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ing 30 percent in 2022, and with most of the longest 
prison sentences handed down against journalists in 2023 
coming against women; 
Whereas Freedom House’s Freedom in the World 2024 re-
port marked the 18th consecutive year of decline in glob-
al freedom, with an estimated 38 percent of the global 
population living in countries deemed ‘‘Not Free’’; 
Whereas Freedom House’s Freedom on the Net 2023 report 
marked the 13th consecutive year of decline in global 
internet freedom, with people in 55 of the 70 countries 
covered facing legal repercussions for expressing them-
selves online and people in 41 countries facing physical 
assaults or death for their online commentary; 
Whereas infringement on freedom of expression, including 
media freedom, has been one of the key drivers of de-
clines in global freedom over the last 50 years, including 
attacks and prosecutions against journalists, pressure on 
media outlets, repressive regulatory and legal frame-
works, internet shutdowns, efforts to undermine strong 
encryption, and blocks on online sources of information; 
Whereas, over the last 18 years, the number of countries and 
territories receiving a 0 out of 4 on Freedom in the 
World’s media freedom indicator has dramatically grown 
from 14 to 36; 
Whereas journalists and media staff are being murdered, im-
prisoned, attacked, and harassed around the world, and 
the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) has reported 
that— 
(1) at least 99 journalists and media workers were 
killed around the world in 2023, including 72 killed dur-
ing the hostilities in Gaza starting October 7, 2023, and 
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in addition, at least 18 journalists have been killed in 
2024 as of March 5; 
(2) the vast majority of murders of journalists occur 
with impunity, with nearly 80 percent of the perpetrators 
of 261 murders of journalists from September 1, 2013, 
to August 31, 2023, facing no punishment; 
(3) 320 journalists were behind bars in 2023, with 
the People’s Republic of China (PRC), Burma, Belarus, 
Russia, Vietnam, Iran, Israel, Eritrea, Egypt, and Tur-
key jailing the highest numbers of journalists respec-
tively; and 
(4) journalists and media outlets around the world 
have been targeted by government actors with sophisti-
cated spyware products that pose a severe risk to their 
privacy and security as well as that of their sources and 
families; 
Whereas, according to PEN America, more than 325 writers 
and public intellectuals, including columnists and edi-
torial journalists, were imprisoned across 37 different 
countries during 2023; 
Whereas the censorship, victimization, and killing of journal-
ists around the world and particularly in conflict zones 
has obvious and profound implications for the ability of 
the public, including the United States public, to be in-
formed, including about conflicts with local, regional, and 
global ramifications; 
Whereas, since the start of Russia’s full-scale invasion of 
Ukraine in February 2022, Reporters Without Borders 
has documented attacks directly targeting journalists, in-
cluding— 
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(1) the killing of 11 Ukrainian and accredited inter-
national journalists and media workers by Russian 
Armed Forces; 
(2) the torture by electric shock, beatings, and mock 
executions of journalists working for the international 
press; 
(3) the targeted kidnappings of journalists and their 
families in occupied regions of Ukraine to put pressure 
on their reporting; 
(4) the deliberate attacks targeting media facilities; 
and 
(5) the near-universal censorship, imprisonment, or 
exile of Russia’s independent news media; 
Whereas, in the Ukrainian territory of Crimea, 88 percent of 
media outlets active before 2014 had ceased operating by 
2015, and Ukrainian journalists and bloggers have re-
peatedly been threatened, arbitrarily arrested, and tor-
tured for resisting Russian occupation, such as the deten-
tions and imprisonments of Vladyslav Yesypenko, Iryna 
Danylovych, Amet Suleimanov, Asan Akhmetov, Marlen 
Asanov, Nariman Celal, Oleksiy Bessarabov, Osman 
Arifmemetov, 
Remzi 
Bekirov, 
Ruslan 
Suleimanov, 
Rustem Sheikhaliev, Server Mustafayev, Seyran Saliev, 
Timur Ibragimov, Vilen Temeryanov, and Lutfiye 
Zudiyeva; 
Whereas Ukrainian journalists Viktoria Roshchina, Iryna 
Levchenko, and Dmytro Khilyuk remain in the custody 
of Russian forces after their full-scale invasion of 
Ukraine in 2022; 
Whereas journalists and media workers face heightened dan-
gers in Russia, such as harassment, repression, censor-
ship, and imprisonment, with 30 journalists and 4 media 
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workers imprisoned as of March 27, 2024, according to 
Reporters Without Borders, including— 
(1) Evan Gershkovich, a United States citizen and 
reporter with the Wall Street Journal, who has been 
wrongfully detained on baseless espionage charges since 
March 29, 2023, and faces up to 20 years in jail; 
(2) Alsu Kurmasheva, a Russian-American jour-
nalist for congressionally funded Radio Free Europe/ 
Radio Liberty, who was arrested for violating the ‘‘For-
eign Agent’’ law and has since been charged for violating 
Article 207.3 of Russia’s Criminal Code, which effectively 
criminalizes reporting about Russia’s war in Ukraine; 
(3) Ivan Safronov, a correspondent with Russian 
business dailies Kommersant and Vedomosti, who was 
sentenced to 22 years in jail on treason charges in Sep-
tember 2022; 
(4) Sergey Mikhaylov, publisher of independent 
newspaper Listok, who was arrested for allegedly spread-
ing false information about the Russian military in April 
2022; 
(5) Mikhail Afanasyev, editor-in-chief of the online 
magazine Novy Fokus, who was arrested and charged 
with allegedly spreading false information about the Rus-
