velop and incomes rise, it is actually on the increase
in many places. Street vendors represent a signifi-
cant share of the urban informal sector. In many
parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America women rep-
resent a majority of these vendors.
(4) Home-based work (work carried out by a
person (A) in his or her home or in other premises
of his or her own choice, other than the workplace
of the employer, (B) for remuneration, and (C)
which results in a product or service as specified by
the employer, irrespective of who provides the equip-
ment, materials or other inputs used, unless this
person has degree of autonomy and of economic
independence necessary to be considered an inde-
pendent worker under national laws, regulations or
court decisions) is growing in developing countries.
Homeworkers are a major part of the workforce in
the garment, leather, footwear, carpet, and elec-
tronics 
industries. 
Increasing 
numbers 
of
homeworkers work in computer-based services.
(5) Women also spend considerable time in
work that is not paid, such as childcare, cooking,
cleaning, sewing, subsistence agriculture, or contrib-
uting to a family enterprise. If the unpaid invisible
work by women were fully taken into account in
labor statistics, their levels of economic activity
would increase from 10 percent to 20 percent. Glob-
al estimates suggest that women’s unpaid work pro-
duces an output of $11,000,000,000,000, compared
to a global GDP of about $23,000,000,000,000.
Without an adequate assessment of this unpaid
work, it is impossible to measure the transfer of
state-supported or provided services to women’s un-
paid labor (for example, health care shifted from
public services to in-home care provided by women)
as governments cut or privatize social services.
(b) IMPROVING WOMEN’S WORK.—The Adminis-
trator of the United States Agency for International De-
velopment, working closely with the Deputy Assistant Ad-
ministrator for Women in Development, shall provide tech-
nical assistance to developing countries to design and im-
plement laws, regulations, and programs to promote child
care, access to social security and unemployment insur-
ance, parental leave, minimum wages, occupational health
and safety, freedom of association and collective bar-
gaining, and non-discrimination in employment and remu-
neration. Technical assistance and programs shall also be
provided to eliminate the use of child or forced labor.
(c) IMPROVING WOMEN’S WORK IN THE FORMAL
SECTOR.—The Board of Directors of the Overseas Private
Investment Corporation and the Board of Directors of the
Export-Import Bank of the United States shall encourage
United States businesses that receive support from the
Corporation or the Bank for activities in developing or
transitional economies to comply with the Social Account-
ability 8000 voluntary standards for corporations devel-
oped by Social Accountability International.
(d) IMPROVING WOMEN’S WORK IN THE INFORMAL
SECTOR.—
(1) DECLARATION OF SUPPORT.—Congress ex-
presses its support for the International Labor Or-
ganization Home Work Convention (177) and urges
the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate
to hold hearings on the convention and submit the
convention to the full floor of the Senate for a vote
on advice and consent to ratification.
(2) SUPPORT BY USAID.—The Administrator of
the United States Agency for International Develop-
ment shall carry out the following:
(A) Provide support to the United Nations
Statistical Office to develop a framework for
the inclusion of informal sector employment
into the System of National Accounts (SNA)
which provides the basic framework for defining
what constitutes production and economic activ-
ity and methods for assessing the value of pro-
duction in the economic sectors. Such support
shall include the development of improved
guidelines on how to determine the value of pro-
duction for the informal sector in relation to
total production.
(B) Provide support to the International
Labor Organization to improve collection of
data on the informal sector in labor force statis-
tics and coordinate activities with international
agencies and networks such as the United Na-
tions Development Program’s project on ‘‘En-
gendering Labor Force Statistics’’.
(C) Make use of such improved informa-
tion in national income accounts and labor
forces statistics for the formulation of develop-
ment assistance policies and programs.
(f) EFFORTS
TO
MEASURE
UNREMUNERATED
WORK.—
(1) IN
GENERAL.—The Administrator of the
United States Agency for International Develop-
ment, in conjunction with the Secretary of State,
shall support, on a financial and programmatic
basis, the efforts of the United Nations Statistical
Office to produce measurements on unremunerated
work and the reporting of this work in satellite ac-
counts. This data shall be used to monitor and
evaluate United States international poverty reduc-
tion programs and in reviewing the impacts of trade
liberalization on women as required by section 204
of this Act.
(2) DEFINITION.—In this subsection, the term
‘‘satellite accounts’’ means accounts that provide
measurements of non-monetized productive activities
and are designed to be used in conjunction with na-
tional income product accounts measures, as estab-
lished by the United Nations Convention on Na-
tional Accounts.
SEC. 204. REVIEWING THE IMPACTS OF TRADE LIBERALIZA-
TION ON WOMEN AND THEIR COMMUNITIES.
(a) SHORT TITLE.—This section may be cited as the
‘‘Women and International Trade Act of 2001’’.
(b) FINDINGS.—Congress makes the following find-
ings:
(1) The various forces of globalization have
brought enormous wealth to some, but have also in-
creased economic inequality within and between na-
tions.
(2) Trade liberalization can open new employ-
ment to women, while eliminating employment for
others. Trade adjustment assistance is an appro-
priate and effective tool in assisting those who are
displaced in finding new employment.
(3) Women contribute to and are affected by
trade liberalization as workers, businesswomen,
farmers, producers, and consumers.
(4) United States international trade, social de-
velopment, and international development policy
should be linked with the goal of improving women’s
social and economic status in the United States and
abroad.
(5) Enhancing women’s status not only im-
proves individual lives, but also eliminates market
inefficiencies and leads to greater economic growth
and trade.
(c) AVAILABILITY OF UNITED STATES MARKET TO
HIPC COUNTRY PRODUCTS.—The United States Trade
Representative shall take appropriate steps to open the
United States market to products that countries partici-
pating in the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries program
have the ability to export, particularly in the agricultural
sector.
