295 
a victim impact statement that identifies the victim of the 
offense and the extent and scope of the injury and loss suf-
fered by the victim, including the estimated economic im-
pact of the offense on that victim. 
(2) PERSONS PERMITTED TO SUBMIT.—Persons per-
mitted to submit victim impact statements shall include— 
(A) producers and sellers of legitimate works affected 
by conduct involved in the offense; 
(B) holders of intellectual property rights in such 
works; and 
(C) the legal representatives of such producers, sellers, 
and holders. 
(f) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
(1) the terms ‘‘phonorecord’’ and ‘‘copies’’ have, re-
spectively, the meanings set forth in section 101 (relating 
to definitions) of title 17; 
(2) the terms ‘‘reproduction’’ and ‘‘distribution’’ refer 
to the exclusive rights of a copyright owner under clauses 
(1) and (3) respectively of section 106 (relating to exclusive 
rights in copyrighted works), as limited by sections 107 
through 122, of title 17; 
(3) the term ‘‘financial gain’’ has the meaning given 
the term in section 101 of title 17; and 
(4) the term ‘‘work being prepared for commercial dis-
tribution’’ has the meaning given the term in section 
506(a) of title 17. 
§ 677. Copyright infringement 
(a) CRIMINAL INFRINGEMENT.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—Any person who knowingly in-
fringes a copyright shall be punished as provided under sec-
tion 676, if the infringement was committed— 
(A) for purposes of commercial advantage or pri-
vate financial gain; 
(B) by the reproduction or distribution, including 
by electronic means, during any 180-day period, of 1 
or more copies or phonorecords of 1 or more copy-
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righted works, which have a total retail value of more 
than $1,000; or 
(C) by the distribution of a work being prepared 
for commercial distribution, by making it available on 
a computer network accessible to members of the pub-
lic, if such person knew or should have known that the 
work was intended for commercial distribution. 
(2) EVIDENCE.—For purposes of this subsection, evi-
dence of reproduction or distribution of a copyrighted work, 
by itself, shall not be sufficient to establish knowing in-
fringement of a copyright. 
(3) DEFINITION.—In this subsection, the term ‘‘work 
being prepared for commercial distribution’’ means— 
(A) a computer program, a musical work, a mo-
tion picture or other audiovisual work, or a sound re-
cording, if, at the time of unauthorized distribution— 
(i) the copyright owner has a reasonable ex-
pectation of commercial distribution; and 
(ii) the copies or phonorecords of the work 
have not been commercially distributed; or 
(B) a motion picture, if, at the time of unauthor-
ized distribution, the motion picture— 
(i) has been made available for viewing in a 
motion picture exhibition facility; and 
(ii) has not been made available in copies for 
sale to the general public in the United States in 
a format intended to permit viewing outside a mo-
tion picture exhibition facility. 
(b) FORFEITURE AND DESTRUCTION.—When any person 
is convicted of any violation of subsection (a), the court in its 
judgment of conviction shall, in addition to the penalty therein 
prescribed, order the forfeiture and destruction or other dis-
position of all infringing copies or phonorecords and all imple-
ments, devices, or equipment used in the manufacture of such 
infringing copies or phonorecords. 
(c) FRAUDULENT COPYRIGHT NOTICE.—Any person who, 
with fraudulent intent, places on any article a notice of copy-
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right or words of the same purport that such person knows to 
be false, or who, with fraudulent intent, publicly distributes or 
imports for public distribution any article bearing such notice 
or words that such person knows to be false, shall be fined not 
more than $2,500. 
(d) FRAUDULENT REMOVAL
OF COPYRIGHT NOTICE.— 
Any person who, with fraudulent intent, removes or alters any 
notice of copyright appearing on a copy of a copyrighted work 
shall be fined not more than $2,500. 
(e) FALSE REPRESENTATION.—Any person who knowingly 
makes a false representation of a material fact in the applica-
tion for copyright registration provided for by section 409 of 
title 17, or in any written statement filed in connection with 
the application, shall be fined not more than $2,500. 
(f) RIGHTS OF ATTRIBUTION AND INTEGRITY.—Nothing 
in this section applies to infringement of the rights conferred 
by section 106A(a) of title 17. 
§ 678. Unauthorized fixation of and trafficking in 
sound recordings and music videos of live 
musical performances 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever, without the consent of the per-
former or performers involved, knowingly and for purposes of 
commercial advantage or private financial gain— 
(1) fixes the sounds or sounds and images of a live 
musical performance in a copy or phonorecord, or repro-
duces copies or phonorecords of such a performance from 
an unauthorized fixation; 
(2) transmits or otherwise communicates to the public 
the sounds or sounds and images of a live musical perform-
ance; or 
(3) distributes or offers to distribute, sells or offers to 
sell, rents or offers to rent, or traffics in any copy or pho-
norecord fixed as described in paragraph (1), regardless of 
whether the fixations occurred in the United States; 
shall be imprisoned for not more than 5 years or if the offense 
is a second or subsequent offense, shall be imprisoned for not 
more than 10 years. 
