SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Iraq Policy Revitaliza-
tion and Congressional Oversight Enhancement Act’’. 
SEC. 2. FINDINGS. 
Congress finds the following: 
(1) On October 31, 1998, the Iraq Liberation 
Act of 1998 (Public Law 105–338) was enacted into 
law. 
(2) On October 16, 2002, the Authorization for 
Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 
2002 (Public Law 107–243) was enacted into law. 
(3) On March 19, 2003, the President, pursu-
ant to the authorities provided to the President by 
Public Law 107–243, committed United States 
Armed Forces to combat operations in Iraq. 
(4) On April 9, 2003, Saddam Hussein’s 
Ba’athist regime fell to Coalition Forces. 
(5) On April 16, 2003, the Emergency Wartime 
Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2003 (Public Law 
108–11) was enacted into law, which included 
$2,500,000,000 for the relief and reconstruction of 
Iraq. 
(6) On May 12, 2003, the Coalition Provisional 
Authority (CPA) subsumed the Organization for Re-
construction and Humanitarian Assistance (ORHA), 
and citing United Nations Security Council Resolu-
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tion 1483 (2003) and the laws of war, vested itself 
with executive, legislative, and judicial authority over 
the Iraqi government until such time as the Iraqi 
government gained its sovereignty. 
(7) On November 6, 2003, the Emergency Sup-
plemental Appropriations Act for Defense and for 
the Reconstruction of Iraq and Afghanistan, 2004 
(Public Law 108–106) was enacted into law, which 
included an additional $18,400,000,000 for the relief 
and reconstruction of Iraq. 
(8) On June 8, 2004, the United Nations Secu-
rity Council adopted Resolution 1546 (2004), en-
dorsing the transition of sovereignty from the Coali-
tion Provisional Authority to the Interim Govern-
ment of Iraq, reaffirming the responsibilities of the 
interim government, and detailing the duration and 
legal status of Coalition Forces in Iraq, as well as 
authorizing a Coalition component force to protect 
United Nations personnel and facilities. 
(9) On June 28, 2004, the new Iraqi govern-
ment gained its sovereignty. 
(10) On January 30, 2005, the Iraqi people 
successfully elected their first interim National As-
sembly, and 18 provincial and various local govern-
ment councils. 
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(11) On March 16, 2005, the 275-member in-
terim Iraqi National Assembly convened to appoint 
an interim national government and to begin the 
drafting of a constitution. 
(12) On September 18, 2005, the interim Iraqi 
National Assembly completed negotiations on the 
draft constitution. 
(13) On October 15, 2005, the Iraqi people ap-
proved the draft constitution by a national ref-
erendum. 
(14) On November 8, 2005, the United Nations 
Security Council adopted Resolution 1637 (2005), 
extending the Coalition Forces’ military mandate, 
pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolu-
tion 1546 (2004), in Iraq to December 31, 2006. 
(15) On November 18, 2005, the House of Rep-
resentatives failed to agree to H. Res. 571, express-
ing the sense of the House of Representatives that 
the deployment of United States forces in Iraq be 
terminated immediately, by a vote of 3 to 403, with 
six members voting present. 
(16) On November 30, 2005, the President, 
through the National Security Council, issued the 
National Strategy for Victory in Iraq. 
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(17) On December 15, 2005, the people of Iraq 
voted to elect the first permanent National Assembly 
in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic 
of Iraq. 
(18) On March 16, 2006, the newly-elected Na-
tional Assembly convened for their first session. 
(19) On May 20, 2006, the Iraqi Prime Min-
ister-designee named a cabinet, except for the posts 
of Minister of Defense and Minister of Interior, and 
the Prime Minister-designee and the cabinet received 
a vote of confidence from the National Assembly. 
(20) On June 7, 2006, Iraq’s National Assem-
bly approved the individuals that the Iraqi Prime 
Minister nominated for Minister of Defense, Min-
ister of Interior, and National Security Advisor, 
completing the formation of Iraq’s first permanent 
democratic government. 
