447 
‘‘(K) the term ‘Member of the House of Representa-
tives’ means a Representative in, or a Delegate or Resi-
dent Commissioner to, the Congress; 
‘‘(L) the term ‘Member of the leadership of the 
House of Representatives’ means the Speaker, majority 
leader, minority leader, majority whip, minority whip, 
chief deputy majority whip, chief deputy minority whip, 
chairman of the Democratic Steering Committee, chair-
man and vice chairman of the Democratic Caucus, 
chairman, vice chairman, and secretary of the Repub-
lican Conference, chairman of the Republican Research 
Committee, and chairman of the Republican Policy 
Committee, of the House of Representatives (or any 
similar position created on or after the effective date 
set forth in section 102(a) of the Ethics Reform Act of 
1989); and 
‘‘(M) the term ‘Member of the leadership of the Sen-
ate’ means the Vice President, and the President pro 
tempore, Deputy President pro tempore, majority lead-
er, minority leader, majority whip, minority whip, 
chairman and secretary of the Conference of the Major-
ity, chairman and secretary of the Conference of the 
Minority, chairman and co-chairman of the Majority 
Policy Committee, and chairman of the Minority Policy 
Committee, of the Senate (or any similar position cre-
ated on or after the effective date set forth in section 
102(a) of the Ethics Reform Act of 1989). 
‘‘(f) RESTRICTIONS RELATING TO FOREIGN ENTITIES.— 
‘‘(1) RESTRICTIONS.—Any person who is subject to the 
restrictions contained in subsection (c), (d), or (e) and who 
knowingly, within 1 year after leaving the position, office, 
or employment referred to in such subsection— 
‘‘(A) represents a foreign entity before any officer or 
employee of any department or agency of the United 
States with the intent to influence a decision of such 
officer or employee in carrying out his or her official 
duties, or 
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‘‘(B) aids or advises a foreign entity with the intent 
to influence a decision of any officer or employee of any 
department or agency of the United States, in carrying 
out his or her official duties, 
shall be punished as provided in section 1004 of this title. 
‘‘(2) SPECIAL
RULE
FOR
TRADE
REPRESENTATIVE.— 
With respect to a person who is the United States Trade 
Representative or Deputy United States Trade Representa-
tive, the restrictions described in paragraph (1) shall apply 
to representing, aiding, or advising foreign entities at any 
time after the termination of that person’s service as the 
United States Trade Representative. 
‘‘(3) DEFINITION.—For purposes of this subsection, the 
term ‘foreign entity’ means the government of a foreign 
country as defined in section 1(e) of the Foreign Agents 
Registration Act of 1938, as amended, or a foreign political 
party as defined in section 1(f) of that Act. 
‘‘(g) SPECIAL RULES FOR DETAILEES.—For purposes of this 
section, a person who is detailed from one department, agency, 
or other entity to another department, agency, or other entity 
shall, during the period such person is detailed, be deemed to 
be an officer or employee of both departments, agencies, or 
such entities. 
‘‘(h) DESIGNATIONS OF SEPARATE STATUTORY AGENCIES 
AND BUREAUS.— 
‘‘(1) DESIGNATIONS.—For purposes of subsection (c) 
and except as provided in paragraph (2), whenever the Di-
rector of the Office of Government Ethics determines that 
an agency or bureau within a department or agency in the 
executive branch exercises functions which are distinct and 
separate from the remaining functions of the department or 
agency and that there exists no potential for use of undue 
influence or unfair advantage based on past Government 
service, the Director shall by rule designate such agency or 
bureau as a separate department or agency. On an annual 
basis the Director of the Office of Government Ethics shall 
review the designations and determinations made under 
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449 
this subparagraph and, in consultation with the department 
or agency concerned, make such additions and deletions as 
are necessary. Departments and agencies shall cooperate to 
the fullest extent with the Director of the Office of Govern-
ment Ethics in the exercise of his or her responsibilities 
under this paragraph. 
‘‘(2) INAPPLICABILITY OF DESIGNATIONS.—No agency or 
bureau within the Executive Office of the President may be 
designated under paragraph (1) as a separate department 
or agency. No designation under paragraph (1) shall apply 
to persons referred to in subsection (c)(2)(A)(i) or (iii). 
