(C) financing by the Commodity Credit 
Corporation for export sales of agricultural 
commodities; or 
(D) financing under the Export-Import 
Bank Act of 1945 (12 U.S.C. 635 et seq.). 
(20) ADMITTED; ALIEN.—The terms ‘‘admit-
ted’’ and ‘‘alien’’ have the meanings given those 
terms in section 101(a) of the Immigration and Na-
tionality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)). 
TITLE 
I—STRENGTHENING 
UNITED STATES SANCTIONS 
AGAINST SYRIA 
SEC. 101. FINDINGS. 
Congress makes the following findings: 
(1) On April 29, 2011, the President trans-
mitted to Congress a message continuing the na-
tional emergency with respect to Syria, stating that 
‘‘[the Government of Syria’s] actions and policies, 
including continuing support for terrorist organiza-
tions, damaging the Lebanese government’s ability 
to function, and pursuit of weapons of mass destruc-
tion and missile programs, continue to pose an un-
usual and extraordinary threat to the national secu-
rity, foreign policy, and economy of the United 
States.’’. 
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(2) United Nations Security Council Resolution 
1373 (2001) mandates that all states ‘‘refrain from 
providing any form of support, active or passive, to 
entities or persons involved in terrorist acts’’, take 
‘‘the necessary steps to prevent the commission of 
terrorist acts’’, and ‘‘deny safe haven to those who 
finance, plan, support, or commit terrorist acts’’. 
(3) The Government of Syria is currently pro-
hibited by United States law from receiving United 
States assistance because it has repeatedly provided 
support for acts of international terrorism, as deter-
mined by the Secretary of State for purposes of sec-
tion 6(j)(1) of the Export Administration Act of 
1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2405(j)(1)) and other rel-
evant provisions of law. 
(4) The Department of State’s ‘‘Country Re-
ports on Terrorism’’ for 2009 state that ‘‘Syria 
continue[s] to provide safe-haven as well as political 
and other support to a number of designated Pales-
tinian terrorist groups, including HAMAS, Pales-
tinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), and the Popular Front 
for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command 
(PFLP–GC) . . . The operational leadership of 
many of these groups is headquartered or sheltered 
in Damascus . . . Syria allows terrorist groups resi-
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dent in its territory to receive and ship goods, in-
cluding weapons, in and out of the country. Addi-
tionally, the Syrian government provided diplomatic, 
political and material support to Hizballah in Leb-
anon and allowed Iran to supply this organization 
with weapons. Weapons flow from Iran through 
Syria, and directly from Syria, to Hizballah despite 
UN Security Council resolution 1701 of 2006, which 
imposes an arms embargo on Lebanon except with 
the consent of the Lebanese government . . . Syria 
has maintained its ties with its strategic ally, and 
fellow state sponsor of terrorism, Iran.’’. 
(5) The Department of State’s ‘‘Country Re-
ports on Terrorism’’ for 2009 state that ‘‘The exist-
ence of foreign fighter facilitation networks in Syria 
[for entry into Iraq] . . . remains troubling . . . 
Syria has long provided sanctuary and political sup-
port for certain former Iraqi regime elements (FRE) 
. . . In 2008, the United States designated several 
Iraqis and Iraqi-owned entities residing in Syria 
under Executive Order 13438 for providing finan-
cial, material, and technical support for acts of vio-
lence that threatened the peace and stability of Iraq 
. . . Additionally, the United States designated one 
Syria-based individual in 2007 under E.O. 13224 for 
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providing financial and material support to AQI and 
six others under E.O. 13315 as FRE or family 
members of FRE, some of whom had provided fi-
nancial assistance to the Iraqi insurgency.’’. 
(6) According to the ‘‘Message and Notice from 
the President on the Continuation of the National 
Emergency with Respect to Syria’’ dated April 29, 
2011, the Government of Syria is ‘‘damaging the 
Lebanese government’s ability to function’’. 
(7) According to the Office of the Director of 
National Intelligence’s ‘‘Unclassified Report to Con-
gress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to 
Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Con-
ventional Munitions’’ for the year 2010, ‘‘Syria . . . 
was engaged for more than a decade in a covert nu-
clear program with North Korean assistance. The 
program involved construction of a nuclear reactor 
at Al Kibar without informing the IAEA and while 
taking measures to preserve the site’s secrecy. We 
assess the reactor would have been capable of pro-
ducing plutonium for nuclear weapons. The reactor 
was destroyed in September 2007, before it became 
operational, and Syria went to great lengths to try 
to eradicate evidence of its existence and remains 
generally uncooperative with the IAEA investigation. 
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The covert nature of the program, the characteris-
tics of the reactor, and Syria’s extreme efforts to 
deny and destroy evidence of the reactor after its de-
struction are inconsistent with peaceful nuclear ap-
plications.’’. 
(8) According to the Office of the Director of 
National Intelligence’s ‘‘Unclassified Report to Con-
gress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to 
Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Con-
ventional Munitions’’ for the year 2010, ‘‘Syria pos-
sesses one of the largest ballistic missile forces in 
the Middle East, including liquid-propellant Scud 
SRBMs and Scud-class variants such as Scud C and 
D. Syria also fields the SS–21 solid-propellant 
SRBM. Syria remains dependent on foreign sup-
pliers such as North Korea and Iran for some bal-
listic missile technology; however, Syria has growing 
domestic capabilities and poses the risk of missile 
proliferation.’’. 
(9) According to the Office of the Director of 
National Intelligence’s ‘‘Unclassified Report to Con-
gress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to 
Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Con-
ventional Munitions’’ for the year 2010, ‘‘Syria 
continue[s] to seek dual-use technology from foreign 
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sources . . . Syria has had a [chemical weapons] 
program for many years and has a stockpile of 
[chemical weapons] agents, which can be delivered 
by aerial bombs, ballistic missiles, and artillery rock-
ets . . . Syria’s biotechnical infrastructure is capa-
ble of supporting [biological weapons] agent develop-
ment.’’. 
(10) Under the Treaty on the NonProliferation 
of Nuclear Weapons (21 U.S.T. 483), which entered 
force on March 5, 1970, and to which Syria is a 
party, Syria has undertaken not to acquire or 
produce nuclear weapons and has accepted full scope 
safeguards of the International Atomic Energy 
Agency to detect diversions of nuclear materials 
from peaceful activities to the production of nuclear 
weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. 
(11) Syria is not a party to the Chemical Weap-
ons Convention or the Biological Weapons Conven-
tion, which entered into force on April 29, 1997, and 
on March 26, 1975, respectively. 
(12) According to the Department of State’s 
2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 
‘‘[Syria is] under the authoritarian regime of Presi-
dent Bashar al-Asad . . . [In 2010, t]he government 
systematically repressed citizens’ ability to change 
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their government. The security forces committed ar-
bitrary or unlawful killings, caused politically moti-
vated disappearances, and tortured and physically 
abused prisoners and detainees with impunity. Secu-
rity forces arrested and detained individuals under 
poor conditions without due process. Lengthy pre-
trial and incommunicado detention remained a seri-
ous problem. The judiciary was not independent. 