(d) ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR TRADE, GENDER,
AND DEVELOPMENT POLICY.—
years and may be reappointed for additional
terms.
(C) POLITICAL
AFFILIATION.—Members
may be appointed the Advisory Committee with-
out regard to political affiliation.
(D) VACANCY.—A vacancy in the Advisory
Committee shall be filled in the manner in
which the original appointment was made.
(E) CHAIRPERSON.—The Chairperson of
the Advisory Committee shall be designated by
the Trade Representative at the time of ap-
pointment.
(3) DESIGNEES.—The Trade Representative
may request one or more members of the Advisory
Committee to designate a staff-level representative
for discussions of technical issues related to trade
and environmental policy.
(4) DUTIES.—The Advisory Committee—
(A) shall assess the impact of all current
and future United States bilateral and multilat-
eral trade agreements on women in accordance
with such section; and
(B) shall make recommendations to the
Trade Representative based upon assessments
made pursuant to subparagraph (A).
(e) REVIEW
OF UNITED STATES TRADE AGREE-
MENTS.—
(1) REVIEW.—The United States Trade Rep-
resentative, the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of
Health and Human Services, the Secretary of State,
and the Administrator of the United States Agency
for International Development, in conjunction with
the Advisory Committee for Trade, Gender, and De-
velopment Policy (established under subsection (d))
and interested nongovernmental organizations, shall
carry out a review of—
(A) the impact of each United States bilat-
eral and multilateral trade agreement on areas
important to the well-being of women, men, and
their communities in both the United States
and in developing and transitional countries
that receive assistance from the United States
government, including areas of employment,
wages and earnings, working conditions, occu-
pational health and safety, access to social serv-
ices such as education and health care, access
to basic services such as water and electricity,
and other areas as recommended by the Advi-
sory Committee; and
(B) the coherence between United States
goals for sustainable economic, environmental,
and social development and United States trade
policies carried out by the Office of the United
States Trade Representative, including the ex-
tent to which issues relating to gender are inte-
grated into United States negotiation positions
relating to trade agreements.
(2) REPORTS.—
(A) FOR FUTURE TRADE AGREEMENTS.—
Not later than 90 days after the date on which
the United States Trade Representative sub-
mits formal proposals for negotiation with other
parties to a trade agreement, the individuals
and entities referred to in paragraph (1) shall
prepare and submit to Congress a report that
contains—
(i) the results of the review conducted
pursuant to paragraph (1) with respect to
the trade agreement under negotiation;
and
(ii) recommendations for changes in
United States trade negotiating proposals,
trade adjustment assistance programs in
the United States, and international devel-
opment assistance programs to ensure that
women in particular can take advantage of
new opportunities created by United States
trade agreements and to respond to the
needs of persons who may be adversely af-
fected.
(B) CURRENT TRADE AGREEMENTS.—Not
later than 1 year after the date of the enact-
ment of this Act, the individuals and entities re-
ferred to in paragraph (1) shall prepare and
submit to Congress a report that contains—
(i) the results of the review conducted
pursuant to subsection (a) with respect to
trade agreements in effect as of the date of
the enactment of this Act; and
(ii) recommendations for changes in
United States trade negotiating proposals,
trade adjustment assistance programs in
the United States, and international devel-
opment assistance programs to ensure that
women in particular can take advantage of
new opportunities created by United States
trade agreements and to respond to the
needs of persons who may be adversely af-
fected.
TITLE III—QUALITY EDUCATION
FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
SEC. 301. FINDINGS.
Congress makes the following findings:
(1) Investing in girls’ education is one of the
most effective means of promoting economic growth
and poverty reduction. Educating girls has a signifi-
cant impact on long-term development objectives,
and has been proven to result in reduced family size,
reduced rates of infant and maternal mortality, in-
creased wages, improved family health, and im-
proved educational status for the next generation.
(2) Girls account for two-thirds of the
125,000,000 children not in primary schools and
millions of girls suffer in poor learning environments
that enforce gender stereotypes. Girls are less likely
to complete school than are boys and the mean
achievement level of girls is 40 percent lower than
that of boys.
(3) Countries affected by HIV/AIDS have lost
a large proportion of primary and secondary school
teachers. Training of new teachers is a critical need
in order to maintain and increase primary school en-
rollment and completion.
(4) Access to education is the most critical pre-
requisite to the participation of women and girls in
the global economy. United States investments in
education and training in the new century must pro-
vide the required skills for an increasingly knowl-
edge-intensive and global economy. In particular,
women and girls need access to and skills in infor-
mation technologies.
SEC. 302. AMENDMENT TO FOREIGN ASSISTANCE ACT OF
1961.
Section 105 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961
(22 U.S.C. 2151c) is amended by adding at the end the
following:
‘‘(c)(1) Congress reaffirms the goals established by
the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Develop-
ment and the United Nations of achieving global gender
equity in education by 2005 and achieving universal access
to basic education by 2015.
‘‘(2) Assistance provided under this section shall be
used to support activities that promote gender equity and
increased access to quality education for girls and women
in developing and transitional countries. Such activities
may include, but are not limited to—
‘‘(A) support for policy reform, such as encour-
aging governments to locate schools closer to com-
munities, provide appropriate facilities for girls, re-
duce the cost of schooling, and recruit female teach-
ers;
‘‘(B) assistance to mobilize communities to pro-
mote girls’ education and participate in decision-
making relating to schooling;
‘‘(C) training of teachers, including training in
gender-equitable teaching methods;
‘‘(D) support for the development of curriculum
free from gender bias;
‘‘(E) literacy programs for adult women;
‘‘(F) support for increased access of women and
girls to information technologies and training;
‘‘(G) projects to increase women’s participation
in secondary, technical, and higher education; and
‘‘(H) assessment of the risks of school-based vi-
olence and incorporation of specific measures to pre-
vent such violence and to ensure prosecution of indi-
viduals responsible for such violence.’’.
