I 
119TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 5327 
To extend Federal recognition to the Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia, 
and for other purposes. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
SEPTEMBER 11, 2025 
Ms. MCCLELLAN introduced the following bill; which was referred to the 
Committee on Natural Resources 
A BILL 
To extend Federal recognition to the Nottoway Indian Tribe 
of Virginia, and for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
(a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 
‘‘Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia Federal Recognition 
Act’’. 
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents of 
this Act is as follows: 
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 
Sec. 2. Findings. 
Sec. 3. Definitions. 
Sec. 4. Federal recognition. 
Sec. 5. Membership; governing documents. 
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Sec. 6. Governing body. 
Sec. 7. Reservation of the Tribe. 
Sec. 8. Gaming. 
Sec. 9. Hunting, fishing, trapping, gathering, and water rights. 
Sec. 10. Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978. 
SEC. 2. FINDINGS. 
Congress finds the following: 
(1) 1586: Ralph Lane, leader of the Colony at 
Roanoke (Virginia), documented his engagement 
with Iroquois nations of Nottoways, Meherrin, and 
Tuscarora Indians—collectively referred to by the 
Algonquian 
term 
Mangoaks, 
(also 
known 
as 
Mangoags)—reporting that they possessed a ‘‘. . . 
great quantity of copper.’’. 
(2) 1609: In search of information concerning 
the ‘‘Lost Colony’’ of Virginia, Nathaniel Powell and 
Anas Todkill were led to the Mangoaks for informa-
tion. 
(3) 1612: Oxford University press published the 
first detailed map of the Chesapeake Bay and what 
is now Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, 
and the District of Columbia—‘‘A Map of Virginia. 
With a Description of the Countrey, the Commod-
ities, People, Government and Religion’’—was 
charted by explorer Captain John Smith and docu-
menting 200 Indian names and locations, including 
Mannahoack. 
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(4) 1646: The Treaty of 1646 was signed by 
Gov. William Berkeley and Necotowance recognized 
as the regional ‘‘King of the Indians’’ and ended 
Third Anglo-Powhatan War (1644–46). As a result 
of the treaty, regional tribes were considered tribu-
taries to the English government and cede much of 
their territory to the English. The treaty also con-
structed strict terms of segregation and engagement 
between Indians and colonists. 
(5) 1650: Nottoways provided Iroquois inter-
preters and diplomatic envoys to the Tuscarora tribe 
on behalf of explorers English merchants Abraham 
Wood and Edward Bland as they traveled south 
from Fort Henry to the Roanoke River, hoping to 
establish trade with the Indians and to discover po-
tentially marketable commodities. On their journey 
they visited the two Nottoway Towns, Chounteroute 
near 
present 
day 
Rowantee 
Creek 
and 
Cohannehahanka further south toward the Nottoway 
River. 
(6) 1677: In response to the aggressions and 
plundering of Bacon’s Rebellion, the Chief of the 
Nottoways joined in signing the ‘‘Articles of Peace,’’ 
also known as the Treaty of Middle Plantation be-
tween the Crown of England and Virginia Tribes. 
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Through the articles in the agreement, the Nottoway 
nation became ‘‘tributary’’ to the English king—a 
quasi-alliance—that forced the Nottoway and other 
tribes to accept the dominion of the Crown but con-
firmed Indian governments and territories as de-
pendent sovereigns and outlined mutual rights and 
responsibilities, including military cooperation and 
territorial boundaries. 
(7) 1680–1690: Due to the increased colonial 
expansion throughout the latter half of the 17th cen-
tury, the Nottoways migrated south along the 
Nottoway River toward Assamoosick Swamp (mod-
ern day Southampton County, Virginia). 
(8) 1705: Pursuant to the Articles of Peace, in 
1705, an act of the Virginia House of Burgesses or-
dered ‘‘the Bounds for the Nottoway Lands be Laid 
out for Them . . . a Circle Three Miles Round . . . 
and another parcel of Land on the South Side 
Nottoway River Six Miles Square.’’ Accordingly, two 
tracts of land comprised of approximately 40,000 
acres were designated as Nottoway land: a twenty- 
eight square mile polygon north of the Nottoway 
River along the Assamoosick Swamp, known as the 
‘‘Circle Tract,’’ and thirty-six square miles south of 
the Nottoway River, known as the ‘‘Square Tract.’’ 
