‘‘(ii) a copy of all information relating 
to the consumer that was used as a basis 
for deciding the results of the appeal; 
‘‘(iii) a consumer report that is based 
upon the consumer’s file as that file may 
have been revised as a result of the appeal; 
‘‘(iv) a description of the procedure 
used to determine the accuracy and com-
pleteness of the information, including the 
business name, telephone number, mailing 
address, and internet website address (if 
applicable) of any person who provided in-
formation that was contacted in connection 
with such information, if reasonably avail-
able; 
‘‘(v) information describing that the 
consumer may submit a statement, without 
charge, disputing the accuracy or com-
pleteness of information in the consumer’s 
file that was the subject of an appeal 
under this subsection by submitting a 
statement directly to each consumer re-
porting agency that received the informa-
tion; 
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‘‘(vi) a description of the consumer’s 
rights pursuant to subsection (d) (relating 
to furnishing notifications to certain users 
of consumer reports); and 
‘‘(vii) any other information, as deter-
mined by the Bureau. 
‘‘(E) NO EXCUSE FOR FAILURE TO CON-
DUCT APPEAL.—A consumer reporting agency 
may not refuse to conduct a review of an appeal 
under this subsection because the agency deter-
mines that the notice of appeal was submitted 
by an authorized third party, unless the agency 
has clear and convincing evidence that the third 
party is not authorized to submit the notice of 
appeal on the consumer’s behalf. If the con-
sumer reporting agency refuses to conduct a re-
view of the appeal for these reasons, it shall 
provide a clear and conspicuous written notice 
to the consumer explaining the reasons for the 
refusal and describing any information the con-
sumer is required to provide for the agency to 
conduct a review of the appeal.’’. 
(b) APPEALS OF INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED BY 
FURNISHERS OF INFORMATION.—Section 623(a) of the 
Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681s–2(a)) is 
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amended by adding at the end the following new para-
graph: 
‘‘(10) DUTY OF FURNISHERS OF INFORMATION 
UPON NOTICE OF APPEAL OF INVESTIGATION.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Within 120 days of 
the date of receipt of the results of an inves-
tigation conducted under paragraph (8)(E), a 
consumer may, free of charge, appeal such re-
sults by submitting a notice of appeal to the 
person who provided the information in the dis-
pute to a consumer reporting agency (hereafter 
in this paragraph referred to as the ‘furnisher’). 
‘‘(B) NOTICE OF APPEAL.—A notice of ap-
peal described in subparagraph (A) may be sub-
mitted in writing, through a toll-free telephone 
number, or by other electronic means estab-
lished by the furnisher, and— 
‘‘(i) shall identify the information con-
tained in the consumer’s file that is the 
subject of the appeal; 
‘‘(ii) shall describe the specific reasons 
for submitting the notice of appeal; and 
‘‘(iii) may include any information, in-
cluding substantiating documents, the con-
sumer believes is relevant to the appeal. 
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‘‘(C) FURNISHER ACTIONS.—Upon receipt 
of such notice of appeal, the furnisher shall— 
‘‘(i) before the end of the period of 3 
business days beginning on the date on 
which the furnisher receives the notice of 
appeal, notify each consumer reporting 
agency to which the person furnished such 
information a statement identifying the 
items of information that a consumer is 
appealing; and 
‘‘(ii) notify the consumer confirming 
the receipt of the consumer’s notice of ap-
peal, including an approximate date when 
the consumer’s appeal will be completed, 
the process and procedures by which a re-
view of the appeal will be conducted, and 
the specific individual designated by the 
consumer reporting agency who, upon the 
request of the consumer, may discuss the 
substance and status of the appeal. 
‘‘(D) FURNISHER
REQUIREMENTS
UPON 
RECEIPT
OF
NOTICE
OF
APPEAL.—Not later 
than 20 days after receiving a notice of appeal, 
the furnisher shall determine whether the item 
of information being disputed by the consumer 
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is inaccurate, incomplete, or cannot be verified, 
and shall notify the consumer reporting agency 
of the determination. If the furnisher cannot 
verify the accuracy or completeness of the dis-
puted information, the furnisher shall, before 
the end of the 20-day period beginning on the 
date on which the furnisher receives notice of 
an appeal from the consumer, submit instruc-
tions to the consumer reporting agency that the 
item of information being disputed by the con-
sumer should be deleted from the file of the 
consumer. 
