A110 e and will defend itself. A weak-kneed French Government is the obstacle. Weak-kneed United States policy actually supports that Government. Item: Greatest situation of strength of all 4s in the Anglo-American alliance, This en- dures but it does not advance. At the moment, it is beset by suspicion and recrim- inations on both sides of the Atlantic. The British hang back because they cannot see just what, {f anything, the Americans are trying to do. Item: Spatn is anti-Communist and has the largest army (372,000) in Western Eu- rope, It guards the Mediterranean and is a bridge to Africa. The passivists ignore Spain because it creates no crisis. If Spain had a Communist revolution, the country would suddenly seem all important to Washington. But as an asset? No interest. Item: Iran stands between the Russians and the Middle East oll they would like to have and which Western Europe must have to live. The passivists look sadly at Iran's internal weakness and shake their heads. Theat is not the only way for an American to look at Iran. Last month a Time corre- spondent talked to United States engineers in Iran. Some spoke in glowing terms of & future in which Iran could support 50,000,- 000 people and be a breadbasket for the whole Middle East. One said, “Damn, I wish I were 36 instead of 55. Then I'd have 20 good years left in me to see this country bloom the way our own West has done.” A man who can look at poverty-stricken Iran and see the Imperial Valley of California in the future obviously has not got his mind on mere survival or perimeters. OPPORTUNITIES EVERYWHERE No matter how long or short the loops on the map are doodled, they will never be the right size for a United States fire brigade to put out all the fires the enemy can start on them. The United States and its allies, however, have the power—if they have the will—to move forward and build up the strength and resolution of the anti-Communist world. ‘Who can draw a loop around that world? It runs up to the iron curtain. It runs be- hind the iron curtain. Scores of millions belong to it in Poland and in Hungary, in China and in Russia. All of them are po- tential allies. All of them are opportunities. Sermon by Rev. John T. Jasper on “De Sun Do Move” EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. A. WILLIS ROBERTSON OF VIRGINIA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Thursday, January 11 (legislative day of Monday, January 8), 1951 Mr. ROBERTSON. Mr. President, last week the President and other Govern- ment officials attended a morning service 4n a local Presbyterian Church to pray for peace. That evening at the Statler Hotel a similar service was led by the Reverend Billy Graham, of North Caro- 8, Implicit in those services is the Chris- tian faith that if God could help Joshua and the children of Israel in their efforts to possess the Promised Land, He can likewise help the true believers of the present age to achieve the goal of peace. But one difference between Joshua, when he appealed to the Lord for help and some of us who now appeal to Him for help, is the fact that in Joshua's mind there was not the least doubt about the ability of the Lord to render help, even to the extent of commanding the sun to stand still in order that the children of Israel would have more daylight in which to win a complete victory. In verse 12, chapter 10, of Joshua, we read, “Then spake Joshua to the Lord in the day when the Lord delivered up the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel, Sun, stand thou still upon Gideon; and thou, Moon, in the valley of Ajalon’.” That incident in the history of the children of Israel furnished a theme for a@ powerful sermon by one of the greatest Negro preachers the South has ever pro- duced, John Jasper, of Richmond. My father as a student at Richmond College heard John Jasper preach his famous sermon, “De Sun Do Move.” Myr. President, I ask unanimous con- sent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp an article from the Rich- mond Times-Dispatch of Sunday, De- cember 31, in which that famous sermon is discussed. There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: “De Sun Do Move,” JoHN JasPrr’s DEFIANT Cuam, Is RecaLtep in ANnorHER Youna PREACHER’S THESIS (By Betty Sessler) One Sunday in 1878 a Negro preacher, powerful in voice and build, told his people that the sun had moved and proved it by the Bible. That sermon was to become one of the most controversial ever delivered in Rich- mond. The Reverend John T. Jasper, a former slave, whose great oratory and con- viction in God was known far and wide, preached it 253 times before his death in 1901. “De Sun Do Move,” which also showed that the earth ig squere, is coming into its own again. For the first time in 40 years, the sermon, supposedly in the dialect as Jasper delivered it, has been reprinted in book form. Taken from a book by William