in the interest of safety, security, and national security, for the conduct 
of periodic recurring testing of such employees for such use in violation 
of applicable law or Federal regulation. 
(3) SUSPENSION, DISQUALIFICATION, OR DISMISSAL.—In prescribing 
regulations under the programs required by this subsection, the Admin-
istrator shall require, as the Administrator considers appropriate, the 
suspension, disqualification, or dismissal of any employee to which 
paragraph (1) or (2) applies, in accordance with the provisions of this 
section, in any instance where a test conducted and confirmed under 
this section indicates that such employee has used, in violation of appli-
cable law or Federal regulation, alcohol or a controlled substance. 
(c) PROHIBITION ON SERVICE.— 
(1) PROHIBITION
UNLESS
PROGRAM
OF
REHABILITATION
COM-
PLETED.—No individual who is determined by the Administrator under 
this section to have used, in violation of applicable law or Federal regu-
lation, alcohol or a controlled substance after December 9, 1991, shall 
serve as an Administration employee with responsibility for safety-sen-
sitive, security, or national security functions (as determined by the 
Administrator), or as an Administration contractor employee with such 
responsibility, unless such individual has completed a program of reha-
bilitation described in subsection (d). 
(2) UNCONDITIONAL PROHIBITION.—Any such individual determined 
by the Administrator under this section to have used, in violation of 
applicable law or Federal regulation, alcohol or a controlled substance 
after December 9, 1991, shall not be permitted to perform the duties 
that the individual performed prior to the date of the determination, 
if the individual— 
(A) engaged in such use while on duty; 
(B) prior to such use had undertaken or completed a rehabilita-
tion program described in subsection (d); 
(C) following such determination refuses to undertake such a re-
habilitation program; or 
(D) following such determination fails to complete such a reha-
bilitation program. 
(d) PROGRAM FOR REHABILITATION.— 
(1) REGULATIONS
AND
AVAILABILITY
OF
PROGRAM
FOR
CON-
TRACTOR EMPLOYEES.—The Administrator shall prescribe regulations 
setting forth requirements for rehabilitation programs which at a min-
imum provide for the identification and opportunity for treatment of 
employees referred to in subsection (b) in need of assistance in resolv-
ing problems with the use, in violation of applicable law or Federal reg-
ulation, of alcohol or a controlled substance. Each contractor is encour-
aged to make such a program available to all of its employees in addi-
tion to those employees referred to in subsection (b)(2). The Adminis-
trator shall determine the circumstances under which such employees 
shall be required to participate in such a program. Nothing in this sub-
section shall preclude any Administration contractor from establishing 
a program under this subsection in cooperation with any other such 
contractor. 
(2) ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF PROGRAM FOR ADMINIS-
TRATION EMPLOYEES.—The Administrator shall establish and maintain 
a rehabilitation program which at a minimum provides for the identi-
fication and opportunity for treatment of those employees of the Ad-
ministration whose duties include responsibility for safety-sensitive, se-
curity, or national security functions who are in need of assistance in 
resolving problems with the use of alcohol or controlled substances. 
