I 
118TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 1046 
To enhance Social Security benefits and ensure the long-term solvency of 
the Social Security program. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
FEBRUARY 14, 2023 
Ms. SCHAKOWSKY (for herself, Ms. HOYLE of Oregon, Mr. COHEN, Mr. 
PAYNE, Mr. LARSEN of Washington, Ms. MOORE of Wisconsin, Ms. 
BUSH, Mr. LYNCH, Ms. TLAIB, Ms. PINGREE, Mrs. NAPOLITANO, Ms. 
NORTON, Mr. RASKIN, Ms. ADAMS, Mr. BOWMAN, Mr. NADLER, Mr. 
POCAN, Mr. GRIJALVA, Ms. JAYAPAL, Ms. LEE of California, Ms. JACK-
SON LEE, Mr. GARCI´A of Illinois, Ms. OCASIO-CORTEZ, Mr. CARTER of 
Louisiana, Mr. KHANNA, Mr. CASAR, and Mr. MCGOVERN) introduced 
the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Ways and 
Means, and in addition to the Committees on Education and the Work-
force, and Transportation and Infrastructure, for a period to be subse-
quently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such 
provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned 
A BILL 
To enhance Social Security benefits and ensure the long- 
term solvency of the Social Security program. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
(a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 
‘‘Social Security Expansion Act’’. 
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(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents of 
this Act is as follows: 
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 
Sec. 2. Across-the-board benefit increase. 
Sec. 3. Computation of cost-of-living increases. 
Sec. 4. Increase in minimum benefit for lifetime low earners based on years in 
the workforce. 
Sec. 5. Extended benefit eligibility for children who are full-time students. 
Sec. 6. Payroll tax on remuneration up to contribution and benefit base and 
more than $250,000. 
Sec. 7. Tax on net earnings from self-employment up to contribution and ben-
efit base and more than $250,000. 
Sec. 8. Tax on investment gain. 
Sec. 9. Social Security Trust Fund established. 
SEC. 2. ACROSS-THE-BOARD BENEFIT INCREASE. 
(a) INCREASE OF FIRST BEND POINT PERCENT-
AGE.—Section 215(a)(1)(A)(i) of the Social Security Act 
(42 U.S.C. 415(a)(1)(A)(i)) is amended by striking ‘‘90 
percent’’ and inserting ‘‘95 percent’’. 
(b) ADJUSTMENT TO BEND POINT AMOUNT.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Section 215(a)(1)(B) of the 
Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 415(a)(1)(B)) is 
amended— 
(A) by redesignating clause (iii) as clause 
(iv); and 
(B) by inserting after clause (ii) the fol-
lowing new clause: 
‘‘(iii) For an individual who is eligible for an 
old-age or disability insurance benefit (or who dies 
before becoming eligible for such a benefit) in any 
calendar year after 2023, the amount determined for 
the individual under clause (ii) of this subparagraph 
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for purposes of subparagraph (A)(i)(I) shall be in-
creased by 22 percent.’’. 
(2) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Clause (iv) of 
section 215(a)(1)(B) of the Social Security Act (42 
U.S.C. 415(a)(1)(B)), as redesignated by paragraph 
(1), is amended by inserting ‘‘(after the application 
of clause (iii), when applicable)’’ after ‘‘clause (ii)’’. 
(c) EFFECTIVE DATE.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The amendments made by 
this section shall take effect on January 1, 2024, 
and shall apply with respect to monthly insurance 
benefits payable under title II of the Social Security 
Act (42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.) for months in calendar 
years beginning on or after such date. 
(2) RECOMPUTATION OF PRIMARY INSURANCE 
AMOUNTS.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—Notwithstanding sec-
tion 215(f) of the Social Security Act (42 
U.S.C. 415(f)), the Commissioner of Social Se-
curity 
shall 
recompute 
primary 
insurance 
amounts to the extent necessary to carry out 
the amendments to this section. 
(B) RULE
OF
APPLICATION.—In recom-
puting the primary insurance amount of an in-
dividual who initially became eligible for old-age 
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or disability insurance benefits before January 
1, 2024, the Commissioner of Social Security 
shall apply the increase described in clause (iii) 
of section 215(a)(1)(B) of the Social Security 
Act (as added by subsection (b)(1)(B)) to the 
amount determined under clause (ii) of such 
section 215(a)(1)(B) for the calendar year in 
which the individual initially became eligible for 
such benefits. 