(21) On June 15, 2006, the Emergency Supple-
mental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global 
War on Terror, and Hurricane Recovery, 2006 
(Public Law 109–234), was enacted into law, pro-
viding $400,000,000 for civil-military Provincial Re-
construction Teams, composed of members of the 
United States Armed Forces and Coalition Forces 
and personnel of the Department of State, United 
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States Agency for International Development, De-
partment of Justice, Department of Agriculture, 
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and contract per-
sonnel. 
(22) On June 16, 2006, the House of Rep-
resentatives agreed to H. Res. 861, declaring that 
the United States will prevail in the Global War on 
Terror, the struggle to protect freedom from the ter-
rorist adversary, by a vote of 256 to 153, with five 
members voting present. 
(23) On June 25, 2006, the Iraqi Prime Min-
ister released a 24-point plan for national reconcili-
ation. 
(24) The Iraq Study Group was formed at the 
urging of Congress, and the Emergency Supple-
mental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global 
War On Terror, and Hurricane Recovery, 2006 
(Public Law 109–234), provided $1,000,000 for Iraq 
Study Group operations. 
(25) Members of the Iraq Study Group were 
appointed in March 2006 and were responsible for 
providing a forward-looking, independent assessment 
of the strategic environment in and around Iraq, the 
security of Iraq and key challenges to enhancing se-
curity within the country, political developments 
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vilian personnel in Iraq and by personnel serving 
world-wide in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. 
(3) Congress remains supportive of and inspired 
by the service and sacrifice made by and dedication 
and commitment to the establishment of a demo-
cratic, stable, and prosperous Iraq displayed by the 
military and civilian personnel of Coalition countries 
serving in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, and 
by Iraqi patriots working toward a better future for 
their country and the children of Iraq. 
(4) Congress recognizes the achievements to 
date made by the United States Armed Forces, Coa-
lition Forces, Iraqi Security Forces, and civilian per-
sonnel toward the political, security, infrastructure, 
and economic development of and governance capac-
ity development at and between the various levels of 
government in Iraq. 
(5) Congress recognizes the efforts on the part 
of the United States, Coalition countries, and the 
Government of Iraq toward the establishment and 
maintenance of stable, peaceful, productive, and con-
ciliatory relations between Iraq and its neighboring 
states, regional states, and the international commu-
nity. 
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(11) Congress is gravely concerned by the pros-
pect that the Kurdish Regional Government in Iraq 
may desire to declare independence from Iraq. 
(12) Congress is gravely concerned that, as a 
result of any declaration of independence from Iraq 
made by the Kurdish Regional Government in Iraq 
(or any future regional government in Iraq), certain 
neighboring states may react to such a declaration 
of independence with military force against Iraq. 
(13) Congress notes that the provisions con-
tained in Article 140 of the Constitution of the Re-
public of Iraq require the process to ‘‘normalize’’ the 
situation in the province of Kirkuk to be completed 
by the end of calendar year 2007, but is gravely con-
cerned that the process called for by the provisions 
of that Article cannot be implemented in an unbi-
ased, uniform, and equitable manner during cal-
endar year 2007. 
(14) Congress recognizes the importance that 
implementing, in an unbiased, uniform, and equi-
table manner, the provisions contained in Article 
140 of the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq has 
toward the establishment and maintenance of— 
(A) peace and reconciliation in Iraq; 
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(B) stable, peaceful, productive, and concil-
iatory relations between Iraq and certain neigh-
boring states; and 
(C) a stable and united Iraq. 
(15) Congress is gravely concerned about the 
extent to which the process called for by the provi-
sions of Article 140 of the Constitution of the Re-
public of Iraq can be implemented by the Govern-
ment of Iraq in an unbiased, uniform, and equitable 
manner during calendar year 2007, to include a de-
scription of, and justification for, actions needed to 
be taken by the United States, Coalition countries, 
the Government of Iraq, the Kurdish Regional Gov-
ernment in Iraq, and the provincial government of 
Kirkuk, neighboring and regional governments, and 
the international community to ensure that such 
process proceeds in an unbiased, uniform, and equi-
table manner during calendar year 2007 or during 
future years. 
