I 
118TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 5457 
To support carbon dioxide removal research and development, and for other 
purposes. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
SEPTEMBER 14, 2023 
Mr. TONKO (for himself, Ms. CLARK of Massachusetts, Mr. PETERS, Ms. 
KUSTER, and Mr. MCGOVERN) introduced the following bill; which was 
referred to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, and in ad-
dition to the Committees on Agriculture, Natural Resources, Transpor-
tation and Infrastructure, and Energy and Commerce, for a period to be 
subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration 
of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee con-
cerned 
A BILL 
To support carbon dioxide removal research and development, 
and for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
(a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 
‘‘Carbon Dioxide Removal Research and Development Act 
of 2023’’. 
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(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for 
this Act is as follows: 
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 
Sec. 2. Definitions. 
TITLE I—DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 
Sec. 101. Fossil energy and carbon management. 
Sec. 102. Energy efficiency and renewable energy. 
Sec. 103. Office of Science. 
Sec. 104. Department-wide considerations. 
TITLE II—DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
Sec. 201. Definitions. 
Sec. 202. Objectives and organization. 
Sec. 203. Agriculture advanced research and development authority. 
Sec. 204. National Institute of Food and Agriculture. 
Sec. 205. Agricultural Research Service. 
Sec. 206. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 
Sec. 207. Forest Service. 
TITLE III—DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 
Sec. 301. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 
Sec. 302. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 
TITLE IV—DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 
Sec. 401. Corps of Engineers. 
TITLE V—DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
Sec. 501. United States Geological Survey. 
Sec. 502. Land and minerals management. 
TITLE VI—DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 
Sec. 601. Federal Highway Administration. 
TITLE VII—ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 
Sec. 701. Office of research and development. 
TITLE VIII—NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE 
ADMINISTRATION 
Sec. 801. Earth science division program. 
TITLE IX—NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 
Sec. 901. Directorate for biological sciences. 
Sec. 902. Directorate for engineering. 
Sec. 903. Directorate for geosciences. 
Sec. 904. Directorate for mathematical and physical sciences. 
Sec. 905. Directorate for social, behavioral, and economic sciences. 
Sec. 906. Division of social and economic sciences. 
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TITLE X—OTHER MATTERS 
Sec. 1001. Plan for international collaboration. 
SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 
In this Act: 
(1) CARBON
DIOXIDE
REMOVAL.—The term 
‘‘carbon dioxide removal’’ means— 
(A) the intentional capture of carbon diox-
ide directly from the ambient air or upper hy-
drosphere, combined with the storage of that 
carbon dioxide, which results in a net removal 
of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, as 
measured on a lifecycle basis, including, at a 
minimum, through— 
(i) direct air capture and storage; 
(ii) enhanced carbon mineralization; 
(iii) biomass-based carbon dioxide re-
moval; 
(iv) forest restoration; 
(v) soil carbon management; and 
(vi) ocean-based carbon removal. 
(2) TERRESTRIAL AND BIOLOGICAL CARBON DI-
OXIDE REMOVAL.—The term ‘‘terrestrial and bio-
logical carbon dioxide removal’’ means carbon diox-
ide removal which uses living biomass or soils to 
capture and/or store carbon dioxide. 
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TITLE I—DEPARTMENT OF 
ENERGY 
SEC. 101. FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT. 
(a) OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MAN-
AGEMENT.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Title II of the Department 
of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7131 et 
seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘SEC. 218. OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MAN-
AGEMENT. 
‘‘(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is established within 
the Department an Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon 
Management (referred to in this section as the ‘Office’). 
‘‘(b) ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR FOSSIL ENERGY 
AND CARBON MANAGEMENT.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL .—The Office shall be headed 
by the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and 
Carbon Management (referred to in this section as 
the ‘Assistant Secretary’), who shall be appointed by 
the President in accordance with section 203. 
‘‘(2) DUTIES OF OFFICE.—In carrying out re-
search, development, and demonstration relating to 
carbon dioxide removal, the Assistant Secretary 
shall— 
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‘‘(A) incorporate best practices from the 
existing carbon capture and storage research 
programs within the Department of Energy into 
the Office; 
‘‘(B) be responsible for crosscut coordina-
tion of planning and budget for all research, de-
velopment, and demonstration programs of the 
Department of Energy relating to carbon diox-
ide removal (as defined in section 2 of the Car-
bon Dioxide Removal Research and Develop-
ment Act of 2023); 
‘‘(C) serve as the primary point of contact 
for any relevant interagency planning and co-
ordination efforts; 
‘‘(D) conduct analyses and technology as-
sessments of carbon dioxide removal systems, 
development, and demonstration programs, in-
cluding by engaging with the National Labora-
tories (as defined in section 2 of the Energy 
Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 15801)) to as-
sess lifecycle performance of carbon dioxide re-
moval systems; and 
‘‘(E) provide project management services 
for all demonstration-scale projects emerging 
from the technological carbon dioxide removal 
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research, development, and demonstration port-
folio. 
‘‘(c) MISSION.—The mission of the Office shall in-
clude the research, development, and demonstration of di-
rect air capture and carbon mineralization technologies. 
‘‘(d) LEAD OFFICE.—The National Energy Tech-
nology Laboratory shall have the lead responsibility within 
the Department of Energy for planning and managing re-
search, development, and demonstration activities relating 
to direct air capture and carbon storage, with the goal 
of establishing and driving down technology-specific cost 
targets. 
‘‘(e) PROJECT MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS.—All 
projects carried out by the Office shall be subject to rig-
orous project management requirements and procedures 
modeled on Department Order 413.3b (relating to pro-
gram and project management for the acquisition of cap-
ital assets) (or a successor order).’’. 
(2) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of con-
tents for the Department of Energy Organization 
Act (Public Law 95–91; 91 Stat. 565; 119 Stat. 
764) is amended by adding at the end of the items 
relating to title II the following: 
‘‘Sec. 218. Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management.’’. 
(3) REFERENCES IN LAW.—Any reference in a 
law, regulation, document, paper, or other record to 
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the ‘‘Office of Fossil Energy’’ shall be deemed to be 
a reference to the ‘‘Office of Fossil Energy and Car-
bon Management’’. 
(b) CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL RESEARCH, DEVEL-
OPMENT, AND DEMONSTRATION.—Section 969D of the 
Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16298d) is amend-
ed— 
(1) in subsection (c), by striking paragraph (5) 
and inserting the following: 
‘‘(5) ecologically sound, resilience-oriented, and 
carbon-sequestering forest management techniques, 
forest restoration, urban tree planting and manage-
ment, and reforestation such that negative land-use 
change impacts, such as endangering food security 
and biodiversity loss, can be avoided; and’’; 
(2) by redesignating subsections (d), (e), (f), 
(g), (h), (i), (j), and (k) as subsections (e), (f), (g), 
(i), (j), (k), (l), and (m), respectively; 
(3) by inserting after subsection (c) the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘(d) PROGRAM FOCUS AREAS.— 
‘‘(1) DIRECT
AIR
CAPTURE
AND
STORAGE 
TECHNOLOGIES.—In carrying out subsection (c)(1), 
the Secretary shall consider carrying out activities 
relating to— 
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‘‘(A) contactor design; 
‘‘(B) low- and zero-carbon heat; 
‘‘(C) advanced or unconventional systems 
and components; 
‘‘(D) scale-up studies and pilot plants; 
‘‘(E) operational data collection; 
‘‘(F) engineering design support for large- 
scale projects; 
‘‘(G) external techno-economic analyses; 
and 
‘‘(H) 
monitoring, 
reporting, 
and 
verification capabilities. 
‘‘(2) BIOENERGY WITH CARBON CAPTURE AND 
STORAGE.—In carrying out subsection (c)(2), the 
Secretary shall consider carrying out activities relat-
ing to advanced biomass-to-power conversion. 
‘‘(3) ENHANCED GEOLOGICAL WEATHERING.— 
In carrying out subsection (c)(3), the Secretary shall 
consider carrying out activities relating to— 
‘‘(A) alkalinity resource assessments; 
‘‘(B) pilot studies of ex situ mineralization; 
and 
‘‘(C) pilot studies of in situ mineralization 
for carbon storage. 