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Legal oversight of the reservations was entrusted to 
a small circle of related and politically aligned non- 
Indian men who remained in control of the 
Nottoway Trusteeship for over one hundred years. 
Their management of Nottoway resources under-
mined traditional Nottoway leadership roles, re-
stricted Nottoway economic maneuverability and 
self-determination, and eventually was determined by 
a Virginia court to have violated fiduciary respon-
sibilities, resulting in the gradual diminishing of 
once plentiful resources. 
(9) 1711–1713: The Nottoway governance 
structure relied upon kin-based governing bodies 
that prioritized building community consensus and 
consisted of a tribal leader and a council referred to 
as ‘‘great men.’’. 
(10) 1711–1760: In an effort to resolve ongoing 
conflicts at the North Carolina border, Alexander 
Spotswood, Lieutenant Governor of the Colony of 
Virginia negotiated with Tribal chiefs, including the 
Nottoways, ultimately demanding that the Nottoway 
send two of their sons as ‘‘hostages’’ to be educated 
and religiously indoctrinated at the Brafferton 
School at Williamsburg (Virginia) at what is now 
William & Mary College, in exchange for the ceasing 
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of hostilities and the Colonial government granting 
waivers of the tribes’ annual tribute payments. At 
one point, Nottoway tribal leadership were put in 
irons until they complied with the Treaty. Subse-
quently, Nottoway children attended and appeared 
on the rolls at the Brafferton (Indian) School (brief-
ly relocated at Fort Christianna) until about 1760. 
(11) 1713–14: The Nottoway and Meherrin 
tribes partnered to act as regional intermediaries, 
buffering colonial settlements from the ongoing hos-
tility of tribes along the North Carolina frontier. 
(12) 1728: The William Byrd Expedition stayed 
with the Nottoway while journeying to survey the di-
viding line between Virginia and North Carolina Wil-
liam Byrd recounts his visit to the Nottoway Great 
Town on the Assomoosick Swamp. He describes 
them as the ‘‘Mehogony Skins’’ or the ‘‘Copper 
Colourd Ones of Nottoway Towne’’ and also states 
that the Nottoway are ‘‘the only Indians of con-
sequence now remaining within the limits of Vir-
ginia.’’. 
(13) 1735: The Virginia legislature passed their 
first Act authorizing the Nottoway to sell a portion 
of their 40,000 acre reservation land in the Circular 
Tract (in Isle of Wight County, Virginia, north of 
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the Nottoway River) under the supervision of ap-
pointed Trustees. 
(14) 1750’s: During the French and Indian 
War of the mid-1750’s, the Nottoway joined with 
the Cherokee and Catawba fought in several engage-
ments against the French and Shawnee, under the 
command of the young Lt. Colonel George Wash-
ington. Lt. Colonel Washington believed their service 
was invaluable in the woodland warfare of the fron-
tier and recommended that Governor Dinwiddie rec-
ognize the distinguished service of Thomas Step, 
saying ‘‘Captain Tom, the Chief of the Nottoways: 
He has received less, and deserves more than any of 
them; as he used great pains to bring the 
Tuskaroras, and has met with no reward for it, al-
though he was promised one.’’ Subsequently, the 
Virginia House of Burgesses noted, ‘‘Tom Step, 
Billy John, School Robin Robert Scholar, and Aleck 
Scholar, Nottoway Indians . . . were in the Service 
of this Colony, and did behave themselves with great 
Bravery during the last Campaign, particularly . . . 
Tom Step, who distinguished himself very remark-
ably in the Action before Fort Du Quesne, under the 
Command of Major Grant.’’. 
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(15) 1752: The Virginia House of Burgesses 
passed an act, empowering colonial Trustees to man-
age transactions pertaining to the Nottoway land 
and resources: ‘‘Many evil disposed persons under 
pretence of the said Indians being indebted to them 
do frequently disposses them of their guns, blankets, 
and other apparel, to their great impoverishment . . 
