APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD than 4 months ago before the subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, Eighty-first Congress, second session, part 2, Post Office Depart- ment, Monday, January 16, 1950, page 389: “Mr, Donaupson. I am trying my very best to give the public the best possible postal service at the least possible cost. In this program, I am having the full support of all officials in the Department and the field and the rank and file of the postal people. We want no unnecessary expenditure any- where in the service. We are taking ad- vantage of every known device or program that is suitable in the operation of the postal service to improve the service, better the working conditions of the postal people, and reduce the operating costs.” Page 397: “CONCLUSION “The heads of all bureaus and offices within the Department and the field have been advised that they must exert every effort to operate their units with efficiency and with the greatest economy consistent with satisfactory service to the public. It will be my purpose to continue this policy and at the same time we will supplant any known obsolete methods and equipment as fast as possible. I consider it of paramount importance to continue to give the public good service. Any economy campaign which would go so far as to destroy the present standards would bring on reactions that not only would nullify economy but, in the end, would result in greater costs. Past history of too drastic actions after national surveys bears this out.” Postmaster General Donaldson knows from personal experience that every time the num- ber of deliveries is reduced, the individual letter carrier has an increased volume of mail to deliver on an extended delivery dis- trict. General Donaldson also knows that the efficiency of the individual is seriously impaired because he has entirely too much mail for the separation case. After the case gets too full, the unit cost of handling each piece increases greatly. One-trip routes are not efficient units, nor are they economical; but they are inhumane. To keep a letter carrier on his route six hours or more without an opportunity to eat or relax even slightly, definitely belongs to the dark ages. It is beneath all human dignity to expect a letter carrier to eat his cold lunch at the corner relay or storage box, sitting on a curbstone without regard to the weather or other ele- ments. It is equally beneath human dignity to fail to provide for other human necessi- ties such as toilet facilities. At this point in my testimony I desire to read into the record a statement by Congress- man MIKE MANSFizetp of Montana, which ap- pears on page 5952 of the CONGRESSIONAL Recorp of April 27: “pOSTAL SERVICE “Myr, MANSFIELD. Mr. Speaker, I rise in pro- test against the order of the Postmaster Gen- eral which will curtail delivery and other essential postal services to take effect on July 1, 1950. “If this order becomes effective on a Na- tion-wide scale it will completely demoralize the whole postal service and cause the Amer- ican people in general much concern, I am, however, especially interested in the postal service as it affects the State of Montana because there we have one of the most efii- cient postal organizations in the country, and because of the distances to be covered and the hazards to be met, one of the most difficult. There is a very high esprit de corps on the part of the postal employees in my State which, at the present time, has suffered @ severe shock because of the order issued by the Postmaster General. “As a matter of fact in the city of Butte, Mont., one delivery postal service was inaug~ urated on April 25, which is indeed Jumping the deadline, many weeks ahead of the time when the proposed cut was supposed to go into effect. Mr. Speaker, I am inserting at this point in my remarks a telegram I have just received from my friend, Dan McGonigle, president, Branch 621, NALC, of Butte, Mont.: “Burts, Mont., April 26, 1950. “Representative Muxze MANSFIELD, “House of Representatives, Washington, D. C.: “One delivery postal service inaugurated today despite vigorous protest. Letter car- riers instructed to eat lunch on curb or im- pose on hospitality of some patron. Climate latrer alerne.:ve is objectionable. Fretty picture—lunch pail on one shoulder, mail satchel on the other. Understand Postmas- ter General Donaldson scheduled again be- fore Senate Post Office Committee Thursday, April 27. Respectfully request your attend- ance at that meeting and interrogation of Donaldson regarding uncivilized treatment of Butte letter carriers. “Respectfully request also you demand in writing from Donaldson instructions Na- tion-wide that letter carriers will be afforded humane consideration and their dignity as a human being will be respected. “Dan McGONIGLE, “President, Branch 621, NALC.” Undoubtedly, there will be pious rebuttal from the Postmaster General to the picture. I have attempted to draw with words. It will be said that such things cannot happen, and will not happen. Gentlemen, it has happened; it is going on this very morning in many places in these United States; unfortunately, it will con- tinue to happen as long as these uncivilized orders are permitted to remain in effect. I have here for the consideration of the members of this committee an enlarged photograph of a letter carrier forced to eat his lunch on a curbstone, It is not a fake photograph, designed to induce crocodile tears. I will give the facts in the case. The photograph shows a letter carrier in the Fair Lawn, N. J., post office. His name is Joseph~Ulinsky. Fair Lawn is a borough of Paterson, N. J., with a population of ap- proximately 20,000. Unlike Paterson, Fair Lawn is 90 percent residential territory, from a post office standpoint. Carrier Ulinsky is assigned to a route in a section of Fair Lawn called Radburn. This section consists al- most entirely of homes described as being “well back from the street, and a spacious lawn in front of almost every home.” Stores, lunch rooms, taverns, and the like are con- fined to a small section of the main arteries running through the town. There are none of these on the route served by Mr. Ulinsky. The first day that Carrier Ulinsky worked under the curtailment schedule, that is, one trip, he ate his lunch on the porch of a patron on his route. He took the half hour allowed him and then proceeded on his route. His first delivery after his lunch pe- riod was across the street from his open-air lunchroom. The lady of the house asked Carrier Ulinsky why he ate his lunch across the street. He gave what he considered a reasonable explanation. The lady informed Carrier Ulinsky that her husband was in the house and that he was “fit to be tied” because of the delay in his mail. It developed that his mail pertained to his business. The sug- gestion was made to Carrier Ulinsky that he deliver that particular address and then eat his lunch. Carrier Ulinsky rightfully took the viewpoint that, if he complied with that suggestion, the patron in the next house would react the same way and make a sim- ilar demand. To end all controversy, Carrier Ulinsky eats his lunch on the curbstone. I, personally, checked this story and pic- ture. I told the committee it was not a faked photograph. The information comes from the city editor of the Paterson Evening News that he sent a reporter to the scene on tele- A3403 phoned information from a neighbor in the vicinity of the spot where Carrier Ulinsky took his curbstone lunch period. The orig- inal photograph appeared in the April 26 edition of the Paterson Evening News. A few additional relevant facts concerning this »nhotccrarh will help point up what I am ui.ercetrg to bring out about the stupidity or these April 18 orders. Carrier UVlinsky 1s on a route three-fourths of a mile from his office; he is not allowed bus trans- portation. He is scheduled to report at the post office at 7 o’clock each morning; he prepares his mail and departs for his de- liveries at 9 a.m. He is scheduled to return to the office at 3:30 o’clock in the afternoon. In other words, he 1s scheduled to remain out on the street 6 hours and 30 minutes, sans eating facilities, sans toilet facilities. Our second picture shows Letter Carrier Floyd Hunt sitting on a curbstone and eat- ing his lunch. It appeared in the Council Bluffs Nonpareil of May 1. Carrier Hunt re- ports for work at 7:30 a.m. He leaves the post office at 8°50 a. m. and is due to return at 4 p. m—or a total of 7 hours and 10 minutes out on his route. There are no eating places, no restaurants, no taverns or grocery stores on his route. Obviously, he must carry his mail sack on one shoulder and his lunch pail on the other, Carrier Hunt is a veteran of World War II. He spent 4 years and 5 months in the mili- tary; 2 years and 8 months in action. He had combat service in Salerno, Africa, Tu- nisia, England, Scotland, Wales, and Algeria. He was awarded the European ribbon with four battle stars, plus the combat infantry ribbon and good-conduct ribbon. He is a disabled war veteran with 10 percent com- pensation. He is married, has one child 3 years old, and presently is attempting to purchase his home. There are thousands of military veterans in the letter-carrier service Nation-wide who, right at this moment, are also sitting on curbstones eating their lunches, thanks to the orders of Postmaster General Donaldson contained in the Postal Bulletin of April 18, 1950. Letter carriers are neither supermen nor crybabies. I consider them average human beings with the same feelings and emotions as General Donaldson or any of his staff. If General Donaldson and the members of his staff will agree to forego the luxury of eating a hot lunch in pleasant surroundings and move out on the curbstone of Pennsylvania Avenue for their lunch, I believe it will be possible to convince the many, many Joe Ulinskys and Floyd Hunts in the postal serv- ice that curbstone eating is considered de rigueur in postal circles. Postmaster General Donaldson is a master of the art of contradiction. Please, gentle- men of the committee, consider these words uttered by Mr. Donaldson at the Thirty-sixth Biennial Convention of the National Asso- ciation of Letter Carriers held in Miami, Fla., in October 1948. These are his exact words relative to an investigation conducted by a Cleveland engineering firm: “I have no criticism to offer of those people who made the investigation, but I believe they would have been in a better position if they had consulted officials in the Post Of- fice Department about the kind of sugges- tions and recommendations they were going to make before they submitted their report. This they did not do and for that reason many of the suggestions and many of their articles of criticism were ridiculous. “Well, I don’t want to be ridiculous and I am not going to recommend that you pro- vide every carrier in the United States with a scooter to carry his mail. [Applause.] Neither am I going to recommend that you keep a carrier out on the street for 8 hours while some clerk routes his mail and you shuttle the mail to him on the streets. [Cheers and applause.]”
A3404 According to General Donaldson's figures, the postal complement of employees will be reduced from &17,0C0 to 504,000 during the coming fiscal year. Even those ultra-conser- vative figures clearly indicate that 13,000 loyal postal employees will be added to the already expanding unemployment rolls. Most of these 13,000 displaced postal persons are veterans of World War II. Surely Un- cle Sam must have a better fate in store for these battle heroes who gave so much in answering the call to the colors. The able and distinguished chairman of this august committee, Senator Onin D. JOHNSTON, put his finger on the crux of the situation in a recent radio broadcast when he said: “There is seemingly a glaring inconsistency in the argument to support the action of the Postmaster General—I have a copy of the orders here before me—as part of his justifi- cation for the curtailment program he pro- poses, Mr. Donaldson says: “Splendid progress has been made and the productive effort of the employees has been increased as indicated by the accom- plishments in the fiscal year 1989, compared with the fiscal year 1949 * * * “Now here is the part of Mr. Donaldson’s statement that I cannot reconcile with his proposal; “During that period (1989 to 1949), the revenues anereared more than 110.72 per- cent * * “ "The number of pieces (of mail) handled increased 64.70 percent; “"The weight of the mails increased more than 104.73 percent * * * while “The increase in the number of em- ployees was less than 48.48 percent.’ “According to these figures, it would appear that the Postmaster General is trying to test the theory of diminishing returns, in that the more mail handled by his Depart- ment, the less personnel he will keep to col~ lect it, transport it, and make final delivery of it.” The Post Office Department boasts a fine tradition of service. Postal employees are imbued with the ideal of giving service to the American people. There is no agency of Government that has finer traditions than the United States postal service. Up until recently the Post Office Department has enjoyed the fullest confidence and has been held in highest esteem by the press and by the American people. Traditionally, service has been held to be the fundamental purpose of the Post Office Department. It has generally been recog- nized that good postal service is essential to good business. Some in authority have recently taken the attitude of insisting that the Post Office Department must operate as a successful business. The Postmaster Gen-~ eral has insistently called the attention of the American people to the fact that the Post Office Department is operating under a so-called huge deficit. Since the alleged deficit is an excess of expenditures over re- ceipts, let us compare the postal fiscal struc- ture with several other departments and agencies of the Federal Government; - STATISTICAL DATA 1. First-class mail is the only mail classi- fication that pays its own way. In fiscal 1949 first-class mail had an excess of reve- mues over apportioned expenditures, i. e., profits, of $82,064,709. Item: The one category showing a profit, viz, first-class mail, is the one classification used by all the mailing public, and it is the one service being curtailed mostly by the curtailment orders. (Source: Cost Ascer- tainment Report for Fiscal 1949.) 2. Other classifications of mail and special services showed the following excesses of ap- portioned expenditures over revenues, i. e., losses: (a) Revenue-producing items: Domestic air mail... $37, 261, 064 Second class (paid) ~..-..-----~ 174, 674, 835 Third class.-..--.---.-.—.-... 129, 052, 786 Fourth class ....----.-------~ 104, 880, 608 Foreign surface mail_ 26, 497, 033 Foreign air mail... 47, 728, 295 Registry (paid) ~.-.------.~--.. 18, 129, 158 Insurance... 1. -- ene enn 44, 344 Collect on delivery_.._.__....... 7, 3€9, 476 Special delivery...._.___---~---- 10, 781, 201 Money orders... -. 28, 409, 699 Postal notes.-._--..--.------- 4, 006, 001 (b) Non-revenue-producing items: Free in county (second class)... $11, 173, 870 Penalty..---.---...-----—----+- 87, 710, 888 Franked_.-.... -~ 1, 071, 753 Free for blind... -- 835, 883 Registry (free) --.. 8, 989, 789 Nonpostal services_. eran 28, 434, 441 The only special service—postal savings— that pays its own way showed a profit of $2,412,982. Certain unassignable transactions resulted in revenues of $28,938,800. These “unas- signable” items consist of such things as re~ ceipts from box rents, fines and penalties, ‘ unpaid money orders more than a year old, and post route map sales. (Source: Cost- ascertainment report for fiscal 1949.) 8. Total postal income for fiscal 1949 equaled $1,571,896,442. Total expenditures amounted to $2,122,980,800 (both figures un- audited). Operating loss therefore amounted to $551,084,3858. (Source: Cost-ascertain- ment report for fiscal 1949.) Item: Comparison of postal operating loss with appropriations and revenues of other Government agencies: Annual Miscella- appropria- | neous re- Deficit tion, 1950 ceipts, 1949 ara oa mea | 8937, 413 |$101, 306, 340 “+ % /130,688, 928 |'450, 520, o19 8, 039, 026 | 667, 582, 376 73, 338, 607 256, 360, 297 | 474, 968, 310 Agneuiture... Source: Library of Congress, Economics Section, Apr, 18, 1050, Item: An analysis of the above figure dis- closes that the Post Office Department pays more than two-thirds of its own way. None of the other agencies shown come close to that margin, 4, Totals on mail handled in fiscal 1949: Pleces...------------------- 43, 555, 107, 766 Weight (pounds) ....-.-.... 11, 625, 209, 458 Special services_...._........ 906, 813, 143 (b) Increases in 1949 over 1948: Percent Pieces ...---.--- nee oo mo oom aon 8.13 Weight ....---....-.. jo tat oo ato ls Revenue —...- -- eee a Special services. Employment ..-.-.---.--- Source: Cost-ascertainment report for fis- cal 1949, 5. Estimates of increases in 1950 over'1949: Percent 1.380 Special services___.....--..-------.. w- 0.34 Item: Despite these estimated increases for 1950, plus Postmaster General Donaldson’s testimony that mail volume and postal re- ceipts have steadily increased each succeed- ing year for the past 10 years, it is estimated that employment in 1950 will show a decrease APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of 1.88 percent. (Source: All figures, cost- ascertainment report for fiscal 1949, and Hearing Subcommittee, House Appropria- tions Committee, Jan. 16, 1950.) 6. Chart showing increase in productivity of employees: Pieces of mail Paid em- Fiscal ; ‘ per year of Piecec of mail | ployment : year an- paid em- (man-years) ployment 36, 318, 158, 366 430, 810 1947.2... 7, 427, 706, 174 439, 210 85, 216 1948.00. An’ en! 374) 2n7 453, 589 88, 804 y 482, 748 89, 870 478, 084 91, 932 480, 640 93, 750 1 Estimated. Source: Postmaster Genera’ ™---'ts-r?> *e~! mony before House Appropriations ‘ :° we 1050, On April 21, 1950, Congressman JoHn R, Wats, of Indiana, introduced House Reso- lution 547, which calls for a sweeping in- vestigation of the Post Office Department. At the time of the introduction, Congress. man WatsH issued a statement containing far-reaching implications. Since the state- ment refers specifically to H. R. 2945, the postage-rate bill presently under considera- tion by this committee, and the drastic cur- tailment of postal services, I desire to place it in the record at this point: “Yesterday I served notice that today I would introduce a House resolution to au- thorize and direct a sweeping investigation of the scandalous situation existing in the Post Office Department, particularly with ref- erence to the subsidies and overpayments made by the Department to railroads for transportation of the mails. “I have caused the introduction of the House resolution referred to; it is House Resolution 547. “In my statement of yesterday, I called at- tention to the deplorable condition wherein the Post Office Department pays double transportation charges for space purchased from the railroads, out of postal appropria- tions, for the transmission of the mails. Postmaster General Donaldson testified as much before a Committee of the House of Representatives on March 7 of last year. “In hearings before the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, on H, R, 2945— which had for its purpose a readjustment of postal rates, the following colloquy took place: “Mr. Hacen. At that point let me ask this question: Has any survey been made recently as to what percentage of the actual paid-up space that is used in railway cars—and I understand it is on a cubic-foot basis— is used on the average run? In other words, we now pay the railroads, as I understand it, for the baggage cars for mail and the mail cars, so much per cubic foot on each railroad run, and we pay for that space re- gardless of whether there is 1 sack or 100 sacks, and some days it is more and some days less. Has amy survey been made to show the average amount of usable space that has been used on these various runs over a period of time?’ “Postmaster General Donaldson made the forewing reply to Congressman HaGEn’s in- “ "Yes, Mr. Hacen, there is a difference of pay to railroads. In other words, I think what you are talking about is space pur- chased by full cars or storage cars, or what not. That is different from the regular RPO line, the lines in which railway postal clerks operate. “Now, with reference to the space for transporting mails by full-car lots or by 15 feet or 30 feet or 45 feet, or what not, I think