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‘‘(4) CARBON
UTILIZATION.—In carrying out 
carbon utilization activities under the program, the 
Secretary shall consider carrying out activities relat-
ing to the integration of carbonation with carbon di-
oxide capture processes. 
‘‘(5) CROSSCUTTING ACTIVITIES.—In carrying 
out cross-cutting activities under the program, the 
Secretary shall consider carrying out activities relat-
ing to— 
‘‘(A) carbon dioxide removal data collection 
and publication; 
‘‘(B) technology cost and performance; 
‘‘(C) integrated carbon systems modeling; 
and 
‘‘(D) decision science.’’; 
(4) by inserting after subsection (g) (as so re-
designated) the following: 
‘‘(h) COMPETITIVE DEMONSTRATION AWARDS.— 
‘‘(1) IN
GENERAL.—Not later than 2 years 
after the date of enactment of this subsection the 
Secretary shall make competitive awards for a port-
folio of carbon dioxide removal demonstration 
projects described in paragraph (2). 
‘‘(2) ELIGIBILITY.—Subject to subsection (e), 
to be eligible for an award under paragraph (1), a 
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carbon 
dioxide 
removal 
demonstration 
project 
shall— 
‘‘(A) use 1 or more technologies and strat-
egies described in subsection (c), including ac-
tivities described in subsection (i); 
‘‘(B) have a total cost of not less than 
$10,000,000; 
‘‘(C) be located in the United States or, in 
the case of ocean-based projects, within the ter-
ritorial sea or exclusive economic zone of the 
United States; 
‘‘(D) have the potential for large-scale, 
cost-effective replication; and 
‘‘(E) meet such other provisions as may be 
established by the Secretary consistent with the 
purposes of this section. 
‘‘(3) ALLOCATION.—In making awards under 
paragraph (1), out of the funds provided under sub-
section (m)(1), the Secretary shall allocate— 
‘‘(A) $500,000,000 to projects with total 
costs of not less than $10,000,000 and not 
more than $100,000,000; 
‘‘(B) $750,000,000 to projects— 
‘‘(i) with a total cost of more than 
$100,000,000; and 
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‘‘(ii) under which all captured carbon 
dioxide is disposed of in geologic storage in 
saline aquifers; and 
‘‘(C) $750,000,000 to projects with a total 
cost of more than $100,000,000, without regard 
to the type of storage. 
‘‘(4) COST-SHARE.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in 
subparagraph (B), with respect to a project re-
ceiving an award under paragraph (1), the Sec-
retary shall require that— 
‘‘(i) in the case of a project that dis-
poses of carbon dioxide in geologic storage 
in an operating oil and gas field, not less 
than 50 percent of the total project cost 
shall be provided by a non-Federal source; 
and 
‘‘(ii) in the case of a project that is 
not described in clause (i), not less than 20 
percent of the total project cost shall be 
provided by a non-Federal source. 
‘‘(B) EXCLUSION.—the Federal share of 
the cost of a project receiving an award under 
paragraph (1) with a total cost of not less than 
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$10,000,000 and not more than $100,000,000 
may be up to 100 percent.’’; and 
(5) in subsection (m) (as so redesignated), by 
striking paragraphs (1) through (5) and inserting 
the following: 
‘‘(1) $2,089,000,000 for fiscal year 2024, of 
which $2,000,000,000 shall be used to carry out 
subsection (h), to remain available until expended; 
‘‘(2) $217,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 
‘‘(3) $312,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; 
‘‘(4) $360,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; 
‘‘(5) $440,000,000 for fiscal year 2028; 
‘‘(6) $441,000,000 for fiscal year 2029; 
‘‘(7) $451,000,000 for fiscal year 2030; 
‘‘(8) $424,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; 
‘‘(9) $380,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and 
‘‘(10) $337,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.’’. 
SEC. 102. ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY. 
(a) ADVANCED MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING 
TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy 
shall establish direct air capture as a research pri-
ority of the Advanced Materials and Manufacturing 
Technologies Office, with a focus on improved tech-
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niques for low-cost manufacturing of direct air cap-
ture components and materials. 
(2) COORDINATION.—The Advanced Materials 
and Manufacturing Technologies Office shall carry 
out research relating to direct air capture under 
paragraph (1) in coordination with the Office of 
Fossil Energy and Carbon Management. 
(3) RESEARCH, 
DEVELOPMENT, 
AND
DEM-
ONSTRATION.—The Secretary of Energy, acting 
through the Assistant Secretary for Energy Effi-
ciency and Renewable Energy (referred to in this 
section as the ‘‘Assistant Secretary’’), shall carry out 
research, development, and demonstration activities 
in the areas described in this paragraph. 
(A) SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND PROCESS 
DESIGN.—The Assistant Secretary shall carry 
out research, development, and demonstration 
activities relating to integrated catalyst reactor 
design optimized for carbon dioxide removal 
and utilization. 
(B) ALKALINITY SOURCE PATHWAYS.— 
(i) IN GENERAL.—The Assistant Sec-
retary shall carry out research, develop-
ment, and demonstration activities relating 
to development of new, low-emissions 
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sources of alkalinity for carbon mineraliza-
tion. 
(ii) COLLABORATION.—The Assistant 
Secretary shall carry out the activities in 
clause (i) in collaboration with the Director 
of the United States Geological Survey. 
(C) CONTACTOR
DESIGN.—The Assistant 
Secretary shall carry out research, development, 
and demonstration activities relating to design 
of air contactors for direct air capture with low 
pressure drop, high surface area, and high lon-
gevity. 
(D) MANUFACTURING
IMPROVEMENT.— 
The Assistant Secretary shall carry out re-
search, development, and demonstration activi-
ties relating to low-cost manufacturing of direct 
air capture components and materials. 
(E) OTHER
ACTIVITIES.—The Assistant 
Secretary shall carry out other carbon dioxide 
removal research, development, and demonstra-
tion activities, as determined by the Secretary 
of Energy. 
(b) BIOENERGY TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy 
shall establish terrestrial and biological carbon diox-
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ide removal as a research objective in the biomass 
energy program of the Bioenergy Technologies Of-
fice. 
(2) OBJECTIVE.—In carrying out research, de-
velopment, and demonstration described in para-
graph (5), the Secretary of Energy shall seek to ad-
vance carbon dioxide removal approaches that gen-
erate net-negative emissions based on full lifecycle 
analysis. 
(3) CONSIDERATIONS.—In carrying out the full 
lifecycle analysis described in paragraph (2), the 
Bioenergy Technologies Office shall consider— 
(A) the emissions impacts of biomass har-
vest and processing, including— 
(i) unintended disturbances to eco-
system carbon stocks; 
(ii) indirect land-use change; and 
(iii) alternative fates of biomass used; 
(B) the risk of impacts on biodiversity and 
food security; and 
(C) the social impacts of any air pollut-
ants. 
(4) RISK
CONSIDERATIONS.—In carrying out 
research, development, and demonstration described 
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in paragraph (5), the Bioenergy Technologies Office 
shall— 
(A) conduct risk assessment of species cul-
tivated or utilized for terrestrial and biological 
carbon dioxide removal; and 
(B) take all feasible and prudent measures 
to minimize risk of economic, environmental, 
and social harm caused by invasive species. 
(5) RESEARCH, 
DEVELOPMENT, 
AND
DEM-
ONSTRATION.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of En-
ergy, acting through the Assistant Secretary, 
shall carry out research, development, and dem-
onstration activities in the areas described in 
subparagraphs (B) through (I). 
(B) ALGAL BIOMASS CAPTURE.—The As-
sistant Secretary shall carry out research, de-
velopment, and demonstration activities relating 
to microalgae growth, dewatering, and conver-
sion, including pathways such as bioreactors 
and non-photosynthetic pathways. 