. persons so offending, shall forfeit and pay to the 
Indian or Indians so injured, the sum of twenty shil-
lings current money, for every such offence . . . and 
shall be paid to the trustees aforesaid, and by them 
laid out in common necessaries of life, for the Indian 
to whose use the same shall be recovered.’’ Addition-
ally, an extinction clause in the act directed that, 
should the Nottoway tribe go extinct, all proceeds 
from the reservation lands were to be deposited in 
the public treasury. Trustee mismanagement of 
Nottoway funds ensued, to the advantage of the 
Trustees and to the inequity of the Nottoway people 
(Woodard 2013:152). 
(16) 1776: From the beginning of the American 
Revolution, Nottoway soldiers fought alongside 
whites, African Americans, and other Indians in the 
service of the Commonwealth, integrated within rev-
olutionary Virginia’s Regiments of Foot. Out of the 
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Nottoway families represented in the 1770s docu-
ments from the Nottoway Indian Town, half sent 
young men into the service of the American Revolu-
tion, and at least three of the Nottoway families lost 
family members during the conflict. 
(17) 1800’s: At the beginning of the nineteenth 
century, the Nottoway were the only Iroquoian com-
munity in the region to maintain continuous control 
over a portion of their indigenous territory—4,235 
acres in Southampton County, Virginia. Tradition-
ally, tribal custom had determined Nottoway descent 
only through matrilineal lines instead of genetic con-
nection. Within Nottoway governance, this cus-
tomary distinction impacted access to tribal leader-
ship and hereditary roles. Within the Common-
wealth’s legal structure, however matrilineal descent 
determined legal access to tribal resources derived 
from the reservation lands. The Commonwealth’s 
matrilineal distinction resulted in limited documenta-
tion of children born of Nottoway men by non- 
Nottoway mothers. Many of those genetic Nottoway 
were documented ‘‘Free Negro,’’ ‘‘Indian,’’ ‘‘Mu-
latto,’’ or ‘‘White.’’ Any decrease in Nottoway in-
heritors through removal or exogamy or removal 
from documentation as Nottoway allowed larger 
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amounts of money to remain in the trust because 
there were fewer eligible recipients. This manipula-
tion of documentation provided the trustees more 
control over matrilineal Nottoway lands because 
there were fewer potential Nottoway leaders to 
counter the trustees’ recommendations. 
(18) 1809: A legal opinion submitted to the 
Governor of Virginia by Attorney General Phillip 
Norborne Nicholas summarized legislative acts re-
garding Nottoway Indian land held ‘‘the Nottoway 
Indians’ claim under title paramount to every 
other—the aboriginal right to their soil before the 
rights of either the King or colony . . . or of the 
Commonwealth.’’ 
(19) 1820: John Wood, a professor from Wil-
liam and Mary College interviewed Nottoway speak-
ers including Chief Edy Turner (b.1754–d.1838), 
and established a vocabulary list of over 250 
Nottoway words and phrases. Former President 
Thomas Jefferson and linguist Peter S. DuPonceau 
determined Nottoway language to be an Iroquoian 
dialect and the vocabulary was published in 1836 by 
Albert Gallatin, who had been Secretary of the 
Treasury during the Jefferson Administration. 
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(20) 1821–1852: The Nottoway community was 
politically active, petitioning the Virginia legislature, 
governors, and county courts to intercede on matters 
related to the mismanagement of Nottoway funds, 
accusing the Trustees of conflicts of interest, embez-
zlement, and mismanagement/misappropriation of 
Indian funds distribution of property, illegal seizure, 
and violation of treaty obligations. In response, the 
General Assembly conducted audits and twice re-
moved appointed trustees, although the displaced 
trustees selected their own successors. 
(21) 1821: Nottoway citizens acquired legal 
representation and petitioned the Virginia General 
Assembly for the Nottoway to be freed from the 
exploitive oversight of the Trustees, to restrict fur-
ther sales of Nottoway lands, to have full control 
over the principal amounts derived, and to internally 
manage the distribution of those resources. The peti-
tion was signed by Chief Edy Turner and three 
other Nottoway citizens, using their Iroquoian titles 
or personal names: Wane’ Roonseraw or Edith Tur-
ner, Kare’ hout or Polly Woodson, William Woodson, 
and Te-res-ke’ or Solomon Rogers. This petition is 
the only extant documentation of nineteenth-century 
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Tidewater Virginia where Indian people used their 
indigenous language in political discourse. 