‘‘(E) MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR APPEALS 
EMPLOYEES.—Upon receipt of a notice of ap-
peal under subparagraph (A), a furnisher shall 
designate one or more specific employees who— 
‘‘(i) shall be assigned an employee ref-
erence number or other employee identifier 
that can be used by the consumer to dis-
cuss the appeal with the specific individ-
uals handling the appeal; 
‘‘(ii) shall have direct authority to re-
solve the dispute that is the subject of the 
notice of appeal on behalf of the furnisher 
from the review stage to its completion; 
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‘‘(iii) shall meet minimum training 
and ongoing certification requirements at 
regular intervals, as established by the Bu-
reau; 
‘‘(iv) may not have been involved in 
an investigation conducted pursuant to 
paragraph (8); and 
‘‘(v) may not be subject to any re-
quirements linking incentives, including 
promotion, to the number of appeals proc-
essed within a certain time period. 
‘‘(F) REQUIREMENTS FOR APPEALS PROC-
ESS.—Such employees shall conduct a robust 
review of the appeal and make a determination 
regarding the accuracy and completeness of the 
disputed information by— 
‘‘(i) conducting an independent anal-
ysis, separate from any reinvestigation by 
a reseller or consumer reporting agency, of 
the disputed information; 
‘‘(ii) verifying that the personally 
identifiable information related to the dis-
pute is accurate and complete; 
‘‘(iii) analyzing the notice of appeal 
and all information, including substan-
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tiating documents, provided by the con-
sumer with the notice of appeal; 
‘‘(iv) evaluating the validity of any in-
formation submitted by any person that 
was used by the furnisher in the initial in-
vestigation into the dispute; 
‘‘(v) verifying that the information 
being disputed relates to the consumer in 
whose file the information is located; 
‘‘(vi) verifying that the furnisher has 
a record of the information being disputed; 
and 
‘‘(vii) applying any additional factors 
or investigative processes, as specified by 
the Bureau. 
‘‘(G) EXTENSION OF REVIEW PERIOD.—If 
a consumer submits additional information re-
lated to the appeal after the period of 3 busi-
ness days described in subparagraph (C)(i) and 
before the end of the 20-day period described in 
subparagraph (D), the furnisher shall have an 
additional 10 business days to complete the re-
view of the appeal. 
‘‘(H) NOTICE OF APPEAL RESULTS.—Not 
later than 5 days after the end of the 20-day 
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period described in subparagraph (D) (or the 
10-day extension described under subparagraph 
(G), as applicable) the furnisher shall provide 
the consumer with written notice of the results 
of the appeal by mail or, if requested by the 
consumer, by other means. The contents of 
such notice shall include— 
‘‘(i) a statement that the appeal is 
completed and the date on which it was 
completed, the results of the appeal, and 
the specific reasons supporting the results 
of the appeal; 
‘‘(ii) a copy of all information relating 
to the consumer that was used as a basis 
for deciding the results of the appeal; 
‘‘(iii) if the appeal results in any 
change to the consumer report, a notifica-
tion that the consumer shall receive a copy, 
free of charge, of a revised consumer re-
port (based upon the consumer’s file as 
that file was changed as a result of the ap-
peal) and a credit score or educational 
credit score (if applicable) from each con-
sumer reporting agency that had been fur-
nished incorrect information; 
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‘‘(iv) a description of the procedure 
used to determine the accuracy and com-
pleteness of the information, including the 
business name, telephone number, mailing 
address, and internet website address (if 
applicable), of any person who provided in-
formation that was contacted in connection 
with such information, if reasonably avail-
able; 
‘‘(v) information describing that the 
consumer may submit a statement, without 
charge, disputing the accuracy or com-
pleteness of information in the consumer’s 
file that was the subject of an appeal 
under this paragraph by submitting a 
statement directly to each consumer re-
porting agency that received the informa-
tion; and 
‘‘(vi) a notification that the consumer 
may request the furnisher to submit to 
each consumer reporting agency the con-
sumer’s request to furnish notifications 
pursuant to section 611(d) (relating to fur-
nishing notifications to certain users of 
consumer reports).’’. 