sian military in April 2022; 
(6) Novaya Gazeta, a landmark independent news-
paper founded in 1993, which— 
(A) suspended operations in Russia in March 
2022 after receiving warnings from the authorities 
citing the country’s ‘‘Foreign Agent’’ law; and 
(B) was stripped of its print and online media 
licenses in September 2022; 
(7) Meduza, a leading independent bilingual news 
website based outside of Russia, which— 
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(A) was designated by Russian authorities in 
January 2023 as an ‘‘undesirable organization’’ 
under the 2015 Undesirable Organization Law; and 
(B) was banned from operating in the Russian 
Federation; 
(8) Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, an inde-
pendent nonprofit media outlet, which was designated by 
Russian authorities in February 2024 as an ‘‘undesirable 
organization’’ under the 2015 Undesirable Organization 
Law; and 
(9) RusNews, an independent news website with few 
remaining correspondents in Russia, whose journalists— 
(A) Maria Ponomarenko was sentenced to 6 
years in prison for allegedly spreading false informa-
tion about the Russian military on February 15, 
2023, and is facing a second criminal charge for al-
leged violation of prison rules; 
(B) Roman Ivanov was sentenced on March 6, 
2024, to 7 years in prison for allegedly dissemi-
nating false news on the war in Ukraine; and 
(C) Igor Kuznetsov, who has been in detention 
since September 2021, was given a 3-year suspended 
sentence on alleged extremism charges on March 20, 
2024, but remains in detention over a second court 
case for allegedly inciting mass disturbances in 
group chats on Telegram, for which a prosecutor in 
December 2023 requested a 9-year jail sentence; 
Whereas Russian authorities continue harassing and pros-
ecuting journalists in exile, including— 
(1) exiled Russian journalists Ruslan Leviev and Mi-
chael Nacke, who were each sentenced in absentia to 11 
years in prison in August 2023 for allegedly distributing 
‘‘fake’’ information about the Russian military; 
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(2) exiled Russian journalist Denis Kamalyagin, edi-
tor-in-chief of the exiled Russian newspaper Pskovskaya 
Guberniya, who was charged in late 2023 with failing to 
comply with the foreign agent law and with discrediting 
the Russian army; and 
(3) United States-based Russian-United States jour-
nalist and writer Masha Gessen, against whom Russia 
issued an arrest warrant in 2023 for allegedly spreading 
‘‘fake’’ information about the Russian army; 
Whereas other Russian journalists living in exile have also 
been targets of harassment, surveillance, and suspected 
poisoning, including— 
(1) exiled Russian journalists Elena Kostyuchenko 
and Irina Babloyan, who reported in August 2023 that 
they may have been poisoned in Germany and Georgia, 
respectively; 
(2) 
Prague-based 
IStories’ 
reporters 
Alesya 
Marokhovskaya and Irina Dolinina, who received threats 
and fear they have been under surveillance; and 
(3) Galina Timchenko, the Latvia-based head of 
Meduza, whose phone was infected by Pegasus, a form of 
zero-click spyware produced by the Israeli company NSO 
Group, while she was in Germany in February 2023; 
Whereas, according to CPJ, the PRC had detained at least 
44 journalists, as of December 1, 2023, is the world’s 
largest jailer of journalists according to Reporters With-
out Borders, and has unleashed an onslaught of attacks 
on press freedom in the PRC and Hong Kong, including 
through— 
(1) state-sponsored censorship and disinformation 
campaigns limiting access to information which runs con-
trary to Chinese Communist Party propaganda nar-
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ratives, and censoring politically sensitive keywords on so-
cial media platforms; 
(2) the passage and implementation of legislation 
which severely curtails press freedom in Hong Kong, in-
cluding the National Security Law of June 2020 and Ar-
ticle 23 of the Basic Law of March 2024, both of which 
pose an existential threat to the city’s tradition of press 
freedom; 
(3) harassment, intimidation, arrest, and imprison-
ment of journalists in Hong Kong, including the arrest 
and subsequent conviction of journalist and outspoken 
democracy advocate Jimmy Lai, as well as the closure of 
his once widely popular Chinese-language newspaper, 
Apple Daily; 
(4) arrests or other repressive actions against inde-
pendent journalists and others in mainland China at-
tempting to share uncensored news or opinion about cur-
rent affairs, including Sophia Huang Xueqin, who has 
written about women’s rights and the protests in Hong 
Kong, was detained arbitrarily in September 2021, and 
went on trial in September 2023 on charges of ‘‘inciting 
subversion of state power’’, and whose current status re-
mains unknown, and citizen journalist Zhang Zhan, who 
provided uncensored news regarding the COVID outbreak 
in Wuhan and has been imprisoned since May 2020 on 
politically motivated charges of ‘‘picking quarrels and 
provoking trouble’’; 
(5) the detention of journalists critical of the Gov-
ernment of the PRC, including Ruan Xiaohuan, who, 
after blogging about programming and politics, was sen-
tenced to a 7-year term of imprisonment in early 2023, 
following 21 months of detention; and 
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(6) the continued detention of Uyghur journalists, 
who account for nearly 50 percent of imprisoned journal-
ists in the PRC, including Ilham Tohti, founder of the 
news website Uighurbiz, who was detained in 2014 and 
is serving a life sentence; 
Whereas Belarus has witnessed sweeping attacks against the 
press since Alexander Lukashenko’s fraudulent election 
in August 2020, with journalists and media workers har-
assed, assaulted, and imprisoned, with 22 journalists im-
