10 years, or both, 
if the object is specified in subsection (d)(1)(A) of this sec-
tion; 
(3) imprisonment for not more than 5 years, or both, 
if the object is specified in subsection (d)(1)(B) of this sec-
tion; 
(4) imprisonment for not more than one year, or both, 
if the object is specified in subsection (d)(1)(D) or 
(d)(1)(E) of this section; and 
(5) imprisonment for not more than 6 months, or 
both, if the object is specified in subsection (d)(1)(F) of 
this section. 
(c) CONSECUTIVE PUNISHMENT REQUIRED IN CERTAIN 
CASES.—Any punishment imposed under subsection (b) for a 
violation of this section involving a controlled substance shall 
be consecutive to any other sentence imposed by any court for 
an offense involving such a controlled substance. Any punish-
ment imposed under subsection (b) for a violation of this sec-
tion by an inmate of a prison shall be consecutive to the sen-
tence being served by such inmate at the time the inmate com-
mits such violation. 
(d) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
(1) the term ‘‘prohibited object’’ means— 
(A) a firearm or destructive device or a controlled 
substance in schedule I or II, other than marijuana or 
a controlled substance referred to in subparagraph (C) 
of this subsection; 
(B) marijuana or a controlled substance in sched-
ule III, other than a controlled substance referred to in 
subparagraph (C) of this subsection, ammunition, a 
weapon (other than a firearm or destructive device), or 
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an object that is designed or intended to be used as a 
weapon or to facilitate escape from a prison; 
(C) a narcotic drug, methamphetamine, its salts, 
isomers, and salts of its isomers, lysergic acid 
diethylamide, or phencyclidine; 
(D) a controlled substance (other than a controlled 
substance referred to in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) 
of this subsection) or an alcoholic beverage; 
(E) any United States or foreign currency; and 
(F) any other object that threatens the order, dis-
cipline, or security of a prison, or the life, health, or 
safety of an individual; 
(2) the terms ‘‘ammunition’’, ‘‘firearm’’, and ‘‘destruc-
tive device’’ have, respectively, the meanings given those 
terms in section 921 of this title; 
(3) the terms ‘‘controlled substance’’ and ‘‘narcotic 
drug’’ have, respectively, the meanings given those terms in 
section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 
802); and 
(4) the term ‘‘prison’’ means a Federal correctional, 
detention, or penal facility. 
§ 1162. Mutiny and riot prohibited 
Whoever instigates, connives, willfully attempts to cause, 
assists, or conspires to cause any mutiny or riot, at any Fed-
eral penal, detention, or correctional facility, shall be impris-
oned not more than ten years. 
§ 1163. Trespass on Bureau of Prisons reserva-
tions and land 
Whoever, without lawful authority or permission, goes 
upon a reservation, land, or a facility of the Bureau of Prisons 
shall be imprisoned not more than six months. 
SUBCHAPTER K—PUBLIC OFFICERS AND 
EMPLOYEES 
Sec. 
1171.
Disclosure of confidential information generally. 
1172.
Unauthorized removal and retention of classified documents or 
material. 
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§ 1171. Disclosure of confidential information gen-
erally 
Whoever, being an officer or employee of the United 
States or of any department or agency thereof, any person act-
ing on behalf of the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise 
Oversight, or agent of the Department of Justice as defined in 
the Antitrust Civil Process Act (15 U.S.C. 1311–1314), or 
being an employee of a private sector organization who is or 
was assigned to an agency under chapter 37 of title 5, pub-
lishes, divulges, discloses, or makes known in any manner or 
to any extent not authorized by law any information coming to 
him in the course of his employment or official duties or by 
reason of any examination or investigation made by, or return, 
report or record made to or filed with, such department or 
agency or officer or employee thereof, which information con-
cerns or relates to the trade secrets, processes, operations, style 
of work, or apparatus, or to the identity, confidential statistical 
data, amount or source of any income, profits, losses, or ex-
penditures of any person, firm, partnership, corporation, or as-
sociation; or permits any income return or copy thereof or any 
book containing any abstract or particulars thereof to be seen 
or examined by any person except as provided by law; shall be 
imprisoned not more than one year; and shall be removed from 
office or employment. 
§ 1172. Unauthorized removal and retention of 
classified documents or material 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever, being an officer, employee, con-
tractor, or consultant of the United States, and, by virtue of 
his office, employment, position, or contract, becomes possessed 
of documents or materials containing classified information of 
the United States, knowingly removes such documents or mate-
rials without authority and with the intent to retain such docu-
ments or materials at an unauthorized location shall be impris-
oned for not more than one year. 
(b) EXCLUSION.—For purposes of this section, the provi-
sion of documents and materials to the Congress shall not con-
stitute an offense under subsection (a). 
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(c) DEFINITION.—In this section, the term ‘‘classified in-
formation of the United States’’ means information originated, 
owned, or possessed by the United States Government con-
cerning the national defense or foreign relations of the United 
States that has been determined pursuant to law or Executive 
order to require protection against unauthorized disclosure in 
the interests of national security. 
SUBCHAPTER L—RECORDS AND REPORTS 
Sec. 
1181.
Concealment, removal, or mutilation generally. 
1182.
False entries and reports of moneys or securities. 
§ 1181. Concealment, removal, or mutilation gen-
erally 
Whoever knowingly and unlawfully conceals, removes, mu-
tilates, obliterates, or destroys, or attempts to do so, or, with 
intent to do so takes and carries away any record, proceeding, 
map, book, paper, document, or other thing, filed or deposited 
with any clerk or officer of any court of the United States, or 
in any public office, or with any judicial or public officer of the 
United States, shall be imprisoned not more than three years. 
§ 1182. False entries and reports of moneys or se-
curities 
Whoever— 
(1) being an officer, clerk, agent, or other employee of 
the United States or any of its agencies, charged with the 
duty of keeping accounts or records of any kind, with in-
tent to deceive, mislead, injure, or defraud, makes in any 
such account or record any false or fictitious entry or 
record of any matter relating to or connected with his du-
ties; or 
(2) being an officer, clerk, agent, or other employee of 
the United States or any of its agencies, charged with the 
duty of receiving, holding, or paying over moneys or securi-
ties to, for, or on behalf of the United States, or of receiv-
ing or holding in trust for any person any moneys or secu-
rities, with like intent, makes a false report of such moneys 
or securities; 
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shall be imprisoned not more than ten years. 
SUBCHAPTER M—SEARCHES AND SEIZURES 
Sec. 
1191.
Destruction or removal of property to prevent seizure. 
1192.
Rescue of seized property. 
§ 1191. Destruction or removal of property to pre-
vent seizure 
(a) DESTRUCTION OR REMOVAL OF PROPERTY TO PRE-
VENT SEIZURE.—Whoever, before, during, or after any search 
for or seizure of property by any person authorized to make 
such search or seizure, knowingly destroys, damages, wastes, 
disposes of, transfers, or otherwise takes any action, or know-
ingly attempts to destroy, damage, waste, dispose of, transfer, 
or otherwise take any action, for the purpose of preventing or 
impairing the Government’s lawful authority to take such prop-
erty into its custody or control or to continue holding such 
property under its lawful custody and control, shall be impris-
oned not more than 5 years. 
(b) IMPAIRMENT OF IN REM JURISDICTION.—Whoever, 
knowing that property is subject to the in rem jurisdiction of 
a United States court for purposes of civil forfeiture under 
Federal law, knowingly and without authority from that court, 
destroys, damages, wastes, disposes of, transfers, or otherwise 
takes any action, or knowingly attempts to destroy, damage, 
waste, dispose of, transfer, or otherwise take any action, for the 
purpose of impairing or defeating the court’s continuing in rem 
jurisdiction over the property, shall be imprisoned not more 
than 5 years. 
(c) NOTICE OF SEARCH OR EXECUTION OF SEIZURE WAR-
RANT OR WARRANT OF ARREST IN REM.—Whoever, having 
knowledge that any person authorized to make searches and 
seizures, or to execute a seizure warrant or warrant of arrest 
in rem, in order to prevent the authorized seizing or securing 
of any person or property, gives notice or attempts to give no-
tice in advance of the search, seizure, or execution of a seizure 
warrant or warrant of arrest in rem, to any person shall be im-
prisoned not more than 5 years. 
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(d) NOTICE OF CERTAIN ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE.— 
Whoever, having knowledge that a Federal investigative or law 
enforcement officer has been authorized or has applied for au-
thorization under subchapter C of chapter 37 to intercept a 
wire, oral, or electronic communication, in order to obstruct, 
impede, or prevent such interception, gives notice or attempts 
to give notice of the possible interception to any person shall 
be imprisoned not more than five years. 
(e) FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE.—Whoever, 
having knowledge that a Federal officer has been authorized or 
has applied for authorization to conduct electronic surveillance 
under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 
U.S.C. 1801, et seq.), in order to obstruct, impede, or prevent 
such activity, gives notice or attempts to give notice of the pos-
sible activity to any person shall be imprisoned not more than 
five years. 
§ 1192. Rescue of seized property 
Whoever forcibly rescues, dispossesses, or attempts to res-
cue or dispossess any property, articles, or objects after the 
same shall have been taken, detained, or seized by any officer 
or other person under the authority of any revenue law of the 
United States, or by any person authorized to make searches 
and seizures, shall be imprisoned not more than two years. 
SUBCHAPTER N—MALICIOUS MISCHIEF 
Sec. 
1201.
Government property or contracts. 
1202.
Communication lines, stations or systems. 
1203.
Buildings or property within special maritime and territorial ju-
risdiction. 
1204.
Tampering with consumer products. 
1205.
Destruction of an energy facility. 
1206.
Harming animals used in law enforcement. 
1207.
Destruction of veterans’ memorials. 
§ 1201. Government property or contracts 
Whoever knowingly and without authority injures or com-
mits any depredation against any property of the United 
States, or of any department or agency thereof, or any property 
which has been or is being manufactured or constructed for the 
United States, or any department or agency thereof, or at-
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tempts to commit any of the foregoing offenses, shall be pun-
ished as follows: 
(1) If the damage or attempted damage to such prop-
erty exceeds the sum of $1,000, by imprisonment for not 
more than ten years. 
(2) If the damage or attempted damage to such prop-
erty does not exceed the sum of $1,000, by imprisonment 
for not more than one year. 
§ 1202. Communication lines, stations or systems 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever knowingly and without authority 
injures or destroys any of the works, property, or material of 
any radio, telegraph, telephone or cable, line, station, or sys-
tem, or other means of communication, operated or controlled 
by the United States, or used or intended to be used for mili-
tary or civil defense functions of the United States, whether 
constructed or in process of construction, or willfully or mali-
ciously interferes in any way with the working or use of any 
such line, or system, or willfully or maliciously obstructs, 
hinders, or delays the transmission of any communication over 
any such line, or system, or attempts or conspires to do such 
an act, shall be imprisoned not more than ten years. 
(b) EXCLUSION.—In the case of any works, property, or 
material, not operated or controlled by the United States, this 
section shall not apply to any lawful strike activity, or other 
lawful concerted activities for the purposes of collective bar-
gaining or other mutual aid and protection which do not injure 
or destroy any line or system used or intended to be used for 
the military or civil defense functions of the United States. 
§ 1203. Buildings or property within special mari-
time and territorial jurisdiction 
Whoever, within the special maritime and territorial juris-
diction of the United States, knowingly and without authority 
destroys or injures any structure, conveyance, or other real or 
personal property, or attempts or conspires to do such an act, 
shall be imprisoned not more than five years and if the building 
be a dwelling, or the life of any person be placed in jeopardy, 
shall be imprisoned not more than twenty years. 
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§ 1204. Tampering with consumer products 
(a) TAMPERING
IN GENERAL.—Whoever, with reckless 
disregard for the risk that another person will be placed in dan-
ger of death or bodily injury and under circumstances mani-
festing extreme indifference to such risk, tampers with any con-
sumer product that affects interstate or foreign commerce, or 
the labeling of, or container for, any such product, or attempts 
to do so, shall— 
(1) in the case of an attempt, be imprisoned not more 
than ten years; 
(2) if death of an individual results, be imprisoned for 
any term of years or for life; 
(3) if serious bodily injury to any individual results, be 
imprisoned not more than twenty years; and 
(4) in any other case, be imprisoned not more than ten 
years. 
(b) TAINTING WITH INTENT TO CAUSE SERIOUS INJURY 
THROUGH BUSINESS.—Whoever, with intent to cause serious 
injury to the business of any person, taints any consumer prod-
uct or renders materially false or misleading the labeling of, or 
container for, a consumer product, if such consumer product 
affects interstate or foreign commerce, shall be imprisoned not 
more than three years. 
(c) FALSE INFORMATION.—(1) Whoever knowingly com-
municates false information that a consumer product has been 
tainted, if such product or the results of such communication 
affect interstate or foreign commerce, and if such tainting, had 
it occurred, would create a risk of death or bodily injury to an-
other person, shall be imprisoned not more than five years. 
(2) As used in paragraph (1) of this subsection, the term 
‘‘communicates false information’’ means communicates infor-
mation that is false and that the communicator knows is false, 
under circumstances in which the information may reasonably 
be expected to be believed. 
(d) THREATS.—Whoever knowingly threatens, under cir-
cumstances in which the threat may reasonably be expected to 
be believed, that conduct that, if it occurred, would violate sub-
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section (a) of this section will occur, shall be imprisoned not 
more than five years. 
(e) CONSPIRACY.—Whoever is a party to a conspiracy of 
two or more persons to commit an offense under subsection (a) 
of this section, if any of the parties intentionally engages in any 
conduct in furtherance of such offense, shall be imprisoned not 
more than ten years. 
(f) TAMPERING
WITH WRITING.—(1) Whoever, without 
the consent of the manufacturer, retailer, or distributor, inten-
tionally tampers with a consumer product that is sold in inter-
state or foreign commerce by knowingly placing or inserting 
any writing in the consumer product, or in the container for 
the consumer product, before the sale of the consumer product 
to any consumer shall be imprisoned not more than 1 year. 
(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1), if 
any person commits a violation of this subsection after a prior 
conviction under this section becomes final, such person shall 
be imprisoned for not more than 3 years. 
(3) In this subsection, the term ‘‘writing’’ means any form 
of representation or communication, including hand-bills, no-
tices, or advertising, that contain letters, words, or pictorial 
representations. 
