297
buses, including State taxes and contract fees 
associated with the acquisition of such buses; 
and 
(B) to provide—
(i) up to 20 percent of the price of the 
alternative fuel school buses acquired, for 
necessary alternative fuel infrastructure if 
the infrastructure will only be available to 
the grant recipient; and 
(ii) up to 25 percent of the price of 
the alternative fuel school buses acquired, 
for necessary alternative fuel infrastructure 
if the infrastructure will be available to the 
grant recipient and to other bus fleets. 
(3) GRANT RECIPIENT FUNDS.—The grant re-
cipient shall be required to provide at least—
(A) in the case of a grant recipient de-
scribed in paragraph (1) or (3) of subsection 
(c), the lesser of—
(i) an amount equal to 15 percent of 
the total cost of each bus received; or 
(ii) $15,000 per bus; and 
(B) in the case of a grant recipient de-
scribed in subsection (c)(2), the lesser of—
298
(i) an amount equal to 20 percent of 
the total cost of each bus received; or 
(ii) $20,000 per bus. 
(4) ULTRA-LOW SULFUR DIESEL FUEL.—In the 
case of a grant recipient receiving a grant for ultra-
low sulfur diesel fuel school buses, the grant recipi-
ent shall be required to provide documentation to 
the satisfaction of the Administrator that diesel fuel 
containing sulfur at not more than 15 parts per mil-
lion is available for carrying out the purposes of the 
grant, and a commitment by the applicant to use 
such fuel in carrying out the purposes of the grant. 
(5) TIMING.—All alternative fuel school buses, 
ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel school buses, or alter-
native fuel infrastructure acquired under a grant 
awarded under this section shall be purchased and 
placed in service as soon as practicable. 
(g) BUSES.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in para-
graph (2), funding under a grant made under this 
section for the acquisition of new alternative fuel 
school buses or ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel school 
buses shall only be used to acquire school buses—
(A) with a gross vehicle weight of greater 
than 14,000 pounds;
299
(B) that are powered by a heavy duty en-
gine; 
(C) in the case of alternative fuel school 
buses manufactured in model years 2004 
through 2006, that emit not more than 1.8 
grams per brake horsepower-hour of non-
methane hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen 
and .01 grams per brake horsepower-hour of 
particulate matter; and 
(D) in the case of ultra-low sulfur diesel 
fuel school buses manufactured in model years 
2004 through 2006, that emit not more than 
2.5 grams per brake horsepower-hour of non-
methane hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen 
and .01 grams per brake horsepower-hour of 
particulate matter. 
(2) LIMITATIONS.—A bus shall not be acquired 
under this section that emits nonmethane hydro-
carbons, oxides of nitrogen, or particulate matter at 
a rate greater than the best performing technology 
of the same class of ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel 
school buses commercially available at the time the 
grant is made. 
(h) DEPLOYMENT AND DISTRIBUTION.—The Admin-
istrator shall—
300
(1) seek, to the maximum extent practicable, to 
achieve nationwide deployment of alternative fuel 
school buses and ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel school 
buses through the program under this section; and 
(2) ensure a broad geographic distribution of 
grant awards, with a goal of no State receiving more 
than 10 percent of the grant funding made available 
under this section for a fiscal year. 
(i) ALLOCATION OF FUNDS.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to paragraph (2), of 
the amount of grant funding made available to carry 
out this section for any fiscal year, the Adminis-
trator shall use—
(A) 70 percent for the acquisition of alter-
native fuel school buses or supporting infra-
structure; and 
(B) 30 percent for the acquisition of ultra-
low sulfur diesel fuel school buses. 
(2) INSUFFICIENT
NUMBER
OF
QUALIFIED 
GRANT APPLICATIONS.—After the first fiscal year in 
which this program is in effect, if the Administrator 
does not receive a sufficient number of qualified 
grant applications to meet the requirements of sub-
paragraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (1) for a fiscal 
year, effective beginning on August 1 of the fiscal
301
year, the Administrator shall make the remaining 
funds available to other qualified grant applicants 
under this section. 
(j) REDUCTION
OF SCHOOL BUS IDLING.—Each 
local educational agency (as defined in section 9101 of the 
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 
U.S.C. 7801)) that receives Federal funds under the Ele-
mentary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 
6301 et seq.) is encouraged to develop a policy, consistent 
with the health, safety, and welfare of students and the 
proper operation and maintenance of school buses, to re-
duce the incidence of unnecessary school bus idling at 
schools when picking up and unloading students. 
(k) ANNUAL REPORT.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than January 31 
of each year, the Administrator shall transmit to 
Congress a report evaluating implementation of the 
programs under this section and section 743. 
(2) COMPONENTS.—The reports shall include a 
description of—
(A) the total number of grant applications 
received; 
(B) the number and types of alternative 
fuel school buses, ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel
302
school buses, and retrofitted buses requested in 
grant applications; 
(C) grants awarded and the criteria used 
to select the grant recipients; 
(D) certified engine emission levels of all 
buses purchased or retrofitted under the pro-
grams under this section and section 743; 
(E) an evaluation of the in-use emission 
level of buses purchased or retrofitted under the 
programs under this section and section 743; 
and 
(F) any other information the Adminis-
trator considers appropriate. 
(l) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator to 
carry out this section, to remain available until ex-
pended—
(1) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2005; 
(2) $65,000,000 for fiscal year 2006; 
(3) $90,000,000 for fiscal year 2007; and 
(4) such sums as are necessary for each of fis-
cal years 2008 and 2009. 
SEC. 743. DIESEL RETROFIT PROGRAM. 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Administrator, in con-
sultation with the Secretary, shall establish a program for
303
awarding grants on a competitive basis to entities for the 
installation of retrofit technologies for diesel school buses. 
(b) ELIGIBLE RECIPIENTS.—A grant shall be award-
ed under this section only—
(1) to a local or State governmental entity re-
sponsible for providing school bus service to 1 or 
more public school systems; 
(2) to 1 or more contracting entities that pro-
vide school bus service to 1 or more public school 
systems, if the grant application is submitted jointly 
with the 1 or more school systems that the buses 
will serve, except that the application may provide 
that buses purchased using funds awarded shall be 
owned, operated, and maintained exclusively by the 
1 or more contracting entities; or 
(3) to a nonprofit school transportation associa-
tion representing private contracting entities, if the 
association has notified and received approval from 
the 1 or more school systems to be served by the 
buses. 