(16) Congress is gravely concerned that contin-
ued violence in Iraq could, or the division of Iraq 
along notional ethnic, religious, or sectarian lines 
would, result in the heightened ethnic, religious, and 
sectarian violence within that country, to include 
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incidences of ethnic-cleansing, and result in the fur-
ther destabilization of the Government of Iraq. 
(17) Congress is gravely concerned by the possi-
bility that a divided or failed Iraqi state could form 
the keystone of a geo-political bridge across the Mid-
dle East region, from which a heightened incidence 
of acts of violence or acts of intimidation against al-
lies of the United States in the region can be con-
ducted, or otherwise financially or materially sup-
ported, by certain states within the region, violent 
transnational entities, or partnerships between cer-
tain 
states 
within 
the 
region 
and 
violent 
transnational entities. 
(18) Congress is gravely concerned by the po-
tential detrimental impacts a geo-political bridge 
formed by a failed or divided Iraqi state would have 
across the Middle East region if such a bridge is ex-
ploited by certain states within the region, violent 
transnational entities, or partnerships of certain 
states within the region and violent transnational en-
tities, as evidenced by reports that indicate that 
members of Jaish al-Mahdi trained with members of 
Hezbollah in Lebanon and fought together against 
Israeli Defense Forces in July and August 2006. 
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(19) Congress is gravely concerned that certain 
states within the Middle East region, violent 
transnational entities, or partnerships of certain 
states within the region and violent transnational en-
tities could exploit a geo-political bridge across the 
region to the detriment of national and economic se-
curity interests of the United States and those of 
the international community as a whole, including— 
(A) disrupting the unimpeded access to 
hydro-carbon resources essential to the func-
tioning of modern economies globally; and 
(B) disrupting the unimpeded access to the 
strategic lines of communication in the region 
across and along which international commer-
cial activity is conducted. 
(20) Congress is gravely concerned that a failed 
or divided Iraq could provide a stronger base of op-
erations for terrorists who seek to act regionally or 
internationally. 
(21) Congress is concerned about the fractured 
and factional domestic political environment present 
today at and between the various levels of govern-
ment in Iraq. 
(22) Congress finds that the fractured and fac-
tional domestic political environment present in Iraq 
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is the result, in part, of the conflicting policies, pri-
orities, and biases of the various prominent ethnic, 
religious, and sectarian-oriented political parties and 
elected and appointed leaders at and between the 
various levels of government in Iraq. 
(23) Congress is concerned that the develop-
ment of alternative, moderate political parties and 
leaders in Iraq, that can represent broadly the inter-
ests of Iraqis from multiple demographic groups and 
govern according to that broad perspective, is im-
peded by the dominant influences of the various eth-
nic, religious, and sectarian-oriented political parties 
active in Iraq today. 
(24) Congress affirms that the fractured and 
factional domestic political environment present 
today at and between the various levels of govern-
ment in Iraq— 
(A) contributes to incidences of violence 
against United States Armed Forces, Coalition 
Forces, and Iraqi Security Forces; 
(B) creates a significant political barrier to 
the establishment and maintenance of peace 
and reconciliation in Iraq, that is necessary for 
the establishment and maintenance of a stable 
and united Iraq; and 
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(C) impedes the completion of Operation 
Iraqi Freedom. 
(25) Congress is concerned that various elected 
and appointed officials, to include judicial branch of-
ficials, within the various levels of government in 
Iraq, are not fulfilling, to the extent possible, their 
chief responsibility to conduct public business in an 
unbiased, uniform, and equitable manner, in accord-
ance with law, and for the public good. 
(26) Congress is concerned by reports that indi-
cate that government offices, the national ministries 
systems, and independent agencies are unable or un-
willing to resist dominance by, and are divided be-
tween, beholden to, and guided by the conflicting 
priorities, policies, and biases of, the various promi-
nent ethnic, religious, or sectarian political parties in 
Iraq. 