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD that our investigation indicated that we used about half of the space that we paid for. Tinder the law, if we transport a carload of mail from New York City to San Francisco, we pay for that so much per foot per mile, go to speak, and then we pay for the return movement of the car, whether we use it or not. There is far more mail moving west than there is mail moving back.’ “Tt might add in this connection that an investigation on the basis of cost ascertain- ment figures in 1946 indicated that the Post Office Department paid for 580,462,152,219 cubic foot miles for the transportation of mails, and actually carried only 323,677,344,- 195 cubic foot miles of non-local surface mails. This indicates that 44.24 percent of space was paid for but not used. “Now here we find an administrator who testifies before a congressional committee that his Devertmert contracts with the rail- roads Ior sc much storage space, uses only half of it and, mind you, pays for the total amount contracted for with the taxpayers’ money. This same administrator, on April 18, issued drastic curtailment orders reducing delivery service in the Post Office Department to such an extent that it will mean a reduc- tion in force of a minimum of 10,000 employees. One can only surmise that empty box cars are more important than human beings. “Tt should like to invite attention to the apparent policy pursued by the Post Office Department with respect to payments for service furnished by railroads transporting the mails. The policy adopted gives no consideration or, at best, very little to the taxpayer. “On February 14, 1946, William V. Griffin and Hugh William Purvis, receivers for the Georgia & Florida Railroad, were suing the United States Government. The case was heard in the United States Court of Claims. John Hardy, General Superintendent, Rail- way Mail Service, Post Office Department, was on the stand. Under oath, he declared: “‘T might add that the most—probably the determining factor in my decision was the fact that the railroad company pleaded that we continue the service because of the finan- cial benefits that were accruing to the rail- road, and that has been one of the policies of the Department, that in considering any cur- tailment or discontinuance of rail service, is to first make inquiry of the railroad company as to what effect upon the finances of the operation of their railroad any such curtail- ment would have, and we are invariably gov- erned in our decision by the plea of the rail- road in response to our inquiry.’ “During this same litigation, Mr. Hardy was asked the following question by Mr. Stern: “Question 19. Have you had occasion to deal with and compare the rates for your service and railway express service?’ “Mr. Hardy replied: “Well, all large railroads have what is known as managers of the mail and express traffic. The majority of those employees are former employees of the Post Office Depart- ment, railway mail service, and in my posi- tion we have almost daily contact with these managers of mail and express traffic, and from frequent conversations with those railroad representatives I can positively state that the railroads value the mail traffic greater than the express traffic; that is that they consider that their revenue from mail traffic in consideration of what is furnished for the Post Office Department as compared with that which is furnished the express company brings them a greater return.’ “Mr. Donaldson has stated that the Post Office Department used ‘about half the space that was paid for.’ From the evidence at hand, that might well be described as an un- derstatement. Mr. Peter J. Schardt, chair- XCVI—App.—215 man of the Committee on Railway Mail Transportation, is quoted in the November 20, 1948, issue of the Railway Age, in an ar- ticle entitled ‘What Future For Mail Reve- nue?’ as follows: “Mail traffic is not evenly balanced; it is heavier going south and west than north and east. The unbalance, moreover, Varies sharply on different roads. The ratio of loaded mail space to total mail space au- thorized varies from 98.9 percent on one big class I road, down to 57.9 percent on another.’ “It is my firm conviction that the entire question of postal subsidies should be thor- oughly investigated. Railroads are not the only ones to benefit by subsidies at the ex- pense of the taxpayers. Let me show what @ waste of taxpayers’ funds is going on in the air industry under the pious name of postal subsidies. House Document No, 1242, Survey and Study of the Postal Service, Pre- liminary Report, January 15, 1948, page 6, reported: “Tn paying the airmail subsidy, the Post Office Department is called upon to finance inefficient management, parties, hotel suites, entertainment, excessive public-relations costs, and to finance competition between existing scheduled carriers.’ “Getting back to the railroads, the state- ment has been made that the Postmaster General has no control over rail rates. That is true only in part. It is true that the In- terstate Commerce Commission has the right to determine the rate to charge per unit, but the Postmaster General determines how many units are to be purchased. In a hearing on S. 1596 before the Senate Post Office and Civil Service Committee on May 27, 1949, Frank J, Delany, Solicitor of the Post Office Department, pointed out: “In other words, we prescribe the service; the Commission—the Commission figures how much it costs the carriers and fixes the rates, also figures the mechanics, whether the rate is to be calculated in terms of space as provided by the Railway Mail Pay Act, or weight, the old weight system, but noth~- ing about directing the Postmaster General in his determination as to what service he requires or how often he requires it, or whether he wants it on a one-way basis or a@ round-trip basis.’ “On more than one occasion the Post- master General has stated in effect that his is an untenable position with respect to fees paid railroads for the transportation of mails. As I pointed out above, that is only half true. “Frere is another interesting aspect of this question. Page 23 of the report on the Post Office appropriation bill for 1949 carried the following: “ ‘Special contracts with railroads are au- thorized by statute for transportation of mails where the Postmaster General believes special conditions warrant higher rates. Testimony reveals that there were six such special contracts in effect as of July 1, 1947, providing for an annual increase over regular rates in amount of $111,763. The committee questions the necessity for such special con~ tracts, and desires that the Department undertake a survey to determine the possi- bility of their discontinuance.’ “T understand that these preferential con- tracts are still in effect, despite the recom- mendation of the committee. It is inter- esting to point out the swiftness with which the Postmaster General complied with the recommendation of the House Appropria- tions Committee this year with respect to looking for economies by a reduction in services that would not be a hardship or in- convenience to the general public. The Postmaster General, in my opinion, went much further than the recommendations of the committee implied. “T might also say that the Postmaster Gen- eral under the law has authority to negotiate A3405 with railroads for more favorable rates; this authority has not been used to secure fa- vorable rates where a competitive situation exists. This is exactly opposite to the policy followed by the Department where small con~ tractors are involved. As a matter of fact, the Department encourages cutthroat com- petition among letter carriers on so-called mounted routes where the difference in their contract bid is seldom more than a few paltry dollars. “The resolution I have introduced will in- vestigate these unhealthy conditions and bring about corrective action to the end that legitimate rates will be determined for legiti- mate services performed by the railroads, the airlines, and the steamships. If the Congress in its wisdom decides that these agencies re- quire help from the Federal Government through subsidies, then I am sure they will give consideration to that question. I do hope that any subsidies authorized will be distinctly separated from payments for ac- tual services performed so that these subsi- dies will not be charged against the oper- ating cost of the Post Office Department. “I invite support of my resolution. Some- thing must be done to save the postal service and the American taxpayer from the horrible situation which exists today.” On April 24 President William Green, of the American Federation of Labor, issued a timely statement relative to the drastic ac- tion taken by the Postmaster General. I re- spectfully request that his statement be in~ cluded at this point in my testimony. It reads: “AFL President William Green today called for a congressional investigation of the Post- master General’s recent order drastically cur- tailing the Nation’s mail delivery service. “«This order, Mr. Green said, ‘will cripple the postal system and severely handicap busi- ness which must depend upon prompt and efficient mail service. In the name of econ- omy it will cost the American people many millions of dollars. At a time when unem- ployment is becoming serious it will throw many thousands of additional employees out of work. . “The American Federation of Labor will demand an investigation by Congress of this unwise and unnecessary blow at our vital postal service. “‘TIsn’t it ridiculous to spend huge sums of Government money to develop high-speed mail transportation by air only to have the mail held up by horse-and-buggy delivery on the ground? “<Tf the Post Office Department is so anx- ious to make a better bookkeeping showing and wipe out an alleged operating deficit, why doesn’t it eliminate wasteful expendi- tures to railroads for hauling empty mail cars across the continent and for hauling mail back and forth because of lack of stor- age at terminal points? “The Postmaster General’s order is equiv- alent to saving a few drops at the bung while wasting gallons at the spigot. The tradi- tional policy of the postal system has always been service above all. That policy must be maintained to protect our national economy. Congress should move at once to investigate the Postmaster General's penny-pinching order which would nullify that policy.’” The annual report of the Postmaster Gen- eral for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1944, page 58, carried this most illuminating statement by Postmaster General Frank C. Walker: “The postal service should not be used as @ revenue-producing agency. It should be conducted as an organization for service only. The rates and fees for each class of mail and each spectal service should be generally sufficient to pay its cost of handling. When the operations of the postal service show a surplus it means that the public is not only
A3406 paying for the service which it buys, but in addition is paying a tax. When the postal service operations show a deficit it means that there are hidden subsidies which must be met out of the general taxes. Where there are deficits in any branch of the serv- ice, postal rates and fees should be increased on the class of mail or special service that is being handied at a loss, unless preferen- tial rates are authorized by Congress for sore special class of mail or service. In suwh cases the rates and fees for cther services should be sufficient to absorb any Icss.” On Monday, December 3, 1945, Jesse M. Donaldson, then First Assistant Postmaster General, participated in this most interest- ing colloquy, Which appears commencing on page 78 cf the printed hearings bofore the subcommittee of the Committee on Appro- prictions, House of Representatives, Seventy~ I C+ 41¢ . second session, on the Post Office Department appropriation bill for 1947: “Mr, Luptow. Since when? “Mr. Donanpson. Over the last year. At the present time correspondence with refer- ence to Public Law 134, which was effective July 1, has thrown us in arrears approxi- mately 60 days in most of the bureaus, in replying to the correspondence. “READJUSTMENT OF FIELD SERVICE “The readjustment of our field service has also increased our correspondence. Of course you all knew that during the war the postal service was greatly dislocated; there was migration of people to certain points where it was necessary to handle a large volume of mail. And the readjustment of the service due to curtailment in the city delivery serv- ice as well as other functions of the postal service during the war are now problems that we have to adjust. People have been patient during the war with the poor service we have been rendering. Since the removal of restric- tions on a great many things, especially ra- tioning, we have been receiving a great clamor for restoration of two trips by carriers and for more service in the post office than we have been giving. It is going to be absolutely necessary to readjust this service, and that is increasing the correspondence in the depart- ment, “And then we have the problem of the re- turning veterans and reduction of personnel in post offices incident to the returning vet- erans, which increases our correspondence, It is very alarming to us in the head office be- cause of the fact we do not have enough em~ ployees, especially experienced employees, to handle this volume of work incident to mak- ing replies to letters from postmasters and from Members of Congress, which are being delayed as much as 80 days—in some in- stances 60 days. It creates a problem that we cannot cope with unless we get more per-~ sonnel.” “RESTORATION OF CERTAIN SERVICES “Mr. LupLow. Mr. Donaldson, you have made an observation and I would like to make one, You spoke of the clamor for the restora- tion of service; that is to say, I assume, largely mail delivery service which was sus- pende'l in certain instances during the war. There are many places, I take it, that have only in recent years had one delivery a day in residential districts, particularly outlying districts that formerly before the war had two deliveries a day; and they have gotten more or less used to one delivery. What is the necessity of going back to the two-de- livery service? “Mr, Donatpson. Mr. Chairman, it is nota question of giving the patrons in the city two deliveries a day so much as it is the question of getting the large volume of mail out of the post office and maintaining the schedule of earriess and of giving the patron a delivery at about the same time each day. You can- not make a storehouse of the post office, and where you have one-trip carrier routes in post offices, the patrons are golng to get their mail later in the day with no reasonable reg- ularity of schedule of the carriers which re~ sults in curtailment of service even on the one trip. “Mr. Koppremann. This is probably what it would do: Newspapers are not taken on the first delivery as a rule, and people would like to get their newspapers in time more than their ordinary maul. “Mr, DonwaLpson. We would have another thing, Mr, Kopplemann: Many of the trains arriving at the large city stations arrive in the morning, and it is impossible for the post Office to distribute that mail and get it to the carricr to take cut on his first trip. The trains coming to Washington at 7 o’clock in the morning may bring 700 to 1,000 pouches of mail, and you cannot expect to distribute all of that mail to carriers for their first trip if they leave at 8 o’clock and that would mean only cne trip and this mail would be left in the post office until the next morning, “Mr. Luptow. Suppose the trips were made later in the day could not that requirement then be met? “Mr. Donazpson. No; you must keep the mail moving through the post office to keep it from accumulating as trains arrive, and outgoing mail must be kept moving in order to maintain the schedule of distribution. “There are some places, yes, where we never did give more than one delivery, and perhaps they will not get more than one delivery now, You might call these the suburban routes, so to speak, and the volume of mail and the patronage are not so heavy, but in residential districts, in large cities. These two deliv- erles must be made in the residential sec- tions if we are to maintain the service. “Mr. Lupiow. Is it your thought that it is in the public interest, therefore, to restore the two deliveries to all the services that have been limited to one delivery during the war? “Mr. Donatpson. As far as we can efficlent~ ly do so, we should, “Mr, Luptow. Just as an off-hand cornfield opinion it seems to me that where people have become accustomed to one delivery they would be reconciled to one delivery, and it would result in a large saving of money. “Mr, DoNnaLpson, It is not so much the saving of money—— “Mr. Luptow. I defer to your superior knowledge of the postal service. “Mr. DonaLpson. It is not so much, Mr. Chairman, the necessity of having the car- rier reaching the patron’s house twice a day as it is to keep the mail moving out of the post office. In many residential sections throughout the country the delivery of mail js going to be 24 hours late; it is not going to be delivered until the next morning, much of the mail which should have been delivered today. “Mr. KOPpPLEMANN. That would require ad- ditional clerical help in the post office to handle the mail due to the fact of its laying over in the post Office. “Mr. Donaupson. It would impede the dis- tribution in the post office.” This is the language used by the late Rob- ert E. Hannegan in the annual report of the Postmaster General for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1946, page 4: “During the past 100 years the financial ideal sought by the management of the postal establishment, which has been to make the institution substantially self-sus- taining, has rarely been achieved, and then APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD usually during war years. The service ideal as differentiated from the financial has been, as it always should be, held paramount, In the development of our country, in the furtherance of social improvement, and in the fostering of business enterprise, the long- time policy of Congress and the Post Office le “r-ent has been to recognize that serv- 2 . . ‘% provided and extensions made even though the costs far exceed the reve- nues cbtained.” Twenty years ago Congress enacted the Kelly pestsi-pclicr law (S9 U. S. C. 793), which csuv..lcd a definite method of pro- cedure on postal ficcal transacticns. That measure remains on the statute books today and is intended to serve as a yardstick for all Postmasters General. For reasons uncx- plained, recent annual reports of the Post. master General have not reflected the cred- its authorized by the Kelly Postal Policy Act. The law reads: “PROVISIONS OF THE KELLY LAW (39 U.S.C, 792) “Sec. 798. Classification of extraordinary expenditures contributing to deficiency of postal revenues: certification to Secretary of Treasury and to Comptroller General: The Postmaster General shall certify to the Secre- tary of the Treasury and to the Comptroller General of the United States, respectively, as soon as practicable after the end of each fiscal year, the following: “(a) The estimated amount which would have been collected at regular rates of post- age on matter mailed during the year by officers of the Government (other than those of the Post Office Driv i.e 1 under the penalty privilege, mec usa: * vert. try fees; “(b) The estimated amount which would have been collected at regular rates of post- age on matter mailed during the year by (1) Members of Congress and (2) other under the franking privilege; “(c) The estimated amount which would have been collected during the year at regu- lar rates of postage on publications going free in the county; “(d) The estimated amount which would have been collected at regular rates of post- age on matter mailed free to the blind during the year; “(e) The estimated difference between the postage revenue collected during the year on mailings of newspapers and periodicals published by and in the interests of reli- gious, educational, scientific, philanthropic, agricultural, labor, and fraternal organiza- tions, and that which would have been col- lected at zone rates of postage; “(f£) The estimated excess during the year of the cost of aircraft service over the post- age revenues derived from air mail; and “(g) The estimated amount paid during the year to vessels of American registry for carrying the ocean mail in excess of what would have been paid at pound rates if car- ried in vessels of foreign registry. “And the amounts so certified shall be sep- arately classified on the books of the Treas- ury Department and the General Accounting Office, respectively, in stating the expendi- tures made from the appropriation to supply the deficiency of postal revenues (June 9, 1930, ch. 418, 46 Stat. 523).” There follow herewith two accurate charts which prove conclusively that during the 20- year period 1930-49 the excess of expendi- tures over receipts in postal operation amounted to a total of $510,781,269, or an average annual deficit of $25,539,064. The compilation is taken from each succeeding annual report of the Postmaster General commencing with the year ended June 30, 1930: ,
Cost ascertainment report Year Revenues Expenditures Surplus Deficit Revenues Expenditures Surplus Deficit $706, 492, 179 $804, 940, 961 $98, 448, 782 $813, 836, 289 $840, 799, 971 $26, 963, 682 657, 348, 089 803, 393, 288 146, 545, 199 866, 666, 845 878, 492) 031 11, 825, 186 8, 957, 663 795, 843) 494 206, 885, , 297, 289 964, 802, 737 + 334, 588, 342, 737 698, 350, 0 110, 007, 292 1, 131, 793, 140 | 1, 094, 025, 112 87, 768, 028 587, 537, 068 641, 908, 783 54, 461, 715 1, 814, 240, 1382 L 151, 598, 043 162, 642, 089 |.~. on 681, 819, 342 701, 621, 095 89, 801, 753 4, 224, 572,173 | 1,372, 655, 008 148, 082, 835 666, 789, 415 757, 764, 912 90, 975, 497 1, 209, 141,041 | 1, 562, 508, 673 263, 367, 632 727, 339) 741 772, 043, 802 44, 704, 061 1, 410, 971, 284 | 1,719, 943, 289 808, 972, 005 730, 031, 184 774, 728, 5389 44, 697, 405 1, 571, 851, 202 2 122, 980, 730 551, 129, 528 747, 066, 378 787, 393, 473 Joe. 40, 827, 095 a 768, 015, 327 810, 240, 688 42, 225, 359 | Total......-..| 17, 999, 038, 468 | 20, 057, 214, 656 201, 744, 669 2, 259, 920, 857 Net loss, $2,215,846,189, Year Revenues | Expenditures Kelly law Surplus Deficit Year Revenues $708, 492,179 | $804, 940,961 | $39, 669, 718 $58, 779, 064 $813, 836, 289 857, 348, 089 808, 893, 288 48, 047,308 |... 98, 497, 891 866, 686, 845 588, 957,663 | 795, $43, 494 , 304, 158, 581, 408 986, 227, 289 588, 342, 737 698, 350, 029 61, 691, 287 48,316, 005 1, 181, 793, 140 587, 537, 068 641, 998, 783 66, 628, 180 |$12, 161, 415 |-..-.---.-..-. 1,314, 240, 132 631, 819, 342 701, 621, 095 74, 765,902 | 4, 964) 149 |iww---- eee 1, 224, 572, 178 666, 789, 415 757, 764, 912 74, id 329 |.-...-.---.- 16, 973, 168 1, 299, 141, 041 727, 339, 741 772, 043, 802 57, 347, 800 | 12, 643, 739 1, 410, 971, 284 730, 081, 134 774, 728, 539 48, 110, 226 | 4,412, 821 1, 571, 851, 202 747, 066, 378 787, 893, 473 85, 374,890 | 14, 547, 795 [————$__—_—— 768, 015,327 | 810,240,686 | 60, 834,394 | 18, 609, 085 Total_.|17, 999, 038, 468 Kelly law credits Deficit Surplus Expenditures $840, 799,971 | $58, 837, 470 878, 492, 031 78, 916, 128 964, 892,738 | 122,343, 916 1,094, 025,112 | 126, 639, 650 1, 151, 598,043 | 116, 198, 782 1,372, 655,008 | 100, 246, 983 $47, 835, 852 1, 562, 508, 673 92, 198, 225 171, 169, 407 1, 719, 948, 280 96, 222, 339 212, 749, 666 2, 122, 980,730 | 120, 118, 663 |- 20, 057, 214, 656 1, 547, 493, 900 431, 010, 865 728, 230, 700 | 1, 239, 004, 326 Note.—No cost ascertainment report, Net loss, 1930-49 (20 years), $510,773,6: Average per year, $25,538, 681, Heretofore the National Association of Letter Carriers has never taken a position relative to any pending legislation having for its purpose either increasing or decreas- ing postage rates, Historically, this associa- tion has supported the service ideal, believ- ing that the American people are entitled to the best postal service on the face of the earth. It is utterly ridiculous to expect the American people to pay higher postage rates for an inferior brand of postal service. In view of the foregoing, the National Associa- tion of Letter Carrlers withholds its approval of H. R. 2945, the pending postage rate in- crease bill. Postal employee morale has reached an all-time low. Not even the vaunted hydro- gen bomb could have done more damage in shattering the faith and confidence of these loyal hard-working employees in the field service of the Post Office Department. In the name of Almighty God and human decency, I ask the Congress of the United States to compel the Postmaster General to rescind his devastating orders of April 18. Immediate favorable action by this distin- guished committee on Senate Resolution 261 and Senate bill 3450 will accomplish that laudable objective. Washington County (Ark.) PMA Annual Report for 1949 EXTENSION OF REMARKS oF HON. JAMES W. TRIMBLE OF ARKANSAS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, May 9, 1950 Mr. TRIMBLE. Mr. Speaker, under the direction of Ensel M. Coleman, L. EB. Maupin, W. Shannon Pharr, Calvin F. Holcomb, Dave Barnett, and Lee L. Wil- liams, the Washington County Produc- tion and Marketing Administration Com- mittee is doing a fine job for soil conser- Figures taken from annual report of Postmaster General, vation, water conservation, and protec- tion of their forests. As an example of the good work which they are doing, I wish to insert their annual report for 1949: ANNUAL Report, 1949, or PRODUCTION AND MARKETING ADMINISTRATION AGRICULTURE CONSERVATION PROGRAM IN ‘WASHINGTON County : INTRODUCTION This report is an effort to give a better understanding of the purpose and accom~ plishments of the farm programs adminis- tered by the Washington County Committee of the Production and Marketing Adminis- tration. The purpose of the agricultural conserva~ tion program is to achieve the greatest pos- sible protection and improvement of the soil, water, and woodland resources of Wash- ington County. It is a part of the Nation’s effort to assure an abundant supply of food, fiber, and forest products for all our people. The PMA program is a joint effort of all the people to conserve the natural resources of our farm land. The farmers contribute eash, labor, and equipment, which are sup- plemented by cash assistance to encourage additional conservation. This program en- ables everyone to bear a part of the expense of conservation which until a few years ago was borne by the farmer alone. In behalf of Washington County farmers, we wish to express our appreciation to those who have helped to make the PMA program @ success. We invite your cooperation in future years. WaSHINGTON CoUNTY PMA COMMITTEE, W. SHANNON, PHaRR, Chairman, Catvin F. Hoicoms, Vicé Chairman. Lrz L. Witrams, Member. FOREWORD No man ever really owns a piece of land. This simple fact, which should become more and more obvious as generations come and gO, is still the very root of our conservation problems, The owner of land often feels that land is his, that he can use it, plant it or remake it in any way he sees fit. But, in more serious moments, he can see how little truth there is in such a belief. How presump-~- tuous his self-styled “ownership” really is. The land was here long before our fore- fathers lived. It will be here long after our bones have gone to dust. At best, we are only custodians. Yes, we have a deed, and the title Is in our name. But, really all it conveys to us are a few rights before the law. We can erect a fence, keeping others off. The land becomes ours to use—either for making a living, building a home, or for purely recreational purposes, or numerous other uses. We can, of course go a bit farther than that. We might cut down all of the trees and sell them. We might even sell off the topsoil. Regardless of how we use or abuse this piece of land, it will be here for ages to come, Dozens of other “owners” will follow us, each thinking of the land as his, and his only. But the tenure of each is but a fleet- ing moment across the face of time. As “owners,” the worst that’ any of us can do is to destroy the productive capacity of the land. A farmer does that when he lets the soil on his hillside erode, or when he allows the gullies to carve his best field into useless pieces. Here we not only damage the land and make it ugly to look upon, but even worse, we injure the chances of our children to make a living, and their children after them. Ig fewer of us were to look at land as merely a commodity to buy and sell, and if more of us saw it for the precious heritage that it is—one entrusted to our keeping for only a brief moment, we would be ready to make gigantic strides toward real conser- vation. ORGANIZATION The PMA programs in Washington County ere open to all farmers in the county and each one is invited to participate regardless of the size, type or location of farm. This program is Government-farmer coop- eration in the field. Congress makes appro- priations to assist farmers in carrying out
