I
105TH CONGRESS
1ST SESSION
H. R. 1376
To amend the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act
of 1974 and related laws to strengthen the protection of native biodiver-
sity and ban clearcutting on Federal lands, and to designate certain
Federal lands as Northwest Ancient Forests, roadless areas, and Special
Areas where logging and other intrusive activities are prohibited.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
APRIL 17, 1997
Ms. ESHOO (for herself, Mrs. MALONEY of New York, Mr. ACKERMAN, Mr.
ANDREWS, Mr. BROWN of California, Mr. BONIOR, Mr. BERMAN, Mr.
CAPPS, Mr. CARDIN, Mr. CLAY, Mr. CONYERS, Ms. CHRISTIAN-GREEN,
Mr. DAVIS of Illinois, Ms. DELAURO, Mr. DELLUMS, Mr. DELAHUNT,
Mr. EVANS, Mr. FARR of California, Mr. FLAKE, Mr. FRANK of Massa-
chusetts, Mr. FROST, Mr. FILNER, Mr. GONZALEZ, Mr. GUTIERREZ, Mr.
HINCHEY, Ms. EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON of Texas, Mr. KENNEDY of
Massachusetts, Ms. KILPATRICK, Mr. KUCINICH, Mr. LANTOS, Mr.
LEWIS of Georgia, Ms. LOFGREN, Mrs. LOWEY, Ms. MCKINNEY, Mr.
MCGOVERN, Mr. MEEHAN, Mrs. MEEK of Florida, Mr. MORAN of Vir-
ginia, Mr. NADLER, Ms. NORTON, Mr. PAYNE, Ms. RIVERS, Ms. ROYBAL-
ALLARD, Mr. SANDERS, Mr. SCHUMER, Mr. SERRANO, Mr. SHERMAN,
Ms. SLAUGHTER, Mr. STARK, Mr. THOMPSON, Mr. TIERNEY, Ms.
VELA´ZQUEZ, Ms. WATERS, Mr. WAXMAN, Ms. WOOLSEY, and Mr.
YATES) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Commit-
tee on Agriculture, and in addition to the Committees on Resources, and
National Security, for a period to be subsequently determined by the
Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within
the jurisdiction of the committee concerned
A BILL
To amend the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources
Planning Act of 1974 and related laws to strengthen
the protection of native biodiversity and ban clearcutting
on Federal lands, and to designate certain Federal lands
as Northwest Ancient Forests, roadless areas, and Spe-
cial Areas where logging and other intrusive activities
are prohibited.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.
(a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the
‘‘Act to Save America’s Forests’’.
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents of
this Act is as follows:
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Purposes and findings.
Sec. 3. Effective date.
TITLE I—AMENDMENTS TO EXISTING LAND MANAGEMENT
LAWS
Sec. 101. Amendment of Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning
Act of 1974 relating to National Forest System lands.
Sec. 102. Amendment of Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 re-
lating to the public lands.
Sec. 103. Amendment of National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act
of 1966 relating to the National Wildlife Refuge System.
Sec. 104. Amendment of National Indian Forest Resources Management Act
relating to Indian lands.
Sec. 105. Amendment of title 10, United States Code, relating to forest man-
agement on military lands.
TITLE II—PROTECTION FOR NORTHWEST ANCIENT
FORESTS, ROADLESS AREAS, AND SPECIAL AREAS
Sec. 201. Definitions and findings.
Sec. 202. Designation of special areas.
Sec. 203. Restrictions on management activities in Northwest Ancient Forests,
roadless areas, and special areas.
Sec. 204. Effect on private inholdings.
SEC. 2. PURPOSES AND FINDINGS.
(a) PURPOSES.—The purposes of this Act are, on all
Federal public lands, to conserve native biodiversity and
to protect all native ecosystems against losses that result
from—
(1) clearcutting and other forms of even-age
logging; and
(2) logging in Northwest Ancient Forests,
roadless areas, and Special Areas.
(b) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following:
(1) Federal agencies of the United States that
engage in even-age logging practices include the
Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture, the
United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of
Land Management, and Bureau of Indian Affairs of
the Department of the Interior, and the Army,
Navy, and Air Force of the Department of Defense.
(2) Even-age logging causes substantial alter-
ations in native biodiversity by emphasizing the pro-
duction of a limited number of commercial species of
trees on each site, generally only one; by manipulat-
ing the vegetation toward greater relative density of
such commercial species, by suppressing competing
species, and by planting, on numerous sites, a com-
mercial strain that was developed to reduce the rel-
ative diversity of genetic strains that previously oc-
curred within the species on the same sites.
(3) Even-age logging kills immobile species and
the very young of mobile species of wildlife and de-
pletes the habitat of deep-forest species of animals,
including endangered species.
(4) Even-age logging exposes the soil to direct
sunlight and the impact of rains, disrupts the sur-
face, and compacts organic layers. It disrupts the
run-off restraining capabilities of roots and low-lying
vegetation, which results in soil erosion, the leaching
out of nutrients, a reduction in the biological content
of the soil, and the impoverishment of the soil. All
these consequences have a long-range deleterious ef-
fect on all land resources, including timber produc-
tion.
(5) Even-age logging decreases the capability of
the soil to retain carbon and, during the critical pe-
riods of felling and site preparation, reduces the ca-
pacity of the biomass to process and to store carbon,
with a resultant of loss of such carbon to the atmos-
phere, thereby aggravating global warming.
(6) Even-age logging renders the soil increas-
ingly sensitive to acid deposits by causing a decline
of soil wood and coarse woody debris, thereby reduc-
ing the capacity of the soil to retain water and nutri-
ents, which increases soil heat and impairs the soil’s
scientific knowledge, recreation, and aesthetic pleas-
ure.
(11) Alteration of native biodiversity has seri-
ous consequences for human welfare as America
irretrievably loses resources for research and agricul-
tural, medicinal, and industrial development.
(12) Alteration of biodiversity in Federal forests
adversely affects the functions of ecosystems and
critical ecosystem processes that moderate climate,
govern nutrient cycles and soil conservation and pro-
duction, control pests and diseases, and degrade
wastes and pollutants.
(13) The harm of even-age logging to the natu-
ral resources of this Nation and the quality of life
of its people are substantial, severe, and avoidable.
(14) By substituting selection management, as
prescribed in this Act, for the even-age system, the
Federal agencies now engaged in even-age logging
would substantially reduce devastation to the envi-
ronment and would improve the quality of life of the
American people.
(15) By protecting native biodiversity, as pre-
scribed in this Act, Federal agencies would maintain
vital native ecosystems and would improve the qual-
ity of life of the American people.
(16) Selection logging is more job intensive, and
therefore provides more employment than even-age
logging to manage the same amount of timber pro-
duction, and produces higher quality sawlogs.
(17) The court remedies now available to en-
force Federal forest laws are inadequate, and should
be strengthened by providing for injunctions, declar-
atory judgments, civil penalties, and reasonable costs
of suit.
SEC. 3. EFFECTIVE DATE.
(a) IN GENERAL.—This Act and the amendments
made by this Act shall take effect on the date of the enact-
ment of this Act.
(b) EFFECT ON EXISTING CONTRACTS.—The amend-
ments made by this Act shall not apply with respect to
any contract to sell timber which was awarded on or before
the date of the enactment of this Act.
TITLE I—AMENDMENTS TO EX-
ISTING LAND MANAGEMENT
LAWS
SEC. 101. AMENDMENT OF FOREST AND RANGELAND RE-
NEWABLE RESOURCES PLANNING ACT OF
1974 RELATING TO NATIONAL FOREST SYS-
TEM LANDS.
(a) CONSERVATION OF NATIVE BIODIVERSITY.—Sec-
tion 6(g)(3)(B) of the Forest and Rangeland Renewable
Resources 
Planning 
Act 
of 
1974 
(16 
U.S.C.
1604(g)(3)(B)) is amended to read as follows:
‘‘(B) regardless of any other provision in
this Act, in each stand and each watershed
throughout each forested area, the Secretary
shall provide for the conservation or restoration
of native biodiversity except during the extrac-
tion stage of authorized mineral development or
during authorized construction projects, in
which events the Secretary shall conserve native
biodiversity to the extent possible;’’.
(b) COMMITTEE OF SCIENTISTS.—Section 6(h)(1) of
the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning
Act of 1974 (16 U.S.C. 1604(h)(1)) is amended to read
as follows:
‘‘(h) COMMITTEE OF SCIENTISTS.—(1) In carrying
out the purposes of subsection (g) of this section, the Sec-
retary shall appoint a committee of scientists who are not
officers or employees of the Forest Service nor of any
other public entity, nor of any entity engaged in whole
or in part in the production of wood or wood products,
and have not contracted with or represented any of such
entities within a period of 5 years prior to serving on such
committee. The committee shall provide scientific and
technical advice and counsel on proposed guidelines and
procedures and all other issues involving forestry and na-
tive biodiversity to assure that an effective interdiscipli-
nary approach is proposed and adopted. The committee
shall terminate after the expiration of 10 years from the
date of the enactment of this paragraph.’’.
(c) RESTRICTION
ON USE
OF CERTAIN LOGGING
PRACTICES.—Section 6 of the Forest and Rangeland Re-
newable Resources Planning Act of 1974 (16 U.S.C.
1604) is amended by adding at the end the following:
‘‘(n) RESTRICTION ON USE OF CERTAIN LOGGING
PRACTICES.—(1) In each stand and watershed throughout
each forested area, the Secretary shall prohibit any even-
age logging and any even-age management after the date
of the enactment of this subsection.
‘‘(2) On each site already under even-age manage-
ment, the Secretary shall (A) prescribe a shift to selection
management within one year, or (B) cease managing for
timber purposes and actively restore the native biodiver-
sity, or permit each site to regain its native biodiversity.
‘‘(3) For the purposes of this Act:
‘‘(A) The term ‘native biodiversity’ means the
full range of variety and variability within and
among living organisms and the ecological complexes
in which they would have occurred in the absence of
significant human impact, and encompasses diversity
within a species (genetic diversity, species diversity,
or age diversity), within a community of species
(within-community diversity), between communities
of species (between-communities), within a total area
such as a watershed (total area), along a plane from
ground to sky (vertical), and along the plane of the
earth-surface (horizontal). Vertical and horizontal
diversity apply to all the other aspects of diversity.
‘‘(B) The terms ‘conserve’ and ‘conservation’
refer to protective measures for maintaining existing
native biodiversity and active and passive measures
for restoring diversity through management efforts,
in order to protect, restore, and enhance as much of
the variety of species and communities as possible in
abundances and distributions that provide for their
continued existence and normal functioning, includ-
ing the viability of populations throughout their nat-
ural geographic distributions.
‘‘(C) The term ‘within-community diversity’
means the distinctive assemblages of species and ec-
ological processes that occur in different physical
settings of the biosphere and distinct parts of the
world.
‘‘(D) The term ‘genetic diversity’ means the dif-
ferences in genetic composition within and among
populations of a given species.
‘‘(E) The term ‘species diversity’ means the
richness and variety of native species in a particular
location of the world.
‘‘(F) The term ‘age diversity’ means the natu-
rally occurring range and distribution of age classes
within a given species.
‘‘(G) The term ‘group selection’ means a form
of selection management that emphasizes the peri-
odic removal of trees, including mature, undesirable,
and cull trees in small groups, where they occur that
way, with a result of (i) creating openings not to ex-
ceed in width in any direction the height of the tall-
est tree standing within 10 feet outside the edge of
the group cut, and (ii) maintaining different age
groups in a given stand. In no event will more than
10 percent of the basal area of a stand be felled
within 15 years. The foregoing limitation shall not
be deemed to establish a 150-year projected felling
age as the standard at which individual trees in a
stand are to be cut, nor shall native biodiversity be
limited to that which occurs within the context of a
150-year projected felling age.
‘‘(H) The term ‘stand’ means a biological com-
munity with enough identity by location, topography,
or dominant species to be managed as a unit, not to
exceed 100 acres.
‘‘(I) The term ‘clearcutting’ means the logging
of more than one-half of the commercial trees in a
patch larger than a group defined in subparagraph
(F) or in a stand of any size in a short period of
time.
‘‘(J) The term ‘even-age management’ means
the growing of commercial timber so that all trees
in a patch or stand are generally within 10 years of
the same age. Except for designated leave trees, or
clumps of trees, the patch or stand is logged, com-
pletely in any acre within a period of 30 years, by
clearcutting, salvage logging, seed-tree cutting or
shelterwood cutting, or any system other than selec-
tion management.