There were political prisoners and detainees, and 
during the year the government sentenced to prison 
several high-profile members of the human rights 
and civil society communities. The government vio-
lated citizens’ privacy rights. The government im-
posed severe restrictions on civil liberties: freedoms 
of speech and press, including Internet and aca-
demic freedom; freedoms of assembly and of associa-
tion, including severe restrictions on nongovern-
mental organizations (NGOs); and freedoms of reli-
gion and movement. An atmosphere of corruption 
pervaded the government. Violence and societal dis-
crimination against women continued, as did sexual 
exploitation, increasingly of Iraqi refugees, including 
minors. The government discriminated against mi-
norities, particularly Kurds, and severely restricted 
workers rights.’’. 
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(13) Since March of 2011, the Government of 
Syria has expanded its repression and human rights 
violations, killing hundreds of Syrians and reportedly 
detaining or imprisoning many others. 
(14) In May of 2011, the European Union im-
posed sanctions on a number of Syrian officials, in-
cluding the President of Syria, and other Syrian per-
sons for their role in human rights abuses. 
(15) The Government of Syria remains depend-
ent on Syria’s energy sector for revenue, even as 
Syria’s petroleum production has largely declined in 
recent years due to diminishing reserves and limited 
refining capacity. 
(16) The Government of Syria’s ability to gen-
erate additional revenue for its threatening activi-
ties, via expanding Syria’s refining capacity and sig-
nificantly increasing petroleum production and ex-
ports, is heavily dependent on obtaining increased 
foreign investment in Syria’s energy sector. 
SEC. 102. DECLARATIONS OF POLICY. 
Congress makes the following declarations of policy: 
(1) The actions of the Government of the Syria, 
including its support for, and facilitation of, terrorist 
activities, including inside of Iraq, its development of 
long-range missiles and weapons of mass destruction 
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programs and capabilities, its continued interference 
with the internal affairs of the Lebanese Republic in 
violation of multiple United Nations Security Coun-
cil resolutions and of its international obligations, 
and its massive, systematic, and extraordinary viola-
tions of human rights of the Syrian people, are a 
threat to the national security of the United States 
and international peace. 
(2) The policy of the United States shall be to 
deny the Government of Syria the ability to carry 
out the following: 
(A) To finance, provide safe-haven, or oth-
erwise support terrorist organizations. 
(B) To develop chemical, biological, radio-
logical, or nuclear weapons and long-range bal-
listic missiles. 
(C) To continue to interfere in the affairs 
of the Government of Lebanon in contravention 
of multiple United Nations Security Council 
resolutions and other pertinent obligations. 
(D) To continue to oppress the people of 
Syria. 
(3) The President should advocate for, and 
should instruct the United States Permanent Rep-
resentative to the United Nations to propose and 
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seek within the United Nations Security Council, a 
mandatory international embargo against the Gov-
ernment of Syria, pursuant to Article 41 of the 
Charter of the United Nations. 
(4) Any effort by a country that is a recipient 
of United States assistance to facilitate, directly or 
indirectly, the development of Syria’s chemical, bio-
logical, radiological, or nuclear weapons capabilities, 
long-range ballistic missile development programs, or 
to help make operational any nuclear facility in 
Syria will have a detrimental impact on United 
States assistance to, or commercial and financial re-
lations with, such country. 
SEC. 103. CODIFICATION OF EXISTING SANCTIONS AND 
CONTINUATION OF RESTRICTIONS AGAINST 
THE GOVERNMENT OF SYRIA. 
(a) RESTRICTIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN PROVI-
SIONS OF LAW.—Restrictions against the Government of 
Syria, and on persons by reason of their direction of, or 
contribution to, activities of the Government of Syria, that 
were imposed pursuant to the Code of Federal Regula-
tions, sections 4 and 5 of Executive Order 12938, sections 
1, 2, and 3 of Executive Order 13338, section 1 of Execu-
tive Order 13399, sections 1 and 2 of Executive Order 
13460, Executive Order 13572, Executive Order 13573, 
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section 311 of the USA PATRIOT Act (Public Law 107– 
56, 115 Stat. 272), the Export Administration Act of 
1979 (Public Law 96–72, 50 U.S.C. App. 2401 et seq.), 
the Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Res-
toration Act of 2003 (Public Law 108–175, 22 U.S.C. 
2151 note), the Iran, North Korea, and Syria Non-
proliferation Act (Public Law 106–178, 50 U.S.C. 1701 
note), or any similar provision of law, as in effect on the 
date of the enactment of this Act, shall remain in effect 
and may not be lifted pursuant to such provisions of law 
until the President certifies to the appropriate congres-
sional committees that the Government of Syria— 
(1) has ceased all support for terrorism, includ-
ing by meeting the requirements of paragraphs (2), 
(3), and (4) of subsection (b), and has not provided 
such support during the preceding 5-year period and 
has not been determined by the Secretary of State, 
for the purposes of section 6(j) of the Export Ad-
ministration Act of 1979, section 620A of the For-
eign Assistance Act of 1961, section 40 of the Arms 
Export Control Act, or any other provision of law, 
to be a government that has repeatedly provided 
support for acts of international terrorism at any 
time during such 5-year period; 
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(2)(A) has permanently dismantled Syria’s 
chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weap-
ons programs; 
(B) has ceased all efforts to design, develop, 
manufacture, or acquire— 
(i) a nuclear explosive device or related 
materials and technology; 
(ii) chemical, biological, and radiological 
weapons; and 
(iii) ballistic missiles and ballistic missile 
launch technology; and 
(C) has taken demonstrable steps to combat the 
proliferation of such weapons; 
(3) does not pose a threat to United States na-
tional security, United States interests, and United 
States allies in the region; 
(4) respects the boundaries, sovereignty, and 
right to exist of all neighboring countries; 
(5) upholds and defends the human rights and 
civil liberties of its people; 
(6) has legalized all political activity; 
(7) has made public commitments to organizing 
free and fair elections for a new government— 
(A) to be held within a period not to ex-
ceed 180 days after the date on which the 
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President makes the determination and certifi-
cation to the appropriate congressional commit-
tees under this subsection; 
(B) with the participation of multiple inde-
pendent political parties that have full access to 
the media on an equal basis, including (in the 
case of radio, television, or other telecommuni-
cations media) in terms of allotments of time 
for such access and the times of day such allot-
ments are given; and 
(C) to be conducted under the supervision 
of internationally recognized observers; and 
(8) made public commitments to and is making 
demonstrable progress in— 
(A) establishing an independent judiciary; 
and 
(B) respecting internationally recognized 
human rights and basic freedoms as recognized 
in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 
(b) RESTRICTIONS RELATING TO STATE SPONSOR OF 
TERRORISM DETERMINATION.—Restrictions against the 
Government of Syria that were imposed by reason of a 
determination by the Secretary of State that the Govern-
ment of Syria, for purposes of section 6(j) of the Export 
Administration Act of 1979 (as continued in effect pursu-