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(c) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—Section 623(a)(8)(A) 
of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681s– 
2(a)(8)(A)) is amended by striking ‘‘reinvestigate’’ and in-
serting ‘‘investigate’’. 
(d) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.—Section 609 of the 
Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681g) is amend-
ed— 
(1) in subsection (c)— 
(A) by striking ‘‘Commission’’ and insert-
ing ‘‘Bureau’’ each place that term appears; 
(B) in the subsection heading, by striking 
‘‘RIGHTS TO OBTAIN AND DISPUTE INFORMA-
TION IN CONSUMER REPORTS AND TO OBTAIN 
CREDIT SCORES’’ and inserting ‘‘KEY CON-
SUMER REPORTING RIGHTS’’; and 
(C) in paragraph (1)— 
(i) in the heading, by striking ‘‘COM-
MISSION’’ and inserting ‘‘BUREAU’’; 
(ii) in subparagraph (B)— 
(I) in clause (ii), by striking ‘‘a 
consumer report without charge under 
section 612’’ and inserting ‘‘consumer 
reports and credit scores or edu-
cational credit scores (as applicable) 
without charge under section 612’’; 
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(II) in clause (iii), by inserting 
‘‘or section 623’’ after ‘‘section 611’’; 
(III) by striking clauses (iv) and 
(vi); 
(IV) by inserting after clause (iii) 
the following new clause: 
‘‘(iv) the right of a consumer to ap-
peal a determination of a reinvestigation 
conducted by a consumer reporting agency 
under section 611(i) or an investigation 
conducted by a furnisher of information 
under section 623(a)(10);’’; and 
(V) by adding at the end the fol-
lowing new clause: 
‘‘(vi) the method and circumstances 
under which consumers can obtain a 1- 
year fraud alert, 7-year fraud alert, active 
duty alert, or security freeze as described 
in section 605A through a consumer re-
porting agency described under section 
603(p).’’; 
(iii) in subparagraph (C) (as amended 
by subparagraph (A)) by inserting ‘‘and 
the Commission’’ after ‘‘Bureau’’; and 
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(iv) by adding at the end the following 
new subparagraph: 
‘‘(D) 
PUBLICATION
OF
SUMMARY 
RIGHTS.—A consumer reporting agency de-
scribed under subsection (p) or (x) of section 
603 shall display in a clear and conspicuous 
manner, including on the internet website of the 
consumer reporting agency, the summary of 
rights prepared by the Bureau under this para-
graph.’’; and 
(2) in subsection (d), by inserting ‘‘Bureau and 
the’’ before ‘‘Commission’’. 
SEC. 106. REVISED CONSUMER REPORTS. 
Section 611 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681i), as amended by section 105(a)(2), is further 
amended by adding at the end the following new sub-
section: 
‘‘(j) REQUIREMENT TO SEND REVISED CONSUMER 
REPORT TO CONSUMER.—Upon receiving a notice de-
scribed in section 623(a)(8)(E)(iv), each consumer report-
ing agency shall send to the consumer a revised consumer 
report and credit score or education credit score (if appli-
cable) based upon the consumer’s file as that file was 
changed as a result of the investigation.’’. 
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SEC. 107. INDICATION OF DISPUTE BY CONSUMERS AND 
USE OF DISPUTED INFORMATION. 