prisoned as of December 1, 2023, according to CPJ, in-
cluding— 
(1) Katsiaryna Andreyeva, a correspondent with Po-
land-based independent broadcaster Belsat TV, who, 
while serving a 2-year prison term for filming a live 
broadcast of the violent dispersal of a protest against 
Lukashenko in November 2020, was sentenced to 8 addi-
tional years in prison on treason charges in July 2022; 
(2) Ksenia Lutskina, a former correspondent for the 
state broadcaster Belteleradio, who was sentenced to 8 
years in prison on charges of conspiring to seize state 
power in September 2022, and is not receiving appro-
priate medical care despite having a preexisting brain 
tumor which has grown during her detention; 
(3) Maryna Zolatava, chief editor of independent 
news website Tut.by, who was sentenced to 12 years in 
prison on charges of incitement to hatred and distrib-
uting materials calling for actions aimed at harming na-
tional security in March 2023; 
(4) Andrey Kuznechyk, a journalist who, while work-
ing for Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, was detained 
in November 2021, and sentenced in June 2022 to 6 
years in prison on charges of forming an extremist group; 
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(5) Ihar Losik, another Radio Free Europe/Radio 
Liberty journalist who was arrested in June 2020, and 
sentenced in December 2021 to 15 years in jail on bogus 
charges of preparation of actions that violate public 
order, who attempted suicide in March 2023, and whose 
wife Darya was sentenced in January 2023 to 2 years in 
prison on a charge of facilitating extremist activity; 
(6) Alyaksandr Mantsevich, who was detained in 
March 2023, and is serving a 4-year prison sentence 
after being convicted in November 2023 on charges of 
discrediting Belarus; 
(7) Dzianis Ivashyn, a freelance journalist who has 
been serving a sentence of 13 years and 1 month since 
being convicted in September 2022 on charges of treason 
and ‘‘illegal collection and dissemination of information 
about private life’’; and 
(8) Ihar Karnei, a former freelancer with Radio 
Free Europe/Radio Liberty, who was sentenced on March 
22, 2024, to 3 years in jail for participating in an ex-
tremist group; 
Whereas Belarus has weaponized ‘‘extremism’’ laws against 
independent media outlets, with around 25 media outlets 
labeled as ‘‘extremist’’ groups or organizations as of 
March 2024, and has jailed journalists on allegations of 
creating or participating in extremist groups or facili-
tating extremist activities; 
Whereas Belarusian authorities continue to prosecute journal-
ists in exile, including exiled journalists Stsypan Putsila 
and Yan Rudzik, who had covered the protests during the 
2020 Presidential election and were sentenced in absentia 
to 20 years and 19 years in jail, respectively, in May 
2023; 
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Whereas the Islamic Republic of Iran was the world’s leading 
jailer of journalists, including female journalists, in 2022, 
and whose Government subjected them to arbitrary sum-
monses, arrests, travel bans, torture, inhumane treat-
ment, and unsubstantiated and unjust sentences, and 
where, according to CPJ, at least 17 journalists and 
media workers remained behind bars as of December 1, 
2023, including— 
(1) Niloofar Hamedi, correspondent of the daily 
newspaper Shargh, who was imprisoned in 2022 for try-
ing to document the death of Mahsa Jina Amini on 
charges that could result in the death penalty; 
(2) Elahe Mohammadi, a journalist for the daily 
Ham Mihan, who was also imprisoned in 2022 for the 
same action and on the same charges; 
(3) Iranian journalist Navid Seyed-Mohammadi, a 
Kurdish reporter for the state-run Islamic Republic 
Radio and Television broadcaster, who was arrested in 
May 2020 and is serving a 7-year prison sentence for 
‘‘espionage for hostile states’’; 
(4) Kayvan Samimi, a 76-year-old veteran journalist, 
who was initially imprisoned in May 2019 and is serving 
a 6-year prison sentence despite on antistate charges of 
‘‘spreading 
propaganda 
against 
the 
system’’ 
and 
‘‘colluding against national security’’; 
(5) sisters Hoda and Zahra Tohidi, who are free-
lance journalists, and were imprisoned alongside Zahra’s 
husband, Alireza Khoshbakht, a fellow journalist, in 2022 
for documenting the nationwide protests after the death 
of Mahsa Jina Amini; and 
(6) Mohammad-Bagher Moradi, an exiled freelance 
journalist, who was extradited to Iran from Turkey, who 
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was immediately imprisoned in 2022 for his work and is 
serving a 5-year prison sentence; 
Whereas since the Hamas-led attack on Israel on October 7, 
2023, at least 95 journalists have been killed during the 
ongoing war in Gaza, Lebanon, and Israel and other sig-
nificant attacks on the press have been documented, in-
cluding— 
(1) at least 26 journalists have been killed in direct 
connection to their work, according to Reporters Without 
Borders; 
(2) 2 Israeli journalists were killed by Hamas-led 
forces on October 7; 
(3) Hamas is also reportedly holding 1 Israeli jour-
nalist hostage, while 2 Palestinian journalists have re-
portedly gone missing in Israeli custody; and 
(4) the detention of 17 journalists as of December 
1, 2023, with 14 journalists being held without charge in 
the West Bank under administrative detention, according 
to CPJ; 
Whereas the Egyptian Government’s repression of the media 
has expanded under President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi since 
2013, including attacks on independent media outlet 
Mada Masr, whom the Government has targeted with 
specious charges brought against editor-in-chief Lina 
Attalah and journalist Rana Mamdouh, and with at least 
11 journalists imprisoned by the Government as of De-
cember 1, 2023, according to CPJ, including— 
(1) Alaa Abd El Fattah, a blogger sentenced to 5 