‘‘(i) DEFINITIONS.—For purposes of this section— 
‘‘(1) the term ‘officer or employee’, when used to de-
scribe the person to whom a communication is made or be-
fore whom an appearance is made, with the intent to influ-
ence, shall include— 
‘‘(A) in subsections (a), (c), and (d), the President 
and the Vice President; and 
‘‘(B) in subsection (f), the President, the Vice Presi-
dent, and Members of Congress; 
‘‘(2) the term ‘participated’ means an action taken as an 
officer or employee through decision, approval, disapproval, 
recommendation, the rendering of advice, investigation, or 
other such action; and 
‘‘(3) the term ‘particular matter’ includes any investiga-
tion, application, request for a ruling or determination, 
rulemaking, contract, controversy, claim, charge, accusa-
tion, arrest, or judicial or other proceeding. 
‘‘(j) EXCEPTIONS.— 
‘‘(1) OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT DUTIES.—The restrictions 
contained in this section shall not apply to acts done in car-
rying out official duties on behalf of the United States or 
the District of Columbia or as an elected official of a State 
or local government. 
‘‘(2) STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND INSTITU-
TIONS, HOSPITALS, AND ORGANIZATIONS.—The restrictions 
contained in subsections (c), (d), and (e) shall not apply to 
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450 
acts done in carrying out official duties as an employee 
of— 
‘‘(A) an agency or instrumentality of a State or local 
government if the appearance, communication, or rep-
resentation is on behalf of such government, or 
‘‘(B) an accredited, degree-granting institution of 
higher education, as defined in section 101 of the 
Higher Education Act of 1965, or a hospital or medical 
research organization, exempted and defined under sec-
tion 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, 
if the appearance, communication, or representation is 
on behalf of such institution, hospital, or organization. 
‘‘(3) INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS.—The restrictions 
contained in this section shall not apply to an appearance 
or communication on behalf of, or advice or aid to, an 
international organization in which the United States par-
ticipates, if the Secretary of State certifies in advance that 
such activity is in the interests of the United States. 
‘‘(4) SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE.—The restrictions contained 
in subsections (c), (d), and (e) shall not prevent an indi-
vidual from making or providing a statement, which is 
based on the individual’s own special knowledge in the par-
ticular area that is the subject of the statement, if no com-
pensation is thereby received. 
‘‘(5) EXCEPTION FOR SCIENTIFIC OR TECHNOLOGICAL 
INFORMATION.—The restrictions contained in subsections 
(a), (c), and (d) shall not apply with respect to the making 
of communications solely for the purpose of furnishing sci-
entific or technological information, if such communications 
are made under procedures acceptable to the department or 
agency concerned or if the head of the department or agen-
cy concerned with the particular matter, in consultation 
with the Director of the Office of Government Ethics, 
makes a certification, published in the Federal Register, 
that the former officer or employee has outstanding quali-
fications in a scientific, technological, or other technical 
discipline, and is acting with respect to a particular matter 
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451 
which requires such qualifications, and that the national in-
terest would be served by the participation of the former 
officer or employee. For purposes of this paragraph, the 
term ‘officer or employee’ includes the Vice President. 
‘‘(6) EXCEPTION FOR TESTIMONY.—Nothing in this sec-
tion shall prevent an individual from giving testimony 
under oath, or from making statements required to be 
made under penalty of perjury. Notwithstanding the pre-
ceding sentence— 
‘‘(A) a former officer or employee of the executive 
branch of the United States (including any independent 
agency) who is subject to the restrictions contained in 
subsection (a)(1) with respect to a particular matter 
may not, except pursuant to court order, serve as an 
expert witness for any other person (except the United 
States) in that matter; and 
‘‘(B) a former officer or employee of the District of 
Columbia who is subject to the restrictions contained in 
subsection (a)(1) with respect to a particular matter 
may not, except pursuant to court order, serve as an 
expert witness for any other person (except the District 
of Columbia) in that matter. 