(g) AUTHORITY OF FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION 
AND DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE.—In addition to any 
other agency which has authority to investigate violations of 
this section, the Food and Drug Administration and the De-
partment of Agriculture, respectively, have authority to inves-
tigate violations of this section involving a consumer product 
that is regulated by a provision of law such Administration or 
Department, as the case may be, administers. 
(h) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
(1) the term ‘‘consumer product’’ means— 
(A) any ‘‘food’’, ‘‘drug’’, ‘‘device’’, or ‘‘cosmetic’’, 
as those terms are respectively defined in section 201 
of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 
U.S.C. 321); or 
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(B) any article, product, or commodity which is 
customarily produced or distributed for consumption by 
individuals, or use by individuals for purposes of per-
sonal care or in the performance of services ordinarily 
rendered within the household, and which is designed 
to be consumed or expended in the course of such con-
sumption or use; 
(2) the term ‘‘labeling’’ has the meaning given such 
term in section 201(m) of the Federal Food, Drug, and 
Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 321(m)); 
§ 1205. Destruction of an energy facility 
(a) DAMAGE EXCEEDING
$100,000.—Whoever knowingly 
and without authority— 
(1) damages the property of an energy facility in an 
amount that exceeds $100,000, or 
(2) damages the property of an energy facility in any 
amount and thereby causes a significant interruption or im-
pairment of a function of an energy facility; 
shall be imprisoned for not more than 20 years. 
(b) DAMAGE EXCEEDING $5,000.—Whoever knowingly and 
without authority damages the property of an energy facility in 
an amount that exceeds $5,000 shall be imprisoned for not 
more than five years. 
(c) DEFINITION.—As used in this section, the term ‘‘en-
ergy facility’’ means a facility that is involved in the produc-
tion, storage, transmission, or distribution of electricity, fuel, or 
another form or source of energy, or research, development, or 
demonstration facilities relating thereto, regardless of whether 
such facility is still under construction or is otherwise not func-
tioning, except a facility subject to the jurisdiction, administra-
tion, or in the custody of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission 
or an interstate gas pipeline facility as defined in section 60101 
of title 49. 
(d) INCREASED PUNISHMENT WHERE DEATH RESULTS.— 
Whoever is convicted of a violation of subsection (a) or (b) that 
has resulted in the death of any person shall be subject to im-
prisonment for any term of years or life. 
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504 
§ 1206. Harming animals used in law enforcement 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever maliciously harms any police ani-
mal, or attempts or conspires to do so, shall be imprisoned not 
more than 1 year. If the offense permanently disables or dis-
figures the animal, or causes serious bodily injury to or the 
death of the animal, the maximum term of imprisonment shall 
be 10 years. 
(b) DEFINITION.—In this section, the term ‘‘police ani-
mal’’ means a dog or horse employed by a Federal agency 
(whether in the executive, legislative, or judicial branch) for the 
principal purpose of aiding in the detection of criminal activity, 
enforcement of laws, or apprehension of criminal offenders. 
§ 1207. Destruction of veterans’ memorials 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever, as made applicable by subsection 
(b), knowingly and without authority injures or destroys any 
structure, plaque, statue, or other monument on public prop-
erty commemorating the service of any person or persons in the 
armed forces of the United States shall be imprisoned not more 
than 10 years. 
(b) FEDERAL NEXUS.—Subsection (a) applies if— 
(1) in committing the offense, the defendant travels or 
causes another to travel in interstate or foreign commerce, 
or uses the mail or an instrumentality of interstate or for-
eign commerce; or 
(2) the structure, plaque, statue, or other monument 
is located on property owned by, or under the jurisdiction 
of, the Federal Government. 
SUBCHAPTER O—PUBLIC LANDS 
Sec. 
1211.
Timber removed or transported. 
1212.
Trees cut or injured. 
1213.
Timber set afire. 
1214.
Fires left unattended and unextinguished. 
1215.
Trespass on national forest lands. 
1216.
Hazardous or injurious devices on Federal lands. 
§ 1211. Timber removed or transported 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever knowingly and without author-
ity— 
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505 
(1) cuts or destroys any timber growing on the public 
lands of the United States; 
(2) removes any timber from those public lands, with 
intent to export or to dispose of that timber; or 
(3) being the owner, master, pilot, operator, or con-
signee of any vessel, motor vehicle, or aircraft or the owner, 
director, or agent of any railroad, knowingly transports any 
timber so cut or removed, or lumber manufactured from 
that timber; 
shall be imprisoned not more than one year. 
(b) EXCLUSION.—This section does not prevent any miner 
or agriculturist from clearing land in the ordinary working of 
the miner’s mining claim, or in the preparation of the 
agriculturalist’s farm for tillage, or from taking the timber nec-
essary to support improvements, or the taking of timber for the 
use of the United States; nor shall it interfere with or take 
away any right or privilege under any existing law of the 
United States to cut or remove timber from any public lands. 
§ 1212. Trees cut or injured 
Whoever knowingly and without authority cuts, injures, or 
destroys any tree growing, standing, or being upon any land of 
the United States which, in pursuance of law, has been re-
served or purchased by the United States for any public use, 
or upon any Indian reservation, or lands belonging to or occu-
pied by any tribe of Indians under the authority of the United 
States, or any Indian allotment while the title to the same shall 
be held in trust by the Government, or while the same shall re-
main inalienable by the allottee without the consent of the 
United States, shall be imprisoned not more than one year. 
§ 1213. Timber set afire 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever, knowingly and without author-
ity, sets on fire any timber, underbrush, or grass or other in-
flammable material upon the public domain or upon any lands 
owned or leased by or under the partial, concurrent, or exclu-
sive jurisdiction of the United States, or under contract for 
purchase or for the acquisition of which condemnation pro-
ceedings have been instituted, or upon any Indian reservation 
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506 
or lands belonging to or occupied by any tribe or group of Indi-
ans under authority of the United States, or upon any Indian 
allotment while the title to the same shall be held in trust by 
the Government, or while the same shall remain inalienable by 
the allottee without the consent of the United States, shall be 
imprisoned not more than five years. 
(b) EXCLUSION.—This section does not apply in the case 
of a fire set by an allottee in the reasonable exercise of his pro-
prietary rights in the allotment. 
§ 1214. Fires left unattended and unextinguished 
Whoever, having kindled or caused to be kindled, a fire in 
or near any forest, timber, or other inflammable material upon 
any lands owned, controlled or leased by, or under the partial, 
concurrent, or exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, in-
cluding lands under contract for purchase or for the acquisition 
of which condemnation proceedings have been instituted, and 
including any Indian reservation or lands belonging to or occu-
pied by any tribe or group of Indians under the authority of 
the United States, or any Indian allotment while the title to the 
same is held in trust by the United States, or while the same 
shall remain inalienable by the allottee without the consent of 
the United States, leaves said fire without totally extinguishing 
the same, or permits or suffers the fire to burn or spread be-
yond his control, or leaves or suffers the fire to burn unat-
tended, shall be imprisoned not more than six months. 
§ 1215. Trespass on national forest lands 
Whoever, without authority goes upon any national-forest 
land while it is closed to the public pursuant to lawful regula-
tion of the Secretary of Agriculture, shall be imprisoned not 
more than six months. 
§ 1216. Hazardous or injurious devices on Federal 
lands 
(a) ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
(1) with the intent to violate the Controlled Sub-
stances Act, 
(2) with the intent to obstruct or harass the har-
vesting of timber, or 
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507 
(3) with reckless disregard to the risk that another 
person will be placed in danger of death or bodily injury 
and under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference 
to such risk, 
uses a hazardous or injurious device on Federal land, on an In-
dian reservation, or on an Indian allotment while the title to 
such allotment is held in trust by the United States or while 
such allotment remains inalienable by the allottee without the 
consent of the United States shall be punished under sub-
section (b). 
(b) PUNISHMENT.—An individual who violates subsection 
(a) shall— 
(1) if death of an individual results, be imprisoned for 
any term of years or for life; 
(2) if serious bodily injury to any individual results, be 
imprisoned for not more than 40 years; 
(3) if bodily injury to any individual results, be impris-
oned for not more than 20 years; 
(4) if damage to the property of any individual results 
or if avoidance costs have been incurred exceeding $10,000, 
in the aggregate, be imprisoned for not more than 20 
years; and 
(5) in any other case, be imprisoned for not more than 
one year. 
(c) INCREASED PUNISHMENT.—Any individual who is pun-
ished under subsection (b)(5) after one or more prior convic-
tions under any such subsection shall be imprisoned for not 
more than 20 years. 
(d) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
(1) the term ‘‘hazardous or injurious device’’ means a 
device, which when assembled or placed, is capable of caus-
ing bodily injury, or damage to property, by the action of 
any person making contact with such device subsequent to 
the assembly or placement. Such term includes guns at-
tached to trip wires or other triggering mechanisms, ammu-
nition attached to trip wires or other triggering mecha-
nisms, or explosive devices attached to trip wires or other 
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508 
triggering mechanisms, sharpened stakes, lines or wires, 
lines or wires with hooks attached, nails placed so that the 
sharpened ends are positioned in an upright manner, or 
tree spiking devices including spikes, nails, or other objects 
hammered, driven, fastened, or otherwise placed into or on 
any timber, whether or not severed from the stump; and 
(2) the term ‘‘avoidance costs’’ means costs incurred 
by any individual for the purpose of— 
(A) detecting a hazardous or injurious device; or 
(B) preventing death, serious bodily injury, bodily 
injury, or property damage likely to result from the use 
of a hazardous or injurious device in violation of sub-
section (a). 
(e) CIVIL ACTION.— Any person injured as the result of 
a violation of subsection (a) may commence a civil action on 
his own behalf against any person who is alleged to be in viola-
tion of subsection (a). The district courts shall have jurisdic-
tion, without regard to the amount in controversy or the citi-
zenship of the parties, in such civil actions. The court may 
award, in addition to monetary damages for any injury result-
ing from an alleged violation of subsection (a), costs of litiga-
tion, including reasonable attorney and expert witness fees, to 
any prevailing or substantially prevailing party, whenever the 
court determines such award is appropriate. 
CHAPTER 31—INTERNATIONAL LAW CRIMES 
Subchapter 
Sec. 
A. Piracy and Privateering .....................................................
1251 
B. Peonage, Slavery, and Trafficking in Persons As-
sault ...............................................................................
1261 
C. Genocide ...................................................................................
1281 
D. Torture ......................................................................................
1291 
E. War Crimes ..............................................................................
1296 
SUBCHAPTER A—PIRACY AND PRIVATEERING 
Sec. 
1251.
Piracy under law of nations. 
§ 1251. Piracy under law of nations 
Whoever, on the high seas, commits the crime of piracy as 
defined by the law of nations, and is afterwards brought into 
or found in the United States, shall be imprisoned for life. 
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509 
SUBCHAPTER B—PEONAGE, SLAVERY, AND 
TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 
Sec. 
1261.
Peonage. 
1262.
Sale into involuntary servitude. 
1263.
Forced labor. 
1264.
Trafficking with respect to peonage, slavery, involuntary ser-
vitude, or forced labor. 
1265.
Sex trafficking of children or by force, fraud, or coercion. 
1266.
Unlawful conduct with respect to documents in furtherance. of 
trafficking, peonage, slavery, involuntary servitude, or forced 
labor. 
1267.
Civil remedy. 
§ 1261. Peonage 
Whoever holds or returns any person to a condition of pe-
onage, or arrests any person with the intent of placing him in 
or returning him to a condition of peonage, shall be imprisoned 
not more than 20 years. If death results from the violation of 
this section, or if the violation includes kidnapping or an at-
tempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or the attempt to 
commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, the de-
fendant shall be imprisoned for any term of years or life. 
§ 1262. Sale into involuntary servitude 
Whoever knowingly holds to involuntary servitude or sells 
into any condition of involuntary servitude, any other person 
for any term, or brings within the United States any person 
so held, shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years. If death 
results from the violation of this section, or if the violation in-
cludes kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual 
abuse or the attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an 
attempt to kill, the defendant shall be imprisoned for any term 
of years or life. 
§ 1263. Forced labor 
Whoever knowingly provides or obtains the labor or serv-
ices of a person— 
(1) by threats of serious harm to, or physical restraint 
against, that person or another person; 
(2) by means of any scheme, plan, or pattern intended 
to cause the person to believe that, if the person did not 
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510 
perform such labor or services, that person or another per-
son would suffer serious harm or physical restraint; or 
(3) by means of the abuse or threatened abuse of law 
or the legal process, 
shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years. If death results 
from the violation of this section, or if the violation includes 
kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse 
or the attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an at-
tempt to kill, the defendant shall be imprisoned for any term 
of years or life. 
§ 1264. Trafficking with respect to peonage, slav-
ery, involuntary servitude, or forced labor 
Whoever knowingly recruits, harbors, transports, provides, 
or obtains by any means, any person for labor or services in 
violation of this chapter shall be imprisoned not more than 20 
years. If death results from the violation of this section, or if 
the violation includes kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, ag-
gravated sexual abuse, or the attempt to commit aggravated 
sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, the defendant shall be im-
prisoned for any term of years or life. 
§ 1265. Sex trafficking of children or by force, 
fraud, or coercion 
(a) ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE.—Whoever knowingly— 
(1) in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, or 
within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of 
the United States, recruits, entices, harbors, transports, 
provides, or obtains by any means a person; or 
(2) benefits, financially or by receiving anything of 
value, from participation in a venture which has engaged 
in an act described in violation of paragraph (1), 
knowing that force, fraud, or coercion described in subsection 
(c)(2) will be used to cause the person to engage in a commer-
cial sex act, or that the person has not attained the age of 18 
years and will be caused to engage in a commercial sex act, 
shall be punished as provided in subsection (b). 
(b) PUNISHMENT.—The punishment for an offense under 
subsection (a) is— 
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(1) if the offense was effected by force, fraud, or coer-
cion or if the person recruited, enticed, harbored, trans-
ported, provided, or obtained had not attained the age of 
14 years at the time of such offense, by a fine under this 
title or imprisonment for any term of years or for life, or 
both; or 
(2) if the offense was not so effected, and the person 
recruited, enticed, harbored, transported, provided, or ob-
tained had attained the age of 14 years but had not at-
tained the age of 18 years at the time of such offense, by 
a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than 
40 years, or both. 
(c) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
(1) the term ‘‘commercial sex act’’ means any sex act, 
on account of which anything of value is given to or re-
ceived by any person; 
(2) the term ‘‘coercion’’ means— 
(A) threats of serious harm to or physical re-
straint against any person; 
(B) any scheme, plan, or pattern intended to cause 
a person to believe that failure to perform an act would 
result in serious harm to or physical restraint against 
any person; or 
(C) the abuse or threatened abuse of law or the 
legal process; and 
(3) the term ‘‘venture’’ means any group of two or 
more individuals associated in fact, whether or not a legal 
entity. 