SEC. 3. COMPUTATION OF COST-OF-LIVING INCREASES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 215(i)(1) of the Social Se-
curity Act (42 U.S.C. 415(i)(1)) is amended by adding 
at the end the following new subparagraph: 
‘‘(H) the term ‘Consumer Price Index’ means 
the Consumer Price Index for Elderly Consumers 
(CPI–E, as published by the Bureau of Labor Sta-
tistics of the Department of Labor).’’. 
(b) APPLICATION TO PRE-1979 LAW.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Section 215(i)(1) of the So-
cial Security Act as in effect in December 1978, and 
as applied in certain cases under the provisions of 
such Act as in effect after December 1978, is 
amended by adding at the end the following new 
subparagraph: 
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‘‘(D) the term ‘Consumer Price Index’ means 
the Consumer Price Index for Elderly Consumers 
(CPI–E, as published by the Bureau of Labor Sta-
tistics of the Department of Labor).’’. 
(2) CONFORMING CHANGE.—Section 215(i)(4) 
of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 415(i)(4)) is 
amended— 
(A) by striking ‘‘and by section 9001’’ and 
inserting ‘‘, section 9001’’; and 
(B) by inserting ‘‘and section 3 of the So-
cial Security Expansion Act,’’ after ‘‘1986,’’. 
(c) NO EFFECT ON ADJUSTMENTS UNDER OTHER 
LAWS.—Section 215(i) of the Social Security Act (42 
U.S.C. 415(i)) is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘(6) Any provision of law (other than in this title, 
title VIII, or title XVI) which provides for adjustment of 
an amount based on a change in benefit amounts resulting 
from a determination made under this subsection shall be 
applied and administered without regard to the amend-
ments made by section 3 of the Social Security Expansion 
Act, and, for purposes of making such an adjustment 
under such a provision, this subsection as in effect on the 
day before the date of enactment of such Act shall con-
tinue to apply.’’. 
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(d) PUBLICATION OF CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR 
ELDERLY CONSUMERS.—The Bureau of Labor Statistics 
of the Department of Labor shall prepare and publish the 
index authorized by section 191 of the Older Americans 
Amendments Act of 1987 (29 U.S.C. 2 note) for each cal-
endar month, beginning with July of the calendar year fol-
lowing the calendar year in which this Act is enacted, and 
such index shall be known as the ‘‘Consumer Price Index 
for Elderly Consumers’’. 
(e) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by 
subsection (a) shall apply to determinations made with re-
spect to cost-of-living computation quarters (as defined in 
section 215(i)(1)(B) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 
415(i)(1)(B))) ending on or after September 30 of the sec-
ond calendar year following the calendar year in which this 
Act is enacted. 
SEC. 4. INCREASE IN MINIMUM BENEFIT FOR LIFETIME 
LOW EARNERS BASED ON YEARS IN THE 
WORKFORCE. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 215(a)(1) of the Social 
Security Act (42 U.S.C. 415(a)(1)) is amended— 
(1) by redesignating subparagraph (D) as sub-
paragraph (E); and 
(2) by inserting after subparagraph (C) the fol-
lowing new subparagraph: 
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‘‘(D)(i) Effective with respect to the benefits of indi-
viduals who become eligible for old-age insurance benefits 
or disability insurance benefits (or die before becoming so 
eligible) after 2023, no primary insurance amount com-
puted under subparagraph (A) may be less than the great-
er of— 
‘‘(I) the minimum monthly amount computed 
under subparagraph (C); or 
‘‘(II) in the case of an individual who has more 
than 10 years of work (as defined in clause (iv)(I)), 
the alternative minimum amount determined under 
clause (ii). 
‘‘(ii)(I) The alternative minimum amount determined 
under this clause is the applicable percentage of 1⁄12 of 
the annual dollar amount determined under clause (iii) for 
the year in which the amount is determined. 
‘‘(II) For purposes of subclause (I), the applicable 
percentage is the percentage specified in connection with 
the number of years of work, as set forth in the following 
table: 
‘‘If the number of years 
The applicable 
of work is: 
percentage is: 
11 ......................................................................................
6.25 percent
12 ......................................................................................
12.50 percent
13 ......................................................................................
18.75 percent
14 ......................................................................................
25.00 percent
15 ......................................................................................
31.25 percent
16 ......................................................................................
37.50 percent
17 ......................................................................................
43.75 percent
18 ......................................................................................
50.00 percent
19 ......................................................................................
56.25 percent
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‘‘If the number of years 
The applicable 
of work is: 
percentage is: 
20 ......................................................................................