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ant to the International Emergency Economic Powers 
Act), section 40 of the Arms Export Control Act, section 
620A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, or other pro-
vision of law, is a government that has repeatedly provided 
support for acts of international terrorism, shall remain 
in effect, and shall not be lifted pursuant to such provi-
sions of law, unless the President certifies to the appro-
priate congressional committees that the Government of 
Syria— 
(1) is not engaged in the illegal transfer of mis-
sile or nuclear technology to the Government of 
North Korea or to any country the government of 
which the Secretary of State has determined, for 
purposes of any of the provisions of law specified in 
the matter preceding this paragraph, is a govern-
ment that has repeatedly provided support for acts 
of international terrorism; 
(2) is no longer engaged in training, harboring, 
supplying, financing, or supporting in any way— 
(A) Hamas, Hezbollah, Palestinian Islamic 
Jihad, the Popular Front for the Liberation of 
Palestine, the Popular Front for the Liberation 
of Palestine-General Command, the Democratic 
Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Fatah al- 
Intifada, or Fatah al-Islam; 
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(B) any other organization designated by 
the Secretary of State as a foreign terrorist or-
ganization in accordance with section 219(a) of 
the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 
1189(a)); 
(C) any person included on the Annex to 
Executive Order 13224 (September 23, 2001) 
and any other person identified under section 1 
of that Executive Order whose property and in-
terests in property are blocked by such section 
(commonly known as a ‘‘specially designated 
global terrorist’’); 
(D) any person designated under section 3 
of Executive Order 13338 (May 13, 2004) or 
under section 1 of Executive Order 13438 (July 
17, 2007); 
(E) the Syrian Social Nationalist Party; 
(F) any other person or organization con-
tributing to instability in Lebanon or Iraq; and 
(G) any agency, instrumentality, affiliate, 
or successor organization of the organizations 
listed in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), 
or (F); 
(3) 
has 
immediately 
and 
unconditionally 
stopped facilitating transit from Syria to Iraq of in-
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dividuals, military equipment, and all lethal items, 
except as authorized by the representative, inter-
nationally recognized Government of Iraq; and 
(4) has ceased its support for ‘‘volunteers’’ and 
terrorists who are traveling from and through Syria 
into Iraq to launch attacks. 
SEC. 104. MANDATORY SANCTIONS WITH RESPECT TO DE-
VELOPMENT OF WEAPONS OF MASS DE-
STRUCTION OR OTHER MILITARY CAPABILI-
TIES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding any other provi-
sion of law, the President shall impose the sanctions de-
scribed in subsection (b) if the President determines that 
a person has, on or after the date of the enactment of 
this Act exported, transferred, or otherwise provided to 
Syria any goods, services, technology, or other items know-
ing that the provision of such goods, services, technology, 
or other items would contribute materially to the ability 
of Syria to— 
(1) acquire or develop chemical, biological, or 
nuclear weapons or related technologies; or 
(2) acquire or develop destabilizing numbers 
and types of advanced conventional weapons. 
(b) SANCTIONS.—The sanctions to be imposed on a 
person described in subsection (a) are the following: 
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(1) EXPORT-IMPORT
BANK
ASSISTANCE
FOR 
EXPORTS TO SANCTIONED PERSONS.—The President 
may direct the Export-Import Bank of the United 
States not to give approval to the issuance of any 
guarantee, insurance, extension of credit, or partici-
pation in the extension of credit in connection with 
the export of any goods or services to any sanctioned 
person. 
(2) EXPORT SANCTION.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The President may 
order the United States Government not to 
issue any specific license and not to grant any 
other specific permission or authority to export 
any goods or technology to a sanctioned person 
under— 
(i) the Export Administration Act of 
1979; 
(ii) the Arms Export Control Act; 
(iii) the Atomic Energy Act of 1954; 
or 
(iv) any other statute that requires 
the prior review and approval of the 
United States Government as a condition 
for the export or re-export of goods or 
services. 
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(B) EXCEPTIONS.—The prohibition in sub-
paragraph (A) does not apply to exports to 
Syria of— 
(i) agricultural commodities, food, 
medicine, or medical devices; 
(ii) articles exported to Syria to pro-
vide humanitarian assistance to the people 
of Syria; 
(iii) information or informational ma-
terials; or 
(iv) goods, services, or technologies 
necessary to ensure the safe operation of 
commercial passenger aircraft produced in 
the United States if the exportation of 
such goods, services, or technologies is ap-
proved by the Secretary of the Treasury, in 
consultation with the Secretary of Com-
merce, pursuant to regulations for licens-
ing the exportation of such goods, services, 
or technologies, if appropriate. 
(3) LOANS FROM UNITED STATES FINANCIAL 
INSTITUTIONS.—The United States Government 
may prohibit any United States financial institution 
from making loans or providing credits to any sanc-
tioned person totaling more than $2,000,000 in any 
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12-month period unless such person is engaged in 
activities to relieve human suffering and the loans or 
credits are provided for such activities. 
(4) PROHIBITIONS
ON
FINANCIAL
INSTITU-
TIONS.—The following prohibitions may be imposed 
against a sanctioned person that is a financial insti-
tution: 
(A) PROHIBITION
ON
DESIGNATION
AS 
PRIMARY DEALER.—Neither the Board of Gov-
ernors of the Federal Reserve System nor the 
Federal Reserve Bank of New York may des-
ignate, or permit the continuation of any prior 
designation of, such financial institution as a 
primary dealer in United States Government 
debt instruments. 
(B) PROHIBITION ON SERVICE AS A RE-
POSITORY OF GOVERNMENT FUNDS.—Such fi-
nancial institution may not serve as agent of 
the United States Government or serve as re-
pository for United States Government funds. 
(5) PROCUREMENT
SANCTION.—The United 
States Government may not procure, or enter into 
any contract for the procurement of, any goods or 
services from a sanctioned person. 
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(6) FOREIGN EXCHANGE.—The President shall 
prohibit any transactions in foreign exchange that 
are subject to the jurisdiction of the United States 
and in which the sanctioned person has any interest. 
(7) BANKING
TRANSACTIONS.—The President 
shall prohibit any transfers of credit or payments be-
tween financial institutions or by, through, or to any 
financial institution, to the extent that such trans-
fers or payments are subject to the jurisdiction of 
the United States and involve any interest of the 
sanctioned person. 
(8) PROPERTY TRANSACTIONS.—The President 
shall prohibit any person from— 
(A) acquiring, holding, withholding, using, 
transferring, withdrawing, transporting, import-
ing, or exporting any property that is subject to 
the jurisdiction of the United States and with 
respect to which the sanctioned person has any 
interest; 
(B) dealing in or exercising any right, 
power, or privilege with respect to such prop-
erty; or 
(C) conducting any transaction involving 
such property. 
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(9) ADDITIONAL
SANCTIONS.—The President 
may impose sanctions, as appropriate, to restrict im-
ports with respect to a sanctioned person, in accord-
ance with the International Emergency Economic 
Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 and following). 