‘‘(7) POLITICAL PARTIES AND CAMPAIGN COMMITTEES.— 
(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the restric-
tions contained in subsections (c), (d), and (e) shall not 
apply to a communication or appearance made solely on be-
half of a candidate in his or her capacity as a candidate, 
an authorized committee, a national committee, a national 
Federal campaign committee, a State committee, or a polit-
ical party. 
‘‘(B) Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to— 
‘‘(i) any communication to, or appearance before, the 
Federal Election Commission by a former officer or 
employee of the Federal Election Commission; or 
‘‘(ii) a communication or appearance made by a per-
son who is subject to the restrictions contained in sub-
sections (c), (d), or (e) if, at the time of the commu-
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nication or appearance, the person is employed by a 
person or entity other than— 
‘‘(I) a candidate, an authorized committee, a na-
tional committee, a national Federal campaign 
committee, a State committee, or a political party; 
or 
‘‘(II) a person or entity who represents, 
aids, or advises only persons or entities de-
scribed in subclause (I). 
‘‘(C) For purposes of this paragraph— 
‘‘(i) the term ‘candidate’ means any person who 
seeks nomination for election, or election, to Federal or 
State office or who has authorized others to explore on 
his or her behalf the possibility of seeking nomination 
for election, or election, to Federal or State office; 
‘‘(ii) the term ‘authorized committee’ means any po-
litical committee designated in writing by a candidate 
as authorized to receive contributions or make expendi-
tures to promote the nomination for election, or the 
election, of such candidate, or to explore the possibility 
of seeking nomination for election, or the election, of 
such candidate, except that a political committee that 
receives contributions or makes expenditures to pro-
mote more than 1 candidate may not be designated as 
an authorized committee for purposes of subparagraph 
(A); 
‘‘(iii) the term ‘national committee’ means the orga-
nization which, by virtue of the bylaws of a political 
party, is responsible for the day-to-day operation of 
such political party at the national level; 
‘‘(iv) the term ‘national Federal campaign com-
mittee’ means an organization that, by virtue of the by-
laws of a political party, is established primarily for the 
purpose of providing assistance, at the national level, to 
candidates nominated by that party for election to the 
office of Senator or Representative in, or Delegate or 
Resident Commissioner to, the Congress; 
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‘‘(v) the term ‘State committee’ means the organiza-
tion which, by virtue of the bylaws of a political party, 
is responsible for the day-to-day operation of such po-
litical party at the State level; and 
‘‘(vi) the term ‘political party’ means an association, 
committee, or organization that nominates a candidate 
for election to any Federal or State elected office whose 
name appears on the election ballot as the candidate of 
such association, committee, or organization. 
‘‘(k) WAIVER.—(1)(A) The President may grant a waiver of 
a restriction imposed by this section to any officer or employee 
described in paragraph (2) if the President determines and cer-
tifies in writing that it is in the public interest to grant the 
waiver and that the services of the officer or employee are criti-
cally needed for the benefit of the Federal Government. Not 
more than 25 officers and employees currently employed by the 
Federal Government at any one time may have been granted 
waivers under this paragraph. 
‘‘(B)(i) A waiver granted under this paragraph to any person 
shall apply only with respect to activities engaged in by that 
person after that person’s Federal Government employment is 
terminated and only to that person’s employment at a Govern-
ment-owned, contractor operated entity with which the person 
served as an officer or employee immediately before the per-
son’s Federal Government employment began. 
‘‘(ii) Notwithstanding clause (i), a waiver granted under this 
paragraph to any person who was an officer or employee of 
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos Na-
tional Laboratory, or Sandia National Laboratory immediately 
before the person’s Federal Government employment began 
shall apply to that person’s employment by any such national 
laboratory after the person’s employment by the Federal Gov-
ernment is terminated. 
‘‘(2) Waivers under paragraph (1) may be granted only to 
civilian officers and employees of the executive branch, other 
than officers and employees in the Executive Office of the 
President. 
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454 
‘‘(3) A certification under paragraph (1) shall take effect 
upon its publication in the Federal Register and shall iden-
tify— 
‘‘(A) the officer or employee covered by the waiver by name 
and by position, and 
‘‘(B) the reasons for granting the waiver. 