TITLE 
IV—LIFELONG 
HEALTH
FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
SEC. 401. HEALTH OF CHILDREN.
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress makes the following find-
ings:
(1) Health-related discrimination against girls
and women occurs throughout their life-span. It in-
cludes prenatal sex selection, female infanticide, and
preference for sons with respect to nutrition and
medical care.
(2) Girls are also subject to harmful traditional
practices such as violence and female genital mutila-
tion. Physical, sexual, and psychological abuse that
is present in all cultures and countries affects far
more girls than boys.
(3) Poverty and war together have led to severe
health 
consequences 
for 
children. 
More 
than
10,000,000 children will die before their fifth birth-
day of preventable causes in developing countries, in-
cluding pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, malnutrition,
and measles. These diseases kill a child every 5 sec-
onds.
(4) With additional resources, it is estimated
that 15,000,000 additional children could be saved
by 2010 through increased child immunization rates.
(5) Child labor, increasing in the global econ-
omy, has also directly affected the health of children.
According to the International Labor Organization
(ILO), approximately 250,000,000 children between
the ages of 5 and 14 work in developing countries
and some 50,000,000 to 60,000,000 children be-
tween the ages of 5 and 11 work in hazardous cir-
cumstances. Two-thirds of these children are girls.
(b) CHILD SURVIVAL PROGRAMS.—
(1) IN
GENERAL.—The Administrator of the
United States Agency for International Development
shall establish and carry out programs to provide
child survival assistance to individuals in need in de-
veloping countries.
(2) PROGRAM
ACTIVITIES.—Programs estab-
lished pursuant to paragraph (1) shall include the
following activities:
(A) 
Programs 
to 
end 
discrimination
against girls with respect to access to nutrition
and health care, including access by children
under the age of 5 to essential nutrients, such
as vitamin A, diagnosing, treating, and pre-
venting the most common life-threatening child-
hood diseases, such as malaria, measles, diar-
rhea and pneumonia, reducing hunger and mal-
nutrition, and increasing support and funding
for the health needs of the millions of children
that are being orphaned and affected by HIV/
AIDS.
(B) Support for women’s nongovernmental
organizations that seek to improve the health of
girls through education, advocacy, and services.
(C) Support for nongovernmental organiza-
tions that directly address, treat, and work to
eliminate all forms of abuse and neglect of chil-
dren.
(D) Recognition, through integrated pro-
gramming in education and economic growth,
that children’s health cannot be isolated from
broader structural and institutional issues of
gender inequality in the access to economic re-
sources, education, and power.
(E) Programs to enhance the health, in-
cluding the reproductive and sexual health, of
adolescents, especially girls.
SEC. 402. FAMILY PLANNING AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
AND RIGHTS.
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following:
(1) Hundreds of millions of women lack access
to comprehensive reproductive health care services,
including family planning services, which are basic
elements of women’s reproductive health and rights.
The low status of women in many societies is a fac-
tor that perpetuates patterns of early and frequent
childbearing and is often an obstacle to women’s use
of existing health care services. Population planning
assistance programs should provide comprehensive
reproductive health care, including family planning
services that respect and promote women’s reproduc-
tive rights, privacy, and empowerment.
(2) Key elements of a comprehensive approach
to reproductive health and rights include the con-
fidential provision of a full range of family planning
and services, reproductive health and sexuality edu-
cation, prenatal and delivery care, including emer-
gency obstetrical care, prevention of HIV/AIDS and
other sexually transmissible infections (STIs), access
to treatment for the complications of unsafe abor-
tion, and access to safe abortion services where
legal, and, age-appropriate confidential reproductive
health care and education for adolescents.
(3) By signing the agreements of the United
Nations International Conference on Population and
Development in Cairo (ICPD), the Fourth World
Conference on Women in Beijing (FWCW), and the
5-year reviews, the United States Government de-
clared that it would, among other things—
(A) promote women’s empowerment and
gender equality;
(B) focus on the needs and rights of
women and men;
(C) promote a comprehensive reproductive
health and rights approach; and
(D) involve women in leadership, planning,
decision-making, implementation, and evalua-
tion of United States international family plan-
ning programs.
(4) Women’s economic participation and repro-
ductive rights and health are inextricably linked. In-
creases in women’s labor force participation raises
demand for safe and voluntary reproductive health
care, including family planning services, which in
turn enable women to control their own health and
fertility and their ability to work. Lack of com-
prehensive reproductive health care severely limits
women’s ability to gain from new opportunities re-
sulting from the increasingly globalized economy.
(b) ASSISTANCE FOR FOREIGN NONGOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS UNDER PART I OF THE FOREIGN AS-
SISTANCE ACT OF 1961.—Notwithstanding any other pro-
vision of law, regulation, or policy, in determining eligi-
bility for assistance authorized under part I of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.), foreign
nongovernmental organizations—
(1) shall not be ineligible for such assistance
solely on the basis of health or medical services, in-
cluding counseling and referral services, provided by
such organizations with non-United States Govern-
ment funds if such services do not violate the laws
of the country in which they are being provided and
would not violate United States Federal law if pro-
vided in the United States; and
(2) shall not be subject to requirements relating
to the use of non-United States Government funds
for advocacy and lobbying activities other than those
that apply to United States nongovernmental organi-
zations receiving assistance under part I of such
Act.