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(b) FORFEITURE AND DESTRUCTION.—When a person is 
convicted of a violation of subsection (a), the court shall order 
the forfeiture and destruction of any copies or phonorecords 
created in violation thereof, as well as any plates, molds, mat-
rices, masters, tapes, and film negatives by means of which 
such copies or phonorecords may be made. The court may also, 
in its discretion, order the forfeiture and destruction of any 
other equipment by means of which such copies or 
phonorecords may be reproduced, taking into account the na-
ture, scope, and proportionality of the use of the equipment in 
the offense. 
(c) 
SEIZURE
AND
FORFEITURE.—If 
copies 
or 
phonorecords of sounds or sounds and images of a live musical 
performance are fixed outside of the United States without the 
consent of the performer or performers involved, such copies or 
phonorecords are subject to seizure and forfeiture in the United 
States in the same manner as property imported in violation 
of the customs laws. The Secretary of the Treasury shall, not 
later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of the Uru-
guay Round Agreements Act, issue regulations to carry out this 
subsection, including regulations by which any performer may, 
upon payment of a specified fee, be entitled to notification by 
the United States Customs Service of the importation of copies 
or phonorecords that appear to consist of unauthorized fixa-
tions of the sounds or sounds and images of a live musical per-
formance. 
(d) VICTIM IMPACT STATEMENT.—(1) During preparation 
of the presentence report pursuant to Rule 32(c) of the Federal 
Rules of Criminal Procedure, victims of the offense shall be 
permitted to submit, and the probation officer shall receive, a 
victim impact statement that identifies the victim of the offense 
and the extent and scope of the injury and loss suffered by the 
victim, including the estimated economic impact of the offense 
on that victim. 
(2) Persons permitted to submit victim impact statements 
shall include— 
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(A) producers and sellers of legitimate works affected 
by conduct involved in the offense; 
(B) holders of intellectual property rights in such 
works; and 
(C) the legal representatives of such producers, sellers, 
and holders. 
(e) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
(1) the terms ‘‘copy’’, ‘‘fixed’’, ‘‘musical work’’, ‘‘pho-
norecord’’, ‘‘reproduce’’, ‘‘sound recordings’’, and ‘‘trans-
mit’’ mean those terms within the meaning of title 17; and 
(2) the term ‘‘traffic in’’ means transport, transfer, or 
otherwise dispose of, to another, as consideration for any-
thing of value, or make or obtain control of with intent to 
transport, transfer, or dispose of. 
(f) APPLICABILITY.—This section shall apply to any con-
duct that occurs on or after the date of the enactment of the 
Uruguay Round Agreements Act. 
§ 679. Unauthorized recording of motion pictures 
in a motion picture exhibition facility 
(a) OFFENSE.—Any person who, without the authorization 
of the copyright owner, knowingly uses or attempts to use an 
audiovisual recording device to transmit or make a copy of a 
motion picture or other audiovisual work protected under title 
17, or any part thereof, from a performance of such work in 
a motion picture exhibition facility, shall— 
(1) be imprisoned for not more than 3 years; or 
(2) if the offense is a second or subsequent offense, be 
imprisoned for no more than 6 years. 
The possession by a person of an audiovisual recording device 
in a motion picture exhibition facility may be considered as evi-
dence in any proceeding to determine whether that person com-
mitted an offense under this subsection, but shall not, by itself, 
be sufficient to support a conviction of that person for such of-
fense. 
(b) FORFEITURE AND DESTRUCTION.—When a person is 
convicted of a violation of subsection (a), the court in its judg-
ment of conviction shall, in addition to any penalty provided, 
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order the forfeiture and destruction or other disposition of all 
unauthorized copies of motion pictures or other audiovisual 
works protected under title 17, or parts thereof, and any audio-
visual recording devices or other equipment used in connection 
with the offense. 
(c) AUTHORIZED ACTIVITIES.—This section does not pre-
vent any lawfully authorized investigative, protective, or intel-
ligence activity by an officer, agent, or employee of the United 
States, a State, or a political subdivision of a State, or by a 
person acting under a contract with the United States, a State, 
or a political subdivision of a State. 
(d) IMMUNITY FOR THEATERS.—With reasonable cause, 
the owner or lessee of a motion picture exhibition facility where 
a motion picture or other audiovisual work is being exhibited, 
the authorized agent or employee of such owner or lessee, the 
licensor of the motion picture or other audiovisual work being 
exhibited, or the agent or employee of such licensor— 
(1) may detain, in a reasonable manner and for a rea-
sonable time, any person suspected of a violation of this 
section with respect to that motion picture or audiovisual 
work for the purpose of questioning or summoning a law 
enforcement officer; and 
(2) shall not be held liable in any civil or criminal ac-
tion arising out of a detention under paragraph (1). 
(e) VICTIM IMPACT STATEMENT.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—During the preparation of the 
presentence report under rule 32(c) of the Federal Rules 
of Criminal Procedure, victims of an offense under this sec-
tion shall be permitted to submit to the probation officer 
a victim impact statement that identifies the victim of the 
offense and the extent and scope of the injury and loss suf-
fered by the victim, including the estimated economic im-
pact of the offense on that victim. 
(2) CONTENTS.—A victim impact statement submitted 
under this subsection shall include— 
(A) producers and sellers of legitimate works af-
fected by conduct involved in the offense; 
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(B) holders of intellectual property rights in the 
works described in subparagraph (A); and 
(C) the legal representatives of such producers, 
sellers, and holders. 