(c) AWARDS.—
(1) IN
GENERAL.—The Administrator shall 
seek, to the maximum extent practicable, to ensure 
a broad geographic distribution of grants under this 
section.
304
(2) PREFERENCES.—In making awards of 
grants under this section, the Administrator shall 
give preference to proposals that—
(A) will achieve the greatest reductions in 
emissions of nonmethane hydrocarbons, oxides 
of nitrogen, or particulate matter per proposal 
or per bus; or 
(B) involve the use of emissions control 
retrofit technology on diesel school buses that 
operate solely on ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel. 
(d) CONDITIONS OF GRANT.—A grant shall be pro-
vided under this section on the conditions that—
(1) buses on which retrofit emissions-control 
technology are to be demonstrated—
(A) will operate on ultra-low sulfur diesel 
fuel where such fuel is reasonably available or 
required for sale by State or local law or regula-
tion; 
(B) were manufactured in model year 1991 
or later; and 
(C) will be used for the transportation of 
school children to and from school for a min-
imum of 5 years;
305
(2) grant funds will be used for the purchase of 
emission control retrofit technology, including State 
taxes and contract fees; and 
(3) grant recipients will provide at least 15 per-
cent of the total cost of the retrofit, including the 
purchase of emission control retrofit technology and 
all necessary labor for installation of the retrofit. 
(e) VERIFICATION.—Not later than 90 days after the 
date of enactment of this Act, the Administrator shall 
publish in the Federal Register procedures to verify—
(1) the retrofit emissions-control technology to 
be demonstrated; 
(2) that buses powered by ultra-low sulfur die-
sel fuel on which retrofit emissions-control tech-
nology are to be demonstrated will operate on diesel 
fuel containing not more than 15 parts per million 
of sulfur; and 
(3) that grants are administered in accordance 
with this section. 
(f) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator to 
carry out this section, to remain available until ex-
pended—
(1) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2005; 
(2) $35,000,000 for fiscal year 2006;
306
(3) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2007; and 
(4) such sums as are necessary for each of fis-
cal years 2008 and 2009. 
SEC. 744. FUEL CELL SCHOOL BUSES. 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary shall establish 
a program for entering into cooperative agreements—
(1) with private sector fuel cell bus developers 
for the development of fuel cell-powered school 
buses; and 
(2) subsequently, with not less than 2 units of 
local government using natural gas-powered school 
buses and such private sector fuel cell bus developers 
to demonstrate the use of fuel cell-powered school 
buses. 
(b) COST SHARING.—The non-Federal contribution 
for activities funded under this section shall be not less 
than—
(1) 20 percent for fuel infrastructure develop-
ment activities; and 
(2) 50 percent for demonstration activities and 
for development activities not described in paragraph 
(1). 
(c) REPORTS TO CONGRESS.—Not later than 3 years 
after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall 
transmit to Congress a report that—
307
(1) evaluates the process of converting natural 
gas infrastructure to accommodate fuel cell-powered 
school buses; and 
(2) assesses the results of the development and 
demonstration program under this section. 
(d) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 
out this section $25,000,000 for the period of fiscal years 
2005 through 2007. 
Subtitle D—Miscellaneous 
SEC. 751. RAILROAD EFFICIENCY. 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary of Energy 
shall, in cooperation with the Secretary of Transportation 
and the Administrator of the Environmental Protection 
Agency, establish a cost-shared, public-private research 
partnership involving the Federal Government, railroad 
carriers, locomotive manufacturers and equipment sup-
pliers, and the Association of American Railroads, to de-
velop and demonstrate railroad locomotive technologies 
that increase fuel economy, reduce emissions, and lower 
costs of operation. 
(b) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of En-
ergy to carry out this section—
(1) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2006;
308
(2) $35,000,000 for fiscal year 2007; and 
(3) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2008. 
SEC. 752. MOBILE EMISSION REDUCTIONS TRADING AND 
CREDITING. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days after the 
date of enactment of this Act, the Administrator of the 
Environmental Protection Agency shall submit to Con-
gress a report on the experience of the Administrator with 
the trading of mobile source emission reduction credits for 
use by owners and operators of stationary source emission 
sources to meet emission offset requirements within a non-
attainment area. 
(b) CONTENTS.—The report shall describe—
(1) projects approved by the Administrator that 
include the trading of mobile source emission reduc-
tion credits for use by stationary sources in com-
plying with offset requirements, including a descrip-
tion of—
(A) project and stationary sources location; 
(B) volumes of emissions offset and trad-
ed; 
(C) the sources of mobile emission reduc-
tion credits; and 
(D) if available, the cost of the credits;
309
(2) the significant issues identified by the Ad-
ministrator in consideration and approval of trading 
in the projects; 
(3) the requirements for monitoring and assess-
ing the air quality benefits of any approved project; 
(4) the statutory authority on which the Admin-
istrator has based approval of the projects; 
(5) an evaluation of how the resolution of issues 
in approved projects could be used in other projects; 
and 
(6) any other issues that the Administrator con-
siders relevant to the trading and generation of mo-
bile source emission reduction credits for use by sta-
tionary sources or for other purposes. 
SEC. 753. AVIATION FUEL CONSERVATION AND EMISSIONS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 60 days after the 
date of enactment of this Act, the Administrator of the 
Federal Aviation Administration and the Administrator of 
the Environmental Protection Agency shall jointly initiate 
a study to identify—
(1) the impact of aircraft emissions on air qual-
ity in nonattainment areas; and 
(2) ways to promote fuel conservation measures 
for aviation to—
(A) enhance fuel efficiency; and
310
(B) reduce emissions. 
(b) FOCUS.—The study under subsection (a) shall 
focus on how air traffic management inefficiencies, such 
as aircraft idling at airports, result in unnecessary fuel 
burn and air emissions. 