(c) ADDITIONAL MANDATORY SANCTIONS RELATING 
TO TRANSFER OF NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in para-
graphs (2) and (3), in any case in which a person 
is subject to sanctions under subsection (a) because 
of an activity described in that subsection that re-
lates to the acquisition or development of nuclear 
weapons or related technology or of missiles or ad-
vanced conventional weapons that are designed or 
modified to deliver a nuclear weapon, with respect to 
the country the government of which has primary ju-
risdiction over the person, the following shall apply: 
(A) No license may be issued for the ex-
port, and no approval may be given for the 
transfer or retransfer, directly or indirectly, to 
such country of any nuclear material, facilities, 
components, or other goods, services, or tech-
nology that are or would be subject to an agree-
ment for cooperation between the United States 
and that government. 
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fined in section 1701(c)(2) of the International 
Financial Institutions Act) to oppose and vote 
against the extension by such institution of any 
financial or technical assistance to such coun-
try. 
(G) The United States Government shall 
suspend compliance with its obligations under 
any technical exchange agreement involving 
military and dual-use technology between the 
United States and such country that does not 
directly contribute to the national security of 
the United States, and no military or dual-use 
technology may be exported from the United 
States to such country pursuant to such agree-
ment during such period. 
(2) EXCEPTION.—The sanctions described in 
paragraph (1) shall not apply with respect to a 
country the government of which has primary juris-
diction over a person that engages in an activity de-
scribed in that subparagraph if the President deter-
mines and notifies the appropriate congressional 
committees that the government of the country— 
(A) does not know or have reason to know 
about the activity; and 
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(B) has taken, or is taking, all reasonable 
steps necessary to prevent a recurrence of the 
activity and to penalize the person for the activ-
ity. 
(3) INDIVIDUAL
APPROVAL.—Notwithstanding 
paragraph (1), the President may, on a case-by-case 
basis, approve the issuance of a license for the ex-
port, or approve the transfer or retransfer, of any 
nuclear material, facilities, components, or other 
goods, services, or technology that are or would be 
subject to an agreement for cooperation, to a person 
in a country to which paragraph (1) applies (other 
than a person that is subject to the sanctions under 
paragraph (1)) if the President— 
(A) determines that failure to approve the 
issuance of such license, or to approve such 
transfer or retransfer, would cause extraor-
dinary harm to the vital national security inter-
ests of the United States; and 
(B) not later than 15 days before issuing 
such license or approving such transfer or re-
transfer, submits to the Committee on Foreign 
Affairs of the House of Representatives and the 
Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate 
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the justification for approving such license, 
transfer, or retransfer. 
(4) CONSTRUCTION.—The restrictions in para-
graph (1) shall apply in addition to all other applica-
ble procedures, requirements, and restrictions con-
tained in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and other 
related laws. 
(5) DEFINITION.—In this subsection, the term 
‘‘agreement for cooperation’’ has the meaning given 
that term in section 11 b. of the Atomic Energy Act 
of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2014 b.). 
(6) 
APPLICABILITY.—The 
sanctions 
under 
paragraph (1) shall apply only in a case in which a 
person is subject to sanctions under subsection (a) 
because of an activity described in that subsection in 
which the person engages on or after the date of the 
enactment of this Act. 
(d) PERSONS AGAINST WHICH THE SANCTIONS ARE 
TO BE IMPOSED.—The sanctions described in subsection 
(a) shall be imposed on— 
(1) any person the President determines has 
carried out the activities described in subsection (a); 
and 
(2) any person that— 
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(A) is a successor entity to the person re-
ferred to in paragraph (1); 
(B) owns or controls the person referred to 
in paragraph (1), if the person that owns or 
controls the person referred to in paragraph (1) 
had actual knowledge or should have known 
that the person referred to in paragraph (1) en-
gaged in the activities referred to in that para-
graph; or 
(C) is owned or controlled by, or under 
common ownership or control with, the person 
referred to in paragraph (1), if the person 
owned or controlled by, or under common own-
ership or control with (as the case may be), the 
person referred to in paragraph (1) knowingly 
engaged in the activities referred to in that 
paragraph. 
For purposes of this Act, any person or entity de-
scribed in this subsection shall be referred to as a 
‘‘sanctioned person’’. 
SEC. 105. AMENDMENT TO THE SYRIA ACCOUNTABILITY 
AND LEBANESE SOVEREIGNTY RESTORATION 
ACT OF 2003. 
Section 5 of the Syria Accountability and Lebanese 
Sovereignty Restoration Act is amended— 
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(1) in subsection (a), in paragraph (2), by 
striking ‘‘two’’ and inserting ‘‘four’’; and 
(2) by striking subsection (b) and redesignating 
subsections (c) and (d) as subsections (b) and (c), 
respectively. 
TITLE 
II—SANCTIONS 
TAR-
GETING SYRIA’S ENERGY SEC-
TOR 
SEC. 201. FINDINGS. 
Congress makes the following findings: 
(1) The efforts of the Government of Syria to 
acquire nuclear weapons capabilities, develop and ex-
pand existing unconventional weapons capabilities 
and the means to deliver them, both through bal-
listic missile and asymmetric means, and its support 
for foreign terrorist organizations and other extrem-
ists endanger the national security and foreign pol-
icy interests of the United States and those coun-
tries with which the United States shares common 
strategic and foreign policy objectives. 
(2) The objective of preventing the proliferation 
of nuclear weapons capabilities, other unconventional 
weapons and activities of foreign terrorist organiza-
tions and other extremists through existing multilat-
eral and bilateral initiatives requires additional ef-
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forts to deny Syria the financial means to sustain its 
nuclear, chemical, biological, and missile weapons 
programs. 
(3) The Government of Syria uses its diplo-
matic facilities and quasi-governmental institutions 
outside of Syria to support foreign terrorist organi-
zations and other extremists, and assist its nuclear, 
unconventional weapons and missile programs. 
SEC. 202. SENSE OF CONGRESS. 
It is the sense of Congress that the United States 
shall fully implement the sanctions against Syria con-
tained in this title. 
SEC. 203. DECLARATION OF POLICY. 
The Congress declares that it is the policy of the 
United States to deny Syria the ability to support acts 
of foreign terrorist organizations and extremists, develop 
unconventional weapons and ballistic missiles, and to fund 
the development and acquisition of nuclear capabilities 
and the means to deliver them by limiting the development 
of Syria’s ability to explore for, extract, refine, or trans-
port by pipeline petroleum resources of Syria. 
SEC. 204. MULTILATERAL REGIME. 
(a) MULTILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS.—In order to 
further the objectives of section 102, the Congress urges 
the President to commence immediately diplomatic efforts, 
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both in appropriate international fora such as the United 
Nations, and bilaterally with allies of the United States, 
to establish a multilateral sanctions regime against Syria, 
including provisions limiting the development of petroleum 
resources, that will inhibit Syria’s efforts to carry out ac-
tivities described in section 203. 