(C) BIOMASS
SUPPLY, LOGISTICS, AND 
PRE-TREATMENT.— 
(i) IN GENERAL.—The Assistant Sec-
retary, in collaboration with the Director 
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of the National Institute of Food and Agri-
culture, shall establish 1 or more test fa-
cilities to conduct innovative approaches 
for treating biomass for use in fuels and 
electricity generation, including modeling 
and analysis of optimizing biomass gath-
ering, upgrading, and supply. 
(ii) 
TEST
FACILITY
CONSIDER-
ATIONS.—In selecting facilities to be estab-
lished as test facilities under clause (i), the 
Assistant Secretary shall— 
(I) consider whether the facility 
has the capability for small-scale and 
mobile applications; and 
(II) prioritize facilities that use 
waste feedstocks from managed eco-
systems, urban areas, and areas dam-
aged by severe weather events. 
(D) BIOMASS CONVERSION TO FUELS WITH 
BIOCHAR.— 
(i) IN GENERAL.—The Assistant Sec-
retary shall carry out research, develop-
ment, and demonstration activities relating 
to— 
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(I) research on conversion path-
ways, including fast pyrolysis; 
(II) development of— 
(aa) mobile processing units; 
and 
(bb) pollutant emissions con-
trol technology; and 
(III) assessments of overall car-
bon dioxide removal potential. 
(ii) COLLABORATION.—The Assistant 
Secretary shall carry out the activities 
under clause (i) in collaboration with the 
Director of the National Institute of Food 
and Agriculture. 
(E) BIOMASS TO FUEL WITH CARBON CAP-
TURE AND STORAGE.— 
(i) IN GENERAL.—The Assistant Sec-
retary shall carry out research, develop-
ment, and demonstration activities relating 
to biomass to advanced cellulosic ethanol 
with carbon capture and storage, taking 
into consideration direct and indirect land- 
use impacts from biomass feedstocks. 
(ii) COLLABORATION.—The Assistant 
Secretary shall carry out the activities 
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under clause (i) in collaboration with the 
Assistant Secretary for Office of Fossil 
Energy and Carbon Management. 
(F) AQUATIC BIOMASS CULTIVATION.— 
(i) IN GENERAL.—The Assistant Sec-
retary shall carry out research, develop-
ment, and demonstration activities relating 
to management best practices and pheno-
type selection for aquatic macroalgae bio-
mass production optimized for carbon diox-
ide removal, including limited-scale experi-
ments at sea, designed and monitored to 
avoid impacts beyond the zone of the ex-
periment. 
(ii) COLLABORATION.—The Assistant 
Secretary shall carry out the activities 
under clause (i) in collaboration with the 
Administrator of the National Oceanic and 
Atmospheric Administration. 
(G) AQUATIC BIOMASS ENERGY CONVER-
SION.—The Assistant Secretary shall carry out 
research, development, and demonstration ac-
tivities relating to technology development and 
pilots for aquatic biomass conversion and car-
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bon capture, including possible large-scale 
ocean-based experiments. 
(H) NEW MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT AND 
APPLICATIONS.— 
(i) IN GENERAL.—The Assistant Sec-
retary shall carry out research, develop-
ment, and demonstration activities relating 
to development of new carbon dioxide utili-
zation products. 
(ii) COLLABORATION.—The Assistant 
Secretary shall carry out the activities 
under clause (i) in collaboration with— 
(I) the Assistant Secretary for 
Fossil Energy and Carbon Manage-
ment; and 
(II) the Administrator of the Ag-
ricultural Research Service. 
(I) OTHER
ACTIVITIES.—The Assistant 
Secretary shall carry out research, development, 
and demonstration activities relating to other 
terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal 
research, development, and demonstration ac-
tivities not described in subparagraphs (B) 
through (H), as determined by the Secretary. 
(c) BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE.— 
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(1) RESEARCH, 
DEVELOPMENT, 
AND
DEM-
ONSTRATION.—The Secretary of Energy, acting 
through the Building Technologies Office, shall 
carry out research, development, and demonstration 
activities in each of the areas described in this sub-
section. 
(2) CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Building Tech-
nologies Office shall carry out research, devel-
opment, and demonstration activities relating to 
development, testing, and certification of car-
bonate materials for construction materials. 
(B) 
COLLABORATION.—The 
Building 
Technologies Office shall carry out activities 
under clause (i) in collaboration with the Na-
tional Institute of Standards and Technology. 
(3) OTHER
ACTIVITIES.—The Building Tech-
nologies Office shall carry out other carbon dioxide 
removal research, development, and demonstration 
activities, as determined by the Secretary of Energy. 
(d) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of En-
ergy to carry out this section— 
(1) $26,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 
(2) $54,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 
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(3) $83,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; 
(4) $93,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; 
(5) $93,000,000 for fiscal year 2028; 
(6) $88,000,000 for fiscal year 2029; 
(7) $83,000,000 for fiscal year 2030; 
(8) $73,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; 
(9) $53,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and 
(10) $42,000,000 for fiscal year 2033. 
SEC. 103. OFFICE OF SCIENCE. 
(a) RESEARCH.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy, 
acting through the Director of the Office of Science 
(referred to in this section as the ‘‘Director’’), shall 
carry out use-inspired fundamental research activi-
ties in each of the areas described in this subsection. 
(2) DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY FRONTIER RE-
SEARCH CENTERS.—The Director shall carry out re-
search activities relating to the establishment of new 
energy frontier research centers focused on materials 
research and early-stage application of sorbents, sol-
vents, membranes, and related direct air capture 
components. 
(3) 
GRANTS
AND
COOPERATIVE
AGREE-
MENTS.—The Director shall make grants and enter 
into cooperative agreements to carry out materials 
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research relating to sorbents, solvents, membranes, 
and related direct air capture components. 
(4) SOIL CARBON.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Director shall 
carry out research activities relating to plant- 
root-fungi interactions, deep inversion of soils, 
and other topics. 
(B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 
carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) 
in collaboration with— 
(i) the Director of the National 
Science Foundation; and 
(ii) the Director of the Agricultural 
Research Service. 
(5) ALGAL BIOMASS CAPTURE.—The Director 
shall carry out research activities relating to— 
(A) microalgae growth; 
(B) dewatering; and 
(C) conversion, including bioreactors and 
nonphotosynthetic pathways. 
(6) CARBON MINERALIZATION.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Director shall 
carry out research activities relating to— 
(i) mineralization kinetics; 
(ii) geomechanics; 
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(iii) rock physics; 
(iv) utilization-oriented carbonation; 
and 
(v) other topics. 
(B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 
carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) 
in collaboration with the Director of the Na-
tional Science Foundation. 
(7) OCEAN ALKALINITY.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Director shall 
carry out research activities relating to tech-
niques for and ecological impacts of artificial 
modification of ocean alkalinity. 
(B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 
carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) 
in collaboration with the Director of the Na-
tional Science Foundation. 
(8) CARBON CYCLE.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Director shall 
carry research activities and modeling relating 
to— 
(i) the effectiveness and ecological im-
pacts of ocean iron fertilization; and 
(ii) nitrogen and phosphorous fer-
tilization. 
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(B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 
carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) 
in collaboration with— 
(i) the Director of the National 
Science Foundation; and 
(ii) the Administrator of the National 
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 
(9) CARBON DIOXIDE IMPACTS AND FATE IN 
OCEANS.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Director shall 
carry out monitoring, research, and modeling 
on ecological impacts of ocean carbon dioxide 
removal techniques. 
(B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 
carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) 
in collaboration with the Administrator of the 
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-
tion. 
(10) CARBONATION.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Director shall 
carry out research activities relating to— 
(i) methods to control carbonation re-
actions; 
(ii) methods to accelerate carbonation; 
and 
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(iii) research to understand structure- 
property relationships. 
(B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 
carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) 
in collaboration with the Director of the Na-
tional Science Foundation. 
(11) CATALYSTS.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Director shall 
carry out research activities relating to— 
(i) impurity-tolerant catalyst develop-
ment; 
(ii) coupled reduction and oxidation 
reactions; and 
(iii) reduced additives. 
(B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 
carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) 
in collaboration with the Director of the Na-
tional Science Foundation. 