(c) UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL FAMILY PLAN-
NING PROGRAMS.—United States international programs
administered by the United States Agency for Inter-
national Development, the Department of State, and other
appropriate Federal departments and agencies shall incor-
porate the following:
(1) A human rights, including reproductive
rights, approach as embodied in the United States
commitments in the agreements at the International
Conference on Population and Development (ICPD)
and the United Nations Fourth World Conference
on Women (FWCW), and the 5-year reviews of pro-
moting women’s equality, empowerment, and rights.
(2) Design of monitoring, evaluation, and meas-
urement of results based on local contexts and, in
particular, measurements that prioritize the quality
of services.
(3) Design and implementation of, in coopera-
tion with women and community-based organiza-
tions, gender-sensitive reproductive health and fam-
ily planning programs that address the needs of
women throughout their lives and take into account
their multiple roles and responsibilities, the demands
on their time, the special needs of rural women and
women with disabilities and the diversity of women’s
needs arising from age and socio-economic and cul-
tural differences, among others.
(4) Information, education, and communication
programs to promote the use of the female condom.
(d) FUNDING
FOR
THE UNITED NATIONS POPU-
LATION FUND (UNFPA).—
(1) STATEMENT OF POLICY.—Congress recog-
nizes the effectiveness of multilateral agencies that
deliver family planning services.
(2) FUNDING.—Of the amount appropriated
pursuant to the authorization of appropriations
under section 1101 of this Act for fiscal year 2003,
$35,000,000 is authorized to be available for the
United States voluntary contribution to the United
Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Amounts made
available under the preceding sentence are in addi-
tion to amounts otherwise available for such pur-
poses.
SEC. 403. MATERNAL HEALTH PROGRAMS.
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress makes the following find-
ings:
(1) Approximately 600,000 women die each
year due to complications of pregnancy, childbirth,
and unsafe abortion. Of these mostly preventable
deaths, more than 95 percent occur in developing
countries.
(2) Access to comprehensive maternal health
care, including quality pre-natal care and nutritional
supplements (for example, foliates), screening for
pregnancy-related diseases, basic fetal health tests,
immunizations (for example, tetanus), access to
treatment for the complications of unsafe abortion,
access to safe abortion services where legal, and
preparation for safe birth (including safe delivery
kits where needed) are necessary for the health of
women and children. Post-natal care includes follow-
up services to ensure that women recover from birth
without 
hemorrhaging 
or 
infection 
and 
that
newborns develop adequately.
(3) When women cannot work because of health
problems, the loss of their income, as well as the
costs of treatment, can drive them and their families
into debt. In India, a study found that disability re-
duced the productivity of the female labor force by
about 20 percent.
(b) MATERNAL HEALTH PROGRAMS.—
(1) IN
GENERAL.—The Administrator of the
United States Agency for International Development
shall establish and carry out programs to provide
maternal health assistance to individuals in need in
developing countries.
(2) CONDUCT OF PROGRAMS.—In carrying out
the programs pursuant to paragraph (1), the Ad-
ministrator shall include programs that improve ma-
ternal health to protect the outcome of pregnancy,
neonatal and young infants and save the lives of
mothers by improving maternal nutrition, promoting
birth preparedness, improving safe delivery and
postpartum care, and managing and treating life-
threatening complications of pregnancy and child-
birth. Maternal health programs may also include
interventions to protect women from violence and en-
sure that women can exercise their reproductive
rights without coercion.
SEC. 404. PREVENTING AND TREATING HIV/AIDS.
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following:
(1) World leaders have acknowledged that the
devastating scale of the HIV/AIDS pandemic con-
stitutes a global emergency and that new, additional,
and sustained resources are necessary to meet the
challenge of providing an integrated approach of
prevention, care, support, treatment, and research.
(2) The United States and other donor coun-
tries must be at the forefront in leading and mobi-
lizing the level of resources required—between
$7,000,000,000 and $10,000,000,000—by 2005 in
low- and middle-income countries and those coun-
tries experiencing rapid expansion of HIV infections.
(3) HIV disproportionately affects women and
girls. The rate of increase of new HIV infections is
rising most rapidly among women and young girls,
particularly in societies throughout Africa and Asia
plagued by poverty and high levels of gender in-
equality. Women account for more than half of the
deaths from AIDS since the beginning of the epi-
demic. Of the 34,700,000 adults currently living
with HIV/AIDS, 16,400,000 are women. There are
1,400,000 children under the age of 15 living with
HIV/AIDS, 90 percent of whom were infected
through transmission from their mother.
(4) Rates of transmission of other sexually
transmitted infections, such as chlamydia, gonor-
rhea, and human papillomavirus also are high and
increasing in some countries of the world. While not
always life-threatening, such diseases entail enor-
mous health, social, and economic costs. Many of
these diseases increase the risk of transmission of
HIV from one partner to another. Women generally
have less access to information and services for the
prevention and treatment of common sexually trans-
mitted infections and therefore suffer disproportion-
ately from common sexually transmitted infections
as well.
(5) Differences in the roles and rights of men
and women in developing countries negatively impact
women and girls thereby increasing their vulner-
ability to sexually transmitted infections and HIV/
AIDS. For example, gender norms that restrict
women’s access to productive resources such as edu-
cation, land, income, and credit, create an unequal
balance of power in society that favors men and
greatly compromises women’s ability to protect
themselves against infection, cope with illness once
infected, or care for those who are infected. Success-
ful programming takes into account gender equality
and the empowerment of women and girls through
the use of special measures.
(6) Two key factors that dramatically increase
women’s vulnerability to sexually transmitted infec-
tions and HIV infection are their lack of economic
opportunities and options and the widespread inci-
dence of violence against women.
(7) Adolescent girls are among the most vulner-
able to HIV infection, but have relatively low access
to information on sexually transmitted infections.