years in prison for ‘‘broadcasting false news’’, who em-
barked on a hunger strike on April 2, 2022, to protest 
his mistreatment, which he escalated to a near-fatal 
‘‘water strike’’ that prompted a forced medical interven-
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tion by prison officials upon the start of the United Na-
tions Framework Convention on Climate Change’s Con-
ference of the Parties 27 (COP 27) climate summit, in 
Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, on November 6, 2022; and 
(2) Mohamed Ibrahim, a blogger also known as 
‘‘Mohamed Oxygen’’, who has spent over 4 years in pre-
trial detention, 2 years beyond the 2-year legal limit for 
such pretrial detention; 
Whereas Lokman Slim was murdered in southern Lebanon 
on February 4, 2021, after warning that he had been 
threatened and accused of treason by supporters of 
Hezbollah and, to date, no arrests or charges have been 
made in the investigation into his murder; 
Whereas the Office of the Director of National Intelligence 
concluded that the 2018 murder of Washington Post 
journalist and United States legal permanent resident 
Jamal Khashoggi in Istanbul was approved by Saudi 
Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman and impunity con-
tinues for the Saudi officials involved in this crime; 
Whereas the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia maintains a hostile 
environment toward journalists through transnational re-
pression, systematic and arbitrary arrests, torture and in-
humane or degrading treatment, lengthy pretrial deten-
tions, and conditional release restrictions, which inhibit 
reporters and columnists from traveling or returning to 
their professional work postdetention, including— 
(1) Abdulrahman Farhana, a columnist detained in 
February 2019, charged with membership in a terrorist 
organization; 
(2) Zuhair Kutbi, a journalist jailed in January 
2019, 
who 
reportedly 
suffers 
from 
torture, 
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malnourishment, and denial of cancer treatment in pris-
on; and 
(3) blogger Raif Badawi, who recently completed a 
10-year prison sentence on blasphemy and apostasy 
charges, and who remains subjected to a further 10-year 
travel ban, which prevents him from reuniting with his 
family who received asylum in Canada; 
Whereas, in Sudan, the United Nations Panel of Experts re-
ported that at least 15,000 people died as a result of the 
Rapid Supports offensive in West Darfur in 2023, and 
tens of thousands more are believed to have been killed, 
and over 8,000,000 displaced, and where freedom of the 
press and the safety of journalists has severely deterio-
rated, as evidenced by attacks on independent media and 
the killings, arrests, detentions, harassment, and beatings 
of journalists, including— 
(1) the killing of Halima Idris Salim, a 29-year-old 
reporter for local independent online news outlet Sudan 
Bukra, on October 10, 2023, when Rapid Support Forces 
(RSF) soldiers ran her over with their car while she was 
covering health conditions of a hospital’s emergency wing 
in Omdurman; 
(2) reports that the RSF has cut access to tele-
communications and internet services since early Feb-
ruary 2024, leaving civilians in a communications black-
out and making reporting on the war nearly impossible; 
and 
(3) the forced closure of all print media in the coun-
try, and banning of foreign news channels, forcing of 
journalists into exile; 
Whereas Reporters Without Borders asserts that due to op-
pression by the military junta, ‘‘press freedom in 
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[Burma] has been set back ten years in ten days’’ after 
the February 1, 2021, military coup, including through— 
(1) media workers forced into hiding and con-
fronting censorship, harassment, internet blockages, beat-
ings, interrogations, threats, and torture at the hands of 
the military; 
(2) multiple independent media outlets forced to 
cease operations or close altogether or having their li-
censes revoked by the military; and 
(3) journalists being detained at alarming rates, 
with 75 journalists in prison as of April 17, 2023, includ-
ing photojournalist Sai Zaw Thaike, who was sentenced 
to a 20-year prison term in May 2023 while covering the 
aftermath of a deadly cyclone; 
Whereas in India, Government authorities have taken a series 
of actions limiting the space for free and independent 
media, including— 
(1) frequently imposing internet and communication 
blackouts in Indian-administered Kashmir and the Indian 
State of Manipur, among certain areas; 
(2) calling for the temporary blockage of journalists 
and media accounts on X (formerly known as Twitter) 
and other online platforms; and 
(3) increasing restrictions on foreign journalists, and 
subjecting journalists to searches and arrests, includ-
ing— 
(A) revoking the journalism permit of French 
reporter Vanessa Dougnac, who, as the spouse of an 
Indian citizen, holds permanent residency status, 
known as an Overseas Citizens of India (OCI), forc-
ing her to leave the country in February 2024; 
(B) the continued detention of Kashmiri jour-
nalist Aasif Sultan since April 2018, including his 
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rearrest for the third time by Indian authorities in 
February 2024, days after his release from 5 and a 
half years of preventative detention; 
(C) the arrest of Teesta Setalvad, a journalist 
and civil rights activist, in June 2022 by the Anti- 
Terrorism Squad of the Gujarat Police, for allegedly 
conspiring to implicate the Gujarat government in 
the 2002 Gujarat riots, and who has since faced 
legal harassment and arbitrary detention over the 
last year for her work; and 
(D) the Indian Government’s efforts to censor 
the BBC documentary critical of prominent Indian 
political figures; 
Whereas Pakistan maintains high levels of media censorship, 