(27) Congress is particularly concerned by re-
ports that indicate that elected and appointed Iraqi 
Government officials, acting upon direction from, 
and to benefit and promote, the various prominent 
ethnic, religious, or sectarian political parties and af-
filiated entities in Iraq— 
(A) may abuse the budget authority of the 
various offices, ministries, and agencies, to in-
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clude the direction of public funds to certain 
political parties or certain individuals; 
(B) may abuse personnel hiring practices 
of the various offices, ministries, and agencies; 
and 
(C) may abuse the contracting practices of 
the various offices, ministries, and agencies. 
(28) Congress recognizes that the inability or 
unwillingness of elected and appointed officials with-
in the various levels of government in Iraq to deliver 
public sector goods and services to all Iraqis in a un-
biased, uniform, and equitable manner— 
(A) contributes to incidences of violence 
against United States Armed Forces, Coalition 
Forces, and Iraqi Security Forces; 
(B) creates a significant political barrier to 
the establishment and maintenance of peace 
and reconciliation in Iraq, that is necessary for 
the establishment and maintenance of a stable 
and united Iraq; and 
(C) impedes the completion of Operation 
Iraqi Freedom. 
(29) Congress is deeply concerned about the 
continued and heightened incidence of violence and 
threats of violence against United States Armed 
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Forces, Coalition Forces, Iraqi Security Forces, ci-
vilian personnel, and Iraqi civilians in Iraq. 
(30) Congress is gravely concerned about the 
increase in ethnic, religious, and sectarian violence 
in Iraq following the February 22, 2006, bombing of 
the Askariya mosque in Samarra, Iraq, and about 
continued ethnic, religious, and sectarian tensions 
across Iraq. 
(31) Congress is gravely concerned about the 
increasing power that unauthorized politically- 
aligned militias wield in Iraq, their destabilizing ef-
fect on security in Iraq, and the challenges they 
present to the development of professional Iraqi Se-
curity Forces. 
(32) Congress is gravely concerned that the 
various prominent ethnic, religious, and sectarian 
political parties active in Iraq today, through unau-
thorized, politically-aligned militias, suborned or 
sympathetic elements of Iraqi Security Forces, and 
suborned or sympathetic vigilante or criminal 
groups, fight for the control and dominance of the 
various levels of government in Iraq and aim to, and 
with the effect of, separate governorates, cities, and 
neighborhoods along ethnic, religious, and sectarian 
lines. 
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(33) Congress is concerned that the purposeful 
internal separation of Iraqi society by violence, 
threat of violence, or other means of intimidation 
pursued by the various prominent ethnic, religious, 
and sectarian political parties in Iraq, forces the 
Iraqi people into increasingly apparent ethnic, reli-
gious, and sectarian divisions, or is in part the impe-
tus for significant emigration of Iraqis (particularly 
members of the educated and professional classes of 
Iraqis essential to the establishment and mainte-
nance of civil society in Iraq) to states within the 
Middle East region or the provinces within Iraq gov-
erned by the Kurdish Regional Government in Iraq. 
(34) Congress is concerned that the continued 
and further violent, internal separation of Iraqi soci-
ety, pursued and effected by the various prominent 
ethnic, religious, and sectarian political parties abets 
and strengthens the extremist elements of each 
party and destabilizes the security situation country-
wide. 
(35) Congress considers that the various promi-
nent ethnic, religious, and sectarian political parties 
in Iraq are complicit in the operations of the various 
politically-aligned militias operating in Iraq today, 
and that the political parties have the power and in-
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fluence necessary to, and the responsibility to, dis-
arm, disband, and reintegrate such militias into 
Iraqi society. 
(36) Congress recognizes the importance that 
establishing a political and governance compromise 
and reconciliation between the various prominent 
ethnic, religious, and sectarian political parties ac-
tive in Iraq has toward— 
(A) the successful recruitment, training, 
and maintenance of professional, unbiased Iraqi 
Security Forces; 
(B) the effective administration of certain 
national security oriented offices and ministries 
systems; and 
(C) the defeat of foreign terrorist organiza-
tions operating in Iraq. 