(b) REPORTS TO CONGRESS.—The President shall re-
port to the appropriate congressional committees, not later 
than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, 
and annually thereafter, on the extent that diplomatic ef-
forts described in subsection (a) have been successful. 
Each report shall include— 
(1) the countries that have agreed to undertake 
measures to further the objectives of section 102 
with respect to Syria, and a description of those 
measures; and 
(2) the countries that have not agreed to meas-
ures described in paragraph (1), and, with respect to 
those countries, other measures the President rec-
ommends that the United States take to further the 
objectives of section 203 with respect to Syria. 
(c) INTERIM REPORT
ON MULTILATERAL SANC-
TIONS; MONITORING.—The President, not later than 90 
days after the date of the enactment of this Act, shall re-
port to the appropriate congressional committees on— 
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(1) which countries have legislative or adminis-
trative standards providing for the imposition of 
trade sanctions on persons or their affiliates doing 
business or having investments in Syria; 
(2) the extent and duration of each instance of 
the application of such sanctions; and 
(3) the disposition of any decision with respect 
to such sanctions by the World Trade Organization 
or its predecessor organization. 
(d) INVESTIGATIONS.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The President shall initiate 
an investigation into the possible imposition of sanc-
tions under section 205 against a person upon re-
ceipt by the United States of credible information 
indicating that such person is engaged in an activity 
described in such section. 
(2) CREDIBLE INFORMATION.—The term ‘‘cred-
ible information’’ means, with respect to a person, 
such person’s public announcement of an activity de-
scribed in section 205, Syrian governmental an-
nouncements of such an activity, reports to stock-
holders, annual reports, industry reports, Govern-
ment Accountability Office products, and trade pub-
lications. 
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(3) DETERMINATION AND NOTIFICATION.—Not 
later than 180 days after an investigation is initi-
ated in accordance with paragraph (1), the Presi-
dent shall (unless paragraph (3) applies) determine, 
pursuant to section 205, if a person has engaged in 
an activity described in such section and shall notify 
the appropriate congressional committees of the 
basis for any such determination. 
(4) BRIEFING.—Not later than 30 days after 
the date of the enactment of this Act, and quarterly 
thereafter, the Secretary of State shall— 
(A) brief the appropriate congressional 
committees regarding investigations initiated 
under this section; and 
(B) furnish to the appropriate congres-
sional committees, pursuant to section 15(b) of 
the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 
1956 (22 U.S.C. 2680(b)), all requested infor-
mation relating to investigations or reviews ini-
tiated under this Act. 
SEC. 205. IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS. 
(a) SANCTIONS WITH RESPECT TO THE DEVELOP-
MENT OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES OF SYRIA, PRODUC-
TION OF REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN SYRIA, AND 
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EXPORTATION OF REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS TO 
SYRIA.— 
(1) DEVELOPMENT OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES 
OF SYRIA.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in 
subsection (g) or (h), the President shall impose 
the sanctions described in section 206(a) with 
respect to a person if the President determines 
that the person knowingly, on or after the date 
of the enactment of this Act— 
(i) makes an investment described in 
subparagraph (B) of $5,000,000 or more; 
or 
(ii) makes a combination of invest-
ments described in subparagraph (B) in a 
12-month period if each such investment is 
of at least $2,000,000 and such invest-
ments equal or exceed $5,000,000 in the 
aggregate. 
(B) INVESTMENT DESCRIBED.—An invest-
ment described in this subparagraph is an in-
vestment that directly and significantly contrib-
utes to the enhancement of Syria’s ability to de-
velop petroleum resources. 
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(2) PRODUCTION
OF
REFINED
PETROLEUM 
PRODUCTS.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in 
subsection (g) or (h), the President shall impose 
the sanctions described in section 206(a) with 
respect to a person if the President determines 
that the person knowingly, on or after the date 
of the enactment of this Act sells, leases, or 
provides to Syria goods, services, technology, in-
formation, or support described in subpara-
graph (B)— 
(i) any of which has a fair market 
value of $1,000,000 or more; or 
(ii) that, during a 12-month period, 
have an aggregate fair market value of 
$2,000,000 or more. 
(B) GOODS, SERVICES, TECHNOLOGY, IN-
FORMATION, OR SUPPORT DESCRIBED.—Goods, 
services, technology, information, or support de-
scribed in this subparagraph are goods, serv-
ices, technology, information, or support that 
could directly and significantly facilitate the 
maintenance or expansion of Syria’s domestic 
production of refined petroleum products, in-
cluding any direct and significant assistance 
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with respect to the construction, modernization, 
or repair of petroleum refineries. 
(3) EXPORTATION
OF
REFINED
PETROLEUM 
PRODUCTS TO SYRIA.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in 
subsection (g) or (h), the President shall impose 
3 or more of the sanctions described in section 
206(a) with respect to a person if the President 
determines that the person knowingly, on or 
after the date of the enactment of this Act— 
(i) sells or provides to Syria refined 
petroleum products— 
(I) that have a fair market value 
of $1,000,000 or more; or 
(II) that, during a 12-month pe-
riod, have an aggregate fair market 
value of $5,000,000 or more; or 
(ii) sells, leases, or provides to Syria 
goods, services, technology, information, or 
support described in subparagraph (B)— 
(I) any of which has a fair mar-
ket value of $1,000,000 or more; or 
(II) that, during a 12-month pe-
riod, have an aggregate fair market 
value of $5,000,000 or more. 
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(B) GOODS, SERVICES, TECHNOLOGY, IN-
FORMATION, OR SUPPORT DESCRIBED.—Goods, 
services, technology, information, or support de-
scribed in this subparagraph are goods, serv-
ices, technology, information, or support that 
could directly and significantly contribute to the 
enhancement of Syria’s ability to import refined 
petroleum products, including— 
(i) except as provided in subparagraph 
(C), underwriting or entering into a con-
tract to provide insurance or reinsurance 
for the sale, lease, or provision of such 
goods, services, service contracts, tech-
nology, information, or support; 
(ii) financing or brokering such sale, 
lease, or provision; 
(iii) entering into an agreement with 
Syria to purchase or provide future deliv-
ery of Syrian petroleum resources; 
(iv) purchasing, subscribing to, or fa-
cilitating the issuance of Syrian sovereign 
debt; or 
(v) providing ships or shipping serv-
ices (to include infrastructure develop-
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ment) to deliver refined petroleum prod-
ucts to Syria. 
(C) EXCEPTION FOR UNDERWRITERS AND 
INSURANCE PROVIDERS EXERCISING DUE DILI-
GENCE.—The President may not impose sanc-
tions under this paragraph with respect to a 
person that provides underwriting services or 
insurance or reinsurance if the President deter-
mines that the person has exercised due dili-
gence in establishing and enforcing official poli-
cies, procedures, and controls to ensure that the 
person does not underwrite or enter into a con-
tract to provide insurance or reinsurance for 
the sale, lease, or provision of goods, services, 
technology, information, or support described in 
subparagraph (B). 
