‘‘(b) APPLICABILITY
OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCE-
DURE.—Except as otherwise provided in this title and in 
those provisions of title I referred to in subsection (a), the 
Commission shall comply with the provisions of subchapter 
II of chapter 5, and the provisions of chapter 7, of title 
5, United States Code. 
‘‘SEC. 816. SEPARABILITY. 
‘‘If any provision of this title or the application there-
of to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the re-
mainder of this title or the application of such provision 
to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected.’’. 
SEC. 3. JURISDICTION OF U.S. DISTRICT COURTS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 85 of title 28, United 
States Code, is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing new section: 
‘‘§ 1370. Civil actions against private persons by na-
tionals of the United States who own real 
property in Cyprus 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The district courts shall have 
original jurisdiction of any civil action brought by a na-
tional of the United States— 
‘‘(1) who holds title to any property under the 
laws of Cyprus that is located in that portion of the 
territory of Cyprus that is occupied by Turkey as 
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the result of the invasion of Cyprus by Turkey on 
July 20, 1974, and 
‘‘(2) who has been excluded from the property 
by reason of such occupation, 
against any private person who for any purpose and in 
any way uses, occupies, or benefits from that property at 
any time during the period of such exclusion, for the fair 
rental value of the property during the period of such use, 
occupation, or benefit. 
‘‘(b) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
‘‘(1) the term ‘Cyprus’ means the Republic of 
Cyprus; 
‘‘(2) the term ‘national of the United States’ 
means— 
‘‘(A) a natural person who is a citizen of 
the United States; and 
‘‘(B) a corporation or other legal entity 
that is organized under the laws of the United 
States or of any State, the District of Colum-
bia, or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, if 
natural persons who are citizens of the United 
States own, directly or indirectly, 50 percent or 
more of the outstanding capital stock or other 
beneficial interest of such corporation or entity; 
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‘‘(3) the term ‘private person’ means any nat-
ural person or legal entity other than Turkey; 
‘‘(4) the term ‘property’ means any real prop-
erty or any right or interest in any real property, in-
cluding any lease to which a national of the United 
States holds title under the laws of Cyprus; and 
‘‘(5) the term ‘Turkey’ means— 
‘‘(A) the Republic of Turkey; 
‘‘(B) any agent of the Government of Tur-
key, or any unincorporated association that 
purports to discharge any function of a nation- 
state under the auspices of the Government of 
Turkey, including, but not limited to, the unin-
corporated association known as the ‘Turkish 
Republic of Northern Cyprus’; 
‘‘(C) any political subdivision, agency, or 
instrumentality of the Republic of Turkey, in-
cluding but not limited to the Turkish Armed 
Forces; and 
‘‘(D) any organization that purports to be 
a political subdivision, agency, or instrumen-
tality of the unincorporated association known 
as the ‘Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus’; 
‘‘(c) SPECIAL RULES.—In any civil action brought 
under this section— 
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‘‘(1) process shall be deemed served if service is 
accomplished in any manner provided under this 
title; 
‘‘(2) the district court shall not consider the 
doctrine of forum non conveniens and shall refuse to 
hear any motion or request by any person or party 
that the civil action be dismissed on the grounds of 
forum non conveniens; 
‘‘(3) in determining whether the person or 
party asserting the civil action has lawful title, the 
district court shall apply only the laws of Cyprus in 
making that determination; 
‘‘(4) in determining the amount of any award 
in the civil action, the district court shall consider 
only evidence of the fair rental market value of the 
property for the period of occupation, use, or benefit 
by the person against whom the action is brought, 
as that value would have been calculated in Cyprus 
if the plaintiff had not been excluded from the prop-
erty; and 
‘‘(5) the court shall deduct the amount of any 
award paid to the plaintiff under title VIII of the 
International Claims Settlement Act of 1949, or the 
amount of any judgment for the plaintiff under sec-
tion 5 of the American-Owned Property in Occupied 
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Cyprus Claims Act on account of the same use, oc-
cupation, or benefit that is the basis of the action 
under this section. 