§ 1266. Unlawful conduct with respect to docu-
ments in furtherance of trafficking, peon-
age, slavery, involuntary servitude, or 
forced labor 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever knowingly destroys, conceals, re-
moves, confiscates, or possesses any actual or purported pass-
port or other immigration document, or any other actual or 
purported government identification document, of another per-
son— 
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512 
(1) in the course of a violation of section 1261, 1262, 
1263, 1264, or 1265; 
(2) with intent to violate section 1261, 1262, 1263, 
1264, or 1265; or 
(3) to prevent or restrict or to attempt to prevent or 
restrict, without lawful authority, the person’s liberty to 
move or travel, in order to maintain the labor or services 
of that person, when the person is or has been a victim of 
a severe form of trafficking in persons, as defined in sec-
tion 103 of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, 
shall be imprisoned for not more than 5 years. 
(b) EXCLUSION.—Subsection (a) does not apply to the 
conduct of a person who is or has been a victim of a severe 
form of trafficking in persons, as defined in section 103 of the 
Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, if that conduct is 
caused by, or incident to, that trafficking. 
§ 1267. Civil remedy 
(a) CIVIL ACTION.—An individual who is a victim of a vio-
lation of section 1263, 1264, or 1265 may bring a civil action 
against the perpetrator in an appropriate district court of the 
United States and may recover damages and reasonable attor-
neys fees. 
(b) STAY.—(1) Any civil action filed under this section 
shall be stayed during the pendency of any criminal action aris-
ing out of the same occurrence in which the claimant is the vic-
tim. 
(2) In this subsection, a ‘‘criminal action’’ includes inves-
tigation and prosecution and is pending until final adjudication 
in the trial court. 
SUBCHAPTER C—GENOCIDE 
Sec. 
1281.
Genocide. 
1282.
Definitions. 
§ 1281. Genocide 
(a) BASIC OFFENSE.—Whoever, whether in time of peace 
or in time of war, in a circumstance described in subsection (d) 
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513 
and with the specific intent to destroy, in whole or in substan-
tial part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group as such— 
(1) kills members of that group; 
(2) causes serious bodily injury to members of that 
group; 
(3) causes the permanent impairment of the mental 
faculties of members of the group through drugs, torture, 
or similar techniques; 
(4) subjects the group to conditions of life that are in-
tended to cause the physical destruction of the group in 
whole or in part; 
(5) imposes measures intended to prevent births with-
in the group; or 
(6) transfers by force children of the group to another 
group; 
or attempts to do so, shall be punished as provided in sub-
section (b). 
(b) PUNISHMENT FOR BASIC OFFENSE.—The punishment 
for an offense under subsection (a) is— 
(1) in the case of an offense under subsection (a)(1), 
where death results, by death or imprisonment for life and 
a fine of not more than $1,000,000, or both; and 
(2) a fine of not more than $1,000,000 or imprison-
ment for not more than twenty years, or both, in any other 
case. 
(c) INCITEMENT OFFENSE.—Whoever in a circumstance 
described in subsection (d) directly and publicly incites another 
to violate subsection (a) shall be imprisoned not more than five 
years. 
(d) REQUIRED CIRCUMSTANCE FOR OFFENSES.—The cir-
cumstance referred to in subsections (a) and (c) is that— 
(1) the offense is committed within the United States; 
or 
(2) the alleged offender is a national of the United 
States (as defined in section 101 of the Immigration and 
Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101)). 
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514 
(e) NONAPPLICABILITY OF CERTAIN LIMITATIONS.—Not-
withstanding section 3282 of this title, in the case of an offense 
under subsection (a)(1), an indictment may be found, or infor-
mation instituted, at any time without limitation. 
§ 1282. Definitions 
As used in this subchapter— 
(1) the term ‘‘children’’ means the plural and means 
individuals who have not attained the age of eighteen years; 
(2) the term ‘‘ethnic group’’ means a set of individuals 
whose identity as such is distinctive in terms of common 
cultural traditions or heritage; 
(3) the term ‘‘incites’’ means urges another to engage 
imminently in conduct in circumstances under which there 
is a substantial likelihood of imminently causing such con-
duct; 
(4) the term ‘‘members’’ means the plural; 
(5) the term ‘‘national group’’ means a set of individ-
uals whose identity as such is distinctive in terms of na-
tionality or national origins; 
(6) the term ‘‘racial group’’ means a set of individuals 
whose identity as such is distinctive in terms of physical 
characteristics or biological descent; 
(7) the term ‘‘religious group’’ means a set of individ-
uals whose identity as such is distinctive in terms of com-
mon religious creed, beliefs, doctrines, practices, or rituals; 
and 
(8) the term ‘‘substantial part’’ means a part of a 
group of such numerical significance that the destruction or 
loss of that part would cause the destruction of the group 
as a viable entity within the nation of which such group is 
a part. 
SUBCHAPTER D—TORTURE 
Sec. 
1291.
Torture. 
1292.
Definitions. 
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§ 1291. Torture 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever outside the United States com-
mits or attempts to commit torture shall be imprisoned not 
more than 20 years and if death results to any person from 
conduct prohibited by this subsection, shall be punished by 
death or imprisoned for any term of years or for life. 
(b) JURISDICTION.—There is jurisdiction over the activity 
prohibited in subsection (a) if— 
(1) the alleged offender is a national of the United 
States; or 
(2) the alleged offender is present in the United 
States, irrespective of the nationality of the victim or al-
leged offender. 
(c) CONSPIRACY.—A person who conspires to commit an 
offense under this section shall be subject to the same penalties 
(other than the penalty of death) as the penalties prescribed for 
the offense, the commission of which was the object of the con-
spiracy. 
§ 1292. Definitions 
As used in this subchapter— 
(1) the term ‘‘torture’’ means an act committed by a 
person acting under the color of law specifically intended 
to inflict severe physical or mental pain or suffering (other 
than pain or suffering incidental to lawful sanctions) upon 
another person within his custody or physical control; and 
(2) the term ‘‘severe mental pain or suffering’’ means 
the prolonged mental harm caused by or resulting from— 
(A) the intentional infliction or threatened inflic-
tion of severe physical pain or suffering; 
(B) the administration or application, or threat-
ened administration or application, of mind-altering 
substances or other procedures calculated to disrupt 
profoundly the senses or the personality; 
(C) the threat of imminent death; or 
(D) the threat that another person will imminently 
be subjected to death, severe physical pain or suffering, 
or the administration or application of mind-altering 
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516 
substances or other procedures calculated to disrupt 
profoundly the senses or personality. 
SUBCHAPTER E—WAR CRIMES 
Sec. 
1296.
War crimes. 
§ 1296. War crimes 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever, whether inside or outside the 
United States, commits a war crime, in any of the cir-
cumstances described in subsection (b), shall be imprisoned for 
life or any term of years and if death results to the victim, 
shall also be subject to the penalty of death. 
(b) CIRCUMSTANCES.—The circumstances referred to in 
subsection (a) are that the person committing such war crime 
or the victim of such war crime is a member of the Armed 
Forces of the United States or a national of the United States 
(as defined in section 101 of the Immigration and Nationality 
Act). 
(c) DEFINITION.—As used in this section the term ‘‘war 
crime’’ means any conduct— 
(1) defined as a grave breach in any of the inter-
national conventions signed at Geneva 12 August 1949, or 
any protocol to such convention to which the United States 
is a party; 
(2) prohibited by Article 23, 25, 27, or 28 of the 
Annex to the Hague Convention IV, Respecting the Laws 
and Customs of War on Land, signed 18 October 1907; 
(3) which constitutes a violation of common Article 3 
of the international conventions signed at Geneva, 12 Au-
gust 1949, or any protocol to such convention to which the 
United States is a party and which deals with non-inter-
national armed conflict; or 
(4) of a person who, in relation to an armed conflict 
and contrary to the provisions of the Protocol on Prohibi-
tions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and 
Other Devices as amended at Geneva on 3 May 1996 (Pro-
tocol II as amended on 3 May 1996), when the United 
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States is a party to such Protocol, willfully kills or causes 
serious injury to civilians. 
CHAPTER 33—TRANSPORTATION RELATED 
CRIMES 
Subchapter 
Sec. 
A. Aircraft and motor vehicles ..............................................
1301 
B. Roalroads .................................................................................
1331 
C. Seamen and stowaways ......................................................
1341 
D. Shipping ...................................................................................
1351 
SUBCHAPTER A—AIRCRAFT AND MOTOR VEHICLES 
Sec. 
1301.
Destruction of aircraft or aircraft facilities. 
1302.
Destruction of motor vehicles or motor vehicle facilities. 
1303.
Penalty when death results. 
1304.
Imparting or conveying false information. 
1305.
Violence at international airports. 
1306.
Fraud involving aircraft or space vehicle parts in interstate or 
foreign commerce. 
1307.
Aircraft piracy. 
1308.
Interference with flight crew members and attendants. 
1309.
Carrying a weapon or explosive on an aircraft. 
1310.
Application of certain criminal laws to acts on aircraft. 
1311.
Definitions. 
§ 1301. Destruction of aircraft or aircraft facilities 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Whoever knowingly without author-
ity— 
(1) sets fire to, damages, destroys, disables, or wrecks 
any aircraft in the special aircraft jurisdiction of the 
United States or any civil aircraft used, operated, or em-
ployed in interstate, overseas, or foreign air commerce; 
(2) places or causes to be placed a destructive device 
or substance in, upon, or in proximity to, or otherwise 
makes or causes to be made unworkable or unusable or 
hazardous to work or use, any such aircraft, or any part 
or other materials used or intended to be used in connec-
tion with the operation of such aircraft, if such placing or 
causing to be placed or such making or causing to be made 
is likely to endanger the safety of any such aircraft; 
(3) sets fire to, damages, destroys, or disables any air 
navigation facility, or interferes by force or violence with 
the operation of such facility, if such fire, damaging, de-
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stroying, disabling, or interfering is likely to endanger the 
safety of any such aircraft in flight; 
(4) with the intent to damage, destroy, or disable any 
such aircraft, sets fire to, damages, destroys, or disables or 
places a destructive device or substance in, upon, or in 
proximity to, any appliance or structure, ramp, landing 
area, property, machine, or apparatus, or any facility or 
other material used, or intended to be used, in connection 
with the operation, maintenance, loading, unloading or 
storage of any such aircraft or any cargo carried or in-
tended to be carried on any such aircraft; 
(5) performs an act of violence against or incapaci-
tates any individual on any such aircraft, if such act of vio-
lence or incapacitation is likely to endanger the safety of 
such aircraft; or 
(6) communicates information, knowing the informa-
tion to be false and under circumstances in which such in-
formation may reasonably be believed, thereby endangering 
the safety of any such aircraft in flight, 
shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years. 
(b) OTHER CIVIL AIRCRAFT.—Whoever knowingly— 
(1) performs an act of violence against any individual 
on board any civil aircraft registered in a country other 
than the United States while such aircraft is in flight, if 
such act is likely to endanger the safety of that aircraft; 
(2) destroys a civil aircraft registered in a country 
other than the United States while such aircraft is in serv-
ice or causes damage to such an aircraft which renders that 
aircraft incapable of flight or which is likely to endanger 
that aircraft’s safety in flight; or 
(3) places or causes to be placed on a civil aircraft 
registered in a country other than the United States while 
such aircraft is in service, a device or substance which is 
likely to destroy that aircraft, or to cause damage to that 
aircraft which renders that aircraft incapable of flight or 
which is likely to endanger that aircraft’s safety in flight. 
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shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years. There is also 
extraterritorial jurisdiction over an offense under this sub-
section if a national of the United States was on board, or 
would have been on board, the aircraft; an offender is a na-
tional of the United States; or an offender is afterwards found 
in the United States. 
(c) THREATS.—Whoever knowingly imparts or conveys any 
threat to do an act which would violate any of paragraphs (1) 
through (5) of subsection (a) or any of paragraphs (1) through 
(3) of subsection (b) of this section, with an apparent deter-
mination and will to carry the threat into execution shall be im-
prisoned not more than five years. 
§ 1302. Destruction of motor vehicles or motor ve-
hicle facilities 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
(1) knowingly, with intent to endanger the safety of 
any person on board or anyone who he believes will board 
the same, or with a reckless disregard for the safety of 
human life, damages, disables, destroys, tampers with, or 
places or causes to be placed any explosive or other de-
structive substance in, upon, or in proximity to, any motor 
vehicle which is used, operated, or employed in interstate 
or foreign commerce, or its cargo or material used or in-
tended to be used in connection with its operation; 
(2) knowingly, with like intent, damages, disables, de-
stroys; 
(3) sets fire to, tampers with, or places or causes to 
be placed any explosive or other destructive substance in, 
upon, or in proximity to any garage, terminal, structure, 
supply, or facility used in the operation of, or in support 
of the operation of, motor vehicles engaged in interstate or 
foreign commerce or otherwise makes or causes such prop-
erty to be made unworkable, unusable, or hazardous to 
work or use; or 
(4) with like intent, knowingly disables or incapaci-
tates any driver or person employed in connection with the 
operation or maintenance of the motor vehicle, or in any 
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way lessens the ability of such person to perform his duties 
as such. 
shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years. 
(b) INCREASED PENALTY.—Whoever is convicted of a vio-
lation of subsection (a) involving a motor vehicle that, at the 
time the violation occurred, carried high-level radioactive waste 
(as that term is defined in section 2(12) of the Nuclear Waste 
Policy Act of 1982 (42 U.S.C. 10101(12))) or spent nuclear 
fuel (as that term is defined in section 2(23) of the Nuclear 
Waste Policy Act of 1982 (42 U.S.C. 10101(23))), shall be im-
prisoned for any term of years not less than 30, or for life. 
§ 1303. Penalty when death results 
Whoever is convicted of any crime prohibited by this sub-
chapter, which has resulted in the death of any person, shall 
be subject also to the death penalty or to imprisonment for life. 
§ 1304. Imparting or conveying false information 
(a) CIVIL PENALTY.—Whoever imparts or conveys or 
causes to be imparted or conveyed false information, knowing 
the information to be false, concerning an attempt or alleged 
attempt being made or to be made, to do any act which would 
be a crime prohibited by this subchapter or subchapter B or 
D of this chapter shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more 
than $1,000 which shall be recoverable in a civil action brought 
in the name of the United States. 