(f) STATE LAW NOT PREEMPTED.—Nothing in this sec-
tion may be construed to annul or limit any rights or remedies 
under the laws of any State. 
(g) DEFINITIONS.—In this section, the following defini-
tions shall apply: 
(1) TITLE 17 DEFINITIONS.—The terms ‘‘audiovisual 
work’’, ‘‘copy’’, ‘‘copyright owner’’, ‘‘motion picture’’, ‘‘mo-
tion picture exhibition facility’’, and ‘‘transmit’’ have, re-
spectively, the meanings given those terms in section 101 
of title 17. 
(2) AUDIOVISUAL
RECORDING
DEVICE.—The term 
‘‘audiovisual recording device’’ means a digital or analog 
photographic or video camera, or any other technology or 
device capable of enabling the recording or transmission of 
a copyrighted motion picture or other audiovisual work, or 
any part thereof, regardless of whether audiovisual record-
ing is the sole or primary purpose of the device. 
§ 680. Trafficking in counterfeit goods or services 
(a)OFFENSE.—Whoever intentionally traffics or attempts 
to traffic in goods or services and knowingly uses a counterfeit 
mark on or in connection with such goods or services shall, if 
an individual, be imprisoned not more than 10 years, and, if 
an organization, be fined not more than $5,000,000. In the 
case of an offense by a person under this section that occurs 
after that person is convicted of another offense under this sec-
tion, the person convicted, if an individual, shall be imprisoned 
not more than 20 years, and if an organization, shall be fined 
not more than $15,000,000. 
(b) DESTRUCTION.—Upon a determination by a prepon-
derance of the evidence that any articles in the possession of 
a defendant in a prosecution under this section bear counterfeit 
marks, the United States may obtain an order for the destruc-
tion of such articles. 
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(c) DEFENSE, AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES, AND LIMITATIONS 
ON REMEDIES.—All defenses, affirmative defenses, and limita-
tions on remedies that would be applicable in an action under 
the Lanham Act shall be applicable in a prosecution under this 
section. 
(d) VICTIM IMPACT STATEMENT.—(1) During preparation 
of the presentence report pursuant to Rule 32(c) of the Federal 
Rules of Criminal Procedure, victims of the offense shall be 
permitted to submit, and the probation officer shall receive, a 
victim impact statement that identifies the victim of the offense 
and the extent and scope of the injury and loss suffered by the 
victim, including the estimated economic impact of the offense 
on that victim. 
(2) Persons permitted to submit victim impact statements 
shall include— 
(A) producers and sellers of legitimate goods or serv-
ices affected by conduct involved in the offense; 
(B) holders of intellectual property rights in such 
goods or services; and 
(C) the legal representatives of such producers, sellers, 
and holders. 
(e) DEFINITIONS.—For the purposes of this section— 
(1) the term ‘‘counterfeit mark’’ means— 
(A) a spurious mark— 
(i) that is used in connection with trafficking 
in goods or services; 
(ii) that is identical with, or substantially in-
distinguishable from, a mark registered for those 
goods or services on the principal register in the 
United States Patent and Trademark Office and in 
use, whether or not the defendant knew such mark 
was so registered; and 
(iii) the use of which is likely to cause confu-
sion, to cause mistake, or to deceive; or 
(B) a spurious designation that is identical with, 
or substantially indistinguishable from, a designation 
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as to which the remedies of the Lanham Act are made 
available by reason of section 220506 of title 36 
but such term does not include any mark or designation 
used in connection with goods or services of which the man-
ufacturer or producer was, at the time of the manufacture 
or production in question authorized to use the mark or 
designation for the type of goods or services so manufac-
tured or produced, by the holder of the right to use such 
mark or designation; 
(2) the term ‘‘traffic’’ means transport, transfer, or 
otherwise dispose of, to another, as consideration for any-
thing of value, or make or obtain control of with intent so 
to transport, transfer, or dispose of; and 
(3) the term ‘‘Lanham Act’’ means the Act entitled 
‘‘An Act to provide for the registration and protection of 
trademarks used in commerce, to carry out the provisions 
of certain international conventions, and for other pur-
poses’’, approved July 5, 1946 (15 U.S.C. 1051 et seq.). 
(f) REPORT.—(1) Beginning with the first year after the 
date of enactment of this subsection, the Attorney General shall 
include in the report of the Attorney General to Congress on 
the business of the Department of Justice prepared pursuant 
to section 522 of title 28, an accounting, on a district by dis-
trict basis, of the following with respect to all actions taken by 
the Department of Justice that involve trafficking in counter-
feit labels for phonorecords, copies of computer programs or 
computer program documentation or packaging, copies of mo-
tion pictures or other audiovisual works (as defined in section 
2318 of this title), criminal infringement of copyrights (as de-
fined in section 2319 of this title), unauthorized fixation of and 
trafficking in sound recordings and music videos of live musical 
performances (as defined in section 2319A of this title), or 
trafficking in goods or services bearing counterfeit marks (as 
defined in section 2320 of this title): 
(A) The number of open investigations. 
(B) The number of cases referred by the United 
States Customs Service. 