(b) PERSONS AGAINST WHICH THE SANCTIONS ARE 
TO BE IMPOSED.—The sanctions described in subsection 
shall be imposed on— 
(1) any person the President determines has 
carried out the activities described in subsection (a); 
and 
(2) any person that— 
(A) is a successor entity to the person re-
ferred to in paragraph (1); 
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(B) owns or controls the person referred to 
in paragraph (1), if the person that owns or 
controls the person referred to in paragraph (1) 
had actual knowledge or should have known 
that the person referred to in paragraph (1) en-
gaged in the activities referred to in that para-
graph; or 
(C) is owned or controlled by, or under 
common ownership or control with, the person 
referred to in paragraph (1), if the person 
owned or controlled by, or under common own-
ership or control with (as the case may be), the 
person referred to in paragraph (1) knowingly 
engaged in the activities referred to in that 
paragraph. 
For purposes of this Act, any person or entity de-
scribed in this subsection shall be referred to as a 
‘‘sanctioned person’’. 
(c) PUBLICATION
IN
FEDERAL
REGISTER.—The 
President shall cause to be published in the Federal Reg-
ister a current list of persons and entities on which sanc-
tions have been imposed under this Act. The removal of 
persons or entities from, and the addition of persons and 
entities to, the list, shall also be so published. 
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(d) PUBLICATION
OF PROJECTS.—The President 
shall cause to be published in the Federal Register a list 
of all significant projects which have been publicly ten-
dered in the oil and gas sector in Syria. 
(e) EXCEPTIONS.—The President shall not be re-
quired to apply or maintain the sanctions under subsection 
(a)— 
(1) in the case of procurement of defense arti-
cles or defense services— 
(A) under existing contracts or sub-
contracts, including the exercise of options for 
production quantities to satisfy requirements 
essential to the national security of the United 
States; 
(B) if the President determines in writing 
that the person to which the sanctions would 
otherwise be applied is a sole source supplier of 
the defense articles or services, that the defense 
articles or services are essential, and that alter-
native sources are not readily or reasonably 
available; or 
(C) if the President determines in writing 
that such articles or services are essential to the 
national security under defense coproduction 
agreements; 
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(2) in the case of procurement, to eligible prod-
ucts, as defined in section 308(4) of the Trade 
Agreements Act of 1979 (19 U.S.C. 2518(4)), of 
any foreign country or instrumentality designated 
under section 301(b) of that Act (19 U.S.C. 
2511(b)); 
(3) to products, technology, or services provided 
under contracts entered into before the date on 
which the President publishes in the Federal Reg-
ister the name of the person on which the sanctions 
are to be imposed; 
(4) to— 
(A) spare parts which are essential to 
United States products or production; 
(B) component parts, but not finished 
products, essential to United States products or 
production; or 
(C) routine servicing and maintenance of 
products, to the extent that alternative sources 
are not readily or reasonably available; 
(5) to information and technology essential to 
United States products or production; or 
(6) to medicines, medical supplies, or other hu-
manitarian items. 
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(f) WAIVER.—The President may waive the applica-
tion of the sanctions listed in subsection (a) on a case- 
by-case basis if, 15 days before the waiver is issued, the 
President certifies to the appropriate congressional com-
mittees that failure to issue the waiver would cause ex-
traordinary harm to the vital national security interests 
of the United States. 
(g) GROUNDS FOR EXCLUSION.—The Secretary of 
State shall deny a visa to, and the Secretary of Homeland 
Security shall exclude from the United States, any alien 
whom the Secretary of State determines is an alien who, 
on or after the date of the enactment of this Act is a— 
(1) corporate officer, principal, or shareholder 
with a controlling interest of a person against whom 
sanctions have been imposed pursuant to this sec-
tion; 
(2) corporate officer, principal, or shareholder 
with a controlling interest of a successor entity to or 
a parent or subsidiary of such a person; 
(3) corporate officer, principal, or shareholder 
with a controlling interest of an affiliate of such a 
sanctioned person, if such affiliate engaged in a 
sanctionable activity described in subsection (a) or 
(b) of this section, and if such affiliate is controlled 
in fact by such a person; 
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(4) spouse, minor child, or agent of a person 
excludable under paragraph (1), (2), or (3); 
(5) senior official of a foreign government that 
is identified as a person against whom sanctions 
have been imposed pursuant to this section; 
(6) senior official of a foreign government with 
primary jurisdiction over such a person; or 
(7) spouse, minor child, or agent of a person 
excludable under paragraph (5) or (6). 
(h) EXCEPTION.—The President may waive the sanc-
tions described in subsection (a) with respect to a person 
specified in paragraph (5), (6), or (7) of subsection (g) 
if the President determines and certifies in writing to the 
appropriate congressional committees, on a case by case 
basis, that the foreign government with primary jurisdic-
tion over such a person against whom sanctions have been 
imposed pursuant to this section has made and continues 
to make clear, specific efforts to stop and deter a 
sanctionable activity described in subsection (a) or (b). 
SEC. 206. DESCRIPTION OF SANCTIONS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The sanctions to be imposed on 
a sanctioned person under section 205 are as follows: 
(1) EXPORT-IMPORT
BANK
ASSISTANCE
FOR 
EXPORTS TO SANCTIONED PERSONS.—The President 
may direct the Export-Import Bank of the United 
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States not to give approval to the issuance of any 
guarantee, insurance, extension of credit, or partici-
pation in the extension of credit in connection with 
the export of any goods or services to any sanctioned 
person. 
(2) EXPORT
SANCTION.—The President may 
order the United States Government not to issue 
any specific license and not to grant any other spe-
cific permission or authority to export any goods or 
technology to a sanctioned person under— 
(A) the Export Administration Act of 
1979; 
(B) the Arms Export Control Act; 
(C) the Atomic Energy Act of 1954; or 
(D) any other statute that requires the 
prior review and approval of the United States 
Government as a condition for the export or re- 
export of goods or services. 
(3) EXCEPTIONS.—The prohibition in sub-
section (a) does not apply to exports to Syria of— 
(A) agricultural commodities, food, medi-
cine, or medical devices; 
(B) articles exported to Syria to provide 
humanitarian assistance to the people of Syria; 
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(C) information or informational materials; 
or 
(D) goods, services, or technologies nec-
essary to ensure the safe operation of commer-
cial passenger aircraft produced in the United 
States if the exportation of such goods, services, 
or technologies is approved by the Secretary of 
the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary 
of Commerce, pursuant to regulations for li-
censing the exportation of such goods, services, 
or technologies, if appropriate. 
(4) LOANS FROM UNITED STATES FINANCIAL 
INSTITUTIONS.—The United States Government 
may prohibit any United States financial institution 
from making loans or providing credits to any sanc-
tioned person totaling more than $2,000,000 in any 
12-month period unless such person is engaged in 
activities to relieve human suffering and the loans or 
credits are provided for such activities. 