(b) CRIMINAL OFFENSE.—Whoever knowingly, or with 
reckless disregard for the safety of human life, imparts or con-
veys or causes to be imparted or conveyed false information, 
knowing the information to be false, concerning an attempt or 
alleged attempt being made or to be made, to do any act which 
would be a crime prohibited by this subchapter or subchapter 
B or D of this chapter shall be imprisoned not more than five 
years. 
§ 1305. Violence at international airports 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever unlawfully and knowingly, using 
any device, substance, or weapon— 
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(1) performs an act of violence against a person at an 
airport serving international civil aviation that causes or is 
likely to cause serious bodily injury or death; or 
(2) destroys or seriously damages the facilities of an 
airport serving international civil aviation or a civil aircraft 
not in service located thereon or disrupts the services of the 
airport, 
shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years. 
(b) JURISDICTION.—There is jurisdiction over the prohib-
ited activity in subsection (a) if— 
(1) the prohibited activity takes place in the United 
States; or 
(2) the prohibited activity takes place outside the 
United States and (A)the offender is later found in the 
United States; or (B) an offender or a victim is a national 
of the United States. 
(c) BAR TO PROSECUTION.—It is a bar to Federal pros-
ecution under subsection (a) for conduct that occurred within 
the United States that the conduct involved was during or in 
relation to a labor dispute, and such conduct is prohibited as 
a felony under the law of the State in which it was committed. 
(d) DEFINITION.—As used in this section, the term ‘‘labor 
dispute’’ has the meaning set forth in section 13(c) of the Nor-
ris-LaGuardia Act, as amended (29 U.S.C. 113(c)). 
§ 1306. Fraud involving aircraft or space vehicle 
parts in interstate or foreign commerce 
(a) OFFENSES.—Whoever, in or affecting interstate or for-
eign commerce, knowingly and with the intent to defraud— 
(1)(A) falsifies or conceals a material fact concerning 
any aircraft or space vehicle part; 
(B) makes any materially fraudulent representation 
concerning any aircraft or space vehicle part; or 
(C) makes or uses any materially false writing, entry, 
certification, document, record, data plate, label, or elec-
tronic communication concerning any aircraft or space ve-
hicle part; or 
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(2) exports from or imports or introduces into the 
United States, sells, trades, installs on or in any aircraft 
or space vehicle any aircraft or space vehicle part using or 
by means of a fraudulent representation, document, record, 
certification, depiction, data plate, label, or electronic com-
munication; 
shall be punished as provided in subsection (b). 
(b) PENALTIES.—The punishment for an offense under 
subsection (a) is as follows: 
(1) AVIATION QUALITY.—If the offense relates to the 
aviation quality of a part and the part is installed in an 
aircraft or space vehicle, a fine of not more than $500,000, 
imprisonment for not more than 15 years, or both. 
(2) FAILURE TO OPERATE AS REPRESENTED.—If, by 
reason of the failure of the part to operate as represented, 
the part to which the offense is related is the proximate 
cause of a malfunction or failure that results in serious 
bodily injury, a fine of not more than $1,000,000, impris-
onment for not more than 20 years, or both. 
(3) FAILURE RESULTING IN DEATH.—If, by reason of 
the failure of the part to operate as represented, the part 
to which the offense is related is the proximate cause of a 
malfunction or failure that results in the death of any per-
son, a fine of not more than $1,000,000, imprisonment for 
any term of years or life, or both. 
(4) OTHER CIRCUMSTANCES.—In the case of an of-
fense under subsection (a) not described in paragraph (1), 
(2), or (3) of this subsection, a fine under this title, impris-
onment for not more than 10 years, or both. 
(5) ORGANIZATIONS.—If the offense is committed by 
an organization, a fine of not more than— 
(A) $10,000,000 in the case of an offense de-
scribed in paragraph (1) or (4); and 
(B) $20,000,000 in the case of an offense de-
scribed in paragraph (2) or (3). 
(c) CIVIL REMEDIES.— 
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(1) IN GENERAL.—The district courts of the United 
States shall have jurisdiction to prevent and restrain viola-
tions of this section by issuing appropriate orders, includ-
ing— 
(A) ordering a person (convicted of an offense 
under this section) to divest any interest, direct or indi-
rect, in any enterprise used to commit or facilitate the 
commission of the offense, or to destroy, or to mutilate 
and sell as scrap, aircraft material or part inventories 
or stocks; 
(B) imposing reasonable restrictions on the future 
activities or investments of any such person, including 
prohibiting engagement in the same type of endeavor 
as used to commit the offense; and 
(C) ordering the dissolution or reorganization of 
any enterprise knowingly used to commit or facilitate 
the commission of an offense under this section making 
due provisions for the rights and interests of innocent 
persons. 
(2) RESTRAINING ORDERS AND PROHIBITION.—Pend-
ing final determination of a proceeding brought under this 
section, the court may enter such restraining orders or pro-
hibitions, or take such other actions (including the accept-
ance of satisfactory performance bonds) as the court deems 
proper. 
(3) ESTOPPEL.—A final judgment rendered in favor of 
the United States in any criminal proceeding brought 
under this section shall stop the defendant from denying 
the essential allegations of the criminal offense in any sub-
sequent civil proceeding brought by the United States. 
(e) TERRITORIAL SCOPE.—This section also applies to 
conduct occurring outside the United States if— 
(1) the offender is a natural person who is a citizen 
or permanent resident alien of the United States, or an or-
ganization organized under the laws of the United States 
or political subdivision thereof; 
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(2) the aircraft or spacecraft part as to which the vio-
lation relates was installed in an aircraft or space vehicle 
owned or operated at the time of the offense by a citizen 
or permanent resident alien of the United States, or by an 
organization thereof; or 
(3) an act in furtherance of the offense was committed 
in the United States. 
§ 1307. Aircraft piracy 
(a) IN SPECIAL AIRCRAFT JURISDICTION.—(1) For the 
purposes of this subsection— 
(A) the term ‘‘aircraft piracy’’ means seizing or exer-
cising control of an aircraft in the special aircraft jurisdic-
tion of the United States by force, violence, threat of force 
or violence, or any form of intimidation, and with wrongful 
intent; and 
(B) an attempt to commit aircraft piracy is in the spe-
cial aircraft jurisdiction of the United States although the 
aircraft is not in flight at the time of the attempt if the 
aircraft would have been in the special aircraft jurisdiction 
of the United States had the aircraft piracy been com-
pleted. 
(2) Whoever commits aircraft piracy shall be imprisoned 
for not less than 20 years. 
(b) OUTSIDE
SPECIAL
AIRCRAFT
JURISDICTION.—(1) 
Whoever commits an offense (as defined in the Convention for 
the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft) on an aircraft 
in flight outside the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United 
States shall be imprisoned for at least 20 years. 
(2) There is extrateritorial jurisdiction over the offense in 
paragraph (1) if— 
(A) a national of the United States was aboard the 
aircraft; 
(B) an offender is a national of the United States; or 
(C) an offender is afterwards found in the United 
States. 
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§ 1308. Interference with flight crew members and 
attendants 
An individual on an aircraft in the special aircraft jurisdic-
tion of the United States who, by assaulting or intimidating a 
flight crew member or flight attendant of the aircraft, inter-
feres with the performance of the duties of the member or at-
tendant or lessens the ability of the member or attendant to 
perform those duties, shall be imprisoned for not more than 20 
years. However, if a dangerous weapon is used in assaulting or 
intimidating the member or attendant, the individual shall be 
imprisoned for any term of years or for life. 
§ 1309. Carrying a weapon or explosive on an air-
craft 
(a) DEFINITION.—In this section, ‘‘loaded firearm’’ means 
a starter gun or a weapon designed or converted to expel a pro-
jectile through an explosive, that has a cartridge, a detonator, 
or powder in the chamber, magazine, cylinder, or clip. 
(b) GENERAL CRIMINAL PENALTY.—An individual shall be 
imprisoned for not more than 10 years if the individual— 
(1) when on, or attempting to get on, an aircraft in, 
or intended for operation in, air transportation or intra-
state air transportation, has on or about the individual or 
the property of the individual a concealed dangerous weap-
on that is or would be accessible to the individual in flight; 
(2) has placed, attempted to place, or attempted to 
have placed a loaded firearm on that aircraft in property 
not accessible to passengers in flight; or 
(3) has on or about the individual, or has placed, at-
tempted to place, or attempted to have placed on that air-
craft, an explosive or incendiary device. 
(c) CRIMINAL
PENALTY
INVOLVING
DISREGARD
FOR 
HUMAN LIFE.—An individual who willfully and without regard 
for the safety of human life, or with reckless disregard for the 
safety of human life, violates subsection (b) of this section, 
shall be imprisoned for not more than 20 years, and, if death 
results to any person, shall be imprisoned for any term of years 
or for life. 
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(d) NONAPPLICATION.—Subsection (b)(1) of this section 
does not apply to— 
(1) a law enforcement officer of a State or political 
subdivision of a State, or an officer or employee of the 
United States Government, authorized to carry arms in an 
official capacity; 
(2) another individual the Administrator of the Fed-
eral Aviation Administration or the Under Secretary of 
Transportation for Security by regulation authorizes to 
carry a dangerous weapon in air transportation or intra-
state air transportation; or 
(3) an individual transporting a weapon (except a 
loaded firearm) in baggage not accessible to a passenger in 
flight if the air carrier was informed of the presence of the 
weapon. 
§ 1310. Application of certain criminal laws to 
acts on aircraft 
An individual on an aircraft in the special aircraft jurisdic-
tion of the United States who commits an act that— 
(1) if committed in the special maritime and territorial 
jurisdiction of the United States (as defined in section 7 
of title 18) would violate section 102, 111, 141, 650, 651, 
or subchapter A of chapter 13, shall be imprisoned under 
that section or chapter; or 
(2) if committed in the District of Columbia would vio-
late section 9 of the Act of July 29, 1892 (D.C. Code Sec. 
22–1112), shall be imprisoned under section 9 of the Act. 
§ 1311. Definitions 
(a) DEFINITIONS.—As used in sections 1301 through 
1307, the following definitions apply: 
(1) AIRCRAFT.—The term ‘‘aircraft’’ means a civil, 
military, or public contrivance invented, used, or designed 
to navigate, fly, or travel in the air. 
(2) AVIATION QUALITY.—The term ‘‘aviation quality’’, 
with respect to a part of an aircraft or space vehicle, means 
the quality of having been manufactured, constructed, pro-
duced, maintained, repaired, overhauled, rebuilt, recondi-
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tioned, or restored in conformity with applicable standards 
specified by law (including applicable regulations). 
(3) DESTRUCTIVE SUBSTANCE.—The term ‘‘destruc-
tive substance’’ means an explosive substance, flammable 
material, infernal machine, or other chemical, mechanical, 
or radioactive device or matter of a combustible, contami-
native, corrosive, or explosive nature. 
(4) IN FLIGHT.—The term ‘‘in flight’’ means— 
(A) any time from the moment at which all the ex-
ternal doors of an aircraft are closed following embar-
kation until the moment when any such door is opened 
for disembarkation; and 
(B) in the case of a forced landing, until com-
petent authorities take over the responsibility for the 
aircraft and the persons and property on board. 
(5) IN SERVICE.—The term ‘‘in service’’ means— 
(A) any time from the beginning of preflight prep-
aration of an aircraft by ground personnel or by the 
crew for a specific flight until 24 hours after any land-
ing; and 
(B) in any event includes the entire period during 
which the aircraft is in flight. 
(6) MOTOR
VEHICLE.—The term ‘‘motor vehicle’’ 
means every description of carriage or other contrivance 
propelled or drawn by mechanical power and used for com-
mercial purposes on the highways in the transportation of 
passengers, passengers and property, or property or cargo. 
(7) PART.—The term ‘‘part’’ means a frame, assem-
bly, component, appliance, engine, propeller, material, part, 
spare part, piece, section, or related integral or auxiliary 
equipment. 
(8) SPACE
VEHICLE.—The term ‘‘space vehicle’’ 
means a man-made device, either manned or unmanned, 
designed for operation beyond the Earth’s atmosphere. 
(9) STATE.—The term ‘‘State’’ means a State of the 
United States, the District of Columbia, and any common-
wealth, territory, or possession of the United States. 
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(10) USED FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES.—The term 
‘‘used for commercial purposes’’ means the carriage of per-
sons or property for any fare, fee, rate, charge or other 
consideration, or directly or indirectly in connection with 
any business, or other undertaking intended for profit. 
(b) TERMS DEFINED
IN OTHER LAW.—In this sub-
chapter, the terms ‘‘aircraft engine’’, ‘‘air navigation facility’’, 
‘‘appliance’’, ‘‘civil aircraft’’, ‘‘foreign air commerce’’, ‘‘inter-
state air commerce’’, ‘‘landing area’’, ‘‘overseas air commerce’’, 
‘‘propeller’’, ‘‘spare part’’, and ‘‘special aircraft jurisdiction of 
the United States’’ have the meanings given those terms in sec-
tions 40102(a) and 46501 of title 49. 
SUBCHAPTER B—RAILROADS 
Sec. 
1331.
Terrorist attacks and other violence against railroad carriers and 
against mass transportation systems on land, on water, or 
through the air. 
