H. R. 6—541
(B) other potential market barriers to the commer-
cialization of hythane; 
(3) examine the viability of producing hydrogen using 
energy-efficient, environmentally friendly methods so that the 
hydrogen can be blended with natural gas to produce hythane; 
and 
(4) include an assessment of the modifications that would 
be required to convert compressed natural gas vehicle engines 
to engines that use hythane as fuel. 
(d) GRANTS FOR REPORT COMPLETION.—The Secretary may use 
such sums as are available to the Secretary to provide, to one 
or more colleges or universities selected by the Secretary, grants 
for use in carrying out research to assist the Secretary in preparing 
the reports required to be submitted under subsection (a). 
SEC. 1824. FINAL ACTION ON REFUNDS FOR EXCESSIVE CHARGES. 
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) shall— 
(1) seek to conclude its investigation into the unjust or 
unreasonable charges incurred by California during the 2000–
2001 electricity crisis as soon as possible; 
(2) seek to ensure that refunds the Commission determines 
are owed to the State of California are paid to the State 
of California; and 
(3) submit to Congress a report by December 31, 2005, 
describing the actions taken by the Commission to date under 
this section and timetables for further actions. 
SEC. 1825. FUEL CELL AND HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY STUDY. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—As soon as practicable after the date of enact-
ment of this Act, the Secretary shall enter into a contract with 
the National Academy of Sciences and the National Research 
Council to carry out a study of fuel cell technologies that provides 
a budget roadmap for the development of fuel cell technologies 
and the transition from petroleum to hydrogen in a significant 
percentage of the vehicles sold by 2020. 
(b) REQUIREMENTS.—In carrying out the study, the National 
Academy of Sciences and the National Research Council shall— 
(1) establish as a goal the maximum percentage practicable 
of vehicles that the National Academy of Sciences and the 
National Research Council determines can be fueled by 
hydrogen by 2020; 
(2) determine the amount of Federal and private funding 
required to meet the goal established under paragraph (1); 
(3) determine what actions are required to meet the goal 
established under paragraph (1); 
(4) examine the need for expanded and enhanced Federal 
research and development programs, changes in regulations, 
grant programs, partnerships between the Federal Government 
and industry, private sector investments, infrastructure invest-
ments by the Federal Government and industry, educational 
and public information initiatives, and Federal and State tax 
incentives to meet the goal established under paragraph (1); 
(5) consider whether other technologies would be less 
expensive or could be more quickly implemented than fuel 
cell technologies to achieve significant reductions in carbon 
dioxide emissions; 
(6) take into account any reports relating to fuel cell tech-
nologies and hydrogen-fueled vehicles, including—
H. R. 6—542
(A) the report prepared by the National Academy of 
Engineering and the National Research Council in 2004 
entitled ‘‘Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Bar-
riers, and R&D Needs’’; and 
(B) the report prepared by the U.S. Fuel Cell Council 
in 2003 entitled ‘‘Fuel Cells and Hydrogen: The Path For-
ward’’; 
(7) consider the challenges, difficulties, and potential bar-
riers to meeting the goal established under paragraph (1); 
and 
(8) with respect to the budget roadmap— 
(A) specify the amount of funding required on an 
annual basis from the Federal Government and industry 
to carry out the budget roadmap; and 
(B) specify the advantages and disadvantages to 
moving toward the transition to hydrogen in vehicles in 
accordance with the timeline established by the budget 
roadmap. 
SEC. 1826. PASSIVE SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES. 
(a) DEFINITION OF PASSIVE SOLAR TECHNOLOGY.—In this sec-
tion, the term ‘‘passive solar technology’’ means a passive solar 
technology, including daylighting, that— 
(1) is used exclusively to avoid electricity use; and 
(2) can be metered to determine energy savings. 
(b) STUDY.—The Secretary shall conduct a study to determine— 
(1) the range of levelized costs of avoided electricity for 
passive solar technologies; 
(2) the quantity of electricity displaced using passive solar 
technologies in the United States as of the date of enactment 
of this Act; and 
(3) the projected energy savings from passive solar tech-
nologies in 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 years after the date of enact-
ment of this Act if— 
(A) incentives comparable to the incentives provided 
for electricity generation technologies were provided for 
passive solar technologies; and 
(B) no new incentives for passive solar technologies 
were provided. 
(c) REPORT.—Not later than 120 days after the date of enact-
ment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report 
that describes the results of the study under subsection (b). 
SEC. 1827. STUDY OF LINK BETWEEN ENERGY SECURITY AND 
INCREASES IN VEHICLE MILES TRAVELED. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall enter into an arrange-
ment with the National Academy of Sciences under which the 
Academy shall conduct a study to assess the implications on energy 
use and efficiency of land development patterns in the United 
States. 
(b) SCOPE.—The study shall consider— 
(1) the correlation, if any, between land development pat-
terns and increases in vehicle miles traveled; 
(2) whether petroleum use in the transportation sector 
can be reduced through changes in the design of development 
patterns; 
(3) the potential benefits of—