A3408 needed soil and water conservation practices. Money appropriated is allocated to States on the basis of needs. The assistance repre- sents a public investment in the mainte- mance and restoration of our soil, and so forth, The PMA programs provide for a national program under the direction of farmer- elected farmer committees. With farmer- elected farmer committees directing the pro- gram the public is assured of getting the most for the money spent. Farmers acquainted with local needs and conditions see that money appropriated is used on practices adapted to the county. The Production and Marketing Adminis- tration program is not only concerned with the needs of individual farmers but with the needs of the Nation. When the fertility of our farms is restored and maintained, the public can be assured of better quality prod- ucts. We all depend on agriculture for the necessities of life and have a vital interest in maintaining its productivity. Farmers in 1949 continued to build on what has been done in 17 years of PMA programs. These programs, as before will be open to every farmer and on every farm and all are eligible to share in the assistance offered. The program‘is voluntary and is available to farmers to help carry on a pros- perous agriculture on a share-the-cost basis. The FMA program is planned, developed and administered by farmer committeemen who are elected annually by their farmer-neigh- bors. Each year county and community com- mitteemen are elected to serve during the following calendar year. The county com- mittee, composed of three regular and two cultural programs dealing directly with alternate members, is responsible for ad- ministering the PMA and other related agri- cultural programs dealing directly with farmers in the county. Community com- mitteemen are elected to represent about 50 farms each and assist county committees in administering the program in their com- munities, This nonpartisan farmer-elected committeemen set-up is the heart of the farm program and has proven effective in developing and administering the program. In addition, this organization administers the price-support program of the Commodity Credit Corporation, marketing quotas, and production adjustments. The PMA program is farmer-developed and planned with the assistance of technically trained personnel from the PMA and all other agricultural agencies and organizations. Recommenda- tions for programs are developed by farmers in county and community meetings each year. In addition to farmers, representatives of the agricultural agencies are invited to attend these planning meetings, These rec- ommendations are made in such a way that they help, not only the individual farm and farmer, but the community and State and add to the over-all programs. Leadership in developing county suggestions is furnished by a farmer-elected committee and through them are channeled the knowledge and ex- perience of producers as to the needs in the individual county and community. County recommendations for practices are submit- ted to the state PMA committee which in turn studies the recommendations in rela- tion to national needs and advice from a state technical advisory committee com- posed of representatives of the college of agriculture experiment stations and tech- nicians of other agricultural agencies. The practices adopted by the State committee are forwarded to Washington USDA officials and when approved become the practices for which assistance will be furnished. After practices for the State as a whole are ap- proved, each county committee selects the practices which are best adapted to the county. Individual plans are developed for each farm whereby the most effective use can be made of the programs. These plans, made at the beginning of each program year, enable each farmer to take into considera~ tion the availability of labor, equipment, materials and the farmer’s ability to carry on his farming operations for the best in- terest for all individuals. Assistance in exe- cuting individual farm plans is furnished by farmer committeemen. This planned assist- ance to farmers makes PMA funds more effec~ tive and makes assistance of other agencies more effective. COMMUNITY COMMITTEEMEN BY TOWNSHIPS Brush Creek and Goshem: Charles H. Bragg, Lee Culwell, route 1, Elkins; Jack Coger, Douglas Stone, Lloyd Cate, route 2, Springdale. Prairie: John A. Dean, route 1, Fayette~ ville; James E. Walker, route 6, Fayetteville; Olen Lacey, route 7, Fayetteville; Noah Smith, route 1, Fayetteville. Durham and White River: Ben Hicks, Hicks; Orville Brink, Durham; Henry C. Thompson, Hicks; Sam J. Trammell, route 5, Fayetteville; Robert C. Vaught, Hicks. Lee’s Creek and Crawford: William J. Caudle, route 1, Winslow; Dess M. Chandler, route 1, Fayetteville; Fred Doyle, Edward W. Koch, Floyd Hayes, route 1, Winslow. Elm Springs and Tontitown: Jack Taldo, John I. Smith, route 1, Springdale; Louis Fontinell, Box 52, Springdale; James Finn, route 8, Springdale. Springdale: Earl E. White, route 3, Spring- dale; Horace W. Cloer, route 2, Springdale; Leslie Poe, route 3, Springdale; Arlie W. Luttrell, Roy E. Lowe, route 2, Springdale. Wyman and Richland: Verd Shofner, route 1, Elkins; Bruce E. Parker, route 5, Fayette- ville; Homer King, Elkins; Sam Oliphant, route 5, Fayetteville; Brnert HE. Maguire, route 7, Fayetteville. Winslow and Reed: Frank J. Skelton, Arnett; R. F. Morrison, route 1, Winslow; Lambert A. Porter, route 2, Winslow; Adam E. Reed, route 1, Winslow; Hubert Robbins, Hazel Valley. Greenland and West Fork: Opie K. Volen- tine, route 2, West Fork; David L. Burnett, L. Dave Cowan, Greenland; George Stan-~ berry, Ernest Pitts, route 2, West Fork. Litteral, Johnson and Harmon: Aquilla A. Swagerty, route 2, Fayetteville; Arthur A. Cassat, Johnson; James H. Lawson, route 4, Fayetteville; Joe S. Reed, route 4, Spring- dale; Ross Mitchell, route 1, Springdale. Center and Wheeler: Claude D. Blew, route 4, Fayetteville; Roland R. Luther, route 6, Fayetteville; Floyd Blew, Farmington; Charles E, Bertsch, route 1, Farmington; Otis McCall, Sr., route 3, Fayetteville. Marrs Hill and Rheas Mill: John G. Bu- chanan, Gilbert Whitmire, Lloyd Hullet, route 3, Prairie Grove; Cecil L. Thompson, route 1, Lincoln; Benton Wray, Jr., route 4, Fayetteville. Price and Starr Hill: Powell C. Williams, George Therneau, route 2, Lincoln; Elmer E, Steider, Lincoln; Claud D. Griscom, route 1, Lincoln; Charles A. Elms, Summers. Boston and Morrow: Junius C. Duckett, Paul R. Cox, Cecil F. Remington, Rufus H. Seay, Ray Kidd, route 1, Cane Hill. Prairie Grove and Valley: Tom B. Bell, route 1, Prairie Grove; Dean Ramsey, Prairie Grove; Martin Shofner, route 3, Prairie Grove; Ernest N. Yell, route 1, West Fork; Frank Garrett, Prairie Grove. Wedington and Illinois: H. L. Gilbreath, route 1, Summers; Robert H. Pasley, Roy EH. Spears, Summers; Ralph C. Davis, route 4, Fayetteville; Elmer Ezell, Summers, Cane Hill and Cove Oreek: William K. Jones, box 6, Cane Hill; Otis Quinton, route 1, West Fork; Tom H. Mourning, route 1, Prairie Grove; Robert L. Kidd, route 2, Lin-~ coln; Lacy F. Cox, Clyde. Dutch Mills and Vineyard: Luther D. Leach, W. Adolph Whelchel, Charles T. Gold~ man, Evansville; F. L. Eversole, Dale Rich- ardson, Dutch Mills. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD” COUNTY COMMITTEEMEN Ww. Shannon Pharr, Lincoln. Calvin F. Holcomb, route 3, Springdale. Lee L. Williams, route 7, Fayetteville. Dave L. Burnett, Greenland. Lincoln E. Maupin, Prairie Grove. COUNTY OFFICE PERSONNEL County administrative officer: Coleman, Fayetteville. Chief clerk: Pearl C. Young, Fayetteville. Principal clerk: Sarah J. Hankins, Fayette- ville. Clerk: Anita Cox, Fayetteville. Clerk: Hilda N. Goldman, Fayetteville. PMA PROGRAMS IN WASHINGTON COUNTY Soil- and water-conservation program The total land in the 5,293 farms in Wash- ington County is 491,885 acres, cropland 224,498 acres, noncrop open-pasture land is 71,846, and 13,830 acres of commercial or- chard. County data for 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, and 1949 Eusel M. Farms] PMA | Farmers Year in assist- | contribut- Worth to county} ance ed county $118, 528 | $378,196 | $2, 698, 207 117, 115 368, 912 2, GH7, 234 119, 728 377, 148 2, 726, 744 58, 055 182, §73 1, 322, 172 111, 544 351, 363 2, 540, 354 5-year total.|......-. 524,970 | 1,653, 487 | 11, 954, 711 Assistance for all farms: Each farm in Washington County is offered the same as- sistance per cropland acre. In addition ta the assistance, the PMA committee have been able to pool the individual farm plans and through local merchants’ willingness to cooperate, made it possible to enter into fair price agreements and get lime delivered to the farm and spread at $3.50 per ton and 20 percent phosphate at $29.00 per ton, and pond vendors to build farm ponds. Restoration of depleted minerals in the soil is not only a conservation measure, but @ health measure which results in better nutrition. The application of superphos- phate, potash and limestone, which aid in plant growth rich in body-building minerals, is important, In 1949 farmers in Washington County ap- plied 7,452,146 pounds of 20 percent super- phosphate, 141,685 pounds of 50 percent pot- ash and 4,049 tons of limestone to eligible crops. Eligible crops include pastures, hay crops, green manure and cover crops, except small grains. Most of this went on hay and pasture crops for livestock. The public gains by having animal products produced on land not depleted in body-building minerals. These farmers provided not only a protective but a productive cover for 47,£09 acres of farm land by increasing a more vigorous growth of grasses and legumes for hay and pasture for livestock. In addition to the minerals used on Pas- tures, farmers either established additional] pasture or improved the acreage already in pasture by sodding 305 acres of Bermuda and seeding 294,017 pounds of adapted pasture grasses or legumes on 14,305 acres. Noxious weeds were controlled on 36,433 acres of es- tablished pasture by mowing. (Bulletin 485, May 1949, on pasture improvement for Arkan- sas Uplands.) This bulletin on a number test on pastures improved gives a gain of 300 pounds per acre. Taking this gain as an average for improved pasture, in 1949 the 14,- 305 acres of improved pasture in Washington County would be a gain in beef of 4,291,000 or at 20 cents per pound would add $85,820.00 on pasture improvement alone in the county. Controlling weeds on 36,433 acres of pas~ ture by mowing contributed to an increased production of pasture plants. Farmers in-~ terested in dairy and beef production realize
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD that good pastures are their cheapest source of feed, and also that good pasture forage of grasses and legumes assist in preventing ero-~ sion of the soil. An initial phase of any pas- ture-improvement program is to eliminate undesirable plants, brush, and sprouts from the pasture (bulletin 485, May 1949, on pas- ture improvement for Arkansas uplands). This sets out that results of 2 years’ grazing on two pastures is of value in determining the real value to be derived from mowing in a pasture-improvement program. The pas- ture mowed to control undesirable plants, produced 26 percent more grazing than did the pasture neglected or not mowed. An- other comparison may be drawn, that is the actual gain per acre made by the animals for the two pasture seasons. Animals on the mowed or weed-controlled pasture gained, on the average, 208 pounds per acre, while similar animals grazing on neglected or not mowed to control undesirable plants gained 1838 pounds per acre, an increase of 70 pounds, or 58 percent gain per acre in favor of the mowed pasture. Taking an average gain of 70 pounds per acre, this would equal 36,483 acres mowed times 70 pounds gain per acre would equal 2,550,000 pounds added peef at 20 cents per pound would equal $51,000 added increase in Washington Coun- ty for pasture mowing. The first step in planning a conservation program is the planning of a county-wide production program. The PMA county and community committeemen with the cooper- ation of educational and technical agricul- tural agencies agree on the primary items to be include, in the county production pro- gram are increased production of livestock, dairy, and poultry products together with increased per acre yields of peaches, apples, grapes, berries, vegetables, corn, hay, and small-grain crops. In order to meet production goals certain conservation needs must be met. The PMA committees have set a county goal of 15,000 acres of pasture to be devel- oped and improved in 1950. (Fourteen thousands acres of pasture were developed or improved in 1949.) The 1950 goal will re- quire 300,000 pounds of seed which will cost approximately $75,000; 3,000,000 pounds of phosphate which will cost $43,500; 30,000 tons of lime annually which will cost $105,- 000; approximately 500,000 pounds of potash annually which will cost approximately $12,500; and the mowing to control weeds approximately $15,000, or a total approxi- mate out-of-pocket cost to the farmer of $239,500. The total county allocation of ACP funds for all practices is $136,191, When the farmer out-of-pocket cost inci- dent to terracing stock ponds, cover crops, and other needed conservation practices is added to the $289,500, it can readily be seen that the taxpayer is contributing a very small part of the cost of conservation work accomplished, the results of which are reflected in the stability of income of every citizen of the county. Fifteen thousand acres of permanent pas- ture added can produce, for instance, 300 pounds of beef per acre or a total of 4,500,000 pounds of beef. At 20 cents per pound this will increase the gross farm income of Washington County by $900,000 per year. We PMA committees believe this to be a goal deserving the support of everyone. Ninety thousand acres need to be planted to legumes and cover crops annually in Washington County. We PMA committees have set a goal for 1950 to 10,000 acres of hairy vetch, 15,000 acres of small grain and ryegrass, and 15,000 acres of summer legumes. This acreage planned will require 150,000 pounds of vetch seed worth approximately $30,000; 300,000 pounds of lespedeza and cowpea seed worth approximately $30,000; 80,000 bushels small grain worth approxi- mately $38,000. Total® out-of-pocket cost $98,000 to seed 40,000 acres of orchard, vine- yards, and cropland. The increased produc- tion should be worth a minimum of $400,000 to say nothing of the potential production conserved, and added to the 40,000 acres. In 1949 21,000 acres were seeded. We think more seed will be available in 1950 and should get an increased acreage and reach the 40,000 acreage goal. Value of 1949 ACP practices in Washington County: A total of 125 farm ponds have been built in the county which averaged 954 cubic yards per pond. Farm ponds con- tribute a great deal in increased production of beef and dairy products and add several hundred dollars in value to the farm. Cost of an average farm pond in Washington County is approximately $155 for a 954-cubic- yard pond. The assistance is 8 cents per cubic yard or approximately $76 and the farmer pays the balance and stabilizes the dam and spillway with sod or other protec- tion. Farmers generally agree that ponds are worth millions to the farm in labor- saving and extra production. Farm ponds encourage development of pastures in fields that are not accessible to water otherwise. This practice particularly appeals to the businessman who has an isolated tract of land that would be useless if sufficient water was not available. Almost every section of the country frequently has dry spells that make it necessary to haul water for livestock. A good farm pond will prevent such incon- venience. Furthermore, farm ponds are valuable in many other ways. They supply water for fire protection, orchards, vineyards, and garden spray, fish production, recreation, waterfowl, and other wildlife. Farmers have built 791 farm ponds in Washington County with an average of 1,000 cubic yards per pond. In 1949, 250 acres of land was terraced. Had 1949 been a normal crop year an increase of 10 bushels of corn or 10 bushels of small grains per acre could have been expected. This extra production would have a value of $15 per acre or $3,750 for the 1949 crop to say nothing of the added real estate value of $3,000. Since 1936, 6,620 acres of land have been terraced in Washington County. Farm- ers agree that terraced land normally on an- nual basis produces 20 percent more crops than unterraced land and adds $15 per acre in real estate value. The assistance for pbuilding the 2,649,000 linear feet of terraces is $26,600, and it is agreed by farmers that it cost about $3 per 100 linear feet to build ter- races or a total cost of $79,370, of which the farmer’s out-of-pocket cost is $52,770. Price supports: Price supports for agricul- tural commodities enable farmers to receive @ more equitable price for their production in line with costs of operating their “manufac- turing plants.” Without price supports farmers are in the position of selling an en- tire year’s production in a few weeks on an open, glutted market. Through price-support operations such as loans, purchase agreements, or direct pur- chases at equitable levels, farmers are en- abled to market their products in a more orderly manner so as not to glut the market at harvest time and starve it at off-season time. This also tends to stabilize prices to consumers without wide fluctuations in con- sumer costs. , Price-supports are in effect on numerous commodities. Some have direct effect on prices of some commodities produced in Washington County such as apples and peaches, and others have indirect effect such as prices on milk, poultry, eggs, and hogs. Announced support prices for various com- modities place floors under prices farmers re~ ceive for their production although actual operation of the programs is not necessary - in the county. Although no direct purchases have been made of commodities in Washington County, the program was available. A3409 Peaches, apples, grapes, and berries: Pur- chase of fruits for use in the school-lunch program has been made on occasion in some sections of the State when the supply was such that the price was depressed below a fair level. No purchases were made in Wash- ington County but the availability of the program. had a beneficial effect on prices for local production. There are approximately 800 peach growers, 1,000 apple growers, 800 grape growers, 500 strawberry and blackberry growers, and 600 growers of plums, cherries, and pears that benefit from such programs. Poultry and eggs: Poultry prices have been supported indirectly without any pur- chases of local production. Prices received by farmers for eggs from local produce houses fluctuate with announced support prices. It has been estimated that there are 1,500 farm families in the county who sell eggs at some time during the year and 1,750 broiler growers producing approximately 12,000,000 broilers per year. Pork: Support of hog prices on Chicago and other markets have maintained prices of local hog markets without direct-support programs in the county. Although Wash- ington is not a hog-producing county there are approximately 500 farmers in the county who have marketed hogs during the year and have received indirect benefits from sup- port programs on pork. Storage facilities: Many loan programs are dependent upon storage of the commod- ity. Storage of commodities will also as- sist in orderly marketing operations. Com- mercial storage is available for cotton and grain and a few other crops on a limited scale but the big need is for farm storage. Loans are available to farmers at low-in- terest rates through approved local lending agencies or direct from the Government to finance storage structures. The difference in market price of some commodities at har- vest time and a few months later will pay for the cost of the storage structure in a few years. There is a need for more farm storage in Washington County and farmers are being encouraged to build more facili- ties. This program expires June 30, 1950. In addition to loans to farmers for con- struction of farm-storage facilities, there is @® program which guarantees payment for 75 percent of capacity of privately financed commercial-storage facilities for a period of 3 years. Information on farm-storage loans and commercial-storage guaranties may be ob- tained from the county PMA Office. Marketing quotas: Marketing quotas are used, in effect, to help distribute the avail- able market for a commodity among all pro- ducers, intended to provide mechanism for maintaining a sustained and ample produc- tion of the commodity at prices fair to farm- ers and consumers. Marketing quotas are not in effect on any crop in Washington County and have not been for a number of years; however, the present supply and an- ticipated production indicates that allot- ments and marketing quotas may be neces-. sary in the future. School-lunch program: The supervisor of Washington County schools reports that there are 30 schools operating school-lunch programs in Washington County with an average daily participation in the school- lunch program for the year of 4,400 pupils out of an average daily attendance of 7,200 pupils. The cost of operation of the school-lunch program in Washington County is $215,000 of. of which $50,000 is furnished by the Federal Government, a branch of the Production and Marketing Administration program, leaving $165,000 furnished by the schools and par- ticipants served in the county. During the year there are also about 55,000 free meals served by the program to underprivileged children.