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(C) The number of cases referred by other agencies or 
sources. 
(D) The number and outcome, including settlements, 
sentences, recoveries, and penalties, of all prosecutions 
brought under sections 2318, 2319, 2319A, and 2320 of 
title 18. 
(2)(A) The report under paragraph (1), with respect to 
criminal infringement of copyright, shall include the following: 
(i) The number of infringement cases in these cat-
egories: audiovisual (videos and films); audio (sound re-
cordings); literary works (books and musical compositions); 
computer programs; video games; and, others. 
(ii) The number of online infringement cases. 
(iii) The number and dollar amounts of fines assessed 
in specific categories of dollar amounts. These categories 
shall be: no fines ordered; fines under $500; fines from 
$500 to $1,000; fines from $1,000 to $5,000; fines from 
$5,000 to $10,000; and fines over $10,000. 
(iv) The total amount of restitution ordered in all 
copyright infringement cases. 
(B) In this paragraph, the term ‘‘online infringement 
cases’’ as used in paragraph (2) means those cases where the 
infringer— 
(i) advertised or publicized the infringing work on the 
Internet; or 
(ii) made the infringing work available on the Internet 
for download, reproduction, performance, or distribution by 
other persons. 
(C) The information required under subparagraph (A) 
shall be submitted in the report required in fiscal year 2005 
and thereafter. 
§ 682. Trafficking in certain motor vehicles or 
motor vehicle parts 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever buys, receives, possesses, or ob-
tains control of, with intent to sell or otherwise dispose of, a 
motor vehicle or motor vehicle part, knowing that an identifica-
tion number for such motor vehicle or part has been removed, 
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obliterated, tampered with, or altered, shall be imprisoned not 
more than ten years. 
(b) NONAPPLICABILITY.—Subsection (a) does not apply if 
the removal, obliteration, tampering, or alteration— 
(1) is caused by collision or fire; or 
(2) is not a violation of section 718. 
(c) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section, the terms 
‘‘identification number’’ and ‘‘motor vehicle’’ have the meaning 
given those terms in section 718. 
§ 683. Chop shops 
(a) IN GENERAL.— 
(1) UNLAWFUL ACTION.—Any person who knowingly 
owns, operates, maintains, or controls a chop shop or con-
ducts operations in a chop shop shall be punished by im-
prisonment for not more than 15 years. If a conviction of 
a person under this paragraph is for a violation committed 
after the first conviction of such person under this para-
graph, the maximum punishment shall be doubled with re-
spect to any fine and imprisonment. 
(2) INJUNCTIONS.—The Attorney General shall, as ap-
propriate, in the case of any person who violates paragraph 
(1), commence a civil action for permanent or temporary 
injunction to restrain such violation. 
(b) DEFINITION.—For purposes of this section, the term 
‘‘chop shop’’ means any building, lot, facility, or other structure 
or premise where one or more persons engage in receiving, con-
cealing, destroying, disassembling, dismantling, reassembling, 
or storing any passenger motor vehicle or passenger motor ve-
hicle part which has been unlawfully obtained in order to alter, 
counterfeit, deface, destroy, disguise, falsify, forge, obliterate, 
or remove the identity, including the vehicle identification num-
ber or derivative thereof, of such vehicle or vehicle part and to 
distribute, sell, or dispose of such vehicle or vehicle part in 
interstate or foreign commerce. 
§ 684. Definitions 
The following definitions apply in this subchapter: 
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(1) The term ‘‘aircraft’’ means any contrivance now 
known or hereafter invented, used, or designed for naviga-
tion of or for flight in the air. 
(2) The term ‘‘cattle’’ means one or more bulls, steers, 
oxen, cows, heifers, or calves, or the carcass or carcasses 
thereof. 
(3) The term ‘‘livestock’’ means any domestic animals 
raised for home use, consumption, or profit, such as horses, 
pigs, llamas, goats, fowl, sheep, buffalo, and cattle, or the 
carcasses thereof. 
(4) The term ‘‘money’’ means the legal tender of the 
United States or of any foreign country, or any counterfeit 
thereof. 
(5) The term ‘‘motor vehicle’’ means an automobile, 
automobile truck, automobile wagon, motorcycle, or any 
other self-propelled vehicle designed for running on land 
but not on rails. 
(6) The term ‘‘securities’’ means any note, stock cer-
tificate, bond, debenture, check, draft, warrant, traveler’s 
check, letter of credit, warehouse receipt, negotiable bill of 
lading, evidence of indebtedness, certificate of interest or 
participation in any profit-sharing agreement, collateral- 
trust certificate, preorganization certificate or subscription, 
transferable share, investment contract, voting-trust certifi-
cate; valid or blank motor vehicle title; certificate of inter-
est in property, tangible or intangible; instrument or docu-
ment or writing evidencing ownership of goods, wares, and 
merchandise, or transferring or assigning any right, title, 
or interest in or to goods, wares, and merchandise; or, in 
general, any instrument commonly known as a ‘‘security’’, 
or any certificate of interest or participation in, temporary 
or interim certificate for, receipt for, warrant, or right to 
subscribe to or purchase any of the foregoing, or any 
forged, counterfeited, or spurious representation of any of 
the foregoing. 