‘‘(K) The term ‘salvage logging’ means the fell-
ing or further damaging, within any 30-year period,
of a greater basal area than 20 square feet per acre
of dead, damaged, or other trees, or any combination
of such trees.
‘‘(L) The term ‘seed-tree cut’ means an even-
age logging operation that leaves a small minority of
seed trees in a stand for any period of time.
‘‘(M) The term ‘selection management’ means
the application of logging and other actions needed
to maintain continuous high forest cover where such
cover naturally occurs, recurring natural regenera-
tion of all native species on the site, and the orderly
growth and development of trees through a range of
diameter or age classes to provide a sustained yield
of forest products. Cutting methods that develop and
maintain selection stands are individual-tree and
group selection.
‘‘(N) The term ‘shelterwood cut’ means an
even-aged logging operation that leaves a minority
(larger than in a seed-tree cut) of the stand as a
seed source or protection cover remaining standing
for any period of time.
‘‘(O) The term ‘timber purposes’ shall include
the use, sale, lease, or distribution of trees, or the
felling of trees or portions of trees except to create
land space for a structure or other use.
‘‘(4)(A)(i) The purpose of this paragraph is to foster
the widest possible enforcement of subsection (g)(3)(B)
and this subsection.
‘‘(ii) Congress finds that all people of the United
States are injured by actions on lands to which subsection
(g)(3)(B) and this subsection apply.
‘‘(B) The provisions of subsection (g)(3)(B) and this
subsection shall be enforced by the Secretary of Agri-
culture and the Attorney General of the United States
against any person who violates either of them.
‘‘(C)(i) Any citizen harmed by a violation of this Act
may enforce any provision of subsection (g)(3)(B) and this
subsection by bringing an action for declaratory judgment,
temporary restraining order, injunction, civil penalty, and
other remedies against any alleged violator including the
United States, in any district court of the United States.
‘‘(ii) The court, after determining a violation of either
of such subsections, shall impose a penalty of not less than
$5,000 and not more than $50,000 per violation, shall
issue one or more injunctions and other equitable relief
and shall award to the plaintiffs reasonable costs of litiga-
tion including attorney’s fees, witness fees and other nec-
essary expenses.
‘‘(iii) The standard of proof in all actions brought
under this subparagraph shall be the preponderance of the
evidence and the trial shall be de novo.
‘‘(D) The penalty authorized by subparagraph (C)(ii)
shall be paid by the violator or violators designated by the
court. If that violator is the United States of America or
a Federal agency or officer, the penalty shall be paid to
the Judgment Fund, as provided by Congress under sec-
tion 1304 of title 31, United States Code.
‘‘(E) The penalty shall be paid from the Judgment
Fund within 40 days after judgment to the person or per-
sons designated to receive it, to be applied in protecting
or restoring native biodiversity in or adjoining Federal
land. Any award of costs of litigation and any award of
attorney fees shall be paid within 40 days after judgment.
‘‘(F) The United States, including its agents and em-
ployees waives its sovereign immunity in all respects in
all actions under subsection (g)(3)(B) and this subsection.
No notice is required to enforce this subsection.’’.
(d) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section 6(g)(2)(F)
of the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resource Plan-
ning Act of 1974 (16 U.S.C. 1604(g)(2)(F)) is amended
by inserting ‘‘in accordance with subsection (g) and’’ after
‘‘National Forest System lands.’’.
SEC. 102. AMENDMENT OF FEDERAL LAND POLICY AND
MANAGEMENT ACT OF 1976 RELATING TO
THE PUBLIC LANDS.
(a) CONSERVATION OF NATIVE BIODIVERSITY.—Sec-
tion 202(c) of the Federal Land Policy and Management
Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1712(c)) is amended—
(1) by redesignating paragraphs (8) and (9) as
paragraphs (9) and (10), respectively; and
(2) by inserting after paragraph (7) the follow-
ing new paragraph (8):
‘‘(8) regardless of any other provision in this
Act, in each stand and each watershed throughout
each forested area, the Secretary shall provide for
the conservation or restoration of native biodiversity
except during the extraction stage of authorized
mineral development or during authorized construc-
tion projects, in which events the Secretary shall
conserve native biodiversity to the extent possible;’’.
(b) RESTRICTION ON USE OF CERTAIN LOGGING
PRACTICES.—Section 202 of the Federal Land Policy and
Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1712) is amended
by adding at the end the following:
‘‘(g) RESTRICTION ON USE OF CERTAIN LOGGING
PRACTICES.—(1) In each stand and watershed throughout
each forested area, the Secretary shall prohibit any even-
age logging and any even-age management after the date
of the enactment of this subsection.
‘‘(2) On each site already under even-age manage-
ment, the Secretary shall (A) prescribe a shift to selection
management within one year, or (B) cease managing for
timber purposes and actively restore the native biodiver-
sity, or permit each site to regain its native biodiversity.
‘‘(3) For the purposes of this Act:
‘‘(A) The term ‘native biodiversity’ means the
full range of variety and variability within and
among living organisms and the ecological complexes
in which they would have occurred in the absence of
significant human impact, and encompasses diversity
within a species (genetic diversity, species diversity,
or age diversity), within a community of species
(within-community diversity), between communities
of species (between-communities), within a total area
such as a watershed (total area), along a plane from
ground to sky (vertical), and along the plane of the
earth-surface (horizontal). Vertical and horizontal
diversity apply to all the other aspects of diversity.
‘‘(G) The term ‘group selection’ means a form
of selection management that emphasizes the peri-
odic removal of trees, including mature, undesirable,
and cull trees in small groups, where they occur that
way, with a result of (i) creating openings not to ex-
ceed in width in any direction the height of the tall-
est tree standing within 10 feet outside the edge of
the group cut, and (ii) maintaining different age
groups in a given stand. In no event will more than
10 percent of the basal area of a stand be felled
within 15 years. The foregoing limitation shall not
be deemed to establish a 150-year projected felling
age as the standard at which individual trees in a
stand are to be cut, nor shall native biodiversity be
limited to that which occurs within the context of a
150-year projected felling age.
‘‘(H) The term ‘stand’ means a biological com-
munity with enough identity by location, topography,
or dominant species to be managed as a unit, not to
exceed 100 acres.
‘‘(I) The term ‘clearcutting’ means the logging
of more than one-half of the commercial trees in a
patch larger than a group defined in subparagraph
(F) or in a stand of any size in a short period of
time.
‘‘(J) The term ‘even-age management’ means
the growing of commercial timber so that all trees
in a patch or stand are generally within 10 years of
the same age. Except for designated leave trees, or
clumps of trees, the patch or stand is logged, com-
pletely in any acre within a period of 30 years, by
clearcutting, salvage logging, seed-tree cutting or
shelterwood cutting, or any system other than selec-
tion management.
‘‘(K) The term ‘salvage logging’ means the fell-
ing or further damaging, within any 30-year period,
of a greater basal area than 20 square feet per acre
of dead, damaged, or other trees, or any combination
of such trees.
‘‘(L) The term ‘seed-tree cut’ means an even-
age logging operation that leaves a small minority of
seed trees in a stand for any period of time.
‘‘(M) The term ‘selection management’ means
the application of logging and other actions needed
to maintain continuous high forest cover where such
cover naturally occurs, recurring natural regenera-
tion of all native species on the site, and the orderly
growth and development of trees through a range of
diameter or age classes to provide a sustained yield
of forest products. Cutting methods that develop and
maintain selection stands are individual-tree and
group selection.
‘‘(N) The term ‘shelterwood cut’ means an
even-aged logging operation that leaves a minority
(larger than in a seed-tree cut) of the stand as a
seed source or protection cover remaining standing
for any period of time.
‘‘(O) The term ‘timber purposes’ shall include
the use, sale, lease, or distribution of trees, or the
felling of trees or portions of trees except to create
land space for a structure or other use.
‘‘(4)(A)(i) The purpose of this paragraph is to foster
the widest possible enforcement of subsection (c)(8) and
this subsection.
‘‘(ii) Congress finds that all people of the United
States are injured by actions on lands to which subsection
(c)(8) and this subsection apply.
‘‘(B) The provisions of subsection (c)(8) and this sub-
section shall be enforced by the Secretary of the Interior
and the Attorney General of the United States against any
person who violates either of them.
‘‘(C)(i) Any citizen harmed by a violation of this Act
may enforce any provision of subsection (c)(8) and this
subsection by bringing an action for declaratory judgment,
temporary restraining order, injunction, civil penalty, and
other remedies against any alleged violator including the
United States, in any district court of the United States.
‘‘(ii) The court, after determining a violation of either
of such subsections, shall impose a penalty of not less than
$5,000 and not more than $50,000 per violation, shall
issue one or more injunctions and other equitable relief
and shall award to the plaintiffs reasonable costs of litiga-
tion including attorney’s fees, witness fees and other nec-
essary expenses.
‘‘(iii) The standard of proof in all actions brought
under this subparagraph shall be the preponderance of the
evidence and the trial shall be de novo.
‘‘(D) The penalty authorized by subparagraph (C)(ii)
shall be paid by the violator or violators designated by the
court. If that violator is the United States of America or
a Federal agency or officer, the penalty shall be paid to
the Judgment Fund, as provided by Congress under sec-
tion 1304 of title 31, United States Code.
‘‘(E) The penalty shall be paid from the Judgment
Fund within 40 days after judgment to the person or per-
sons designated to receive it, to be applied in protecting
or restoring native biodiversity in or adjoining Federal
land. Any award of costs of litigation and any award of
attorney fees shall be paid within 40 days after judgment.
‘‘(F) The United States, including its agents and em-
ployees waives its sovereign immunity in all respects in
all actions under subsection (c)(8) and this subsection. No
notice is required to enforce this subsection.’’.
(c) REPEAL.—Subsection (b) of section 701 of the
Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43
U.S.C. 1701 note) is hereby repealed.
SEC. 103. AMENDMENT OF NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE
SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION ACT OF 1966 RE-
LATING TO THE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REF-
UGE SYSTEM.
Section 4 of the National Wildlife Refuge System Ad-
ministration Act of 1966 (16 U.S.C. 668dd) is amended
by adding at the end the following:
‘‘(j) CONSERVATION OF NATIVE BIODIVERSITY.—Re-
gardless of any other provision in this Act, in each stand
and each watershed throughout each forested area within
the System, the Secretary shall provide for the conserva-
tion or restoration of native biodiversity, except during the
extraction stage of authorized mineral development or dur-
ing authorized construction projects, in which events the
Secretary shall conserve native biodiversity to the extent
possible.
‘‘(k) RESTRICTION ON USE OF CERTAIN LOGGING
PRACTICES.—(1) In each stand and watershed throughout
each forested area, the Secretary shall prohibit any even-
age logging and any even-age management after the date
of the enactment of this subsection.
‘‘(2) On each site already under even-age manage-
ment, the Secretary shall (A) prescribe a shift to selection
management within one year, or (B) cease managing for
timber purposes and actively restore the native biodiver-
sity, or permit each site to regain its native biodiversity.
‘‘(3) For the purposes of this subsection:
‘‘(A) The term ‘native biodiversity’ means the
full range of variety and variability within and
among living organisms and the ecological complexes
in which they would have occurred in the absence of
significant human impact, and encompasses diversity
within a species (genetic diversity, species diversity,
or age diversity), within a community of species
(within-community diversity), between communities
of species (between-communities), within a total area
such as a watershed (total area), along a plane from
ground to sky (vertical), and along the plane of the
earth-surface (horizontal). Vertical and horizontal
diversity apply to all the other aspects of diversity.
‘‘(B) The terms ‘conserve’ and ‘conservation’
refer to protective measures for maintaining existing
native biodiversity and active and passive measures
way, with a result of (i) creating openings not to ex-
ceed in width in any direction the height of the tall-
est tree standing within 10 feet outside the edge of
the group cut, and (ii) maintaining different age
groups in a given stand. In no event will more than
10 percent of the basal area of a stand be felled
within 15 years. The foregoing limitation shall not
be deemed to establish a 150-year projected felling
age as the standard at which individual trees in a
stand are to be cut, nor shall native biodiversity be
limited to that which occurs within the context of a
150-year projected felling age.
‘‘(H) The term ‘stand’ means a biological com-
munity with enough identity by location, topography,
or dominant species to be managed as a unit, not to
exceed 100 acres.