The causes of their vulnerability are social, eco-
nomic, 
and 
physiological. 
Widespread 
violence
against adolescent girls, including in schools, is also
an important factor contributing to high rates of in-
fection. One of the most profound ways in which ad-
olescent girls are put in jeopardy of contracting HIV
infection is through their increased risk to be raped
or through sexual coercion.
(8) Culturally defined expectations about ac-
ceptable roles and behaviors of men and women are
important factors contributing to the spread of HIV/
AIDS. The notion that sexual domination over
women is the defining characteristic of male sexu-
ality exposes women to the risk of physical and sex-
ual violence.
(9) Studies and field evaluations show that
interventions that directly address gender inequal-
ity—through communication and education strate-
gies, economic empowerment, changes in social
norms, and efforts to enhance women’s ability to ne-
gotiate safe sex, among other things—are among the
most effective strategies in preventing transmission
of sexually transmitted infections and HIV among
women and girls, and improving the health and well-
being of families overall. Yet most large-scale pro-
grams funded by governments and donor agencies as
yet largely ignore the gender dimensions of the HIV
epidemic, thereby limiting their own success.
(10)(A) Substantial evidence from a number of
countries worldwide now exists to show that female
condoms are an effective tool for the prevention of
sexually transmitted infections and HIV, are accept-
able to a large share of those at risk of infection,
and offer increased levels of protection when intro-
duced as part of a program that emphasizes edu-
cation and negotiation skills.
(B) Female condoms are the only female-initi-
ated and approved method available on the market
today. Moreover, female condoms offer ‘‘dual protec-
tion’’ from both unwanted pregnancy and infection
simultaneously. Access to the female condom is lim-
ited in most countries worldwide, however, due to a
lack of investment in the purchasing, distribution,
and programs needed to support introduction and
sustained use, and bias in favor of the male condom.
The United States Government must take the lead
on expanding access to the female condom to save
millions of lives today.
(11) Since the early 1990’s, topical microbicides
have attracted scientific attention as a possible new
technology for preventing sexually transmitted dis-
eases, including HIV. For individuals needing to use
them without partner knowledge or consent, safe, ef-
fective, 
acceptable, 
and 
affordable 
topical
microbicides could be formulated to be undetectable.
Investment in topical microbicides is critical for the
future, while sustained investments in female
condoms are required for the present.
(b) ACTIONS RELATING TO HIV/AIDS PROTECTION
FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS.—
(1) ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN.—
The Administrator of the United States Agency for
International Development, acting through the Di-
rector of the Office of HIV/AIDS and the Director
of the Office on Women in Development of the
Agency for International Development, shall develop
and integrate into the HIV/AIDS prevention, care,
and treatment programs of the Agency for Inter-
national Development specific initiatives to improve
women’s economic status, including opportunities in
both the formal and informal economy, and improve
access to credit, land, technical assistance, and pro-
ductive resources. A focus on addressing the eco-
nomic needs and improving economic opportunities
and vocational and life skills of adolescent girls shall
be included in these efforts.
(2) CREATING GENDER-SENSITIVE STI AND HIV
PREVENTION PROGRAMS.—The Administrator of the
United States Agency for International Develop-
ment, acting through the Director of the Office of
HIV/AIDS of the Agency for International Develop-
ment, shall ensure that all Agency-supported pro-
grams account for and respond to the gender dimen-
sions of vulnerability to sexually transmitted infec-
tions and HIV in diverse contexts, ensuring that
such programs address gender constraints through
communication and education strategies aimed at
changing social norms, informing women of their op-
tions, and providing them with the tools required to
negotiate and practice safe sex, including access to
vaginal microbicides.
(3) EXPANDING ACCESS TO AND USE OF MEANS
OF PROTECTION.—The Administrator of the United
States Agency for International Development, acting
through the Director of the Office of HIV/AIDS of
the Agency for International Development, shall en-
sure that all Agency-supported programs evaluate
their potential for developing gender-sensitive efforts
to promote expanded use of both female and male
condoms, 
and 
shall 
expend 
not 
less 
than
$35,000,000 in 2003 and each succeeding year to
procure and develop programs for the introduction
and sustained use of female condoms.
(4) INTEGRATING HIV/AIDS PREVENTION WITH
OTHER
REPRODUCTIVE
HEALTH
PROGRAMS.—The
Administrator of the United States Agency for
International Development, acting through the Di-
rector of the Office of HIV/AIDS and the Director
of the Office on Population, Health, and Nutrition
of the Agency for International Development, shall
test models of programs that integrate prevention of
sexually transmitted infections and HIV with other
reproductive health services to identify approaches
that promote dual protection from unintended preg-
nancy and infection. Particular attention should be
given to integrating HIV/AIDS prevention into fam-
ily planning, maternal and child health and primary
care service programs, and to ensuring that health
sector reform initiatives do not undermine HIV/
AIDS programs.
(5) TRAINING OF USAID PERSONNEL.—The Ad-
ministrator of the United States Agency for Inter-
national Development shall ensure that program of-
ficers of the Agency posted to countries with HIV/
AIDS prevalence rates of one percent or higher re-
ceive training on gender analysis related to country-
specific HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and treatment
issues.
(6) DEVELOPMENT OF TOPICAL MICROBICIDES
FOR
PREVENTING
TRANSMISSION
OF
HIV
AND
OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES.—
(A) COORDINATION
WITH
OTHER
INSTI-
TUTES.—The Administrator of the United
States Agency for International Development
shall coordinate activities to research and pro-
mote the use of microbicides for the prevention
of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases
with appropriate institutes, including the Na-
tional Institute of Health, to the extent such in-
stitutes have responsibilities that are related to
the development of microbicides and their dis-
tribution in the developing world.