(c) REPORT.—Not later than 1 year after the date 
of the initiation of the study under subsection (a), the Ad-
ministrator of the Federal Aviation Administration and 
the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agen-
cy shall jointly submit to the Committee on Energy and 
Commerce and the Committee on Transportation and In-
frastructure of the House of Representatives and the Com-
mittee on Environment and Public Works and the Com-
mittee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the 
Senate a report that—
(1) describes the results of the study; and 
(2) includes any recommendations on ways in 
which unnecessary fuel use and emissions affecting 
air quality may be reduced—
(A) without adversely affecting safety and 
security and increasing individual aircraft noise; 
and 
(B) while taking into account all aircraft 
emissions and the impact of the emissions on 
human health.
311
SEC. 754. DIESEL FUELED VEHICLES. 
(a) DEFINITION OF TIER 2 EMISSION STANDARDS.—
In this section, the term ‘‘tier 2 emission standards’’ 
means the motor vehicle emission standards that apply to 
passenger cars, light trucks, and larger passenger vehicles 
manufactured after the 2003 model year, as issued on 
February 10, 2000, by the Administrator of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency under sections 202 and 211 of 
the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7521, 7545). 
(b) DIESEL COMBUSTION AND AFTER-TREATMENT 
TECHNOLOGIES.—The Secretary of Energy shall accel-
erate efforts to improve diesel combustion and after-treat-
ment technologies for use in diesel fueled motor vehicles. 
(c) GOALS.—The Secretary shall carry out subsection 
(b) with a view toward achieving the following goals: 
(1) Developing and demonstrating diesel tech-
nologies that, not later than 2010, meet the fol-
lowing standards: 
(A) Tier 2 emission standards. 
(B) The heavy-duty emissions standards of 
2007 that are applicable to heavy-duty vehicles 
under regulations issued by the Administrator 
of the Environmental Protection Agency as of 
the date of enactment of this Act. 
(2) Developing the next generation of low-emis-
sion, high efficiency diesel engine technologies, in-
312
cluding homogeneous charge compression ignition 
technology. 
SEC. 756. REDUCTION OF ENGINE IDLING OF HEAVY-DUTY 
VEHICLES. 
(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 
(1) ADMINISTRATOR.—The term ‘‘Adminis-
trator’’ means the Administrator of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency. 
(2) ADVANCED TRUCK STOP ELECTRIFICATION 
SYSTEM.—The term ‘‘advanced truck stop elec-
trification system’’ means a stationary system that 
delivers heat, air conditioning, electricity, and com-
munications, and is capable of providing verifiable 
and auditable evidence of use of those services, to a 
heavy-duty vehicle and any occupants of the heavy-
duty vehicle without relying on components mounted 
onboard the heavy-duty vehicle for delivery of those 
services. 
(3) AUXILIARY POWER UNIT.—The term ‘‘auxil-
iary power unit’’ means an integrated system that—
(A) provides heat, air conditioning, engine 
warming, and electricity to the factory-installed 
components on a heavy-duty vehicle as if the 
main drive engine of the heavy-duty vehicle 
were running; and
313
(B) is certified by the Administrator under 
part 89 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations 
(or any successor regulation), as meeting appli-
cable emission standards. 
(4) HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE.—The term ‘‘heavy-
duty vehicle’’ means a vehicle that—
(A) has a gross vehicle weight rating great-
er than 12,500 pounds; and 
(B) is powered by a diesel engine. 
(5) IDLE REDUCTION TECHNOLOGY.—The term 
‘‘idle reduction technology’’ means an advanced 
truck stop electrification system, auxiliary power 
unit, or other device or system of devices that—
(A) is used to reduce long-duration idling 
of a heavy-duty vehicle; and 
(B) allows for the main drive engine or 
auxiliary refrigeration engine of a heavy-duty 
vehicle to be shut down. 
(6) LONG-DURATION IDLING.—
(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘‘long-dura-
tion idling’’ means the operation of a main 
drive engine or auxiliary refrigeration engine of 
a heavy-duty vehicle, for a period greater than 
15 consecutive minutes, at a time at which the 
main drive engine is not engaged in gear.
314
(B) EXCLUSIONS.—The term ‘‘long-dura-
tion idling’’ does not include the operation of a 
main drive engine or auxiliary refrigeration en-
gine of a heavy-duty vehicle during a routine 
stoppage associated with traffic movement or 
congestion. 
(b) IDLE REDUCTION TECHNOLOGY BENEFITS, PRO-
GRAMS, AND STUDIES.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 90 days after 
the date of enactment of this Act, the Administrator 
shall—
(A)(i) commence a review of the mobile 
source air emission models of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency used under the Clean 
Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.) to determine 
whether the models accurately reflect the emis-
sions resulting from long-duration idling of 
heavy-duty vehicles and other vehicles and en-
gines; and 
(ii) update those models as the Adminis-
trator determines to be appropriate; and 
(B)(i) commence a review of the emission 
reductions achieved by the use of idle reduction 
technology; and
315
(ii) complete such revisions of the regula-
tions and guidance of the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency as the Administrator determines 
to be appropriate. 
(2) DEADLINE
FOR
COMPLETION.—Not later 
than 180 days after the date of enactment of this 
Act, the Administrator shall—
(A) complete the reviews under subpara-
graphs (A)(i) and (B)(i) of paragraph (1); and 
(B) prepare and make publicly available 1 
or more reports on the results of the reviews. 
(3) DISCRETIONARY INCLUSIONS.—The reviews 
under subparagraphs (A)(i) and (B)(i) of paragraph 
(1) and the reports under paragraph (2)(B) may ad-
dress the potential fuel savings resulting from use of 
idle reduction technology. 
(4) 
IDLE
REDUCTION
DEPLOYMENT
PRO-
GRAM.—
(A) ESTABLISHMENT.—
(i) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 90 
days after the date of enactment of this 
Act, the Administrator, in consultation 
with the Secretary of Transportation, shall 
establish a program to support deployment 
of idle reduction technology.
