(7) Congress has continuously passed anti- 
Asian laws as the result of the scapegoating of Asian 
immigrant laborers for economic downturns in the 
United States. 
(8) The history of South Asian Americans in 
the United States dates back to the late 1700s. 
(9) The history of Native Hawaiians and Pa-
cific Islanders in what is now considered to be the 
United States predates the founding of our Nation. 
(10) In 1993, Congress passed a joint resolu-
tion that was signed into law formally apologizing 
for the role of the United States in the illegal over-
throw of the Kingdom of Hawaii, which resulted in 
the suppression of the inherent sovereignty of the 
Native Hawaiian people. 
(11) Twelve thousand Chinese laborers worked 
in atrocious conditions to build the Transcontinental 
Railroad, many dying from harsh weather conditions 
and the dangers of handling explosives. 
(12) The Page Act of 1875, the first restrictive 
immigration law in the United States, sought to pre-
vent the entry of Asian women perceived as immoral 
or suspected of prostitution. 
(13) After the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 
banned Chinese immigrants from immigrating to the 
VerDate Sep 11 2014 
22:41 May 21, 2023
Jkt 039200
PO 00000
Frm 00004
Fmt 6652
Sfmt 6201
E:\BILLS\H3188.IH
H3188
pbinns on DSKJLVW7X2PROD with $$_JOB
United States, Japanese immigrants were hired. 
After the Japanese were banned from immigrating 
due to the Gentleman’s Agreement of 1907, which 
halted immigration from Japan, Filipino immigrants 
were hired under 3-year contracts. 
(14) Filipino farm workers helped found the 
farm worker labor movement in the United States. 
(15) The Immigration Act of 1917 restricted 
immigration to the United States by barring immi-
gration from the Asia-Pacific zone. 
(16) The Immigration Act of 1924 set a na-
tional origin quota to deter immigration. 
(17) President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Execu-
tive Order 9066 authorized the incarceration of 
more than 120,000 persons of Japanese ancestry, 
two-thirds of whom were American citizens, based 
solely on race. 
(18) Beginning in 1954, the United States dis-
placed more than 3,000,000 refugees from Cam-
bodia, Laos, and Vietnam due to covert and overt 
United States military operations in Southeast Asia. 
(19) The Immigration Act of 1965 made family 
unification and skills-based migration the bedrock 
principle of immigration to the United States. 
VerDate Sep 11 2014 
22:41 May 21, 2023
Jkt 039200
PO 00000
Frm 00005
Fmt 6652
Sfmt 6201
E:\BILLS\H3188.IH
H3188
pbinns on DSKJLVW7X2PROD with $$_JOB
(20) The nuclear testing conducted by the 
United States on the Bikini and Enewetak Atoll of 
the Marshall Islands has made parts of the island 
nation uninhabitable and caused forced migration 
and health complications that still impact the com-
munity today. 
(21) The United States ratified a Compact of 
Free Association with the Federated States of Mi-
cronesia, Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the 
Republic of Palau enabling citizens of these Pacific 
Island nations to legally migrate to the United 
States visa-free while the United States retains cer-
tain strategic military rights over their territorial 
waters. 
(22) In the aftermath of the Vietnam War, the 
Refugee Act of 1980 helped more than 500,000 
Southeast Asians gain permanent resident status in 
the United States within the first decade of its pas-
sage. 
(23) The Pacific Islander community represents 
the largest concentration of any ethnic group en-
listed in the United States military, as well as rep-
resenting the highest numbers of casualties in recent 
wars. 
VerDate Sep 11 2014 
22:41 May 21, 2023
Jkt 039200
PO 00000
Frm 00006
Fmt 6652
Sfmt 6201
E:\BILLS\H3188.IH
H3188
pbinns on DSKJLVW7X2PROD with $$_JOB
(24) The ‘‘model minority’’ myth perpetuates 
the stigma of Asian Americans as perpetual for-
eigners, and such stereotypes are used to pit minor-
ity groups against one another. 
(25) The pattern of hate crimes and hate inci-
dents directed at Asians and Asian Americans has 
repeated itself throughout history. 
(26) Asian American and African American his-
tories of fighting against oppression and racism are 
intertwined, from the Black Power Movement of the 
1960s that birthed the Asian American Movement to 
civil rights protests in present day. 
(27) Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and 
their allies continue to fight discrimination, racial 
prejudice, hate crimes, scapegoating, structural rac-
ism, economic inequities, and benign and overt omis-
sion of the integral role they played in the develop-
ment of this Nation. 
SEC. 3. AMERICAN HISTORY AND CIVICS EDUCATION. 
(a) PROGRAM AUTHORIZED.—Section 2231(a) of the 
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 
U.S.C. 6661(a)) is amended— 
(1) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by 
inserting ‘‘, which shall include Asian Pacific Amer-
ican history,’’ after ‘‘American history’’; and 
VerDate Sep 11 2014 
22:41 May 21, 2023
Jkt 039200
PO 00000
Frm 00007
Fmt 6652
Sfmt 6201
E:\BILLS\H3188.IH
H3188
pbinns on DSKJLVW7X2PROD with $$_JOB
(2) in paragraph (2)— 
(A) by inserting ‘‘which shall include Asian 
Pacific American history,’’ after ‘‘American his-
tory,’’; and 
(B) by inserting ‘‘, which shall include 
Asian Pacific American history’’ after ‘‘tradi-
tional American history’’. 
(b) PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ACADEMIES 
FOR AMERICAN HISTORY AND CIVICS.—Section 2232 of 
the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 
U.S.C. 6662) is amended— 
(1) in subsection (c)(1), by inserting ‘‘, which 
shall include Asian Pacific American history,’’ after 
‘‘American history’’; 
(2) in subsection (e)— 
(A) in paragraph (1)— 
(i) in the matter preceding subpara-
graph (A), by inserting ‘‘, which shall in-
clude Asian Pacific American history,’’ 
after ‘‘American history’’; 
(ii) in subparagraph (A)— 
(I) by inserting ‘‘, which shall in-
clude Asian Pacific American his-
tory,’’ after ‘‘teachers of American 
history’’; and 
VerDate Sep 11 2014 
22:41 May 21, 2023
Jkt 039200
PO 00000
Frm 00008
Fmt 6652
Sfmt 6201
E:\BILLS\H3188.IH
H3188
pbinns on DSKJLVW7X2PROD with $$_JOB