(5) PROHIBITIONS
ON
FINANCIAL
INSTITU-
TIONS.—The following prohibitions may be imposed 
against a sanctioned person that is a financial insti-
tution: 
(A) PROHIBITION
ON
DESIGNATION
AS 
PRIMARY DEALER.—Neither the Board of Gov-
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ernors of the Federal Reserve System nor the 
Federal Reserve Bank of New York may des-
ignate, or permit the continuation of any prior 
designation of, such financial institution as a 
primary dealer in United States Government 
debt instruments. 
(B) PROHIBITION ON SERVICE AS A RE-
POSITORY OF GOVERNMENT FUNDS.—Such fi-
nancial institution may not serve as agent of 
the United States Government or serve as re-
pository for United States Government funds. 
(6) PROCUREMENT
SANCTION.—The United 
States Government may not procure, or enter into 
any contract for the procurement of, any goods or 
services from a sanctioned person. 
(7) FOREIGN EXCHANGE.—The President shall 
prohibit any transactions in foreign exchange that 
are subject to the jurisdiction of the United States 
and in which the sanctioned person has any interest. 
(8) BANKING
TRANSACTIONS.—The President 
shall prohibit any transfers of credit or payments be-
tween financial institutions or by, through, or to any 
financial institution, to the extent that such trans-
fers or payments are subject to the jurisdiction of 
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the United States and involve any interest of the 
sanctioned person. 
(9) PROPERTY TRANSACTIONS.—The President 
shall prohibit any person from— 
(A) acquiring, holding, withholding, using, 
transferring, withdrawing, transporting, import-
ing, or exporting any property that is subject to 
the jurisdiction of the United States and with 
respect to which the sanctioned person has any 
interest; 
(B) dealing in or exercising any right, 
power, or privilege with respect to such prop-
erty; or 
(C) conducting any transaction involving 
such property. 
(10) ADDITIONAL SANCTIONS.—The President 
may impose sanctions, as appropriate, to restrict im-
ports with respect to a sanctioned person, in accord-
ance with the International Emergency Economic 
Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 and following). 
(b) ADDITIONAL MEASURE RELATING TO GOVERN-
MENT CONTRACTS.— 
(1) MODIFICATION OF FEDERAL ACQUISITION 
REGULATION.—Not later than 90 days after the 
date of the enactment of this Act, the Federal Ac-
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quisition Regulation issued pursuant to section 25 of 
the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act (41 
U.S.C. 421) shall be revised to require a certifi-
cation from each person that is a prospective con-
tractor that the person does not engage in any activ-
ity for which sanctions may be imposed under sec-
tion 205. 
(2) REMEDIES.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—If the head of an exec-
utive agency determines that a person has sub-
mitted a false certification under paragraph (1) 
after the date on which the Federal Acquisition 
Regulation is revised to implement the require-
ments of this subsection, the head of that exec-
utive agency shall terminate a contract with 
such person or debar or suspend such person 
from eligibility for Federal contracts for a pe-
riod of not more than 3 years. Any such debar-
ment or suspension shall be subject to the pro-
cedures that apply to debarment and suspen-
sion under the Federal Acquisition Regulation 
under subpart 9.4 of part 9 of title 48, Code of 
Federal Regulations. 
(B) INCLUSION ON LIST OF PARTIES EX-
CLUDED
FROM
FEDERAL
PROCUREMENT
AND 
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NONPROCUREMENT PROGRAMS.—The Adminis-
trator of General Services shall include on the 
List of Parties Excluded from Federal Procure-
ment and Nonprocurement Programs main-
tained by the Administrator under part 9 of the 
Federal Acquisition Regulation issued pursuant 
to section 25 of the Office of Federal Procure-
ment Policy Act (41 U.S.C. 421) each person 
that is debarred, suspended, or proposed for de-
barment or suspension by the head of an execu-
tive agency on the basis of a determination of 
a false certification under subparagraph (A). 
(3) CLARIFICATION REGARDING CERTAIN PROD-
UCTS.—The remedies set forth in paragraph (2) 
shall not apply with respect to the procurement of 
eligible products, as defined in section 308(4) of the 
Trade Agreements Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2518(4)), 
of any foreign country or instrumentality designated 
under section 301(b) of that Act (19 U.S.C. 
2511(b)). 
(4) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—This subsection 
shall not be construed to limit the use of other rem-
edies available to the head of an executive agency or 
any other official of the Federal Government on the 
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basis of a determination of a false certification 
under paragraph (1). 
(5) EXECUTIVE
AGENCY
DEFINED.—In this 
subsection, the term ‘‘executive agency’’ has the 
meaning given that term in section 204 of the Office 
of Federal Procurement Policy Act (41 U.S.C. 403). 
SEC. 207. ADVISORY OPINIONS. 
The Secretary of State may, upon the request of any 
person, issue an advisory opinion to that person as to 
whether a proposed activity by that person would subject 
that person to sanctions under this Act. Any person who 
relies in good faith on such an advisory opinion which 
states that the proposed activity would not subject a per-
son to such sanctions, and any person who thereafter en-
gages in such activity, will not be made subject to such 
sanctions on account of such activity. 
SEC. 208. TERMINATION OF SANCTIONS. 