(7) The term ‘‘tax stamp’’ means any tax stamp, tax 
token, tax meter imprint, or any other form of evidence of 
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an obligation running to a State, or evidence of the dis-
charge thereof. 
(8) The term ‘‘value’’ means the face, par, or market 
value, whichever is the greatest, and the aggregate value of 
all goods, wares, and merchandise, securities, and money 
referred to in a single indictment shall constitute the value 
thereof. 
SUBCHAPTER C—COUNTERFEITING AND FORGERY 
Sec. 
691.
Counterfeit acts committed outside the United States. 
692.
Obligations or securities of United States. 
693.
Uttering counterfeit obligations or securities. 
694.
Dealing in counterfeit obligations or securities. 
695.
Plates, stones, or analog, digital, or electronic images for counter-
feiting obligations or securities. 
696.
Deterrents to counterfeiting of obligations and securities. 
697.
Taking impressions of tools used for obligations or securities. 
698.
Possessing or selling impressions of tools used for obligations or 
securities. 
699.
Foreign obligations or securities. 
700.
Uttering counterfeit foreign obligations or securities. 
701.
Possessing counterfeit foreign obligations or securities. 
702.
Plates, stones, or analog, digital, or electronic images for counter-
feiting foreign obligations or securities. 
703.
Uttering counterfeit foreign bank notes. 
704.
Connecting parts of different notes. 
705.
Tokens or paper used as money. 
706.
Forfeiture of counterfeit paraphernalia. 
707.
Bonds and obligations of certain lending agencies. 
708.
Contracts, deeds, and powers of attorney. 
709.
Military or naval discharge certificates. 
710.
Military, naval, or official passes. 
711.
Money orders. 
712.
Postage stamps, postage meter stamps, and postal cards. 
713.
Printing and filming of United States and foreign obligations and 
securities. 
715.
Seals of courts; signatures of judges or court officers. 
716.
Seals of departments or agencies. 
717.
Forging endorsements on Treasury checks or bonds or securities 
of the United States. 
718.
Altering or removing motor vehicle identification numbers. 
719.
Securities of the States and private entities. 
720.
Fictitious obligations. 
§ 691. Counterfeit acts committed outside the 
United States 
Whoever outside the United States, engages in the act 
of— 
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(1) making, dealing, or possessing any counterfeit obli-
gation or other security of the United States; or 
(2) making, dealing, or possessing any plate, stone, 
analog, digital, or electronic image, or other thing, or any 
part thereof, used to counterfeit such obligation or security, 
if such act would constitute a violation of section 692, 693, or 
694 if committed within the United States, shall be punished 
as is provided for the like offense within the United States. 
§ 692. Obligations or securities of United States 
Whoever, with intent to defraud, falsely makes, forges, 
counterfeits, or alters any obligation or other security of the 
United States, shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years. 
§ 693. Uttering counterfeit obligations or securi-
ties 
Whoever, with intent to defraud, passes, utters, publishes, 
or sells, or attempts to pass, utter, publish, or sell, or with like 
intent brings into the United States or keeps in possession or 
conceals any falsely made, forged, counterfeited, or altered obli-
gation or other security of the United States, shall be impris-
oned not more than 20 years. 
§ 694. Dealing in counterfeit obligations or securi-
ties 
Whoever buys, sells, exchanges, transfers, receives, or de-
livers any false, forged, counterfeited, or altered obligation or 
other security of the United States, with the intent that the 
same be passed, published, or used as true and genuine, shall 
be imprisoned not more than 20 years. 
§ 695. Plates, stones, or analog, digital, or elec-
tronic images for counterfeiting obliga-
tions or securities 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
(1) having control, custody, or possession of any plate, 
stone, or other thing, or any part thereof, from which has 
been printed, or which may be prepared by direction of the 
Secretary of the Treasury for the purpose of printing, any 
obligation or other security of the United States, uses such 
plate, stone, or other thing, or any part thereof, or know-
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ingly suffers the same to be used for the purpose of print-
ing any such or similar obligation or other security, or any 
part thereof, except as may be printed for the use of the 
United States by order of the proper officer thereof; 
(2) makes or executes any plate, stone, or other thing 
in the likeness of any plate designated for the printing of 
such obligation or other security; 
(3) with intent to defraud, makes, executes, acquires, 
scans,captures, records, receives, transmits, reproduces, 
sells, or has in such person’s control, custody, or posses-
sion, an analog, digital, or electronic image of any obliga-
tion or other security of the United States; 
(4) sells any such plate, stone, or other thing, or 
brings into the United States any such plate, stone, or 
other thing, except under the direction of the Secretary of 
the Treasury or other proper officer, or with any other in-
tent, in either case, than that such plate, stone, or other 
thing be used for the printing of the obligations or other 
securities of the United States; 
(5) has in his control, custody, or possession any plate, 
stone, or other thing in any manner made after or in the 
similitude of any plate, stone, or other thing, from which 
any such obligation or other security has been printed, with 
intent to use such plate, stone, or other thing, or to suffer 
the same to be used in forging or counterfeiting any such 
obligation or other security, or any part thereof; 
(6) has in his possession or custody, except under au-
thority from the Secretary of the Treasury or other proper 
officer, any obligation or other security made or executed, 
in whole or in part, after the similitude of any obligation 
or other security issued under the authority of the United 
States, with intent to sell or otherwise use the same; or 
(7) prints, photographs, or in any other manner makes 
or executes any engraving, photograph, print, or impression 
in the likeness of any such obligation or other security, or 
any part thereof, or sells any such engraving, photograph, 
print, or impression, except to the United States, or brings 
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into the United States, any such engraving, photograph, 
print, or impression, except by direction of some proper of-
ficer of the United States; 
shall be imprisoned not more than 25 years. 
