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that State Parties have an ‘‘inalienable right . . . to 
develop research, production and use of nuclear en-
ergy for peaceful purposes without discrimination.’’. 
However, this is a qualified right conditioned by a 
State Party acting in conformity with the NPT’s ob-
ligation for such countries not to acquire, possess, or 
develop nuclear weapons or nuclear explosive devices. 
(8) It has been long recognized that the pro-
liferation of national uranium enrichment and spent- 
fuel reprocessing facilities would increase the likeli-
hood of the emergence of new nuclear weapon states. 
Concerned governments, nongovernmental organiza-
tions, and individual experts have for decades recog-
nized the need to address this problem through mul-
tilateral assurances of the uninterrupted supply of 
nuclear fuel, the sharing of peaceful application of 
nuclear energy, an international fuel bank to provide 
fuel if the fuel supply to a country is disrupted, and 
even multilateral participation in international ura-
nium enrichment and spent-fuel reprocessing facili-
ties, as a means of reducing incentives of countries 
to develop and construct such facilities themselves. 
(9) Until recently, such efforts have produced 
little more than reports. However, the revelations of 
a nuclear black-market in uranium enrichment tech-
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nology and equipment, combined with the attempt 
by North Korea and Iran to possess such technology 
and equipment to provide the basis for nuclear 
weapons programs, have rekindled this debate with 
a new urgency. 
(10) Iran has used the specter of a potentially 
unreliable international supply of nuclear reactor 
fuel as a pretext for developing its own uranium en-
richment and spent-fuel reprocessing capability, 
which would enable Iran to also produce weapons- 
grade uranium and plutonium for nuclear weapons. 
(11) Several initiatives have been proposed over 
the last year to address these concerns. The United 
States has proposed the Global Nuclear Energy 
Partnership (GNEP), which envisions a consortium 
of countries with advanced nuclear capabilities pro-
viding nuclear fuel services—fresh fuel and recovery 
of used fuel—to other countries that agree to em-
ploy nuclear energy only for power generation pur-
poses, without possessing national uranium enrich-
ment and spent-fuel reprocessing facilities. 
(12) The United States also joined France, the 
Russian Federation, Germany, the United Kingdom, 
and the Netherlands on May 31, 2006, in proposing 
a ‘‘Concept for a Multilateral Mechanism for Reli-
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able Access to Nuclear Fuel’’ that would facilitate or 
create new arrangements between suppliers and re-
cipients to provide fuel to countries with good non-
proliferation credentials in case of market failure. 
(13) Any assurance of the supply of nuclear 
fuel should meet the condition outlined by President 
George W. Bush on February 11, 2004, that ‘‘The 
world’s leading nuclear exporters should ensure that 
states have reliable access at reasonable cost to fuel 
for civilian reactors, so long as those states renounce 
enrichment and reprocessing.’’. 
(14) The Russian Federation has proposed that 
one of its uranium enrichment facilities be placed 
under international management and oversight, as 
part of a ‘‘Global Nuclear Power Infrastructure’’ 
proposal to create international nuclear fuel cycle 
centers. 
(15) In conclusion, the creation of a multi- 
tiered system to assure the supply of nuclear reactor 
fuel at current market prices, under appropriate 
safeguards and conditions, could reassure countries 
that are dependent upon or will construct nuclear 
power reactors that they will have an assured supply 
of nuclear fuel at current market prices, so long as 
such countries forgo national uranium enrichment 
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and spent-fuel reprocessing facilities and are com-
mitted to the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons. 
SEC. 102. SENSE OF CONGRESS. 
It is the sense of Congress that— 
(1) the ‘‘Concept for a Multilateral Mechanism 
for Reliable Access to Nuclear Fuel’’, proposed by 
the United States, France, the Russian Federation, 
Germany, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands 
on May 31, 2006, is welcomed and should be ex-
panded upon at the earliest possible opportunity; 
(2) the proposal by the Government of the Rus-
sian Federation to bring one of its uranium enrich-
ment facilities under international management and 
oversight is also a welcome development and should 
be encouraged by the United States; 
(3) the offer by the Nuclear Threat Institute 
(NTI) of $50,000,000 in funds to support the cre-
ation of an international nuclear fuel bank by the 
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is also 
welcomed, and the United States and other member 
states of the IAEA should pledge collectively at least 
an additional $100,000,000 in matching funds to 
fulfill the NTI proposal; and 
(4) the governments, organizations, and experts 
currently engaged in developing the initiatives de-
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scribed in paragraphs (1) through (3) and other ini-
tiatives should seek to identify additional incentives 
to be included in an international regime for the as-
sured supply of nuclear fuel for peaceful means at 
current market prices, including participation in 
non-weapons-relevant technology development and 
fuel leasing to further persuade countries that par-
ticipation in such a multilateral arrangement far 
outweighs the temptation and expense of developing 
national uranium enrichment and plutonium reproc-
essing facilities. 
SEC. 103. STATEMENTS OF POLICY. 
(a) GENERAL STATEMENT OF POLICY.—It is the pol-
icy of the United States to support the establishment of 
an international regime for the assured supply of nuclear 
fuel for peaceful means under multilateral authority, such 
as the International Atomic Energy Agency. 