E. Hatcher, it has just been published by Dietz Press. And a young minister, whose own life in some respects parallels that of John Jasper, has written his bachelor of divinity thesis on the eloquent preacher of the nineteenth century. AS A STUDENT, HE SHINES Isaac James, a 36-year-old porter at Hotel John Marshall, has been working his way through school most of his life. Ever since grammar grades, shoeshining has helped him gain an education. Last June he received his bachelor of divinity degree from Virginia Union University. At present, James is assistant pastor at Sixth Mount Zion Baptist Church, the same church that Jasper founded in 1887 at the height of his fame. But, as in Jasper's ear- lier days, James’ preaching activities are not full time. He still works at the John Mar- shall on weekdays. Also, like his predecessor, James is a tall man with a strong voice. Jasper was over 6 feet; James stands 6 feet 3. Here the resemblance ends. People who heard Jasper say that his conviction in God transcended mere grammar--that his whole being became e burning flame. But Jasper was poorly educated and his grammar bad. James is a college-trained man. In the thesis on the man he admires, James uses Immanuel Velikovsky's Worlds APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD in Collision to indicate that Jasper might have found some support today in his con- tention that the sun had moved, JASPER’S CITATIONS Jasper said, and James has rewritten the sermon without dialect: “Joshua showed in the sight of all Israel that the sun do move because he stopped it; that proved that the sun was moving and moving over Joshua and the Amorites and, of course, they were nowhere else than on this here earth; and consequently it was moving around the earth and after the battle ‘was over, it began moving again in its regu- lar course. There it {s proved that the sun do move around the earth.” [The Dietz version quotes Jasper as saying “I doan't read when it wuz dat Joshwer hitch up an’ drove on, but I spose it wuz when de Lord tol’ him ter go. Ennybody knows dat de sun didn’ stay dar all de time. It stopt fur bizniz an’ went on when it got thru. Dis is ’bout all dat I has ter do wid dis perticl’r case. I dun sho’d yer dat dis part uv de Lord’s word teaches yer dat de sun stopt, which show dat he wuz movin’ befo' dat, an’ dat he went on art’rwuds. I toll yer dat I wud prove dis an’ I's dun it, an' I derfles ennybody to say dat my p’int ain't made.”] “Now the great fact of the sun's rotation may be illustrated by many powerful texts in the Bible. I shall confine myself to the most striking ones. “Notice Malachi, chapter 1, verse 11, and that comes from God’s own mouth and there can be no better authority than God's au- thority. With His own lips He said, ‘For from the rising of the sun even unto the going down of the same My name shall be great among the Gentiles.’ What strikes us here is that the ‘sun do move.’ “And take Ecclesiastes, first chapter, fifth verse: ‘The sun alzo riseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to His place where He arose.’ There’s evidence that He arose’— And so on, CONCERNING THOSE “CORNERS”’ From Revelations, chapter 7, verse 1, Jasper said: “And after these things I saw four angels standing on the four corners of the earth, holding the four winds of the earth, that the wind should not blow on the earth, nor on the sea, nor on any trees. Now the four angels that stood on the four corners of the earth are an evidence that the earth is square, and not round, for anything that has four corners is not round but square.” [From the Dietz version: “I envite yer to heer de fust vers in de sev’th chaptur uv de book uv Reverlasuns. What do John, und'r de pow'r uv de Spirit, say? He say he saw fo’ anguls standin’ on de fo’ corners uy de earth, holdin’ de fo win’s uv de earth, an’ so fo’th. ‘Low me ter ax ef de earth is roun’, whar do it keep its corners? Er flat, squar’ thing has corners, but tell me whar is de cornur uv er appul, ur a marbul, ur a cannun ball, ur a silver dollar. (“Ef dar is enny one uv dem furloserfurs whar’s been takin’ so many cracks at my ole haid ‘bout here, he is korjully envited ter step for’d an’ squar' up dis vexing bigniss. I here tell you dat yer karn’t squar' a circul, but it looks lak dese great scolurs dun learn how ter circul de squar, * * *”} In explaining the sermon, James points out that Worlds in Collision, of recent pub- lication, gives scientific justification for many heretofore unexplainable events in the Old Testament. Dr. Velikovsky, the author, spent 10 years in research on the book, dur- ing which time he studied excavated history, the ancient texts, the folklore, and the sacred writings of people all over the world, Says James, the author “has marshalled facts to prove, for instance, that the sun did stand still while Joshua routed the foe, that rivers did turn to blood, and that the waters of the Red Sea rolled up on one side,