(b) DEFINITION.—For purposes of this section, the term 
‘‘analog, digital, or electronic image’’ includes any analog, dig-
ital, or electronic method used for the making, execution, acqui-
sition, scanning, capturing, recording, retrieval, transmission, 
or reproduction of any obligation or security, unless such use 
is authorized by the Secretary of the Treasury. The Secretary 
shall establish a system (pursuant to section 504) to ensure 
that the legitimate use of such electronic methods and retention 
of such reproductions by businesses, hobbyists, press and oth-
ers shall not be unduly restricted. 
§ 696. Deterrents to counterfeiting of obligations 
and securities 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
(1) has in his control or possession, after a distinctive 
paper has been adopted by the Secretary of the Treasury 
for the obligations and other securities of the United 
States, any similar paper adapted to the making of any 
such obligation or other security, except under the author-
ity of the Secretary of the Treasury; or 
(2) has in his control or possession, after a distinctive 
counterfeit deterrent has been adopted by the Secretary of 
the Treasury for the obligations and other securities of the 
United States by publication in the Federal Register, any 
essentially identical feature or device adapted to the mak-
ing of any such obligation or security, except under the au-
thority of the Secretary of the Treasury; 
shall be imprisoned for not more than 25 years. 
(b) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
(1) the term ‘‘distinctive paper’’ includes any distinc-
tive medium of which currency is made, whether of wood 
pulp, rag, plastic substrate, or other natural or artificial fi-
bers or materials; and 
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(2) the term ‘‘distinctive counterfeit deterrent’’ in-
cludes any ink, watermark, seal, security thread, optically 
variable device, or other feature or device; 
(A) in which the United States has an exclusive 
property interest; or 
(B) which is not otherwise in commercial use or in 
the public domain and which the Secretary designates 
as being necessary in preventing the counterfeiting of 
obligations or other securities of the United States. 
§ 697. Taking impressions of tools used for obliga-
tions or securities 
Whoever, without authority from the United States, takes, 
procures, or makes an impression, stamp, analog, digital, or 
electronic image, or imprint of, from or by the use of any tool, 
implement, instrument, or thing used or fitted or intended to 
be used in printing, stamping, or impressing, or in making 
other tools, implements, instruments, or things to be used or 
fitted or intended to be used in printing, stamping, or impress-
ing any obligation or other security of the United States, shall 
be imprisoned not more than 25 years. 
§ 698. Possessing or selling impressions of tools 
used for obligations or securities 
Whoever— 
(1) with intent to defraud, possesses, keeps, safe-
guards, or controls, without authority from the United 
States, any imprint, stamp, analog, digital, or electronic 
image, or impression, taken or made upon any substance 
or material whatsoever, of any tool, implement, instrument 
or thing, used, fitted or intended to be used, for any of the 
purposes mentioned in section 476 of this title; or 
(2) with intent to defraud, sells, gives, or delivers any 
such imprint, stamp, analog, digital, or electronic image, or 
impression to any other person; 
shall be imprisoned not more than 25 years. 
§ 699. Foreign obligations or securities 
Whoever, within the United States, with intent to defraud, 
falsely makes, alters, forges, or counterfeits any bond, certifi-
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cate, obligation, or other security of any foreign government, 
purporting to be or in imitation of any such security issued 
under the authority of such foreign government, or any treas-
ury note, bill, or promise to pay, lawfully issued by such foreign 
government and intended to circulate as money, shall be im-
prisoned not more than 20 years. 
§ 700. Uttering counterfeit foreign obligations or 
securities 
Whoever, within the United States, knowingly and with in-
tent to defraud, utters, passes, or puts off, in payment or nego-
tiation, any false, forged, or counterfeited bond, certificate, ob-
ligation, security, treasury note, bill, or promise to pay, men-
tioned in section 478 of this title, whether or not the same was 
made, altered, forged, or counterfeited within the United 
States, shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years. 
§ 701. Possessing counterfeit foreign obligations 
or securities 
Whoever, within the United States, knowingly and with in-
tent to defraud, possesses or delivers any false, forged, or coun-
terfeit bond, certificate, obligation, security, treasury note, bill, 
promise to pay, bank note, or bill issued by a bank or corpora-
tion of any foreign country, shall be imprisoned not more than 
20 years. 