Section 605(f) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681c(f)) is amended to read as follows: 
‘‘(f) INDICATION OF DISPUTE.— 
‘‘(1) IN
GENERAL.—A consumer reporting 
agency shall include in any consumer report based 
on the consumer’s file a notation identifying any 
item of information that is currently in dispute by 
the consumer if— 
‘‘(A) a consumer disputes the completeness 
or accuracy of any item of information con-
tained in a consumer’s file pursuant to section 
611(a)(1); 
‘‘(B) a consumer files with a consumer re-
porting agency an appeal of a reinvestigation 
pursuant to section 611(i); or 
‘‘(C) the consumer reporting agency is no-
tified by a person that furnished any items of 
information that are currently in dispute by the 
consumer that— 
‘‘(i) a consumer disputes the com-
pleteness or accuracy of any information 
furnished by a person to any consumer re-
porting agency pursuant to paragraph (3) 
or (8) of section 623(a); or 
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‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—In preparing a consumer 
report, a consumer reporting agency shall maintain 
reasonable procedures to ensure maximum possible 
accuracy and completeness of the information con-
cerning the individual to whom the consumer report 
relates. 
‘‘(2) BUREAU RULE TO ASSURE MAXIMUM POS-
SIBLE ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS WITH CREDIT 
REPORTING PRACTICES.— 
‘‘(A) RULE.—Not later than 18 months 
after the date of enactment of this subsection, 
the Bureau shall issue a final rule establishing 
the procedures described in paragraph (1). 
‘‘(B) REQUIREMENTS.—In formulating the 
rule required under subparagraph (A), the Bu-
reau shall— 
‘‘(i) develop standards for matching 
the personally identifiable information in-
cluded in the consumer’s file with the per-
sonally identifiable information furnished 
by the person who provided the informa-
tion to the consumer reporting agency 
(hereafter in this subsection referred to as 
the ‘furnisher’), including the full name of 
a consumer, the date of birth of a con-
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100 
sumer, the full social security number of a 
consumer, and any other information that 
the Bureau determines would aid in assur-
ing maximum possible accuracy and com-
pleteness of such consumer reports; 
‘‘(ii) establish processes for a con-
sumer reporting agency to monitor the in-
tegrity of the data provided by furnishers 
and the compliance of furnishers with the 
requirements of this title; 
‘‘(iii) establish processes for a con-
sumer reporting agency to regularly rec-
oncile data relating to accounts in collec-
tion, including those that have not been 
paid in full, by specifying the cir-
cumstances under which the consumer re-
porting agency shall remove or suppress 
negative or adverse information from a 
consumer’s file that has not been updated 
by a furnisher who is also a debt collector 
(as defined in section 803 of the Fair Debt 
Collection Practices Act) within the time 
period established by the Bureau; 
‘‘(iv) establish procedures to require 
each consumer reporting agency to review 
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101 
and monitor the quality of information re-
ceived from any source, including informa-
tion from public records, by regularly and 
on an ongoing basis comparing the infor-
mation received to the information avail-
able from the original source and ensuring 
that the information received is the most 
current information; 
‘‘(v) develop standards and procedures 
for consumer reporting agencies to identify 
furnishers that repeatedly fail to provide 
accurate and complete information, to take 
corrective action against such furnishers, 
and to reject information submitted by 
such furnishers; 
‘‘(vi) develop standards and proce-
dures for consumer reporting agencies to 
adopt regarding collection of public record 
data, including standards and procedures 
to consider the ultimate data source, how 
the public record information is filed and 
its availability and accessibility, and wheth-
er information relating to the satisfaction 
of judgments or other updates to the pub-
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102 
lic record are available on a reasonably 
timely basis from a particular source; and 
‘‘(vii) establish any other factors, pro-
cedures, or processes determined by the 
Bureau to be necessary to assist consumer 
reporting agencies in achieving maximum 
possible accuracy and completeness of the 
information in consumer reports. 
‘‘(3) CORRECTIVE
ACTION
FOR
FURNISHERS 
THAT
REPEATEDLY
FURNISH
INACCURATE
OR
IN-
COMPLETE INFORMATION.—Upon identifying a fur-
nisher that repeatedly fails to furnish accurate, com-
plete, or verifiable information to consumer report-
ing agencies, the Bureau shall— 
‘‘(A) ensure the prompt removal of any ad-
verse information relating to a consumer’s ac-
counts submitted by such furnisher; and 
‘‘(B) take corrective action, which may in-
clude— 
‘‘(i) mandatory revised training and 
training materials for the staff of the fur-
nisher regarding the furnishing of accurate 
and complete information; 
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103 
‘‘(ii) sharing industry best practices 
and procedures regarding accuracy and 
completeness; or 
‘‘(iii) temporarily prohibiting a fur-
nisher from providing information to a 
consumer reporting agency.’’. 