(b) ADDITIONAL STATEMENT OF POLICY.—It is fur-
ther the policy of the United States to— 
(1) oppose the development of a capability to 
produce nuclear weapons by any non-nuclear weapon 
state, within or outside of the NPT; 
(2) encourage states party to the NPT to inter-
pret the right to ‘‘develop research, production and 
use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes,’’ as de-
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scribed in Article IV of the NPT, as being a quali-
fied right that is conditioned by the overall purpose 
of the NPT to prevent the spread of nuclear weap-
ons and nuclear weapons capability, including by re-
fraining from all nuclear cooperation with any state 
party that has not demonstrated that it is in full 
compliance with its NPT obligations, as determined 
by the International Atomic Energy Agency; and 
(3) strengthen the Nuclear Suppliers Group 
guidelines concerning consultation by members re-
garding violations of supplier and recipient under-
standings by instituting the practice of a timely and 
coordinated response by Nuclear Suppliers Group 
members to all such violations, including termination 
of nuclear transfers to an involved recipient, that 
discourage individual Nuclear Suppliers Group mem-
bers from continuing cooperation with such recipient 
until such time as a consensus regarding a coordi-
nated response has been achieved. 
SEC. 104. REPORT. 
Not later than 180 days after the date of the enact-
ment of this Act, the President shall transmit to the Com-
mittee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives 
and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate 
a report on the activities of the United States to support 
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the establishment of an international regime for the as-
sured supply of nuclear fuel for peaceful means at current 
market prices under multilateral authority, such as the 
International Atomic Energy Agency. The report shall in-
clude an assessment of the feasibility of establishing an 
international fuel services center within the United States. 
TITLE II—INTERNATIONAL 
NUCLEAR FUEL BANK 
SEC. 201. VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE INTER-
NATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY. 
(a) VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS AUTHORIZED.— 
The President is authorized to make voluntary contribu-
tions on a grant basis to the International Atomic Energy 
Agency (hereinafter in this section referred to as the 
‘‘IAEA’’) for the purpose of supporting the establishment 
of an international nuclear fuel bank to maintain a reserve 
of low-enriched uranium for reactor fuel to provide to eligi-
ble countries in the case of a disruption in the supply of 
reactor fuel by normal market mechanisms. 
(b) REQUIREMENTS.—Voluntary contributions under 
subsection (a) may be provided only if the President cer-
tifies to the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House 
of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Rela-
tions of the Senate that— 
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(1) the IAEA has received pledges in a total 
amount of not less than $100,000,000 and is in re-
ceipt of not less than $75,000,000 of such pledges 
for the purpose of supporting the establishment of 
the international nuclear fuel bank referred to in 
subsection (a); 
(2) the international nuclear fuel bank referred 
to in subsection (a) will be established within the 
territory of a non-nuclear weapon state, and will be 
under the oversight of the IAEA, only if— 
(A) the non-nuclear weapon state, among 
other things— 
(i) has a full scope safeguards agree-
ment with the IAEA and an additional 
protocol for safeguards in force; 
(ii) has never been determined by the 
IAEA Board of Governors to be in non-
compliance with its IAEA full scope safe-
guards agreement and its additional pro-
tocol for safeguards; and 
(iii) has effective enforceable export 
controls regarding nuclear and dual-use 
nuclear technology and other sensitive ma-
terials comparable to those maintained by 
the United States; and 
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(B) the Secretary of State has never deter-
mined, for purposes of section 6(j) of the Ex-
port Administration Act of 1979, section 620A 
of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, section 
40 of the Arms Export Control Act, or any 
other provision of law, that the government of 
the non-nuclear weapon state has repeatedly 
provided support for acts of international ter-
rorism; 
(3) the international nuclear fuel bank referred 
to in subsection (a) will provide nuclear reactor fuel 
to a country only if, at the time of the request for 
nuclear reactor fuel— 
(A) the country is in full compliance with 
its IAEA safeguards agreement and has an ad-
ditional protocol for safeguards in force; 
(B) in the case of a country that at any 
time prior to the request for nuclear reactor 
fuel has been determined to be in noncompli-
ance with its IAEA safeguards agreement, the 
IAEA Board of Governors determines that the 
country has taken all necessary actions to sat-
isfy any concerns of the IAEA Director General 
regarding the activities that led to the prior de-
termination of noncompliance; 
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(C) the country agrees to use the nuclear 
reactor fuel in accordance with its IAEA safe-
guards agreement; 
(D) the country has effective and enforce-
able export controls regarding nuclear and dual- 
use nuclear technology and other sensitive ma-
terials comparable to those maintained by the 
United States; 
(E) the country does not possess uranium 
enrichment or spent-fuel reprocessing facilities 
of any scale; and 
(F) the government of the country is not 
a state sponsor of terrorism for purposes of sec-
tion 6(j) of the Export Administration Act of 
1979, section 620A of the Foreign Assistance 
Act of 1961, section 40 of the Arms Export 
Control Act, or any other provision of law; 
(4) the international nuclear fuel bank referred 
to in subsection (a) will not contain uranium enrich-
ment or spent-fuel reprocessing facilities; and 
(5) the nuclear reactor fuel referred to in para-
graph (3) will be provided to a country referred to 
in such paragraph only at current market prices. 
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(c) WAIVER.—The President may waive the require-
ment of subparagraph (F) of subsection (b)(3) if the 
President— 
(1) determines that it is important to the na-
tional security interests of the United States to do 
so; and 
(2) transmits to the Committee on Foreign Af-
fairs of the House of Representatives and the Com-
mittee on Foreign Relations of the Senate a report 
that contains the basis of the determination under 
paragraph (1). 
(d) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this sec-
tion shall be construed to authorize voluntary contribu-
tions under subsection (a) to support subsidization of the 
price of nuclear reactor fuel whose supply would be as-
sured by the United States, the IAEA, or any other state 
or international entity covered by this section. 
SEC. 202. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—To carry out section 201, there 
is authorized to be appropriated to the President 
$50,000,000 for fiscal year 2008. 
(b) AVAILABILITY OF APPROPRIATIONS.—Amounts 
appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropria-
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