and impunity persists in cases of killings and physical at-
tacks on journalists who criticize the military and state 
institutions, including— 
(1) the repeated arrest of journalist Imran Riaz 
Khan, including his arbitrary detention in solitary con-
finement without due process for 142 days in 2023; 
(2) the assault of Ayaz Amir, an employee of Dunya 
News, on July 1, 2022, days after he had made com-
ments criticizing former Prime Minister Imran Khan and 
the military; and 
(3) in February 2024, the arrest of Pakistani jour-
nalist and video blogger Asad Ali Toor on charges of or-
chestrating a campaign against the state and its officials 
through his social media platforms; 
Whereas Afghanistan, under the control of the Taliban, re-
mains one of the most repressive countries for journal-
ists, who are subjected to arrest, beatings, and arbitrary 
restrictions on their work, including journalist Sultan Ali 
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Jawadi, who was sentenced to 1 year in prison by a 
Taliban court in December 2023; 
Whereas violations of press freedom are persistent in South 
Asia and Southeast Asia, where— 
(1) in Vietnam, Pham Doan Trang, a journalist and 
writer, following a year in pretrial detention, was sen-
tenced to 9 years in prison in December 2021 for ‘‘anti- 
state propaganda’’ in a judicial proceeding and imprison-
ment declared ‘‘arbitrary’’ by the United Nations Work-
ing Group on Arbitrary Detention; 
(2) in Bangladesh, journalists are subjected to arbi-
trary arrests, and suffer killings and physical attacks 
with near-total impunity; and 
(3) in Sri Lanka, the enactment of the recent draco-
nian Online Safety Act, which undermines freedom of 
speech, incentivizes self-censorship and could be misused 
to suppress dissent; 
Whereas Cuba remains a highly restricted environment for 
independent media, marked by internet restrictions and 
constant, state-directed harassment of journalists and 
news outlets, as well as the preponderance of arbitrary 
arrests, threats, police summonses, and forced exile, 
which remain among the repressive suite of measures ap-
plied by the Government against activists and journalists, 
with victims including Lazaro Yuri Valle Roca, a jour-
nalist who was sentenced to 5 years in prison for ‘‘enemy 
propaganda and resistance’’ in July 2022, evidence that 
the Cuban Government continues to employ retaliatory 
tactics to silence and jail journalists, or force them into 
exile, to maintain its oppressive censorship regime; 
Whereas assaults on press freedom in El Salvador imperil its 
fragile democracy, which include verbal attacks on jour-
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nalists by political leaders and the use of state power to 
intimidate and pressure independent media, such as— 
(1) the spyware attacks by the Salvadoran Govern-
ment against journalists of the media outlet El Faro, who 
were subject to 226 illegal wire tappings between June 
2020 and November 2021, and where many of these at-
tacks occurred when the journalists were communicating 
with confidential sources and reporting on abuses by the 
Salvadoran Government, and which intensified around El 
Faro’s publication of major stories; 
(2) the ongoing criminal investigation against that 
same outlet, which investigation was launched after El 
Faro reported damaging information about the Salva-
doran Government, and the relentless harassment by Sal-
vadoran law enforcement toward El Faro journalists, 
which led the media outlet to relocate most of its oper-
ations to Costa Rica following harassment by Salvadoran 
police; 
(3) the online attacks and threats to journalists 
from the outlet Revista Factum, which has been banned 
from press conferences at the Presidential residence; and 
(4) the adoption of a new law that imposes prison 
sentences ranging from 10 to 15 years for certain report-
ing on criminal groups, such as gangs; 
Whereas Mexico continues to be one of the world’s deadliest 
countries for journalists, where 25 journalists are cur-
rently counted as missing, according to Mexico’s National 
Human Rights Commission, and where CPJ has recorded 
88 killings of journalists and media workers since 2012, 
of which 37 were murdered in response to their report-
age, and where reporters covering stories concerning po-
litical corruption and organized crime are frequently as-
saulted and murdered; 
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Whereas Haiti is now the second deadliest country in the 
Western Hemisphere for journalists, with 7 journalist 
deaths since 2022 following a steady uptick of violence in 
the country, including violence against the press, as the 
country’s security situation continues to deteriorate fol-
lowing the 2021 assassination of President Jovenel 
Moı¨se, with violence claiming the lives of— 
(1) Garry Tesse, a Haitian radio reporter who re-
ported on political and government corruption and was 
believed to be tortured and killed in retaliation for his re-
porting; and 
(2) Dumesky Kersaint, a journalist for an online 
news outlet who was killed while attempting to cover an-
other killing in his community; 
Whereas, in Nicaragua, the persecution of journalists by the 
Ortega regime continues unabated, including through 
forced closures of independent media outlets, and journal-
ists in the country are continually threatened, harassed, 
sued, surveilled, jailed, and forced into exile, including— 
(1) Miguel Mendoza, who along with 6 other journal-
ists and media workers, was among the group of 222 po-
litical prisoners released by Nicaraguan authorities in 
February 2023, sent to the United States, and subse-
quently stripped of their Nicaraguan citizenship; and 
(2) journalist Victor Ticay, who was arrested in 
April 2023 in connection to his April 5, 2023, reporting 
about a Catholic Easter celebration; 