316
(ii) 
PRIORITY.—The 
Administrator 
shall give priority to the deployment of idle 
reduction technology based on beneficial ef-
fects on air quality and ability to lessen 
the emission of criteria air pollutants. 
(B) FUNDING.—
(i) AUTHORIZATION
OF
APPROPRIA-
TIONS.—There are authorized to be appro-
priated to the Administrator to carry out 
subparagraph (A) $19,500,000 for fiscal 
year 2006, $30,000,000 for fiscal year 
2007, and $45,000,000 for fiscal year 
2008. 
(ii) COST SHARING.—Subject to clause 
(iii), the Administrator shall require at 
least 50 percent of the costs directly and 
specifically related to any project under 
this section to be provided from non-Fed-
eral sources. 
(iii) NECESSARY
AND
APPROPRIATE 
REDUCTIONS.—The Administrator may re-
duce the non-Federal requirement under 
clause (ii) if the Administrator determines 
that the reduction is necessary and appro-
317
priate to meet the objectives of this sec-
tion. 
(5) IDLING LOCATION STUDY.—
(A) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 90 days 
after the date of enactment of this Act, the Ad-
ministrator, in consultation with the Secretary 
of Transportation, shall commence a study to 
analyze all locations at which heavy-duty vehi-
cles stop for long-duration idling, including—
(i) truck stops; 
(ii) rest areas; 
(iii) border crossings; 
(iv) ports; 
(v) transfer facilities; and 
(vi) private terminals. 
(B) DEADLINE
FOR
COMPLETION.—Not 
later than 180 days after the date of enactment 
of this Act, the Administrator shall—
(i) complete the study under subpara-
graph (A); and 
(ii) prepare and make publicly avail-
able 1 or more reports of the results of the 
study. 
(c) VEHICLE WEIGHT EXEMPTION.—Section 127(a) 
of title 23, United States Code, is amended—
318
(1) by designating the first through eleventh 
sentences as paragraphs (1) through (11), respec-
tively; and 
(2) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(12) HEAVY DUTY VEHICLES.—
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—Subject to subpara-
graphs (B) and (C), in order to promote reduc-
tion of fuel use and emissions because of engine 
idling, the maximum gross vehicle weight limit 
and the axle weight limit for any heavy-duty ve-
hicle equipped with an idle reduction technology 
shall be increased by a quantity necessary to 
compensate for the additional weight of the idle 
reduction system. 
‘‘(B) MAXIMUM WEIGHT INCREASE.—The 
weight increase under subparagraph (A) shall 
be not greater than 250 pounds. 
‘‘(C) PROOF.—On request by a regulatory 
agency or law enforcement agency, the vehicle 
operator shall provide proof (through dem-
onstration or certification) that—
‘‘(i) the idle reduction technology is 
fully functional at all times; and 
‘‘(ii) the 250-pound gross weight in-
crease is not used for any purpose other
319
than the use of idle reduction technology 
described in subparagraph (A).’’. 
SEC. 757. BIODIESEL ENGINE TESTING PROGRAM. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later that 180 days after the 
date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall initiate 
a partnership with diesel engine, diesel fuel injection sys-
tem, and diesel vehicle manufacturers and diesel and bio-
diesel fuel providers, to include biodiesel testing in ad-
vanced diesel engine and fuel system technology. 
(b) SCOPE.—The program shall provide for testing 
to determine the impact of biodiesel from different sources 
on current and future emission control technologies, with 
emphasis on—
(1) the impact of biodiesel on emissions war-
ranty, in-use liability, and antitampering provisions; 
(2) the impact of long-term use of biodiesel on 
engine operations; 
(3) the options for optimizing these technologies 
for both emissions and performance when switching 
between biodiesel and diesel fuel; and 
(4) the impact of using biodiesel in these fuel-
ing systems and engines when used as a blend with 
2006 Environmental Protection Agency-mandated 
diesel fuel containing a maximum of 15-parts-per-
million sulfur content.
320
(c) REPORT.—Not later than 2 years after the date 
of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall provide an 
interim report to Congress on the findings of the program, 
including a comprehensive analysis of impacts from bio-
diesel on engine operation for both existing and expected 
future diesel technologies, and recommendations for en-
suring optimal emissions reductions and engine perform-
ance with biodiesel. 
(d) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated $5,000,000 for each of 
fiscal years 2006 through 2010 to carry out this section. 
(e) DEFINITION.—For purposes of this section, the 
term ‘‘biodiesel’’ means a diesel fuel substitute produced 
from nonpetroleum renewable resources that meets the 
registration requirements for fuels and fuel additives es-
tablished by the Environmental Protection Agency under 
section 211 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545) and 
that meets the American Society for Testing and Materials 
D6751–02a Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel 
(B100) Blend Stock for Distillate Fuels. 
SEC. 758. HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLE EXCEPTION. 
Notwithstanding section 102(a) of title 23, United 
States Code, a State may permit a vehicle with fewer than 
2 occupants to operate in high occupancy vehicle lanes if 
the vehicle—
321
(1) is a dedicated vehicle (as defined in section 
301 of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (42 U.S. 
13211)); or 
(2) is a hybrid vehicle (as defined by the State 
for the purpose of this section). 
SEC. 759. ULTRA-EFFICIENT ENGINE TECHNOLOGY FOR 
AIRCRAFT. 
(a) ULTRA-EFFICIENT ENGINE TECHNOLOGY PART-
NERSHIP.—The Secretary of Energy shall enter into a co-
operative agreement with the National Aeronautics and 
Space Administration for the development of ultra-effi-
cient engine technology for aircraft. 
(b) PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE.—The Secretary of 
Energy shall establish the following performance objec-
tives for the program set forth in subsection (a): 
(1) A fuel efficiency increase of 10 percent. 
(2) A reduction in the impact of landing and 
takeoff nitrogen oxides emissions on local air quality 
of 70 percent. 
(c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS .—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of En-
ergy for carrying out this section $45,000,000 for each 
of the fiscal years 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010.
322
Subtitle E—Automobile Efficiency 
SEC. 771. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS FOR IM-
PLEMENTATION 
AND 
ENFORCEMENT 
OF 
FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS. 