A copy of the certification shall also be provided to the Director 
of the Office of Government Ethics. 
‘‘(4) The President may not delegate the authority provided 
by this subsection. 
‘‘(5)(A) Each person granted a waiver under this subsection 
shall prepare reports, in accordance with subparagraph (B), 
stating whether the person has engaged in activities otherwise 
prohibited by this section for each six-month period described 
in subparagraph (B), and if so, what those activities were. 
‘‘(B) A report under subparagraph (A) shall cover each six- 
month period beginning on the date of the termination of the 
person’s Federal Government employment (with respect to 
which the waiver under this subsection was granted) and end-
ing two years after that date. Such report shall be filed with 
the President and the Director of the Office of Government 
Ethics not later than 60 days after the end of the six-month 
period covered by the report. All reports filed with the Director 
under this paragraph shall be made available for public inspec-
tion and copying. 
‘‘(C) If a person fails to file any report in accordance with 
subparagraphs (A) and (B), the President shall revoke the 
waiver and shall notify the person of the revocation. The rev-
ocation shall take effect upon the person’s receipt of the notifi-
cation and shall remain in effect until the report is filed. 
‘‘(D) Any person who is granted a waiver under this sub-
section shall be ineligible for appointment in the civil service 
unless all reports required of such person by subparagraphs (A) 
and (B) have been filed. 
‘‘(E) As used in this subsection, the term ‘civil service’ has 
the meaning given that term in section 2101 of title 5. 
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455 
‘‘(l) CONTRACT ADVICE BY FORMER DETAILS.—Who-
ever, being an employee of a private sector organization as-
signed to an agency under chapter 37 of title 5, within one 
year after the end of that assignment, knowingly represents 
or aids, counsels, or assists in representing any other per-
son (except the United States) in connection with any con-
tract with that agency shall be punished as provided in sec-
tion 1004 of this title. 
‘‘§ 998. Acts affecting a personal financial interest 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Except as permitted by subsection (b), who-
ever, being an officer or employee of the executive branch of 
the United States Government, or of any independent agency 
of the United States, a Federal Reserve bank director, officer, 
or employee, or an officer or employee of the District of Colum-
bia, including a special Government employee, participates per-
sonally and substantially as a Government officer or employee, 
through decision, approval, disapproval, recommendation, the 
rendering of advice, investigation, or otherwise, in a judicial or 
other proceeding, application, request for a ruling or other de-
termination, contract, claim, controversy, charge, accusation, 
arrest, or other particular matter in which, to his knowledge, 
he, his spouse, minor child, general partner, organization in 
which he is serving as officer, director, trustee, general partner 
or employee, or any person or organization with whom he is ne-
gotiating or has any arrangement concerning prospective em-
ployment, has a financial interest shall be subject to the pen-
alties set forth in section 1004 of this title. 
‘‘(b) EXCLUSIONS.—Subsection (a) shall not apply— 
‘‘(1) if the officer or employee first advises the Govern-
ment official responsible for appointment to his or her posi-
tion of the nature and circumstances of the judicial or 
other proceeding, application, request for a ruling or other 
determination, contract, claim, controversy, charge, accusa-
tion, arrest, or other particular matter and makes full dis-
closure of the financial interest and receives in advance a 
written determination made by such official that the inter-
est is not so substantial as to be deemed likely to affect the 
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456 
integrity of the services which the Government may expect 
from such officer or employee; 
‘‘(2) if, by regulation issued by the Director of the Office 
of Government Ethics, applicable to all or a portion of all 
officers and employees covered by this section, and pub-
lished in the Federal Register, the financial interest has 
been exempted from the requirements of subsection (a) as 
being too remote or too inconsequential to affect the integ-
rity of the services of the Government officers or employees 
to which such regulation applies; 
‘‘(3) in the case of a special Government employee serv-
ing on an advisory committee within the meaning of the 
Federal Advisory Committee Act (including an individual 
being considered for an appointment to such a position), 
the official responsible for the employee’s appointment, 
after review of the financial disclosure report filed by the 
individual pursuant to the Ethics in Government Act of 
1978, certifies in writing that the need for the individual’s 
services outweighs the potential for a conflict of interest 
created by the financial interest involved; or 
‘‘(4) if the financial interest that would be affected by 
the particular matter involved is that resulting solely from 
the interest of the officer or employee, or his or her spouse 
or minor child, in birthrights— 
‘‘(A) in an Indian tribe, band, nation, or other orga-
nized group or community, including any Alaska Native 
village corporation as defined in or established pursu-
ant to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, which 
is recognized as eligible for the special programs and 
services provided by the United States to Indians be-
cause of their status as Indians, 
‘‘(B) in an Indian allotment the title to which is held 
in trust by the United States or which is inalienable by 
the allottee without the consent of the United States, 
or 
‘‘(C) in an Indian claims fund held in trust or ad-
ministered by the United States, 
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if the particular matter does not involve the Indian allot-
ment or claims fund or the Indian tribe, band, nation, or-
ganized group or community, or Alaska Native village cor-
poration as a specific party or parties. 