§ 1331. Terrorist 
attacks 
and 
other 
violence 
against railroad carriers and against mass 
transportation systems on land, on water, 
or through the air 
(a) GENERAL PROHIBITIONS.—Whoever, as made applica-
ble by subsection (c), knowingly and without lawful authority— 
(1) wrecks, derails, sets fire to, or disables railroad on- 
track equipment or a mass transportation vehicle; 
(2) places any biological agent or toxin, destructive 
substance, or destructive device in, upon, or near railroad 
on-track equipment or a mass transportation vehicle with 
intent to endanger the safety of any person, or with a reck-
less disregard for the safety of human life; 
(3) places or releases a hazardous material or a bio-
logical agent or toxin on or near any property described in 
subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (4), with intent to 
endanger the safety of any person, or with reckless dis-
regard for the safety of human life; 
(4) sets fire to, undermines, makes unworkable, unus-
able, or hazardous to work on or use, or places any biologi-
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cal agent or toxin, destructive substance, or destructive de-
vice in, upon, or near any— 
(A) tunnel, bridge, viaduct, trestle, track, electro-
magnetic guideway, signal, station, depot, warehouse, 
terminal, or any other way, structure, property, or ap-
purtenance used in the operation of, or in support of 
the operation of, a railroad carrier, and with intent to, 
or knowing or having reason to know, such activity 
would likely, derail, disable, or wreck railroad on-track 
equipment; or 
(B) garage, terminal, structure, track, electro-
magnetic guideway, supply, or facility used in the oper-
ation of, or in support of the operation of, a mass 
transportation vehicle, and with intent to, or knowing 
or having reason to know, such activity would likely, 
derail, disable, or wreck a mass transportation vehicle 
used, operated, or employed by a mass transportation 
provider; 
(5) removes an appurtenance from, damages, or other-
wise impairs the operation of a railroad signal system or 
mass transportation signal or dispatching system, including 
a train control system, centralized dispatching system, or 
highway-railroad grade crossing warning signal; 
(6) with intent to endanger the safety of any person, 
or with a reckless disregard for the safety of human life, 
interferes with, disables, or incapacitates any dispatcher, 
driver, captain, locomotive engineer, railroad conductor, or 
other person while the person is employed in dispatching, 
operating, controlling, or maintaining railroad on-track 
equipment or a mass transportation vehicle; 
(7) commits an act, including the use of a dangerous 
weapon, with the intent to cause death or serious bodily in-
jury to any person who is on property described in subpara-
graph (A) or (B) of paragraph (4); 
(8) surveils, photographs, videotapes, diagrams, or 
otherwise collects information with the intent to plan or as-
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530 
sist in planning any of the acts described in paragraphs (1) 
through (6); 
(9) conveys false information, knowing the information 
to be false, concerning an attempt or alleged attempt to en-
gage in a violation of this subsection; or 
(10) threatens to engage in any violation of any of 
paragraphs (1) through (9); 
shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years, and if the offense 
results in the death of any person, shall be imprisoned for any 
term of years or for life, or be subject to the penalty of death, 
except in the case of a violation of paragraph (8), (9), or (10). 
(b) AGGRAVATED OFFENSE.—Whoever commits an offense 
under subsection (a) of this section in a circumstance in 
which— 
(1) the railroad on-track equipment or mass transpor-
tation vehicle was carrying a passenger or employee at the 
time of the offense; 
(2) the railroad on-track equipment or mass transpor-
tation vehicle was carrying high-level radioactive waste or 
spent nuclear fuel at the time of the offense; or 
(3) the offense was committed with the intent to en-
danger the safety of any person, or with a reckless dis-
regard for the safety of any person, and the railroad on- 
track equipment or mass transportation vehicle was car-
rying a hazardous material at the time of the offense 
that— 
(A) was required to be placarded under subpart F 
of part 172 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations; 
and 
(B) is identified as class number 3, 4, 5, 6.1, or 
8 and packing group I or packing group II, or class 
number 1, 2, or 7 under the hazardous materials table 
of section 172.101 of title 49, Code of Federal Regula-
tions, 
shall be imprisoned for any term of years or life, and if the of-
fense resulted in the death of any person, the person may be 
sentenced to death. 
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(c) APPLICABILITY.—Subsection (a) applies if any of the 
following are true: 
(1) Any of the conduct required for the offense is, or, 
in the case of an attempt, threat, or conspiracy to engage 
in conduct, the conduct required for the completed offense 
would be, engaged in, on, against, or affecting a mass 
transportation provider, or a railroad carrier engaged in 
interstate or foreign commerce. 
(2) Any person travels or communicates across a State 
line in order to commit the offense, or transports materials 
across a State line in aid of the commission of the offense. 
(d) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
(1) the term ‘‘biological agent’’ has the meaning given 
to that term in section 178(1); 
(2) the term ‘‘dangerous weapon’’ means a weapon, 
device, instrument, material, or substance, animate or inan-
imate, that is used for, or is readily capable of, causing 
death or serious bodily injury, including a pocket knife with 
a blade of less than 21⁄2 inches in length and a box cutter; 
(3) the term ‘‘destructive device’’ has the meaning 
given to that term in section 921(a)(4); 
(4) the term ‘‘destructive substance’’ means an explo-
sive substance, flammable material, infernal machine, or 
other chemical, mechanical, or radioactive device or mate-
rial, or matter of a combustible, contaminative, corrosive, 
or explosive nature, except that the term ‘‘radioactive de-
vice’’ does not include any radioactive device or material 
used solely for medical, industrial, research, or other peace-
ful purposes; 
(5) the term ‘‘hazardous material’’ has the meaning 
given to that term in chapter 51 of title 49; 
(6) the term ‘‘high-level radioactive waste’’ has the 
meaning given to that term in section 2(12) of the Nuclear 
Waste Policy Act of 1982 (42 U.S.C. 10101(12)); 
(7) the term ‘‘mass transportation’’ has the meaning 
given to that term in section 5302(a)(7) of title 49, except 
that the term includes school bus, charter, and sightseeing 
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transportation and passenger vessel as that term is defined 
in section 2101(22) of title 46, United States Code; 
(8) the term ‘‘on-track equipment’’ means a carriage 
or other contrivance that runs on rails or electromagnetic 
guideways; 
(9) the term ‘‘railroad on-track equipment’’ means a 
train, locomotive, tender, motor unit, freight or passenger 
car, or other on-track equipment used, operated, or em-
ployed by a railroad carrier; 
(10) the term ‘‘railroad’’ has the meaning given to 
that term in chapter 201 of title 49; 
(11) the term ‘‘railroad carrier’’ has the meaning 
given to that term in chapter 201 of title 49; 
(12) the term ‘‘serious bodily injury’’ has the meaning 
given to that term in section 1365; 
(13) the term ‘‘spent nuclear fuel’’ has the meaning 
given to that term in section 2(23) of the Nuclear Waste 
Policy Act of 1982 (42 U.S.C. 10101(23)); 
(14) the term ‘‘toxin’’ has the meaning given to that 
term in section 178(2); and 
(15) the term ‘‘vehicle’’ means any carriage or other 
contrivance used, or capable of being used, as a means of 
transportation on land, on water, or through the air. 
SUBCHAPTER C—SEAMEN AND STOWAWAYS 
Sec. 
1341.
Drunkenness or neglect of duty by seamen. 
1342.
Misuse of Federal certificate, license or document. 
1343.
Stowaways on vessels or aircraft. 
§ 1341. Drunkenness or neglect of duty by seamen 
Whoever, being a master, officer, radio operator, seaman, 
apprentice or other person employed on any merchant vessel, 
by willful breach of duty, or by reason of drunkenness, does 
any act tending to the immediate loss or destruction of, or seri-
ous damage to, such vessel, or tending immediately to endanger 
the life or limb of any person belonging to or on board of such 
vessel; or, by knowing breach of duty or by neglect of duty or 
by reason of drunkenness, refuses or omits to do any lawful act 
proper and requisite to be done by him for preserving such ves-
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sel from immediate loss, destruction, or serious damage, or for 
preserving any person belonging to or on board of such ship 
from immediate danger to life or limb, shall be imprisoned not 
more than one year. 
§ 1342. Misuse of Federal certificate, license or 
document 
Whoever— 
(1) not being lawfully entitled thereto, uses, exhibits, 
or attempts to use or exhibit, or, with intent unlawfully to 
use the same, receives or possesses any certificate, license, 
or document issued to vessels, or officers or seamen by any 
officer or employee of the United States authorized by law 
to issue the same; 
(2) without authority, alters or attempts to alter any 
such certificate, license, or document by addition, interpola-
tion, deletion, or erasure; 
(3) forges, counterfeits, or steals, or attempts to forge, 
counterfeit, or steal, any such certificate, license, or docu-
ment; or unlawfully possesses or knowingly uses any such 
altered, changed, forged, counterfeit, or stolen certificate, 
license, or document; 
(4) without authority, prints or manufactures any 
blank form of such certificate, license, or document, or 
Whoever possesses without lawful excuse, and with intent 
unlawfully to use the same, any blank form of such certifi-
cate, license, or document; or 
(5) in any manner, transfers or negotiates such trans-
fer of, any blank form of such certificate, license, or docu-
ment, or any such altered, forged, counterfeit, or stolen cer-
tificate, license, or document, or any such certificate, li-
cense, or document to which the party transferring or re-
ceiving the same is not lawfully entitled; 
shall be imprisoned not more than five years. 
§ 1343. Stowaways on vessels or aircraft 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
(1) without the consent of the owner, charterer, mas-
ter, or person in command of any vessel, or aircraft, with 
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intent to obtain transportation, boards, enters or secretes 
himself aboard such vessel or aircraft and is thereon at the 
time of departure of said vessel or aircraft from a port, 
harbor, wharf, airport or other place within the jurisdiction 
of the United States; 
(2) with like intent, having boarded, entered or se-
creted himself aboard a vessel or aircraft at any place with-
in or without the jurisdiction of the United States, remains 
aboard after the vessel or aircraft has left such place and 
is thereon at any place within the jurisdiction of the United 
States; or 
(3) with intent to obtain a ride or transportation, 
boards or enters any aircraft owned or operated by the 
United States without the consent of the person in com-
mand or other duly authorized officer or agent; 
shall be imprisoned not more than one year. 
(b) DEFINITION.—As used in this section the term ‘‘air-
craft’’ includes any contrivance for navigation or flight in the 
air. 
SUBCHAPTER D—SHIPPING 
Sec. 
1351.
Violence against maritime navigation. 
§ 1351. Violence against maritime navigation 
(a) OFFENSES.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—A person who unlawfully and inten-
tionally— 
(A) seizes or exercises control over a ship by force 
or threat thereof or any other form of intimidation; 
(B) performs an act of violence against a person 
on board a ship if that act is likely to endanger the 
safe navigation of that ship; 
(C) destroys a ship or causes damage to a ship or 
to its cargo which is likely to endanger the safe naviga-
tion of that ship; 
(D) places or causes to be placed on a ship, by any 
means whatsoever, a device or substance which is likely 
to destroy that ship, or cause damage to that ship or 
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its cargo which endangers or is likely to endanger the 
safe navigation of that ship; 
(E) destroys or seriously damages maritime navi-
gational facilities or seriously interferes with their oper-
ation, if such act is likely to endanger the safe naviga-
tion of a ship; 
(F) communicates information, knowing the infor-
mation to be false and under circumstances in which 
such information may reasonably be believed, thereby 
endangering the safe navigation of a ship; 
(G) injures or kills any person in connection with 
the commission or the attempted commission of any of 
the offenses set forth in subparagraphs (A) through 
(F); or 
(H) attempts or conspires to do any act prohibited 
under subparagraphs (A) through (G), 
shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years; and if the 
death of any person results from conduct prohibited by this 
paragraph, shall be punished by death or imprisoned for 
any term of years or for life. 
(2) THREAT TO NAVIGATION.—A person who threat-
ens to do any act prohibited under paragraph (1)(B), (C) 
or (E), with apparent determination and will to carry the 
threat into execution, if the threatened act is likely to en-
danger the safe navigation of the ship in question, shall be 
imprisoned not more than 5 years. 
(b) JURISDICTION.—There is jurisdiction over the activity 
prohibited in subsection (a)— 
(1) in the case of a covered ship, if— 
(A) such activity is committed— 
(i) against or on board a ship flying the flag 
of the United States at the time the prohibited ac-
tivity is committed; 
(ii) in the United States; or 
(iii) by a national of the United States or by 
a stateless person whose habitual residence is in 
the United States; 
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536 
(B) during the commission of such activity, a na-
tional of the United States is seized, threatened, in-
jured or killed; or 
(C) the offender is later found in the United 
States after such activity is committed; 
(2) in the case of a ship navigating or scheduled to 
navigate solely within the territorial sea or internal waters 
of a country other than the United States, if the offender 
is later found in the United States after such activity is 
committed; and 
(3) in the case of any vessel, if such activity is com-
mitted in an attempt to compel the United States to do or 
abstain from doing any act. 
(c) BAR TO PROSECUTION.—It is a bar to Federal pros-
ecution under subsection (a) for conduct that occurred within 
the United States that the conduct involved was during or in 
relation to a labor dispute, and such conduct is prohibited as 
a felony under the law of the State in which it was committed. 
For purposes of this section, the term ‘‘labor dispute’’ has the 
meaning set forth in section 13(c) of the Norris-LaGuardia 
Act, as amended (29 U.S.C. 113(c)). 
(d) DELIVERY OF SUSPECTED OFFENDER.—The master 
of a covered ship flying the flag of the United States who has 
reasonable grounds to believe that there is on board that ship 
any person who has committed an offense under Article 3 of 
the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against 
the Safety of Maritime Navigation may deliver such person to 
the authorities of a State Party to that Convention. Before de-
livering such person to the authorities of another country, the 
master shall notify in an appropriate manner the Attorney 
General of the United States of the alleged offense and await 
instructions from the Attorney General as to what action to 
take. When delivering the person to a country which is a State 
Party to the Convention, the master shall, whenever prac-
ticable, and if possible before entering the territorial sea of 
such country, notify the authorities of such country of the mas-
ter’s intention to deliver such person and the reasons therefor. 
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If the master delivers such person, the master shall furnish to 
the authorities of such country the evidence in the master’s 
possession that pertains to the alleged offense. 
(e) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
(1) the term ‘‘covered ship’’ means a ship that is navi-
gating or is scheduled to navigate into, through or from 
waters beyond the outer limit of the territorial sea of a sin-
gle country or a lateral limit of that country’s territorial 
sea with an adjacent country; 
(2) the term ‘‘territorial sea of the United States’’ 
means all waters extending seaward to 12 nautical miles 
from the baselines of the United States determined in ac-
cordance with international law; and 
(3) the term ‘‘ship’’ means a vessel of any type what-
soever not permanently attached to the sea-bed, including 
dynamically supported craft, submersibles or any other 
floating craft, but does not include a warship, a ship owned 
or operated by a government when being used as a naval 
auxiliary or for customs or police purposes, or a ship which 
has been withdrawn from navigation or laid up. 
CHAPTER 35—REGULATORY CRIMES 
Subchapter 
Sec. 
A. Animals, birds, fish, and plants .......................................
1371 
B. Gambling ..................................................................................
1381 
C. Protection of trade secrets ................................................
1391 
D. Trafficking in contraband cigarettes ............................
1411 
E. Child support ..........................................................................
1431 
F. Obscenity ..................................................................................
1441 
G. Money laundering .................................................................
1451 
SUBCHAPTER A—ANIMALS, BIRDS, FISH, AND 
PLANTS 
Sec. 
1371.
Hunting, fishing, trapping; disturbance or injury on wildlife ref-
uges 
1372.