In addition to any other funds authorized by law, 
there are authorized to be appropriated to the National 
Highway Traffic Safety Administration to carry out its ob-
ligations with respect to average fuel economy standards 
$2,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2006 through 2010. 
SEC. 772. REVISED CONSIDERATIONS FOR DECISIONS ON 
MAXIMUM FEASIBLE AVERAGE FUEL ECON-
OMY. 
Section 32902(f) of title 49, United States Code, is 
amended to read as follows: 
‘‘(f) CONSIDERATIONS FOR DECISIONS ON MAXIMUM 
FEASIBLE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY.—When deciding 
maximum feasible average fuel economy under this sec-
tion, the Secretary of Transportation shall consider the 
following matters: 
‘‘(1) Technological feasibility. 
‘‘(2) Economic practicability. 
‘‘(3) The effect of other motor vehicle standards 
of the Government on fuel economy. 
‘‘(4) The need of the United States to conserve 
energy.
323
‘‘(5) The effects of fuel economy standards on 
passenger automobiles, nonpassenger automobiles, 
and occupant safety. 
‘‘(6) The effects of compliance with average fuel 
economy standards on levels of automobile industry 
employment in the United States.’’. 
SEC. 773. EXTENSION OF MAXIMUM FUEL ECONOMY IN-
CREASE FOR ALTERNATIVE FUELED VEHI-
CLES. 
(a) MANUFACTURING INCENTIVES.—Section 32905 
of title 49, United States Code, is amended—
(1) in each of subsections (b) and (d), by strik-
ing ‘‘1993–2004’’ and inserting ‘‘1993–2010’’; 
(2) in subsection (f), by striking ‘‘2001’’ and 
inserting ‘‘2007’’; and 
(3) in subsection (f)(1), by striking ‘‘2004’’ and 
inserting ‘‘2010’’. 
(b) MAXIMUM FUEL ECONOMY INCREASE.—Sub-
section (a)(1) of section 32906 of title 49, United States 
Code, is amended—
(1) in subparagraph (A), by striking ‘‘the model 
years 1993–2004’’ and inserting ‘‘model years 
1993–2010’’; and
324
(2) in subparagraph (B), by striking ‘‘the model 
years 2005–2008’’ and inserting ‘‘model years 
2011–2014’’. 
SEC. 774. STUDY OF FEASIBILITY AND EFFECTS OF REDUC-
ING USE OF FUEL FOR AUTOMOBILES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 30 days after the 
date of the enactment of this Act, the Administrator of 
the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration shall 
initiate a study of the feasibility and effects of reducing 
by model year 2014, by a significant percentage, the 
amount of fuel consumed by automobiles. 
(b) SUBJECTS OF STUDY.—The study under this sec-
tion shall include—
(1) examination of, and recommendation of al-
ternatives to, the policy under current Federal law 
of establishing average fuel economy standards for 
automobiles and requiring each automobile manufac-
turer to comply with average fuel economy standards 
that apply to the automobiles it manufactures; 
(2) examination of how automobile manufactur-
ers could contribute toward achieving the reduction 
referred to in subsection (a); 
(3) examination of the potential of fuel cell 
technology in motor vehicles in order to determine 
the extent to which such technology may contribute
325
to achieving the reduction referred to in subsection 
(a); and 
(4) examination of the effects of the reduction 
referred to in subsection (a) on—
(A) gasoline supplies; 
(B) the automobile industry, including 
sales of automobiles manufactured in the 
United States; 
(C) motor vehicle safety; and 
(D) air quality. 
(c) REPORT.—The Administrator shall submit to 
Congress a report on the findings, conclusion, and rec-
ommendations of the study under this section by not later 
than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act. 
TITLE VIII—HYDROGEN 
SEC. 801. DEFINITIONS. 
In this title: 
(1) ADVISORY COMMITTEE.—The term ‘‘Advi-
sory Committee’’ means the Hydrogen Technical and 
Fuel Cell Advisory Committee established under sec-
tion 805. 
(2) DEPARTMENT.—The term ‘‘Department’’ 
means the Department of Energy. 
(3) FUEL CELL.—The term ‘‘fuel cell’’ means a 
device that directly converts the chemical energy of
326
a fuel and an oxidant into electricity by an electro-
chemical process taking place at separate electrodes 
in the device. 
(4) INFRASTRUCTURE.—The term ‘‘infrastruc-
ture’’ means the equipment, systems, or facilities 
used to produce, distribute, deliver, or store hydro-
gen. 
(5) LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE.—The term ‘‘light 
duty vehicle’’ means a car or truck classified by the 
Department of Transportation as a Class I or IIA 
vehicle. 
(6) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means 
the Secretary of Energy. 
SEC. 802. PLAN. 
Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment 
of this Act, the Secretary shall transmit to Congress a 
coordinated plan for the programs described in this title 
and any other programs of the Department that are di-
rectly related to fuel cells or hydrogen. The plan shall de-
scribe, at a minimum—
(1) the agenda for the next 5 years for the pro-
grams authorized under this title, including the 
agenda for each activity enumerated in section 
803(a);
327
(2) the types of entities that will carry out the 
activities under this title and what role each entity 
is expected to play; 
(3) the milestones that will be used to evaluate 
the programs for the next 5 years; 
(4) the most significant technical and nontech-
nical hurdles that stand in the way of achieving the 
goals described in section 803(b), and how the pro-
grams will address those hurdles; and 
(5) the policy assumptions that are implicit in 
the plan, including any assumptions that would af-
fect the sources of hydrogen or the marketability of 
hydrogen-related products. 
SEC. 803. PROGRAMS. 