‘‘(I) The term ‘clearcutting’ means the logging
of more than one-half of the commercial trees in a
patch larger than a group defined in subparagraph
(F) or in a stand of any size in a short period of
time.
‘‘(J) The term ‘even-age management’ means
the growing of commercial timber so that all trees
in a patch or stand are generally within 10 years of
the same age. Except for designated leave trees, or
clumps of trees, the patch or stand is logged, com-
pletely in any acre within a period of 30 years, by
clearcutting, salvage logging, seed-tree cutting or
shelterwood cutting, or any system other than selec-
tion management.
‘‘(K) The term ‘salvage logging’ means the fell-
ing or further damaging, within a 30-year period, of
a greater basal area than 20 square feet per acre of
dead, damaged, or other trees, or any combination
of such trees.
‘‘(L) The term ‘seed-tree cut’ means an even-
age logging operation that leaves a small minority of
seed trees in a stand for any period of time.
‘‘(M) The term ‘selection management’ means
the application of logging and other actions needed
to maintain continuous high forest cover where such
cover naturally occurs, recurring natural regenera-
tion of all native species on the site, and the orderly
growth and development of trees through a range of
diameter or age classes to provide a sustained yield
of forest products. Cutting methods that develop and
maintain selection stands are individual-tree and
group selection.
‘‘(N) The term ‘shelterwood cut’ means an
even-aged logging operation that leaves a minority
(larger than in a seed-tree cut) of the stand as a
seed source or protection cover remaining standing
for any period of time.
‘‘(N) The term ‘timber purposes’ shall include
the use, sale, lease, or distribution of trees, or the
felling of trees or portions of trees except to create
land space for a structure or other use.
‘‘(4)(A)(i) The purpose of this paragraph is to foster
the widest possible enforcement of subsection (j) and this
subsection.
‘‘(ii) Congress finds that all people of the United
States are injured by actions on lands to which subsection
(j) and this subsection apply.
‘‘(B) The provisions of subsection (j) and this sub-
section shall be enforced by the Secretary of the Interior
and the Attorney General of the United States against any
person who violates either of them.
‘‘(C)(i) Any citizen harmed by a violation of this Act
may enforce any provision of this subsection by bringing
an action for declaratory judgment, temporary restraining
order, injunction, civil penalty, and other remedies against
any alleged violator including the United States, in any
district court of the United States.
‘‘(ii) The court, after determining a violation of either
of such subsections, shall impose a penalty of not less than
$5,000 and not more than $50,000 per violation, shall
issue one or more injunctions and other equitable relief
and shall award to the plaintiffs reasonable costs of litiga-
tion including attorney’s fees, witness fees and other nec-
essary expenses.
‘‘(iii) The standard of proof in all actions brought
under this subparagraph shall be the preponderance of the
evidence and the trial shall be de novo.
‘‘(D) The penalty authorized by subparagraph (C)(ii)
shall be paid by the violator or violators designed by the
court. If that violator is the United States of America or
a Federal agency or officer, the penalty shall be paid to
the Judgment Fund, as provided by Congress under sec-
tion 1304 of title 31, United States Code.
‘‘(E) The penalty should be paid from the Judgment
Fund within 40 days after judgment to the person or per-
sons designated to receive it, to be applied in protecting
or restoring native biodiversity in or adjoining Federal
land. Any award of costs of litigation and any award of
attorney fees shall be paid within 40 days after judgment.
‘‘(F) The United States, including its agents and em-
ployees waives its sovereign immunity in all respects in
all actions under subsection (j) and this subsection. No
notice is required to enforce this subsection.’’.
SEC. 104. AMENDMENT OF NATIONAL INDIAN FOREST RE-
SOURCES MANAGEMENT ACT RELATING TO
INDIAN LANDS.
Section 305 of the National Indian Forest Resources
Management Act (25 U.S.C. 4535) is amended by adding
at the end the following new subsections:
‘‘(c) CONSERVATION
OF NATIVE BIODIVERSITY.—
Regardless of any other provision in this Act, in each
stand and each watershed throughout each stand that is
managed or operated for timber purposes in each forested
area on Indian lands except during the extraction stage
of authorized mineral development or during authorized
construction projects in which events the Secretary shall
conserve native biodiversity to the extent possible.
‘‘(d) RESTRICTION ON USE OF CERTAIN LOGGING
PRACTICES.—(1) In each stand and watershed throughout
each forested area, the Secretary shall prohibit any even-
age logging and any even-age management after the date
of the enactment of this subsection.
‘‘(2) On each site already under even-age manage-
ment, the Secretary shall (A) prescribe a shift to selection
management within one year, or (B) cease managing for
timber purposes and actively restore the native biodiver-
sity, or permit each site to regain its native biodiversity.
‘‘(3) For the purposes of this section:
‘‘(A) The term ‘native biodiversity’ means the
full range of variety and variability within and
among living organisms and the ecological complexes
in which they would have occurred in the absence of
significant human impact, and encompasses diversity
within a species (genetic diversity, species diversity,
or age diversity), within a community of species
(within-community diversity), between communities
of species (between-communities), within a total area
such as a watershed (total area), along a plane from
ground to sky (vertical), and along the plane of the
earth-surface (horizontal). Vertical and horizontal
diversity apply to all the other aspects of diversity.
‘‘(B) The terms ‘conserve’ and ‘conservation’
refer to protective measures for maintaining existing
native biodiversity and active and passive measures
for restoring diversity through management efforts,
in order to protect, restore, and enhance as much of
the variety of species and communities as possible in
abundances and distributions that provide for their
continued existence and normal functioning, includ-
ing the viability of populations throughout their nat-
ural geographic distributions.
‘‘(C) The term ‘within-community diversity’
means the distinctive assemblages of species and ec-
ological processes that occur in different physical
settings of the biosphere and distinct parts of the
world.
‘‘(D) The term ‘genetic diversity’ means the dif-
ferences in genetic composition within and among
populations of a given species.
‘‘(E) The term ‘species diversity’ means the
richness and variety of native species in a particular
location of the world.
‘‘(F) The term ‘age diversity’ means the natu-
rally occurring range and distribution of age classes
within a given species.
‘‘(G) The term ‘group selection’ means a form
of selection management that emphasizes the peri-
odic removal of trees, including mature, undesirable,
and cull trees in small groups, where they occur that
way, with a result of (i) creating openings not to ex-
ceed in width in any direction the height of the tall-
est tree standing within 10 feet outside the edge of
the group cut, and (ii) maintaining different age
groups in a given stand. In no event will more than
10 percent of the basal area of a stand be felled
within 15 years. The foregoing limitation shall not
be deemed to establish a 150-year projected felling
age as the standard at which individual trees in a
stand are to be cut, nor shall native biodiversity be
limited to that which occurs within the context of a
150-year projected felling age.
‘‘(H) The term ‘stand’ means a biological com-
munity with enough identity by location, topography,
or dominant species to be managed as a unit, not to
exceed 100 acres.
‘‘(I) The term ‘clearcutting’ means the logging
of more than one-half of the commercial trees in a
patch larger than a group defined in subparagraph
(F) or in a stand of any size in a short period of
time.
‘‘(J) The term ‘even-age management’ means
the growing of commercial timber so that all trees
in a patch or stand are generally within 10 years of
the same age. Except for designated leave trees, or
clumps of trees, the patch or stand is logged, com-
pletely in any acre within a period of 30 years, by
clearcutting, salvage logging, seed-tree cutting or
shelterwood cutting, or any system other than selec-
tion management.
‘‘(K) The term ‘salvage logging’ means the fell-
ing or further damaging, within any 30-year period,
of a greater basal area than 20 square feet per acre
of dead, damaged, or other trees, or any combination
of such trees.
‘‘(L) The term ‘seed-tree cut’ means an even-
age logging operation that leaves a small minority of
seed trees in a stand for any period of time.
‘‘(M) The term ‘selection management’ means
the application of logging and other actions needed
to maintain continuous high forest cover where such
cover naturally occurs, recurring natural regenera-
tion of all native species on the site, and the orderly
growth and development of trees through a range of
diameter or age classes to provide a sustained yield
of forest products. Cutting methods that develop and
maintain selection stands are individual-tree and
group selection.
‘‘(N) The term ‘shelterwood cut’ means an
even-aged logging operation that leaves a minority
(larger than in a seed-tree cut) of the stand as a
seed source or protection cover remaining standing
for any period of time.
‘‘(O) The term ‘timber purposes’ shall include
the use, sale, lease, or distribution of trees, or the
felling of trees or portions of trees except to create
land space for a structure or other use.
‘‘(4)(A)(i) The purpose of this paragraph is to foster
the widest possible enforcement of subsection (c) and this
subsection.
‘‘(ii) Congress finds that all people of the United
States are injured by actions on lands to which subsection
(c) and this subsection apply.
‘‘(B) The provisions of subsection (c) and this sub-
section shall be enforced by the Secretary of the Interior
and the Attorney General of the United States against any
person who violates either of them.
‘‘(C)(i) Any citizen harmed by a violation of this Act
may enforce any provision of subsection (c) and this sub-
section by bringing an action for declaratory judgment,
temporary restraining order, injunction, civil penalty, and
other remedies against any alleged violator including the
United States, in any district court of the United States.
‘‘(ii) The court, after determining a violation of either
of such subsections shall impose a penalty of not less than
$5,000 and not more than $50,000 per violation, shall
issue one or more injunctions and other equitable relief
and shall award to the plaintiffs reasonable costs of litiga-
tion including attorney’s fees, witness fees and other nec-
essary expenses.
‘‘(iii) The standard of proof in all actions brought
under this subparagraph shall be the preponderance of the
evidence and the trial shall be de novo.
‘‘(D) The penalty authorized by subparagraph (C)(ii)
shall be paid by the violator or violators designated by the
court. If that violator is the United States of America or
a Federal agency or officer, the penalty shall be paid to
the Judgment Fund, as provided by Congress under sec-
tion 1304 of title 31, United States Code.
‘‘(E) The penalty should be paid from the Judgment
Fund within 40 days after judgment to the person or per-
sons designated to receive it, to be applied in protecting
or restoring native biodiversity in or adjoining Federal
land. Any award of costs of litigation and any award of
attorney fees shall be paid within 40 days after judgment.
‘‘(F) The United States, including its agents and em-
ployees waives its sovereign immunity in all respects in
all actions under subsection (c) and this subsection. No
notice is required to enforce this subsection.’’.
SEC. 105. AMENDMENT OF TITLE 10, UNITED STATES CODE,
RELATING TO FOREST MANAGEMENT ON
MILITARY LANDS.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 159 of title 10, United
States Code, is amended by adding at the end the follow-
ing new section:
‘‘§ 2694. Conservation of native biodiversity
‘‘(a) CONSERVATION OF NATIVE BIODIVERSITY.—
Regardless of any other provision in this Act, in each
stand and each watershed throughout each forested area
on a military installation or projects administered by the
Army Corps of Engineers, the Secretary concerned shall
provide for the conservation or restoration of native bio-
diversity, except during authorized construction projects
in which events the Secretary shall conserve native bio-
diversity to the extent possible.
‘‘(b) RESTRICTION ON USE OF CERTAIN LOGGING
PRACTICES.—(1) In each stand and watershed throughout
each forested area, the Secretary shall prohibit any even-
age logging and any even-age management after the date
of the enactment of this subsection.
‘‘(2) On each site already under even-age manage-
ment, the Secretary shall (A) prescribe a shift to selection
management within one year, or (B) cease managing for
timber purposes and actively restore the native biodiver-
sity, or permit each site to regain its native biodiversity.
‘‘(3) In this section:
‘‘(A) The term ‘native biodiversity’ means the
full range of variety and variability within and
among living organisms and the ecological complexes
in which they would have occurred in the absence of
significant human impact, and encompasses diversity
within a species (genetic diversity, species diversity,
or age diversity), within a community of species
(within-community diversity), between communities
of species (between-communities), within a total area
such as a watershed (total area), along a plane from
ground to sky (vertical), and along the plane of the
earth-surface (horizontal). Vertical and horizontal
diversity apply to all the other aspects of diversity.
‘‘(B) The terms ‘conserve’ and ‘conservation’
refer to protective measures for maintaining existing
native biodiversity and active and passive measures
for restoring diversity through management efforts,
in order to protect, restore, and enhance as much of
the variety of species and communities as possible in
abundances and distributions that provide for their
continued existence and normal functioning, includ-
ing the viability of populations throughout their nat-
ural geographic distributions.