Importation or shipment of injurious mammals, birds, fish (in-
cluding mollusks and crustacea), amphibia, and reptiles; permits, 
specimens for museums; regulations 
1373.
Animal enterprise terrorism 
1374.
Use of aircraft or motor vehicles to hunt certain wild horses or 
burros; pollution of watering holes 
1375.
Depiction of animal cruelty 
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§ 1371. Hunting, fishing, trapping; disturbance or 
injury on wildlife refuges 
Whoever, except in compliance with rules and regulations 
promulgated by authority of law, hunts, traps, captures, will-
fully disturbs or kills any bird, fish, or wild animal of any kind 
whatever, or takes or destroys the eggs or nest of any such bird 
or fish, on any lands or waters which are set apart or reserved 
as sanctuaries, refuges or breeding grounds for such birds, fish, 
or animals under any law of the United States or willfully in-
jures, molests, or destroys any property of the United States 
on any such lands or waters, shall be imprisoned not more than 
six months. 
§ 1372. Importation or shipment of injurious mam-
mals, birds, fish (including mollusks and 
crustacea), amphibia, and reptiles; per-
mits, specimens for museums; regulations 
(a) PROHIBITION.—(1) The importation into the United 
States, any territory of the United States, the District of Co-
lumbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any possession 
of the United States, or any shipment between the continental 
United States, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, the Common-
wealth of Puerto Rico, or any possession of the United States, 
of the mongoose of the species Herpestes auropunctatus; of the 
species of so-called ‘‘flying foxes’’ or fruit bats of the genus 
Pteropus; of the zebra mussel of the species Dreissena 
polymorpha; and such other species of wild mammals, wild 
birds, fish (including mollusks and crustacea), amphibians, rep-
tiles, brown tree snakes, or the offspring or eggs of any of the 
foregoing which the Secretary of the Interior may prescribe by 
regulation to be injurious to human beings, to the interests of 
agriculture, horticulture, forestry, or to wildlife or the wildlife 
resources of the United States, is hereby prohibited. All such 
prohibited mammals, birds, fish (including mollusks and 
crustacea), amphibians, and reptiles, and the eggs or offspring 
therefrom, shall be promptly exported or destroyed at the ex-
pense of the importer or consignee. Nothing in this section 
shall be construed to repeal or modify any provision of the Pub-
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lic Health Service Act or Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic 
Act. Also, this section shall not authorize any action with re-
spect to the importation of any plant pest as defined in the 
Federal Plant Pest Act, insofar as such importation is subject 
to regulation under that Act. 
(b) DEFINITION.—As used in subsection (a), the term 
‘‘wild’’ relates to any creatures that, whether or not raised in 
captivity, normally are found in a wild state; and the terms 
‘‘wildlife’’ and ‘‘wildlife resources’’ include those resources that 
comprise wild mammals, wild birds, fish (including mollusks 
and crustacea), and all other classes of wild creatures whatso-
ever, and all types of aquatic and land vegetation upon which 
such wildlife resources are dependent. 
(c) PERMISSION FOR IMPORTATION.—Notwithstanding the 
foregoing, the Secretary of the Interior, when he finds that 
there has been a proper showing of responsibility and continued 
protection of the public interest and health, shall permit the 
importation for zoological, educational, medical, and scientific 
purposes of any mammals, birds, fish, (including mollusks and 
crustacea), amphibia, and reptiles, or the offspring or eggs 
thereof, where such importation would be prohibited otherwise 
by or pursuant to this Act, and this Act shall not restrict im-
portations by Federal agencies for their own use. 
(d) EXCLUSION.—Nothing in this section restricts the im-
portation of dead natural-history specimens for museums or for 
scientific collections, or the importation of domesticated canar-
ies, parrots (including all other species of psittacine birds), or 
such other cage birds as the Secretary of the Interior may des-
ignate. 
(e) ENFORCEMENT.—The Secretary of the Treasury and 
the Secretary of the Interior shall enforce the provisions of this 
subsection, including any regulations issued hereunder, and, if 
requested by the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of the 
Treasury may require the furnishing of an appropriate bond 
when desirable to insure compliance with such provisions. 
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(f) OFFENSE.—Whoever violates this section, or any regu-
lation issued pursuant thereto, shall be imprisoned not more 
than six months. 
§ 1373. Animal enterprise terrorism 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
(1) travels in interstate or foreign commerce, or uses 
or causes to be used the mail or any facility in interstate 
or foreign commerce for the purpose of causing physical 
disruption to the functioning of an animal enterprise; and 
(2) knowingly damages or causes the loss of any prop-
erty (including animals or records) used by the animal en-
terprise, 
shall be punished as provided for in subsection (b). 
(b) PENALTIES.— 
(1) ECONOMIC DAMAGE.—Whoever, in the course of a 
violation of subsection (a), causes economic damage not ex-
ceeding $10,000 to an animal enterprise shall be impris-
oned not more than 6 months. 
(2) MAJOR
ECONOMIC
DAMAGE.—Whoever, in the 
course of a violation of subsection (a), causes economic 
damage exceeding $10,000 to an animal enterprise shall be 
imprisoned not more than 3 years. 
(3) SERIOUS BODILY INJURY.—Any person who, in the 
course of a violation of subsection (a), causes serious bodily 
injury to another individual shall be imprisoned not more 
than 20 years. 
(4) DEATH.—Any person who, in the course of a viola-
tion of subsection (a), causes the death of an individual 
shall be imprisoned for life or for any term of years. 
(c) RESTITUTION.—An order of restitution under section 
3663 or 3663A of this title with respect to a violation of this 
section may also include restitution— 
(1) for the reasonable cost of repeating any experimen-
tation that was interrupted or invalidated as a result of the 
offense; 
(2) the loss of food production or farm income reason-
ably attributable to the offense; and 
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(3) for any other economic damage resulting from the 
offense. 
(d) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
(1) the term ‘‘animal enterprise’’ means— 
(A) a commercial or academic enterprise that uses 
animals for food or fiber production, agriculture, re-
search, or testing; 
(B) a zoo, aquarium, circus, rodeo, or lawful com-
petitive animal event; or 
(C) any fair or similar event intended to advance 
agricultural arts and sciences; 
(2) the term ‘‘physical disruption’’ does not include 
any lawful disruption that results from lawful public, gov-
ernmental, or animal enterprise employee reaction to the 
disclosure of information about an animal enterprise; 
(3) the term ‘‘economic damage’’ means the replace-
ment costs of lost or damaged property or records, the 
costs of repeating an interrupted or invalidated experiment, 
or the loss of profits; and 
(e) NON-PREEMPTION.—Nothing in this section preempts 
any State law. 
§ 1374. Use of aircraft or motor vehicles to hunt 
certain wild horses or burros; pollution of 
watering holes 
(a) AIRCRAFT FOR HUNTING.—Whoever uses an aircraft 
or a motor vehicle to hunt, for the purpose of capturing or kill-
ing, any wild unbranded horse, mare, colt, or burro running at 
large on any of the public land or ranges shall be imprisoned 
not more than six months. 
(b) POLLUTION OF WATERING HOLES.—Whoever pollutes 
or causes the pollution of any watering hole on any of the pub-
lic land or ranges for the purpose of trapping, killing, wound-
ing, or maiming any of the animals referred to in subsection 
(a) of this section shall be imprisoned not more than six 
months. 
(c) DEFINITIONS.—As used in subsection (a) of this sec-
tion— 
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(1) the term ‘‘aircraft’’ means any contrivance used 
for flight in the air; and 
(2) the term ‘‘motor vehicle’’ includes an automobile, 
automobile truck, automobile wagon, motorcycle, or any 
other self-propelled vehicle designed for running on land. 
§ 1375. Depiction of animal cruelty 
(a) CREATION, SALE, OR POSSESSION.—Whoever know-
ingly creates, sells, or possesses a depiction of animal cruelty 
with the intention of placing that depiction in interstate or for-
eign commerce for commercial gain, shall be imprisoned not 
more than 5 years. 
(b) EXCEPTION.—Subsection (a) does not apply to any de-
piction that has serious religious, political, scientific, edu-
cational, journalistic, historical, or artistic value. 
(c) DEFINITIONS.—In this section, the term ‘‘depiction of 
animal cruelty’’ means any visual or auditory depiction, includ-
ing any photograph, motion-picture film, video recording, elec-
tronic image, or sound recording of conduct in which a living 
animal is intentionally maimed, mutilated, tortured, wounded, 
or killed, if such conduct is illegal under Federal law or the law 
of the State in which the creation, sale, or possession takes 
place, regardless of whether the maiming, mutilation, torture, 
wounding, or killing took place in the State. 
SUBCHAPTER B—GAMBLING 
Sec. 
1381.
Transmission of wagering information; penalties 
1382.
Definitions 
§ 1381. Transmission 
of 
wagering 
information; 
penalties 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever being engaged in the business of 
betting or wagering knowingly uses a wire communication facil-
ity for the transmission in interstate or foreign commerce of 
bets or wagers or information assisting in the placing of bets 
or wagers on any sporting event or contest, or for the trans-
mission of a wire communication which entitles the recipient to 
receive money or credit as a result of bets or wagers, or for 
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information assisting in the placing of bets or wagers, shall be 
imprisoned not more than two years. 
(b) EXCLUSION.—Nothing in this section shall be con-
strued to prevent the transmission in interstate or foreign com-
merce of information for use in news reporting of sporting 
events or contests, or for the transmission of information as-
sisting in the placing of bets or wagers on a sporting event or 
contest from a State or foreign country where betting on that 
sporting event or contest is legal into a State or foreign coun-
try in which such betting is legal. 
(c) NONPREEMPTION.—Nothing contained in this section 
shall create immunity from criminal prosecution under any 
laws of any State. 
(d) NOTIFICATION
TO COMMON CARRIER.—When any 
common carrier, subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Com-
munications Commission, is notified in writing by a Federal, 
State, or local law enforcement agency, acting within its juris-
diction, that any facility furnished by it is being used or will 
be used for the purpose of transmitting or receiving gambling 
information in interstate or foreign commerce in violation of 
Federal, State or local law, it shall discontinue or refuse, the 
leasing, furnishing, or maintaining of such facility, after rea-
sonable notice to the subscriber, but no damages, penalty or 
forfeiture, civil or criminal, shall be found against any common 
carrier for any act done in compliance with any notice received 
from a law enforcement agency. Nothing in this section shall 
be deemed to prejudice the right of any person affected thereby 
to secure an appropriate determination, as otherwise provided 
by law, in a Federal court or in a State or local tribunal or 
agency, that such facility should not be discontinued or re-
moved, or should be restored. 
§ 1382. Definitions 
As used in this subchapter— 
(1) the term ‘‘gambling ship’’ means a vessel used 
principally for the operation of one or more gambling estab-
lishments. Such term does not include a vessel with respect 
to gambling aboard such vessel beyond the territorial wa-
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ters of the United States during a covered voyage (as de-
fined in section 4472 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 
as in effect on January 1, 1994); 
(2) the term ‘‘gambling establishment’’ means any 
common gaming or gambling establishment operated for 
the purpose of gaming or gambling, including accepting, re-
cording, or registering bets, or carrying on a policy game 
or any other lottery, or playing any game of chance, for 
money or other thing of value; 
(3) the term ‘‘American vessel’’ means any vessel doc-
umented or numbered under the laws of the United States; 
and includes any vessel which is neither documented or 
numbered under the laws of the United States nor docu-
mented under the laws of any foreign country, if such ves-
sel is owned by, chartered to, or otherwise controlled by one 
or more citizens or residents of the United States or cor-
porations organized under the laws of the United States or 
of any State; and 
(4) the term ‘‘wire communication facility’’ means any 
and all instrumentalities, personnel, and services (among 
other things, the receipt, forwarding, or delivery of commu-
nications) used or useful in the transmission of writings, 
signs, pictures, and sounds of all kinds by aid of wire, 
cable, or other like connection between the points of origin 
and reception of such transmission. 
SUBCHAPTER C—PROTECTION OF TRADE SECRETS 
Sec. 
1391.
Economic espionage 
1392.
Theft of trade secrets 
1393.
Exceptions to prohibitions 
1395.
Orders to preserve confidentiality 
1396.
Civil proceedings to enjoin violations 
1397.
Applicability to conduct outside the United States 
1398.
Construction with other laws 
1399.
Definitions 
§ 1391. Economic espionage 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Whoever, intending or knowing that 
the offense will benefit any foreign government, foreign instru-
mentality, or foreign agent, knowingly— 
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(1) steals, or without authorization appropriates, 
takes, carries away, or conceals, or by fraud, artifice, or de-
ception obtains a trade secret; 
(2) without authorization copies, duplicates, sketches, 
draws, photographs, downloads, uploads, alters, destroys, 
photocopies, replicates, transmits, delivers, sends, mails, 
communicates, or conveys a trade secret; 
(3) receives, buys, or possesses a trade secret, knowing 
the same to have been stolen or appropriated, obtained, or 
converted without authorization; 
(4) attempts to commit any offense described in any 
of paragraphs (1) through (3); or 
(5) conspires with one or more other persons to com-
mit any offense described in any of paragraphs (1) through 
(3), and one or more of such persons do any act to effect 
the object of the conspiracy, 
shall, except as provided in subsection (b), be imprisoned not 
more than 15 years. 
(b) ORGANIZATIONS.—Any organization that commits any 
offense described in subsection (a) shall be fined not more than 
$10,000,000. 
§ 1392. Theft of trade secrets 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever, with intent to convert a trade 
secret, that is related to or included in a product that is pro-
duced for or placed in interstate or foreign commerce, to the 
economic benefit of anyone other than the owner thereof, and 
intending or knowing that the offense will, injure any owner of 
that trade secret, knowingly— 
(1) steals, or without authorization appropriates, 
takes, carries away, or conceals, or by fraud, artifice, or de-
ception obtains such information; 
(2) without authorization copies, duplicates, sketches, 
draws, photographs, downloads, uploads, alters, destroys, 
photocopies, replicates, transmits, delivers, sends, mails, 
communicates, or conveys such information; 
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(3) receives, buys, or possesses such information, 
knowing the same to have been stolen or appropriated, ob-
tained, or converted without authorization; 
(4) attempts to commit any offense described in para-
graphs (1) through (3); or 
(5) conspires with one or more other persons to com-
mit any offense described in paragraphs (1) through (3), 
and one or more of such persons do any act to effect the 
object of the conspiracy, 
shall, except as provided in subsection (b), be imprisoned not 
more than 10 years. 