(22) 1824: Although the 1821 petition was de-
nied, in 1824, matrilineal Nottoway William G. 
Bozeman, also known as William Woodson, applied 
for permission ‘‘to hold in fee simple so much land 
as he may be considered entitled to free from the 
control of the Trustees. The subsequent act con-
cerning William G. Bozeman held that ‘any descend-
ant of a female of the Nottoway’ gained the right to 
possess land allotments and monies from the tribal 
trust and the same power to sell convey or exchange 
the same, as free white persons of this Common-
wealth possess and enjoy.’’ In this way, the Virginia 
legislature codified Nottoway inheritance and access 
to materials and assets derived from reservation 
lands as being determined solely by descent. 
(23) 1830–1880: Trustees divided the reserva-
tions among matrilineal Nottoways. ‘‘Allotment’’ 
farms of extended Indian families were developed as 
private property homesteads. Nottoway Millie Wood-
son-Turner was one of the few residents of Nottoway 
Indian Town whose parents were both of matrilineal 
Nottoway descent. Her homestead (the Millie Wood-
son-Turner Home Site) was established circa 1850 
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on Nottoway Indian allotment land and was continu-
ously occupied by the family and descendants until 
circa 1950. The Millie Woodson-Turner Home Site 
has been designated a state and Federal historical 
landmark, in 2020 and 2021, respectively. 
(24) 1838: In litigation involving the status of 
matrilineal Nottoway Parsons Turner and the quag-
mire of Virginia’s legal classification of races, the 
Attorney General of Virginia determined that ‘‘In 
their character of members of a dependent tribe of 
Indians the individuals of the Nottoway tribe have 
all the privileges of Indians. The fact that some of 
them may also be mulattoes should not deprive them 
of this privilege.’’. 
(25) 1849: Trustees for the Nottoway and 
Nansemond Tribes of Indians brought a lawsuit 
against former Trustee Jeremiah Cobb, a prominent 
local slave owner and the judge who presided over 
the 1831 trial of Nat Turner. The lawsuit was a 
success and Cobb had to pay monetary damages. 
This case is one of only several documented in-
stances in which a Virginia tribe successfully 
brought a lawsuit under treaty/reservation rights 
during the nineteenth century. 
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(26) 1878: The children of Edwin Turner, who 
was heir to the property of Edy Turner, made the 
last recorded application for 575 acres of Nottoway 
reservation Land. 
(27) 1889: James Mooney of the Smithsonian 
Institution receives responses to questionnaires stat-
ing Nottoway living in the area near Courtland, Vir-
ginia. 
(28) 1890: Throughout the first half of the 
20th Century, Nottoway citizens continued to reside 
on Nottoway allotments. Nottoway collaborating 
with each other for labor and survived by pooling re-
sources between the urban and rural Nottoway, cre-
ating a type of socioeconomic continuum of kinship 
between ‘‘city life’’ and ‘‘in the country.’’ The ‘‘Vir-
ginia News’’ section of the July 28, 1890, edition of 
the Alexandria Gazette stated ‘‘John Williams, the 
eldest of the remaining Nottoway tribe of Indians, 
was at court at Boykins last week. He is seventy- 
four years old, hale and hearty and works on his 
farm every day.’’. 
(29) 1918: As late as 1918, Nottoway were still 
being buried in Old Indian Graveyard in Capron 
District, Virginia. 
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(30) 1924–1930: The Indian Citizenship Act 
granted citizenship to indigenous people born within 
the territorial United States who were not already 
considered citizens. The Virginia General Assembly 
passed a series of ‘‘Racial Integrity Laws’’ with the 
intention of limiting miscegenation: The 1924 law 
defined a person as ‘‘white’’ as one with no known 
trace of any other race except caucasion, with the 
exception of 1⁄16 or less of American Indian (often 
referred to as the Pocahontas exception). The 1926 
law required public spaces to be racially segregated 
public spaces. The 1930 law defined a person with 
any trace of African American ancestry as ‘‘negro’’ 
(often referred to as the ‘‘one drop rule.’’), resulted 
in many indigenous people in Virginia, who pre-
viously had been classified as Indian, to be reclassi-
fied as ‘‘negro.’’. 