(B) PROGRAM FOR MICROBICIDE DEVEL-
OPMENT.—The Administrator of the United
States Agency for International Development
shall establish a program to support research to
use microbicides to substantially reduce trans-
mission of HIV and other sexually transmitted
diseases in developing countries. Activities
under such program shall provide for an expan-
sion and intensification of the conduct and sup-
port of—
(i) development of formulation and de-
livery approaches appropriate for devel-
oping countries;
(ii) 
research 
on 
designs 
of
microbicides targeted for use in developing
countries;
(iii) conduct of HIV incidence and
microbicide feasibility studies with atten-
tion to the needs of developing countries;
and
(iv) behavioral research on use, ac-
ceptability, and adherence to microbicides
in developing countries.
(C) 
GRANTS
FOR
MICROBICIDE
RE-
SEARCH.—In order to contribute to the rapid
evaluation of safe and effective microbicides for
the prevention of HIV and other sexually trans-
mitted diseases, the Administrator may, in car-
rying out subparagraph (B) make grants to
public and nonprofit private entities for the
purpose of providing technical assistance to,
and consultation with, a wide variety of domes-
tic and international entities involved in devel-
oping and evaluating topical microbicides, in-
cluding health agencies, extramural researchers,
industry, health advocates, and nonprofit orga-
nizations in the United States and in developing
countries.
(c) OTHER REQUIREMENTS.—The Administrator of
the United States Agency for International Development
shall appoint a senior level policy advisor for infectious
diseases who shall report directly to the Administrator and
shall be responsible for ensuring that the impact of infec-
tious diseases are taken into account in programs in all
divisions of the Agency, including from a gender perspec-
tive responding to the growth of the AIDS pandemic
among women and girls.
SEC. 405. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF TUBER-
CULOSIS.
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following:
(1) Tuberculosis is one of the greatest infec-
tious causes of death of adults worldwide, killing
nearly 2,000,000 people per year—one person every
15 seconds. Globally, tuberculosis is the leading in-
fectious cause of death of young women and the
leading cause of death of people with HIV/AIDS.
(2) Tuberculosis is an immense economic drain
on families and on nations and is a significant cause
of poverty. Most cases of tuberculosis and deaths
caused by tuberculosis occur among individuals in
their most productive years of life, ages 15 to 50,
decimating a country’s ability to compete effectively
in the global economy.
(3) There is a highly effective and inexpensive
treatment for tuberculosis. This strategy, known as
Directly 
Observed 
Treatment, 
Short 
Course
(DOTS), includes low-cost effective diagnosis, treat-
ment, monitoring, and record keeping, as well as a
reliable drug supply.
(4) Based on World Bank estimates, DOTS
treatment is one of the most cost-effective health
interventions available—costing just $20-$100 to
save a life, and DOTS can produce cure rates of up
to 95 percent even in the poorest countries.
(b) AMENDMENTS TO FOREIGN ASSISTANCE ACT OF
1961.—Section 104(c)(7) of the Foreign Assistance Act
of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151b(c)(7)) is amended—
(1) by redesignating subparagraph (B) as sub-
paragraph (C);
(2) by inserting after subparagraph (A) the fol-
lowing:
‘‘(B)(i) Of the amount appropriated pursuant to the
authorization of appropriations under subparagraph (C)
for a fiscal year, a substantial percentage of such amount
is authorized to be used for (I) the diagnosis and treat-
ment of tuberculosis for very poor, at-risk and affected
populations utilizing Directly Observed Treatment, Short
Course (DOTS), or other internationally accepted primary
tuberculosis control strategies developed in consultation
with the World Health Organization, and (II) the expan-
sion of such strategies so that every individual with tuber-
culosis has access to treatment and to meet the goal of
the cure of at least 85 percent of the cases detected in
those countries in which the agency has established devel-
opment programs by December 31, 2010.
‘‘(ii) An appropriate percentage of the remaining
amount appropriated pursuant to the authorization of ap-
propriations under subparagraph (C) for a fiscal year is
authorized to be made available for implementation of Di-
rectly Observed Treatment, Short Course (DOTS–PLUS),
or other internationally accepted tuberculosis control
strategies, to treat multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, and
for global tuberculosis coordination and surveillance ef-
forts. In addition, assistance provided using amounts is
authorized to be primarily used in those developing coun-
tries identified by the World Health Organization as hav-
ing a high incidence of tuberculosis, with special emphasis
given to the poorest regions of such countries.’’.
SEC. 406. ADDRESSING FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION.
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress makes the following find-
ings and declarations of policy:
(1) Up to 180,000,000 women and girls around
the world, 80 percent of them in Africa, have under-
gone some form of genital mutilation. Approximately
2,000,000 girls undergo female genital mutilation
annually, most often between the ages of 7 and 10
years, although there is a trend to perform the pro-
cedure on much younger girls.
(2) 
Female 
genital 
mutilation 
performed
against the will of a girl or woman violates the basic
human right to bodily integrity.
(3) The health risks of female genital mutila-
tion are significant, and include intense pain, hemor-
rhage, infection, infertility, increased risk of mater-
nal and child morbidity and mortality, and HIV in-
fection. The long-term risks are also substantial. A
study in Sierra Leone discovered that 83 percent of
women who have undergone female genital mutila-
tion require medical attention at some point in their
lives for a condition resulting from the procedure.
(4) Research and experience by national and
international organizations has proven that the ces-
sation of the practice of female genital mutilation
must involve efforts that facilitate the empowerment
of women overall and directly address female genital
mutilation, including economic development, local
and national level advocacy, health education, tech-
nical assistance to nongovernmental organizations
and health ministries, and political support at all
levels.