(b) ORGANIZATIONS.—Any organization that commits any 
offense described in subsection (a) shall be fined not more than 
$5,000,000. 
§ 1393. Exceptions to prohibitions 
This subchapter does not prohibit— 
(1) any otherwise lawful activity conducted by a gov-
ernmental entity of the United States, a State, or a polit-
ical subdivision of a State; or 
(2) the reporting of a suspected violation of law to any 
governmental entity of the United States, a State, or a po-
litical subdivision of a State, if such entity has lawful au-
thority with respect to that violation. 
§ 1395. Orders to preserve confidentiality 
In any prosecution or other proceeding under this sub-
chapter and any forfeiture relating to a violation of this sub-
chapter, the court shall enter such orders and take such other 
action as may be necessary and appropriate to preserve the 
confidentiality of trade secrets, consistent with the require-
ments of the Federal Rules of Criminal and Civil Procedure, 
the Federal Rules of Evidence, and all other applicable laws. 
An interlocutory appeal by the United States shall lie from a 
decision or order of a district court authorizing or directing the 
disclosure of any trade secret. 
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§ 1396. Civil proceedings to enjoin violations 
(a) CIVIL ACTION.—The Attorney General may, in a civil 
action, obtain appropriate injunctive relief against any violation 
of this subchapter. 
(b) EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION.—The district courts of the 
United States shall have exclusive original jurisdiction of civil 
actions under this section. 
§ 1397. Applicability 
to 
conduct 
outside 
the 
United States 
This subchapter also applies to conduct occurring outside 
the United States if— 
(1) the offender is a natural person who is a citizen 
or permanent resident alien of the United States, or an or-
ganization organized under the laws of the United States 
or a State or political subdivision thereof; or 
(2) an act in furtherance of the offense was committed 
in the United States. 
§ 1398. Construction with other laws 
This subchapter shall not be construed to preempt or dis-
place any other remedies, whether civil or criminal, provided by 
United States Federal, State, commonwealth, possession, or 
territory law for the misappropriation of a trade secret, or to 
affect the otherwise lawful disclosure of information by any 
Government employee under section 552 of title 5 (commonly 
known as the Freedom of Information Act). 
§ 1399. Definitions 
As used in this subchapter— 
(1) the term ‘‘foreign instrumentality;’’ means any 
agency, bureau, ministry, component, institution, associa-
tion, or any legal, commercial, or business organization, 
corporation, firm, or entity that is substantially owned, 
controlled, sponsored, commanded, managed, or dominated 
by a foreign government; 
(2) the term ‘‘foreign agent’’ means any officer, em-
ployee, proxy, servant, delegate, or representative of a for-
eign government; 
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(3) the term ‘‘trade secret’’ means all forms and types 
of financial, business, scientific, technical, economic, or en-
gineering information, including patterns, plans, compila-
tions, program devices, formulas, designs, prototypes, meth-
ods, techniques, processes, procedures, programs, or codes, 
whether tangible or intangible, and whether or how stored, 
compiled, or memorialized physically, electronically, graphi-
cally, photographically, or in writing if— 
(A) the owner thereof has taken reasonable meas-
ures to keep such information secret; and 
(B) the information derives independent economic 
value, actual or potential, from not being generally 
known to, and not being readily ascertainable through 
proper means by, the public; and 
(4) the term ‘‘owner’’, with respect to a trade secret, 
means the person or entity in whom or in which rightful 
legal or equitable title to, or license in, the trade secret is 
reposed. 
SUBCHAPTER D—TRAFFICKING IN CONTRABAND 
CIGARETTES 
Sec. 
1411.
Definitions 
1412.
Unlawful acts 
1413.
Recordkeeping, reporting, and inspection 
1414.
Penalties 
1415.
Effect on State and local law 
1416.
Enforcement and regulations 
§ 1411. Definitions 
As used in this chapter— 
(1) the term ‘‘cigarette’’ means— 
(A) any roll of tobacco wrapped in paper or in any 
substance not containing tobacco; and 
(B) any roll of tobacco wrapped in any substance 
containing tobacco which, because of its appearance, 
the type of tobacco used in the filler, or its packaging 
and labeling, is likely to be offered to, or purchased by, 
consumers as a cigarette described in subparagraph 
(A); 
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(2) the term ‘‘contraband cigarettes’’ means a quan-
tity in excess of 10,000 cigarettes, which bear no evidence 
of the payment of applicable State or local cigarette taxes 
in the State or locality where such cigarettes are found, if 
the State or local government requires a stamp, impression, 
or other indication to be placed on packages or other con-
tainers of cigarettes to evidence payment of cigarette taxes, 
and which are in the possession of any person other than— 
(A) a person holding a permit issued pursuant to 
chapter 52 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 as a 
manufacturer of tobacco products or as an export ware-
house proprietor, or a person operating a customs 
bonded warehouse pursuant to section 311 or 555 of 
the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1311 or 1555) or 
an agent of such person; 
(B) a common or contract carrier transporting the 
cigarettes involved under a proper bill of lading or 
freight bill which states the quantity, source, and des-
tination of such cigarettes; 
(C) a person— 
(i) who is licensed or otherwise authorized by 
the State where the cigarettes are found to account 
for and pay cigarette taxes imposed by such State; 
and 
(ii) who has complied with the accounting and 
payment requirements relating to such license or 
authorization with respect to the cigarettes in-
volved; or 
(D) an officer, employee, or other agent of the 
United States or a State, or any department, agency, 
or instrumentality of the United States or a State (in-
cluding any political subdivision of a State) having pos-
session of such cigarettes in connection with the per-
formance of official duties; 
(3) the term ‘‘common or contract carrier’’ means a 
carrier holding a certificate of convenience and necessity, a 
permit for contract carrier by motor vehicle, or other valid 
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operating authority under subtitle IV of title 49, or under 
equivalent operating authority from a regulatory agency of 
the United States or of any State; 
(4) the term ‘‘State’’ means a State of the United 
States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of 
Puerto Rico, or the Virgin Islands; 
(5) the term ‘‘Attorney General’’ means the Attorney 
General of the United States; 
(6) the term ‘‘smokeless tobacco’’ means any finely 
cut, ground, powdered, or leaf tobacco that is intended to 
be placed in the oral or nasal cavity or otherwise consumed 
without being combusted; 
(7) the term ‘‘contraband smokeless tobacco’’ means a 
quantity in excess of 500 single-unit consumer-sized cans 
or packages of smokeless tobacco, or their equivalent, that 
are in the possession of any person other than— 
(A) a person holding a permit issued pursuant to 
chapter 52 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 as 
manufacturer of tobacco products or as an export ware-
house proprietor, a person operating a customs bonded 
warehouse pursuant to section 311 or 555 of the Tariff 
Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1311, 1555), or an agent of 
such person; 
(B) a common carrier transporting such smokeless 
tobacco under a proper bill of lading or freight bill 
which states the quantity, source, and designation of 
such smokeless tobacco; 
(C) a person who— 
(i) is licensed or otherwise authorized by the 
State where such smokeless tobacco is found to en-
gage in the business of selling or distributing to-
bacco products; and 
(ii) has complied with the accounting, tax, and 
payment requirements relating to such license or 
authorization with respect to such smokeless to-
bacco; or 
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551 
(D) an officer, employee, or agent of the United 
States or a State, or any department, agency, or in-
strumentality of the United States or a State (includ-
ing any political subdivision of a State), having posses-
sion of such smokeless tobacco in connection with the 
performance of official duties; 
§ 1412. Unlawful acts 
It shall be unlawful for any person knowingly to ship, 
transport, receive, possess, sell, distribute, or purchase contra-
band cigarettes or contraband smokeless tobacco. 
§ 1413. Recordkeeping, reporting, and inspection 
(a) RECORDKEEPING.—Whoever ships, sells, or distributes 
any quantity of cigarettes in excess of 10,000, or any quantity 
of smokeless tobacco in excess of 500 single-unit consumer- 
sized cans or packages, in a single transaction shall maintain 
such information about the shipment, receipt, sale, and dis-
tribution of cigarettes as the Attorney General may prescribe 
by rule or regulation. The Attorney General may require such 
person to keep such information as the Attorney General con-
siders appropriate for purposes of enforcement of this chapter, 
including— 
(1) the name, address, destination (including street 
address), vehicle license number, driver’s license number, 
signature of the person receiving such cigarettes, and the 
name of the purchaser; 
(2) a declaration of the specific purpose of the receipt 
(personal use, resale, or delivery to another); and 
(3) a declaration of the name and address of the re-
cipient’s principal in all cases when the recipient is acting 
as an agent. 
Such information shall be contained on business records kept 
in the normal course of business. 
(b) REPORTING.—Whoever, except for a tribal govern-
ment, engages in a delivery sale, and who ships, sells, or dis-
tributes any quantity in excess of 10,000 cigarettes, or any 
quantity in excess of 500 single-unit consumer-sized cans or 
packages of smokeless tobacco, or their equivalent, within a sin-
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552 
gle month, shall submit to the Attorney General, pursuant to 
rules or regulations prescribed by the Attorney General, a re-
port that sets forth the following: 
(1) The person’s beginning and ending inventory of 
cigarettes and cans or packages of smokeless tobacco (in 
total) for such month. 
(2) The total quantity of cigarettes and cans or pack-
ages of smokeless tobacco that the person received within 
such month from each other person (itemized by name and 
address). 
(3) The total quantity of cigarettes and cans or pack-
ages of smokeless tobacco that the person distributed with-
in such month to each person (itemized by name and ad-
dress) other than a retail purchaser. 
(c) INSPECTION.—Upon the consent of any person who 
ships, sells, or distributes any quantity of cigarettes in excess 
of 10,000 in a single transaction, or pursuant to a duly issued 
search warrant, the Attorney General may enter the premises 
(including places of storage) of such person for the purpose of 
inspecting any records or information required to be main-
tained by such person under this chapter, and any cigarettes 
kept or stored by such person at such premises. 
(d) OTHERS TO RECEIVE REPORTS.—Any report required 
to be submitted under this subchapter to the Attorney General 
shall also be submitted to the Secretary of the Treasury and 
to the attorneys general and the tax administrators of the 
States from where the shipments, deliveries, or distributions 
both originated and concluded. 
(e) DELIVERY SALE DEFINED.—As used in this section, 
the term ‘‘delivery sale’’ means any sale of cigarettes or smoke-
less tobacco in interstate commerce to a consumer if— 
(1) the consumer submits the order for such sale by 
means of a telephone or other method of voice trans-
mission, the mails, or the Internet or other online service, 
or by any other means where the consumer is not in the 
same physical location as the seller when the purchase or 
offer of sale is made; or 
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(2) the cigarettes or smokeless tobacco are delivered 
by use of the mails, common carrier, private delivery serv-
ice, or any other means where the consumer is not in the 
same physical location as the seller when the consumer ob-
tains physical possession of the cigarettes or smokeless to-
bacco. 
§ 1414. Penalties 
(a) 1412(A) VIOLATIONS.—Whoever knowingly violates 
section 1412(a) shall be imprisoned not more than five years. 
(b) 1413(A) AND 1416 VIOLATIONS.—Whoever knowingly 
violates any rule or regulation promulgated under section 
1413(a) or 1416 or violates section 1412(b) shall be imprisoned 
not more than three years. 
(c) Any contraband cigarettes or contraband smokeless to-
bacco involved in any violation of the provisions of this chapter 
shall be subject to seizure and forfeiture. The provisions of 
chapter 50 relating to civil forfeitures shall extend to any sei-
zure or civil forfeiture under this section. Any cigarettes or 
smokeless tobacco so seized and forfeited shall be either— 
(1) destroyed and not resold; or 
(2) used for undercover investigative operations for the 
detection and prosecution of crimes, and then destroyed 
and not resold. 
§ 1415. Effect on State and local law 
(a) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to affect the 
concurrent jurisdiction of a State or local government to enact 
and enforce its own cigarette tax laws, to provide for the confis-
cation of cigarettes or smokeless tobacco and other property 
seized for violation of such laws, and to provide for penalties 
for the violation of such laws. 
(b) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to inhibit 
or otherwise affect any coordinated law enforcement effort by 
a number of State or local governments, through interstate 
compact or otherwise, to provide for the administration of State 
or local cigarette tax laws, to provide for the confiscation of 
cigarettes or smokeless tobacco and other property seized in 
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554 
violation of such laws, and to establish cooperative programs 
for the administration of such laws. 
§ 1416. Enforcement and regulations 
(a) GENERALLY.—The Attorney General, subject to the 
provisions of section 1413(a), shall enforce this subchapter and 
may prescribe rules and regulations to carry out this sub-
chapter. 
(b) STATE ENFORCEMENT THROUGH CIVIL ACTIONS.— 
(1) A State, through its attorney general, a local gov-
ernment, through its chief law enforcement officer (or a 
designee thereof), or any person who holds a permit under 
chapter 52 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, may 
bring an action in the United States district courts to pre-
vent and restrain violations of this chapter by any person 
(or by any person controlling such person), except that any 
person who holds a permit under chapter 52 of the Internal 
Revenue Code of 1986 may not bring such an action 
against a State or local government. No civil action may be 
commenced under this paragraph against an Indian tribe 
or an Indian in Indian country (as defined in section 
1151). 
(2) A State, through its attorney general, or a local gov-
ernment, through its chief law enforcement officer (or a des-
ignee thereof), may in a civil action under paragraph (1) also 
obtain any other appropriate relief for violations of this chapter 
from any person (or by any person controlling such person), in-
cluding civil penalties, money damages, and injunctive or other 
equitable relief. Nothing in this chapter shall be deemed to ab-
rogate or constitute a waiver of any sovereign immunity of a 
State or local government, or an Indian tribe against any 
unconsented lawsuit under this chapter, or otherwise to re-
strict, expand, or modify any sovereign immunity of a State or 
local government, or an Indian tribe. 
(3) The remedies under paragraphs (1) and (2) are in ad-
dition to any other remedies under Federal, State, local, or 
other law. 
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(4) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to expand, 
restrict, or otherwise modify any right of an authorized State 
official to proceed in State court, or take other enforcement ac-
tions, on the basis of an alleged violation of State or other law. 
(5) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to expand, 
restrict, or otherwise modify any right of an authorized local 
government official to proceed in State court, or take other en-
forcement actions, on the basis of an alleged violation of local 
or other law. 
SUBCHAPTER E—CHILD SUPPORT 
Sec. 
1431.
Failure to pay legal child support obligations. 
