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‘‘(v) research and development of new 
and advanced technologies for carbon use, 
including recycling and reuse of carbon di-
oxide. 
‘‘(2) FIELD
VALIDATION
TESTING
ACTIVI-
TIES.— 
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
promote, to the maximum extent practicable, 
regional carbon sequestration partnerships to 
conduct geologic sequestration tests involving 
carbon dioxide injection and monitoring, mitiga-
tion, and verification operations in a variety of 
candidate geological settings, including— 
‘‘(i) operating oil and gas fields; 
‘‘(ii) depleted oil and gas fields; 
‘‘(iii) unmineable coal seams; 
‘‘(iv) deep saline formations; 
‘‘(v) deep geologic systems that may 
be used as engineered reservoirs to extract 
economical quantities of heat from geo-
thermal resources of low permeability or 
porosity; 
‘‘(vi) deep geologic systems containing 
basalt formations; and
200 
‘‘(vii) high altitude terrain oil and gas 
fields. 
‘‘(B) OBJECTIVES.—The objectives of tests 
conducted under this paragraph shall be— 
‘‘(i) to develop and validate geo-
physical tools, analysis, and modeling to 
monitor, predict, and verify carbon dioxide 
containment; 
‘‘(ii) to validate modeling of geological 
formations; 
‘‘(iii) to refine storage capacity esti-
mated for particular geological formations; 
‘‘(iv) to determine the fate of carbon 
dioxide concurrent with and following in-
jection into geological formations; 
‘‘(v) to develop and implement best 
practices for operations relating to, and 
monitoring of, injection and storage of car-
bon dioxide in geologic formations; 
‘‘(vi) to assess and ensure the safety 
of operations related to geological storage 
of carbon dioxide; 
‘‘(vii) to allow the Secretary to pro-
mulgate policies, procedures, requirements, 
and guidance to ensure that the objectives
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of this subparagraph are met in large-scale 
testing and deployment activities for car-
bon capture and storage that are funded 
by the Department of Energy; and 
‘‘(viii) to support Environmental Pro-
tection Agency efforts, in consultation with 
other agencies, to develop a scientifically 
sound regulatory framework to enable com-
mercial-scale 
sequestration 
operations 
while safeguarding human health and un-
derground sources of drinking water. 
‘‘(3) LARGE-SCALE CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUES-
TRATION TESTING.— 
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
conduct not less than 7 initial large-volume se-
questration tests, not including the FutureGen 
project, for geological containment of carbon di-
oxide (at least 1 of which shall be international 
in scope) to validate information on the cost 
and feasibility of commercial deployment of 
technologies for geological containment of car-
bon dioxide. 
‘‘(B) DIVERSITY OF FORMATIONS TO BE 
STUDIED.—In selecting formations for study 
under this paragraph, the Secretary shall con-
202 
sider a variety of geological formations across 
the United States, and require characterization 
and modeling of candidate formations, as deter-
mined by the Secretary. 
‘‘(C) SOURCE
OF
CARBON
DIOXIDE
FOR 
LARGE-SCALE
SEQUESTRATION
DEMONSTRA-
TIONS.—In the process of any acquisition of 
carbon dioxide for sequestration demonstrations 
under subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall 
give preference to purchases of carbon dioxide 
from industrial and coal-fired electric genera-
tion facilities. To the extent feasible, the Sec-
retary shall prefer test projects from industrial 
and coal-fired electric generation facilities that 
would facilitate the creation of an integrated 
system of capture, transportation and storage 
of carbon dioxide. Until coal-fired electric gen-
eration facilities, either new or existing, are op-
erating with carbon dioxide capture tech-
nologies, other industrial sources of carbon di-
oxide should be pursued under this paragraph. 
The preference provided for under this subpara-
graph shall not delay the implementation of the 
large-scale sequestration tests under this para-
graph.
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‘‘(D) DEFINITION.—For purposes of this 
paragraph, the term ‘large-scale’ means the in-
jection of more than 1,000,000 metric tons of 
carbon dioxide annually, or a scale that demon-
strably exceeds the necessary thresholds in key 
geologic transients to validate the ability con-
tinuously to inject quantities on the order of 
several million metric tons of industrial carbon 
dioxide annually for a large number of years. 
‘‘(4) LARGE-SCALE DEMONSTRATION OF CAR-
BON DIOXIDE CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES.— 
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
carry out at least 3 and no more than 5 dem-
onstrations, that include each of the tech-
nologies described in subparagraph (B), for the 
large-scale capture of carbon dioxide from in-
dustrial sources of carbon dioxide, at least 2 of 
which are facilities that generate electric energy 
from fossil fuels. Candidate facilities for other 
demonstrations under this paragraph shall in-
clude facilities that refine petroleum, manufac-
ture iron or steel, manufacture cement or ce-
ment clinker, manufacture commodity chemi-
cals, and ethanol and fertilizer plants. Consider-
ation may be given to capture of carbon dioxide