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD “He also points out that our planet now rotates from west to east. Ancient charts, however, seem to suggest that this was not always so. The change in the direction of the earth, ag well as the other cataclysmic happenings tn the universe were caused, the author suggests, by another planet or comet coming too close to the earth.” James adds, however, that Velikoveky does not say, as Jasper did, that the sun moved. Rather he states that the earth slowed down on its orbit, causing the phenomena recorded in the Bible, “De Sun Do Move” shocked many of the colored ministers in Richmond. The Rev- erend Richard Wells, pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church, led a group which denounced Jesper and his theory very bitterly in a let~- ter in the Richmond Dispatch. The Reverend Wells expressed concern over sermons on “the sun running sround the earth and the earth standing still.” Jasper answered the attacks firmly. In the following Sunday’s rermon, he said, “I'm not afraid to speak what I have to say, !f I was going to be killed for it 2 minutes afterward. I stick to the Bible, I have taken nothing from it and added nothing to it.” The mintster preached the sermon 253 times, “journeying to Charlottesville, speak- ing before the Virginia Legislature, which adjourned to hear him, and making a brict and not too successful trip to the North.” According to James, “De Sun Do Move” fs considered by churchmen one of Jasper’s weakest sermons. Unusually long, it ran 90 minutes. The first part was exception- ally dull, The text selected, “The Lord God ig a man of war; the Lord God is His name,” had little bearing on what Jasper was to say later. He used the sermon to prove God had power over the earth and aun and could do what He wished in regard to the elements. The sermon was preached after one of Jasper's members and another man had brought the question to him. The two had been discussing whether or not the sun moved and could not settle it between them. JASPER’S EARLY LIFE John Jasper was born July 4, 1812, in Fluyanna County, the twenty-fourth child of Philip and Tina Jasper, who were slaves on the plantation of the Peachy family. His father sometimes conducted funeral services for slaves. Later John was trans- ferred to Willlamsburg. In 1825, at the age of 13, Jasper was sent to Richmond and hired out to Peter Mc- Henry for a year. He then worked for # year for a Dr. Wooldridge in Chesterfield County in the coal mines. The next year he returned to Richmond and was hired out to Samuel Cosby to work in a tobacco factory at Six- teenth and Cary Streets. He worked thero for 6 or 7 years. Following Cosby's death, Jasper went to work for Samuel Hargrove, a member of First Baptist Church and a deeply religious man. He later had a large influence in Jasper’s life, About this time came Jasper’s first mar- riage which wes annulled. He wed three other times, the second marriage ending in divorce and the third in death of his wife. His fourth wife survived him. In his early fe Jasper was described as living a gay and reckless life. He was pop- ular with the women. There was no indi- cation that he was inclined toward religion. JASPER'S CONVERSION James explains that Jasper’s twenty-sev- enth birthday coincided with a celebration for the Fourth of July and all factory work- ers were given a holiday, In the midst of festivities in the Capitol Square, Jasper was seized with a conviction of his sins, For several weeks ho fought the fecling and suf- tered from despondency. Following the conversion, Jasper became & preacher but still was a slave. Milterate until the conversion, he was taught to spell by an old slave named William Jackson and made rapid headway in reading the Bible. He could recite it almost word for word, The Bible, says James, became the source of all his knowledge and final arbiter of all his Judgment. Slave owners wished their slaves to be Christianized but insisted upon supervision by white preachers. Jssper first became known as a funeral preacher, Those who invited him to preach had to pay Hargrove $1 for each day he was away from the fac- tory, with the exception of Sundays. One time Jasper was invited to preach in Henrico County. Upon reaching the place, he was informed that he could not preach because of his race. Dr. Winfree, who had invited him, stated he wanted Jas- per to preach and would stand the conse- quences of the law, The white preacher also invited to par- ticipate, however, was so shocked to learn he was to share the pulpit with a Negro that he consumed 2 hours of the 2% hours al- lotted for the service, leaving little time for Jasper. James reports that people sat patiently during the first long talk. Jasper then spoke for 15 or 20 minutes, and greatly moved his audience. He was invited to preach