§ 1431. Failure to pay legal child support obliga-
tions 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
(1) knowingly fails to pay a support obligation with re-
spect to a child who resides in another State, if such obli-
gation has remained unpaid for a period longer than 1 
year, or is greater than $5,000; 
(2) travels in interstate or foreign commerce with the 
intent to evade a support obligation, if such obligation has 
remained unpaid for a period longer than 1 year, or is 
greater than $5,000; or 
(3) knowingly fails to pay a support obligation with re-
spect to a child who resides in another State, if such obli-
gation has remained unpaid for a period longer than 2 
years, or is greater than $10,000; 
shall be punished as provided in subsection (c). 
(b) PRESUMPTION.—The existence of a support obligation 
that was in effect for the time period charged in the indictment 
or information creates a rebuttable presumption that the obli-
gor has the ability to pay the support obligation for that time 
period. 
(c) PUNISHMENT.—The punishment for an offense under 
this section is— 
(1) in the case of a first offense under subsection 
(a)(1), imprisonment for not more than 6 months; and 
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556 
(2) in the case of an offense under paragraph (2) or 
(3) of subsection (a), or a second or subsequent offense 
under subsection (a)(1), imprisonment for not more than 2 
years. 
(d) VENUE.—With respect to an offense under this sec-
tion, an action may be inquired of and prosecuted in a district 
court of the United States for— 
(1) the district in which the child who is the subject 
of the support obligation involved resided during a period 
during which a person described in subsection (a) (referred 
to in this subsection as an ‘‘obliger’’) failed to meet that 
support obligation; 
(2) the district in which the obliger resided during a 
period described in paragraph (1); or 
(3) any other district with jurisdiction otherwise pro-
vided for by law. 
(e) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
(1) the term ‘‘Indian tribe’’ has the meaning given 
that term in section 102 of the Federally Recognized In-
dian Tribe List Act of 1994 (25 U.S.C. 479a); and 
(2) the term ‘‘support obligation’’ means any amount 
determined under a court order or an order of an adminis-
trative process pursuant to the law of a State or of an In-
dian tribe to be due from a person for the support and 
maintenance of a child or of a child and the parent with 
whom the child is living. 
SUBCHAPTER F—OBSCENITY 
Sec. 
1441.
Mailing obscene or crime-inciting matter 
1442.
Importation or transportation of obscene matters 
1443.
Transportation of obscene matters for sale or distribution 
1444.
Engaging in the business of selling or transferring obscene matter 
1445.
Obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children 
1447.
Presumptions 
1448.
Transfer of obscene material to minors 
§ 1441. Mailing obscene or crime-inciting matter 
(a) NONMAILABILITY.—The following are nonmailable 
matter and shall not be conveyed in the mails or delivered from 
any post office or by any letter carrier: 
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(1) Every obscene, lewd, lascivious, indecent, filthy or 
vile article, matter, thing, device, or substance. 
(2) Every article or thing designed, adapted, or in-
tended for producing abortion, or for any indecent or im-
moral use. 
(3) Every article, instrument, substance, drug, medi-
cine, or thing which is advertised or described in a manner 
calculated to lead another to use or apply it for producing 
abortion, or for any indecent or immoral purpose. 
(4) Every written or printed card, letter, circular, 
book, pamphlet, advertisement, or notice of any kind giving 
information, directly or indirectly, where, or how, or from 
whom, or by what means any of such mentioned matters, 
articles, or things may be obtained or made, or where or 
by whom any act or operation of any kind for the procuring 
or producing of abortion will be done or performed, or how 
or by what means abortion may be produced, whether 
sealed or unsealed. 
(5) Every paper, writing, advertisement, or representa-
tion that any article, instrument, substance, drug, medi-
cine, or thing may, or can, be used or applied for producing 
abortion, or for any indecent or immoral purpose. 
(6) Every description calculated to induce or incite a 
person to so use or apply any such article, instrument, sub-
stance, drug, medicine, or thing. 
(b) OFFENSE.—Whoever knowingly uses the mails for the 
mailing, carriage in the mails, or delivery of anything declared 
by this section or section 3001(e) of title 39 to be nonmailable, 
or knowingly causes to be delivered by mail according to the 
direction thereon, or at the place at which it is directed to be 
delivered by the person to whom it is addressed, or knowingly 
takes any such thing from the mails for the purpose of circu-
lating or disposing thereof, or of aiding in the circulation or 
disposition thereof, shall be imprisoned not more than five 
years, for the first such offense, and shall be imprisoned not 
more than ten years for each such offense thereafter. 
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§ 1442. Importation or transportation of obscene 
matters 
Whoever— 
(1) brings into the United States, or any place subject 
to the jurisdiction thereof, or knowingly uses any express 
company or other common carrier or interactive computer 
service (as defined in section 230(e)(2) of the Communica-
tions Act of 1934), for carriage in interstate or foreign 
commerce— 
(A) any obscene, lewd, lascivious, or filthy book, 
pamphlet, picture, motion-picture film, paper, letter, 
writing, print, or other matter of indecent character; or 
(B) any obscene, lewd, lascivious, or filthy phono-
graph recording, electrical transcription, or other arti-
cle or thing capable of producing sound; or 
(C) any drug, medicine, article, or thing designed, 
adapted, or intended for producing abortion, or for any 
indecent or immoral use; or any written or printed 
card, letter, circular, book, pamphlet, advertisement, or 
notice of any kind giving information, directly or indi-
rectly, where, how, or of whom, or by what means any 
of such mentioned articles, matters, or things may be 
obtained or made; or 
(2) knowingly takes or receives, from such express com-
pany or other common carrier or interactive computer service 
(as defined in section 230(e)(2) of the Communications Act of 
1934) any matter or thing the carriage or importation of which 
is herein made unlawful; 
shall be imprisoned not more than five years for the first such 
offense and shall be imprisoned not more than ten years for 
each such offense thereafter. 
§ 1443. Transportation of obscene matters for sale 
or distribution 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever knowingly transports or travels 
in, or uses a facility or means of, interstate or foreign com-
merce or an interactive computer service (as defined in section 
230(e)(2) of the Communications Act of 1934) in or affecting 
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such commerce for the purpose of sale or distribution, of any 
obscene, lewd, lascivious, or filthy book, pamphlet, picture, film, 
paper, letter, writing, print, silhouette, drawing, figure, image, 
cast, phonograph recording, electrical transcription or other ar-
ticle capable of producing sound or any other matter of inde-
cent or immoral character, shall be imprisoned not more than 
five years. 
(b) PRESUMPTION.—The transportation as aforesaid of 
two or more copies of any publication or two or more of any 
article of the character described above, or a combined total of 
five such publications and articles, shall create a presumption 
that such publications or articles are intended for sale or dis-
tribution, but such presumption shall be rebuttable. 
§ 1444. Engaging in the business of selling or 
transferring obscene matter 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever is engaged in the business of sell-
ing or transferring obscene matter, who knowingly receives or 
possesses with intent to distribute any obscene book, magazine, 
picture, paper, film, videotape, or phonograph or other audio 
recording, which has been shipped or transported in interstate 
or foreign commerce, shall be punished by imprisonment for 
not more than 5 years or by a fine under this title, or both. 
(b) DEFINITION.—As used in this section, the term ‘‘en-
gaged in the business’’ means that the person who sells or 
transfers or offers to sell or transfer obscene matter devotes 
time, attention, or labor to such activities, as a regular course 
of trade or business, with the objective of earning a profit, al-
though it is not necessary that the person make a profit or that 
the selling or transferring or offering to sell or transfer such 
material be the person’s sole or principal business or source of 
income. The offering for sale of or to transfer, at one time, two 
or more copies of any obscene publication, or two or more of 
any obscene article, or a combined total of five or more such 
publications and articles, shall create a rebuttable presumption 
that the person so offering them is ‘‘engaged in the business’’ 
as defined in this subsection. 
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§ 1445. Obscene visual representations of the sex-
ual abuse of children 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Whoever, as made applicable by sub-
section (d), knowingly produces, distributes, receives, or pos-
sesses with intent to distribute, a visual depiction of any kind, 
including a drawing, cartoon, sculpture, or painting, that— 
(1)(A) depicts a minor engaging in sexually explicit 
conduct; and (B) is obscene; or 
(2)(A) depicts an image that is, or appears to be, of 
a minor engaging in graphic bestiality, sadistic or mas-
ochistic abuse, or sexual intercourse, including genital-gen-
ital, oral-genital, anal-genital, or oral-anal, whether between 
persons of the same or opposite sex; and 
(B) lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or sci-
entific value; 
or attempts or conspires to do so, shall be subject to the pen-
alties provided in section 223(b)(1), including the penalties pro-
vided for cases involving a prior conviction. 
(b) ADDITIONAL OFFENSES.—Whoever, as made applica-
ble by subsection (d), knowingly possesses a visual depiction of 
any kind, including a drawing, cartoon, sculpture, or painting, 
that— 
(1)(A) depicts a minor engaging in sexually explicit 
conduct; and (B) is obscene; or 
(2)(A) depicts an image that is, or appears to be, of 
a minor engaging in graphic bestiality, sadistic or mas-
ochistic abuse, or sexual intercourse, including genital-gen-
ital, oral-genital, anal-genital, or oral-anal, whether between 
persons of the same or opposite sex; and 
(B) lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or sci-
entific value; 
or attempts or conspires to do so, shall be subject to the pen-
alties provided in section 223(b)(2), including the penalties pro-
vided for cases involving a prior conviction. 
(c) NONREQUIRED ELEMENT OF OFFENSE.—It is not a 
required element of any offense under this section that the 
minor depicted actually exist. 
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(d) APPLICABILITY.—Subsections (a) and (b) apply if— 
(1) any communication involved in or made in further-
ance of the offense is communicated or transported by the 
mail, or in interstate or foreign commerce by any means, 
including by computer, or any means or instrumentality of 
interstate or foreign commerce is otherwise used in commit-
ting or in furtherance of the commission of the offense; 
(2) any communication involved in or made in further-
ance of the offense contemplates the transmission or trans-
portation of a visual depiction by the mail, or in interstate 
or foreign commerce by any means, including by computer; 
(3) any person travels or is transported in interstate 
or foreign commerce in the course of the commission or in 
furtherance of the commission of the offense; 
(4) any visual depiction involved in the offense has 
been mailed, or has been shipped or transported in inter-
state or foreign commerce by any means, including by com-
puter, or was produced using materials that have been 
mailed, or that have been shipped or transported in inter-
state or foreign commerce by any means, including by com-
puter; or 
(5) the offense is committed in the special maritime 
and territorial jurisdiction of the United States or in any 
territory or possession of the United States. 
(e) AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE.—It shall be an affirmative 
defense to a charge of violating subsection (b) that the defend-
ant— 
(1) possessed less than 3 such visual depictions; and 
(2) promptly and in good faith, and without retaining 
or allowing any person, other than a law enforcement agen-
cy, to access any such visual depiction— 
(A) took reasonable steps to destroy each such vis-
ual depiction; or 
(B) reported the matter to a law enforcement 
agency and afforded that agency access to each such 
visual depiction. 
(f) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
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(1) the term ‘‘visual depiction’’ includes undeveloped 
film and videotape, and data stored on a computer disk or 
by electronic means which is capable of conversion into a 
visual image, and also includes any photograph, film, video, 
picture, digital image or picture, computer image or pic-
ture, or computer generated image or picture, whether 
made or produced by electronic, mechanical, or other 
means; 
(2) the term ‘‘sexually explicit conduct’’ has the mean-
ing given the term in section 229(2)(A) or 229(2)(B); and 
(3) the term ‘‘graphic’’, when used with respect to a 
depiction of sexually explicit conduct, means that a viewer 
can observe any part of the genitals or pubic area of any 
depicted person or animal during any part of the time that 
the sexually explicit conduct is being depicted. 
§ 1447. Presumptions 
(a) INTERSTATE COMMERCE.—In any prosecution under 
this subchapter in which an element of the offense is that the 
matter in question was transported, shipped, or carried in 
interstate commerce, proof, by either circumstantial or direct 
evidence, that such matter was produced or manufactured in 
one State and is subsequently located in another State shall 
raise a rebuttable presumption that such matter was trans-
ported, shipped, or carried in interstate commerce. 
(b) FOREIGN COMMERCE.—In any prosecution under this 
subchapter in which an element of the offense is that the mat-
ter in question was transported, shipped, or carried in foreign 
commerce, proof, by either circumstantial or direct evidence, 
that such matter was produced or manufactured outside of the 
United States and is subsequently located in the United States 
shall raise a rebuttable presumption that such matter was 
transported, shipped, or carried in foreign commerce. 
§ 1448. Transfer of obscene material to minors 
Whoever, using the mail or any facility or means of inter-
state or foreign commerce, knowingly transfers obscene matter 
to another individual who has not attained the age of 16 years, 
knowing that such other individual has not attained the age of 
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16 years, or attempts to do so, shall be imprisoned not more 
than 10 years. 
SUBCHAPTER G—MONEY LAUNDERING 
Sec. 
1451.
Laundering of monetary instruments 
1452.
Engaging in monetary transactions in property derived from spec-
ified unlawful activity 
1453.
Structuring transactions to evade reporting requirement prohib-
ited 
1454.
Bulk cash smuggling into or out of the United States 
§ 1451. Laundering of monetary instruments 
(a) OFFENSES.—(1) Whoever, knowing that the property 
involved in a financial transaction represents the proceeds of 
some form of unlawful activity, conducts or attempts to con-
duct such a financial transaction which in fact involves the pro-
ceeds of specified unlawful activity— 
(A)(i) with the intent to promote the carrying on of 
specified unlawful activity; or 
(ii) with intent to engage in conduct constituting a viola-
tion of section 7201 or 7206 of the Internal Revenue Code of 
1986; or 
(B) knowing that the transaction is designed in whole 
or in part— 
(i) to conceal or disguise the nature, the location, the 
source, the ownership, or the control of the proceeds of 
specified unlawful activity; or 
(ii) to avoid a transaction reporting requirement under 
State or Federal law, 
shall be sentenced to a fine of not more than $500,000 or twice 
the value of the property involved in the transaction, whichever 
is greater, or imprisonment for not more than twenty years, or 
both. 
(2) Whoever transports, transmits, or transfers, or at-
tempts to transport, transmit, or transfer a monetary instru-
ment or funds from a place in the United States to or through 
a place outside the United States or to a place in the United 
States from or through a place outside the United States— 
(A) with the intent to promote the carrying on of spec-
ified unlawful activity; or 
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