‘‘(c) DEEMING PROVISION.—(1) For the purpose of para-
graph (1) of subsection (b), in the case of class A and B direc-
tors of Federal Reserve banks, the Board of Governors of the 
Federal Reserve System shall be deemed to be the Government 
official responsible for appointment. 
‘‘(2) The potential availability of an exemption under any 
particular paragraph of subsection (b) does not preclude an ex-
emption being granted pursuant to another paragraph of sub-
section (b). 
‘‘(d) PUBLIC AVAILABILITY.— 
‘‘(1) GENERALLY.—Upon request, a copy of any deter-
mination granting an exemption under subsection (b)(1) or 
(b)(3) shall be made available to the public by the agency 
granting the exemption pursuant to the procedures set 
forth in section 105 of the Ethics in Government Act of 
1978. In making such determination available, the agency 
may withhold from disclosure any information contained in 
the determination that would be exempt from disclosure 
under section 552 of title 5. For purposes of determina-
tions under subsection (b)(3), the information describing 
each financial interest shall be no more extensive than that 
required of the individual in his or her financial disclosure 
report under the Ethics in Government Act of 1978. 
‘‘(2) UNIFORM REGULATIONS.—The Office of Govern-
ment Ethics, after consultation with the Attorney General, 
shall issue uniform regulations for the issuance of waivers 
and exemptions under subsection (b) which shall— 
‘‘(A) list and describe exemptions; and 
‘‘(B) provide guidance with respect to the types of inter-
ests that are not so substantial as to be deemed likely to 
affect the integrity of the services the Government may ex-
pect from the employee. 
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458 
‘‘§ 999. Salary of Government officials and employ-
ees payable only by United States 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
‘‘(1) receives any salary, or any contribution to or sup-
plementation of salary, as compensation for his services as 
an officer or employee of the executive branch of the 
United States Government, of any independent agency of 
the United States, or of the District of Columbia, from any 
source other than the Government of the United States, ex-
cept as may be contributed out of the treasury of any 
State, county, or municipality; or 
‘‘(2) whoever, whether an individual, partnership, asso-
ciation, corporation, or other organization pays, makes any 
contribution to, or in any way supplements, the salary of 
any such officer or employee under circumstances which 
would make its receipt a violation of this subsection; 
shall be subject to the penalties set forth in section 1004 of 
this title. 
‘‘(b) EXCLUSION.—Nothing herein prevents an officer or em-
ployee of the executive branch of the United States Govern-
ment, or of any independent agency of the United States, or 
of the District of Columbia, from continuing to participate in 
a bona fide pension, retirement, group life, health or accident 
insurance, profit-sharing, stock bonus, or other employee wel-
fare or benefit plan maintained by a former employer. 
‘‘(c) SPECIAL GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEE.—This section does 
not apply to a special Government employee or to an officer or 
employee of the Government serving without compensation, 
whether or not he is a special Government employee, or to any 
person paying, contributing to, or supplementing his salary as 
such. 