A3410 The following surplus commodities in addi- tion to the $50,000 furnished by the Govern- ment school-lunch program have been fur- nished schceols in Washington County free except unloading and transportation charges: Apples, tomato paste, dried milk, butter, to- matces, sweetpotatoes, canned peaches, canned corn, Irish potatoes, dried eggs, pea- nut butter. The supervisor of Washington County schools states that the school-lunch program is a wonderful prcgram and that schools could not operate a modern lunch-room serv- ice without this assistance. United States Department of Agriculture county council: The Washington County PMA committee particirated in the United States Department of Agricullure county council to assist in coordinating programs between agencies. Crop insurance: Crop insurance is offered to counties on an experimental basis in eight counties in Arkansas. One county has multiple crop insurance cn a trial basis. Congress has set up provisions for including other counties for crop-insurance purposes and Washington County may be included in the future. Meetings held: A. Number meetings held during 1949: County committee_-_.-..-----_-------- 84 Community committee —. 16 Farmer meetings....-_--_---.--------~- 25 B. Contacts by county office and county and community committeemen, 20,500. Publicity: The farmers who performed this job of conservation on the farm, wish to thank those who have kept the problems of soil conservation before the public—editors of the county newspapers and managers of radio stations. To all newspaper editors go our thanks for the space given to this farm program, and to the management of radio stations our ap- preciation of radio programs during the year. Soil and water conservation practices carried out since beginning of program 20-percent phosphate... --- eae e ene nee Ground Hmestone... 50-percent potash... Mulching material_....-.---.-2---------------- ‘Winter legumes, green manure and cover crop. Summer legumes Terraces__-_ Stock ponds. Contour ridg’ Waterways-- Establishing p Mowing pasture-...--..- Ryeasrass_...----------.----5----2--+ Harvesting legume and grass seed. Contour farming...--..----...------ Small grain for cover or green manure. Alfalfa....--------.----------------- Inerease q camer worth to Estent jon county tion and | and citi- assistance zen neeenennne 49,119,760 pounds....| $778, 056 | $11, 822, 080 06,541 tons.....-.-.- 288, 66 1, 418, 340 209,065 pounds. 16, 302 180, 416 1,045 acres... 3, 136 12, 844 93,195 acres.__ $78, 251 4, 800, 255 297,924 acres... 1, 587, 812 6, 151, 248 463,159 linear 73, 404 734, 464 791 ponds. _.... 298, 628 2, 986, 280 15,601 linear feet , 164 12, 492 124 acres...---. 8, 810 35, 240 92,866 acres__- 797, 256 7,972, 560 132,382 acres... 148, 788 892, 548 70,190 acres__..- e-- 179, 844 719, 37 10,048 acres__---..... 193, 040 965, 200 6,107 acres....------- 7, 602 38, 010 137,289 pounds. .__-- 14, 016 56, 064 ~| 5,046 acres.__.-..22.. 74, 578 289, 312 wenneeeeee 16,142 acres__....---- 26, 259 78, 777 ae eee 5, 419, 244 | 39, 181, 206 The average worth to county and citizen is $7.23 per $1 spent by Government and farmer. Farmer contributes $3.11 (his expense plus labor eluded) for each $1 of Government assistance, TESTIMONIALS The use of agricultural limestone, phos- phate and potash on pastures, meadows, le- gumes, cover crops and many other good con- servation practices were introduced by the PMA agricultural conservation program, Jeff Brown declares. Mr. Brown is a farmer and stockman of the Springdale community and raises cattle on his 310-acre farm. In the spring of 1949 Mr. Brown applied 320 tons of limestone, 3,000 pounds of 20 percent phosphate, 700 pounds of potash and seeded 670 pounds of lespedeza and 250 pounds of redtop on his pasture, “On this same pasture I had 65 head of cattle grazing, 1,400 bales of hay were cut and approximately twice that amount was left for winter grazing and I had the fattest cattle that I ever had—that is one reason I plan to continue to cooperate and recom- mend the PMA conservation program. “I do not hesitate to show my neighbors the results of good practices, who are one by one increasing their participation in good conservation practices. “As president of the Springdale Chamber of Conimerce, a civic organization that be- lieves in and recommends better farming, I do not hesitate to recommend and approve the PMA program’s recommended conservation practices and also that the PMA farm elected farmer committee system be continued and enlarged,” Mr. Robert L. Combs, dairy and livestock farmer, owner and operator of a 875-acre farm in Washington county, attributes the improvement of soil and increased produc- tion of crops directly to the PMA conserva- tion practices. “The PMA program is the fin- est agricultural program that has ever come along. Soil is the only real asset our Na- tion has. Destroy our soil and we have nothing, so to speak, Farmers who bare their backs to the sun to raise food and fiber to clothe and feed the world should have some assistance with the conservation problems. Until the PMA program was set up our soil received the least attention of any industry in the country. Even though our soil is the most valuable asset, too many people take for granted that our country will remain the best fed, clothed, most prosperous nation of the world. People do not seem to realize the importance of the soil or farm land and what is produced on it. How long this Nation remains so de- pends on how well this Nation cares for the soil. The PMA conservation program has been designed to assist farmers do this.” “I like all the features of the PMA pro- grams and I recommend that farm programs become and use the farmer elected, farmer committee system, elected by the farmers and farmer administrated as the present PMA program system.” Mr. Combs is a veteran farmer in Wash- ington County and put into effect the fol-~ lowing practices in 1949: applied 20,100 pounds of 20 percent phosphate, 1,000 pounds of 50 percent potash, 322 tons of limestone, 1,000 pounds of ryegrass, 400 pounds of Crim- son Clover, 1,600 pounds of lespedeza, 300 pounds of hairy vetch to pasture and mowed 100 acres of pasture to control weeds. “In carrying out PMA conservation pro- gram’s recommended practices, I have built up my soil and pastures and my 45 Jersey dairy herd is producing twice as much milk - per cow, and I have been able to increase my herd and produce a better quality milk at less APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD cost. My cows are also in better condition, calve a better calf and have practically no trouble at calving time now, but before I starting using lime, phosphate and potash on my pastures, I had more than my share of trouble at calving time and milk fever. On the portion of the pasture where lime, potash and phosphate was not applied, the cattle would not graze until forced to by the use of a fence.” J. Raymond Kennan, owner and James A. Clark, coperater, farrners of the Tuttle com- munity, operate a 247-acre livestock farm, We are interested in farming, and being farmers, we are especially interested in hav- ing farm income increased in Washington County. Land use and increased production has shown the need for improved methods as encouraged by the PMA program. The use of lime and phosphate has increased the hay and pasture yields greatly. A personal ex- perience and test that we have made will give proof to any doubting person. A 14-acre field which was run down and which was produc- ing about one load of lespedeza hay per acre in 1948-44 has shown outstanding improve- ments. In 1945 we decided to improve this field. We put GO tons of lime and 6 tons of phosphate, PMA material on this 14-acre tract. The soil was tilled to a good seed bed, having of course, the lespedeza seed and residue worked into it completely. We then seeded 2 bushels of barley and 2 bushels of orchard grass per acre. The following year the field produced 22 bushels of barley per acre and 56 bales of hay wert cut per acre in August. In the fall we pastured 50 cattle on this field for at least 50 days. Last year 20 bushels of orchard grass were threshed per acre besides a good yield of hay and pasture. In 1948 this same fleld was phosphated with 400 pounds per acre and this spring (1950) another 400 pounds per acre will be spread. As you can readily see, the stimulation of the PMA program has caused and encouraged us to follow the PMA farm program which will continue. In 1941 when Mr. Kennan bought the farm, it was considered as a corn and livestock farm with a carrying capacity of 14 cattle, 5 work~ stock, and 2 brood sows. Mr. Kennan and Mr. Clark have improved the pastures and farm in general by carrying out conservation practices recommended by the PMA such as the following practices that were put into practice in 1949—applying 18,300 pounds of 20-percent phosphate, 840 pounds of 50-per- cent potash, seeding 640 pounds ‘of lespedeza, 160 pounds of red clover, 504 pounds of or- chard grass and mowing 20 acres of pasture to control weeds. By applying practices as the above we have increased the livestock on this farm from 19 to an average of 50 head cattle, and 6 brood sows, and small grain replaces the corn, We also believe in the method in which the program is being formulated and admin- istered, that is under the control of local elected farmers by the farmers of the county. Mr. Kennan and Mr. Clark attribute the improvement of pastures, soil and increased production directly to the PMA conservation practices. Roe D. Stokenbury, Elkins, Ark., former member of the PMA county committee, member of the board of directors of the local Farm Bureau Cooperative, member of the REA board and prominent farmer and dairyman, says “PMA has done its part in helping me to make my 450-acre farm what it is today. I use my farm allowance each year to assist in building up my soil; through the use of phosphate, limestone, legumes, and barnyard fertilizer this is being accom-~ plished. Since I am primarily interested in dairying, I’m developing my pasture to bet~ ter take care of my needs. Through the conservation of water, brought about by PMA farm ponds, my livestock does not have
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD to walk as far to water. Through establish- ing and improving permanent pasture by seeding pasture grasses and through weed control, promoted by the PMA mowing prac. tice, my pastures have improved not only in quality but also in the number of livestock taken care of per acre. “More farmers need to come to the full realization of what their soils need, and hav- ing found out, use every advantage possible in building their soil to fullest productivity. “In 1949 I put into effect on my farm the following practices: used 31,900 pounds of phosphate, 2,240 pounds of potash, 34 tons of limestone and seeded 2,200 pounds of les- pedeza, 60 pounds of hop clover and 85 pounds of Kentucky 31 on my pastures and hay meadows. “I am not a member of either the county or community committee at present; how-~ ever, I served as a community committeeman since in the early thirties, until 1945, and was elected on the county committee and served until the end of the 1949 program year. Even though I am not a member now, I believe in and recommend the committee system used through the past years and at present by the PMA in formulating and ad- ministering the program which is farm- controlled.” Mr. Herbert L. Thomas owns and operates a 217-acre farm in Washington County, on which he raises registered Angus cattle. The farm is stocked with about 100 head at present. Mr. Thomas states: “After 10 years on my farm near Fayetteville, I think I should express to the PMA conservation program my appreciation. When I moved on this hill farm, a good deal of it had been cultivated in row crops and little or nothing done to stop erosion, rebuild the soil, or add to the beauty and value of the place. Through the help, advice, counsel, and contributions of the PMA we have terraced a portion of the land, sodded Bermuda grass, and put ina combination farm pond.” In 1949, through the PMA, Mr. Thomas added 16,700 pounds of phosphate, 20 tons of limestone, and seeded a great deal of it with lespedeza, hop clover, rye, and orchard grass which was furnished or partly paid for through the PMA conservation program. “I have, of course, through PMA recommendation, added lime and phosphate and I have learned the value of pasture mowing, the usage of my own fertilizer, and I think that what has happened on my farm is no exception to many other farms in this area whose own- ers have slowly but surely learned these les- sons from the PMA conservation program. In fact, I consider that PMA has heen one of the valuable mediums of making applica- tion to the farmer the accomplishments of research. I frankly think we would be a much poorer community without PMA’s good work, and this being an agricultural area, business has naturally profited greatly from the improved condition of the land and the farmer.” CONCLUSION It is our hope that the information con- tained in this report will give you a better understanding of the purpose and effect of the various programs administered by the Production and Marketing Administration. It is our aim to reach all farms and when we have done this we still will not have accomplished all, as we strive for more and better conservation and administration on all PMA programs. We are at all times open for suggestions which will tend to make future programs more effective. The committee and the county office per- sonnel recognize the assistance of the various agencies in the county, the Extension Serv- ice,Soil Conservation Service, Farmers’ Home Administration, vocational agriculture in- structors and Veterans Training Instructors. They have all had a part in formulating the over-all program. We thank you for your interest in reading this report. We also recognize the fact that many of you had a definite part in making the programs effective. WASHINGTON CoUNTY PMA COMMITTEE, W. SHANNON PHarR, Chairman, CaLvInN F. Ho.coms, Vice Chairman, LEE I, WiuuiaMs, Member, Labor Record cf Hon. Elmer Thomas, of Oklahoma EXTENSION OF REMARKS oF HON. ELMER THOMAS OF OKLAHOMA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tuesday, May 9 (legislative day of. Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Rrc- orp a statement setting forth my labor record. There being no objection, the state- ment was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: Exmzr THomas’ Lasor RECORD In 1907 Oklahoma became the forty-sixth State. The new State, made up by combin- ing Oklahoma and Indian territories, had only a few laws and such laws pertained al- most exclusively to the rights of property. Laws affecting humanity, and especially the rights of laboring people, were conspicuous by their absence. Labor had much to ask of the first legislature, and it gained much. E_mer THOMAS served in the State senate from statehood until 1920, and during these years he had the opportunity of assisting in organizing the new State and enacting all the laws affecting labor in the early days of statehood. He voted for an 8-hour law for women; for a bill providing hospitaliza- tion for railroad men, and for a full crew bill applying to the railroads of Oklahoma. He voted for the original State Workmen’s Com- pensation Act in 1915, as well as for a Plumb- ers’ Qualification Act. ENTERED CONGRESS In 1922 he was elected to Congress and during his service in the House of Represent- atives he voted for a bill restricting foreign immigration, and voted to submit the Fed- eral child labor amendment to the States, ELECTED TO UNITED STATES SENATE In 1926 he was elected to the Senate and in that body he continued his support of measures sponsored by the various groups of organized workers. As a Senator he voted for the Norris-La- Guardia anti-injunction bill, and for the McCarran amendment providing for the pre~ vailing rate of wages on all relief work. He voted for the railroad retirement bill; for the Guffey~Snyder coal bill, and for the Wag- ner low-cost housing bill. He voted for the Wagner Labor Act, and he has always sup- ported and voted for bills which tended to place the workers on a parity with agricul- ture and’ industry. AUTHOR OF 40-HOUR-WEEK LAW On February 21, 1934, he introduced the bill establishing the 40-hour week, and such bill was promptly passed. That law has become the cornerstone of every contract and wage agreement affecting A3411 labor and the workers throughout the United States. It is now the basic principle affecting Government employees, and not only has this law affected organized workers and Govern- ment employees, but it has influenced thou- sands of collective bargaining agreements with companies in private enterprise. The International Association of Machin- ists has this to say about this law: “This legislation, sponsored by Senator Ex.mer THomas, is regarded by wage earners as one of the most far-reaching and cherished benefits ever conferred upon them by con- gressional action.” Labor, the publication representing the Standard railroad labor organization, has always endorsed him for reelection to the Senate. In 1938 this publication said: “Senator THomas has a splendid record and has always been backed by organized labor.” William Green, for the AFL, has said: “Senator Tuomas is one of the best friends labor has in the Senate and it would be a calamity should he be defeated.” ENDORSED FOR REELECTION IN 1950 In the pending campaign he has already been endorsed by many of the State and national labor groups and organizations. The Machinists Nonpartisan Political League, in its publication, The Machinist, of date March 380, 1950, had the following to say: “Senator THomas has supported measures to increase purchasing power of both farm- ers and city workers. As chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee he has sup- ported high-support prices for farmers. At the same time he has favored collective bar- gaining for city workers and opposed the Taft-Hartley Act. He is backing the move to liberalize the old-age benefits under the social-security law.” Labor, in its issue of January 26, 1950, endorsed Senator THomas for reelection in the following words: “Senator Tuomas has served 24 years in the most influential legislative body in the world. This experience has been invaluable to the people of his State and the Nation.” Railway Labor’s Political League, at a meeting held in Washington on February 22 to 24, 1950, endorsed Senator THomas for reelection. The April 1950 edition of the paper representing the league stated that his voting record on matters affecting the workers is such as to justify the support of the organization. On May 4, 1950, Mr. Harry See, national legislative representative of the Brother- hood of Railroad Trainmen, wrote Senator THomas as follows: “It is a pleasure for me to inform you that the Brotherhood has endorsed you for re- election as Senator from Oklahoma in the coming primary election.” On April 27, 1950, Senator THomas re- ceived the following letter from the Execu- tive secretary of the Oklahoma State Fed- eration of Labor: “I have just recently had an opportunity to review your voting record of the Eighty~- first Congress on legislation of particular interest to the working people of Oklahoma. “I find that your voting record is very satisfactory and clearly indicates your sym- pathy with the common people of your State. It is a record of which we are very proud. “We sincerely hope that you will continue to be our United States Senator and that ‘we can be assured of your continued support in behalf of the working people of Oklahoma. “With best wishes and kindest regards, Iam “Very truly yours, “Dean Baus, “Executive Secretary.”