(b) ADDITIONAL PROVISION.—Amounts made avail-
able to carry out programs to address female genital muti-
lation should be targeted toward local nongovernmental
organizations that provide medical and psychosocial serv-
ices, develop culturally appropriate information, education,
and communications materials related to female genital
mutilation, and create greater political support at all levels
to address female genital mutilation. Such amounts may
also be used to support research on the economic, psycho-
social, and health consequences of female genital mutila-
tion and to evaluate intervention programs.
(c) DEFINITION.—In this section, the term ‘‘female
genital mutilation’’ means procedures that involve partial
or total removal of the external female genitalia or other
injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural
or any other non-therapeutic reasons.
TITLE 
V—WOMEN, 
AGRI-
CULTURE AND FOOD SECU-
RITY
SEC. 501. FINDINGS.
Congress makes the following findings:
(1) Women produce, process, and market more
than 70 percent of the food in most developing coun-
tries, yet their key roles as farmers and food pro-
viders critical to household food security is only re-
cently becoming recognized.
(2) Because women dominate the agricultural
sector in developing countries, they can benefit from
the rising demand for food worldwide. However,
women face enormous barriers that prevent them
from realizing this potential, including lack of land
tenure rights, exclusion from decision-making at all
levels, neglect by agricultural extension services, and
limited access to inputs such as fertilizer, improved
seeds, credit, and markets.
(3) In spite of these constraints, recent evalua-
tions of international agribusiness projects have
shown that women can significantly raise their in-
comes through the production, processing, and mar-
keting of traditional and non-traditional agricultural
products. One of the best ways to improve rural
women’s status is to increase their access to the
land, technology, inputs, finances, and markets they
need to become full participants in the global mar-
ket.
(4) The United States supplies more than half
of food aid worldwide to refugees and displaced per-
sons. Yet we still see significant nutritional defi-
ciencies among these populations, particularly micro-
nutrient and caloric intake deficiencies.
SEC. 502. PROGRAMS TO ASSIST WOMEN FARMERS.
In carrying out programs that provide assistance, di-
rectly or indirectly, to farmers in foreign countries, the
Administrator of the United States Agency for Inter-
national Development, the Secretary of State, the Sec-
retary of Agriculture, and the heads of other appropriate
Federal departments and agencies shall establish and
carry out projects to assist women farmers in accessing
global and domestic markets in order to increase their in-
comes. Such projects shall meet the following require-
ments:
(1) Provide women with access to the resources
they need to produce, process, and market high-in-
come crops and agricultural products, including re-
sources that provide rights to own and use land,
credit, market information, extension services, ap-
propriate technology, and all productive inputs
(water, seeds, fertilizers, chemicals that are safe for
human exposure and environmentally sound, and
labor).
(2) Ensure that agribusiness interventions do
not diminish farm families’ food security, overall
well-being, family incomes, or their ownership and
control over productive assets.
(3) Provide education and training to women
farmers and food producers, processors, and traders.
Education programs shall include culturally appro-
priate agricultural extension services (for example,
women 
extension 
agents), 
basic 
literacy 
and
numeracy, and training in business skills.
(4) Enhance women’s access to nutritious food
both within the household and for the household to
purchase, and increase the household’s knowledge of
nutrition and good feeding behaviors.
(5) Research and address the impacts of the
HIV/AIDS epidemic on the choice of crops and proc-
essing technologies suitable for women. Particular
attention must be paid to maintaining household
food security in spite of loss of family labor and
other resources.
(6) Assist countries in establishing effective
food-safety nets for the poor in times of economic
downturns or low food production (due to drought,
floods, or other catastrophes).
(7) Evaluate and increase the effectiveness of
United States emergency food aid programs for food
security, nutrition and health, and explore the poten-
tial for using monetized local currency receipts for
creating endowments from which food security re-
lated projects could be funded.
(8) Fortify staple foods contributed as part of
United States food aid programs with vitamins A, B,
and C, zinc, folate, iron, as appropriate, and fortify
salt with iodine. Food aid should also provide high-
nutrient seeds in relief situations to enable displaced
persons to grow high-nutrient foods.
(9) Create food security profiles, including gen-
der analysis, for recipient countries to diagnose what
types of investments should be made, agricultural
and non-agricultural, to achieve food security for the
poor.
(10) Increase women’s skills in advocacy and in
their ability to engage in decision-making activities
relevant to agriculture and food security at all lev-
els—state, province, national, and international.
SEC. 503. INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR AGRICULTURAL DE-
VELOPMENT (IFAD).
(a) FINDING.—Congress finds that the International
Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) has been a
pioneer in reaching rural women and is an effective means
of channeling scare United States resources for inter-
national agricultural programs.
(b) DECLARATION OF POLICY.—Congress expresses
its full support for significant United States contributions
to future replenishments of the International Fund for Ag-
ricultural Development.
TITLE VI—HUMAN RIGHTS OF
WOMEN AND GIRLS
SEC. 
601. 
STRENGTHENING 
THE 
HUMAN 
RIGHTS 
OF
WOMEN AND GIRLS.
(a) FINDINGS
AND DECLARATIONS
OF POLICY.—
Congress makes the following findings and declarations of
policy:
(1) The indivisibility of human rights is most
relevant to women and girls because violations of
their rights occur in all areas, including the home,
community, workplace, and civic institutions.
(2) Supporting women’s human rights in all
spheres of women’s lives, including home, work,
school, health, political participation, and other re-
lated areas, is critical to sustainable development
and the promotion of equality and democracy around
the world.
(3) Violations of women’s human rights can be
cloaked in law or exist in practice, they can be direct
or indirect and they can exist in the public and pri-
vate sectors. The eradication of gender discrimina-
tion remains a challenge even within the inter-
national human rights system.