many, many times after that. FREEMAN AND PASTOR Before the outbreak of the Civil War, Jas- per was called to the Third Baptist Church in Petersburg to preach, on the third and fourth Sundays of each month, Under the law, however, he could not be an ordained minister; so a white man had to be named the official pastor of the church. The end of the Civil War brought freedom for Jasper, but he was broke and jobless. For several months he worked on the streets of Richmond, cleaning bricks and helping with reconstruction, He again was called to the Petersburg church, and a year later went to Weldon, N. C., where he organized the First Baptist Church, still in existence. In 1866 Jasper came back to Richmond to start a church among his own people. The first was a shanty on Browns Island in the James River. Nine members of the church paid him $9 8 week. People from ail over the city came to hear him preach, and hundreds were baptized in the waters of the James. Jasper moved his church several times, once to a stable and once to an abandoned carpenter's shop, Finally he found a church at St. John and Duval Streets, large enough to hold 800 people. The building had be- Jonged to Presbyterians who sold it for $2,025 when the neighborhood changed from white to Negro. The debt was paid off in 3 years. The membership grew so fast that in a short time an annex, costing $5,050, was built in the rear, As soon as the debt was pald the old part of the building was re- modeled at a cost of $1,200, That debt, too, was paid off in a hurry. Even this building was inadequate. When Jasper was more than 70 he started building @ new church on West Duval Street at the cost of $20,000. This was Sixth Mount Zion Church, finished tn 1890. The church had a membership of over 2,000. Jasper died on March 81, 1901, the same day the old Jefferson Hotel burned down. Hundreds of people attended his funeral. Among those heard at the service was the Rev. W. E. Hatcher, a white minister from whose biography of Jasper the Dietz printing is taken. So well known was Jasper that groups of all kinds paid their respects. According to James, Dr. F. W. Boatwright, chancellor of the University of Richmond, recalls that so Alil many Richmond College men attended his services that the nickname “Jasper” was given to all ministerial students at the col- ege. The Strong Right Arm of Air Power— Report by Mr. Eugene M. Zuckert, As- sistant Secretary of the Air Force EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. 0. C. FISHER OF TEXAS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Friday, January 12, 1951 Mr. FISHER. Mr. Speaker, some weeks ago the able and energetic As- sistant Secretary of the Air Force, Mr. Eugene M. Zuckert, spoke at a regional meeting of the Aviation Writers Associa- tion held at the Connally Air Force Base, Waco, Tex, It was appropriate that Mr. Zuckert should have spoken before such & group, and in the great State of Texas. Texas is an air-minded State and a de- fense-minded State, and it is represented in this Congress by defense-minded men. The junior Senator from Texas, Senator LYNDON JOHNSON, heads the “watchdog subcommittee” of the Senate Commit- tee on Armed Services that is set up to find flaws, if any, in our spending pro- gram. The gentleman from Texas, Con- gressman Gsorcx Maxon, is the chair- man of the Department of Defense Sub- committee of the House Committee on Appropriations that screens the request for funds of the military services. No one ever questions the defense-minded- ness of men of Texas. There are many Air Force installations in Texas, and a number of important items of Air Force equipment are made in Texas. The big B~-36, which carries the Sunday punch of our Air Force is made there. The B-36 is the intercon- tinental bomber that can deliver the re- taliatory counterattack if an enemy dares to strike us. It is the backbone of our strategic Air Force which is our best hope of survival. Mr. Zuckert spoke at Waco on Decem- ber 2, at the end of the week that had seen the battle turn in Korea and the forces of the United Nations begin their withdrawal, It was a week of tension and of fear, It was the beginning of a grim period. It is late to say what should have been done, but not too late to recognize what we must now do. The Air Force budget for the fiscal year 1951 is $14,000,000,000. This is more than the entire defense budget for the last fiscal year. What this money will buy the Air Force is a start toward the fulfillment of the 84-group program. In the words of Mr. Zuckert: This budget request provides for the pro- curement of the most modern planes de- signed to equip the Alr Force. Even in last year’s budget 31 percent was allocated to airoraft—47 percent of the new budget is given to aircraft and related procurement. Fifty-six percent of all our funds will go into