(37) Congress is gravely concerned that the un-
even state of readiness, capability, and willingness of 
Iraqi Security Forces, led by the national security 
oriented offices and ministries systems, to provide 
internal security for Iraq in an unbiased, uniform, 
and equitable manner may require United States 
Armed Forces and Coalition Forces personnel to re-
main in Iraq for an extended period of time to pro-
vide both extensive internal security training and as-
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sistance and the minimum of unbiased internal secu-
rity within that country. 
(38) Congress is gravely concerned that a pro-
longed commitment of United States Armed Forces 
to Iraq may adversely affect the overall readiness of 
United States Armed Forces and hamper its ability 
to provide adequate resources to United States ef-
forts in Afghanistan and its ability to adequately re-
spond to other contingencies around the world. 
(39) Congress affirms that the absence of a 
lasting and meaningful political compromise reached 
between the various prominent ethnic, religious, and 
sectarian political parties in Iraq and the uneven 
state of readiness, capability, and willingness of 
Iraqi Security Forces, led by the national security 
oriented offices and ministries systems, to provide 
internal security services in Iraq in a unbiased, uni-
form, and equitable manner across that country— 
(A) contributes to incidences of violence 
against United States Armed Forces, Coalition 
Forces, and Iraqi Security Forces; 
(B) creates a significant political barrier to 
the establishment and maintenance of peace 
and reconciliation in Iraq, that is necessary for 
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the establishment and maintenance of a stable 
and united Iraq; and 
(C) impedes the completion of Operation 
Iraqi Freedom. 
(40) Congress recognizes reported macro-
economic improvement of Iraq’s economy, but re-
mains gravely concerned by reports noting the prev-
alence of corruption in Iraq, the uneven distribution 
of income, and high unemployment rates at and be-
tween the various levels of government in Iraq. 
(41) Congress is gravely concerned by reports 
that indicate that the various prominent ethnic, reli-
gious, and sectarian-oriented political parties active 
in Iraq exercise significant control of Iraq’s national 
revenues and expenditures to benefit and promote 
the conflicting priorities, policies, and biases of such 
political parties. 
(42) Congress is gravely concerned that the sig-
nificant control of Iraq’s national revenues and ex-
penditures exercised by the various prominent eth-
nic, religious, and sectarian-oriented political parties 
active in Iraq impedes general economic development 
at and between the various levels of government in 
Iraq, limits economic opportunities for the Iraqi peo-
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ple, and forces Iraqis into increasingly apparent eth-
nic, religious, and sectarian divisions. 
(43) Congress is gravely concerned that the na-
tional level economic decisions on key issues, includ-
ing the development and modernization of Iraq’s na-
tional energy industry, infrastructure, resources and 
the utilization of the resultant revenues, may result 
in unstable economic policies and agreements that 
reflect the fractured and factional nature of Iraq’s 
current political environment and the ethnic, reli-
gious, and sectarian bias present in governance in 
Iraq. 
(44) Congress notes that the majority of United 
States economic and infrastructure development as-
sistance for Iraq has been expended and has pro-
duced uneven economic results countrywide and an 
uneven ability for the Government of Iraq to operate 
and maintain both existing and newly constructed or 
refurbished infrastructure. 
(45) Congress further notes reports that indi-
cate that the Government of Iraq requires signifi-
cant and sustained, but not necessarily United 
States Government provided, economic development 
and infrastructure in order to achieve vital economic 
and infrastructure development. 
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(46) Congress urges the Government of Iraq to 
pursue, in an unbiased, uniform, and equitable man-
ner, policies to promote the development of— 
(A) a market-based economy in Iraq that 
increases private-sector employment opportuni-
ties for Iraqi workers; 
(B) private-sector investment opportunities 
for domestic and international investors; and 
(C) a government budget process that re-
flects an appropriate level of investment in the 
development of and the continued operations 
and maintenance for Iraq’s national infrastruc-
ture and that provides for the delivery of public 
goods and services to all Iraqis in a unbiased, 
uniform, and equitable manner. 