Whereas, in Guatemala, RSF has noted the risk of the crim-
inalization of journalism in Guatemala as Government of-
ficials and politicians routinely harass and target journal-
ists who investigate corruption, press freedom is facing 
an alarming assault, and journalists are not only being 
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criminalized and imprisoned but are also relentlessly tar-
geted for their reporting, enduring online and offline har-
assment, intimidation, and physical assaults, including 
the arrest of Jose´ Rube´n Zamora, a prize-winning jour-
nalist whose trial has been widely criticized by inter-
national observers as arbitrary and politically motivated, 
who was convicted of ‘‘money laundering’’ allegations in 
July 2022, sentenced to 6 years in prison, and remains 
behind bars despite the October 13, 2023, ruling by a 
Guatemalan court that overturned the conviction and or-
dered a retrial in Zamora’s case, which continues to face 
delays; 
Whereas, in Peru, criminal defamation lawsuits, legislation, 
and restrictive accreditation schemes for journalists that 
undermine freedom of expression have been used to har-
ass and silence investigative journalists who write about 
prominent political figures, and the unlawful state repres-
sion of protesters has also increased the risk to journal-
ists covering ongoing social unrest in Peru, as corrobo-
rated by the woundings of several journalists by rubber 
pellets and tear gas canisters in police and military oper-
ations throughout 2022 and 2023 that have been con-
demned by international organizations as violating inter-
national standards on the use of force; 
Whereas, in Ecuador, a group of presumed gang members 
stormed a local news station in Guayaquil on January 9, 
2024, during a live broadcast, which evinces the country’s 
worsening security condition amid organized crime activ-
ity that has forced at least 5 journalists to leave Ecuador 
between April and October 2023, according to CPJ; 
Whereas, in Venezuela, the Maduro regime continues to tar-
get independent media outlets, restrict the exercise of 
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freedom of expression, and severely limit access to accu-
rate information, with local civil society organization 
Public Space (Espacio Pu´blico) registering 349 attacks 
on journalists and media workers between January and 
November 2023, including censorship, verbal attacks, and 
intimidation; 
Whereas press freedom continues to face challenges in sub- 
Saharan Africa, including in— 
(1) Ethiopia, the second-worst jailer of journalists in 
sub-Saharan Africa, where a crackdown on the press has 
included— 
(A) an entrenched pattern of arbitrarily detain-
ing journalists; with at least 8 journalists behind 
bars as of December 2023, according to CPJ; 
(B) significant due process and fair trial con-
cerns in the cases of detained journalists, such as in 
May 2023, when online journalist Gobeze Sisay was 
arrested in neighboring Djibouti and transferred to 
Ethiopia under unclear circumstances; 
(C) the detention of journalists arrested under 
state of emergency provisions at a military camp in 
eastern Ethiopia without judicial oversight or access 
to family and legal counsel; 
(D) the use of internet disruptions during polit-
ical tension or in restive parts of the country, includ-
ing the Oromia and Amhara regions, making it dif-
ficult for journalists to report safely and freely; 
(E) the failure to provide a credible accounting 
for the 2021 killings of journalists Dawit Kebede 
Araya and Sisay Fida; 
(F) the consistent persecution of media trying 
to cover the conflict and violence in the Oromia and 
Amhara regions, including the detention of at least 
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6 journalists as of March 27, 2024, who were re-
porting on events in Amhara; and 
(G) the forced exile and deportation of inde-
pendent journalists; 
(2) Nigeria, where journalists have been repeatedly 
detained and charged for their work, including— 
(A) Luka Binniyat, who was arrested in No-
vember 2021, released on bail in February 2022, 
and is facing 3 years in prison if convicted of send-
ing false information under the Cybercrimes Act; 
(B) 
Agba 
Jalingo, 
publisher 
of 
the 
CrossRiverWatch news site, who was arrested on 
March 27, 2023, charged under the Cybercrimes Act 
for allegedly publishing false news, and released on 
bail on April 3, 2023; 
(C) Haruna Mohammed Salisu, publisher of the 
WikkiTimes, who was arrested while covering the 
February 25, 2023, Federal elections, charged under 
the penal code with inciting the public to disturb the 
Bauchi State Governor, and released on bail on 
March 1, 2023, and who faces ongoing prosecution 
in that case and several others; and 
(D) Saint Mienpamo Onitsha, founder of the 
online broadcaster NAIJA Live TV, who was ar-
rested on October 10, 2023, at gunpoint at the home 
of a friend, charged under the Cybercrime Act over 
a report about tensions in the southern Niger Delta 
region, and released on bail after nearly four months 
in jail; 
(3) Eritrea, which is one of the world’s most 
censored countries, and where at least 16 journalists, in-
cluding editors Dawit Isaak and Amanuel Asrat, are de-
tained, with most of these detentions commencing during 
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a 2001 crackdown on the independent press, according to 
CPJ; 
(4) Cameroon, where— 
(A) 6 journalists were imprisoned as of Decem-
ber 2023, according to CPJ; 
(B) at least 2 journalists have died in govern-
ment custody under suspicious circumstances since 
2010; and 
(C) journalist Martinez Zogo was abducted, tor-
tured, and killed in January 2023; and journalist 
Jean-Jacques Ola Bebe was killed in February 
2023, with no police investigation into his murder; 
(5) Rwanda, where the media landscape is heavily 