The requirement under section 205 to impose sanc-
tions shall no longer have force or effect with respect to 
Syria if the President determines and certifies to the ap-
propriate congressional committees that the Government 
of Syria— 
(1) has ceased all support for terrorism, includ-
ing that the Government of Syria— 
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(A) is not engaged in the illegal transfer of 
missile or nuclear technology to the Government 
of North Korea or to any country the govern-
ment of which the Secretary of State has deter-
mined, for purposes of any of the provisions of 
law specified in the matter preceding this para-
graph, is a government that has repeatedly pro-
vided support for acts of international ter-
rorism; 
(B) is no longer engaged in training, har-
boring, supplying, financing, or supporting in 
any way— 
(i) Hamas, Hezbollah, Palestinian Is-
lamic Jihad, the Popular Front for the 
Liberation of Palestine, the Popular Front 
for the Liberation of Palestine-General 
Command, the Democratic Front for the 
Liberation of Palestine, Fatah al-Intifada, 
or Fatah al-Islam; 
(ii) any other organization designated 
by the Secretary of State as a foreign ter-
rorist organization in accordance with sec-
tion 219(a) of the Immigration and Na-
tionality Act (8 U.S.C. 1189(a)); 
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(iii) any person included on the Annex 
to Executive Order 13224 (September 23, 
2001) and any other person identified 
under section 1 of that Executive Order 
whose property and interests in property 
are blocked by such section (commonly 
known as a ‘‘specially designated global 
terrorist’’); 
(iv) any person designated under sec-
tion 3 of Executive Order 13338 (May 13, 
2004) or under section 1 of Executive 
Order 13438 (July 17, 2007); 
(v) the Syrian Social Nationalist 
Party; 
(vi) any other person or organization 
contributing to instability in Lebanon or 
Iraq; and 
(vii) any agency, instrumentality, af-
filiate, or successor organization of the or-
ganizations listed in subparagraph (A), 
(B), (C), (D), (E), or (F); 
(C) has immediately and unconditionally 
stopped facilitating transit from Syria to Iraq 
of individuals, military equipment, and all lethal 
items, except as authorized by the representa-
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tive, internationally recognized Government of 
Iraq; and 
(D) has ceased its support for ‘‘volunteers’’ 
and terrorists who are traveling from and 
through Syria into Iraq to launch attacks; 
(2) has not provided such support during the 
preceding 5-year period and has not been deter-
mined by the Secretary of State, for the purposes of 
section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act of 
1979, section 620A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 
1961, section 40 of the Arms Export Control Act, 
or any other provision of law, to be a government 
that has repeatedly provided support for acts of 
international terrorism at any time during such 5- 
year period; 
(3)(A) has permanently dismantled Syria’s 
chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weap-
ons programs; 
(B) has ceased all efforts to design, develop, 
manufacture, or acquire— 
(i) a nuclear explosive device or related 
materials and technology; 
(ii) chemical, biological, and radiological 
weapons; and 
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(iii) ballistic missiles and ballistic missile 
launch technology; and 
(C) has taken demonstrable steps to combat the 
proliferation of such weapons; 
(4) does not pose a threat to United States na-
tional security, United States interests, and United 
States allies in the region; 
(5) respects the boundaries, sovereignty, and 
right to exist of all neighboring countries; 
(6) upholds and defends the human rights and 
civil liberties of its people; 
(7) has legalized all political activity; 
(8) has made public commitments to organizing 
free and fair elections for a new government, to be 
held in a timely manner, and with the participation 
of multiple independent political parties that have 
full access to the media on an equal basis, including 
(in the case of radio, television, or other tele-
communications media) in terms of allotments of 
time for such access and the times of day such allot-
ments are given, and to be conducted under the su-
pervision of internationally recognized observers; and 
(9) has made public commitments to and is 
making demonstrable progress in— 
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(A) establishing an independent judiciary; 
and 
(B) respecting internationally recognized 
human rights and basic freedoms as recognized 
in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 
SEC. 209. DURATION OF SANCTIONS. 
(a) DELAY OF SANCTIONS.— 
(1) CONSULTATIONS.—If the President makes a 
determination described in section 205 with respect 
to a foreign person, the Congress urges the Presi-
dent to initiate consultations immediately with the 
government with primary jurisdiction over that for-
eign person with respect to the imposition of sanc-
tions under this Act. 
(2) ACTIONS
BY
GOVERNMENT
OF
JURISDIC-
TION.—In order to pursue consultations under para-
graph (1) with the government concerned, the Presi-
dent may delay imposition of sanctions under this 
Act for up to 90 days. Following such consultations, 
the President shall immediately impose sanctions un-
less the President determines and certifies to Con-
gress that the government has taken specific and ef-
fective actions, including, as appropriate, the imposi-
tion of appropriate penalties, to terminate the in-
volvement of the foreign person in the activities that 
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resulted in the determination by the President under 
section 205 concerning such person. 
(3) ADDITIONAL
DELAY
IN
IMPOSITION
OF 
SANCTIONS.—The President may delay the imposi-
tion of sanctions for up to an additional 90 days if 
the President determines and certifies to Congress 
that the government with primary jurisdiction over 
the person concerned is in the process of taking the 
actions described in paragraph (2). 
(4) REPORT TO CONGRESS.—Not later than 90 
days after making a determination under section 
205, the President shall submit to the appropriate 
congressional committees a report on the status of 
consultations with the appropriate foreign govern-
ment under this subsection, and the basis for any 
determination under paragraph (3). 
(b) DURATION OF SANCTIONS.—A sanction imposed 
under section 205 shall remain in effect— 
(1) for a period of not less than 2 years from 
the date on which it is imposed; or 
(2) until such time as the President determines 
and certifies to Congress that the person whose ac-
tivities were the basis for imposing the sanction is 
no longer engaging in such activities and that the 
President has received reliable assurances that such 
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person will not knowingly engage in such activities 
in the future, except that such sanction shall remain 
in effect for a period of at least 1 year. 
SEC. 210. REPORTS REQUIRED. 
(a) REPORT ON CERTAIN INTERNATIONAL INITIA-
TIVES.—Not later than 6 months after the date of the en-
actment of this Act, and every 6 months thereafter, the 
President shall transmit a report to the appropriate con-
gressional committees describing— 
(1) the efforts of the President to mount a mul-
tilateral campaign to persuade all countries to pres-
sure Syria to cease its nuclear, chemical, biological, 
and missile weapons programs and its support of 
acts of international terrorism; 
(2) the efforts of the President to persuade 
other governments to ask Syria to reduce the pres-
ence of Syrian diplomats and representatives of 
other government and military or quasi-govern-
mental institutions of Syria; 
(3) the extent to which the International Atom-
ic Energy Agency has established regular inspections 
of all nuclear facilities in Syria, including those pres-
ently under construction; and 
(4) Syria’s use of Syrian diplomats and rep-
resentatives of other government and military or 
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quasi-governmental institutions of Syria to promote 
acts of international terrorism or to develop or sus-
tain Syria’s nuclear, chemical, biological, and missile 
weapons programs. 
(b) REPORT
ON
EFFECTIVENESS
OF
ACTIONS 
UNDER THIS ACT.—Not earlier than 24 months, and not 
later than 30 months, after the date of the enactment this 
Act, and annually thereafter, the President shall transmit 
to Congress a report that describes— 
(1) the extent to which actions relating to trade 
taken pursuant to this Act— 
(A) have been effective in achieving the ob-
jectives of section 203 and any other foreign 
policy or national security objectives of the 
United States with respect to Syria; and 
(B) have affected humanitarian interests 
in Syria, the country in which the sanctioned 
person is located, or in other countries; and 
(2) the impact of actions relating to trade taken 
pursuant to this Act on other national security, eco-
nomic, and foreign policy interests of the United 
States, including relations with countries friendly to 
the United States, and on the United States econ-
omy. 
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with such country, no license may be issued for export di-
rectly or indirectly to such country of any nuclear mate-
rial, facilities, components, or other goods, services, or 
technology that would be subject to such agreement, and 
no approval may be given for the transfer or retransfer 
directly or indirectly to such country of any nuclear mate-
rial, facilities, components, or other goods, services, or 
technology that would be subject to such agreement, until 
the President determines and reports to the Committee 
on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and 
the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate that 
the government of such country that is assisting the nu-
clear program of Syria or transferring advanced conven-
tional weapons or missiles to Syria— 
(1) has suspended all nuclear assistance to 
Syria or suspended transferring advanced conven-
tional weapons or missiles to Syria (as the case may 
be); and 
(2) is committed to maintaining such suspen-
sion. 
(b) RULES OF CONSTRUCTION.—The restrictions de-
scribed in subsection (a)— 
(1) shall apply in addition to all other applica-
ble procedures, requirements, and restrictions re-
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