‘‘(C) The term ‘within-community diversity’
means the distinctive assemblages of species and ec-
ological processes that occur in different physical
settings of the biosphere and distinct parts of the
world.
‘‘(D) The term ‘genetic diversity’ means the dif-
ferences in genetic composition within and among
populations of a given species.
‘‘(E) The term ‘species diversity’ means the
richness and variety of native species in a particular
location of the world.
‘‘(F) The term ‘group selection’ means a form
of selection management that emphasizes the peri-
odic removal of trees, including mature, undesirable,
and cull trees in small groups, where they occur that
way, with a result of (i) creating openings not to ex-
ceed in width in any direction the height of the tall-
est tree standing within 10 feet outside the edge of
the group cut, and (ii) maintaining different age
groups in a given stand. In no event will more than
10 percent of the basal area of a stand be felled
within 15 years. The foregoing limitation shall not
be deemed to establish a 150-year projected felling
age as the standard at which individual trees in a
stand are to be cut, nor shall native biodiversity be
limited to that which occurs within the context of a
150-year projected felling age.
‘‘(G) The term ‘stand’ means a biological com-
munity with enough identity by location, topography,
or dominant species to be managed as a unit, not to
exceed 100 acres.
‘‘(H) The term ‘clearcutting’ means the logging
of more than one-half of the commercial trees in a
patch larger than a group defined in subparagraph
(F) or in a stand of any size in a short period of
time.
‘‘(I) The term ‘even-age management’ means
the growing of commercial timber so that all trees
in a patch or stand are generally within 10 years of
the same age. Except for designated leave trees, or
clumps of trees, the patch or stand is logged com-
pletely in any acre within a period of 30 years, by
clearcutting, salvage logging, seed-tree cutting or
shelterwood cutting, or any system other than selec-
tion management.
‘‘(J) The term ‘salvage logging’ means the fell-
ing or further damaging, within any 30-year period,
of a greater basal area than 20 square feet per acre
of dead, damaged, or other trees, or any combination
of such trees.
‘‘(K) The term ‘seed-tree cut’ means an even-
age logging operation that leaves a small minority of
seed trees in a stand for any period of time.
‘‘(L) The term ‘selection management’ means
the application of logging and other actions needed
to maintain continuous high forest cover where such
cover naturally occurs, recurring natural regenera-
tion of all native species on the site, and the orderly
growth and development of trees through a range of
diameter or age classes to provide a sustained yield
of forest products. Cutting methods that develop and
maintain selection stands are individual-tree and
group selection.
‘‘(M) The term ‘shelterwood cut’ means an
even-aged logging operation that leaves a minority
(larger than in a seed-tree cut) of the stand as a
seed source or protection cover remaining standing
for any period of time.
‘‘(O) The term ‘timber purposes’ shall include
the use, sale, lease, or distribution of trees, or the
felling of trees or portions of trees except to create
land space for a structure or other use.
‘‘(4)(A)(i) The purpose of this paragraph is to foster
the widest possible enforcement of this section.
‘‘(ii) Congress finds that all people of the United
States are injured by actions on lands to which this section
applies.
‘‘(B) The provisions of this section shall be enforced
by the Secretary of Defense and the Attorney General of
the United States against any person who violates this sec-
tion.
‘‘(C)(i) Any citizen harmed by a violation of this Act
may enforce any provision of this section by bringing an
action for declaratory judgment, temporary restraining
order, injunction, civil penalty, and other remedies against
any alleged violator including the United States, in any
district court of the United States.
‘‘(ii) The court, after determining a violation of this
section, shall impose a penalty of not less than $5,000 and
not more than $50,000 per violation, shall issue one or
more injunctions and other equitable relief and shall
award to the plaintiffs reasonable costs of litigation in-
cluding attorney’s fees, witness fees and other necessary
expenses.
‘‘(iii) The standard of proof in all actions brought
under this subparagraph shall be the preponderance of the
evidence and the trial shall be de novo.
‘‘(D) The penalty authorized by subparagraph (C)(ii)
shall be paid by the violator or violators designated by the
court. If that violator is the United States of America or
a Federal agency or officer, the penalty shall be paid to
the Judgment Fund, as provided by Congress under sec-
tion 1304 of title 31, United States Code.
‘‘(E) The penalty should be paid from the Judgment
Fund within 40 days after judgment to the person or per-
sons designated to receive it, to be applied in protecting
or restoring native biodiversity in or adjoining Federal
land. Any award of costs of litigation and any award of
attorney fees shall be paid within 40 days after judgment.
‘‘(F) The United States, including its agents and em-
ployees waives its sovereign immunity in all respects in
all actions under this section. No notice is required to en-
force this section.’’.
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—The table of sec-
tions for chapter 159 of title 10, United States Code, is
amended by adding at the end the following new item:
‘‘2694. Conservation of native biodiversity.’’.
TITLE 
II—PROTECTION 
FOR
NORTHWEST ANCIENT FOR-
ESTS, ROADLESS AREAS, AND
SPECIAL AREAS
SEC. 201. DEFINITIONS AND FINDINGS.
(a) DEFINITIONS.—For purposes of this title:
(1) EXTRACTIVE LOGGING.—The term ‘‘extrac-
tive logging’’ means the cutting or removal of any
trees from Federal forest lands for any purpose.
(2) NORTHWEST ANCIENT FORESTS.—The term
‘‘Northwest Ancient Forests’’ refers to—
(A) lands identified as Late-Successional
Reserves, Riparian Reserves, and Key Water-
sheds under the heading ‘‘Alternative 1’’ of the
report ‘‘Final Supplemental Environmental Im-
pact Statement on Management of Habitat for
Late-Successional and Old-Growth Forest Re-
lated Species Within the Range of the Northern
Spotted Owl, Vol. I.’’, dated February 1994;
and
(B) lands identified by the term ‘‘Medium
and Large Conifer Multi-Storied, Canopied For-
ests’’ as defined in ‘‘Final Supplemental Envi-
ronmental Impact Statement on Management of
Habitat for Late-Successional and Old-Growth
Forest Related Species Within the Range of the
Northern Spotted Owl, Vol. I.’’, dated February
1994.
(3) IMPROVED
ROADS.—The term ‘‘improved
roads’’ means any roads maintained for travel by
standard passenger type vehicles.
(4) ROADLESS
AREAS.—The term ‘‘roadless
areas’’ means those contiguous parcels of Federal
land that are devoid of improved roads, except as
permitted by subparagraph (B), and—
(A) are greater than or equal to 5,000
acres west of the 100th meridian;
(B) are greater than or equal to 1,500
acres east of the 100th meridian, but possibly
containing up to 1⁄2 mile of improved roads per
1,000 acres; or
(C) are less than 5,000 acres, but are con-
tiguous to existing Wilderness, Primitive Areas,
Administration-endorsed Wilderness, or roadless
areas in other Federal ownership, regardless of
their size.
(5) 
SPECIAL
AREAS.—The 
term 
‘‘Special
Areas’’ means certain areas of Federal land des-
ignated in section 202 that are to be managed ac-
cording to the instructions of section 203(c).
(6) SECRETARY CONCERNED.—The term ‘‘Sec-
retary concerned’’ means the head of the Federal
agency having jurisdiction over Federal lands in-
cluded within a Northwest Ancient Forest, roadless
area, or Special Area.
(b) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following:
(1) Unfragmented forests on Federal lands are
unique and valuable assets to the general public
which are damaged by extractive logging.
(2) Less than 10 percent of the original
unlogged forests of the United States remain. The
vast majority of the remnants of America’s original
forests are located on Federal lands.
(3) Large, unfragmented forest watersheds pro-
vide high-quality water supplies for drinking, agri-
culture, industry, and fisheries across the United
States.
(4) The most recent scientific studies indicate
that several thousand species of plants and animals
are dependent on large, unfragmented forest areas.
(5) Many neotropical migratory songbird spe-
cies are currently experiencing documented broad-
scale 
population 
declines 
and 
require 
large,
unfragmented forests to ensure their survival.
(6) Destruction of large-scale natural forests
has resulted in a tremendous loss of jobs in the fish-
ing, hunting, tourism, recreation, and guiding indus-
tries, and has adversely affected sustainable nontim-
ber forest products industries such as the collection
of mushrooms and herbs.
(7) Extractive logging programs on Federal
lands are carried out at enormous financial costs to
the United States Treasury and American taxpayers.
(8) The Northwest Ancient Forests continue to
be threatened by logging and deforestation and are
rapidly disappearing.
(9) Northwest Ancient Forests help regulate at-
mospheric balance, maintain biodiversity, and pro-
vide valuable scientific opportunity for monitoring
the health of the planet.
(10) Prohibiting extractive logging in the
Northwest Ancient Forests would create the best
conditions for ensuring stable, well distributed, and
viable populations of the northern spotted owl, mar-
bled murrelet, American marten, and other verte-
brates, invertebrates, vascular plants, and nonvascu-
lar plants associated with those forests.
(11) Prohibiting extractive logging in the
Northwest Ancient Forests would create the best
conditions for ensuring stable, well distributed, and
viable populations of anadromous salmonids, resi-
dent salmonids, and bull trout.
(12) Roadless areas are de facto wilderness that
provide wildlife habitat and recreation.
(13) Roadless areas contain many of the largest
unfragmented forests on Federal lands. Large
unfragmented forests are among the last refuges for
native animal and plant biodiversity, and are vital to
maintaining viable populations of threatened, endan-
gered, sensitive, and rare species.
(14) Roads cause soil erosion, disrupt wildlife
migration, and allow nonnative species of plants and
animals to invade native forests.
(15) The mortality and reproduction patterns of
forest dwelling animal populations are adversely af-
fected by traffic-related fatalities that accompany
roads.
(16) The exceptional recreational, biological,
scientific, or economic assets of certain special for-
ested areas on Federal lands are valuable to the
American public and are damaged by extractive log-
ging in these areas.
(17) In order to gauge the effectiveness and ap-
propriateness of current and future resource man-
agement activities, and to continue to broaden and
develop our understanding of silvicultural practices,
many special forested areas need to remain in a nat-
ural, unmanaged state to serve as scientifically es-
tablished baseline control forests.
(18) Certain special forested areas provide habi-
tat for the survival and recovery of endangered and
threatened plant and wildlife species such as grizzly
bears, spotted owls, Pacific salmon, and Pacific yew
that are harmed by extractive logging.
(19) Many special forested areas on Federal
lands are considered sacred sites by native peoples.
(20) As a legacy for the enjoyment, knowledge,
and well-being of future generations, provisions must
be made for the protection and perpetuation of
America’s Northwest Ancient Forests, roadless
areas, and Special Areas.
SEC. 202. DESIGNATION OF SPECIAL AREAS.
(a) DESCRIPTION OF SPECIAL AREAS.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Special areas are parcels of
Federal forest land that possess outstanding biologi-
cal, scenic, recreational, or cultural values, exem-
plary on a regional national or international level,
yet may not meet the definitions of Northwest An-
cient Forests or roadless areas.
(2) BIOLOGICAL VALUES.—Biological values in-
clude—
(A) the presence of threatened or endan-
gered species of plants or animals;
(B) rare or endangered ecosystems;
(C) key habitats necessary for the recovery
of endangered or threatened species;
(D) recovery or restoration areas of rare or
underrepresented forest ecosystems;
(E) migration corridors;
(F) areas of outstanding biodiversity;
(G) old growth forests;
(H) commercial fisheries; and
(I) sources of clean water such as key wa-
tersheds.
(3) SCENIC VALUES.—Scenic values include—
(A) unusual geological formations;
(B) designated wild and scenic rivers;
(C) unique biota; and
(D) vistas.
(4) RECREATIONAL VALUES.—Recreational val-
ues include—
(A) 
designated 
National 
Recreational
Trails or Recreational Areas;
(B) popular areas for recreation and sports
including—
(i) hunting;
(ii) fishing;
(iii) camping;
(iv) hiking;
(v) aquatic recreation; and
(vi) winter recreation;
(C) Federal lands in regions that are un-
derserved in terms of recreation;
(D) lands adjacent to designated Wilder-
ness Area; and
(E) solitude.
(5) CULTURAL
VALUES.—Cultural values in-
clude—
(A) sites with Native American religious
significance; and
(B) historic or prehistoric archaeological
sites eligible for the national historic register.
(b) SIZE VARIATION.—Special areas may vary in size
to encompass the outstanding biological, scenic, rec-
reational, or cultural value or values to be protected.