restricted by censorship and authoritarianism, and 
where— 
(A) at least 4 journalists were imprisoned as of 
December 1, 2023, according to CPJ, 2 of whom, 
YouTubers 
Aimbale 
Karasira 
Uzaramba 
and 
Dieudonne´ Niyonsenga, have alleged torture in state 
custody; and 
(B) journalist John Williams Ntwali, who, after 
reporting on cases of torture, disappearances, and 
forced government evictions, was killed in January 
2023 under suspicious circumstances, and whose 
death has never been credibly investigated; 
(6) Burundi, where journalist Floriane Irangabiye is 
serving a 10-year prison sentence, following a January 
2023 conviction in connection to her critical commentary 
on governance issues in the country; 
(7) Mali and Burkina Faso, where foreign journal-
ists have been expelled in the aftermath of coups d’etat 
in the respective countries, French-language media out-
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lets have been banned, and local journalists work under 
threat of reprisal for reporting on security issues; 
(8) Niger, where journalist Samira Sabou was de-
tained for 11 days in October 2023 and charged with 
cybercrime and treason in connection with her reporting; 
(9) Senegal, where journalists have been repeatedly 
arrested and prosecuted for their work, attacked by secu-
rity forces, and struggled amid internet shutdowns; 
(10) Togo, where journalists have faced arrests and 
prosecutions for their work, as well as other forms of in-
timidation, including spyware surveillance; and 
(11) Zimbabwe, where journalists have been banned 
from covering government meetings, and the legal frame-
work remains harsh; 
Whereas, in Hungary, the Parliament in December 2023 
passed a Russian-inspired national sovereignty law that 
created a ‘‘Sovereignty Protection Authority’’, an institu-
tion with the publicly declared objectives of targeting 
journalists and identifying individuals and organizations 
that receive foreign funding and which the Authority sus-
pects undermine the country’s national sovereignty, ob-
jectives that local media outlets have warned will em-
power the Authority with the ability to stifle independent 
journalism supported by overseas donors; 
Whereas, in Serbia, journalists suffer regular online harass-
ment, smear campaigns, and physical attacks, and the 
1999 killing of journalist Slavko C´uruvija remains 
unpunished after those formerly convicted for the murder 
were acquitted; 
Whereas, in Slovakia, more than 6 years after the brutal kill-
ing of investigative reporter Ja´n Kuciak and his fiance´e 
Martina Kusˇnı´rova´, and despite the hitmen and inter-
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mediaries receiving lengthy prison sentences, authorities 
have been so far unable to convict the alleged master-
mind; 
Whereas, in Greece, authorities have 2 unresolved murders of 
journalists, and journalists have in recent years been tar-
geted by surveillance, abusive lawsuits, and have experi-
enced physical attacks; 
Whereas, in Turkey, the Erdogan government maintains one 
of the world’s most repressive environments for journal-
ists and continues its ‘‘revolving door’’ policy on detain-
ing journalists, with at least 13 journalists jailed in retal-
iation for their professional work at the time of CPJ’s 
most recent prison census on December 1, 2023; 
Whereas Hatice Duman, the longest imprisoned journalist in 
Turkey, who has been serving a life sentence on terrorism 
charges since April 9, 2003, told CPJ in November 2022 
that she had little hope for freedom in her retrial, while 
her continuing retrial has not instigated any changes on 
the part of the authorities; 
Whereas, in Azerbaijan, the Government of Ilham Aliyev, who 
secured a fifth term in an uncompetitive early Presi-
dential election in February 2024, mounted a renewed 
assault on independent media in recent months by de-
taining 10 journalists from outlets Abzas Media, Kanal 
13 and Toplum TV: Ulvi Hasanli, Sevinj Vagifgizi, 
Mahammad Kekalov, Hafiz Babali, Elnara Gasimova, 
Nargiz Absalamova, Aziz Orujov, Shamo Eminov, 
Alasgar Mammadli, and Mushfig Jabbar, constituting a 
crackdown on journalists that was in part retaliation for 
their reporting on official corruption; 
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Whereas, in Tajikistan, the Government continued its system-
atic repression of the free press in 2022 and 2023 by 
sentencing 7 journalists to lengthy prison terms on spu-
rious charges in secretive, closed-door trials held in de-
tention centers amid allegations of torture and forced 
confessions, including— 
(1) Ulfatkhonim Mamadshoeva, a 67-year-old ethnic 
Pamiri journalist and human rights defender, who was 
sentenced to 20 years in prison; and 
(2) journalists Daler Imomali, Abdullo Ghurbati, 
Zavqibek Saidamini, Abdusattor Pirmuhammadzoda, and 
Khurshed Fozilov, who were sentenced to terms of im-
prisonment ranging from 7 to 10 years on spurious 
charges of extremism; 
Whereas, in Kyrgyzstan, since the start of 2022, the Govern-
ment has taken worrying steps to dismantle the country’s 
previously vibrant press environment, including by— 
(1) detaining 11 current and former staff of the in-
vestigative reporting outlet Temirov Live, who have re-
ported on corruption allegations among high-level govern-
ment officials, since January 2024; 
(2) imposing spurious charges of illegal drug manu-
facture on Kyrgyzstan-born investigative journalist Bolot 
Temirov, founder of Temirov Live, and deporting him to 
the Russian Federation in retaliation for his reporting on 
corruption in the Government’s procurement processes; 
(3) shuttering and blocking investigative outlet 
Kloop, known for its reporting on high-level government 
corruption; 
(4) enacting the so-called ‘‘Foreign representatives’’ 
legislation that will establish extensive state control over 
externally funded press freedom groups and nongovern-