(e) PROCEDURES FOR TESTING.—In establishing the programs required 
under subsection (b), the Administrator shall develop requirements which 
shall— 
(1) promote, to the maximum extent practicable, individual privacy 
in the collection of specimen samples; 
(2) with respect to laboratories and testing procedures for controlled 
substances, incorporate the Department of Health and Human Services 
scientific and technical guidelines dated April 11, 1988, and any subse-
quent amendments thereto, including mandatory guidelines which— 
(A) establish comprehensive standards for all aspects of labora-
tory controlled substances testing and laboratory procedures to be 
applied in carrying out this section, including standards which re-
quire the use of the best available technology for ensuring the full 
reliability and accuracy of controlled substances tests and strict 
procedures governing the chain of custody of specimen samples 
collected for controlled substances testing; 
(B) establish the minimum list of controlled substances for 
which individuals may be tested; and 
(C) establish appropriate standards and procedures for periodic 
review of laboratories and criteria for certification and revocation 
of certification of laboratories to perform controlled substances 
testing in carrying out this section; 
(3) require that all laboratories involved in the controlled substances 
testing of any individual under this section shall have the capability 
and facility, at such laboratory, of performing screening and confirma-
tion tests;
(4) provide that all tests which indicate the use, in violation of appli-
cable law or Federal regulation, of alcohol or a controlled substance by 
any individual shall be confirmed by a scientifically recognized method 
of testing capable of providing quantitative data regarding alcohol or 
a controlled substance; 
(5) provide that each specimen sample be subdivided, secured, and 
labelled in the presence of the tested individual and that a portion 
thereof be retained in a secure manner to prevent the possibility of 
tampering, so that in the event the individual’s confirmation test re-
sults are positive the individual has an opportunity to have the retained 
portion assayed by a confirmation test done independently at a second 
certified laboratory if the individual requests the independent test with-
in 3 days after being advised of the results of the initial confirmation 
test; 
(6) ensure appropriate safeguards for testing to detect and quantify 
alcohol in breath and body fluid samples, including urine and blood, 
through the development of regulations as may be necessary and in 
consultation with the Department of Health and Human Services; 
(7) provide for the confidentiality of test results and medical infor-
mation of employees; and 
(8) ensure that employees are selected for tests by nondiscriminatory 
and impartial methods, so that no employee is harassed by being treat-
ed differently from other employees in similar circumstances. 
(f) EFFECT ON OTHER LAWS AND REGULATIONS.— 
(1) CONSISTENCY WITH FEDERAL REGULATION.—No State or local 
government shall adopt or have in effect any law, rule, regulation, ordi-
nance, standard, or order that is inconsistent with the regulations pro-
mulgated under this section. 
(2) CONTINUANCE OF REGULATIONS ISSUED BEFORE DECEMBER 9, 
1991.—Nothing in this section shall be construed to restrict the discre-
tion of the Administrator to continue in force, amend, or further sup-
plement any regulations issued before December 9, 1991, that govern 
the use of alcohol and controlled substances by Administration employ-
ees with responsibility for safety-sensitive, security, and national secu-
rity functions (as determined by the Administrator), or by Administra-
tion contractor employees with such responsibility. 
CHAPTER 313—HEALTHCARE 
Sec. 
31301.
Healthcare program. 
31302.
Astronaut healthcare survey.
§ 31301. Healthcare program 
The Administrator shall develop a plan to better understand the longitu-
dinal health effects of space flight on humans. In the development of the 
plan, the Administrator shall consider the need for the establishment of a 
lifetime healthcare program for Administration astronauts and their families 
or other methods to obtain needed health data from astronauts and retired 
astronauts. 
§ 31302. Astronaut healthcare survey 
(a) SURVEY.—The Administrator shall administer an anonymous survey 
of astronauts and flight surgeons to evaluate communication, relationships, 
and the effectiveness of policies. The survey questions and the analysis of 
results shall be evaluated by experts independent of the Administration. The 
survey shall be administered on at least a biennial basis. 
(b) REPORT.—The Administrator shall transmit a report of the results 
of the survey to Congress not later than 90 days following completion of 
the survey. 
CHAPTER 315—MISCELLANEOUS 
Sec. 
31501.
Orbital debris. 
31502.
Maintenance of facilities. 
31503.
Laboratory productivity. 
31504.
Cooperative unmanned aerial vehicle activities. 
31505.
Development of enhanced-use lease policy. 
§ 31501. Orbital debris 
The Administrator, in conjunction with the heads of other Federal agen-
cies, shall take steps to develop or acquire technologies that will enable the 
Administration to decrease the risks associated with orbital debris. 
§ 31502. Maintenance of facilities 
In order to sustain healthy Centers that are capable of carrying out the 
Administration’s missions, the Administrator shall ensure that adequate 
maintenance and upgrading of those Center facilities is performed on a reg-
ular basis. 
§ 31503. Laboratory productivity 
The Administration’s laboratories are a critical component of the Admin-
istration’s research capabilities, and the Administrator shall ensure that 
those laboratories remain productive. 
§ 31504. Cooperative unmanned aerial vehicle activities 
The Administrator, in cooperation with the Administrator of the National 
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and in coordination with other 
agencies that have existing civil capabilities, shall continue to utilize the ca-
pabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles as appropriate in support of Adminis-
tration and interagency cooperative missions. The Administrator may enter