(31) 1948: The annual Smithsonian Institute 
Report by Dr. William H. Gilbert restated, ‘‘West of 
the Nansemond in Southampton County between 
Sebrell and Courtland, there are asserted to be still 
remaining remnants of the Nottoway Tribe.’’. 
(32) 1965–69: Archeological excavations were 
made at Hand Site in Southampton County, Vir-
ginia, on the western bank of the Nottoway River 
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through the inner coastal plains in Southern Vir-
ginia. The site revealed remains dating to the late 
sixteenth and early seventeenth century of Iroquoian 
houses and a cemetery containing 132 graves sur-
rounded by a stockade with remains which were re-
moved and are presently stored at the Smithsonian 
National Museum of Natural History in the District 
of Columbia. 
(33) 1980: An article in the Tidewater News 
described that as late as the 1920’s Nottoway Indi-
ans had gathered on the Kello farm, a portion of the 
old Nottoway Reservation, for ceremonial and cul-
tural gatherings. 
(34) 2004: Citizen members of the Nottoway 
Indian Tribe of Virginia participated in the opening 
celebration of the National Museum of the American 
Indian. 
(35) 2006: Family groups of Nottoway from 
throughout the Tidewater region gathered for Tribal 
reorganization. The Nottoway Indian Tribe of Vir-
ginia Incorporated was established and structured 
according to historic Iroquoian democratic principles 
of governance principles, including a preeminent 
Tribal Council and ceremonial Chiefs. Chief Lynette 
Lewis Allston was chosen as chief and has consist-
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ently led the Tribe to develop community outreach 
through cultural engagements, educational collabora-
tions, and environmental projects, respecting histori-
cally Nottoway lands in Virginia. 
(36) 2006 October: The Nottoway Indian Tribe 
of Virginia submitted a detailed petition to the Vir-
ginia Council on Indians (VCI), a statutorily estab-
lished advisory body on Native American affairs. 
The petition requested tribal recognition of the 
Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia by the Common-
wealth of Virginia and included ten Nottoway family 
descendant lines/genealogies, examined and corrobo-
rated by public records. The VCI Recognition Com-
mittee examined the records and determined that 
each family line was comprised of Nottoway descend-
ants. Subsequently, the VCI Recognition Committee 
deemed the Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia, In-
corporated to be a historic Virginia tribe. 
(37) 2007: The Nottoway Indian Tribe of Vir-
ginia has consistently led community outreach 
through cultural engagements, educational collabora-
tions, and environmental projects, respecting histori-
cally Nottoway lands in Virginia. At the invitation of 
the Surry County Board of Supervisors, the 
Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia, established the 
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tradition of holding an annual powwow in Surry 
County, Virginia. The powwows include intertribal 
drums and dancing, storytelling, educational dis-
plays, arts and crafts, Native American cooking, as 
well as historical and public service information. 
(38) June 3, 2008: The Nottoway Indian Tribe 
of Virginia established the Virginia Nottoway Indian 
Circle and Square Foundation, Incorporated, a IRS 
501(c)(3) non-profit entity with a mission to pre-
serve and perpetuate the ideas, culture, and tradi-
tions of the Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia. 
(39) 2008: Nottoway Asphy Sidney Turner was 
appointed to the Virginia Council on Indians Advi-
sory Committee. 
(40) 2009: The National Park Service, in con-
junction with Historic Jamestowne, commissioned 
historical artist Keith Rocco to create an oil paint-
ing, ‘‘Jamestown in the 1690’s—Changing Times,’’ 
depicting the Nottoway Tribe making its annual 
tribute to the Royal Governor of Virginia in 1691. 
(41) 2010: The Virginia General Assembly 
granted state recognition to the Nottoway Indian 
Tribe of Virginia Incorporated, including the rep-
resentation of the Nottoway Indian Tribe on the Vir-
ginia Council of Indians. 
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