(c) DESIGNATION OF SPECIAL AREAS.—For purposes
of this title, there are hereby designated the following Spe-
cial Areas, which shall be subject to the management re-
strictions specified in section 203(c):
(1) ALABAMA: SIPSEY
WILDERNESS.—Certain
lands in the Bankhead National Forest in Alabama,
which comprise approximately 20,000 acres, located
directly west of Highway 33 and directly north of
County Road 60, including all of the Sipsey River
Watershed north of Cranal Road, known as the
‘‘Sipsey Wilderness’’.
(2) ALASKA.—
(A) TURNAGAIN
ARM.—Certain lands in
the Chugach National Forest, Kenai Peninsula,
Alaska, which comprise approximately 100,000
acres, known as ‘‘Turnagain Arm’’, extending
from sea level to ridgetop surrounding the inlet
of Turnagain Arm.
(B) HONKER
DIVIDE.—Certain lands in
the Tongass National Forest in Alaska, which
comprise approximately 75,000 acres, located
on north central Prince of Wales Island, com-
prising the Thorne River and Hatchery Creek
watersheds, stretching approximately 40 miles
northwest from the vicinity of the town of
Thorne Bay to the vicinity of the town of
Coffman Cove, generally known as the ‘‘Honker
Divide’’.
(3) ARIZONA: NORTH RIM OF THE GRAND CAN-
YON.—Certain lands in the Kaibab National Forest,
Arizona, included in the Grand Canyon Game Pre-
serve, which comprise approximately 500,000 acres,
abutting the northern side of the Grand Canyon in
the area generally known as the ‘‘North Rim of the
Grand Canyon’’.
(4) ARKANSAS.—
(A) COW CREEK DRAINAGE, ARKANSAS.—
Certain lands in the Ouachita National Forest,
Mena Ranger District, Polk County, Arkansas,
comprising approximately 7,000 acres, bounded
approximately by the following landmarks: on
the north by County Road 95; on the south by
County Road 157; on the east by County Road
48 and on the west by the Arkansas-Oklahoma
border, known as ‘‘Cow Creek Drainage, Arkan-
sas’’.
(B) LEADER
AND
BRUSH
MOUNTAINS.—
Certain lands in the Ouachita National Forest
of Montgomery and Polk Counties, Arkansas,
known as ‘‘Leader and Brush Mountains’’,
which comprise approximately 120,000 acres lo-
cated in the vicinity of the Blaylock Creek Wa-
tershed between Long Creek and the South
Fork of the Saline River.
(C) POLK CREEK AREA.—Certain lands in
the Ouachita National Forest, Mena Ranger
District, Arkansas, comprising approximately
20,000 acres bounded by Arkansas Highway 4
and Forest Roads 73 and 43 known as the
‘‘Polk Creek Area’’.
(D) LOWER
BUFFALO
RIVER
WATER-
SHED.—Certain lands in the Ozark National
Forest, Sylamore Ranger District, totaling ap-
proximately 6,000 acres, known as ‘‘The Lower
Buffalo River Watershed’’. The area is com-
prised of those Forest Service lands, not al-
ready designated as Wilderness, located in the
watershed of Big Creek, southwest of the
Leatherwood Wilderness Area in Searcy and
Marion Counties, Arkansas.
(E) UPPER
BUFFALO
RIVER
WATER-
SHED.—Certain lands in the Ozark National
Forest, Buffalo Ranger District, totaling ap-
proximately 220,000 acres known as the
‘‘Upper Buffalo River Watershed’’. This area is
located approximately 35 miles from the town
of Harrison, in Madison, Newton and Searcy
Counties, Arkansas. The Upper Buffalo River
Watershed is comprised of those Forest Service
lands, not already designated as Wilderness
Areas, upstream of the confluence of the Buf-
falo River and Richland Creek and located in
the following watersheds: Buffalo River, the
various streams comprising the Headwaters of
the Buffalo River, Richland Creek, Little Buf-
falo Headwaters, Edgmon Creek, Big Creek
and Cane Creek.
(5) CALIFORNIA: GIANT SEQUOIA PRESERVE.—
Certain lands in the Sequoia and Sierra National
Forests in California comprised of 3 discontinuous
parcels, totaling approximately 442,425 acres known
as the ‘‘Giant Sequoia Preserve’’ located in Fresno,
Tulare, and Kern Counties. All 3 parcels are located
in the Southern Sierra Nevada mountain range; the
Kings River Unit (145,600 acres) and nearby pro-
posed Redwood Mountain Unit (11,730 acres) are
located approximately 25 miles east of the city of
Fresno. The South Unit (285,095 acres) is approxi-
mately 15 miles east of the city of Porterville.
(6) COLORADO: COCHETOPA
HILLS.—Certain
lands in the Gunnison Basin area administered by
the Gunnison, Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre, and Rio
Grand National Forests, comprising approximately
500,000 acres, known as the ‘‘Cochetopa Hills’’.
This area spans the continental divide south and
east of Gunnison in Saguache County, Colorado and
includes the Elk and West Elk Mountains, Grand
Mesa, the Uncompahgre Plateau, the northern San
Juans, the La Garitas and the Cochetopa Hills.
(7) GEORGIA.—
(A) ARMUCHEE CLUSTER.—Certain lands
in 
the 
Chattahoochee 
National 
Forest,
Armuchee Ranger District, totaling approxi-
mately 19,700 acres, known as the ‘‘Armuchee
Cluster’’. The cluster is comprised of three par-
cels known as Rocky Face, Johns Mountain and
Hidden Creek. The cluster is located approxi-
mately 10 miles southwest of Dalton and 14
miles north of Rome, Whitfield, Walker,
Chattooga, Floyd, and Gordon Counties, Geor-
gia.
(B) BLUE
RIDGE
CORRIDOR
CLUSTER,
GEORGIA AREAS.—Certain lands in the Chat-
tahoochee National Forest, Chestatee Ranger
District, totaling approximately 15,000 acres,
known as the ‘‘Blue Ridge Corridor Cluster,
Georgia Areas’’. The cluster is comprised of the
following 5 parcels: Horse Gap, Hogback Moun-
tain, Blackwell Creek, Little Cedar Mountain,
and Black Mountain. The cluster is located ap-
proximately 15 to 20 miles north of the town of
Dahlonega, Union and Lumpkin Counties,
Georgia.
(C) CHATTOOGA
WATERSHED
CLUSTER,
GEORGIA AREAS.—Certain lands in the Chat-
tahoochee National Forest, Tallulah Ranger
District, comprising 63,500 acres known as the
‘‘Chattooga Watershed Cluster, Georgia Areas’’.
This cluster is comprised of 7 areas, located in
Rabun County, Georgia, known as the follow-
ing: Rabun Bald, Three Forks, Ellicott Rock
Extension, Rock Gorge, Big Shoals, Thrift’s
Ferry, and Five Falls. The towns of Clayton,
Georgia, and Dillard, South Carolina are situ-
ated nearby.
(D) COHUTTA CLUSTER.—Certain lands in
the Chattahoochee National Forest, Cohutta
Ranger District, totaling approximately 28,000
acres, known as the ‘‘Cohutta Cluster’’. The
cluster is comprised of four parcels known as
Cohutta Extensions, Grassy Mountain, Emery
Creek, and Mountaintown. The cluster is lo-
cated near the towns of Chatsworth and Ellijay,
Murray, Fannin, and Gilmer Counties, Georgia.
(E) DUNCAN
RIDGE
CLUSTER.—Certain
lands in the Chattahoochee National Forest,
Brasstown and Toccoa Ranger Districts, com-
prising approximately 17,000 acres known as
the ‘‘Duncan Ridge Cluster’’. The cluster is
comprised of the following four parcels: Licklog
Mountain, Duncan Ridge, Board Camp, and
Cooper Creek Scenic Area Extension. The clus-
ter is located approximately 10 to 15 miles
south of the town of Blairsville in Union and
Fannin Counties, Georgia.
(F) ED JENKINS NATIONAL RECREATION
AREA
CLUSTER.—Certain lands in the Chat-
tahoochee 
National 
Forest, 
Toccoa 
and
Chestatee Ranger Districts, totaling approxi-
mately 19,300 acres, known as the ‘‘Ed Jenkins
National Recreation Area Cluster’’. The cluster
is comprised of the Springer Mountain, Mill
Creek, and Toonowee parcels. The cluster is lo-
cated 30 miles north of the town of Dahlonega,
Fannin, Dawson, and Lumpkin Counties, Geor-
gia.
(G) GAINESVILLE RIDGES CLUSTER.—Cer-
tain lands in the Chattahoochee National For-
est, Chattooga Ranger District, totaling ap-
proximately 14,200 acres, known as the
‘‘Gainesville Ridges Cluster’’. The cluster is
comprised of the following three parcels: Pan-
ther Creek, Tugaloo Uplands, and Middle Fork
Broad River. The cluster is located approxi-
mately 10 miles from the town of Toccoa,
Habersham and Stephens Counties, Georgia.
(H) NORTHERN
BLUE
RIDGE
CLUSTER,
GEORGIA AREAS.—Certain lands in the Chat-
tahoochee National Forest, Brasstown and
Tallulah Ranger Districts, totaling approxi-
mately 46,000 acres, known as the ‘‘Northern
Blue Ridge Cluster, Georgia Areas’’. The clus-
ter is comprised of the following eight areas:
Andrews Cove, Anna Ruby Falls Scenic Area
Extension, High Shoals, Tray Mountain Exten-
sion, Kelly Ridge-Moccasin Creek, Buzzard
Knob, Southern Nantahala Extension, and Pat-
terson Gap. The cluster is located approxi-
mately 5 to 15 miles north of Helen, 5 to 15
miles southeast of Hiawassee, north of Clayton
and west of Dillard, White, Towns and Rabun
Counties, Georgia.
(I) RICH
MOUNTAIN
CLUSTER.—Certain
lands in the Chattahoochee National Forest,
Toccoa Ranger District, totaling approximately
9,500 acres known as the ‘‘Rich Mountain
Cluster’’. The cluster is comprised of the par-
cels known as Rich Mountain Extension and
Rocky Mountain. The cluster is located 10 to
15 miles northeast of the town of Ellijay,
Gilmer and Fannin Counties, Georgia.
(J) WILDERNESS HEARTLANDS CLUSTER,
GEORGIA AREAS.—Certain lands in the Chat-
tahoochee 
National 
Forest, 
Chestatee,
Brasstown and Chattooga Ranger Districts,
comprising approximately 16,500 acres, known
as the ‘‘Wilderness Heartlands Cluster, Georgia
Areas’’. The cluster is comprised of four parcels
known as the following: Blood Mountain Exten-
sions, Raven Cliffs Extensions, Mark Trail Ex-
tensions, and Brasstown Extensions. The clus-
ter is located near the towns of Dahlonega,
Cleveland, Helen, and Blairsville, Lumpkin,
Union, White, and Towns Counties, Georgia.
(8) IDAHO.—
(A) COVE/MALLARD.—Certain lands in the
Nez Perce National Forest in Idaho, which
comprise approximately 94,000 acres, located
approximately 30 miles southwest of the town
of Elk City, west of the town of Dixie, in the
area generally known as ‘‘Cove/Mallard’’.
(B) MEADOW
CREEK.—Certain lands in
the Nez Perce National Forest in Idaho, which
comprise approximately 180,000 acres, located
approximately 8 miles east of the town of Elk
City in the area generally known as ‘‘Meadow
Creek’’.
(C) FRENCH
CREEK/PATRICK
BUTTE.—
Certain lands in the Payette National Forest in
Idaho, which comprise approximately 141,000
acres, located approximately 20 miles north of
the town of McCall in the area generally known
as ‘‘French Creek/Patrick Butte’’.
(9) ILLINOIS.—
(A) CRIPPS BEND.—Certain lands in the
Shawnee National Forest in Illinois, which com-
prise approximately 39 acres in Jackson County
in the Big Muddy River watershed, in the area
generally known as ‘‘Cripps Bend’’.
(B) OPPORTUNITY AREA 6.—Certain lands
in the Shawnee National Forest in Illinois,
which comprise approximately 50,000 acres lo-
cated in northern Pope County, surrounding
Bell Smith Springs Natural Area, in the area
generally known as ‘‘Opportunity Area 6’’.
(C) QUARREL
CREEK.—Certain lands in
the Shawnee National Forest in Illinois, which
comprise approximately 490 acres located in
northern Pope County, in the Quarrel Creek
watershed, in the area generally known as
‘‘Quarrel Creek’’.