§ 702. Plates, stones, or analog, digital, or elec-
tronic images for counterfeiting foreign 
obligations or securities 
Whoever— 
(1) within the United States except by lawful author-
ity, controls, holds, or possesses any plate, stone, or other 
thing, or any part thereof, from which has been printed or 
may be printed any counterfeit note, bond, obligation, or 
other security, in whole or in part, of any foreign govern-
ment, bank, or corporation, or uses such plate, stone, or 
other thing, or knowingly permits or suffers the same to be 
used in counterfeiting such foreign obligations, or any part 
thereof; 
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(2) except by lawful authority, makes or engraves any 
plate, stone, or other thing in the likeness or similitude of 
any plate, stone, or other thing designated for the printing 
of the genuine issues of the obligations of any foreign gov-
ernment, bank, or corporation; or 
(3) with intent to defraud, makes, executes, acquires, 
scans, captures, records, receives, transmits, reproduces, 
sells, or has in such person’s control, custody, or posses-
sion, an analog, digital, or electronic image of any bond, 
certificate, obligation, or other security of any foreign gov-
ernment, or of any treasury note, bill, or promise to pay, 
lawfully issued by such foreign government and intended to 
circulate as money; or 
(4) except by lawful authority, prints, photographs, or 
makes, executes, or sells any engraving, photograph, print, 
or impression in the likeness of any genuine note, bond, ob-
ligation, or other security, or any part thereof, of any for-
eign government, bank, or corporation; or 
(5) brings into the United States any counterfeit plate, 
stone, or other thing, engraving, photograph, print, or 
other impressions of the notes, bonds, obligations, or other 
securities of any foreign government, bank, or corporation; 
shall be imprisoned not more than 25 years. 
§ 703. Uttering counterfeit foreign bank notes 
Whoever, within the United States, utters, passes, puts 
off, or tenders in payment, with intent to defraud, any such 
false, forged, altered, or counterfeited bank note or bill, men-
tioned in section 482 of this title, knowing the same to be so 
false, forged, altered, and counterfeited, whether or not the 
same was made, forged, altered, or counterfeited within the 
United States, shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years. 
§ 704. Connecting parts of different notes 
Whoever so places or connects together different parts of 
two or more notes, bills, or other genuine instruments issued 
under the authority of the United States, or by any foreign 
government, or corporation, as to produce one instrument, with 
intent to defraud, shall be guilty of forgery in the same manner 
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as if the parts so put together were falsely made or forged, and 
shall be imprisoned not more than 10 years. 
§ 705. Tokens or paper used as money 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
(1) being 18 years of age or over, not lawfully author-
ized, makes, issues, or passes any coin, card, token, or de-
vice in metal, or its compounds, intended to be used as 
money, or whoever, being 18 years of age or over, with in-
tent to defraud, makes, utters, inserts, or uses any card, 
token, slug, disk, device, paper, or other thing similar in 
size and shape to any of the lawful coins or other currency 
of the United States or any coin or other currency not legal 
tender in the United States, to procure anything of value, 
or the use or enjoyment of any property or service from 
any automatic merchandise vending machine, postage- 
stamp machine, turnstile, fare box, coinbox telephone, park-
ing meter or other lawful receptacle, depository, or contriv-
ance designed to receive or to be operated by lawful coins 
or other currency of the United States; or 
(2) manufactures, sells, offers, or advertises for sale, 
or exposes or keeps with intent to furnish or sell any token, 
slug, disk, device, paper, or other thing similar in size and 
shape to any of the lawful coins or other currency of the 
United States, or any token, disk, paper, or other device 
issued or authorized in connection with rationing or food 
and fiber distribution by any agency of the United States, 
with knowledge or reason to believe that such tokens, slugs, 
disks, devices, papers, or other things are intended to be 
used unlawfully or fraudulently to procure anything of 
value, or the use or enjoyment of any property or service 
from any automatic merchandise vending machine, postage- 
stamp machine, turnstile, fare box, coinbox telephone, park-
ing meter, or other lawful receptacle, depository, or contriv-
ance designed to receive or to be operated by lawful coins 
or other currency of the United States; 
shall be imprisoned not more than one year. 
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(b) NONPREEMPTION.—Nothing contained in this section 
shall create immunity from criminal prosecution under the laws 
of any State. 
§ 706. Forfeiture of counterfeit paraphernalia 
(a) IN GENERAL.—All counterfeits of any coins or obliga-
tions or other securities of the United States or of any foreign 
government, or any articles, devices, and other things made, 
possessed, or used in violation of this subchapter or of sections 
851 and 852, or any material or apparatus used or fitted or 
intended to be used, in the making of such counterfeits, arti-
cles, devices or things, found in the possession of any person 
without authority from the Secretary of the Treasury or other 
proper officer, shall be forfeited to the United States. 
(b) FAILING OR REFUSING TO SURRENDER POSSESSION.— 
Whoever, having the custody or control of any such counter-
feits, material, apparatus, articles, devices, or other things, fails 
or refuses to surrender possession thereof upon request by any 
authorized agent of the Treasury Department, or other proper 
officer, shall be imprisoned not more than one year. 
(c) REMISSION OR MITIGATION.— 
(1) SECRETARY OF TREASURY.—Whenever, except as 
hereinafter in this section provided, any person interested 
in any article, device, or other thing, or material or appa-
ratus seized under this section files with the Secretary of 
the Treasury, before the disposition thereof, a petition for 
the remission or mitigation of such forfeiture, the Secretary 
of the Treasury, if he finds that such forfeiture was in-
curred without willful negligence or without any intention 
on the part of the petitioner to violate the law, or finds the 
existence of such mitigating circumstances as to justify the 
remission or the mitigation of such forfeiture, may remit or 
mitigate the same upon such terms and conditions as he 
deems reasonable and just. 