All2 all the major procurement needed for our Job. Our 1950 budget provided for the ordering of 1,261 planes for about 1.8 billion. Under the new program we will have slightly more than five times that amount of money or 6.8 billion new money for aircraft and related procurement; more than the total Air Force budget last year. Mr. Zuckert went on to name other items in the Air Force budget that are just as important as aircraft procure- ment. There will be 651,095 military peo- ple in the Air Force by June 30, 1951, in comparison with 411,277 on the same date this year. Paying them will call for an increase of 50 percent in the budget for that purpose. There is a fivefold increase in the budget for industrial mobilization—for industrial studies and production tools. There is a hundred-percent increase in the budget for research and development programs. The sound principles of cost control through management control, estab- lished by Mr. Symington and Mr, Zuckert and maintained under the leadership of the new Secretary of the Air Force, Thomas K. Finletter, will serve the Air Force well in meeting problems presented by an increased budget and a rapidly in- creasing Military Establishment. It is the job of the Air Force to make every tax dollar count. Only by doing so can we muke up for lost time. Mr. Speaker, in order that all Mem- bers of this Congress may have the op- portunity to review Mr. Zuckert’s able presentation of the Air Force budget, I ask unanimous consent to include the text of his remarks in the ConcrRessionaL Recorp. As Mr. Zuckert said: The Air Force has not been deluded by Korea. Korea is neither the test nor the major problem. The Air Force knows that etrategic air power is still the hope of sur- vival. The great need is to be poised against the major force, Maintaining that posture of readiness places on all of us tremendous responsi- bilities, Mr, Zuckert pointed out: As individuals and as groups we must be willing to place less emphasis on our ideas about economic security; security now must be measured in the fundamental terms of life, liberty, and protection. The remarks by Mr. Zuckert are as fol- lows: No other week in recent history has been as crucial as the week which draws to a close tonight. We have watched three vital focal points: Korea, the United Nations, and Washington. Being in the latter city, I have felt the ten- sion, known the dangers, and feared the ‘worst. We are in what we can call, without in any ‘way boing trite, a grim period. It is a period we have seen coming, you and I. But too many refused to admit 2 years ago, a year ago, or even 6 months ago, that it would come. It is now upon us. But we are not helpless. Certainly the week now ending has made even the most blind among us realize our danger. It has, even though that fact may have been for- gotten in the hours of concern, brought us clozer together. It has given us a unity that, so very unfor- tunately, we apparent'y only reach in times of disaster, in times of danger. A unity which, if we could achieve it in untroubled times, would drive this Nation forward to the greatest period of wealth, prosperity, and happiness ever achieved in modern civiliza- tion. It 1s ironic when you recall that just about 9 years ago we were plunged into World War I—9 years ago next Thursday. Think of that. And think, too, that this war has been over more than 6 years. Yet today we find we are in the same position, in many ways, as we were during that war. And in one most important way we are ina position much more perilous. During the war we had a recognized enemy, we could vent our anger and channel our strength against that enemy. We were locked in com- bat, and that combat was the test as to whether we, and our way of life, would survive. But in recent days we have been bounced around like a rubber ball. We are built up to one crisis, then we are lulled; we bound, then rebound. And the hard cruel fact is that we may be in this position for 10, for 20, yes, even for 25 years. We find no peace. Yet you and I and all other people in this country still have faith. The same faith that inspired those men 9 years ago to fight on—even when so often outnumbered. Lacking faith we would have, long ago, made one of two simple choices: either to blindly say thére is no threat to our way of Mfe and live accordingly; or, admitting the threat, immediately strike at its heart with only our fear for provocation. Having faith we choose neither of those courses. Instead we have begun to build our strength and at the same time explore every possible avenue which might lead to peace: avenues which, during the last few weeks, have become fewer. Our faith, however, has kept the most important peaceful means of achieving peace open to us, the United Nations. And, dur- ing the year which is coming to an end, we have seen the United Nations take long strides toward becoming a determined, quick-acting force for world peace. We have