‘‘(d) LIMITATION
OF
ACTION.—Any civil action 
against a private person under this section may not be 
brought later than 36 consecutive calendar months after 
the last day of the month in which the private person 
ceases to use, occupy, or benefit from the property. This 
subsection applies in lieu of section 1658 of this title.’’. 
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—The table of sec-
tions for chapter 85 of title 28, United States Code, is 
amended by adding at the end the following new item: 
‘‘1370. Civil actions against private persons by nationals of the United States 
who own real property in Cyprus’’. 
SEC. 4. VENUE. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 87 of title 28, United 
States Code, is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing new section: 
‘‘§ 1414. Venue for civil actions against private per-
sons brought by nationals of the United 
States who own real property in Cyprus 
‘‘A civil action under section 1370 may be brought 
only in the United States District Court for the District 
of Columbia and the United States District Court for the 
Southern District of New York.’’. 
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(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—The table of sec-
tions for chapter 87 of title 28, United States Code, is 
amended by adding at the end the following new item: 
‘‘1414. Venue for civil actions against private persons brought by nationals of 
the United States who own real property in Cyprus’’. 
SEC. 5. ACTION AGAINST TURKISH GOVERNMENT. 
(a) JURISDICTION OF U.S. COURTS.—The Govern-
ment of Turkey shall not be immune from the jurisdiction 
of the courts of the United States or of the States in any 
case in which— 
(1) rights in property of a national of the 
United States that is occupied by the Government of 
Turkey in violation of international law are in issue; 
and 
(2) that property or any property exchanged for 
that property— 
(A) is present in the United States in con-
nection with a commercial activity carried on by 
the Government of Turkey in the United 
States; or 
(B) is owned or operated by an agency or 
instrumentality of the Government of Turkey 
and that agency or instrumentality— 
(i) is engaged in a commercial activity 
in the United States; or 
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(ii) purchases or otherwise acquires 
any good or service for which the approval, 
authorization, or consent of the United 
States is required by law, by the President, 
or by any department, agency, or instru-
mentality of the United States Govern-
ment. 
(b) APPLICABILITY OF AND RELATIONSHIP TO FOR-
EIGN SOVEREIGN IMMUNITIES ACT.— 
(1) APPLICABILITY.—The provisions of chapter 
97 of title 28, United States Code, apply to a civil 
action brought under subsection (a) as if the action 
were brought under that chapter. 
(2) ASSERTION
OF
INDEPENDENT
JURISDIC-
TION.—The jurisdiction conferred by subsection (a) 
is in addition to any jurisdiction conferred by chap-
ter 97 of title 28, United States Code. 
(c) DEDUCTIONS OF OTHER AWARDS.—In any action 
brought under subsection (a), the court shall deduct from 
the amount of any judgment the amount of any award 
paid to the plaintiff under title VIII of the International 
Claims Settlement Act of 1949, or the amount of any 
judgment for the plaintiff under section 1370 of title 28, 
United States Code, on account of the same subject mat-
ter that is the basis of the action under this section. 
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(d) DEFINITIONS.—In this section— 
(1) the term ‘‘Government of Turkey’’ includes 
all the entities described in subparagraphs (B), (C), 
and (D) of section 802(7) of the International 
Claims Settlement Act of 1949; 
(2) the term ‘‘agency or instrumentality of the 
Government of Turkey’’ means any of the entities 
described in subparagraphs (B), (C), and (D) of sec-
tion 802(7) of the International Claims Settlement 
Act of 1949; 
(3) the term ‘‘court of the United States’’ has 
the meaning given that term in section 451 of title 
28, United States Code; 
(4) the terms ‘‘national of the United States’’ 
and ‘‘property’’ have the meanings given those terms 
in section 802 of the International Claims Settle-
ment Act of 1949; and 
(5) the term ‘‘State’’ means each of the several 
States, the District of Columbia, and any common-
wealth territory, or possession of the United States. 
SEC. 6. EFFECTIVE DATE. 
This Act and the amendments made by this Act shall 
take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act. 
Æ 
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