62.50 percent
21 ......................................................................................
68.75 percent
22 ......................................................................................
75.00 percent
23 ......................................................................................
81.25 percent
24 ......................................................................................
87.50 percent
25 ......................................................................................
93.75 percent
26 ......................................................................................
100.00 percent
27 ......................................................................................
106.25 percent
28 ......................................................................................
112.50 percent
29 ......................................................................................
118.75 percent
30 or more ........................................................................
125.00 percent. 
‘‘(iii) The annual dollar amount determined under 
this clause is— 
‘‘(I) for calendar year 2024, the poverty guide-
line for 2023; and 
‘‘(II) for any calendar year after 2024, the an-
nual dollar amount for 2023 multiplied by the ratio 
of— 
‘‘(aa) the national average wage index (as 
defined in section 209(k)(1)) for the second cal-
endar year preceding the calendar year for 
which the determination is made, to 
‘‘(bb) the national average wage index (as 
so defined) for 2022. 
‘‘(iv) For purposes of this subparagraph— 
‘‘(I) the term ‘year of work’ means, with re-
spect to an individual, a year to which 4 quarters of 
coverage have been credited based on such individ-
ual’s wages and self-employment income; and 
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‘‘(II) the term ‘poverty guideline for 2023’ 
means the annual poverty guideline for 2023 (as up-
dated annually in the Federal Register by the De-
partment of Health and Human Services under the 
authority of section 673(2) of the Omnibus Budget 
Reconciliation Act of 1981) as applicable to a single 
individual.’’. 
(b) 
RECOMPUTATION.—Notwithstanding 
section 
215(f)(1) of the Social Security Act, the Commissioner of 
Social Security shall recompute primary insurance 
amounts originally computed for months prior to Novem-
ber 2018, to the extent necessary to carry out the amend-
ments made by this section. 
(c) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section 209(k)(1) 
of such Act (42 U.S.C. 409(k)(1)) is amended by inserting 
‘‘215(a)(1)(E),’’ after ‘‘215(a)(1)(D),’’. 
SEC. 5. EXTENDED BENEFIT ELIGIBILITY FOR CHILDREN 
WHO ARE FULL-TIME STUDENTS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Section 202(d) of the Social 
Security Act (42 U.S.C. 402(d)) is amended— 
(A) in paragraph (1)— 
(i) in subparagraph (B)— 
(I) by striking ‘‘or (ii)’’ and in-
serting ‘‘(ii)’’; and 
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(II) by inserting ‘‘or (iii) was the 
child of an individual entitled to dis-
ability insurance benefits or of an in-
dividual who dies a fully or currently 
insured individual and was a full-time 
student at an educational institution 
and had not attained the age of 22,’’ 
after ‘‘22,’’; 
(ii) in subparagraph (E)— 
(I) by striking ‘‘and (ii)’’ and in-
serting ‘‘(ii)’’; and 
(II) by inserting ‘‘and (iii) is not 
a full-time student at an educational 
institution during any part of such 
month (in the case of a child who is 
the child of an individual entitled to 
disability insurance benefits or of an 
individual who dies a fully or cur-
rently insured individual)’’ before the 
comma at the end; 
(iii) in subparagraph (F), by striking 
clauses (i) and (ii) and inserting the fol-
lowing: 
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‘‘(i) in the case of a child who is the child 
of an individual entitled to old-age insurance 
benefits— 
‘‘(I) the first month during no part of 
which the child is a full-time elementary or 
secondary school student, or 
‘‘(II) the month in which the child at-
tains the age of 19, and 
‘‘(ii) in the case of a child who is the child 
of an individual entitled to disability insurance 
benefits or of an individual who dies a fully or 
currently insured individual— 
‘‘(I) the first month during no part of 
which the child is a full-time student at an 
educational institution, or 
‘‘(II) the month in which the child at-
tains the age of 22,’’; and 
(iv) in subparagraph (G), by striking 
clauses (ii) and (iii) and inserting the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘(ii) in the case of a child who is the child 
of an individual entitled to old-age insurance 
benefits— 
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‘‘(I) the first month during no part of 
which the child is a full-time elementary or 
secondary school student, or 
‘‘(II) the month in which the child at-
tains the age of 19, and 
‘‘(iii) in the case of a child who is the child 
of an individual entitled to disability insurance 
benefits or of an individual who dies a fully or 
currently insured individual— 
‘‘(I) the first month during no part of 
which the child is a full-time student at an 
educational institution, or 
‘‘(II) the month in which the child at-