learned, with a finality which should serve as a guidepost for generations to come, the fallacy of what Defense Secre- tary Marshall calls the feast and famine cycles in our military strength. We are now paying the price of the post- World War II famine, And the price will not be painless and, as we look to Korea, we know !t isn't bloodless. The price, sacrifice, in blood and in dollars and cents, will go up—not come down. We have, thankfully, refused to allow the Korean War or even the catastrophic Chi- nese situation to take our eyes from the focal point of world unrest. We know, and the evidence is ample to bear us out, that Com- munist Korea would never have started its aggression unless it had been needled by an imperialistic power bent on world conquest. We know today that we are facing a real menace. It was this that brought forth the supplemental budget request of the Defense Department announced by the President this week. The request to Congress asked for $18,000,- 000,000. Of this the Air Force’s portion is approximately a little over #4,500,000,000. ‘This brings the Air Force budget for the fiscal year of 1961 to $14,000,000,000. This is more than the entire defense budget for the last fiscal year. As you are vitally interested in alr power and the Air Force, I know you want to know what this Air Force request means. In fiscal year 1950, we had 48 groups. Today, because of the Korean emergency we have additional groups in operation, plus, as was reve. ed in Washington yester- APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD day, @ program for 68 groups by the end of fiscal year 1951 and 84 groups by the end of fiscal year 1952. This budget request provides for the pro- curement of the most modern planes de- signed to equip the Air Force. Even in last year’s budget 30 percent was allocated to air- craft—47 percent of the new budget is given to aircraft and related procurement. Fifty- six percent of all our funds will go into all the major procurement needed for our job. Our 1950 budget provided for the ordering of 1,251 planes for about one and three- tenths billions. Under the new program we will have slightly more than five times that amount of money, or six and six-tenths bil- lions new money for aircraft and related pro- curement; more than the total AF budget last year. Because of this comparison the budget re- quest for aircraft procurement may seem high, but compare the rate of output under this program with 1944, during the height of World War II. In that year we were turning out eight to ten thousand planes a month; deliveries for all of last year would have been less than a week's production at the peak World War II rate. Under our program, if it is approved by Congress, the output will still be only a small percentage of the World War II figure. The other items in this Air Force budget are just as important as aircraft procure- ment. The total 1951 budget, including the new request, contains a 40 percent Increase for pay and allowances for Air Force per- sonnel, necessitated, of course, by our growth. We will have next June 30, 651,095 military people in the Air Force compared with the 411,277 with which we started the fiscal year in July. We cannot overlook the fivefold increase in 1951 budget for industrial mobilization. This breaks down into two parts: tndustrial studies and production tools. The industrial studies are an integral part of the development of any modern industry or of any modern air force, it is, to phrase it simply, necessary planning for the contin- gency of an all-out mobilization. What will X number of factories need to turn out Y number of turrets, guns, or life rafts? We cannot plan for Air Force development while ignoring the capacity and the capabilities of the industries upon which we must depend. And we cannot, certainly, ask them to as- sume the task of appraising their potential based on our own needs. We must help them with their planning and their develop- ment. We will have to concentrate on our tooling. Some special-purpose tools tuke 2 to 4 years to build. If we were forced into total mobilization next September or a year from September, we could not, overnight, build these tools. As for our general-pur- pose tools, our tool reserve saved from World War ITI cannot meet our plans. Now we will have a start on building them. If they are never needed, will anyone con- demn us for having been prepared? If they should be needed—and had not been or- dered—what then? We are in much the same position with our research and development programs, The budget for the current fiscal year, in- cluding our latest request, increases our apending on research and development by more than 100 percent over last year. This is because air power, as you know, ia in a peculiarly fast moving phase: the phase of jets, supersonic speeds, electronics and atomic warfare. Research is advancing into fields undreamed of a decade ago. I have been talking about specific items. Now I'd like to say just a word on the overs all budget. We have devoted a lot of time in the Air Force since 1946 toward better management of our resources. We are going to continue to work to make every tax dollar