(12) NEW MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT AND AP-
PLICATIONS.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Director shall 
carry out research activities relating to develop-
ment of new materials for capturing and uti-
lizing carbon dioxide, including materials with 
carbon-carbon bonds. 
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(B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 
carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) 
in collaboration with the Director of the Na-
tional Science Foundation. 
(13) GENETIC MODELING AND TOOLS.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Director shall 
carry out research, development, and dem-
onstration of technologies to improve carbon di-
oxide uptake, conversion, and product accumu-
lation through genetic manipulation of biologi-
cal organisms for carbon dioxide removal and 
utilization. 
(B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 
carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) 
in collaboration with the Director of the Na-
tional Science Foundation. 
(14) BIOPROSPECTING.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Director shall 
carry out research activities relating to develop-
ment of tools and high-throughput screening for 
organisms with unique attributes relating to 
carbon dioxide conversion. 
(B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 
carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) 
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in collaboration with the Administrator of the 
Agricultural Research Service. 
(15) OTHER
RESEARCH.—The Director shall 
carry out other research on carbon dioxide removal, 
as determined by the Secretary. 
(b) COORDINATION.—The Director shall carry out 
this section in coordination with the Assistant Secretary 
for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management. 
(c) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of En-
ergy to carry out this section— 
(1) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 
(2) $65,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 
(3) $79,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; 
(4) $83,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; 
(5) $88,000,000 for fiscal year 2028; 
(6) $84,000,000 for fiscal year 2029; 
(7) $81,000,000 for fiscal year 2030; 
(8) $70,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; 
(9) $70,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and 
(10) $67,000,000 for fiscal year 2033. 
SEC. 104. DEPARTMENT-WIDE CONSIDERATIONS. 
(a) LIFECYCLE ANALYSES.—In carrying out re-
search, development, and demonstration under this title, 
the Secretary of Energy, in collaboration with the heads 
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of other appropriate Federal agencies, shall conduct full- 
system lifecycle analyses of emissions and other environ-
mental impacts from carbon dioxide removal technologies 
and methods. 
(b) ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ANALYSES.—In car-
rying out research, development, and demonstration under 
this title, the Secretary of Energy shall conduct environ-
mental justice analyses of carbon dioxide removal tech-
nologies, methods, and siting, including impacts on local 
and regional conventional air pollution. 
TITLE II—DEPARTMENT OF 
AGRICULTURE 
SEC. 201. DEFINITIONS. 
In this title: 
(1) DEPARTMENT.—The term ‘‘Department’’ 
means the Department of Agriculture. 
(2) LAND-GRANT
COLLEGES
AND
UNIVER-
SITIES.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘‘land-grant 
colleges and universities’’ has the meaning 
given the term in section 1404 of the National 
Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching 
Policy Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 3103). 
(B) INCLUSION.—The term ‘‘land-grant 
colleges and universities’’ includes a 1994 Insti-
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tution (as defined in section 532 of the Equity 
in Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994 
(7 U.S.C. 301 note; Public Law 103–382)). 
(3) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means 
the Secretary of Agriculture. 
SEC. 202. OBJECTIVES AND ORGANIZATION. 
(a) DEPARTMENTAL MISSION.—The Secretary shall 
incorporate terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide re-
moval mission responsibilities into the Strategic Plan of 
the Department to complement the food and fiber mission 
responsibilities of the Department. 
(b) UNDER
SECRETARY
FOR
RESEARCH, EDU-
CATION, AND ECONOMICS.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—The Under Secretary for 
Research, Education, and Economics (referred to in 
this section as the ‘‘Under Secretary’’) shall— 
(A) coordinate all carbon dioxide removal 
research, development, and demonstration ac-
tivities within the Department; and 
(B) in carrying out subparagraph (A), col-
laborate with other senior Department officials 
with related responsibilities, including the Chief 
Economist. 
(2) REVIEW
AND
ADVISE.—The Under Sec-
retary shall— 
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(iv) the National Institute of Food 
and Agriculture; and 
(v) other Department agencies and of-
fices; and 
(B) in research portfolios of land-grant col-
leges and universities. 
(c) DEPARTMENT-WIDE CONSIDERATIONS.— 
(1) OBJECTIVE.—In carrying out research, de-
velopment, and demonstration under this title, the 
Secretary shall seek to advance carbon dioxide re-
moval approaches that generate net-negative emis-
sions based on full lifecycle analysis. 
(2) CONSIDERATIONS.—In carrying out this 
title, the Secretary shall consider, in addition to 
emissions described in paragraph (1), the risk of im-
pacts on biodiversity and food security, social im-
pacts, and such other impacts as the Secretary de-
termines to be appropriate. 
(3) RISK
CONSIDERATIONS.—In carrying out 
this title, the Secretary shall— 
(A) conduct risk assessment of species cul-
tivated or utilized for terrestrial and biological 
carbon dioxide removal; and 
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(B) take all feasible and prudent measures 
to minimize risk of economic, environmental, 
and social harm caused by invasive species. 
(4) MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING.—The 
Secretary shall enter into a memorandum of under-
standing with the Secretary of Energy to incorporate 
carbon dioxide removal scientific objectives into— 
(A) current joint research on genomics and 
synthetic biology; and 
(B) new and expanded joint research ini-
tiatives between the National Laboratories (as 
defined in section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 
2005 (42 U.S.C. 15801)) and land-grant col-
leges and universities. 
SEC. 203. AGRICULTURE ADVANCED RESEARCH AND DE-
VELOPMENT AUTHORITY. 
Section 1473H of the National Agricultural Re-
search, Extension, and Teaching Policy Act of 1977 (7 
U.S.C. 3319k) is amended— 
(1) in subsection (b)(2)— 
(A) in subparagraph (C), by striking 
‘‘and’’ at the end; 
(B) in subparagraph (D), by striking the 
period at the end and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 
(C) by adding at the end the following: 
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‘‘(E) to advance technologies and methods 
relating to terrestrial and biological carbon di-
oxide removal (as defined in section 2 of the 
Carbon Dioxide Removal Research and Devel-
opment Act of 2023).’’; and 
(2) in subsection (d), by adding at the end the 
following: 
‘‘(4) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS FOR 
CARBON
DIOXIDE
REMOVAL
ACTIVITIES.—In addi-
tion to amounts otherwise made available under this 
subsection, there are authorized to be appropriated 
to carry out subsection (b)(2)(E), $10,000,000 for 
each of fiscal years 2024 through 2033, to remain 
available until expended.’’. 
SEC. 204. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOOD AND AGRI-
CULTURE. 
(a) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRA-
TION.— 
(1) 
IN
GENERAL.—The 
Secretary, 
acting 
through the National Institute of Food and Agri-
culture, shall carry out research, development, and 
demonstration activities in each of the areas de-
scribed in this subsection. 
(2) BIOMASS
SUPPLY, LOGISTICS, AND
PRE- 
TREATMENT.— 
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(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall es-
tablish 1 or more test facilities for innovative 
approaches for treating biomass for use in fuels 
and electricity generation, including modeling 
and analysis of optimizing biomass gathering, 
upgrading, and supply. 
(B) CONSIDERATION; PRIORITY.—In car-
rying out subparagraph (A), the Secretary 
shall— 
(i) consider facilities with the capa-
bility for small-scale and mobile applica-
tions; and 
(ii) prioritize waste feedstocks from 
managed ecosystems, urban areas, and 
areas damaged by severe weather events. 
(3) BIOMASS
CONVERSION
TO
FUELS
WITH 
BIOCHAR.—The Secretary shall— 
(A) research pathways for the conversion 
of biomass to fuels with biochar, including fast 
pyrolysis, development of mobile processing 
units, and pollution emissions control tech-
nology; and 
(B) conduct relevant assessments of overall 
carbon dioxide removal potential. 
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(4) OTHER
ACTIVITIES.—The Secretary shall 
carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, de-
velopment, and demonstration activities, as deter-
mined by the Secretary. 
(b) COLLABORATION.—In carrying out the activities 
under subsection (a), the Secretary shall collaborate with 
the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renew-
able Energy. 