(a) ACTIVITIES.—The Secretary, in partnership with 
the private sector, shall conduct programs to address—
(1) production of hydrogen from diverse energy 
sources, including—
(A) fossil fuels, which may include carbon 
capture and sequestration; 
(B) hydrogen-carrier fuels (including eth-
anol and methanol); 
(C) renewable energy resources, including 
biomass; and 
(D) nuclear energy;
328
(2) use of hydrogen for commercial, industrial, 
and residential electric power generation; 
(3) safe delivery of hydrogen or hydrogen-car-
rier fuels, including—
(A) transmission by pipeline and other dis-
tribution methods; and 
(B) convenient and economic refueling of 
vehicles either at central refueling stations or 
through distributed on-site generation; 
(4) advanced vehicle technologies, including—
(A) engine and emission control systems; 
(B) energy storage, electric propulsion, and 
hybrid systems; 
(C) automotive materials; and 
(D) other advanced vehicle technologies; 
(5) storage of hydrogen or hydrogen-carrier 
fuels, including development of materials for safe 
and economic storage in gaseous, liquid, or solid 
form at refueling facilities and onboard vehicles; 
(6) development of safe, durable, affordable, 
and efficient fuel cells, including fuel-flexible fuel cell 
power systems, improved manufacturing processes, 
high-temperature membranes, cost-effective fuel 
processing for natural gas, fuel cell stack and system
329
reliability, low temperature operation, and cold start 
capability; 
(7) development, after consultation with the pri-
vate sector, of necessary codes and standards (in-
cluding international codes and standards and vol-
untary consensus standards adopted in accordance 
with OMB Circular A–119) and safety practices for 
the production, distribution, storage, and use of hy-
drogen, hydrogen-carrier fuels, and related products; 
(8) a public education program to develop im-
proved knowledge and acceptability of hydrogen-
based systems; and 
(9) the ability of domestic automobile manufac-
turers to manufacture commercially available com-
petitive hybrid vehicle technologies in the United 
States. 
(b) PROGRAM GOALS.—
(1) VEHICLES.—For vehicles, the goals of the 
program are—
(A) to enable a commitment by auto-
makers no later than year 2015 to offer safe, 
affordable, and technically viable hydrogen fuel 
cell vehicles in the mass consumer market; and 
(B) to enable production, delivery, and ac-
ceptance by consumers of model year 2020 hy-
330
drogen fuel cell and other hydrogen-powered ve-
hicles that will have—
(i) a range of at least 300 miles; 
(ii) improved performance and ease of 
driving; 
(iii) safety and performance com-
parable to vehicle technologies in the mar-
ket; and 
(iv) when compared to light duty vehi-
cles in model year 2003—
(I) fuel economy that is substan-
tially higher; 
(II) substantially lower emissions 
of air pollutants; and 
(III) equivalent or improved vehi-
cle fuel system crash integrity and oc-
cupant protection. 
(2) HYDROGEN ENERGY AND ENERGY INFRA-
STRUCTURE.—For hydrogen energy and energy in-
frastructure, the goals of the program are to enable 
a commitment not later than 2015 that will lead to 
infrastructure by 2020 that will provide—
(A) safe and convenient refueling; 
(B) improved overall efficiency;
331
(C) widespread availability of hydrogen 
from domestic energy sources through—
(i) production, with consideration of 
emissions levels; 
(ii) delivery, including transmission by 
pipeline and other distribution methods for 
hydrogen; and 
(iii) storage, including storage in sur-
face transportation vehicles; 
(D) hydrogen for fuel cells, internal com-
bustion engines, and other energy conversion 
devices for portable, stationary, and transpor-
tation applications; and 
(E) other technologies consistent with the 
Department’s plan. 
(3) FUEL CELLS.—The goals for fuel cells and 
their portable, stationary, and transportation appli-
cations are to enable—
(A) safe, economical, and environmentally 
sound hydrogen fuel cells; 
(B) fuel cells for light duty and other vehi-
cles; and 
(C) other technologies consistent with the 
Department’s plan.
332
(c) DEMONSTRATION.—In carrying out the programs 
under this section, the Secretary shall fund a limited num-
ber of demonstration projects, consistent with a deter-
mination of the maturity, cost-effectiveness, and environ-
mental impacts of technologies supporting each project. In 
selecting projects under this subsection, the Secretary 
shall, to the extent practicable and in the public interest, 
select projects that—
(1) involve using hydrogen and related products 
at existing facilities or installations, such as existing 
office buildings, military bases, vehicle fleet centers, 
transit bus authorities, or units of the National Park 
System; 
(2) depend on reliable power from hydrogen to 
carry out essential activities; 
(3) lead to the replication of hydrogen tech-
nologies and draw such technologies into the market-
place; 
(4) include vehicle, portable, and stationary 
demonstrations of fuel cell and hydrogen-based en-
ergy technologies; 
(5) address the interdependency of demand for 
hydrogen fuel cell applications and hydrogen fuel in-
frastructure;
333
(6) raise awareness of hydrogen technology 
among the public; 
(7) facilitate identification of an optimum tech-
nology among competing alternatives; 
(8) address distributed generation using renew-
able sources; and 
(9) address applications specific to rural or re-
mote locations, including isolated villages and is-
lands, the National Park System, and tribal entities. 
The Secretary shall give preference to projects which ad-
dress multiple elements contained in paragraphs (1) 
through (9). 
(d) DEPLOYMENT.—In carrying out the programs 
under this section, the Secretary shall, in partnership with 
the private sector, conduct activities to facilitate the de-
ployment of hydrogen energy and energy infrastructure, 
fuel cells, and advanced vehicle technologies. 
(e) FUNDING.—
(1) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall carry 
out the programs under this section using a competi-
tive, merit-based review process and consistent with 
the generally applicable Federal laws and regulations 
governing awards of financial assistance, contracts, 
or other agreements.
334
(2) RESEARCH CENTERS.—Activities under this 
section may be carried out by funding nationally rec-
ognized university-based or Federal laboratory re-
search centers. 
(f) COST SHARING.—
(1) RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.—Except as 
otherwise provided in this title, for research and de-
velopment programs carried out under this title the 
Secretary shall require a commitment from non-Fed-
eral sources of at least 20 percent of the cost of the 
project. The Secretary may reduce or eliminate the 
non-Federal requirement under this paragraph if the 
Secretary determines that the research and develop-
ment is of a basic or fundamental nature or involves 
technical analyses or educational activities. 