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD count: We are, with all the training and ability at our command, going to make up for lost time. The burden will be so great that we must drive ourselves to make sure that every dol- lar spent buys a dollar’s worth of protection. Let us not overlook that the money we are to be appropriated does not include funds for arming our allies under the Military Defense Assistance Pact. There are still policy problems to be settled at the inter- national level before we will know the cost in dollars and cents. Even with the evolution of the military assistance program we should not lull our- selves into a false sense of security. Even if our allies, or our potential allies, were fully equipped, fully trained and fully conditioned, psychologically, the defense of this country would still be primarily our job. We must never forget that we can never match the hordes of communism, man for man. What we must do instead, is to make up for quantity with quality. A program of this magnitude and I have talked mostly about the Air Force part of it— Places tremendous responsibilities. As in- dividuals and as groups, we must be willing to place less emphasis on our ideas about economic security; security now must be measured in the fundamental terms of life, liberty, and protection. We will have to call upon more men and women for Government service, both in uni- form and out of uniform. We are going to have to call for the help of more and more able men on specialized jobs. I don’t need to tell you how hard it is to get the right men to fill even jobs that carry the prestige of Presidential appointment, But, just as important, in many instances, are the jobs on down the line. We need ability In supply, we need it in maintenance, in procurement—we will need outside help particularly in the many activities on the business side of the Air Force. Modern warfare has made obsolete the day when 50,000 men could go to battle with only a skeleton force of civillans completing the military structure behind them The very complexity of modern war, the very rapid change of weapons, demands the highly trained men and women in the factory, at the planning board and untaping the red tape around the stacks of paper work. We need them, if I may repeat myself, as part of our drive to make up for quantity with quality. On this same subject I’d like to pay trib- ute to a couple of fine men from this great State of Texas. The first 1s your junior Senator, Lynpon Jonunson, Under Senator Jounson's hard-hitting leadership the Sen- ate Preparedness Subcommittee 1s already doing a wonderful Job finding the flaws in our spending program. This may seem strange coming from me. After all, I'm one of the men who, in the eud, has to take the rap for some of the mistakes the Senator’s committee uncov- ers, and will uncover. But I can’t duck: responsibility. We can’t delude ourselves; cert: inly some of the mis- takes Senator Jonson's committee has turned up are too ludicrous to seem be- Nevable. There have been mistakes, there will un- doubtedly be more, But as far as it is hu- manly possible they will be avoided and, ones pointed out they will be corrected. ‘The Air Force today, the whole prepared- ness effort is too big to be perfect. Every week, I and a lot of other people have to make decisions which add up to millions and millions of dollars, often under terrific time pressure. Sometimes we make mis- takes; sometimes we act on other's mistakes. Because of this a committee such as Sen- ator JoHNnson’s is invaluable. Our Govern- XCVII—App.——8 ment was built on the system of checks and balances; during this present defense emergency the Johnson subcommittee will, I believe, prove to be a worthy successor to the Truman committee, a great money- saving check and balance. The other Texan I'd like to mention along the same line is Congressman Grorgz Ma- HON. He is the hard-working and quietly efficient chairman of the House Appropria= tions Subcommittee, which screens the re- quest for funds of the military services. We respect, and his fellow’ Mem! ers of both Houses respect, his vigorous fairness born of his wholehearted desire to make our country strong at the least possible cost. I would like to touch briefly on some par- ticular phases of the work of the Air Force in Korea. From General MacArthur on down the Air Force has been praised for its all-out effort. Without Air Power we would have been pushed into the sea during the early days of that struggle. That is not my statement. That is the sti.tement of military men on the scene— men in services