(2) ATTORNEY GENERAL.—If the seizure involves of-
fenses other than offenses against the coinage, currency, 
obligations or securities of the United States or any foreign 
government, the petition for the remission or mitigation of 
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forfeiture shall be referred to the Attorney General, who 
may remit or mitigate the forfeiture upon such terms as he 
deems reasonable and just. 
§ 707. Bonds and obligations of certain lending 
agencies 
Whoever— 
(1) falsely makes, forges, counterfeits or alters any 
note, bond, debenture, coupon, obligation, instrument, or 
writing in imitation or purporting to be in imitation of, a 
note, bond, debenture, coupon, obligation, instrument or 
writing, issued by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, National Credit 
Union Administration, Home Owners’ Loan Corporation, 
Farm Credit Administration, Department of Housing and 
Urban Development, or any land bank, intermediate credit 
bank, insured credit union, bank for cooperatives or any 
lending, mortgage, insurance, credit or savings and loan 
corporation or association authorized or acting under the 
laws of the United States; or 
(2) passes, utters, or publishes, or attempts to pass, 
utter or publish any note, bond, debenture, coupon, obliga-
tion, instrument or document knowing the same to have 
been falsely made, forged, counterfeited or altered, contrary 
to the provisions of this section; 
shall be imprisoned not more than 10 years. 
§ 708. Contracts, deeds, and powers of attorney 
Whoever— 
(1) falsely makes, alters, forges, or counterfeits any 
deed, power of attorney, order, certificate, receipt, contract, 
or other writing, for the purpose of obtaining or receiving, 
or of enabling any other person, either directly or indi-
rectly, to obtain or receive from the United States or any 
officers or agents thereof, any sum of money; 
(2) utters or publishes as true any such false, forged, 
altered, or counterfeited writing, with intent to defraud the 
United States, knowing the same to be false, altered, 
forged, or counterfeited; or 
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(3) transmits to, or presents at any office or officer 
of the United States, any such writing in support of, or in 
relation to, any account or claim, with intent to defraud the 
United States, knowing the same to be false, altered, 
forged, or counterfeited; 
shall be imprisoned not more than ten years. 
§ 709. Military or naval discharge certificates 
Whoever forges, counterfeits, or falsely alters any certifi-
cate of discharge from the military or naval service of the 
United States, or uses, unlawfully possesses or exhibits any 
such certificate, knowing the same to be forged, counterfeited, 
or falsely altered, shall be imprisoned not more than one year. 
§ 710. Military, naval, or official passes 
Whoever falsely makes, forges, counterfeits, alters, or 
tampers with any naval, military, or official pass or permit, 
issued by or under the authority of the United States, or with 
intent to defraud uses or possesses any such pass or permit, 
or personates or falsely represents himself to be or not to be 
a person to whom such pass or permit has been duly issued, 
or knowingly allows any other person to have or use any such 
pass or permit, issued for his use alone, shall be imprisoned not 
more than five years. 
§ 711. Money orders 
Whoever— 
(1) with intent to defraud, falsely makes, forges, coun-
terfeits, engraves, or prints any order in imitation of or 
purporting to be a blank money order or a money order 
issued by or under the direction of the Post Office Depart-
ment or Postal Service; 
(2) forges or counterfeits the signature or initials of 
any person authorized to issue money orders upon or to 
any money order, postal note, or blank therefor provided or 
issued by or under the direction of the Post Office Depart-
ment or Postal Service, or post office department or cor-
poration of any foreign country, and payable in the United 
States, or any material signature or indorsement thereon, 
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or any material signature to any receipt or certificate of 
identification thereof; 
(3) falsely alters, in any material respect, any such 
money order or postal note; 
(4) with intent to defraud, passes, utters or publishes 
or attempts to pass, utter or publish any such forged or al-
tered money order or postal note, knowing any material ini-
tials, signature, stamp impression or indorsement thereon 
to be false, forged, or counterfeited, or any material alter-
ation therein to have been falsely made; 
(5) issues any money order or postal note without hav-
ing previously received or paid the full amount of money 
payable therefor, with the purpose of fraudulently obtaining 
or receiving, or fraudulently enabling any other person, ei-
ther directly or indirectly, to obtain or receive from the 
United States or Postal Service, or any officer, employee, 
or agent thereof, any sum of money whatever; 
(6) embezzles, steals, or knowingly converts to his own 
use or to the use of another, or without authority converts 
or disposes of any blank money order form provided by or 
under the authority of the Post Office Department or Post-
al Service; 
(7) receives or possesses any such money order form 
with the intent to convert it to his own use or gain or use 
or gain of another knowing it to have been embezzled, sto-
len or converted; 
(8) with intent to defraud the United States, the Post-
al Service, or any person, transmits, presents, or causes to 
be transmitted or presented, any money order or postal 
note knowing the same— 
(A) to contain any forged or counterfeited signa-
ture, initials, or any stamped impression, 
(B) to contain any material alteration therein un-
lawfully made, 
(C) to have been unlawfully issued without pre-
vious payment of the amount required to be paid upon 
such issue, or 
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