A3412 Curtailment of Postal Service EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF HON. WILLIAM LANGER OF NORTH DAKOTA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tuesday, May 9 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. LANGER. Mr, President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp two edito- nals regarding the curtailment in postal service, from the Danbury (Conn.) News- Times of April 20 and April 21, 1950. There being no objection, the editorials were ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: [From the Danbury (Conn.) News-Times of April 20, 1950] BILLIONS FOR FOREIGNERS; PENNY-PINCH UNITED STATES Post OFFICE Here is a country so rich, so prosperous, s0 able, it is presently supporting almost all the non-Communist world. Since the end of World War II, for instance, we have fed, clothed, and kept Great Britain by our dole. Yet, it is announced we are too poverty- stricken to support our own Post Office De- pariment. Heretofore the Post Office Department has been the best in the world. We have been proud of it for many years. American busi- ness has depended upon it, and not in vain, for prompt, efficient service. Family correspondence is highly impor- tant, too, and the housewife running to the door twice a day when “it’s time for the postman,” knows that if a letter is mailed to her on time, it will be delivered on time. Now, 1n the interests of “economy,” postal deliveries are to be cut, and postal staffs re- duced. This means, not only that there will be only one delivery of mail in residential sec- tions, but that some windows in some post offices will be closed. You will be able to buy stamps, in some communities, only at certain times of the day. Economy is excellent and should be prac- ticed wherever possible. The Hoover Com- mission showed that there are many places the Government could save millions of dol- lars, without in any way hampering business or social life. But to begin an economy drive by cutting down on the mail service, by firing or lay- ing off thousands of employees of the Post Office Department, is not only foolish, it is asinine, and could harm American business greatly. If we need to economize, why not cut down on the billions we are tossing to the four corners of the earth? Why not pay fewer millions to the farmers for unneeded pota- toes, cotton, eggs, and the like? Politics may be the explanation. Mr. Tru- man, a shrewd politician, may have planned this as a dramatic coup. If the hue and cry raised by this order to curtail the postal facilities of the country is loud enough, he can rescind it, and then say: “Well, I tried to economize, andthe people kicked.” We refuse to believe that American people will stand for this nonsense, this criminal hamstringing of business, this cutting into the social intercourse of the many millions of Americans who depend upon the mails, We are used to being bullied by our Gov- ernment, and we hand over our wages and salaries to the tax-collectors like so many mice. But this is too much. Billions for Eng- lishmen, Frenchmen, Belgians, Germans, Japanese, Italians, Dutchmen, and Scandi- navians, but only pennies for the United States Post Office Department, which serves faithfully and well 150,000,000 Americans. Are we going to take this one lying down? [From the Danbury (Conn ) News-Times of April 21, 1950] TuHat Postan Cur Everybody seems to be talking about the order of Postmaster General Jesse M. Don- aldson to his employees—our employees, that is—to cut down on mail service to all the American people. Ostensibly this is an economy measure. Actug"*~ it sr-ie~s 2 snide move by the Tru- man.«.? : . to make economy, real economy, that is, unpopular with the people. That the economy move will mean the discharge of something like 10,000 postal employees is certain. Many of these are substitute carriers and clerks, barely eking out a living now. So, the American public will be forced to put up with third-rate mail service, business will be harmed, social and family correspond- ence delayed, and American war veterans will find themselves jobless. Meanwhile, we continue to send billions to the far corners of the earth, to support Ger- mans, Japanese, and Italians who fought us and killed our sons. It all just makes no sense whatever. This Government could save billions of dollars by sensible operation of most of its depart- ments, bureaus, and agencies. It could send less abroad. It could do many sane and intelligent things to relieve the tax- payers. It does none of the things recommended by the Hoover report. Instead, it suddenly orders the Post Office Department to cut down on services to the American people. The Post Office Depart- ment is honeycombed with politics, as the Hoover report pointed out. It has an appro- priation of $1,7&6,000,000. Congress lopped $25,000,000 from the appropriation Post- master General Donaldson asked for. So he and his associates in the Truman Admin- istration come up with a proposal that will set us back to Civil War standards of mail service. Will the American people stand for this absurd and despicable Fair Deal ukase? Will they allow our mail service to be lowered to the standards of the Balkan countries? Will they sit back and take it? The American taxpayers are weary of waste, inefficiency, and giveaway to foreign countries. They want economy, sane, sen- sible, intelligent, and reasonable economy. This cut in postal service is pure hocus pocus, unnecessary, unbearable, and wicked. It could have such an adverse effect on all business as to slow our economy painfully, and no one knows this better than President Truman. That, to be sure, is the explanation. He and his associates want to make economy so unpopular that they can sink the country even deeper into the morass of deficit spend- ing and waste. Conduct of Congressional Investigations EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. HARLEY M. KILGORE OF WEST VIRGINIA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tuesday, May 9 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. KILGORE. Mr. President, the current issue of the Georgetown Law APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Journal contains an article of much in- terest. It is Congressional Investiga- tions—Salvation in Self-Regulation, by Henry H. Glassie and Thomas M. Cooley Il. It is too long to be included in the Recorp, but I should like to include the Tentative Draft of Suggested Committee Rules which appears as an appendix to the article. There being no objection, the draft was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: TENTATIVE DaaFr or SuGGESTED COMMITTEE RULES I. GENERAL A. Meetings shall be called by the chair- man on not less than 1 day’s advance writ- ten notice to each member when Congress is in session or 5 days’ advance written not ce, or 8 days’ advance notice by tele- gram, when Congress is not in session; pro- vided minimum time of notice may be waived by the senior minority member of the coramuttee. B. The chairman may appoint any mem- ber to act as chairman pro tempore in his absence. c. A quorum of the committee shall com- prise three members, including one minor- ity member, and voting on any matter re- quiring a quorum shall be by members physically present and not by proxy; pro- vided approval or disapproval of committee reports may be made by members in writing when Congress is not in session. D. No member shall take part in any in- vestigation or hearings in which he is per- sonally interested. Upon challenge by any member of the committee or a witness being questioned, the question of a member’s per- sonal interest shall be determined by the majority vote of a quorum of the remaining members of the committee. II. HEARINGS A. Hearings shall be held at the time and in the place set forth in the notice to mem- bers. . B. All hearings shall be open to the public except executive sessions convened for mark- ing up bills, or for voting, or executive ses- sions ordered by a vote of a majority of a quorum at a duly called meeting. C. No witness shall be examined in execu- tive session or under oath unless there is a quorum of the committee present and the committee counsel or a staff member desig- nated by the counsel. Il. TRANSCRIPT OF TESTIMONY A. All testimony in public hearings or in executive sessions shall be taken down stenographically and preserved. B. The transcript of all public hearings shall be available to the public; and upon payment of the cost of a copy thereof, any interested person shall be entitled to obtain such a copy. C. The transcript of testimony taken in executive sessions shall be available to the public: 1, When a majority of a quorum at a reg- ularly called meeting shall so determine, or 2. When any part of such testimony has been made public, or 8. When such testimony has been used as the basis of a report issued; in any of which events any interested person shall be entitled to a copy of such transcript upon payment of its cost. D. The transcript of his testimony given either in public or in executive session shall in all cases be available to the witness from whom such testimony is taken. E. The transcript of any executive session may, under conditions prescribed by a ma- jority of the committee, be made available to any interested person upon a confidential basis without being made public.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD F. No transcript of testimony taken under oath at either a public hearing or an execu- tive session shall be altered or edited. IV. STATEMENTS BY WITNESSES A. Any witness, whether appearing at pub- lic hearing or executive session may file a sworn statement which shall become part of the record, and shall be permitted to read aloud a brief summary thereof, provided that the statement and summary are given to counsel for the committee 4 days before the hearing or 2 days after the witness is notified of the date of the hearing, whichever is later. But no witness shall be compelled to submit any statement or give evidence other than in answer to direct questions. B. Any witness may also submit written in- terrogatories for use by the committee in questioning other witnesses on matters relat- ing to the witness in question, or his testi- mony. The interrogatories shall be used or not in accordance with the discretion of the majority of a quorum present; provided if the interrogatories are not used, they shall, at the request of the mevs*™ sub itt ea them, be included as an apve:a xt 12 "2 of hearing, with a notation of their rejection. C. The committee acting by a majority of a quorum retains the right to reject state- ments, summaries or interrogatories which are plainly irrelevant to the subject of its in- quiry, and to require any witness to put his statement, summary or interrogatory in con- cise form before its inclusion in the record or reading before the committee. D. Any person reasonably believing that testimony or other matter taken by the committee has a tendency to affect his repu- tation adversely may, within 10 days after the date of such adverse testimony if taken in public session or within 10 days after its release if originally taken in executive session, file a sworn statement relating to it, which, if concise and relevant, shall be made a part of the record. E. Self-incrimination: Nothing in these rules shall impair the right of a witness to refuse to answer on the ground of self- incrimination. Vv. ATTORNEYS A. All witnesses, either at public hearings or at executive sessions, shall be permitted to have present counsel of their own choice. B. Counsel may advise his client with re- spect to whether he should answer any question, and may state his grounds for ob- jecting to any question; counsel may further challenge the relevancy of any question and the interest of any member, which challenge shall be disposed of by the committee as in these rules provided; counsel shall not be allowed to participate otherwise except with the permission of the committee. VI. REPORTS A. No report or portion thereof or excerpt therefrom shall be filed or made public until it has been approved by a majority of a quorum present at a duly called meeting. B. No summary of a report or prediction of the contents of a report shall be made public by any member prior to the issuance of a duly approved report. C. No member shall issue a statement of his conclusions with respect to any investi- gation or part thereof except concurrently with or subsequent to the filing or publica- tion of a duly approved report. D. Any member who makes public a sum- mary or prediction of the contents of a re- port or makes a statement of his conclusions with respect to any investigation or part thereof prior to the issuance of the formally approved report shall, on the vote of the ma-~ jority of a quorum of the Committee at a duly called meeting, be denied the right to take part in the formulation of or vote upon the committee report with respect to such investigation. E. No report shall be issued upon an inves- tigation or testimony taken in executive ses- aur sion unless all of the testimony on which the report is based shall be released concurrently with the report. VII. SUBPENAS A. All subpenas shall be signed by the chairman, or in his absence by a member des- ignated by him, and attested by the Clerk of the House of Representatives (or Secretary of the Senate). B. All subpenas shall designate the matter of inquiry with reasonable particularity as well as the specific documents or other evi- dence required to be produced. C. Subpenas shall be issued only upon written authorization of the chairman and ranking minority member, or upon the vote or written authority of not less than three members of the committee, VITI, PUBLICITY A. No public hearing shall be broadcast on the radio, televised, or be made the subject of a motion picture or newsreel. B. No photographs shall be made in the committee room while hearings are in ses- sion and proceeding. IX. RELEVANCY OF SUBJECT MATTER A. Only matter which is relevant and per- tinent to the subject of inquiry shall be taken in evidence, and questioning by mem- bers and staff shall be limited to such matter. This rule shall be most strictly construed in favor of the witness claiming its protection whenever the question is one relating to his religion, race, political belief, or personal affairs. B. In any case where a challenge is made to relevancy or pertinency it shall be finally re- solved by the vote of a majority of the quo- rum present. X. COMMITTEE STAFY A. Staff members shall be selected by the chairman with the advice and consent of the senior minority member or subject to a vote of a majority of a quorum at a regularly called meeting. B. Upon request by the senior minority member, such staff shall include one profes- sional appointee selected by such senior mi- nority member with the advice and consent of a majority of the minority members. Curtailment of Postal Service EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. WILLIAM LANGER OF NORTH DAKOTA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tuesday, May 9 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp an editorial regarding the curtailment in postal serv. ice, from the Rushville (Ind.) Republi- can, There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the REcorp, as follows: Cur IN PostaL SERVICE Decision to reduce postal service in behalf of economy will not be accepted by the American people with good grace. While there is. a universal cry for a reduction in Government expense it is hardly fitting to start with a branch so vital in the life of _ the people, A single mail delivery in residential and semibusiness sections will not be accepted without protest. Yet that is the first move inaugurated by the Department. Postmas- ter ‘C-neral Donaldson says that is. neces- A3413 sary following the refusal of Congress to grant increases in postal rates which would net some $600,000,000. Just how reduction of deliveries will save money is hard to understand. If th> Depart~ ment has sufficient manpower now to make two deliveries what will become of the man. power released by cutting the service in half? Certainly it does not mean that any sizable number of employees will be laid off. Surely there are other places where mil- lions could be saved without reducing a service so vital to the public. Then, too, there would be a bit of slick politics mixed up in Donaldson’s scheme. If the people want economy, let’s take it out of their hides, so to speak. Adequate mail service is extremely vital to the Nation. To go back to horse-and-buggy service will be a distinct harassment to every American. Plan for a National Defense Program EXTENSION OF REMARKS oF HON. OLIN D. JOHNSTON OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tuesday, May 9 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. Mr. President, Dean W. H. Washington, school of economics, Clemson College, Clemson, S. C., has submitted, in the form of a letter to the Honorable Wilton E. Hall, former United States Senator from South Carolina, a proposed plan for a national defense program. In that these 11 proposals were sound in thought and logical in these times of world strife, Mr. Hall printed the plan in the Anderson (S. C.) Daily Mail, of which he is publisher. I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp this proposed plan for a national de- fense program. There being no objection, the letter ‘was ordered to be printed in the Rrcorp, as follows: To COLONEL ANDERSON: I propose this plan for a national defense program: 1. It is believed that national defense, as far as possible modern military practical and theoretical training, all possible phases should be offered for all qualified Americans according to their desires, abilities, and as potentially needed for our country (before actually needed). Full recognition should be given for approved service in Regular Armed Forces and National Guard. 2. It is believed that this program should not be a high school or college responsibility, but the program is a Regular and Reserve responsibility, with the good will and sup- port of all school administrators and teach- ers, civic, and veteran organizations. 8. Training should be regular, at least on two different days each month, under qual- ified Regular and Reserve officers with pay and appropriate allowances on Regular scales in proportion to approved time, effort, and efficiency (enlisted as well as officer). 4, Regular biweekly (24 per year) training periods to be supplemented with minimum of 2 weeks with troops, full time, at such places first year as: (a) Fort Jackson; (b) Sumter Air Base; (c) Clemson; (d) the Cita- del, etc. (Somewhat as ROTC training at Fort Jackson in 1920 and at Clemson a few summers later.) Each additional year con~ tinue or specialize more at (e) Fort Benning;
A34i4 (f) Camp Lee; (g) Fort Bragg; (h) Fort Mon- mouth; (i) Army headquarters; (j) War De~ partment; (k) National War College, etc. Training to be of full regular scales, time considered, with transportation, longevity, allowances for enlisted personnel. 5. Retention of status and promoatic~s to be based upon regularity anc ere’ ey in training and in service. 6. Longevity and retirement credits to be based in addition to the above on the accum- ulation of “points” at the rate of one for approved service each training period (not to exceed one per day) and each day approved for duty in service. Twenty-four training periods plus 14 days summer troop service, plus 15 for Reserve annual unit assignment— 53 normal annual; 50 points required; 60 allowed. 7. After 20 years of approved service, in- active status may be applied for; but ap- proved service may continue to age 60. Ad- ditional points may be earned by extended active duty with troops up to age 60. 8. In case of national emergency voted by the Congress and approved by the President of the United States, manpower should have already been trained in modern, scientific, and practical defense, and ready to answer the call for service in qualities (appropri- ately trained in MOS’s) and in needed numbers when and where needed. 9. This program to apply to all physically qualified male Americans, not members of the Regular Armed Forces, for at least 6 years beginning after 17 and before 23 years of age. Qualified women may serve in ap- propriate piaces as enlisted or officer per- sonnel, voluiisrly. 10. Transfer to inactive reserve may be applied for without prejudice, after one full year Regular or extended active duty serv~ ice, with any branch of the Armed Forces (Army, Air Force, Navy, National Guard, etc.) 11. This program should in no way detract from, but it is intended to strengthen, the Regular Forces. It is, in fact, intended to build for world peace. W. H. WasHINGTON. Criemson, S, C. Curtailment of Postal Service EXTENSION OF REMARKS oF HON. WILLIAM LANGER OF NORTH DAKOTA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tuesday, May 9 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp an article regarding the curtailment in postal serv- ice, from the Lowell (Mass.) Sun, of April 27, 1950. There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the Rrcorp, as follows: Topay’s QUESTION “What do you think of the plan to curtail mail deliveries to one a day in residential areas?” Tillie Sousa, 49 Auburn Street, stitcher: ‘I am not in favor of such a move as I think it would cause a great deal of incon- venience. Many times a delay of 1 day could cause serious consequences to the in- dividual expecting the mail, when that cor-~ respondence would have a time value con- nected with it.” Gilman Gentle, 106 Epping Street, opera- tor: “T certainly do not favor any such change in the mail schedule. The public has grown used to the two-a-day delivery system and I think there would be more of a loss all around, if the deliveries were curtailed to the one-a-day system. Besides, I should imagine having it the way it is would keep the post office better able to handle any rushes or emergencies.” Frank Shevack, YMOA, salesman: “T am notin favor of any change. I think we pay encugh for the postal service and therefore should receive all the service we can get. It seems certain that many incon- veniences to the public could arise if such a change were made. And it would never work out in the rush seasons with mail piling hourly in the post office.” Charles Mulonis, 10 Gerard Street, dyer: “Tt doesn’t seem like a good move to me. The public pays for the service and I don’t think that it is too much to ask that the mail be delivered twice a day all over the city. It should appear that such a plan would eliminate the jobs of some of the men now working in the post office and that would add to the unemployment ranks.” En The American Free Enterprise System and Socialistic Trends EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. EDWARD MARTIN OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tuesday, May 9 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. MARTIN. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have inserted in the Appendix of the Recorp an ar- ticle entitled “Aren’t You Grown-Ups Ashamed?” which appeared in the York (Pa.) Dispatch of April 15. There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the Rrcorp, as follows: AREN’r You Grown-Ups AsHamrp? I There is no use pretending you don’t see me. You just sit still and listen. I’m not very smart yet, but I’m smart enough to see what you are doing to the country in which I must grow up and support my family. When I do that, will I be allowed to be myself, or will I be a social-security number in a Government file? When I get sick, whose doctor can I go to, my doctor or the Government doctor? When I go to school, who is going to de- cide what I learn, my mother and father or a Government Bureau? When I am able to afford a house, will I be able to build one just as good as I can make it, or will it be a Government-built house, worth only part of what the Govern-~ ment taxed me for housing? When I go to work, will I be able to pick my own job, or will I have to get a work permit from the Government and take what- ever job they give me? And if I have criticized the Government, will I get a work permit? Ir What makes you think it would be “bad” for me to have to make my way in competi- tion with others? If I work a little harder, or better, or get lucky, will I be able to Keep any more of APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD what I earn than the other fellow who didn’t work as hard, or as well, or get as lucky? This luck business is important: In your heart you know that in the game of life there has to be a jackpot, or the game won’t be played very hard. Where did you get the cockeyed idea that the man who earns twice es much should he taxed four times as much? (I know where you got it: mght out of Marx.) When did you get this idea that govern~ ment can take care of everybody? You know you can’t get something for nothing; yet you pretend that pesple in Washington can give you things without first taking them away from you. Don’t try to blame the people in politics: They are simply doing what you want them to do. Naturally they favor the things you favor because getting elected is their business. They would change overnight if you would. And don’t get the idea that they respect you for being saps: Only a fool can be sold a ride on his own horse. And that is exactly what is happening when you vote yourself security by giving the Gov- e.7ment more and more so the Government can give you some of it back. I’d rather risk having to stand on a bread~ line a few times than spending my life stand- ing in lhne for Government hand-outs, wir And you men who run labor unions: You know darn well that unearned wage increases are stage money. And how about you folks who manage America’s business; don’t you know any bet- ter, and can’t you do something about it? Even I know that you can’t expect pros- perity when everybody is getting more money for producing fewer things, Have you forgotten that the only reason Americans produce so much more and live so much better and easier is the whopping sup- ply of tcols of production that people used to be willing to save for in the days when profit was not a nasty word? At the rate you are now going the private property system will fall apart, and the tools will fall apart with it. Then good-by America—and me. What’s wrong with the idea of paying peo- ple fairly for the use of the tools bought with their savings? The tools do most of the work. I don’t quite know what you mean by the word “conservative,” but if it means what I think it means, that’s me. If there were any other place in the world where Government wouldn’t plan my life for me even more so, it wouldn’t be so bad, but America is the only place left—and look what you ere doing to it. Aren’t you ashamed. Three Golden Balls EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. HENRY C. DWORSHAK OF IDAHO IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tuesday, May 9 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. DWORSHAK. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp a corf- structive editorial entitled “Three Gold- en Balls,’ from the May 3 issue of the Times-News, a daily newspaper of Twin Falls, Idaho.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the Rrcorp, as follows: THREE GOLDEN BALLS Although in recent years the American people have been stumbling over themselves in a wild scramble to get “their share” of all the Federal aid being doled out in Wash- ington, there are signs that the public is slowly coming out from under the spell. It’s true you still hear the old argument, coming from various sources, that “if we don’t take 1¢ someone else will.” But there is a growing trend, still small, to be sure, against this line of reasoning. Gov. Alfred E. Driscoll, of New Jersey, is among those who have seen the light. “We are losing self-government in America and destroying our Federal system by the con- tinued expansion of the pernicious system of so-called grants-in-aid,” he said recently. Even more significant 1s a little incident which occurred one night recently in Hart- ford, Conn. Speaking before a group of cit- izens, Gov. Chester Bowles, of OPA fame, made an impassioned plea that they urge their communities to take advantage of the opportunity to get Federal grants and loans for housing projects. When he had finished, a young World War II veteran named Jay V. Smith, who owns a restaurant in Greenwich, obtained permission to say a few words. Whereupon Governor Bowles received the shock of his life. “There is no such thing as Federal aid or Federal money,” Smith told the audience. “All these funds the Governor told us about were collected from the people. The grow- ine nonnlerity of Federal aid in States and z -i becoming more and more con- ave to the political cowardice of some Governors and mayors who are deter- mined to stay in office come hell or high water. “Our dear old Uncle Sam is handing out the money with one hand while holding the club behind his back with the other if you should fail to behave. Few States have been able to resist the rule of the three golden balls that ornament the Washington front porch. Think it over.” The audience broke into loud applause. It was not because it had been told some- thing it did not already know. Those pres- ent couldn’t help bu’. admire one with cour- age enough to challenge all this “political cowardice” and the sham which characterizes much of our Federal aid. We should wake up to the fact that the Government can give us nothing it has not already taken away from us—that in getting funds from the Federal pawnshop we are actually hocking our freedom. And these pawn tickets on our freedom are loans we can’t redeem, ean “ i TEI PL Curtailment of Postal Service EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. WILLIAM LANGER OF NORTH DAKOTA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tuesday, May 9 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp an editorial regarding the curtailment in postal serv- ice, from the Staten Island Advance o April 20, 1950. : , There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: i Economy WITH LETTERS At the turn of the century Staten Island- ers were enjoying an unusual period. Resi- dents of a new part of a growing city, they were looking forward to expansion and pros- perity. And they were getting three deliveries of mall a day. The new one-a-day order, from Washing- ton, is hardly progressive. Suppose you drop a letter in the mail box in your community—anq just miss the eve~ ning pickup, say on a Monday night. Al- though it’s addressed to someone only a short distance away, he won’t receive it until Wednesday. For the average householder, that’s one of the toughest features of the economy move just taken by the United States Post Office Department. The plan promises to boom business for the telephone company and increase personal business. You'll always be able to say that the mate- rial is in the mail and should be along any day now. Grandpa heard the postman’s whisile three times a day. Now his grandson is apparently lucky if the letter carrier trudges around once a day. It has all come about because the Post Office Department is running up a whopping deficit, And, not coincidentally, Congress is debating the famous one-package appropria-= tions bill. It’s a well-timed move, like receiving a let- ter containing a check the day the mortgage payment is due. The howl of protests is likely to be heard from here to there, from Tottenville to Monterey, Calif. Even if it’s an advertising blurb or a plea for funds, everyone likes to receive his mail on time. The fear of not getting something in the mail will drive some people to great lengths. And as Hamlet said, “Ay, there’s the rub.” For tops in service someone must pay the bill. ‘You have to pay for what you receive— even if the Government is providing it. In his shrewd, but obvious, move, Post- master ‘General Donaldson is attempting to recoup a slashed appropriation. He believes householders will complain to their Congress- man, and what Congressman isn’t very much aware of his mail? If economy isn’t achieved in postal opera- tions, income will have to be increased through higher rates or the fund allocation boosted. Or some similar alternative will have to be followed. The situation, generally, is a test of Amer- ican attitude and opinion. Do they want economy in Government? If so, where and when is it to take place? The answers will have to be provided by the one-a-day mail recipients. Fifteenth Anniversary of Rural Electrification Administration EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. ALEXANDER WILEY OF WISCONSIN IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tuesday, May 9 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr, WILEY. Mr. President, on Thurs- day,. May 11, we will celebrate the fifteenth anniversary of the establish- ment of the vital Rural Electrification Administration, Iam glad to say that in these 15 years, there has been a tre- A3415 mendous increase in the harnessing of electricity on the farms of the Nation, and I want to pay sincere tribute right now, to all of those individuals of both political parties who have labored so long and so well in the farmers’ behaif. I say “both political parties’ because I think it 1s generally agreed now that both the Republicans and the Democrais of the Nation are firmly committed to a strong unhampered RHA program. During the Republican Hightieth Con- gress, more funds were voted for RHA purposes than at any time in American history. Yes, I emphasize “bipartisan” because similarly, in recent months, there has been a spontaneous demand in REA's in my own State and in other States to make absolutely sure that the REA is not embroiled in partisan politics. I think that it is essential for the future of the rural electrification movement, that we keep the REA on a nonpartisan basis. We, of Wisconsin, are particularly proud of the REA. Right now, over 72,- 000 rural consumers are served over 23,- 000 miles of wire. The REA has ad- vanced over $58,400,000 to finance the construction and operation of the systems. There are many challenges ahead to the REA system. Now, the system 1s be- ing expanded through rural telephone cooperatives, which will deservedly bring this great phone blessing to more and more of Wisconsin’s farms. In recent months, there has been a particularly strong surge of bipartisan sentiment on behalf of the REA through- out my State. As more and more of the modern conveniences are brought to the farmer and to his housewife to relieve what has been the drudgery and the hard, incessant toil of the life in the rural areas. Never again must the American farmer be treated as a sec- ond-class citizen, denied the elementary comforts and conveniences of his city brother. In this connection, Mr. President, I have in my hands a summary article, published in the May 8 issue of the Wis- consin Farmers Union News, which re- views the situation, I believe, in an in- teresting manner. Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- sent that the text of this Farmers Union News article be printed in the Appendix of the CownGrEessrtonaL REcorD. There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the Recor», as follows: REA’s 15 Years or History Tenis Srory or PROGRESS In May 1935, the chain letter fad was at its height, Rear Admiral Byrd returned from another trip to Antarctica, the Cleveland In- dians and New York Giants led the major baseball leagues, and 6,000,000 American farm homes were without electricity, including 80 percent of the farms in Wisconsin. In that month, also, President Roosevelt ordered the establishment of the Rural Elec. trification Administration, paving the way for a completely new way of life for these millions of American farm families. When REA was a lusty infant in swaddling clothes, only one farm in every ten had cen-~ tral station electric service. Farming with no electric power to lend a helping hand meant back-breaking toil from morning un- til dark, and often far into the night, with
A3416 only an oil lamp’s flickering light. It meant endless chores for the farm housewife, cook~ ing with a wood stove, washing with an old- fashioned washboard, carrying hundreds of pails of water a month. “SIKIMMED CREAM” American farmers knew the value of elec- tricity, and they wanted it. But power com- panies were reluctant to build lines to all farms—they “skimmed the cream’”—by ex- tending their facilities only to farms within easy reach of their lines, thus insuring profit- ab’s operation of these spurs. Other farms, too far from the high line, were ignored. Many commercial power companies told farmers they could get power if they were willing to pay for construction of the lines to their farms. The cost was usually pro- hibitive. When REA came on the scene, it was slow going at first. Rural people in Wisconsin got together, talked it over, acted cautiously. They learned that REA provided nothing ex- cept expert technical advice, guidance, and loans to be paid back with interest. They formed cooperatives and applied to REA for loans. If an electrification project was considered feasible—that is, if the Gaov- ernment’s financial investment was deemed safe—the co-cp got the loan and started ‘puilding lines. PERTINENT FACTS The success of the program can be mir- rored through several pertinent statistics. As 1950 started, REA has approved almost $2,000,000,000 in loans to 1,066 borrowers. These included 976 cooperatives, 41 public power districts, 24 other public bodies, and 25 commercial’ power companies. At the first of this year, REA also had on file or in process in the field, additional loan applica- tions totaling $356,428,800 for new system construction and various line improvements. Most of these applications are for expansion of existing systems financed by REA. These REA borrowers had almost a mil- lion miles of rural electric lines in operation, serving more than 3,000,000 farms and other rural consumers in 46 States. Additional lines are being built more rapidly now than ever before—one new consumer is being con- nected to an REA-financed system every 15 seconds of every working day. The speed with which rural electrifica- tion has been advanced in Wisconsin is shown by the fact that the first loan to be granted was in May 1936. First REA-financed lines were energized by the Columbus Rural Elec- tric Cooperative, Columbus, in May 1937. But rural electrification in Wisconsin is past the stage where the accent is on the extension of lines. It is developing to a point which will create anew problem. That problem arises from an increased farm use of power to create income. In December of 1841 the average power use for that month on the State’s REHA-financed lines was 84 kilowatt hours. In December of 1949, this increased to 210 Kilowatt hours. The national average is 141 kilowatt hours. This constantly increased demand for power on the farm eventually is expected to throw an additional strain on the State’s power sources. Even now many suppliers are near- ing the Hmit of their capacity to produce dependable service. SEVENTY-THREE THOUSAND CONSUMERS Wisconsin’s 831 REA borrowers, 30 of them rural electric cooperatives, were serving 72,796 rural consumers over 26,148 miles of wire on February of this year. At that time the Rural Electrification Administration had advanced $58,405,125 to finance the construc- tion and operation of these systems. During 1949, the State’s REA borrowers connected an additional 6,681 rural con- anes and added 3,196 miles of energized e, The State’s borrowers own and operate their systems. REA neither owns nor op- erates power systems. These new private enterprises create new jobs and new oppor- tunities while meeting a need. The prin- ciple of one member, one vote assures demo-~ cratic control. The cost-of-service co-ops bill their members to cover the service and a share of paying off the Government loan. As the loan is paid off the member is credited with an equity in the system. When they retire the deht the members will own the system outright. All of the State’s rural electric co-ops operate in areas where exist- ing companies were unable or unwilling to provide service. CORNFIELD DEMOCRACY Rural electric cooperatives have been re- ferred to as “democracy in the cornfield.” That they are democratic and excellent ex- amples of free enterprise, there is no ques~ tion. The members elect their directors by popular vote, and the directors hire a man~ ager to handle the day-to-day operation of the business. The co-op’s annual meeting is the high spot of the year for members and directors, for here the members them- selves elect their directors and decide im- portant policy issues. Contrary to a popu- Jar misconception, no member is liable for the cooperative’s indebtedness—his only cost is the small initial membership fee, which is refunded if he moves out of the co-op’s territory. Although more than three-fourths of all consumers on REA-financed cooperative lines are farms, membership in rural electric co- operatives is not confined to farmers. Also included are many thousands of rural non- farm dwellings, schools, churches, stores, community buildings and other commercial enterprises. Many of these industries them- selves operate on the cooperative plan. PROFOUND CHANGES Fifteen years of REA have made profound changes all across the country. Over and over again, rural electric cooperatives have demonstrated that farm electrification has brought about a higher real farm income and better farm living. It has stimulated private business, both locally and: nation- ally. For example, surveys show that for every dollar invested in rural power facilities, the farmer invests an additional $4.50 in wiring, plumbing, and electrical appliances. Not only have REA borrowers kept their promise to repay their construction loans with interest, they have actually made pay- ments of more than $20,000,000 in advance of the due date, including $305,398 by Wis- consin borrowers. Amounts overdue more than 380 days for the entire Nation represent less than one- twentieth of 1 percent of the total loan funds approved. ECA IS NEXT The successful REA pattern in rural elec- trification is now being applied to the rural telephone field. REA was authorized in October 1949 to make loans for the extension and improvement of rural telephone service to the widest practicable number of sub- scribers. The first telephone loan was ap- proved in February 1250 to a small com- mercial company operating on the Alabama- Florida border, The first allocation of funds for a loan to a telephone cooperative was made by REA in April 1950 to the Emory County Farmers Union Telephone Coopera- tive of Orangeville, Utah. As REA enters its sixteenth year, the job ds still a sizable one. More than a million farms are still unelectrified, besides hun- dreds of thousands of rural dwellings, cross- roads businesses, schools, churches, and other rural establishments. Today electric lines built by REA borrowers are designed to serve entire areas, not only densely settled areas. This principle of area APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD coverage has replaced the policy of building a line for an individual pocket or section. Area, coverage assures electrification for iso- jated farms far removed from any established source of electric power. Tangible results of the advantages of rural electric power have been seen on thousands of American farms. Higher income for the Alabama truck farmer—better light for the Virginia schoolboy—less drudgery for the Kentucky farm wife—these are but a few signposts of the new way Of life that rural electrification has brought to the rural Amer- ican scene. Curtailment of Postal Service EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. WILLIAM LANGER or NORTH DAKOTA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tuesday, May 9 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp an editorial regarding the curtailment in postal serv- ice from the Worcester (Mass.) Tele- gram. There being no objection, the edi- torial was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: Postan Curs It certainly may be questioned whether the drastic cuts announced in the United States postal service represent a sincere con-~ cern for governmental economy or are po- litically and somewhat ingeniously designed to make such economy so painful and in- convenient for the general public that it will stop its rising clamor of demands for Uncle Sam to stop spending. No taxpaying American, perhaps, should look an economy gift horse too closely in the face, but this abrupt and sudden deci- sion for economy where the public is certain to feel some immediately bad effects must cause a more than casual look. The timing of these drastic postal service economies has come just when considerable public support had been won to the cause of econ- omy in Government, both by the publicizing of the Hoover report and by the continued attacks of those who fear the result of con- tinued Federal deficit financing. In effect, the Post Office is saying, “So you wanted some economy, well here it is.” And the results, unfortunately, may be enough to make many people cry “Uncle” in their economy demands—something the adminis- tration would very much like to see happen before the congressional elections. The public will feel this economy drive in the curtailment of mail deliveries not alone in purely residential districts, but in areas where business and residential districts are mixed. It will feel the results in shortened hours at the post-office windows, and in earlier pickups from street mail boxes at night. People will find important mail de- layed, and the post office will blame the pub- lic for demanding lower taxes and budget reductions in Washington. Real economy, gained through efficiency of operation, cannot be scorned by Americans who want just that in all their governmental departments. The type of economy that Post- master General Donaldson has imposed can be questioned, for he is taking away from the public services which it pays well for in both direct revenues to the Post Office De- partment and in taxes. His cuts have gone beyond those recommended recently by the
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD House Appropriations Committee which, in fact, did reduce the over-all Post Office budget to $2,207,500,000 from the $2,235,607,- 000 requested by Donaldson. Mr. Donald- son’s reaction to this is seen in the an- nounced postal cuts. Mr. Donaldson’s concern for economy would have been more impressive and would have seemed more sincere if he had only called for a revamping of his whole depart- ment along more economical lines. The De- partment’s bookkeeping and cost account- ing sy~.crn is the same one that was estab- lished in 1836, and there has been no basis of establishing costs anyway. The services to other Government departments contribute greatly to its deficit. In a single year, for in- stance, the Post Office handled 2,000,000,000 piece of mail free for the Government, including some 18,000,000 pieces of registered mail. It has been handling free of charge savings bond sales, documentary stamps, civil-service exam notices and migratory bird stamps. The public feels that good postal service is a thing to which it is entitled; postal serv- ice is not supposed to support itself at all, but to be a public service. It expects effi- cient operation, and applauds any genuime efforts to achieve that. Mr. Donaldson can- not be applauded on that score yet. Why Mr. Browder as Witness? EXTENSION OF REMARKS oF HON. EDWARD MARTIN OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tuesday, May 9 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. MARTIN. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have inserted in the Appendix of the Recorp an editorial entitled “Why Mr. Browder as Witness?” which appeared recently in the Wash- ington (Pa.) Observer. There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the REcorp, as follows: Wry Mr. Browvdrer as WITNESS? Earl Browder, former boss Communist in America, has been paraded before a com- mittee of the United States Senate as a wit- ness in the continuing inquiry growing out of the charges made by Senator McCartry, of Wisconsin. Why was Browder paraded before the Sen- ators and given headlines in the American newspapers as a character witness for the defendant? The guilt or innocence of Dr. Lattimore has not been established. But the finger was placed on him by Louis F. Budenz, reformed Communist. Browder took the stand yesterday and under oath testified that Budenz had given false testimony with regard to Dr. Latti- more. Budenz, who became chief editor of the Daily Worker, Communist-Jjournal, re- pented and returned to the Roman Catholic Church and is now a professor at Fordham University. Their testimony is conflicting. What the public must do is to make its choice. No one wants Dr. Lattimore to be convicted unless he is guilty. If he is guilty he should be convicted for he is an enemy of our country. But Browder did not want to testify. The Government had to make arrangements to get him to Washington, As Communist, his testimony was just what could have been expected. He is sworn to allegiance to Moscow, even to the extent of deliberately lying. Communists are taught to lie deliberately to further their own cause. The manner .of conducting the case is peculiar. Certainly there are records Which contain facts on the case which could be divulged. Parading of witnesses of the character of Browder only serves to gain publicity, to spread propaganda, for the cause of com- munism. Curtailment of Postal Service EXTENSION OF REMARKS oF HON. WILLIAM LANGER OF NORTH DAKOTA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tuesday, May 9 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp an article regarding the curtailment in postal service by Robert M. Grannis, published in the Brooklyn Eagle for April 20, 1950. There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the Rrcorp, as follows: One Man SArs (By Robert M. Grannis) SLASH IN MAIL SERVICE IS POLITICAL FRAUD, NOT A STEP TOWARD MUCH-NEEDED ECONOMY For a number of years now I have expressed myself about the need for economy in Fed- eral Government operations and I suppose I am expected to hail with deep satisfaction the plan to save a few hundred million by cutting mail deliveries in the Nation to one per day. I am about as enthusiastic as I would be if the city fathers decided that 1 day a week there would be no policemen and that because of the condition of the fiscal affairs a payless holiday for cops was indicated. Of course, such a maneuver as the mail thing is not without its shrewd implications. The net effect is to make the taxpayer a sucker for the spend-and-tax boys by at- tempting to convince him that economy is an evil word. Sure, we'll save you some money but, boy, oh boy, how it is going to hurt. I am just not impressed and I wish the taxpayers generally would get up on their hind legs and label the thing as a political fraud. Some day a decision will have to be made about our postal service. It is either a busi- ness or a public service. And there are a lot of public services that just can’t pay their own way if the best interests of the people are to be considered. Neither the fire de- partment nor the police department can show a profit, nor do they have any means of breaking even on the year’s operations. The postal setup is one of the most vital services we have. If it broke down the public would be paralyzed. The people in it, partic- ularly the little “guys” who “tote” their 35- pound loads, do a magnificent job and it is no idle boast to repeat the weather never stops them. Furthermore, they are terrifically underpaid. If the Government is so all-fired economy- conscious so far as the Post Office Department is concerned, what’s the matter with having realistic rates for air mail? Air mail is a lux- ‘ury item in a sense and if a man wants extra- fast service, he ought to be willing to pay for it. A3417 Reversion to one mail delivery a day is a backward step that is not reflected in any other branch of Government. It is a “punch in the eye” for the suffering taxpayer and, worst of all, it won’t save him a dime in taxes nor a penny. Millions on millions are poured into every cause and plan under the sun and the tax- payer must be content with the pious state- ment of the planners that this money is spent for his own good. Sometimes he knows otherwise, but the dollar bills still pour out in an endless stream. In the case of the Post Office the taxpayer knows he is on the receiving end of a great and general good and that there is little to complain about. Firing a few letter carriers or knocking off substitutes won’t balance the budget, and the theory that every little bit helps just doesn’t apply. Some services must be kept at their peak. The taxpayers have it coming to them. There are plenty of ways to save money in Government and if anybody ought to get hurt when we finally become economy-conscious— no matter how belatedly—it ought to be in tern.: of politicians getting fat salaries when their mental level and ability rate them noth- ing more than second-rate jobs in the busi- ness world. As I said before, the proposed cut in postal service smells bad and we shouldn’t stand for it. Curtailment of Postal Service EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. WILLIAM LANGER OF NORTH DAKOTA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tuesday, May 9 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Rrecorp two articles regarding the curtailment in postal serv- ice, from the Amarillo Globe, of Ama- rillo, Tex. There being no objection, the articles were ordered to be printed in the Rrc- ORD, as follows: Mat. Carrier Loaps Reace 300 Pounps Things piled up on Amarillo letter carriers this morning, to result in mail loads that ran up to 300 pounds per carrier. Of course, the carrier load has been heavier since the reduction of service to one delivery per day, as ordered by the Postmaster General in a recent economy move to reduce the post- office deficit. Then Thursday is normally one of the heaviest days of the week, as weekly maga- zines and other weekly publications are added to the normal mail. On top of all that the terrific volume of monthly magazines piles into the post office during the last few days of the month. The service reduction order resulted in re~ lease of more than a dozen substitute car- riers from the Amarillo Post Office. Reor- ganization of routes, on a permanent, one- trip basis, will not be completed for several -weeks. Sixteen PostaL Mew Droprep From Parroin Sixteen highly regarded Amarillo post-~ office employees have been cut off in com- pliance with the postal-service economy order, and their boss Wednesday appealed to employers to help the men find new jobs. Mel Benesch, city delivery superintendent, said 16 of my very best men, had to be