tains the age of 22,’’; 
(B) in paragraph (6)— 
(i) in subparagraph (A)— 
(I) by striking ‘‘or (ii)’’ and in-
serting ‘‘(ii)’’; and 
(II) by inserting ‘‘or (iii) is the 
child of an individual entitled to dis-
ability insurance benefits or of an in-
dividual who dies a fully or currently 
insured individual and is a full-time 
student at an educational institution 
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and has not attained the age of 22,’’ 
after ‘‘22,’’; and 
(ii) by striking subparagraphs (D) 
and (E) and inserting the following: 
‘‘(D) the earlier of— 
‘‘(i) in the case of a child who is the child 
of an individual entitled to old-age insurance 
benefits— 
‘‘(I) the first month during no part of 
which the child is a full-time elementary or 
secondary school student; or 
‘‘(II) the month in which the child at-
tains the age of 19; and 
‘‘(ii) in the case of a child who is the child 
of an individual entitled to disability insurance 
benefits or of an individual who dies a fully or 
currently insured individual— 
‘‘(I) the first month during no part of 
which the child is a full-time student at an 
educational institution; or 
‘‘(II) the month in which the child at-
tains the age of 22; 
but only if the child is not under a disability (as 
so defined) in such earlier month; or 
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full-time attendance as a student at an elementary 
school (but only in the case of an individual who has 
not attained the age of 19) or a secondary school or 
an institution described in section 102 of the Higher 
Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1002), as deter-
mined by the Commissioner of Social Security (in 
accordance with regulations prescribed by the Com-
missioner) in the light of the standards and prac-
tices of the schools and institutions involved, except 
that no individual shall be considered a ‘full-time 
student at an educational institution’ if the indi-
vidual is paid by his employer while attending a 
school or institution at the request, or pursuant to 
a requirement, of his employer. An individual shall 
not be considered a ‘full-time student at an edu-
cational institution’ for the purpose of this section 
while that individual is confined in a jail, prison, or 
other penal institution or correctional facility, pursu-
ant to the individual’s conviction of an offense (com-
mitted after the effective date of this sentence) 
which constituted a felony under applicable law. An 
individual who is determined to be a full-time stu-
dent at an educational institution shall be deemed to 
be such a student throughout the month with re-
spect to which such determination is made. 
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‘‘(F) Except to the extent provided in such reg-
ulations, an individual shall be deemed to be a full- 
time student at a school or educational institution 
during any period of nonattendance at a school or 
institution at which he has been in full-time attend-
ance if (i) such period is 4 calendar months or less, 
and (ii) the individual shows to the satisfaction of 
the Commissioner of Social Security that the indi-
vidual intends to continue to be in full-time attend-
ance at a secondary school or institution described 
in section 102 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 
(20 U.S.C. 1002) immediately following such period. 
An individual who does not meet the requirement of 
clause (ii) with respect to such period of nonattend-
ance shall be deemed to have met such requirement 
(as of the beginning of such period) if he is in full- 
time attendance at such a school or institution im-
mediately following such period. 
‘‘(G) A child who attains age 22 at a time when 
the child is a full-time student of an educational in-
stitution (as defined in subparagraph (E) and with-
out application of subparagraph (F)) but has not (at 
such time) completed the requirements for, or re-
ceived, a diploma or equivalent certificate from a 
secondary school (as defined in subparagraph (C)(i)) 
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or, if such child is a student at an educational insti-
tution described in section 102 of the Higher Edu-
cation Act of 1965, a diploma, degree, or equivalent 
degree from such an institution, shall be deemed (for 
purposes of determining whether the child’s entitle-
ment to benefits under this subsection has termi-
nated under paragraph (1)(F) and for purposes of 
determining his initial entitlement to such benefits 
under clause (iii) of paragraph (1)(B)) not to have 
attained such age until the first day of the first 
month following the end of the quarter or semester 
in which he is enrolled at such time (or, if the sec-
ondary school or educational institution in which he 
is enrolled is not operated on a quarter or semester 
system, until the first day of the first month fol-
lowing the completion of the course in which the 
child is so enrolled or until the first day of the third 
month beginning after such time, whichever first oc-
curs).’’. 
(2) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made 
by this subsection shall apply to child’s insurance 
benefits that are payable for months beginning on or 
after January 1, 2024. 