other than the Air Force. Today we “ave evaluation teams on the scene to determine how well we did our job. If these teams report mistakes, we'll accept their recommendations. The Air Force is flexible in its leadership and thinking, it can change and bend with the situation. It can move quickly to adopt new and better methods, There has been criticism of tactical air support. But even many making criticism fail to realize tactical air support is divided into three phases: A.r superiority—the air has to be cleared of the enemy so our fighters can live; interdiction of the battlefield; the cutting off of supply and communications. This is something the average front line in- fantryman doesn’t see—because it happens in back of enemy lnes—but it is what saves lives, and wins wars, And finally, the third phase, which 1s, close support. That we do too. And we think we have done a good Job of it. There are a lot of infantrymen in Korea who have said so, too. We believe that when the full report on our job is made the country will Bay “well done.” The Air Force has not been deluded by Korea. Forea 1s neither the test nor the major problem. The Air Force kuows that strategic air power is still the hope of sur- vival. The great need is to be poised against the major force A strategic air force with its atomic threat is our greatest defense factor today. There is not now—nor is there in the fore- seeable future—a sure, push-button defense for this continent. To say that there is would be false—and being false—it would be dangerous. We are constructing the best QGefense that research modern electronics and aircraft can buy. Our best defense is the stron,; right arm, the potential striking power of strategic air represented by the B-29, the B-50, the B-47 to come and the B-36 made here in Texas. Nothing has happened in Korea to change that fact. In conclusion let me voice a warning. I may not have been too optimistic tonight— but these are not optimistic times. I must say this. There is no easy way out. Right now we are only buying time. How long we have to buy time, none of us here in this room knows. If this were the war we might speculate. We could say, “Well, if we can gain objective XX, then the wur won’t last more than 3 months or 6 months after.” We are deprived of the luxury of specula- tion. The test, then, is whether we are willing to keep up the pace without the war to keep the pace for us. A113 With the help of God and the unity of our people, I feel that it can be done so that men may be free in a world without fear, The Powers of the President as Com- mander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. THOMAS E. MARTIN OF IOWA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Friday, January 12, 1951 I. KOREA Mr. MARTIN of Iowa. Mr. Speaker, President Truman had authority and power under section 2 of article II of our Constitution to order American troops into Korea. The power given to Con- gress in section 8 of article I of the Con- stitution to raise and support armies and to make rules for thelr government and regulation undoubtedly authorizes Con- gress to limit the use of troops, espe- cially through restrictions on the ex- penditure of funds appropriated for their maintenance and their transportation, but there were no such limitations im- posed by Congress prior to President Truman’s sending of American troops into Korea. The President's obligation and liability for national security as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces necessarily leaves to him the mat- ter of determining how far he must go within his powers to fulfill that obliga- tion unless so limited by Congress. The action of the North Koreans in sending armed forces across the thirty- eighth parallel in June constituted ag- gression in violation of agreements to which the United States was a party and President Truman could consider his ac- tion necessary to stop such aggression. The lack of adequate logistical prepa- ration for his move and the subsequent moving in of Chinese Communists did not cause his original move to exceed his power. 1. EUROPE Unless Congress places restrictions and limitations on the use to be made of the Armed Forces of the United States before additional troops are sent to Eu- rope the President as Commander in Chief of our Armed Forces undoubtedly has power to send additional armed forces to Europe even though he intends them to operate there as part of a great international army. His part in build- ing a large armed force in Western Eu- rope in advance of aggression may be considered by him as necessary under his responsibility for our national security, especially in view of the comparative size and strength of Russia and her method of operation. Il, WAR The power of Congress extends to all legislation essential to the prosecution of a war with vigor and success, except such as interferes with the command of