(c) CONSIDERATION.—In carrying out research, de-
velopment, and demonstration on biomass as a feedstock, 
the Secretary shall consider— 
(1) the emissions impacts of biomass harvest 
and processing; 
(2) unintended disturbances to ecosystem car-
bon stocks; 
(3) indirect land-use change; 
(4) alternative fates of biomass used; and 
(5) the social impacts of any air pollutants. 
(d) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 
out this section— 
(1) $6,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 
(2) $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 
(3) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; 
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(4) $30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 
through 2030; 
(5) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; 
(6) $18,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and 
(7) $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2033. 
SEC. 205. AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE. 
(a) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRA-
TION.— 
(1) 
IN
GENERAL.—The 
Secretary, 
acting 
through the Agricultural Research Service, shall 
carry out research, development, and demonstration 
activities in each of the areas described in this sub-
section. 
(2) SOIL CARBON.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
carry out fundamental research on plant-root- 
fungi interactions, deep inversion of soils, and 
other topics with the potential to advance car-
bon dioxide removal. 
(B) 
COLLABORATION.—The 
Secretary 
shall carry out the activities under subpara-
graph (A) in collaboration with— 
(i) the Director of the Office of 
Science of the Department of Energy; and 
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(ii) the Director of the National 
Science Foundation. 
(3) HIGH-CARBON-INPUT CROP PHENOTYPES.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
carry out development of advanced cultivars 
and forestry crops with enhanced carbon uptake 
and retention. 
(B) 
COLLABORATION.—The 
Secretary 
shall carry out the activities under subpara-
graph (A) in collaboration with the Chief of the 
Forest Service. 
(4) CULTIVATION SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
carry out research on regionally specific best 
practices for soil health and carbon retention at 
not fewer than 10 sites, including at least 1 site 
in a tropical region. 
(B) CONSIDERATION.—The Secretary shall 
consider co-locating sites described in subpara-
graph (A) with sites used by the National Re-
source Inventory of the Natural Resources Con-
servation Service, the Long Term Ecological 
Research Network, the National Ecological Ob-
servatory Network, and the Forest Inventory 
and Analysis Program. 
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(5) AGROFORESTRY.—The Secretary shall carry 
out research on integrating regionally appropriate 
trees and shrubs into crop and animal farming sys-
tems as a carbon dioxide removal practice at no 
fewer than 5 geographically diverse test sites. 
(6) 
PERENNIAL
PLANTS
AND
MARGINAL 
LANDS.—The Secretary shall carry out research into 
the use of perennial plants for carbon dioxide re-
moval, including research on— 
(A) genetic traits; 
(B) improved soil carbon sequestration 
modeling; 
(C) perennialization of useful annual crops; 
and 
(D) greater use on marginal land. 
(7) SOIL AMENDMENTS IMPACT STUDIES.—The 
Secretary shall carry out research and field studies 
on the longevity and impact of soil amendments, 
such as biochar and reactive minerals, on produc-
tivity, soil carbon retention, nutrient and water use, 
albedo, and other factors. 
(8) MEASUREMENT, 
MODELING, 
AND
PRE-
DICTIVE TOOL DEVELOPMENT.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
carry out research to improve existing carbon 
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sequestration measurement and modeling tools 
and the development of simulation-based tools 
to predict and quantify soil carbon sequestra-
tion. 
(B) 
COLLABORATION.—The 
Secretary 
shall carry out the activities under subpara-
graph (A) in collaboration with the Director of 
the National Science Foundation. 
(9) CLIMATE HUBS.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
carry out activities relating to increasing the ca-
pacity of Department climate hubs and other 
research units to deliver climate- and carbon di-
oxide removal-related science and tools to farm-
ers, ranchers, and forest planners and man-
agers. 
(B) 
COLLABORATION.—The 
Secretary 
shall carry out the activities under subpara-
graph (A) in collaboration with the Chief of the 
Forest Service. 
(10) BIOPROSPECTING.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
carry out activities relating to the development 
of tools and high-throughput screening for or-
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ganisms with unique attributes relating to car-
bon dioxide conversion. 
(B) 
COLLABORATION.—The 
Secretary 
shall carry out the activities under subpara-
graph (A) in collaboration with the Director of 
the Office of Science of the Department of En-
ergy. 
(11) NEW MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT AND AP-
PLICATIONS.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
carry out activities relating to development of 
new carbon dioxide utilization products. 
(B) 
COLLABORATION.—The 
Secretary 
shall carry out the activities under subpara-
graph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant 
Secretary for Office of Energy Efficiency and 
Renewable Energy of the Department of En-
ergy. 
(12) OTHER ACTIVITIES.—The Secretary shall 
carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, de-
velopment, and demonstration activities, as deter-
mined by the Secretary. 
(b) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 
out this section— 
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(1) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 
(2) $52,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 
(3) $61,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; 
(4) $72,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 
and 2028; and 
(5) $68,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 
through 2033. 
SEC. 206. NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE. 
(a) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRA-
TION.— 
(1) 
IN
GENERAL.—The 
Secretary, 
acting 
through the Natural Resources Conservation Service, 
shall carry out research, development, and dem-
onstration activities in each of the areas described in 
this subsection. 
(2) ENHANCED SOIL MONITORING.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
carry out revisions to the National Resources 
Inventory system of the National Resources 
Conservation Service— 
(i) to include measuring greenhouse 
gasses, including carbon stocks and fluxes; 
(ii) to include additional sites; and 
(iii) to expand remote sensing to in-
crease frequency and geospatial resolution. 
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(B) 
COLLABORATION.—The 
Secretary 
shall carry out the activities under subpara-
graph (A) in collaboration with the Adminis-
trator of the National Aeronautics and Space 
Administration. 
(3) CONSERVATION PRACTICES DATA COLLEC-
TION.—The Secretary shall carry out revisions to 
the Conservation Effects Assessment Project of the 
Natural Resources Conservation Service to collect 
more frequent and robust data on how conservation 
practices impact greenhouse gas fluxes. 
(4) EXTENSION OF AGRICULTURAL CARBON SE-
QUESTRATION
PRACTICES.—The Secretary shall 
carry out— 
(A) projects to identify barriers to adop-
tion of agricultural carbon sequestration tech-
nologies; and 
(B) extension of tools and practices, and 
research to promote uptake using existing con-
servation programs of the Department. 
(5) SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
carry out social science research on uptake of 
agricultural carbon sequestration technologies 
and practices to inform outreach. 
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(B) CONSULTATION.—The Secretary shall 
carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) 
in consultation with the Administrator of the 
Economic Research Service. 
(6) OTHER
ACTIVITIES.—The Secretary shall 
carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, de-
velopment, and demonstration activities, as deter-
mined by the Secretary. 
(b) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 
out this section— 
(1) $6,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 
through 2026; 
(2) $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 
and 2028; and 
(3) $6,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 
through 2033. 
SEC. 207. FOREST SERVICE. 
(a) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRA-
TION.— 
(1) 
IN
GENERAL.—The 
Secretary, 
acting 
through the Chief of the Forest Service, shall carry 
out research, development, and demonstration activi-
ties in at each of the areas described in this sub-
section. 
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(2) ENHANCED FOREST STOCK MONITORING.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
carry out activities relating to improving— 
(i) capacity of the Forest Inventory 
and Analysis program to monitor forest 
carbon, including through remote sensing 
to increase frequency and geospatial reso-
lution; and 
(ii) forest carbon measurement and 
monitoring technologies, including satellite 
and remote sensing technologies. 
(B) 
COLLABORATION.—The 
Secretary 
shall carry out the activities under subpara-
graph (A) in collaboration with the Adminis-
trator of the National Aeronautics and Space 
Administration. 
(3) INTEGRATED
ASSESSMENT
MODEL
AND 
GRASSLANDS AND FOREST IMPACTS MODELING.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
carry out activities relating to technical, eco-
nomic, and social modeling of impacts on land 
use from avoided conversion of grasslands and 
forests, 
reforestation, 
conservation, 
afforestation, and forest management changes. 
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(B) 
COLLABORATION.—The 
Secretary 
shall carry out the activities under subpara-
graph (A) in collaboration with the Director of 
the National Science Foundation. 