‘‘(d) PAYMENTS UNDER CHAPTER 41 of Title 5.—This sec-
tion does not prohibit payment or acceptance of contributions, 
awards, or other expenses under the terms of chapter 41 of 
title 5. 
‘‘(e) RELOCATION EXPENSES.—This section does not pro-
hibit the payment of actual relocation expenses incident to par-
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ticipation, or the acceptance of same by a participant in an ex-
ecutive exchange or fellowship program in an executive agency, 
if such program has been established by statute or Executive 
order of the President, offers appointments not to exceed three 
hundred and sixty-five days, and permits no extensions in ex-
cess of ninety additional days or, in the case of participants in 
overseas assignments, in excess of 365 days. 
‘‘(f) INJURIES DURING CERTAIN OFFENSE.—This section 
does not prohibit acceptance or receipt, by any officer or em-
ployee injured during the commission of an offense described 
in section 102(7) or 102(8) of this title, of contributions or 
payments from an organization which is described in section 
501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and which is 
exempt from taxation under section 501(a) of such Code. 
‘‘(g) PRIVATE SECTOR ORGANIZATION.— 
‘‘(1) GENERALLY.—This section does not prohibit an 
employee of a private sector organization, while assigned to 
an agency under chapter 37 of title 5, from continuing to 
receive pay and benefits from such organization in accord-
ance with such chapter. 
‘‘(2) DEFINITION.—As used in this subsection, the term 
‘agency’ means an agency (as defined by section 3701 of 
title 5) and the Office of the Chief Technology Officer of 
the District of Columbia. 
‘‘(h) RESERVER COMPONENTS OF ARMED FORCES.—This 
section does not prohibit a member of the reserve components 
of the armed forces on active duty pursuant to a call or order 
to active duty under a provision of law referred to in section 
101(a)(13) of title 10 from receiving from any person that em-
ployed such member before the call or order to active duty any 
payment of any part of the salary or wages that such person 
would have paid the member if the member’s employment had 
not been interrupted by such call or order to active duty. 
‘‘§ 1000. Offer to procure appointive public office 
‘‘Whoever pays or offers or promises any money or thing of 
value, to any person, firm, or corporation in consideration of 
the use or promise to use any influence to procure any appoint-
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ive office or place under the United States for any person, shall 
be imprisoned not more than one year. 
‘‘§ 1001. Acceptance or solicitation To obtain ap-
pointive public office 
‘‘(a) PROMISE OF OFFICE.—Whoever solicits or receives, ei-
ther as a political contribution, or for personal emolument, any 
money or thing of value, in consideration of the promise of sup-
port or use of influence in obtaining for any person any ap-
pointive office or place under the United States, shall be im-
prisoned not more than one year. 
‘‘(b) ADDING PERSON TO OBTAIN EMPLOYMENT.—Whoever 
solicits or receives any thing of value in consideration of aiding 
a person to obtain employment under the United States either 
by referring his name to an executive department or agency of 
the United States or by requiring the payment of a fee because 
such person has secured such employment shall be imprisoned 
not more than one year. 
‘‘(c) EXCLUSION.—This section does not apply to such serv-
ices rendered by an employment agency pursuant to the written 
request of an executive department or agency of the United 
States. 
‘‘§ 1002. Acceptance of loan or gratuity by finan-
cial institution examiner 
‘‘Whoever, being an examiner or assistant examiner, accepts 
a loan or gratuity from any bank, branch, agency, organization, 
corporation, association, or institution examined by the exam-
iner or from any person connected with it, shall— 
‘‘(1) be imprisoned not more than 1 year; and 
‘‘(2) shall be disqualified from holding office as an exam-
iner. 
‘‘§ 1003. Receipt of commissions or gifts for pro-
curing loans 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
‘‘(1) corruptly gives, offers, or promises anything of 
value to any person, with intent to influence or reward an 
officer, director, employee, agent, or attorney of a financial 
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institution in connection with any business or transaction 
of such institution; or 
‘‘(2) as an officer, director, employee, agent, or attorney 
of a financial institution, corruptly solicits or demands for 
the benefit of any person, or corruptly accepts or agrees to 
accept, anything of value from any person, intending to be 
influenced or rewarded in connection with any business or 
transaction of such institution; 
shall be imprisoned not more than 30 years, but if the value 
of the thing given, offered, promised, solicited, demanded, ac-
cepted, or agreed to be accepted does not exceed $1000, shall 
be imprisoned not more than one year. 