(10) MICHIGAN: TRAP HILLS.—Certain lands in
the Ottawa National Forest, Bergland Ranger Dis-
trict, totaling approximately 37,120 acres, known as
the ‘‘Trap Hills’’, located approximately 5 miles
from the town of Bergland, Ontonagon County,
Michigan.
(11) MINNESOTA: TROUT
LAKE
AND
SUOMI
HILLS.—Certain lands in the Chippewa National
Forest, comprising approximately 12,000 acres,
known as ‘‘Trout Lake/Suomi Hills’’ in Itasca Coun-
ty, Minnesota.
(12) MISSOURI: ELEVEN
POINT-BIG
SPRINGS
AREA.—Certain lands in the Mark Twain National
Forest in Missouri, Eleven Point Ranger District,
totaling approximately 200,000 acres, comprised of
the administrative area of the Eleven Point Ranger
District, known as the ‘‘Eleven Point-Big Springs
Area’’.
(13) MONTANA: MOUNT
BUSHNELL.—Certain
lands in the Lolo National Forest in Montana, which
comprise approximately 41,000 acres located ap-
proximately 5 miles southwest of the town of
Thompson Falls in the area generally known as
‘‘Mount Bushnell’’.
(14) NEW MEXICO.—
(A) ANGOSTURA.—Certain lands in the
east half of the Carson National Forest in New
Mexico, Camino Real Ranger District, totaling
approximately 10,000 acres located in Town-
ship 21, Ranges 12 and 13, known as ‘‘Angos-
tura’’. The area’s approximate boundaries are
as follows: the northeast boundary is formed by
Highway 518, the southeast boundary consists
of the Angostura Creek watershed boundary,
the southern boundary is Trail 19 and the
Pecos Wilderness, and on the west, the bound-
ary is formed by the Agua Piedra Creek water-
shed.
(B) LA
MANGA.—Certain lands in the
western half of the Carson National Forest, El
Rito Ranger District, New Mexico, Vallecitos
Sustained Yield Unit, comprising approximately
5,400 acres, known as ‘‘La Manga’’. The parcel
is in Township 27, Range 6 and bounded on the
north by the Tierra Amarilla Land Grant, on
the south by Canada Escondida, on the west by
the Sustained Yield Unit boundary and the
Tierra Amarilla Land Grant, and on the east
by the Rio Vallecitos.
(C) ELK MOUNTAIN.—Certain lands in the
Santa Fe National Forest, New Mexico, com-
prising approximately 7,220 acres, known as
‘‘Elk Mountain’’ and located in Townships 17
and 18 and Ranges 12 and 13. The area is
bounded on the north by the Pecos Wilderness,
the Cow Creek Watershed forms the eastern
boundary and the Cow Creek, itself, forms the
western boundary. The southern boundary is
formed by Rito de la Osha.
(D) JEMEZ HIGHLANDS.—Certain lands in
the Jemez Ranger District of the Santa Fe Na-
tional Forest, totaling approximately 54,400
acres, known as the ‘‘Jemez Highlands’’, lo-
cated primarily in Sandoval County, New Mex-
ico.
(15) NORTH CAROLINA.—
(A) 
CENTRAL
NANTAHALA
CLUSTER,
NORTH CAROLINA AREAS.—Certain lands in the
Nantahala National Forest, Tusquitee, Cheoah,
and Wayah Ranger Districts, totaling approxi-
mately 107,000 acres, known as the ‘‘Central
Nantahala Cluster, North Carolina Areas’’. The
cluster is comprised of the following nine par-
cels: Tusquitee Bald, Shooting Creek Bald,
Cheoah Bald, Piercy Bald, Wesser Bald, Tellico
Bald, Split White Oak, Siler Bald, and South-
ern Nantahala Extensions. The cluster is lo-
cated near the towns of Murphy, Franklin,
Bryson City, Andrews, and Beechertown, Cher-
okee, Macon, Clay and Swain Counties, North
Carolina.
(B) CHATTOOGA
WATERSHED
CLUSTER,
NORTH CAROLINA AREAS.—Certain lands in the
Nantahala National Forest, Highlands Ranger
District, totaling approximately 8,000 acres,
known as the ‘‘Chattooga Watershed Cluster,
North Carolina Areas’’. The cluster is com-
prised of the Overflow (Blue Valley) and Terra-
pin Mountain parcels. The cluster is located five
miles from the town of Highlands, Macon and
Jackson Counties, North Carolina.
(C) TENNESSEE BORDER CLUSTER, NORTH
CAROLINA
AREAS.—Certain 
lands 
in 
the
Nantahala National Forest, Tusquitee and
Cheoah Ranger Districts, totaling approxi-
mately 28,000 acres, known as the ‘‘Tennessee
Border Cluster, North Carolina Areas’’. The
cluster is comprised of the four following par-
cels: Unicoi Mountains, Deaden Tree, Snow-
bird, and Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock Extension.
The cluster is located near the towns of Murphy
and Robbinsville, Cherokee and Graham Coun-
ties, North Carolina.
(D) BALD MOUNTAINS.—Certain lands in
the Pisgah National Forest, French Broad
Ranger District, totaling approximately 13,000
acres known as the ‘‘Bald Mountains’’, located
12 miles northeast of Hot Springs, Madison
County, North Carolina.
(E) BIG IVY TRACT.—Certain lands in the
Pisgah National Forest in North Carolina,
which comprise approximately 14,000 acres, lo-
cated approximately 15 miles west of Mount
Mitchell in the area generally known as the
‘‘Big Ivy Tract’’.
(F) BLACK MOUNTAINS CLUSTER, NORTH
CAROLINA AREAS.—Certain lands in the Pisgah
National Forest, Toecane and Grandfather
Ranger Districts, totaling approximately 62,000
acres, known as the ‘‘Black Mountains Cluster,
North Carolina Areas’’. The cluster is com-
prised of the following five parcels: Craggy
Mountains, Black Mountains, Jarrett Creek,
Mackey Mountain, and Woods Mountain. The
cluster is located near the towns of Burnsville,
Montreat and Marion, Buncombe, Yancey and
McDowell Counties, North Carolina.
(G) LINVILLE CLUSTER.—Certain lands in
the Pisgah National Forest, Grandfather Rang-
er District, totaling approximately 42,000 acres
known as the ‘‘Linville Cluster’’. The cluster is
comprised of the following seven parcels: Dob-
son Knob, Linville Gorge Extension, Steels
Creek, Sugar Knob, Harper Creek, Lost Cove
and Upper Wilson Creek. The cluster is located
near the towns of Marion, Morgantown, Spruce
Pine, Linville, and Blowing Rock, Burke,
McDowell, Avery and Caldwell Counties, North
Carolina.
(H) 
NOLICHUCKY, 
NORTH
CAROLINA
AREA.—Certain lands in the Pisgah National
Forest, Toecane Ranger District, totaling ap-
proximately 
4,000 
acres, 
known 
as 
the
‘‘Nolichucky, North Carolina Area’’, located 25
miles northwest of Burnsville, Mitchell and
Yancey Counties, North Carolina.
(I) PISGAH
CLUSTER, NORTH
CAROLINA
AREAS.—Certain lands in the Pisgah National
Forest, Pisgah Ranger District, totaling ap-
proximately 52,000 acres, known as the ‘‘Pis-
gah Cluster, North Carolina Areas’’. The clus-
ter is comprised of the following 5 parcels:
Shining Rock and Middle Prong Extensions,
Daniel Ridge, Cedar Rock Mountain, South
Mills River, and Laurel Mountain. The cluster
is located 5 to 12 miles north of the town of
Brevard and southwest of the city of Asheville,
Haywood, Transylvania, and Henderson Coun-
ties, North Carolina.
(J) WILDCAT.—Certain lands in the Pis-
gah National Forest, French Broad Ranger
District, totaling approximately 6,500 acres,
known as ‘‘Wildcat’’, located 20 miles northwest
of the town of Canton, Haywood County, North
Carolina.
(16) OHIO.—
(A) ARCHERS
FORK
COMPLEX.—Certain
lands in the Marietta Unit of the Athens Rang-
er District, in the Wayne National Forest,
Washington County, Ohio, known as ‘‘Archers
Fork 
Complex’’, 
comprising 
approximately
18,350 acres, located northeast of Newport and
bounded by State Highway 26 to the northwest,
State Highway 260 to the northeast, the Ohio
River to the southeast and Bear Run and
Danas Creek to the southwest.
(B) BLUEGRASS RIDGE.—Certain lands in
the Ironton Ranger District on the Wayne Na-
tional Forest, Lawrence County, Ohio, known
as ‘‘Bluegrass Ridge’’, comprising approxi-
mately 4,000 acres, located three miles east of
Etna in Township 4 North, Range 17 West,
sections 19–23, 27–30.
(C) BUFFALO
CREEK.—Certain lands in
the Ironton Ranger District of the Wayne Na-
tional Forest, Lawrence County, Ohio, known
as ‘‘Buffalo Creek’’, comprising approximately
6500 acres, located four miles northwest of Wa-
terloo in Township 5 North, Range 17 West,
sections 3–10, 15–18.
(D) LAKE
VESUVIUS.—Certain lands in
the Ironton Ranger District of the Wayne Na-
tional Forest, Lawrence County, Ohio, compris-
ing approximately 4,900 acres, generally known
as ‘‘Lake Vesuvius’’, located to the east of Etna
and bounded by State Highway 93 to the
southwest and State Highway 4 to the north-
west in Township 2 North, Range 18 West.
(E) MORGAN SISTERS.—Certain lands in
the Ironton Ranger District of the Wayne Na-
tional Forest, Lawrence County, Ohio, known
as ‘‘Morgan Sisters’’, comprising approximately
2,500 acres, located one mile east of Gallia and
bounded by State Highway 233 in Township 6
North, Range 17 West, sections 13, 14, 23, 24
and Township 5 North, Range 16 West, sec-
tions 18, 19.
(F) UTAH RIDGE.—Certain lands in the
Athens Ranger District of the Wayne National
Forest, Athens County, Ohio, known as ‘‘Utah
Ridge’’, comprising approximately 9,000 acres,
located one mile northwest of Chauncey and
bounded by State Highway 682 and State
Highway 13 to the southeast, US Highway 33
to the southwest and State Highway 216 and
State Highway 665 to the north.
(G) WILDCAT HOLLOW.—Certain lands in
the Athens Ranger District of the Wayne Na-
tional Forest, Perry and Morgan Counties,
Ohio, known as ‘‘Wildcat Hollow’’, comprising
approximately 4,500 acres, located one mile
east of Corning in Township 12 North, Range
14 West, sections 1, 2, 11–14, 23, 24 and
Township 8 North, Range 13 West, sections 7,
18, 19.
(17) OKLAHOMA: COW CREEK DRAINAGE, OKLA-
HOMA.—Certain lands in the Ouachita National For-
est, Mena Ranger District, Le Flore County, Okla-
homa, comprising approximately 3,000 acres, bound-
ed approximately by the Beech Creek National Sce-
nic Area on the west, State Highway 63 on the
north and the Arkansas-Oklahoma border on the
east, and County Road 9038 on the south, known as
‘‘Cow Creek Drainage, Oklahoma’’.
(18) OREGON: APPLEGATE WILDERNESS.—Cer-
tain lands in the Siskiyou National Forest and
Rogue River National Forest in Oregon, which com-
prise approximately 20,000 acres, located approxi-
mately 20 miles southwest of the town of Grants
Pass and 10 miles south of Williams, in the area
generally known as the ‘‘Applegate Wilderness’’.
(19) SOUTH CAROLINA.—
(A) 
BIG
SHOALS, 
SOUTH
CAROLINA
AREA.—Certain lands in the Sumter National
Forest, 
Andrew 
Pickens 
Ranger 
District,
Oconee County, South Carolina, comprising ap-
proximately 2,000 acres known as ‘‘Big Shoals,
South Carolina Area’’. This area is located 15
miles south of Highlands, North Carolina.
(B) BRASSTOWN CREEK, SOUTH CAROLINA
AREA.—Certain lands in the Sumter National
Forest, 
Andrew 
Pickens 
Ranger 
District,
Oconee County, South Carolina, comprising ap-
proximately 3,500 acres known as ‘‘Brasstown
Creek, South Carolina Area’’. This area is lo-
cated approximately 15 miles west of West-
minster, South Carolina.