(2) DEMONSTRATION AND COMMERCIAL APPLI-
CATION.—Except as otherwise provided in this title, 
the Secretary shall require at least 50 percent of the 
costs directly and specifically related to any dem-
onstration or commercial application project under 
this title to be provided from non-Federal sources. 
The Secretary may reduce the non-Federal require-
ment under this paragraph if the Secretary deter-
mines that the reduction is necessary and appro-
priate considering the technological risks involved in
335
the project and is necessary to meet the objectives 
of this title. 
(3) CALCULATION OF AMOUNT.—In calculating 
the amount of the non-Federal commitment under 
paragraph (1) or (2), the Secretary may include per-
sonnel, services, equipment, and other resources. 
(4) SIZE OF NON-FEDERAL SHARE.—The Sec-
retary may consider the size of the non-Federal 
share in selecting projects. 
(g) DISCLOSURE.—Section 623 of the Energy Policy 
Act of 1992 (42 U.S.C. 13293) relating to the protection 
of information shall apply to projects carried out through 
grants, cooperative agreements, or contracts under this 
title. 
SEC. 804. INTERAGENCY TASK FORCE. 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—Not later than 120 days after 
the date of enactment of this Act, the President shall es-
tablish an interagency task force chaired by the Secretary 
with representatives from each of the following: 
(1) The Office of Science and Technology Pol-
icy within the Executive Office of the President. 
(2) The Department of Transportation. 
(3) The Department of Defense.
336
(4) The Department of Commerce (including 
the National Institute of Standards and Tech-
nology). 
(5) The Department of State. 
(6) The Environmental Protection Agency. 
(7) The National Aeronautics and Space Ad-
ministration. 
(8) Other Federal agencies as the Secretary de-
termines appropriate. 
(b) DUTIES.—
(1) PLANNING.—The interagency task force 
shall work toward—
(A) a safe, economical, and environ-
mentally sound fuel infrastructure for hydrogen 
and hydrogen-carrier fuels, including an infra-
structure that supports buses and other fleet 
transportation; 
(B) fuel cells in government and other ap-
plications, including portable, stationary, and 
transportation applications; 
(C) distributed power generation, including 
the generation of combined heat, power, and 
clean fuels including hydrogen; 
(D) uniform hydrogen codes, standards, 
and safety protocols; and
337
(E) vehicle hydrogen fuel system integrity 
safety performance. 
(2) ACTIVITIES.—The interagency task force 
may organize workshops and conferences, may issue 
publications, and may create databases to carry out 
its duties. The interagency task force shall—
(A) foster the exchange of generic, non-
proprietary information and technology among 
industry, academia, and government; 
(B) develop and maintain an inventory and 
assessment of hydrogen, fuel cells, and other 
advanced technologies, including the commercial 
capability of each technology for the economic 
and environmentally safe production, distribu-
tion, delivery, storage, and use of hydrogen; 
(C) integrate technical and other informa-
tion made available as a result of the programs 
and activities under this title; 
(D) promote the marketplace introduction 
of infrastructure for hydrogen fuel vehicles; and 
(E) conduct an education program to pro-
vide hydrogen and fuel cell information to po-
tential end-users. 
(c) AGENCY COOPERATION.—The heads of all agen-
cies, including those whose agencies are not represented
338
on the interagency task force, shall cooperate with and 
furnish information to the interagency task force, the Ad-
visory Committee, and the Department. 
SEC. 805. ADVISORY COMMITTEE. 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Hydrogen Technical and 
Fuel Cell Advisory Committee is established to advise the 
Secretary on the programs and activities under this title. 
(b) MEMBERSHIP.—
(1) MEMBERS.—The Advisory Committee shall 
be comprised of not fewer than 12 nor more than 25 
members. The members shall be appointed by the 
Secretary to represent domestic industry, academia, 
professional societies, government agencies, Federal 
laboratories, previous advisory panels, and financial, 
environmental, and other appropriate organizations 
based on the Department’s assessment of the tech-
nical and other qualifications of committee members 
and the needs of the Advisory Committee. 
(2) TERMS.—The term of a member of the Ad-
visory Committee shall not be more than 3 years. 
The Secretary may appoint members of the Advisory 
Committee in a manner that allows the terms of the 
members serving at any time to expire at spaced in-
tervals so as to ensure continuity in the functioning 
of the Advisory Committee. A member of the Advi-
339
sory Committee whose term is expiring may be re-
appointed. 
(3) CHAIRPERSON.—The Advisory Committee 
shall have a chairperson, who is elected by the mem-
bers from among their number. 
(c) REVIEW.—The Advisory Committee shall review 
and make recommendations to the Secretary on—
(1) the implementation of programs and activi-
ties under this title; 
(2) the safety, economical, and environmental 
consequences of technologies for the production, dis-
tribution, delivery, storage, or use of hydrogen en-
ergy and fuel cells; and 
(3) the plan under section 802. 
(d) RESPONSE.—
(1) CONSIDERATION OF RECOMMENDATIONS.—
The Secretary shall consider, but need not adopt, 
any recommendations of the Advisory Committee 
under subsection (c). 
(2) BIENNIAL
REPORT.—The Secretary shall 
transmit a biennial report to Congress describing 
any recommendations made by the Advisory Com-
mittee since the previous report. The report shall in-
clude a description of how the Secretary has imple-
mented or plans to implement the recommendations,
340
or an explanation of the reasons that a recommenda-
tion will not be implemented. The report shall be 
transmitted along with the President’s budget pro-
posal. 
(e) SUPPORT.—The Secretary shall provide resources 
necessary in the judgment of the Secretary for the Advi-
sory Committee to carry out its responsibilities under this 
title. 
SEC. 806. EXTERNAL REVIEW. 
(a) PLAN.—The Secretary shall enter into an ar-
rangement with the National Academy of Sciences to re-
view the plan prepared under section 802, which shall be 
completed not later than 6 months after the Academy re-
ceives the plan. Not later than 45 days after receiving the 
review, the Secretary shall transmit the review to Congress 
along with a plan to implement the review’s recommenda-
tions or an explanation of the reasons that a recommenda-
tion will not be implemented. 
