I 
118TH CONGRESS 
2D SESSION 
H. R. 9498 
To direct the use of artificial intelligence by National Oceanic and Atmos-
pheric Administration to adapt to extreme weather, and for other pur-
poses. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
SEPTEMBER 9, 2024 
Mr. SCOTT FRANKLIN of Florida (for himself and Mr. MULLIN) introduced 
the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Science, Space, 
and Technology 
A BILL 
To direct the use of artificial intelligence by National Oceanic 
and Atmospheric Administration to adapt to extreme 
weather, and for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
(a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 
‘‘Transformational Artificial intelligence to Modernize the 
Economy against Extreme Weather Act’’ or the ‘‘TAME 
Extreme Weather Act’’. 
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for 
this Act is as follows: 
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Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 
Sec. 2. Definitions. 
Sec. 3. Earth system forecasting and information delivery. 
Sec. 4. Advanced artificial intelligence applications for weather and information 
delivery. 
Sec. 5. Technical assistance on use of artificial intelligence weather models. 
Sec. 6. Fire environment modeling program. 
Sec. 7. Emissions monitoring and analysis program. 
Sec. 8. Partnerships for transformational innovation. 
Sec. 9. Federal Government workforce expertise. 
Sec. 10. Data access. 
SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 
In this Act: 
(1) ADMINISTRATOR.—The term ‘‘Adminis-
trator’’ means the Administrator of the National 
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 
(2) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘‘artificial in-
telligence’’ means a machine-based system that 
can, for a given set of human-defined objectives, 
make predictions, recommendations, or deci-
sions influencing real or virtual environments, 
including by using machine-based and human- 
based inputs— 
(i) to abstract such objectives into 
models through analysis in an automated 
manner; and 
(ii) to use model inferences to gen-
erate information or formulate options for 
action. 
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(B) INCLUSIONS.—The term ‘‘artificial in-
telligence’’ includes machine learning, neural 
networks, and natural language processing. 
(3) 
ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
WEATHER 
MODEL.—The term ‘‘artificial intelligence weather 
model’’ means a weather model based primarily on 
artificial intelligence to project future Earth system 
conditions based on machine learning from an Earth 
system reanalysis dataset. 
(4) CURATE.—The term ‘‘curate’’ means to col-
lect, maintain, and update periodically a dataset— 
(A) to ensure and document its quality; 
and 
(B) to provide metadata on its provenance. 
(5) NUMERICAL WEATHER MODEL.—The term 
‘‘numerical weather model’’ means a weather model 
based primarily on coupled Earth system processes 
and that uses numerical computation to forecast fu-
ture Earth system conditions. 
(6) OBSERVATIONAL DATA.—The term ‘‘obser-
vational data’’ means data from actual observations 
of environmental conditions, including remote sens-
ing and in situ platforms. 
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(7) OPEN LICENSE.—The term ‘‘open license’’ 
has the meaning given that term in section 3502(21) 
of title 44, United States Code. 
(8) REFORECAST ANALYSIS.—The term ‘‘refore-
cast analysis’’ means the assessment of a numerical 
weather model or artificial intelligence weather 
model by comparing model output and observational 
data over a period of time in the past. 
(9) SYNTHETIC
DATA.—The term ‘‘synthetic 
data’’ means data produced from a model or statis-
tical method in order to fill gaps in observational 
data. 
(10) TRAINING DATASET.—The term ‘‘training 
dataset’’ means a dataset used to train an artificial 
intelligence model. 
(11) 
WEATHER
ENTERPRISE.—The 
term 
‘‘weather enterprise’’ has the meaning given such 
term in section 2 of the Weather Research and 
Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (15 U.S.C. 
8501). 
(12) 
WEATHER
FORECASTING
TRAINING 
DATASET.—The term ‘‘weather forecasting training 
dataset’’ means a dataset that contains continuous 
global observational data and synthetic data for 
Earth system variables relevant to weather fore-
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casting, aviation weather, marine weather, and hy-
drology or water management, including data from 
model reanalysis and forecasts initialized through a 
data assimilation system. 