(C) CHAUGA.—Certain lands in the Sum-
ter National Forest, Andrew Pickens Ranger
District, Oconee County, South Carolina, com-
prising approximately 16,000 acres known as
‘‘Chauga’’. This area is located approximately
10 miles west of Walhalla, South Carolina.
(D) DARK BOTTOMS.—Certain lands in the
Sumter National Forest, Andrew Pickens Rang-
er District, Oconee County, South Carolina,
comprising approximately 4,000 acres known as
‘‘Dark Bottoms’’. This area is located approxi-
mately 10 miles northwest of Westminster,
South Carolina.
(E) ELLICOTT ROCK EXTENSION, SOUTH
CAROLINA AREA.—Certain lands in the Sumter
National Forest, Andrew Pickens Ranger Dis-
trict, Oconee County, South Carolina, compris-
ing approximately 2,000 acres known as
‘‘Ellicott Rock Extension, South Carolina
Area’’. This area is located approximately 10
miles south of Cashiers, North Carolina.
(F) 
FIVE
FALLS, 
SOUTH
CAROLINA
AREA.—Certain lands in the Sumter National
Forest, 
Andrew 
Pickens 
Ranger 
District,
Oconee County, South Carolina, comprising ap-
proximately 3,500 acres known as ‘‘Five Falls,
South Carolina Area’’. This area is located ap-
proximately 10 miles southeast of Clayton,
Georgia.
(G) 
PERSIMMON
MOUNTAIN.—Certain
lands in the Sumter National Forest, Andrew
Pickens Ranger District, Oconee County, South
Carolina, comprising approximately 7,000 acres
known as ‘‘Persimmon Mountain’’. This area is
located approximately 12 miles south of Cash-
iers, North Carolina.
(H) 
ROCK
GORGE, 
SOUTH
CAROLINA
AREA.—Certain lands in the Sumter National
Forest, 
Andrew 
Pickens 
Ranger 
District,
Oconee County, South Carolina, comprising ap-
proximately 2,000 acres known as ‘‘Rock
Gorge, South Carolina Area’’. This area is lo-
cated 12 miles southeast of Highlands, North
Carolina.
(I) TAMASSEE.—Certain lands in the Sum-
ter National Forest, Andrew Pickens Ranger
District, Oconee County, South Carolina, com-
prising approximately 5,500 acres known as
‘‘Tamassee’’. This area is located approximately
10 miles north of Walhalla, South Carolina.
(J) THRIFT’S
FERRY, SOUTH
CAROLINA
AREA.—Certain lands in the Sumter National
Forest, 
Andrew 
Pickens 
Ranger 
District,
Oconee County, South Carolina, comprising ap-
proximately 5,000 acres known as ‘‘Thrift’s
Ferry, South Carolina Area’’. This area is lo-
cated 10 miles east of Clayton, Georgia.
(20) SOUTH DAKOTA.—
(A) BLACK FOX AREA.—Certain lands in
the Black Hills National Forest of South Da-
kota, totaling approximately 12,400 acres, lo-
cated in the upper reaches of the Rapid Creek
watershed known as the ‘‘Black Fox Area’’.
The area is roughly bounded by FDR 206 in
the north, the steep slopes north of Forest
Road 231 form the southern boundary and a
fork of Rapid Creek forms the western bound-
ary.
(B) BREAKNECK AREA.—Certain lands in
the Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota,
totaling 6,700 acres along the northeast edge of
the Black Hills in the vicinity of the Black Hills
National Cemetery and the Bureau of Land
Management’s Fort Meade Recreation Area
known as the ‘‘Breakneck Area’’. The area is
generally bounded by Forest Roads 139 and
169 on the north, west and south. The eastern
and western boundaries are also demarcated by
the ridge-crests dividing the watershed.
(C) NORBECK PRESERVE.—Certain lands
in the Black Hills National Forest of South Da-
kota, totaling approximately 27,766 acres
known as the ‘‘Norbeck Preserve’’ encompassed
approximately by the following traverse. Start-
ing at the southeast corner, the area boundary
runs north along FDR 753 and U.S. Highway
Alt. 16, then along SD 244 to the junction of
Palmer Creek Road, which serves generally as
a northwest limit. It then heads south from the
junction of Highway 87–89, southeast along
Highway 87, and east back to FDR 753. A cor-
ridor of private land along FDR 345 is ex-
cluded.
(D) PILGER
MOUNTAIN
AREA.—Certain
lands in the Black Hills National Forest of
South 
Dakota, 
comprising 
approximately
12,600 acres, known as the ‘‘Pilger Mountain
Area’’ and located in the Elk Mountains on the
southwest edge of the Black Hills. This area is
roughly bounded by Forest Roads 318 and 319
on the east and northeast, Road 312 on the
north and northwest, and private land to the
southwest.
(E) STAGEBARN CANYONS.—Certain lands
in the Black Hills National Forest, South Da-
kota, known as ‘‘Stagebarn Canyons’’, which
comprise approximately 7,300 acres located ap-
proximately 10 miles west of Rapid City, South
Dakota.
(21) TENNESSEE.—
(A) BALD
MOUNTAINS
CLUSTER, TEN-
NESSEE
AREAS.—Certain 
lands 
in 
the
Nolichucky and Unaka Ranger Districts of the
Cherokee National Forest, Cocke, Green, Wash-
ington and Unicoi Counties, Tennessee, com-
prising approximately 46,133 acres known as
the 
‘‘Bald 
Mountains 
Cluster, 
Tennessee
Areas’’. This Cluster is comprised of the follow-
ing parcels known as: Laurel Hollow Mountain,
Devil’s Backbone, Laurel Mountain, Walnut
Mountain, Wolf Creek, Meadow Creek Moun-
tain, Brush Creek Mountain, Paint Creek, Bald
Mountain and Sampson Mountain Extension.
These parcels are located near the towns of
Newport, Hot Springs, Greeneville and Erwin,
Tennessee.
(B) BIG
FROG/COHUTTA
CLUSTER.—Cer-
tain lands in the Cherokee National Forest,
Polk County, Tennessee, Ocoee, Hiwassee, and
Tennessee Ranger Districts, comprising ap-
proximately 28,800 acres known as the ‘‘Big
Frog/Cohutta Cluster’’. This Cluster is com-
prised of the following parcels: Big Frog Exten-
sions, Little Frog Extensions, Smith Mountain
and Rock Creek. These parcels are located near
the towns of Copperhill, Ducktown, Turtletown
and Benton, Tennessee.
(C) CITICO CREEK WATERSHED CLUSTER
TENNESSEE
AREAS.—Certain lands in the
Tellico Ranger District of the Cherokee Na-
tional Forest, Monroe County, Tennessee, com-
prising approximately 14,256 acres known as
the ‘‘Citico Creek Watershed Cluster, Tennessee
Areas’’. This Cluster is comprised of the follow-
ing parcels known as: Flats Mountain, Miller
Ridge, Cowcamp Ridge and Joyce Kilmer-
Slickrock Extension. These parcels are located
near the town of Tellico Plains, Tennessee.
(D) IRON MOUNTAINS CLUSTER.—Certain
lands 
in 
the 
Cherokee 
National 
Forest,
Watauga Ranger District, totaling approxi-
mately 58,090 acres known as the ‘‘Iron Moun-
tains Cluster’’. The cluster is comprised of the
following 8 parcels: Big Laurel Branch Addi-
tion, Hickory Flat Branch, Flint Mill, Lower
Iron Mountain, Upper Iron Mountain, London
Bridge, Beaverdam Creek, and Rodgers Ridge.
The cluster is located near the towns of Briston
and Elizabethton, Sullivan and Johnson Coun-
ties, Tennessee.
(E) NORTHERN UNICOI MOUNTAINS CLUS-
TER.—Certain lands in the Tellico Ranger Dis-
trict of the Cherokee National Forest, Monroe
County, Tennessee, comprising approximately
30,453 acres known as the ‘‘Northern Unicoi
Mountains Cluster’’. This Cluster is comprised
of the following parcels known as: Bald River
Gorge Extension, Upper Bald River, Sycamore
Creek and Brushy Ridge. These parcels are lo-
cated near the town of Tellico Plains, Ten-
nessee.
(F) ROAN MOUNTAIN CLUSTER.—Certain
lands in the Cherokee National Forest, Unaka
and Watauga Ranger Districts, totaling ap-
proximately 23,725 acres known as the ‘‘Roan
Mountain Cluster’’. The cluster is comprised of
the following seven parcels: Strawberry Moun-
tain, Highlands of Roan, Ripshin Ridge, Doe
River Gorge Scenic Area, White Rocks Moun-
tain, Slide Hollow and Watauga Reserve. The
cluster is located approximately eight to twenty
miles south of the town of Elizabethton, Unicoi,
Carter and Johnson Counties, Tennessee.
(G) SOUTHERN UNICOI MOUNTAINS CLUS-
TER.—Certain lands in the Hiwassee Ranger
District of the Cherokee National Forest, Polk,
Monroe and McMinn Counties, Tennessee, com-
prising approximately 11,251 acres known as
the ‘‘Southern Unicoi Mountains Cluster’’. This
Cluster is comprised of the following parcels
known as: Gee Creek Extension, Coker Creek
and Buck Bald. These parcels are located near
the towns Etowah, Benton and Turtletown,
Tennessee.
(H) UNAKA
MOUNTAINS
CLUSTER, TEN-
NESSEE AREAS.—Certain lands in the Cherokee
National Forest, Unaka Ranger District, total-
ing approximately 15,669 acres known as the
‘‘Unaka Mountains Cluster, Tennessee Areas’’.
The cluster is comprised of the Nolichucky,
Unaka Mountain Extension and Stone Moun-
tain parcels. The cluster is located approxi-
mately eight miles from Erwin, Unicoi and
Carter Counties, Tennessee.
(22) TEXAS: LONGLEAF RIDGE.—Certain lands
in the Angelina National Forest, Jasper and
Angelina Counties, Texas, comprising approximately
30,000 acres bounded on the west by Upland Island
Wilderness Area, on the south by the Neches River,
and on the northeast by Sam Rayburn Reservoir,
generally known as ‘‘Longleaf Ridge’’.
(23) VERMONT.—
(A) GLASTENBURY
AREA.—Certain lands
in the Green Mountain National Forest in Ver-
mont, which comprise approximately 35,000
acres, located 3 miles northeast of Bennington,
bounded by Kelly Stand Road to the North,
Forest Road 71 to the east, Route 9 to the
south and Route 7 to the west, generally known
as the ‘‘Glastenbury Area’’.
(B) LAMB BROOK.—Certain lands in the
Green Mountain National Forest in Vermont,
which comprise approximately 5,500 acres, lo-
cated 3 miles southwest of Wilmington, bound-
ed on the west and south by Routes 8 and 100,
on the north by Route 9, and on the east by
New England Power Company lands, generally
known as ‘‘Lamb Brook’’.
(C) ROBERT
FROST
MOUNTAIN
AREA.—
Certain lands in the Green Mountain National
Forest, Vermont, comprising approximately
8,500 acres, known as ‘‘Robert Frost Mountain
Area’’, northeast of Middlebury, consisting of
the Forest Service lands bounded on the west
by Route 116, on the north by Bristol Notch
Road, on the east by Lincoln/Ripton Road and
on the south by Route 125.
(24) VIRGINIA.—
(A) BEAR CREEK.—Certain lands known
as ‘‘Bear Creek’’, in the Jefferson National
Forest, Wythe Ranger District, north of Rural
Retreat, Smyth and Wythe Counties, Virginia.
(B) CAVE SPRINGS.—Certain lands known
as ‘‘Cave Springs’’ in the Jefferson National
Forest, Clinch Ranger District, comprising ap-
proximately 3,000 acres located between State
Route 621 and the North Fork of the Powell
River, Lee County, Virginia.
(C) DISMAL CREEK.—Certain lands known
as ‘‘Dismal Creek’’ totaling approximately
6,000 acres in the Jefferson National Forest,
Blacksburg Ranger District, north of State
Route 42, Giles and Bland Counties, Virginia.
(D) STONE COAL CREEK.—Certain lands
known as ‘‘Stone Coal Creek’’, totaling approxi-
mately 2,000 acres in the Jefferson National
Forest, New Castle Ranger District, Craig and
Botentourt Counties, Virginia.
(E) WHITE OAK RIDGE: TERRAPIN MOUN-
TAIN.—Certain lands known as ‘‘White Oak
Ridge—Terrapin Mountain’’, totaling approxi-
mately 8,000 acres, Glenwood Ranger District,
east of the Blue Ridge Parkway, Botetourt and
Rockbridge Counties, Virginia.