SEC. 109. INCLUSION OF PUBLIC RECORD DATA SOURCES 
IN CONSUMER REPORTS. 
Section 605(d) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681c(d)) is amended by adding at the end the 
following: 
‘‘(3) PUBLIC RECORD DATA SOURCE.—Any con-
sumer reporting agency that furnishes a consumer 
report that contains public record data shall also in-
clude in such report the source from which that data 
was obtained, including the particular court, if any, 
and the date that the data was initially reported or 
publicized.’’. 
SEC. 110. INJUNCTIVE RELIEF FOR VICTIMS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Fair Credit Reporting Act 
(15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.) is amended— 
(1) in section 616— 
(A) in subsection (a), by amending the 
subsection heading to read as follows: ‘‘DAM-
AGES’’; 
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104 
(B) by redesignating subsections (c) and 
(d) as subsections (d) and (e), respectively; and 
(C) by inserting after subsection (b) the 
following new subsection: 
‘‘(c) INJUNCTIVE RELIEF.—In addition to any other 
remedy set forth in this section, a court may award injunc-
tive relief to require compliance with the requirements im-
posed under this title with respect to any consumer. In 
the event of any successful action for injunctive relief 
under this subsection, the court may award to the pre-
vailing party costs and reasonable attorney fees (as deter-
mined by the court) incurred during the action by such 
party.’’; and 
(2) in section 617— 
(A) in subsection (a), by amending the 
subsection heading to read as follows: ‘‘DAM-
AGES’’; 
(B) by redesignating subsection (b) as sub-
section (c); and 
(C) by inserting after subsection (a) the 
following new subsection: 
‘‘(b) INJUNCTIVE RELIEF.—In addition to any other 
remedy set forth in this section, a court may award injunc-
tive relief to require compliance with the requirements im-
posed under this title with respect to any consumer. In 
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105 
the event of any successful action for injunctive relief 
under this subsection, the court may award to the pre-
vailing party costs and reasonable attorney fees (as deter-
mined by the court) incurred during the action by such 
party.’’. 
(b) ENFORCEMENT BY FEDERAL TRADE COMMIS-
SION.—Section 621(a)(2)(A) of the Fair Credit Reporting 
Act (15 U.S.C. 1681s(a)(2)(A)) is amended— 
(1) by amending the subparagraph heading to 
read as follows: ‘‘NEGLIGENT, WILLFUL, OR KNOW-
ING VIOLATIONS’’; and 
(2) by inserting ‘‘negligent, willful, or’’ before 
‘‘knowing’’. 
TITLE II—FREE CREDIT SCORES 
FOR CONSUMERS 
SEC. 201. DEFINITIONS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 603 of the Fair Credit 
Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681a) is amended by adding 
at the end the following new subsection: 
‘‘(bb) CREDIT SCORE AND EDUCATIONAL CREDIT 
SCORE DEFINITIONS.— 
‘‘(1) CREDIT SCORE.—The term ‘credit score’ 
means a numerical value or a categorization derived 
from a statistical tool or modeling system used by a 
person who makes or arranges a loan or extends 
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106 
credit to predict the likelihood of certain credit be-
haviors, including default, as determined by the Bu-
reau. 
‘‘(2) EDUCATIONAL CREDIT SCORE.—The term 
‘educational credit score’ means a numerical value or 
categorization derived from a statistical tool or mod-
eling system based upon information from a con-
sumer report that assists consumers in under-
standing how a lender or creditor may view the con-
sumer’s creditworthiness in deciding whether to 
make a loan or extend credit to that consumer. 
‘‘(3) KEY
FACTORS.—The term ‘key factors’ 
means any relevant elements or reasons affecting the 
credit score for the particular individual, listed in 
the order of importance based on the effect of each 
element or reason on the credit score or educational 
credit score. 