SEC. 3. EARTH SYSTEM FORECASTING AND INFORMATION 
DELIVERY. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than two years after the 
date of the enactment of this Act, the Administrator, in 
consultation with the Secretary of Energy, the Adminis-
trator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion, the Director of the National Science Foundation, any 
appropriate Federal Advisory Committee, and such other 
technical experts as the Administrator considers appro-
priate, shall develop and curate comprehensive weather 
forecasting training datasets with relevant Earth system 
data, quality information, and metadata necessary for 
weather forecasting dataset that develops a long-term 
record of past weather in support of the following: 
(1) Furthering the understanding of weather, 
water, climate, and space weather modeling and 
data. 
(2) Advancing the science of weather fore-
casting, including seasonal and subseasonal fore-
casting. 
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(3) Developing artificial intelligence weather 
forecasting applications. 
(b) USE OF EXISTING DATASETS.—In order to speed 
the development of the weather forecasting training 
dataset required under subsection (a), the Administrator 
shall assess, and to the greatest extent practicable build 
on, existing weather forecasting training datasets of the 
Federal Government. 
(c) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WEATHER MODEL.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out this section, 
the Administrator, in consultation with any appro-
priate Federal Advisory Committees, may develop 
and test a global weather model based on artificial 
intelligence, to be referred to as an ‘‘artificial intel-
ligence weather model’’. 
(2) WEATHER READY NATION.—In coordination 
with the activities carried out under paragraph (1), 
the Administrator may explore using artificial intel-
ligence to enhance the dissemination of information 
and evaluation of effectiveness for improved public 
understanding, preparedness, and resilience. 
(3) REPORTS.—Not later than two years after 
the date of the enactment of this Act and not less 
frequently than annually thereafter, the Adminis-
trator shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, 
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Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the 
Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the 
House of Representatives a report on the activities 
conducted under paragraph (1). 
(d) COOPERATIVE INSTITUTES AND CONTRACTING 
AUTHORITY.—In carrying out this section, subject to the 
availability of appropriations, the Administrator may com-
petitively award contracts and funding opportunities, in-
crease the scope of existing cooperative institutes of the 
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or 
competitively award a new cooperative institute. 
(e) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT.—The Administrator 
shall develop and disseminate best practices to minimize 
environmental impacts from the use of artificial intel-
ligence to carry out this section. 
(f) CONTINUED SUPPORT FOR OBSERVATIONS, BASIC 
RESEARCH, AND NUMERICAL WEATHER MODELS.—Not-
withstanding the requirements of this section, the Admin-
istrator shall continue to support and advance the activi-
ties of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-
tion carry out the following: 
(1) Collect and acquire traditional and novel ob-
servational data relevant for artificial intelligence 
and numerical weather models. 
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(2) Advance research on the Earth system and 
numerical weather models. 
(3) Develop and advance numerical Earth sys-
tem modeling for predictions. 
(4) Develop weather model data post-processing 
techniques. 
(5) Improve data assimilation techniques. 
SEC. 4. ADVANCED ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICA-
TIONS FOR WEATHER AND INFORMATION DE-
LIVERY. 
The Administrator shall explore advanced applica-
tions of artificial intelligence to improve weather forecasts 
and information delivery, such as by carrying out the fol-
lowing: 
(1) Improving data assimilation techniques. 
(2) Using artificial intelligence weather models 
to quickly emulate running numerical weather mod-
els to assess and improve the confidence in and reli-
ability of weather forecasts and information delivery. 
(3) Improving impact-based decision support to 
diverse users and communities for greater societal 
benefits based on weather forecasts. 
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SEC. 5. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ON USE OF ARTIFICIAL IN-
TELLIGENCE WEATHER MODELS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator shall regularly 
inventory and assess major non-Federal Government arti-
ficial intelligence weather models in order to provide the 
following: 
(1) Technical evaluation and assistance on 
using such models. 
(2) Best practices on providing forecasts based 
on outputs from both artificial intelligence weather 
models and numerical weather models, or a combina-
tion thereof. 
(3) Support for forecasters and social scientists 
to test and evaluate the use and effectiveness of arti-
ficial intelligence models, including within National 
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration testbeds. 
(4) Support for emergency managers to make 
operational decisions based on outputs from both ar-
tificial intelligence weather models and numerical 
weather models, or a combination thereof. 
(b) REFORECAST ANALYSIS.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—The Administrator shall 
support the development of a common framework for 
the assessment of numerical weather models and ar-
tificial intelligence weather models through refore-
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