(F) WHITETOP MOUNTAIN.—Certain lands
in the Jefferson National Forest, Mt. Rodgers
Recreation Area, comprising 3,500 acres in
Washington, Smyth and Grayson Counties, Vir-
ginia, known as ‘‘Whitetop Mountain’’.
(G) WILSON
MOUNTAIN.—Certain lands
known as ‘‘Wilson Mountain’’, comprising ap-
proximately 5,100 acres in the Jefferson Na-
tional Forest, Glenwood Ranger District, east
of Interstate 81, Botetourt and Rockbridge
Counties, Virginia.
(H) FEATHERCAMP.—Certain lands lo-
cated in the Mt. Rodgers Recreation Area of
the Jefferson National Forest, comprising
4,974 acres, known as ‘‘Feathercamp’’, in
Washington County, Virginia, located northeast
of the town of Damascus and north of State
Route 58 on the Feathercamp ridge.
(25) WISCONSIN.—
(A) FLYNN LAKE.—Certain lands in the
Chequamegon 
National 
Forest, 
Washburn
Ranger District, totaling approximately 5,700
acres within the Flynn Lake Semi-primitive
Non-motorized Area, known as ‘‘Flynn Lake’’.
The site is located in Bayfield County, Wiscon-
sin.
(B) 
GHOST
LAKE
CLUSTER.—Certain
lands in the Chequamegon National Forest,
Great Divide Ranger District, totaling approxi-
mately 6,000 acres, known as ‘‘Ghost Lake
Cluster’’ and including parcels known as Ghost
Lake, Perch Lake, Lower Teal River, Foo
Lake, and Bulldog Springs. The cluster is lo-
cated in Sawyer County, Wisconsin.
(C) 
LAKE
OWENS
CLUSTER.—Certain
lands in the Chequamegon National Forest,
Great Divide and Washburn Ranger Districts,
totaling approximately 3,600 acres, known as
‘‘Lake Owens Cluster’’ and including parcels
known as or near Lake Owens, Sage, Hidden,
and Deer Lick Lakes, Eighteenmile Creek, and
Northeast and Sugarbush Lakes. The cluster is
in Bayfield County, Wisconsin.
(D) MEDFORD
CLUSTER.—Certain lands
in the Chequamegon National Forest, Medford-
Park Falls Ranger District, totaling approxi-
mately 23,000 acres, known as the ‘‘Medford
Cluster’’, and including parcels known as Coun-
ty E Hardwoods, Silver Creek/Mondeaux River
Bottoms, Lost Lake Esker, North and South
Fork Yellow Rivers, Bear Creek, Brush Creek,
Chequamegon Waters, John’s and Joseph
Creeks, Hay Creek Pine-Flatwoods, 558 Hard-
woods, Richter Lake, and Lower Yellow River.
The cluster is located in Taylor County, Wis-
consin.
(E) PARK
FALLS
CLUSTER.— Certain
lands in the Chequamegon National Forest,
Medford-Park Falls Ranger District, totaling
approximately 23,000 acres, known as ‘‘Park
Falls Cluster’’, and including parcels known as
Sixteen Lakes, Chippewa Trail, Tucker and
Amik Lakes, Lower Rice Creek, Doering Tract,
Foulds Creek, Bootjack Conifers, Pond, Mud
and Riley Lake Peatlands, Little Willow
Drumlin, and Elk River. The cluster is located
in Price and Vilas Counties, Wisconsin.
(F) PENOKEE MOUNTAIN CLUSTER.—Cer-
tain lands in the Chequamegon National For-
est, Great Divide Ranger District, totaling ap-
proximately 23,000 acres, known as ‘‘Penokee
Mountain Cluster’’, and including parcels
known as or near St. Peters Dome, Brunsweiler
River Gorge, Lake Three, Marengo River and
Brunsweiler River Semi-primitive Non-motor-
ized Areas, Hell Hole Creek, and the North
Country Trail Hardwoods. The cluster is lo-
cated in Ashland and Bayfield Counties, Wis-
consin.
(G) SOUTHEAST
GREAT
DIVIDE
CLUS-
TER.—Certain lands in the Chequamegon Na-
tional Forest, Medford Park Falls Ranger Dis-
trict, totaling approximately 25,000 acres,
known as the ‘‘Southeast Great Divide Clus-
ter’’, and including parcels known as or near
Snoose Lake, Cub Lake, Springbrook Hard-
woods, upper Moose River, East Fork Chippewa
River, upper Torch River, Venison Creek, upper
Brunet River, Bear Lake Slough, and No-name
Lake. The Cluster is located in Ashland and
Sawyer Counties, Wisconsin.
(H) DIAMOND
ROOF
CLUSTER.—Certain
lands in the Nicolet National Forest, Lake-
wood-Laona Ranger District, totaling approxi-
mately 6,000 acres, known as ‘‘Diamond Roof
Cluster’’, including parcels known as McCaslin
Creek, Ada Lake, Section 10 Lake, and Dia-
mond Roof. The cluster is located in Forest,
Langlade, and Oconto Counties, Wisconsin.
(I) ARGONNE FOREST CLUSTER.—Certain
lands in the Nicolet National Forest, Eagle
River-Florence Ranger District, totaling ap-
proximately 12,000 acres, known as ‘‘Argonne
Forest Cluster’’ and including parcels known as
Argonne Experimental Forest, Scott Creek, At-
kins Lake, and Island Swamp. The cluster is lo-
cated in Forest County, Wisconsin.
(J) BONITA GRADE.—Certain lands in the
Nicolet 
National 
Forest, 
Lakewood-Laona
Ranger District, totaling approximately 1,200
acres, known as ‘‘Bonita Grade’’, and including
parcels near Mountain Lakes, Temple Lake,
and Second South Branch, First South Branch,
and South Branch Oconto River. The cluster is
located in Langlade County, Wisconsin.
(K) FRANKLIN
AND
BUTTERNUT
LAKES
CLUSTER.—Certain lands in the Nicolet Na-
tional Forest, Eagle River-Florence Ranger
District, totaling approximately 12,000 acres,
known as ‘‘Franklin and Butternut Lakes Clus-
ter’’, and including parcels known as Bose Lake
Hemlocks, Luna White Deer, Echo Lake,
Franklin and Butternut Lakes, Wolf Lake,
Upper Ninemile, Meadow, and Bailey Creeks.
The cluster is located in Forest and Onieda
Counties, Wisconsin.
(L) 
LAUTERMAN
LAKE
AND
KIEPER
CREEK.—Certain lands in the Nicolet National
Forest, Eagle River-Florence Ranger District,
totaling approximately 2,500 acres, known as
‘‘Lauterman Lake and Kieper Creek’’, located
in Florence County, Wisconsin.
(26) WYOMING: SAND
CREEK
AREA.—Certain
lands in the Black Hills National Forest, totaling
approximately 8,300 acres known as the ‘‘Sand
Creek Area’’, located in Crook County, Wyoming.
This area is situated in the far northwest corner of
the Black Hills. Beginning in the northwest corner
and proceeding counterclockwise, the boundary for
the Sand Creek Area roughly follows Forest Roads
863, 866, 866.1B, a line linking 866.1B to 802.1B,
802.1B, 802.1, an unnamed road, Spotted Tail
Creek (excluding all private lands), 8219.1, a line
connecting 829.1 with 864, 852.1 and a line con-
necting 852.1 with 863.
(d) COMMITTEE OF SCIENTISTS.—
(1) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretaries con-
cerned shall appoint a committee consisting of sci-
entists who—
(A) are not officers or employees of the
Federal Government;
(B) are not officers or employees of any
entity engaged in whole or in part in the pro-
duction of wood or wood products; and
(C) have not contracted with or rep-
resented any such entity within a 5-year period
prior to serving on the committee.
(2) RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ADDITIONAL SPE-
CIAL AREAS.—Within 2 years of the date of the en-
actment of this Act, the committee shall provide
Congress with recommendations for additional Spe-
cial Areas.
(3) CANDIDATE
AREAS.—Candidate areas for
recommendation as additional Special Area shall
have outstanding biological values that are exem-
plary on a regional, national, or international level.
Biological values include—
(A) the presence of threatened or endan-
gered species of plants or animals;
(B) rare or endangered ecosystems;
(C) key habitats necessary for the recovery
of endangered or threatened species;
(D) recovery or restoration areas of rare or
underrepresented forest ecosystems;
(E) migration corridors;
(F) areas of outstanding biodiversity;
(G) old growth forests;
(H) commercial fisheries; and
(I) sources of clean water such as key wa-
tersheds.
(4) GOVERNING
PRINCIPLE.—The committee
shall adhere to the principles of conservation biology
in identifying special areas based on biological val-
ues.
SEC. 203. RESTRICTIONS ON MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES IN
NORTHWEST ANCIENT FORESTS, ROADLESS
AREAS, AND SPECIAL AREAS.
(a) RESTRICTION OF MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES IN
NORTHWEST ANCIENT FORESTS.—With respect to North-
west Ancient Forests on Federal lands, the following pro-
hibitions shall apply:
(1) No roads shall be constructed or recon-
structed.
(2) No extractive logging shall be permitted.
(3) No improvements for the purpose of extrac-
tive logging shall be permitted.
(b) RESTRICTION OF MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES IN
ROADLESS AREAS.—With respect to roadless areas on
Federal lands, the following prohibitions shall apply:
(1) No roads shall be constructed or recon-
structed.
(2) No extractive logging shall be permitted.
(3) No improvements for the purpose of extrac-
tive logging shall be permitted.
(c) RESTRICTION OF MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES IN
SPECIAL AREAS.—With respect to Special Areas on Fed-
eral lands, the following prohibitions shall apply:
(1) No roads shall be constructed or recon-
structed.
(2) No extractive logging shall be permitted.
(3) No improvements for the purpose of extrac-
tive logging shall be permitted.
(d) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION REGARDING RECON-
STRUCTION OF ROADS.—The restriction on the recon-
struction of roads on Federal lands in a Northwest An-
cient Forest, roadless area, or Special Area does not pro-
hibit the maintenance or repair of a public highway, recre-
ation road, road accessing private inholdings, or other
road within the Northwest Ancient Forest, roadless area,
or Special Area unless the Secretary concerned determines
that the road was abandoned before the date of the enact-
ment of this Act.
(e) ENFORCEMENT.—
(1) PURPOSE AND FINDING.—The purpose of
this subsection is to foster the widest possible en-
forcement of this section. Congress finds that all
people of the United States are injured by actions on
lands to which this section applies.
(2) FEDERAL ENFORCEMENT.—The provisions
of this section shall be enforced by the Secretary
concerned and the Attorney General of the United
States against any person who violates this section.
(3) CITIZEN SUITS.—Any citizen harmed by a
violation of this Act may enforce any provision of
this section by bringing an action for declaratory
judgment, temporary restraining order, injunction,
civil penalty, and other remedies against any alleged
violator including the United States, in any district
court of the United States.
(4) STANDARD
OF
PROOF.—The standard of
proof in all actions brought under this subsection
shall be the preponderance of the evidence and the
trial shall be de novo.
(5) PENALTY.—The court, after determining a
violation of this section, shall impose a penalty of
not less than $5,000 and not more than $50,000 per
violation, shall issue one or more injunctions and
other equitable relief, and shall award to the plain-
tiffs reasonable costs of litigation including attor-
ney’s fees, witness fees and other necessary ex-
penses. The penalty shall be paid by the violator or
violators designated by the court. If that violator is
the United States of America or a Federal agency
or officer, the penalty shall be paid to the Judgment
Fund, as provided by Congress under section 1304
of title 31, United States Code. The penalty shall be
paid from the Judgment Fund within 40 days after
judgment to the person or persons designated to re-
ceive it, to be applied in protecting or restoring na-
tive biodiversity in or adjoining Federal land. Any
award of costs of litigation and any award of attor-
ney fees shall be paid within 40 days after judg-
ment.
(6) WAIVER.—The United States, including its
agents and employees waives its sovereign immunity
in all respects in all actions under this subsection
subsection. No notice is required to enforce this sub-
section.
SEC. 204. EFFECT ON PRIVATE INHOLDINGS.
Nothing in this title shall be construed to alter or
affect the use of private lands located within a Northwest
Ancient Forest, roadless area, or Special Area identified
by this title.
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