(4) Many legal or administrative codes contain
barriers to women’s access to resources and prop-
erty, to basic information about and access to serv-
ices (including health and education), to basic deci-
sions concerning their family status, to protection
from violence, and to freedom of association. Even
where supportive legislation exists, these legal rights
may be weakly enforced or overridden by customary
law.
(5) It is important that international human
rights treaties that the United States has ratified be
applied to domestic and foreign policies and pro-
grams.
(6) It is important to examine the implications
of accelerated economic globalization, structural ad-
justment, and trade liberalization on women’s rights
and human rights, particularly as these trends affect
women as workers, farmers, entrepreneurs, family
care givers, and heads of household.
(7) Global institutions such as the World Bank,
International Monetary Fund, multinational corpora-
tions, the United Nations, and other institutions in-
creasingly affect the daily lives and human rights of
women and girls, both positively and negatively.
(b) RATIFICATION
OF
THE INTERNATIONAL COV-
ENANT
ON
ECONOMIC, 
SOCIAL, 
AND
CULTURAL
RIGHTS.—Congress expresses its support for ratification
of the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and
Cultural Rights and requests the Committee on Foreign
Relations of the Senate to hold hearings on the Covenant,
approve it, and submit the Covenant to the floor of the
Senate for a vote on advice and consent to ratification.
(c) RATIFICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVEN-
TION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD.—Congress ex-
presses its support for ratification of the International
Convention on the Rights of the Child and requests the
Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate to hold
hearings on the Covenant, approve it, and submit the Cov-
enant to the floor of the Senate for a vote on advice and
consent to ratification.
(d) INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION OF THE PROTEC-
TION OF THE RIGHTS OF ALL MIGRANT WORKERS AND
MEMBERS OF THEIR FAMILIES.—Congress expresses its
support for the United States to sign and ratify the Inter-
national Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All
Migrant Workers and Members of their Families and re-
quests the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate
to hold hearings on the Convention.
(e) OPTIONAL PROTOCOL TO THE INTERNATIONAL
COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLTICAL RIGHTS.—Congress
expresses its support for the United States to sign and
ratify the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant
of Civil and Political Rights and requests the Committee
on Foreign Relations of the Senate to hold hearings on
the Protocol.
(f) UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS TO
PROMOTE DEMOCRACY
AND HUMAN RIGHTS.—United
States international programs to promote democracy and
human rights shall include the following:
(1) Financial support and technical assistance
for legal aid organizations that take on cases of the
violations of human rights of women and girls, in
particular cases of violence against women, denial of
women’s access to social services, and violations of
women employment rights.
(2) Support to civil society organizations that
are promoting human rights education for women
and men.
(3) Support for capacity-building of young
women leaders in the field of human rights law.
(4) Technical assistance to all bureaus and em-
bassies to ensure their compliance with international
human rights treaties that the United States has
signed and ratified.
(g) AUDIT
OF
MULTILATERAL
DEVELOPMENT
BANKS.—The Secretary of the Treasury, in conjunction
with the United States Executive Directors to each multi-
lateral development bank (as defined in section 201(g)),
shall conduct an audit of each such bank to ensure that
the bank is compliant with internationally recognized and
universal human rights, as defined in the Universal Dec-
laration of Human Rights.
(h) ASSISTANCE TO ELIMINATE DISCRIMINATION
AGAINST WOMEN.—
(1) ASSISTANCE.—The Administrator of the
United States Agency for International Development
shall establish and carry out programs to assist gov-
ernments of developing countries to eliminate de jure
discrimination against women.
(2) ADDITIONAL
REQUIREMENTS.—Assistance
provided under subsection (a) shall include the fol-
lowing:
(A) Provide judges and other judicial offi-
cials in developing countries with ongoing train-
ing in women’s human rights, particularly as
such rights relate to domestic violence.
(B) Provide technical and other assistance
to officials in ministries of justice of developing
countries to enable such officials to better col-
lect and analyze sex-disaggregated data on
rates of reporting, prosecution, conviction, and
sentencing of domestic and sexual violence
cases.
(3) Improve training for law enforcement per-
sonnel in developing countries to improve their re-
sponse to and collection of evidence for domestic and
sexual violence cases.
SEC. 602. PREVENTION OF TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN AND
CHILDREN.
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following:
(1) Trafficking in persons is increasing expo-
nentially worldwide. The United Nations estimates
that 4,000,000 individuals become victims of traf-
ficking each year. The United States Government es-
timates that 50,000 women and girls are trafficked
into the United States annually.
(2) Trafficking is a labor and human rights vio-
lation that involves physical and psychological coer-
cion, deception, forced labor, and servitude or slav-
ery. Traffickers force people to labor and serve in a
growing number of arenas, including factories, con-
struction sites, farms, brothels, homes, and streets.
(3) Potential and actual victims of trafficking
need targeted assistance to provide them with skills
and opportunities at home. Trafficked individuals
need shelter, health care, psychological counseling,
training, and living assistance after they escape from
their traffickers. Those individuals who are in dan-
ger from retaliation by organized criminal gangs re-
quire special protection.
(4) Women are more likely than men to be traf-
ficked. Women are disproportionately affected by
economic changes brought on by structural adjust-
ment policies, privatization, trade liberalization, and
economic globalization, such as the movement away
from agriculture toward a wage-based economy and
consumer society.
(b) PROGRAMS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN
OR DESTINATION.—
(1) 
IN
GENERAL.—The 
President, 
acting
through the heads of appropriate Federal depart-
ments and agencies (such as the Department of
State, the Immigration and Naturalization Service,
the Department of Health and Human Services, and