(b) RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT.— 
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(1) Section 2(d) of the Railroad Retirement Act 
of 1974 (45 U.S.C. 232(2)(d)) is amended— 
(A) in clause (iii) of paragraph (1), by 
striking ‘‘will be less than nineteen years of age 
and a full-time elementary or secondary school 
student’’ and inserting ‘‘will be less than 22 
years of age and a full-time student at an edu-
cational institution (as defined in section 
202(d)(7)(E) of the Social Security Act)’’; and 
(B) in paragraph (4)— 
(i) by striking ‘‘(defining the terms 
‘full-time elementary or secondary school 
student’ and ‘elementary or secondary 
school’)’’; 
(ii) by striking ‘‘nineteen’’ and insert-
ing ‘‘22’’; 
(iii) by striking ‘‘full-time elementary 
or secondary school student’’ and inserting 
‘‘full-time student at an educational insti-
tution’’; 
(iv) by striking ‘‘subparagraph (A) of 
paragraph (7) of section 202(d) of the So-
cial Security Act and without the applica-
tion of subparagraph (B)’’ and inserting 
‘‘subparagraph (E) of section 202(d)(7) of 
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the Social Security Act, without regard to 
subparagraph (F) of such section’’; 
(v) by striking ‘‘a diploma or equiva-
lent certificate from a secondary school (as 
defined in section 202(d)(7)(c)(i) of the 
Social Security Act)’’ and inserting ‘‘a di-
ploma, degree, or equivalent certificate 
from a secondary school or educational in-
stitution described in section 202(d)(7)(E) 
of the Social Security Act’’; and 
(vi) by striking ‘‘elementary or sec-
ondary school in which he is enrolled’’ and 
inserting ‘‘school or institution in which 
the child is enrolled’’. 
(2) Section 5(c)(7) of the Railroad Retirement 
Act of 1974 (45 U.S.C. 235(c)(7)) is amended— 
(A) by striking ‘‘full-time elementary or 
secondary school student’’ and inserting ‘‘full- 
time student at an educational institution’’; and 
(B) by striking ‘‘19’’ and inserting ‘‘22’’. 
(3) The amendments made by this subsection 
shall apply to benefits under the Railroad Retire-
ment Act of 1974 that are payable for months be-
ginning on or after January 1, 2024. 
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SEC. 6. PAYROLL TAX ON REMUNERATION UP TO CON-
TRIBUTION AND BENEFIT BASE AND MORE 
THAN $250,000. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Paragraph (1) of section 3121(a) 
of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended to read 
as follows: 
‘‘(1) in the case of taxes imposed by sections 
3101(a) and 3111(a), for any calendar year in which 
the contribution and benefit base (as determined 
under section 230 of the Social Security Act) is less 
than $250,000, so much of the remuneration (other 
than remuneration referred to in the succeeding 
paragraphs of this subsection) with respect to em-
ployment that has been paid to an individual by an 
employer during the calendar year as exceeds such 
contribution and benefit base but does not exceed 
$250,000;’’. 
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.— 
(1) SUCCESSOR EMPLOYERS.—Paragraph (1) of 
section 3121(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 
1986 is amended by adding at the end the following 
new subsection: 
‘‘(aa) SPECIAL RULES
FOR SUCCESSOR EMPLOY-
ERS.—For purposes of subsection (a)(1), if an employer 
(hereinafter referred to as successor employer) during any 
calendar year acquires substantially all the property used 
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in a trade or business of another employer (hereinafter 
referred to as a predecessor), or used in a separate unit 
of a trade or business of a predecessor, and immediately 
after the acquisition employs in his trade or business an 
individual who immediately prior to the acquisition was 
employed in the trade or business of such predecessor, 
then, for the purpose of determining the amount of remu-
neration paid by the successor employer under such sub-
section, any remuneration (other than remuneration re-
ferred to in the paragraphs succeeding paragraph (1) of 
subsection (a)) with respect to employment paid (or con-
sidered under this subsection as having been paid) to such 
individual by such predecessor during such calendar year 
and prior to such acquisition shall be considered as having 
been paid by such successor employer.’’. 
(2) APPLICATION
TO
RAILROAD
RETIREMENT 
TAXES.—Clause (i) of section 3231(e)(2)(A) of such 
Code is amended to read as follows: 
‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—For any calendar 
year in which the applicable base is less 
than $250,000, the term ‘compensation’ 
does not include so much of the remunera-
tion paid during any calendar year to an 
individual by an employer for services ren-
dered as an employee to such employer as 
VerDate Sep 11 2014 
23:24 Mar 10, 2023
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