‘‘(4) CREDIT
SCORING
MODEL.—The term 
‘credit scoring model’ means a scoring algorithm, 
formula, model, program, or mechanism used to gen-
erate a credit score or an educational credit score.’’. 
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.—The Fair Credit 
Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.) is amended— 
(1) in section 605(d)(2), by striking ‘‘(as de-
fined in section 609(f)(2)(B))’’; and 
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107 
(2) in section 615— 
(A) by striking ‘‘as defined in section 
609(f)(2)(A)’’ each place that term appears; 
and 
(B) in subsection (a)(2)(B), by striking 
‘‘set forth in subparagraphs (B) through (E) of 
section 609(f)(1)’’ and inserting ‘‘with respect 
to a credit score described in section 609(f)(2), 
if available’’. 
SEC. 202. CONSUMER INFORMATION ON CALCULATION OF 
SCORES. 
Section 609(f) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681g(f)) is amended to read as follows: 
‘‘(f) DISCLOSURE
OF CREDIT SCORE
AND EDU-
CATIONAL CREDIT SCORE
BY CONSUMER REPORTING 
AGENCIES.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Upon the request of a con-
sumer for a credit score or educational credit score, 
a consumer reporting agency shall supply to the con-
sumer a statement— 
‘‘(A) containing— 
‘‘(i) a current credit score at the time 
of the request generated using a commonly 
used credit scoring model to generate cred-
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it scores, subject to regulations of the Bu-
reau; 
‘‘(ii) an educational credit score at the 
time of the request, if it is not practicable 
to generate such a credit score, as deter-
mined by the Bureau; or 
‘‘(iii) an explanation that the con-
sumer’s file does not have sufficient infor-
mation from which to generate such a 
credit score or educational credit score; 
and 
‘‘(B) with respect to each previous credit 
score in the file of the consumer— 
‘‘(i) the date on which the credit score 
was generated; 
‘‘(ii) the name of any entity that the 
credit score was provided to; and 
‘‘(iii) the credit score itself. 
‘‘(2) REQUIREMENTS.—A statement provided 
under clause (i) or (ii) of paragraph (1)(A) shall in-
clude— 
‘‘(A) a minimum of four key factors, if 
available, that adversely affected the credit 
score or educational credit score, except that if 
one of the key factors consists of the number of 
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enquiries made with respect to a consumer re-
port, that factor shall be provided to the con-
sumer in addition to the factors required by 
this subparagraph; 
‘‘(B) to the extent possible, specific actions 
a consumer could take with respect to each key 
factor listed in subparagraph (A) to improve 
the consumer’s credit score or educational cred-
it score; 
‘‘(C) a minimum of four key factors, if 
available, that positively affected the credit 
score or educational credit score; 
‘‘(D) the range of possible credit scores or 
educational credit scores under the credit scor-
ing model used; 
‘‘(E) the distribution of credit scores or 
educational credit scores among consumers who 
are scored under the same credit scoring model 
by the consumer reporting agency, and using 
the same scale as that of the score that is pro-
vided to a creditor or consumers— 
‘‘(i) in the form of a bar graph con-
taining a minimum of six bars that illus-
trates the percentage of consumers with 
credit scores or educational credit scores 
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within the range of scores represented by 
each bar; or 
‘‘(ii) by another clear and readily un-
derstandable graphical depiction, state-
ment, or illustration comparing the con-
sumer’s credit score or educational credit 
score to the scores of other consumers, as 
determined by the Bureau; 
‘‘(F) the date on which the credit score or 
educational credit score was created; and 
‘‘(G) the name of the person that devel-
oped the credit scoring model on which the 
credit score or educational credit score was 
based. 
‘‘(3) APPLICABILITY TO CERTAIN USES.—This 
subsection shall not be construed so as to compel a 
consumer reporting agency to— 
‘‘(A) develop or disclose a credit score if 
the agency does not distribute credit scores 
used by a person who makes or arranges a loan 
or extends credit to predict the likelihood of 
certain credit behaviors; or 
‘‘(B) develop or disclose an educational 
credit score if the agency does not develop edu-
cational credit scores that assist in under-
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