(4) FOREST
CARBON
MANAGEMENT
DEM-
ONSTRATION.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
carry out activities, at not fewer than 5 geo-
graphically diverse sites, relating to conducting 
large-scale field experiments of best practices 
for forest management and restoration that op-
timize carbon dioxide removal while maintaining 
and enhancing ecosystems. 
(B) 
COLLABORATION.—The 
Secretary 
shall carry out the activities under subpara-
graph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant 
Administrator for Research and Development of 
the Environmental Protection Agency. 
(5) CLIMATE RESILIENCE.—The Secretary shall 
carry out research and field experiments on enhance-
ments to forest management practices for carbon di-
oxide removal to reflect emerging needs due to the 
impact of climate change on forests over time. 
(6) PRESERVATION OF HARVESTED WOOD.— 
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(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
carry out activities relating to the design and 
demonstration of landfills for woody biomass 
disposal and carbon storage. 
(B) 
COLLABORATION.—The 
Secretary 
shall carry out the activities under subpara-
graph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant 
Administrator for Research and Development of 
the Environmental Protection Agency. 
(7) SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH AND EXTEN-
SION.—The Secretary shall carry out social science 
research and extension programs to promote uptake 
of forest management carbon sequestration tech-
nologies and practices. 
(8) CLIMATE HUBS.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
carry out activities to increase the capacity of 
Department climate hubs and other research 
units to deliver climate and carbon dioxide re-
moval-related science and tools to forest plan-
ners and managers. 
(B) 
COLLABORATION.—The 
Secretary 
shall carry out the activities under subpara-
graph (A) in collaboration with the Adminis-
trator of the Agricultural Research Service. 
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(9) OTHER
ACTIVITIES.—The Secretary shall 
carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, de-
velopment, and demonstration activities, as deter-
mined by the Secretary. 
(b) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 
out this section— 
(1) $24,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 
through 2026; 
(2) $16,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 
and 2028; and 
(3) $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 
through 2033. 
TITLE III—DEPARTMENT OF 
COMMERCE 
SEC. 301. NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMIN-
ISTRATION. 
(a) DEFINITION OF UNDER SECRETARY.—In this 
section, the term ‘‘Under Secretary’’ means the Under 
Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere. 
(b) STRATEGIC MISSION OBJECTIVE.—The Secretary 
of Commerce shall incorporate carbon dioxide removal sci-
entific objectives into the mission responsibilities of the 
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for 
oceans and coastal area programs. 
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(c) 
RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES
AND
CONSIDER-
ATIONS.— 
(1) OBJECTIVES.—In carrying out research, de-
velopment, and demonstration under this section, 
the Under Secretary shall seek to develop a better 
understanding of the efficacy and impacts of carbon 
dioxide removal approaches in coastal areas and the 
ocean to help determine which could be feasible for 
larger scale deployment. 
(2) CONSIDERATIONS.—In carrying out re-
search, development, and demonstration under this 
section, the Under Secretary shall conform to na-
tional and international governance frameworks and 
employ stringent monitoring to understand and min-
imize negative ecosystem and social impacts and 
maximize co-benefits for communities and marine 
ecosystems. 
(d) LEAD OFFICE.— 
(1) CLIMATE PROGRAM OFFICE.—The Climate 
Program Office of the National Oceanic Atmospheric 
Administration (referred to in this subsection as the 
‘‘Office’’) shall serve as the focal point for coordina-
tion and information dissemination on carbon diox-
ide removal activities across the National Oceanic 
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and Atmospheric Administration, with an emphasis 
on technological approaches. 
(2) RESPONSIBILITIES.—The Office shall— 
(A) coordinate all National Oceanic and 
Atmospheric Administration carbon dioxide re-
moval research, development, and demonstra-
tion on technologically enhanced coastal and 
ocean carbon capture, conversion, and storage; 
(B) support the development and applica-
tion of technologically enhanced methods of 
coastal and ocean carbon dioxide removal con-
sistent with the research objectives and consid-
erations described in subsection (c); and 
(C) ensure effective utilization of the ocean 
research assets of the Administration, the Na-
tional Science Foundation, and the Coast 
Guard in implementing carbon dioxide removal 
research projects. 
(3) INTEGRATION.—The Director of the Office 
shall— 
(A) coordinate existing ocean acidification 
monitoring and data collection programs in ex-
istence as of the date of enactment of this Act 
with the carbon dioxide removal research port-
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folio of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
Administration; and 
(B) modify existing ocean acidification pro-
gram plans to incorporate carbon dioxide re-
moval research objectives. 
(e) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRA-
TION.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary shall 
carry out research, development, and demonstration 
activities in each of the areas described in this sub-
section. 
(2) COASTAL MARINE CARBON FUNDAMENTAL 
RESEARCH.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary 
shall carry out fundamental research of coastal 
ecosystem carbon dioxide sequestration. 
(B) COLLABORATION.—The Under Sec-
retary shall carry out the activities described in 
subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Di-
rector of the National Science Foundation. 
(3) COASTAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary 
shall carry out mapping and evaluation of 
coastal marine ecosystems for carbon dioxide 
removal potential. 
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(B) COLLABORATION.—The Under Sec-
retary shall carry out the activities described in 
subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Ad-
ministrator of the National Aeronautics and 
Space Administration. 
(4) COASTAL MARINE CARBON REGIONAL FIELD 
TRIALS.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary 
shall carry out monitored field trials of coastal 
wetlands restoration optimized for carbon diox-
ide removal. 
(B) COORDINATION.—The Under Sec-
retary shall carry out the activities described in 
subparagraph (A) in coordination with the 
grant program under section 906 of the Na-
tional Oceans and Coastal Security Act (16 
U.S.C. 7505) and the Ecosystem Management 
and Restoration Research Program of the 
Corps of Engineers. 
(5) NATIONAL COASTAL WETLAND DATA CEN-
TER.—The Under Secretary shall integrate data on 
coastal ecosystem carbon dioxide removal research 
into the Digital Coast program established under 
section 4(a) of the Digital Coast Act (16 U.S.C. 
1467(a)). 
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(6) OCEAN MODELING.—The Under Secretary 
shall conduct research and modeling on the effect of 
ocean circulation on carbon dioxide uptake from the 
atmosphere in response to intentional carbon dioxide 
removal from the ocean. 
(7) AQUATIC BIOMASS CULTIVATION.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary 
shall research management best practices and 
phenotype selection for and use of aquatic 
macroalgae biomass production optimized for 
carbon dioxide removal, including limited-scale 
experiments at sea, designed and monitored to 
avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experi-
ment. 
(B) COLLABORATION.—The Under Sec-
retary shall carry out the activities described in 
subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the As-
sistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Re-
newable Energy of the Department of Energy. 
(C) RISK
CONSIDERATIONS.—The Under 
Secretary shall take all feasible and prudent 
measures to minimize risk of economic, environ-
mental, and social harm caused by invasive spe-
cies. 
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(8) APPLIED ALKALINITY MODIFICATION TECH-
NIQUES.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary 
shall conduct limited-scale experiments on alka-
linity enhancement techniques at sea, designed 
and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the 
zone of the experiment. 
(B) COLLABORATION.—The Under Sec-
retary shall carry out the activities described in 
subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Di-
rector of the National Science Foundation. 
(9) SEAWATER
CARBON
EXTRACTION.—The 
Under Secretary shall conduct research and mod-
eling on electrochemical seawater extraction, includ-
ing process design and locations for minimizing re-
source requirements, downstream chemical and bio-
logical impacts, and storage or utilization methods. 
(10) OCEAN FERTILIZATION FUNDAMENTAL RE-
SEARCH.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary 
shall conduct fundamental research and mod-
eling on the impacts and effectiveness of ocean 
iron fertilization and nitrogen and phosphorous 
fertilization research. 
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(B) COLLABORATION.—The Under Sec-
retary shall carry out the activities described in 
subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Di-
rector of the National Science Foundation and 
the Director of the Office of Science of the De-
partment of Energy. 