mental organizations that run prominent news sites; and 
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(5) raiding independent news agency 24.kg on fab-
ricated charges; 
Whereas, in Algeria, press freedom continued to deteriorate 
at an alarming pace in 2023, with 3 journalists in jail 
as of December 2023, according to CPJ, 2 of whom are 
the country’s most prominent journalists, including— 
(1) Mustapha Bendjama, editor-in-chief and director 
of local independent news website Le Provincial, who was 
arrested on February 8, 2023, on foreign funding 
charges and is currently serving a 6-month prison sen-
tence for ‘‘committing an illegal immigration crime’’; and 
(2) Ihsane El Kadi, editor-in-chief of local inde-
pendent news website Maghreb Emergent and Radio M, 
who was arrested in December 2022, and is serving a 7- 
year prison sentence on charges of receiving foreign fund-
ing for the news outlet he manages; 
Whereas, in Tunisia, press freedom has gravely deteriorated 
following President Kais Saied’s dismissal of the prime 
minister on July 25, 2021, and his concomitant suspen-
sion of Parliament, in addition to his Government’s im-
prisonment of journalists in 2023, according to CPJ, 
which evince a national context in which the Government 
has broadly suppressed press freedom in the country, in-
cluding— 
(1) raiding multiple local and foreign media outlets 
and news organizations, and security officers, in several 
cases, confiscating the organizations’ broadcasting equip-
ment and ordering their offices to close, notably the office 
of Al Jazeera; and 
(2) approving a new constitution that is devoid of 
necessary protections for journalists to pursue their work 
without fear of censorship and repression; 
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Whereas United States journalists have been targeted while 
reporting abroad, including— 
(1) Christopher Allen, who was killed while covering 
the conflict in South Sudan on August 26, 2017, and for 
whom there has been no credible investigation to pursue 
justice after nearly 7 years; 
(2) Austin Tice, who was kidnapped in Syria and 
has been held in captivity since August 13, 2012; 
(3) Brent Renaud, who was killed by Russian forces 
while covering the war in Ukraine on March 13, 2022; 
(4) Evan Gershkovich, who was arrested in Russia 
on charges of espionage on March 29, 2023; and 
(5) Alsu Kurmasheva, who holds dual United States- 
Russian citizenship, who was arrested on October 18, 
2023, in Russia on charges of failure to register as a for-
eign agent; 
Whereas, under the auspices of the United States Agency for 
Global Media, the United States Government provides fi-
nancial assistance to several editorially independent 
media outlets, including Voice of America, Radio Free 
Europe/Radio Liberty, Radio Free Asia, the Office of 
Cuba Broadcasting, and the Middle East Broadcasting 
Networks— 
(1) which report and broadcast news, information, 
and analysis in critical regions around the world; 
(2) whose journalists regularly face harassment, 
fines, and imprisonment for their work; and 
(3) whose journalist Alsu Kurmasheva has been in 
Russian detention since October 18, 2023, on antistate 
false news charges; and 
Whereas press freedom— 
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(1) is a key component of democratic governance ac-
tivism in civil society, and socioeconomic development; 
and 
(2) enhances public accountability, transparency, 
and participation in civil society and democratic govern-
ance: Now, therefore, be it 
Resolved, That the House of Representatives— 
(1) declares that a free press— 
(A) is a central component of free societies 
and democratic governance; 
(B) contributes to an informed civil society 
and government accountability; 
(C) helps to expose corruption; 
(D) enhances public accountability and 
transparency of governments at all levels; and 
(E) disseminates information that is essen-
tial to improving public health and safety; 
(2) expresses concerns about threats to the ex-
ercise of freedom of expression, including by the 
press, around the world; 
(3) recognizes and commends journalism’s role 
in providing trusted, accurate, and timely informa-
tion and in holding governments, leaders accountable 
to citizens; 
(4) recognizes the indispensable role of journal-
ists and media outlets in informing voters and the 
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international community about elections in multiple 
countries worldwide in 2024; 
(5) is dismayed that, under cover of the 
COVID–19 pandemic, many governments have re-
stricted the work of journalists reporting on the pub-
lic health crisis and on peaceful protests on a variety 
of issues; 
(6) pays tribute to journalists who made tre-
mendous sacrifices, including the loss of their lives, 
in the pursuit of truth and justice; 
(7) condemns all actions around the world that 
suppress press freedom and endanger the safety of 
journalists; 
(8) calls for the unconditional and immediate 
release of all wrongfully detained journalists; 
(9) reaffirms the centrality of press freedom to 
efforts of the United States Government to support 
democracy, mitigate conflict, and promote good gov-
ernance domestically and around the world; and 
(10) calls upon the President and the Secretary 
of State— 
(A) to preserve and build upon the leader-
ship of the United States on issues relating to 
press freedom, on the basis of the protections 
for freedom of the press afforded the United 
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States people under the First Amendment to 
the Constitution; 
(B) to transparently investigate and bring 
to justice the perpetrators of attacks against 
journalists; and 
(C) to promote the respect and protection 
of press freedom around the world. 
Æ 
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