(4) In September 2019, Iran launched cruise 
missiles and loitering munitions at key oil installa-
tions in Saudi Arabia. 
(5) Throughout the takeover of Yemen by the 
Houthi, beginning in 2014 and continuing into the 
present, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 
Quds-Force, the al-Ghadir Missile Command of the 
Islamic Revolutionary 
Guard 
Corps 
Aerospace 
Force, and the Research and Self-Sufficiency Jihad 
organization of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard 
Corps has supported the capabilities of Yemeni 
rebels, including through the provision of unmanned 
systems and other relevant technology, such as 
cruise missiles and ballistic missiles. Such support 
enables the Houthis to routinely strike civilian tar-
gets in both Saudi Arabia and the United Arab 
Emirates. 
(6) In January 2021, Iran-backed Shiite militia 
groups in Iraq launched armed unmanned aerial ve-
hicles at Saudi Arabia. 
(7) In March 2021, Iran attempted to send two 
delta-wing unmanned aerial vehicles toward Israel 
which were ultimately downed by Israeli warplanes 
over the territory of an undisclosed Arab country. 
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(8) In July 2021, Iran launched an attack em-
ploying unmanned aerial vehicles, including loitering 
munitions against a Liberian-flagged, Israeli-oper-
ated tanker, ‘‘M/T Mercer Street’’, near the coast of 
Oman that killed two people, a British and a Roma-
nian national. 
(9) On November 1, 2021, the Secretary of De-
fense and the Defense Minister of Israel signed a 
memorandum of understanding establishing the 
United States-Israel Operations Technology-Working 
Group, which includes six sub-working groups, in-
cluding sub-working groups focused on countering 
unmanned systems and directed energy capabilities. 
(10) On March 27 and 28, 2022, Secretary of 
State Blinken met in Israel with counterparts from 
the governments of Israel, Bahrain, Egypt, the 
United Arab Emirates, and Morocco to promote nor-
malization in the region and declared, ‘‘Our commit-
ment to the core principle that Iran can never ac-
quire a nuclear weapon is unwavering. One way or 
another, we will continue to cooperate closely.’’. 
(11) In May 2022, Iran inaugurated an un-
manned system factory in Tajikistan to manufacture 
and export the Ababil-2, a multipurpose unmanned 
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system with reconnaissance, combat, and suicide ca-
pabilities. 
(12) On June 2, 2022, Iran-backed Hezbollah 
sent three unmanned aerial vehicles toward the 
Israeli-controlled Karish gas field, one of which was 
intercepted by an F–16 fighter jet, and two of which 
were intercepted by Barak 8 missiles launched from 
the Sa’ar 5-class corvette ‘‘INS Eilat’’. 
(13) On July 2, 2022, the Israeli military re-
portedly shot down three unmanned aerial vehicles 
launched by Hezbollah in the vicinity of where an 
Israeli gas platform had been recently installed in 
the Mediterranean Sea. 
(14) On July 14, 2022, the United States and 
Israel adopted the Joint Declaration on the U.S.- 
Israel Strategic Partnership, reaffirming the un-
breakable bonds between the two countries and the 
enduring commitment of the United States to the 
security of Israel. 
(15) In late August 2022, Iran reportedly sent 
its first batch of Shahed-136 unmanned systems to 
Russia for use against Ukraine. While Russia is re-
branding these systems the Geran-2, United States 
officials revealed the agreement in the summer of 
2022. 
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(16) On September 12, 2022, Brigadier Gen-
eral Kioumars Heydari, who heads the ground forces 
of the Armed Forces of Iran, announced that the 
Armed Forces of Iran had developed the Arash-2 
unmanned system specifically designed to attack Tel 
Aviv and Haifa. 
(17) On November 13, 2022, and on February 
10, 2023, Iran-origin unmanned systems allegedly 
targeted Israeli-owned oil tankers off the coast of 
Oman. 
(18) Since 2022, Russia has used Iran-origin 
Shahed unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with en-
hanced navigation systems to evade Ukrainian air 
defenses, resulting in hundreds of civilian casualties. 
(19) On February 14, 2023, United States 
forces in Syria reportedly shot down an Iran-origin 
unmanned aerial vehicle surveilling United States 
positions around oil facilities. 
(20) On October 7, 2023, Hamas terrorists 
launched a brutal, unprovoked attack from Gaza 
into Israel, killing more than 1,200 people, including 
at least 30 Americans, according to the Israeli mili-
tary and the Department of State. The attack in-
volved a significant number of unmanned systems. 
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(21) Between late 2023 and 2024, United 
States forces in Iraq and Syria were repeatedly tar-
geted by Iran-backed militias using armed un-
manned systems, resulting in American casualties. 
(22) In June 2025, Iran launched a series of 
unmanned system attacks against targets in Israel, 
including both military installations and critical in-
frastructure. The scale and coordination of the at-
tack demonstrated the expanding operational capa-
bilities of Iran. 
(b) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Con-
gress that the United States should— 
(1) enhance ongoing cooperation with Israel in 
researching, developing, and fielding, as expedi-
tiously as possible, mutually beneficial technologies 
and capabilities to counter unmanned systems, for 
the purpose of addressing common military require-
ments and growing threats; 
(2) exchange with Israel information about the 
evolving threat of Iran-origin unmanned systems; 
(3) conduct joint training exercises and develop 
information-sharing mechanisms to maximize the ex-
change of technical expertise, data, and tactics re-
lated to emerging unmanned systems and associated 
threats; 
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