‘‘(b) EXCLUSION.—This section shall not apply to bona fide 
salary, wages, fees, or other compensation paid, or expenses 
paid or reimbursed, in the usual course of business. 
‘‘(c) GUIDELINES.—Federal agencies with responsibility for 
regulating a financial institution shall jointly establish such 
guidelines as are appropriate to assist an officer, director, em-
ployee, agent, or attorney of a financial institution to comply 
with this section. Such agencies shall make such guidelines 
available to the public. 
‘‘§ 1004. Penalties and injunctions 
‘‘(a) CRIMINAL PENALTIES.—The punishment for an offense 
under section 993, 994, 995, 997, 998, or 999 of this title is 
the following: 
‘‘(1) Whoever engages in the conduct constituting the of-
fense shall be imprisoned for not more than one year. 
‘‘(2) Whoever knowingly engages in the conduct consti-
tuting the offense shall be imprisoned for not more than 
five years. 
‘‘(b) CIVIL ACTION.—The Attorney General may bring a civil 
action in the appropriate United States district court against 
any person who engages in conduct constituting an offense 
under section 993, 994, 995, 997, 998, or 999 of this title and, 
upon proof of such conduct by a preponderance of the evidence, 
such person shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than 
$50,000 for each violation or the amount of compensation 
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which the person received or offered for the prohibited conduct, 
whichever amount is greater. The imposition of a civil penalty 
under this subsection does not preclude any other criminal or 
civil statutory, common law, or administrative remedy, which is 
available by law to the United States or any other person. 
‘‘(c) COURT ORDER.—If the Attorney General has reason to 
believe that a person is engaging in conduct constituting an of-
fense under section 993, 994, 995, 997, 998, or 999 of this 
title, the Attorney General may petition an appropriate United 
States district court for an order prohibiting that person from 
engaging in such conduct. The court may issue an order pro-
hibiting that person from engaging in such conduct if the court 
finds that the conduct constitutes such an offense. The filing 
of a petition under this section does not preclude any other 
remedy which is available by law to the United States or any 
other person. 
‘‘§ 1005. Voiding transactions in violation of chap-
ter; recovery by the United States 
‘‘In addition to any other remedies provided by law the 
President or, under regulations prescribed by him, the head of 
any department or agency involved, may declare void and re-
scind any contract, loan, grant, subsidy, license, right, permit, 
franchise, use, authority, privilege, benefit, certificate, ruling, 
decision, opinion, or rate schedule awarded, granted, paid, fur-
nished, or published, or the performance of any service or 
transfer or delivery of any thing to, by or for any agency of 
the United States or officer or employee of the United States 
or person acting on behalf thereof, in relation to which there 
has been a final conviction for any violation of this chapter, 
and the United States shall be entitled to recover in addition 
to any penalty prescribed by law or in a contract the amount 
expended or the thing transferred or delivered on its behalf, or 
the reasonable value thereof. 
‘‘§ 1006. Officers and employees acting as agents 
of foreign principals 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever, being a public official, is or acts 
as an agent of a foreign principal required to register under the 
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Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 or a lobbyist required 
to register under the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 in con-
nection with the representation of a foreign entity, as defined 
in section 3(6) of that Act shall be imprisoned for not more 
than two years. 
‘‘(b) EXCLUSION.—Nothing in this section shall apply to the 
employment of any agent of a foreign principal as a special 
Government employee in any case in which the head of the em-
ploying agency certifies that such employment is required in 
the national interest. A copy of any certification under this 
paragraph shall be forwarded by the head of such agency to the 
Attorney General who shall cause the same to be filed with the 
registration statement and other documents filed by such 
agent, and made available for public inspection in accordance 
with section 6 of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, 
as amended. 