(11) ARTIFICIAL OCEAN MACRONUTRIENT FER-
TILIZATION.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary 
shall conduct limited-scale experiments on ocean 
macronutrient fertilization, designed and mon-
itored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the 
experiment and within internationally recog-
nized frameworks. 
(B) COLLABORATION.—The Under Sec-
retary shall carry out the activities described in 
subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Di-
rector of the National Science Foundation. 
(12) UPWELLING
AND
DOWNWELLING.—The 
Under Secretary shall conduct research on the im-
pact and effectiveness of upwelling and downwelling 
as a carbon dioxide removal approach. 
(13) CARBON DIOXIDE IMPACTS AND FATE IN 
OCEANS.— 
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(A) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary 
shall conduct monitoring, research, modeling, 
and small-scale field trials on ecological and so-
cial impacts of coastal and deep ocean carbon 
dioxide removal techniques. 
(B) COLLABORATION.—The Under Sec-
retary shall carry out the activities described in 
subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Di-
rector of the Office of Science of the Depart-
ment of Energy. 
(14) ENHANCED
MONITORING.—The Under 
Secretary shall conduct enhanced ocean, coastal, and 
atmospheric 
monitoring, 
quantification, 
and 
verification of carbon dioxide removal. 
(15) OTHER ACTIVITIES.—The Under Secretary 
shall conduct other carbon dioxide removal research, 
development, and demonstration activities, as deter-
mined by the Under Secretary. 
(f) INPUT.—In carrying out the activities under sub-
section (e), the Under Secretary shall receive input from 
the Director of the Office. 
(g) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Under Secretary 
of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere to carry out sub-
section (d)— 
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(1) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 
(2) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 
(3) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; 
(4) $124,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; 
(5) $148,000,000 for fiscal year 2028; 
(6) $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2029; 
(7) $138,000,000 for fiscal year 2030; 
(8) $126,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; 
(9) $117,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and 
(10) $105,000,000 for fiscal year 2033. 
(h) INTERNATIONAL COORDINATION.—In carrying 
out this section, the Under Secretary, acting through the 
Director of the Office, shall— 
(1) coordinate with the Secretary of State and 
appropriate international entities; 
(2) ensure compliance with all current inter-
national agreements, including voluntary compliance 
agreements where the United States is not an offi-
cial signatory; and 
(3) to the extent practicable, seek joint sponsor-
ship for experiments. 
SEC. 302. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECH-
NOLOGY. 
(a) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRA-
TION.— 
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(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Commerce, 
acting through the Director of the National Institute 
of Standards and Technology (referred to in this 
section as the ‘‘Director’’), shall carry out research, 
development, and demonstration activities in each of 
the areas described in this subsection. 
(2) MATERIALS
TESTING
AND
STANDARDS.— 
The Director shall develop standard reference mate-
rials and standard testing procedures for tech-
nologies and processes related to carbon dioxide re-
moval. 
(3) CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall de-
velop, test, and establish standards for car-
bonate or carbon-sequestering materials for 
construction markets. 
(B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 
carry out the activities described in subpara-
graph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant 
Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable 
Energy of the Department of Energy. 
(4) OTHER
ACTIVITIES.—The Director shall 
conduct other carbon dioxide removal research, de-
velopment, and demonstration activities, as deter-
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mined by the Director of the National Institute of 
Standards and Technology. 
(b) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Director of the 
National Institute of Standards and Technology to carry 
out this section— 
(1) $4,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 
through 2026; 
(2) $7,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 
through 2029; 
(3) $2,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2030 
through 2032; and 
(4) $1,000,000 for fiscal year 2033. 
TITLE IV—DEPARTMENT OF 
DEFENSE 
SEC. 401. CORPS OF ENGINEERS. 
(a) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRA-
TION.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Defense, 
acting through the Chief of Engineers, shall carry 
out research, development, and demonstration activi-
ties in each of the areas described in this subsection. 
(2) COASTAL MARINE CARBON REGIONAL FIELD 
TRIALS.— 
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(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of De-
fense, acting through the Chief of Engineers, 
shall carry out monitored field trials of coastal 
wetlands restoration optimized for carbon diox-
ide removal. 
(B) COORDINATION.—The Secretary of 
Defense, acting through the Chief of Engineers, 
shall carry out the activities described in sub-
paragraph (A) in coordination with the grant 
program under section 906 of the National 
Oceans and Coastal Security Act (16 U.S.C. 
7505) and the Coastal Resilience Grants Pro-
gram of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
Administration. 
(3) OTHER ACTIVITIES.—The Secretary of De-
fense, acting through the Chief of Engineers, shall 
conduct other carbon dioxide removal research, de-
velopment, and demonstration activities, as deter-
mined by the Secretary of Defense. 
(b) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of De-
fense to carry out this section— 
(1) $24,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 
(2) $45,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 
through 2027; 
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(3) $53,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2028 
through 2030; and 
(4) $25,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2031 
through 2033. 
TITLE V—DEPARTMENT OF THE 
INTERIOR 
SEC. 501. UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
(a) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRA-
TION.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of the Inte-
rior, acting through the Director of the United 
States Geological Survey (referred to in this section 
as the ‘‘Director’’), shall carry out research, develop-
ment, and demonstration activities in each of the 
areas described in this subsection. 
(2) RESOURCE ASSESSMENTS.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall— 
(i) carry out mapping and technical 
and economic assessments of geological re-
sources, mine tailings, and other alkaline 
industrial wastes for mineralization; and 
(ii) establish of a public database of 
results of the mapping and assessments 
carried out under clause (i). 
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(B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 
carry out the activities described in subpara-
graph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant 
Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Man-
agement of the Department of Energy. 
(3) TAILINGS AND WASTE MINERALIZATION.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Director shall 
carry out field experiments on carbon-seques-
tering waste materials, including mine tailings 
and industrial wastes. 
(B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 
carry out the activities described in subpara-
graph (A) in collaboration with— 
(i) the Assistant Secretary for of Fos-
sil Energy and Carbon Management of the 
Department of Energy; 
(ii) the Assistant Administrator for of 
Research and Development of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency; and 
(iii) the director of the Bureau of 
Land Management. 
(4) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MINERALIZA-
TION MATERIALS.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Director shall 
carry out research on the environmental im-
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pacts of broadcasting materials, including dis-
turbing piles of mine tailings. 
(B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 
carry out the activities described in subpara-
graph (A) in collaboration with— 
(i) the Assistant Secretary for Fossil 
Energy and Carbon Management of the 
Department of Energy; and 
(ii) the Assistant Administrator for 
Research and Development of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency. 
(5) ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF 
EXPANDED MINING FOR MINERALIZATION.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Director shall 
carry out research on the environmental and so-
cial impacts of expanded mining activities for 
the purpose of mineralization, including the net 
carbon impact of those activities. 
(B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 
carry out the activities described in subpara-
graph (A) in collaboration with— 
(i) the Director of the National 
Science Foundation; 
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(ii) the Assistant Secretary for Fossil 
Energy and Carbon Management of the 
Department of Energy; and 
(iii) the Assistant Administrator for 
Research and Development of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency. 
(6) NEW MINERALIZATION PATHWAYS.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Director shall 
carry out development of new, low-emissions 
sources of alkalinity for carbon mineralization 
and new mineralization processes, such as loop-
ing and direct air capture hybrids. 
(B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 
carry out the activities described in subpara-
graph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant 
Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable 
Energy of the Department of Energy. 
(7) REGIONAL PARTNERSHIPS.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall es-
tablish not more than 6 regional partnerships, 
the membership of which may be made up of 1 
or more— 
(i) institutions of higher education; 
(ii) State entities; 
(iii) Federal entities; 
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(iv) Indian Tribes (as defined in sec-
tion 4 of the Indian Self-Determination 
and Education Assistance Act (25 U.S.C. 
5304)); 
(v) Native Hawaiian organizations (as 
defined in section 6207 of the Elementary 
and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 
U.S.C. 7517)); 
(vi) nongovernmental organizations; 
and 
(vii) other relevant entities. 