(b) ADDITIONAL REVIEW.—The Secretary shall enter 
into an arrangement with the National Academy of 
Sciences under which the Academy will review the pro-
grams under section 803 during the fourth year following 
the date of enactment of this Act. The Academy’s review 
shall include the research priorities and technical mile-
stones, and evaluate the progress toward achieving them.
341
The review shall be completed not later than 5 years after 
the date of enactment of this Act. Not later than 45 days 
after receiving the review, the Secretary shall transmit the 
review to Congress along with a plan to implement the 
review’s recommendations or an explanation for the rea-
sons that a recommendation will not be implemented. 
SEC. 807. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 
(a) REPRESENTATION.—The Secretary may rep-
resent the United States interests with respect to activities 
and programs under this title, in coordination with the 
Department of Transportation, the National Institute of 
Standards and Technology, and other relevant Federal 
agencies, before governments and nongovernmental orga-
nizations including—
(1) other Federal, State, regional, and local 
governments and their representatives; 
(2) industry and its representatives, including 
members of the energy and transportation indus-
tries; and 
(3) in consultation with the Department of 
State, foreign governments and their representatives 
including international organizations. 
(b) REGULATORY AUTHORITY.—Nothing in this title 
shall be construed to alter the regulatory authority of the 
Department.
342
SEC. 808. SAVINGS CLAUSE. 
Nothing in this title shall be construed to affect the 
authority of the Secretary of Transportation that may 
exist prior to the date of enactment of this Act with re-
spect to—
(1) research into, and regulation of, hydrogen-
powered vehicles fuel systems integrity, standards, 
and safety under subtitle VI of title 49, United 
States Code; 
(2) regulation of hazardous materials transpor-
tation under chapter 51 of title 49, United States 
Code; 
(3) regulation of pipeline safety under chapter 
601 of title 49, United States Code; 
(4) encouragement and promotion of research, 
development, and deployment activities relating to 
advanced vehicle technologies under section 5506 of 
title 49, United States Code; 
(5) regulation of motor vehicle safety under 
chapter 301 of title 49, United States Code; 
(6) automobile fuel economy under chapter 329 
of title 49, United States Code; or 
(7) representation of the interests of the United 
States with respect to the activities and programs 
under the authority of title 49, United States Code.
343
SEC. 809. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 
There are authorized to be appropriated to the Sec-
retary to carry out this title, in addition to any amounts 
made available for these purposes under other Acts—
(1) $546,000,000 for fiscal year 2006; 
(2) $750,000,000 for fiscal year 2007; 
(3) $850,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; 
(4) $900,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; and 
(5) $1,000,000,000 for fiscal year 2010. 
SEC. 810. SOLAR AND WIND TECHNOLOGIES. 
(a) SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES.—The Secretary 
shall—
(1) prepare a detailed roadmap for carrying out 
the provisions in this subtitle related to solar energy 
technologies and for implementing the recommenda-
tions related to solar energy technologies that are in-
cluded in the report transmitted under subsection 
(c); 
(2) provide for the establishment of 5 projects 
in geographic areas that are regionally and climati-
cally diverse to demonstrate the production of hydro-
gen at solar energy facilities, including one dem-
onstration project at a national laboratory or institu-
tion of higher education; 
(3) establish a research and development pro-
gram—
344
(A) to develop optimized concentrating 
solar power devices that may be used for the 
production of both electricity and hydrogen; and 
(B) to evaluate the use of thermochemical 
cycles for hydrogen production at the tempera-
tures attainable with concentrating solar power 
devices; 
(4) coordinate with activities sponsored by the 
Department of Energy’s Office of Nuclear Energy, 
Science, and Technology on high-temperature mate-
rials, thermochemical cycles, and economic issues re-
lated to solar energy; 
(5) provide for the construction and operation 
of new concentrating solar power devices or solar 
power cogeneration facilities that produce hydrogen 
either concurrently with, or independently of, the 
production of electricity; 
(6) support existing facilities and research pro-
grams dedicated to the development and advance-
ment of concentrating solar power devices; and 
(7) establish a program—
(A) to research and develop methods that 
use electricity from photovoltaic devices for the 
onsite production of hydrogen, such that no in-
termediate transmission or distribution infra-
345
structure is required or used and future de-
mand growth may be accommodated; 
(B) to evaluate the economics of small-
scale electrolysis for hydrogen production; and 
(C) to research the potential of modular 
photovoltaic devices for the development of a 
hydrogen infrastructure, the security implica-
tions of a hydrogen infrastructure, and the ben-
efits potentially derived from a hydrogen infra-
structure. 
(b) WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES.—The Secretary 
shall—
(1) prepare a detailed roadmap for carrying out 
the provisions in this subtitle related to wind energy 
technologies and for implementing the recommenda-
tions related to wind energy technologies that are in-
cluded in the report transmitted under subsection 
(c); and 
(2) provide for the establishment of 5 projects 
in geographic areas that are regionally and climati-
cally diverse to demonstrate the production of hydro-
gen at existing wind energy facilities, including one 
demonstration project at a national laboratory or in-
stitution of higher education.
346
(c) PROGRAM SUPPORT.—The Secretary shall sup-
port research programs at institutions of higher education 
for the development of solar energy technologies and wind 
energy technologies for the production of hydrogen. The 
research programs supported under this subsection 
shall—
(1) enhance fellowship and faculty assistance 
programs; 
(2) provide support for fundamental research; 
(3) encourage collaborative research among in-
dustry, national laboratories, and institutions of 
higher education; 
(4) support communication and outreach; and 
(5) to the greatest extent possible—
(A) be located in geographic areas that are 
regionally and climatically diverse; and 
(B) be located at part B institutions, mi-
nority institutions, and institutions of higher 
education located in States participating in the 
Experimental Program to Stimulate Competi-
tive Research of the Department of Energy. 
(d) INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND NA-
TIONAL
LABORATORY
INTERACTIONS.—In conjunction 
with the programs supported under this section, the Sec-
retary shall develop sabbatical, fellowship, and visiting sci-