A3418 dropped from the payroll and must have new jobs. Benesch said the men had been acquired as extra carriers over a period of 3 years and are proven. “Most of them are young married men who have bought homes. They passed up better- paying jobs, expecting to make a Career of the postal service. Now they have to be cut off, overnight, and it tears my heart out to do it. I want to help anyway I can to see that they get new jobs.” The carrier superintendent said the carrier group was culled long ago and all of the 16 are dependable, loyal, hard-working, trust- worthy, intelligent employees. “anybody wanting excellent help can call on me; I can point out his man,” Benesch said. Each of the men forced out of the post office by the order saying post-office budget for Amarillo must be reduced $75,000 this year had passed his examination for classifi- cation as a regular employee and would have been so appointed when vacancies appeared. Benesch said jobs are not as easy to find in Amarillo as they were a short time ago and appealed to employers to help him in placing the workers. A few, he said, now have jobs in sight. The economy program reduced deliveries to residences to one a day and cut business de- liveries totwoaday. The action was ordered by the Postmaster General and went into effect in Amarillo Tuesday. Curtailment of Postal Service EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. WILLIAM LANGER OF NORTH DAKOTA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tuesday, May 9 (legislative day of Wednesday, March 29), 1950 Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Rrecorp an editorial from the Columbus Evening Dispatch, of Co- lumbus, Ohio, of April 20, 1950, regarding the curtailment in the postal service. There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the Rrecorp, as follows: THE Postar SERVICE SLasH There are two possible motives behind the sudden and drastic slash in the postal service ordered by United States Postmaster General Donaldson. One may be a sincere desire to carry into effect some of the economy recommendations of the Hoover Commission and thus reduce the annual deficit for the Post Office Depart- ment. The second is still another application of the old squeeze play on the public, in which the sequence goes something like this: (1) An economy drive is announced and dramatized by ostentatious firing of person- nel and slowdown in operations. (2) The public, displeased by the slower and less _efficient service, vigorously objects. (8) Congress reacts to this prod with larger ap- propriations. (4) Washington piously an- nounces that when it tries to cut Federal spending, the public won’t stand for it, hence the public wants more spending and not economy. The second hypothesis seems more plausi- ble than the first. Why? Because the action just announced goes beyond the recommendations of the Hoover Commission in some respects and ignores its findings in others, The Hoover Commission, it is true, proposes reductions in personnel, in many branches of the Federal Government. But what it sug- gests is the elimination of wasteful, unneces- sary, political, overlapping jobs that are not needed to maintain the essential services of government. Anybody who knows anything apout the Federal bureaucracy knows that there are multiplied thousands of such jobs in existence. The slash which has been ordered does affect an essential service of government and cannot help but make it markedly slower and less efficient—and that service, it should be noted, already has deteriorated noticeably under the Truman administration and its predecessor. The Post Office Department ignores the part of the Hoover report which suggests that facilities, equipment, and procedure could be modernized and further mechanized, thus bringing its operations more nearly on a par with those of private business in this respect. However, whatever the motive behind the order from Washington, the end-result is that the public, although it is paying the highest postal rates in history in addition to the heaviest peacetime tax burden any nation ever shouldered, is going to receive still more inferior postal service, at least for the time being. One mail delivery a day will put residential first-class mail service back into the 1890's. Delivery service of the secondary mail cate~ gories, already very laggard, promises to be worse, For example, Postmaster Rowe, comment-~ ing on the local situation, points out that magazines now received at the local post office on Thursday and processed for delivery on Friday will probably not be delivered until the following Monday or Tuesday. Directory service will be discontinued, which means that many letters with slight errors in ad- dress will never be delivered. This is the sort of postal service which is found in the more backward European coun- tries. Certainly it would be a long step back~ ward for the United States. And, incidentally, since the Post Office De- partment deficit is one of the reasons cited for the sudden “economy wave” in postal services, how about the vastly larger sums be- ing spent to speed deliveries of Marshall plan commodities overseas? Uncle Sam is show-~ ering largesse all over the globe, a process for which the American taxpayer is paying an annual bill which makes the Post Office De~ partment deficit look like small change. If the United States Government can afford to subsidize foreign governments in Europe and Asia to the tune of billions, it certainly should be able to afford a few millions a year to give its own citizens better mail service than they had when the Spanish-American War was big news. New York State Assembly Protests Unfairness of Federal Aid Programs EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. KENNETH B. KEATING OF NEW YORK IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Saturday, May 6, 1950 Mr. KEATING. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I include a memorializing resolution adopted by the New York State Assembly, relating to Federal aid to the various States, in- cluding New York. This resolution points out that in the fiscal year ending APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD June 30, 1949, New York paid $401,906,- 789, or 18.35 percent of the total cost of the Federal-aid programs and received back only $131,158,580, or 5.98 percent of the total. Thus, the citizens of the State of New York suffered a net loss of over $2'70,000,000. Furthermore, the resolution shows that the farmers of the State of New York have been discriminated against since they received only 2 percent of the total Government payments to farmers, aluhough the taxpayers of the State pay nearly a fifth of all Federal taxes, and thus will have to bear this disproportion- ate percentage of the losses of the Com- modity Credit Corporation. These Federal-aid programs and their administration have been rankly unjust. Fifteen States pay in more money than they receive, and thus support the pro- grams for the other 33 States. The Representatives of these contributing States in Congress would do well to bear these facts in mind as they vote on the appropriation bill now before us which would increase the national deficit by nearly $6,000,000,000. It is the taxpayers of these few States who will bear the overwhelming burden of paying the piper for the expenditures which we are approving by this legis- lation. I have consistently opposed efforts to increase the total figures in this appro- priation bill and have voted for reduc- tions, not only because of the precarious state of our Federal finances, but also because of the prejudicial treatment re- ceived by New York, and these other 14 States, in the various Federal-aid programs. The matter referred to follows: Concurrent Resolution 120 Concurrent resolution of the senate and as- sembly memorializing the President and Congress to revise present Federal-aid program to eliminate inequities Whereas Federal aid to State governments, to local governments, and to individuals (ex- cluding payments to veterans) amounted to $2,190,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1949; and Whereas such aid will exceed $3,000,000,000 for the present fiscal year ending June 30, 1950, and will approach $4,000,000,000 for the fiscal year ending 1951; and Whereas pending legislation, if adopted, for public-health aid and Federal aid to education will increase Federal grants-in-aid by more than $500,000,000 per year; and Whereas the present session of Congress will be requested to grant an additional $2,000,000,000 in borrowing authority for the United States Department of Agriculture and the Commodity Credit Corporation, accord- ing to the President’s budget, for the agricul- tural price-support program; and Whereas the citizens of the State of New York, in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1949, paid $401,906,789, or 18.35 percent of the total cost of Federal-aid programs, and received back only $131,158,580, or 5.98 percent of such total, making a net loss of $270,748,209 to the citizens of the State (as shown in at- tached schedule A), i. e., the citizens of the State received back less than $1 for every $3 paid; and Whereas the reserve for losses in the oper- ations of the Commodity Credit Corporation for the present fiscal year ending June 30, 1950, 1s $315,308,500 and the net loss for the first 4 months of the current fiscal year from July 1 to October 31 amounts to $129,- 369,849; and ‘
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Whereas many commodities held by the Commodity Credit Corporation are and will be given away and a large percentage of the inventory of the Commodity Credit Corpora- tion has deteriorated and has become un- usable; and Whereas these commodities are still being carried on the financial statements of the Commodity Credit Corporation at values wholly disproportionate to the present mar- ket sale price; and Wherear accounting metheds--. <’ a loss of $800,000,- 000 rather than the 8315,000,000 set up as a reserve for losses 1n the financial statement of the Commodity Credit Cornoraticen. and that adequate recognition o: ln-ses would wri dawst a a “usiness demonstrate that the Commodity Credit Cor- poration 1s now insolvent; and Whereas the taxpayers of the State of New York will be called upon to bear a relatively large percentage of this loss, namely, 18.35 percent; and Whereas the farmers of the State of New York have been grossly discriminated against and the citizens have received practically no benefits from the operatigns of the Depart- ment of Agriculture and the Commodity Credit Corporation, having received only 2 percent of Government payments to farmers and only one-third of 1 percent of price- support benefits (as shown by the following table); and Federal aid to farmers in New York State and total United States ——— Governme * Agricultur ‘ Loans > Loans 1949 crops #...-..-.------- Federal tax payments 1949 (fiscal year) -...----..-------..- = United New York Total States percentage own en nnn ew ee $5, 159, C00 $256, 505, 000 2.0 we een nen eee 6, 533, 894 | 2,197, 419, 289 .3 - 8, 600, 876 819, 543, 497 4 7, 427, 220, 562 | 40, 463, 125, 018 18, 35 i734, at Rass {ea con 200+ ft . 8 contd + VY qanat Whereas the Congressional Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments 1949. “ndition and Operations as of Oct. 31, 1949, the Eighty-first Congress that a permanent national bipartisan Commission on Intergov- A3419 purpose of anesr' nt cre Bs and sys- tematizing -.40o7. '* ‘- . and Whereas the glaring discriminat tions im benefits received by New York State uncer the various Federal-aid programs has re- sulted in a tremendous financial drain upon our citizens: Now, therefore, be it Resolved (ij the senate concur), That the President of the United States and the Con- gress of the United States be and they are hereby respectfully memorialized to revise the present Federal-aid procram so as to re- move its presen* inecurtehlc and injurious effect on the none oF rno 3 ire of New York; and be it further Resolved (if the senate concur), That copies of this resolution be transmitted to the President of the United States, the Sec- retary of the Senate of the United States, the Clerk of the House of Representatives of the United States, to each Member of Congress duly elected from the State of New York, and to each Member of Congress of those States which are similarly discriminated against, and that these Members of Congress be urged to devote themselves to the task of accom- plishing the purpose of this resolution. By order of the assembly, ANSLEY B. Borkowsx1, Clerk. In senate, March 22, 1950. Concurred in Without amendment. By order of the senate: Wrttiam 8. Kine, has recommended during the first session of ernmental Relations be established for the Secretary. SCHEDULE A Federal aid—payments and receipts by States, 1949 (for fiscal year ending June 30, 1949) (¢0) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (o) wae : Total internal Federal aid pay-} State contribu- | Net gain or loss | State pereen‘.g6 State. and Territories P opulation Tuly revenue collec- Of awe couec- ments within tion to Federal- | on Federal-aid ry Crccerpy is or , tions 1949 tions States aid program program Tedcral nu Alabama.... 2, 920, 000 $259, 491, 422 0. 64 $42, 993, 959 $14, 017, 000 +333, 732, 648 Aetna ncn soto}, steam 3) gteds| Saas) aaa ALPKONSAS. 0-1 nnn eee enn ene n nner nen s , 873, ¥ }, 35 California...-----------0n2e-eeennnnneneennne 10, 665,000 | 2, 955, 909, 545 730 163, 678, 730 159; 887; 000 £3, 791, 730 Colorado... 2 ---n-neneennnneeneeeen ee ceen nen 1, 215, 000 276, 982, 454 . 68 40, 650, 130 14, 894, 000 +25, 756, 130 Connecticut_----------------+--------0 20-2 --- 2, 019. 000 642, 578, 113 1.59 17, 627, 121 34, 825, 000 —17, 197, 879 Delaware-.< a ait. 900 306, 168, 435 76 s 758, 889 16, 646, 000 11; 890; 311 District of Columbi 5 ey ena eo a Florid o pueennenne 2, 494, 000 342, 558, 244 . 85 45, 837, 280 18, 617, 000 +27, 220, 280 Georgia... 3, 196, 000 403, 532, 125 98 55, 028, 985 21, 464, 000 +33, 564, 985 Tdaho._- 592, 000 76, 405, 015 .19 17, 620, 460 4,161, 000 +13, 368, 460 Tmois_- 8, 449, 000 8, 569; 842, 293 8 82 104, 275, 764 193, 178, 000 —88, 902, 236 Indiana. 8, 994, 000 950, 548, 022 2 35 40, 131, 202 51, 470, 000 —11, 338, 798 Towa--.- 2, 643, 000 407, 947, 504 1.01 41, 333, 039 22 121, 000 +10, 212, 039 Wansas.. 1, oer, 000 401; 867; 955 99 3, 537, 500 21, 633, 000 +13, 854, 500 isi 2, 830, OC , 4g . 5 2 , 170, £ Monn 909, 000 117, 543, 220 229 13, as 300 A Bey 009 “16, 866, 300 Maryland.-- 2, 175, 000 1, 070, 387, 105 2.64 20, 685, 626 57, $22, 000 —37, 136, 874 Massachuset 4, 713, 000 1, 232, 002. 754 3.04 62, 070, 134 66, 583, 000 —4, 512, 866 Michigan__ 6, 352, 000 2; 564, 512, 168 6.34 83, 418, 398 138, 860, 000 —55, 441, 602 - Minnesota. 2 130,000 | 100" 252; 288 135 30 (30, 401 *2 478,000 | +80, 084, 401 j i 180, 000 100, 782, . , 4 , 426, a Beissisalpel- 3 935° 000 | 4,008, 204" 118 271 73, 688, 933 89, 355, 000 “E14, 083; 633 Montana-- 521, 000 8 O18 712 19 20, 320, 741 4, 161, 000 H16, 159, 741 .9 174, 0 : , 971, , 588, . 4, 873, 0 1, . 2 —%, . New Mee "589, 000 ”'85, 378, 86 14 17, 183; 810 086, 000 +14, 117, 810 78 New York 14, 392, 000 7, 427, 220, 562 18, 35 131; 158, 580 401, 907, 000 —270, 748, 420 5 98 North Carolina 3, 864, 000 3; 168, 660, 017 2, 88 47, 115, 811 63, 079, 000, —15, 963, 189 2.10 North Dakota... 605, 000 61, 694, 117 15 17, 266, 091 3, 285, 000 +13, 981, 091 .78 Ohio : 7, 989, 000 2, 626, 202, 210 6 49 85, 950, 032 142, 146, 000 —56, 186, 968 3.92 Oklahoma.__ 2; 302, 000 418, 750, 654 1.03 67, 685, 190 22, 559, 000 +45, 128, 190 3,09 Oregon 1, 736, 000 208, 818, 895 174 33, 041, 387 16, 208, 000 +16, 833, 887 1.50 Pennsylvania 10; 633, 000 8, 213, 432, 048 7.94 103, 334, 295 176; 094, 600 —70, 759, 705 4,80 Rhode Island... 743, 000 214, 835, 204 253 9, 965, 631 11, 608, 000 —1, 642) 369 245 South Carolina, 2, 001, 000 205, O14, 397 +51 30, 088, 025 1 170, +000 +19; 713, 025 1.41 ° 8, 234, 000 3, . , 903, , 960, , . pomnessee--- 7, 532, 000 1, 381, 165" 565 3.41 137, 890, 885 | | 74, 687, 000 +63, 203, 885 6.29 Utah... 682, 000 90, 735, 818 622 46, 008, 196 4, 818, 000 +11, 190, 196 +73 Vermont, 369, 000 40, 727, 407 10 7, 921, 020 2; 190, 000 -£5, 731, 020 36 Virginia 8, 102, 000 770, 285, 774 1.90 26, 444, 407 41, 614, 000 ~15, 160, 668 1.20 Weshin ston 2, 582, 000 507, 030, 098 1.25 49, 558, 069 27, 378, 000 +22, 180, 069 2. 26 West Virgini 1, 941, 000 242) 680, 517 -60 22, 074, 132 13, 141, 000 +8, 988, 182 1.09 Wi ° 3, 355, 000 788, 235, 320 1.95 46, 298, 155 42, 709, 000 “13, 589, 155 211 Wyomme. ” 984 000 38, 841, 551 310 15, 020; 781 2, 190, 000 +12, 830, 781 68 Ala Kao nnn eee enna roee een neenee |eeeeee meme eee — 18, 226, 201 +04 2, 515, 891 876, 000 +1, 689, 801 elk 5 etek eee 91, 203, 211 322 17, 833, 703 4, 818, 000 4-13, O18, 703 781 Puerto Ble IEEE _- 2, 259, 778 OL 28, 458, 286 219, 000 -125, 289; 286 116 Other. 2 oon ee ene [ewe ene nen eee pun nancenane enn nnn [see eee matenmoene 1 280, 946 | nceeen nn nnn nnn n [ewe een ne nen [ene renee ere ee: - A) ee ee 40, 468, 125, 018 |....-.------------ 2, 190, 227, 734 |. ann nn nn nnnn [one w ee cer cewn cen leme een een ete ee ees - Sources: Column1: U.S.Bur 4 Column 2: Compila SEege tg homer ae Column 4.: From a. eter dle we payments to States and i sore $4 Column 5: Percenté .-  ---t a Se pe te eee Cos, fre eh tP cra letter Tan et-” Nov, 4, 1949, Depa att Commission:r saseratnn. © ort of the &. mo. os . * ...duals other. of Intemmal Rorence, Asem ‘i WV Goth at nee Ne ote rope ondine Tire 20, 1040 1919 ireludss Toderst-ait Vocus! 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A3420 The United States and the World, 1950 EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. WALTER H. JUDD OF MINNESSTA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, May 9, 1950 Mr. JUDD, Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Recorp, I include six articles which were recent- ly written and published in the Minne- apolis Star by its president, Mr. John Cowles, on his return from a 2-month trip through Europe and the Middle East. The articles are short but com- prehensive and well worth reading. They reveal a remarkable grasp of the main issues and problems in the various areas, and a clear statement of the essen- tial principles necessary for their solu- tion. Especially valuable are the fourth and fifth articles dealing with Asia and Israel, respectively, because they usually are given so much less attention than western Europe. THe Coup War Has Many Faces—Iv’s Gorna To Be Lona, Bur Ir NEgpn’r Ger Hor (By John Cowles) Before we, as a nation, can make sound decisions on any of the problems confront- ing us, we must get two facts, disagreeable as they are, etched on our minds. First of all, we are actually in a war. It’s @ different kind of a war from any we have _ever been in before. It’s a halfway war— a cold war—but, nevertheless, a war. Many of us can’t or won’t believe it. Second, we of the present generation will probably never again be able to relax in what we used to call normalcy—to lead our lives under conditions of genuine peace. The threat of Russian barbarism sweeping over the free world will cast its ominous shadow over us for many, many years. To believe that there is any quick and easy solution to the fundamental conflict between the east and west is wishful, adolescent thinking. This does not mean that hot war with Russia is inevitable. While hot war might flare up at any time, I think the odds are overwhelmingly against its happening in at least the next 2 or 3 years. If we act’ resolutely and intelligently in the halfway cold war, we can, in all probability, ‘permanently avert a hot war and continue to live in freedom and expanding prosperity. If so, the Communist menace eventually will evaporate. But we must realize that this halfway war is serious business. The Russians are play- ing for keeps. If we should lose this peculiar thing called a cold war, the ultimate conse- quences would be the same as losing a hot war. Probably in its final stages, if we were losing it, it would become a hot war. In any event, if we lost it, we would end up by losing everything—all our liberties, cer~ tainly, and our lives, except for those who survived as slaves of the Communist barbarians. . Threatening as the menace of the spread of Russian communism may be, however, we must not let fear of it stampede us into hysterical actions. We must do nothing to weaken our free institutions or our produc-~ tivity, for our hope for survival depends upon them. The cold war has many faces. We must learn to recognize them all. One aspect, but only one, is that of the physical contain- ment of Russia. That means providing military and economic support to weak na- tions like Greece and Turkey, which are ad-~ jacent to Russia or her satellites. We can make it difficult—almost impossible without hot war—for Russia to take them over and then drop the iron curtain, the Soviets’ mid- twentieth-century guillotine. If we hope to save much of southeast Asia from Russia, as we have, at least to date, saved Greece and Turkey, we have no time to lose. ; Some qualified observers think Indochina is already all but lost. If it goes, the holding of Siam would be -extremely difficult. The situation in Burma, Malaya, and Indonesia is precarious, No one can deny either the strategic or eco- nomic importance of southeast Asia. Its pre~ war trade with Marshall-plan countries alone exceeded a billion and a half dollars a year. If trade with southeast Asia is cut off, the difficulties of England’s economic recovery are further intensified. If southeast Asia should fall under the Kremlin’s control, the likelihood of being able to hold India, Pakis- tan, and the Middle East for the free world would be greatly reduced. Throughout history nations have main- tained outposts at strategic points against barbarian threats. Unless we give support promptly to southeast Asia, we will in all probability lose a highly important battle in the cold war. The cost, for economic aid and for weapons, for both south and east Asia has been esti- mated at three or four hundred million dol- lars a year. When one is fighting a war— even a half-way cold war to avert a hot war— dollar costs of such dimensions should he relatively unimportant, considering the alternative. Much more than that amount, however, could be saved without serious risk and possibly with affirmative benefit through trimming our proposed ECA-Marshall plan appropriations for western Europe for the coming year. Time is running out in southeast Asia, Instead of doing nothing, or doing too little too late, the need is for affirmative action there now. Tur MarsHaLt PLAN Dip A Bic Jos, But Some WonvdrER If CusHION SHovuLpN’r Now Bz REDUCED (By John Cowles) Our Marshall plan-ECA aid has been enor- mously successful in western Europe. It has restored transportation and revived produc- tion. It has helped rebuild the morale of the people and has given them confidence that Communist control of the entire con- tinent is not inevitable. The Communist tide has been receding for 2 years in Europe while it has been rising in Asia. The Mar- shall plan may well prove to have been the decisive factor in permanently stopping Rus- sian expansion into western Europe. Paul Hoffman has done an excellnet job as head of ECA. Despite his great ability and extraordinary powers of persuasion, however, it is doubtful that the economic integration of western Europe is any nearer than it was 2 years ago. Many qualified observers feel, moreover, that the Marshall plan has already fulfillea— insofar as there is any real chance of its fulfilling them—the functions for which it was originally designed. ° They believe that some of the recipient nations won’t begin, so long as American dollar subsidies continue plentiful, to take the hard political and economic steps that are Imperatively necessary for their long-run solvency. Every European government naturally likes to receive as many American gift dollars as possible. It postpones the necessity for deal- ing with thorny issues. The dollar shortage is a highly convenient phrase that masks totally different things in the various countries. — Britain’s basic problem is that the Govern-~ ment is spending more for welfare services APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD socialized medicine, food subsidies, etc.