(B) PURPOSE.—The purpose of a regional 
partnership established under subparagraph (A) 
shall be— 
(i) to characterize regional resources 
for mineralization; and 
(ii) to carry out field experiments and 
small-scale demonstration projects for min-
eralization. 
(C) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 
carry out the activities described in this para-
graph in collaboration with the Assistant Sec-
retary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Manage-
ment of the Department of Energy. 
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(8) OTHER
ACTIVITIES.—The Director shall 
carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, de-
velopment, and demonstration activities, as deter-
mined by the Secretary of the Interior. 
(b) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Inte-
rior to carry out this section— 
(1) $13,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 
(2) $19,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 
(3) $22,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 
through 2030; 
(4) $21,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2031 
and 2032; and 
(5) $18,000,000 for fiscal year 2033. 
SEC. 502. LAND AND MINERALS MANAGEMENT. 
(a) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRA-
TION.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of the Inte-
rior, acting through the Assistant Secretary of Land 
and Minerals Management (referred to in this sec-
tion as the ‘‘Assistant Secretary’’), shall carry out 
research, development, and demonstration activities 
in each of the areas described in this subsection. 
(2) CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL ON FEDERAL 
LANDS.— 
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(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Assistant Sec-
retary shall carry out an assessment of the abil-
ity to use Federal land and abandoned mine 
land, subject to the Office of Surface Mining, 
and associated subsurface regions, for carbon 
dioxide removal benefits and practices, includ-
ing— 
(i) ecologically appropriate revegeta-
tion; 
(ii) reforestation; 
(iii) restoration to natural landscapes, 
including grasslands; and 
(iv) underground geologic storage of 
carbon dioxide. 
(B) 
REQUIREMENTS.—The 
assessment 
under subparagraph (A) shall— 
(i) include data on carbon storage po-
tential and climate resilience, including— 
(I) safety for local communities; 
(II) avoiding negative environ-
mental impacts; and 
(III) identifying regions with 
lower risks of reversing carbon dioxide 
removal practices over time; and 
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(ii) identify economic development op-
portunities for local communities. 
(3) OTHER
ACTIVITIES.—The Assistant Sec-
retary shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal 
research, development, and demonstration activities, 
as determined by the Secretary of the Interior. 
(4) CONSULTATION.—The Assistant Secretary 
shall carry out the activities described in this section 
in consultation with— 
(A) the Secretary of Agriculture; 
(B) the Secretary of Energy; and 
(C) the Chief of the Forest Service. 
(b) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of the 
Interior to carry out this section $2,000,000 for each of 
fiscal years 2024 through 2033. 
TITLE VI—DEPARTMENT OF 
TRANSPORTATION 
SEC. 601. FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION. 
(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 
(1) CARBON-SEQUESTERING NEW MATERIAL.— 
The term ‘‘carbon-sequestering new material’’ means 
a novel formulation of cement, concrete, or aggre-
gate that allows captured carbon dioxide to be se-
questered, including— 
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(A) carbon dioxide-adsorbing materials; 
(B) carbon dioxide-absorbing materials; 
(C) carbon dioxide-cured cement and con-
crete; 
(D) new aggregate materials made from 
mineral carbonization; 
(E) cement formulations that substitute 
clinker with other materials, subject to the con-
dition that such other materials comprise not 
less than 50 percent of the cement formulation; 
and 
(F) additional materials as designated by 
the Secretary. 
(2) PROGRAM.—The term ‘‘program’’ means 
the research, development, and demonstration pro-
gram established under subsection (b). 
(3) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means 
the Secretary of Transportation. 
(b) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary shall establish 
a program to carry out research, development, and dem-
onstration activities for the use of carbon-sequestering 
new materials to lower the carbon impact of highway con-
struction materials and public transportation construction 
materials. 
(c) ACTIVITIES.— 
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(1) DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—In carrying out the 
program, the Secretary shall carry out research 
on mineral carbonation for use in carbon-se-
questering new materials. 
(B) CONSIDERATION.—The research under 
subparagraph (A) shall be informed by the rec-
ommendations of the National Academies of 
Science, Engineering, and Medicine in chapter 
11 of the consensus study report entitled ‘‘Gas-
eous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization: Status 
and Research Needs’’ and published in 2019. 
(2) RESEARCH.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—In carrying out the 
program, the Secretary, in coordination with 
standard-setting organizations, such as the 
American Association of State Highway and 
Transportation Officials, shall carry out re-
search— 
(i) on the durability, strength, and 
stability of carbon-sequestering new mate-
rials; and 
(ii) to support the development of the 
necessary standards required for the use of 
carbon-sequestering new materials. 
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(B) STANDARDS.—Based on the results of 
the research under subparagraph (A), the Sec-
retary shall coordinate and consult with other 
necessary governmental and nongovernmental 
entities, including the entities described in sub-
paragraph (A), to support the development of 
standards for the use of carbon-sequestering 
new materials. 
(3) GRANTS FOR STATE STANDARDS.—In car-
rying out the program, the Secretary shall provide 
grants to a geographically diverse set of States to 
assist those States in adopting State standards for 
the procurement of carbon-sequestering new mate-
rials in highway and public transportation construc-
tion. 
(4) LIFECYCLE ASSESSMENTS.—In carrying out 
the program, the Secretary shall carry out lifecycle 
assessments of the greenhouse gas emissions associ-
ated with carbon-sequestering new materials. 
(5) COORDINATION.—The Secretary shall co-
ordinate with— 
(A) the Secretary of Energy in carrying 
out paragraph (1); 
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(B) the Administrator of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency in carrying out para-
graph (4); and 
(C) other Federal agencies as necessary to 
carry out the activities described in this sub-
section. 
(d) GRANT PROGRAM.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 2 years after 
the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary 
shall establish a program to provide grants to eligi-
ble entities to assist those entities in procuring car-
bon-sequestering new materials for eligible uses de-
scribed in paragraph (4). 
(2) ELIGIBLE ENTITIES.—An entity eligible to 
receive a grant under this subsection is— 
(A) a State; 
(B) a federally recognized Indian Tribe; or 
(C) a unit of local government. 
(3) APPLICATIONS.—To be eligible to receive a 
grant under this subsection, an eligible entity shall 
submit to the Secretary an application at such time, 
in such manner, and containing such information as 
the Secretary determines to be appropriate. 
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(4) USE OF FUNDS.—An eligible entity may use 
a grant under this subsection to procure and use 
carbon-sequestering new materials for— 
(A) a highway or bridge project eligible for 
assistance under title 23, United States Code; 
(B) a public transportation project eligible 
for assistance under chapter 53 of title 49, 
United States Code; and 
(C) any other transportation infrastructure 
project as the Secretary determines to be ap-
propriate. 
(5) REQUIREMENTS.— 
(A) HIGHWAY OR BRIDGE PROJECTS.—A 
project described in paragraph (4)(A) shall be 
subject to the requirements under title 23, 
United States Code, that would apply if the 
project was carried out under that title. 
(B) 
PUBLIC
TRANSPORTATION 
PROJECTS.—A project described in paragraph 
(4)(B) shall be subject to the requirements 
under chapter 53 of title 49, United States 
Code, that would apply if the project was car-
ried out under that chapter. 
(e) FUNDING.— 
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(1) AUTHORIZATION
OF
APPROPRIATIONS.— 
There are authorized to be appropriated to the Sec-
retary to carry out this section— 
(A) $32,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 
(B) $57,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 
(C) $62,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; 
(D) $67,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; and 
(E) $72,000,000 for each of fiscal years 
2028 through 2033. 
(2) ALLOCATION.— 
(A) RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT.—Of 
the amounts made available under paragraph 
(1) for each fiscal year— 
(i) $10,000,000 shall be for research 
under subsection (c)(1); 
(ii) $10,000,000 shall be for research 
under subsection (c)(2); 
(iii) $10,000,000 shall be for grants 
for States under subsection (c)(3); and 
(iv) $2,000,000 shall be for lifecycle 
assessments under subsection (c)(4). 
(B) GRANT
PROGRAM.—Of the amounts 
made available under paragraph (1), the Sec-
retary shall use to carry out the grant program 
under subsection (d)— 
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