(47) Congress is gravely concerned that im-
peded general economic development in Iraq, limited 
economic opportunities for the Iraqi people, and in-
creasingly apparent ethnic, religious, and sectarian 
economic divisions within Iraq abets and strengthens 
the extremist elements of each party and destabilizes 
the security situation countrywide and— 
(A) contributes to incidences of violence 
against United States Armed Forces, Coalition 
Forces, and Iraqi Security Forces; 
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(B) creates a significant political barrier to 
the establishment and maintenance of peace 
and reconciliation in Iraq, that is necessary for 
the establishment and maintenance of a stable 
and united Iraq; and 
(C) impedes the completion of Operation 
Iraqi Freedom. 
(48) Congress recognizes the influence pos-
sessed by the governments of Iraq’s neighboring 
states, regional states, states among the inter-
national community, and regional and international 
multilateral organizations, toward facilitating the es-
tablishment and maintenance of stable, peaceful, 
productive, and conciliatory relations between Iraq 
and its neighboring states, regional states, and the 
international community as a whole. 
(49) Congress recognizes the importance of en-
gaging the governments of Iraq’s neighboring states 
(where appropriate), regional states, states among 
the international community, and regional and inter-
national multilateral organizations, toward facili-
tating the establishment and maintenance of stable, 
peaceful, productive, and conciliatory relations be-
tween Iraq and its neighboring states, regional 
states, and the international community as a whole. 
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(50) Congress recognizes the importance of the 
formation of an international compact reached be-
tween the United States, Coalition countries and the 
governments of Iraq’s neighboring states (where ap-
propriate), regional states, states among the inter-
national community, and regional and international 
multilateral organizations, to help establish and 
maintain stable, peaceful, productive, and concilia-
tory relations between Iraq and its neighboring 
states, regional states, and the international commu-
nity as a whole, and to help establish peace, rec-
onciliation in, and to assure the stability of and 
unity of, Iraq. 
(51) Congress notes the recent formation of the 
International Compact for Iraq between the Govern-
ment of Iraq and the United Nations, with the sup-
port of the World Bank, and in which the United 
States and Coalition countries participate, as evi-
dence of the need and importance of regionalizing 
and internationalizing solutions for Iraq’s continued 
political, security, infrastructure, and economic de-
velopment of and governance capacity building at 
and between the various levels of government in 
Iraq. 
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(52) Congress notes that the vital measures and 
other benchmarks identified by the President as nec-
essary and possible to achieve in order to complete 
Operation Iraqi Freedom pursuant to the reporting 
requirements of section 4 of this Act would establish 
a strong foundation for a multilateral agreement 
with Coalition countries, the Republic of Iraq, ap-
propriate states in the Middle East region, and ap-
propriate multilateral organizations to help establish 
and maintain stable, peaceful, productive, and con-
ciliatory relations between Iraq and its neighboring 
states, regional states, and the international commu-
nity as a whole and to help establish peace, reconcili-
ation in, and to assure the stability of and unity of, 
Iraq. 
(53) Congress finds that a prolonged absence of 
a multilateral agreement with Coalition countries, 
the Republic of Iraq, appropriate states in the Mid-
dle East region, and appropriate multilateral organi-
zations based on the vital measures and other bench-
marks identified by the President as necessary and 
possible to achieve in order to complete Operation 
Iraqi Freedom and pursuant to the findings of the 
report required by section 4 of this Act and subject 
to adjustment or other amendment, as provided for 
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by subparagraphs (A) and (B) of section 4(b)(2) of 
this Act— 
(A) contributes to incidences of violence 
against United States Armed Forces, Coalition 
Forces, and Iraqi Security Forces; 
(B) creates a significant political barrier to 
the establishment and maintenance of peace 
and reconciliation in Iraq, that is necessary for 
the establishment and maintenance of a stable 
and united Iraq; and 
(C) impedes the completion of Operation 
Iraqi Freedom. 
(54) Congress is concerned that the United 
States and Coalition countries will not be able to 
achieve their goals of the establishment of a demo-
cratic, pluralistic, federal, and united Government of 
Iraq that can provide security, good governance, and 
improved economic opportunity for the people of 
Iraq and maintain peaceful, productive, and concilia-
tory relations with neighboring states, regional 
states, states among the international community, 
and regional and international multilateral organiza-
tions without the United States and other countries 
simultaneously working toward solving certain long- 
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