— than the country can currently afford. Not enough British manufactured goods are be- ing sold abroad to give England the foreign exchange it needs to pay for its dollar imports. woes Stafford Cripps has done a good job, within the rigid limitations set by his Socialist convictions, in handling Britain’s finances. Despite the criticism which many leveled at him over devaluation, that policy Was ap- parently justified. British gold and foreign currency reserves have increased in the last 6 months, and exports to hard-currency areas have expanded. British taxes are so high, however, that incentives for employees to work overtime or for investors to risk their savings in new business ventures are stifled. Almost all of the industries which have peen nationalized (that is, taken over by the government) are losing large and stead~ ily increasing amounts of money. Living costs, despite controls, are slowly rising. The unions, which had previously accepted a pol~ icy of no wage increases, are becoming in- creasingly restless. The majority of the British people like their governmentally provided welfare serv- ices, whether or not the country can afford’ them. Both political parties recognize this fact, and each claims credit for having origi- nated them. The Conservatives claim that they would administer the welfare services more eff- ciently and economically than the preseht Labor government, and would nationalize no additional industries. That is largely the extent of the difference between the two parties. ‘Except for Winston Churchill, most of the leaders of the Conservative Party are happy, I suspect, with the outcome of the recent election. They want the Labor Party, not themselves, to be in power when within the next year or so it becomes clearly impera-~ tive for the government to adopt some un~= popular policies that are sure to alienate large segments of the population. There- after the Conservatives hope to regain power. For Churchill, however, the sands are running out. If he is to be Prime Minister again, the governmental overturn cannot be long delayed. No matter how irritated we Americans may become over specific aspects of Britain's foreign or domestic policies, we should never forget that England and its commonwealth are incomparably our strongest ally. The United Kingdom is currently spend- ing a slightly higher proportion of its na- tional income on direct military prepara- tions than we are. Continued partnership with the United Kingdom is essential if the free world is to restrain Russian aggression. In France the fundamental problems are political, social, and psychological, rather than economic. France is basically a rich country. But its political setup encourages weak governments, splinter parties, selfish factionalism. Income tax evasion, for example, is as wide- spread and socially accepted today in France as was violation of the prohibition law in the United States 20 years ago. Relatively few wealthy Frenchmen have any of that sense of obligation to their fellow men that is taken for granted in America. Many of the French labor unions are con- trolled by Communists who are almost open Russian agents. Membership in the Red-~ run unions has, however, been steadily de- clining during the past 2 years. Whether France would fight unitedly against Russia if a hot war should come is doubtful. American observers say that Norway would fight to the end if Russia tried to invade it. Apparently the Danes, geographically ex- posed and numerically weak as, they are, would also resist within the limits of their power. It is hoped by the United States
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD 1 England that a similar spirit will de- 3p in France, now that modern American itary equipment is being supplied her. ‘erhaps if western Europe’s defense forces unified under an American commander, | the French become convinced that the ted States and its allies have the military ver to hold western Europe, the French y become more resolute. taly’s problems are quite different from se of England or France. Italy is des- ately poor in natural resources. Its pop- tion, constantly growing, is greater than country can support. Many Italians live 2xtreme poverty, and the level of popular cation is lower than that of any other for nation. wo million people are unemployed in y today, despite the fact that most em- 7ers are compelled by the trade unions reep more people on their payrolls than y need. ‘uch of Italy’s most nrod@uctive land is ed by a few rich .2ims.es, while the sants live in squalor. The government is ing of taking over the huge estates and ding them up into small plots on which peasants should be able to earn a better tence. But the government has not acted 1 vigor. bservers say that it is almost a miracle 3; the Communists did not seize control taly a couple of years ago. Only lavish extremely well-publicized Marshall plan plus an intensive campaign by the Vati- . prevented the Communists from win- 3 the last election. otil Italy faces such basic questions as ulation, it is difficult to see how, except continued American financial aid, her idard of living can be kept at a high igh level so that communism will lose its re, ar’itt WE Do Wire GERMANY? SHE AND wuTaAIn ArE ViraL To Any EvuRoPpEAN EDERATION (By John Cowles) ttle if any real progress has been made ard finding a safe and workable answer he German problem, which is the vital or in solving the dilemma of western dpe. srhaps the German people, after having 1 badly beaten in two world wars, are as up with the idea of military conquest she once-belligerent French were after oleon’s final defeats. But that is a ice the other western powers naturally to risk. > one makes any great claims for the ess of our attempts to educate the Ger- s on the virtues of democracy. The ibility that some new demagogic fuehrer arise in Germany cannot be dismissed. 1e Russians are building a German Com- list army in the Soviet zone of Ger- y. To date the western allies have not ritted the Germans in their areas to ess more than police forces. the foreign powers should withdraw t occupation troops, presumably the su- ox power of the Communists would re- in their getting control of all Germany rdless of the wishes of the majority of German people. ere seems no present alternative but the United States, England and France Jan to keep substantial military occu- on forces in Germany for many years me people bitterly oppose letting the nans in the western zones develop any ‘eciable military strength, for fear they it join with the Russians in war against west. Even though most of the western nans may detest the Russians, they it conceivably ally themselves with the nlin on the theory that after defeating west they could somehow manage to XCVI—App.——216 rule the combined Russian-German empire. Undoubtedly most Germans have a deep desire to see the partition ended and their fatherland reunited. In addition, desperate people do desperate things. Perhaps before long a military federation including the United States, Britain and western Europe will be set up. If so, an American general would probably have to be in command, as the friction between Britain’s Marsha’ Mor*comcry and the French general staff is b rier. In such an international army, possibly the Germans of the allied occupation areas could safely be permitted to have substantial units. Despite Paul Hoffman’s vigorous pressure and the responding lip-service acquiescence of the nations receiving Marshall plan aid, nothing is actually being done to establish a@ real economic union of western European nations. Americans should not be misled by an occasional speech to the contrary by some foreign dignitary. In most cases these stem from expediency. Even the relatively sim- ple Benelux (Belgium-Netherlands-Luxem- burg) economic pact has not been seriously implemented, The creation of a western European eco- nomic federation without including Germany would be futile. If Germany felt that she were to be permanently cut off from trade with France, Belgium, Holland, and Scandi- navia, the appeal of embracing Russia and acquiring markets for German manufactured goods all the way east to China would be irresistible. The formation of a western European fed- eration that included Germany but did not include England would be dangerous. In all probability Germany would rapidly as- sume a dominating position in it, for Ger- many is still potentially by far the strongest and most productive nation in western Europe. The precent British Labor Government has not tie sliputest desire to join in any European economic federation. Socialism in England is nationalistic. In an economic sense it is isolationist. Britain is determined to follow a policy of trying to maintain full employment in the United Kingdom by whatever national con- trols may be necessary, regardless of eco= nomic fluctuations abroad. She has no in- tention of agreeing to expose herself to ex- ports from the Continent if they should conflict with what she regards as her internal best interests. Britain has no intention of restoring con vertibility of sterling into other currencies to a point where her present control over foreign trade would be weakened. She hopes to tie the Commonwealth closer to her, and is looking overseas, economically, rather than to western Europe. England will cooperate wholeheartedly both politically and militarily with the United States and the free nations of west- ern Europe against the Russian threat. But she does not intend, if she can help it, to let outside nations force her to modify her eco- nomic policies. _ Therefore, it is more than doubtful, for the time being at least, that Britain will enter any really meaningful western European economic federation. Clarence Streit’s proposal for Atlantic Union—the creation of a superstate consist- ing of the United States, Britain and her Commonwealth, and some or all of the de- mocracies of western Europe which are now receiving military equipment from the United States—has to date attracted little attention in England. I raised the questior with various informed people; no one men- tioned it first to me. * The majority of them indicated that that was the broad direction in which they hoped A3421 Anglo-American relations would ultimately develop. The majority likewise expressed the view that the Streit plan for transferring all sovereignty to a superstate was too sweeping, and that advocates of an Atlantic Tnior gvosstv urderestimate the staggering pre ical difciultics that would be involved.’ Some called 1t “a noble ideal.” Others suggested that it was the logical step toward that eventual world government in which’ many Americans believe Put no one dis- played any belief that it might come to pass in the foreseeable future. Wer Must Hetp Asta WIN FREEDOM—COMMU=, NISTS CAPITALIZE ON Errornrs TO CurB Na~ TIVE INDEPENDENCE (By John Cowles) One highly important aspect of our cold war with Russia is that the Communists know how to exploit legitimate, popular as- pirations throughout the world and pervert them to the Kremlin’s ends. Until we understand what is happening, and why and how, we will continue to lose cold-war battles. Everywhere on the globe peoples who have long been subject to others are beginning to demand their freedom, are becoming in- creasingly determined to rule themselves, even though it may mean misgovernment. Granted that they are politically immature, not yet ripe for self-government, with the great majority illiterate, the people in the backward areas are, nevertheless, resolving to end colonialism. The United States must show that we not only sympathize with those aspirations but will try to help bring them to successful fruition, What we did in educating the Filipinos for self-government and then turning them free under our protection is an excellent ex- ample to be followed elsewhere. Otherwise many of these peoples, in their frustration, ignorance, and despair, will turn to Com- munist Russia for aid. We ‘must make it clear that the United States is not simply the tail to the French kite in Indochina, nor to the British or French or other European nations in either Asia or Africa, We are providing arms and support to the French in their current efforts to hold Indo- china with a quasi-puppet emperor, Bao Dai. The majority of the people of Indochina are hostile to him because his regime is not com< pletely independent of France. They sus- pect that the French may subsequently try to restore some of those controls that France, in its desperate efforts to avoid utter defeat in the Indochinese war, has recently grudg= ingly renounced. Most of the people of Indochina hate the French, who have been unenlightened or worse in their colonial administration. A Moscow trained Communist, Ho Chi Minh, has consequently been able to rally the ma- jority of the Indochinese—including those who are otherwise anti-Communist—to his side because he represents his movement as a war for freedom. France has a substantial portion of its total military forces, some 130,000 veteran troops, in Indochina fighting Ho in a blocdy and so far unsuccessful war. The United States is supplying military equipment to the French, and is thus becoming identified with impe- rialism in the minds of the Asiatics. A solution in Indochina will require states- manship of the highest order. If we are go- ing to save Southeast Asia for the free world and prevent it passing to Moscow’s control, the United States must make it crystal clear , that we genuinely believe in independence and self-government for the Asiatics. One great difficulty, however, is that, if we privately told the French that they must give Indochina its complete freedom, there would
A3422 be no incentive for the French Army to con- tinue fighting. If the French forces with- drew, Emperor Bao Dai’s regime would col- lapse and Ho’s Communist troops would seize control, even though the bulk of the people might dislike communism. It is even possible that the French Gov- ernment will privately serve notice on us that they will not continue defending Southeast Asia from Communist Russian control unless we will provide much greater military aid and financial subsidization. Some qualified observers who know Indo- china well fear it is already lost for the West- ern World. If Indochina goes, it will be much more difficult to hold Siam, Burma, Indonesia, and Malaya. Perhaps our best if not our only chance would be, after prior conversations with the British and French, for the United States to announce a clear-cut new affirmative policy of “Asia for the Asiatics.” The British do not want to give up their control of Malaya. ‘We need, however, to develop a joint Amer- ican-British policy for dealing with South- east Asia which the American people can whole-heartedly support and which will ap- peal to the Asiatics. The British frequently observe that ‘The United States has not yet learned how to act as a creditor nation.” We may have to re- mind them diplomatically that perhaps Eng- land hasn’t yet learned how to act as a debtor nation. If we could announce, with British and French acquiescence, a policy of helping all the southeast Asian countries establish free, independent governments, it would do more to stop the spread of communism than any= thing else. Even the Indochinese people might wel- come, or at least peacefully accept, the con- tinued temporary presence of French troops in Indochina to maintain order and prevent Communist seizure of control during the transition period while the government was being strengthened. In dealing with Asia, moreover, we must not forget that the Asiatics feel a kinship with other colored races everywhere. To win the Asiatics’ confidence, as well as to do simple human justice here at home, we in the United States need to move much faster toward giving our own Negroes equal oppor-= tunities with whites for education, housing, and jobs. Russian propaganda in Asia constantly identifies the United States with imperial- ism, with colonialism abroad and human exploitation at home. Our policy toward the Philippines disproves the first part of the allegation. If we progressed more rapidly toward giving our Negroes a completely fair deal here in America, we could more effec- tively answer the second charge. Then we would be more persuasive in pointing out the truth, that it is Moscow which wants to dominate and rigidly control the world. Unrren Starzs LoaNs CAN Burp Berrrr, Non- COMMUNIst WORLD; BuT Wr MUSTN'T THINK WE CAN SHAPE ALL NATIONS IN PRECISELY Our IMAGE (By John Cowles) It is naive for Americans—no matter how deeply we believe in our form of capitalism— to assume that all of the rest of the world should, or can, pattern its economic set-up on lines precisely identical with ours. The American economic system, clearly the most productive as well as the freest in the world, is based on the foundation stones of scores of millions of educated, responsible, self-reliant individuals. Many have over the years accumulated savings or productive property. The American system has flowered 50 magnificently primarily because it has been fluid and classless, Penniless me- chanics like Henry Ford and Walter Chrysler could aspire to, and achieve, the creation of great manufacturing enterprises. In most areas of the globe there are a few rich people on top, almost no so-called mid- dle class, and great masses of illiterates living in poverty. Our middle class has been and is the bulwark and source of America’s great- ness. Its savings have financed America’s development and it has produced the men whose genius has built and managed Amer- ica’s industries. In so-called backward areas, the middle class is trivial in size, virtually nonexistent. This means that in most places natural re- sources can be developed and industries cre- ated only by a government (state socialism) or by foreign corporations, primarily Ameri- can ones. Without spending excessive amounts of our American taxpayers’ money, we can win one phase of our cold war with Russia through helping develop backward areas. That will mean higher standards of living for those peoples and greater political sta- bility. In Suez, Egypt, for example, a huge chemi- cal plant is now nearing completion, the first in that part of the world. Seven and a half million dollars to cover the cost of American~ made machinery and equipment was pro- vided by our Export-Import Bank. The bal- ance of $15,000,000 was provided by Egypt. ~ One highly competent American engineer, Clarke Davis, has been in entire charge of the project. He alone, aided by a small staff of educated Egyptians, has trained hundreds of natives to competency in the different pbuilding crafts. Soon the plant will be pro- viding Egypt with huge amounts of fertilizer to improve the productivity of her soil. Other chemical products that have never before been made in that part of the globe will also be manufactured. Eighteen hun- dred Egyptians working at the plant will have model housing, a model school, and a model hospital. The project will tend to raise the standard of living in Egypt and will have some bene~- ficial effect on the whole Near East. There is every likelihood that the chemical plant will be highly profitable, and that the entire dollar debt to the Export-Import Bank will promptly be repaid in full. We should not forget, moreover, that the dollars provided by the United States were all spent here, making jobs for Americans. If we help Israel increase its agricultural and industrial output, it will strengthen the political stability as well as raise the stand- ard of living of another important segment of the globe. No one who has even briefly visited Israel and seen the determination and industry and devotion with which the Jews are fac- ing the staggeringly difficult problem of de- veloping Israel’s productivity can doubt that the Israeli would make good use of such dollars as we provided. “Inspiring” is inadequate to describe the reaction of a visitor to Israel. The single- minded resolution of the people to build a haven for themselves and their coreligion~ ists who have been persecuted in other na- tions seems an irresistible force. One has a feeling in Israel not only that he is seeing history made but that he is seeing a nation lift itself by its boot straps through sheer will power, Israel is so poor in national resources that it is difficult to see how the country can ever produce sufficient wealth to provide a decent standard of living for even its present popu- lation, let alone the additional hundreds of thousands who are clamoring for admission. But one senses that the impossible will be accomplished. The Jews have such com~ plete faith that it will be done, and such de= termination and brains and industry, as to make the idea of failure seem inconceivable, Throughout the rest of the Middle East, in Turkey, and the semifeudal Arab states, APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD there are undoubtedly many projects which would be self-liquidating, which the United States Government and American corpora- tions might advantageously help finance. If the management were competent and the funds expended on a prudent basis, the debts would be repaid. Workers in America would have the additional jobs created by the manufacture of machinery to be ex- ported; the standard of living in the foreign area would be raised; more battles in the cold war would be won by the Western World. Substantial amuunts could be beneficially invested in India, for hydroelectric plants, for irrigation projects, for industrial facili- ties. India’s hundreds of millions of people would then be less susceptible to Communist blandishments or threats. Twenty years ago there were no automo- pile roads connecting the United States with Mexico City. The thousands of American tourists who, as the roads improved, drove their cars southward profoundly affected the lives and aspirations of the Mexicans who came in contact with them. At first the Mexicans sneered at the gringoes who wanted auto cabins and shower baths. But the American tourists had dollars! Today there are air-conditioned movie theaters in some Mexican towns that were only a collection of mud huts half a gener- ation ago. The Mexicans’ standard of living has been appreciably raised by their direct and indirect contact with American tourists, and Mexico is more stable, politically. The Pan-American Highway, which before long will be substantially completed from the United States to the Panama Canal Zone, should be extended all the way down South America to Buenos Aires. A 200-mile gap in Darien, Panama, between the Canal and the border of Colombia has not yet been surveyed. If United States Army engineers would complete that survey as an indication of our intention to help see that the whole road is eventually finished, South American countries would undoubtedly accelerate their road construction. Anyone who assumes that the Western Hemisphere is safe from communism, and that the Soviet has no designs on Latin America, is ill informed. That is one of the many other faces of the cold war. Completion of the Pan-American Highway would result in scores of thousands of Amer- ican tourists driving to South America. It is not unreasonable to assume that their contact with Central and South Americans might have the same beneficial effect as has already occurred in Mexico. If so, the €200,- 000,000 which engineers estimate that we would have to provide in American-bullt road machinery, etc., while the South Ameri- can countries furnished the labor, might be well spent in helping win the cold war on the Latin American front. No one should conclude, however, that what we need to do to win the cold war is simply to toss American dollars extravagantly around the world. Such expenditures—and they need not be colossal—should come only after we have . provided adequate funds for our military services, including ample amounts for sci~ entific research and development of new weapons. And they should only come after we have drastically eliminated governmental waste and have balanced our national budget with a level of taxes that will provide, rather than inhibit, incentives for individual in- vestments that will increase our produc- tivity. StrencrH ABRoAp Becins at Home—We Must GUARD PRINCIPLES WHICH Manz US STRONG (By John Cowles) Will the United States win the cold war? Will the danger that Russian Communist barbarism may sweep over the free world gradually recede and evaporate?