‘‘(c) DEFINITION.—As used in this section ‘public official’ 
means Member of Congress, Delegate, or Resident Commis-
sioner, either before or after he has qualified, or an officer or 
employee or person acting for or on behalf of the United 
States, or any department, agency, or branch of Government 
thereof, including the District of Columbia, in any official func-
tion, under or by authority of any such department, agency, or 
branch of Government. 
‘‘§ 1007. Bribery in sporting contests 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever knowingly engages in any scheme 
in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce to influence any 
sporting contest in any way by bribery, shall be imprisoned not 
more than 5 years. 
‘‘(b) NONPREEMPTION.—This section shall not be construed 
as indicating an intent on the part of Congress to occupy the 
field in which this section operates to the exclusion of a law 
of any State, and no law of any State, which would be valid 
in the absence of the section shall be declared invalid, and no 
local authorities shall be deprived of any jurisdiction over any 
offense over which they would have jurisdiction in the absence 
of this section. 
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‘‘(c) DEFINITION.—As used in this section, the term ‘sport-
ing contest’ means any contest in any sport, between individual 
contestants or teams of contestants (without regard to the 
amateur or professional status of the contestants therein), the 
occurrence of which is publicly announced before its occurrence. 
‘‘§ 1008. Continuing financial crimes enterprise 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
‘‘(1) organizes, manages, or supervises a continuing fi-
nancial crimes enterprise; and 
‘‘(2) receives $5,000,000 or more in gross receipts from 
such enterprise during any 24-month period, 
shall be imprisoned for a term of not less than 10 years and 
which may be life. 
‘‘(b) DEFINITION.—As used in subsection (a), the term ‘con-
tinuing financial crimes enterprise’ means a series of violations 
under section 1003, 644, 645, 773, 774, 775, 779, 789, 804, 
801, and 803 affecting a financial institution, committed by at 
least 4 persons acting in concert. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER B—CLAIMS AND SERVICES IN 
MATTERS AFFECTING GOVERNMENT 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘1017.
False, fictitious, or fraudulent claims. 
‘‘§ 1017. False, fictitious, or fraudulent claims 
‘‘Whoever makes or presents to any person or officer in the 
civil, military, or naval service of the United States, or to any 
department or agency thereof, any claim upon or against the 
United States, or any department or agency thereof, knowing 
such claim to be false, fictitious, or fraudulent, shall be impris-
oned not more than five years. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER C—CONTEMPTS 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘1021.
Power of court. 
‘‘1022.
Contempts constituting crimes. 
‘‘§ 1021. Power of court 
‘‘A court of the United States shall have power to punish by 
fine or imprisonment, or both, at its discretion, such contempt 
of its authority, and none other, as— 
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‘‘(1) misbehavior of any person in its presence or so near 
thereto as to obstruct the administration of justice; 
‘‘(2) misbehavior of any of its officers in their official 
transactions; or 
‘‘(3) disobedience or resistance to its lawful writ, process, 
order, rule, decree, or command. 
‘‘§ 1022. Contempts constituting crimes 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever disobeys any lawful writ, process, 
order, rule, decree, or command of any district court of the 
United States or any court of the District of Columbia, by 
doing any act or thing therein, or thereby forbidden, if the act 
or thing so done be of such character as to constitute also a 
criminal offense under any statute of the United States or 
under the laws of any State in which the act was committed, 
shall be prosecuted for such contempt as provided in section 
3691 and shall be imprisoned any term of years or for life. 
‘‘(b) PAYMENT OF FINE AND LIMITATIONS ON FINE AND 
IMPRISONMENT.—Such fine shall be paid to the United States 
or to the complainant or other party injured by the act consti-
tuting the contempt, or may, where more than one is so dam-
aged, be divided or apportioned among them as the court may 
direct, but in no case shall the fine to be paid to the United 
States exceed, in case the accused is a natural person, the sum 
of $1,000, nor shall such imprisonment exceed the term of six 
months. 
‘‘(c) APPLICABILITY OF SECTION.—This section shall not be 
construed to relate to contempts committed in the presence of 
the court, or so near thereto as to obstruct the administration 
of justice, nor to contempts committed in disobedience of any 
lawful writ, process, order, rule, decree, or command entered in 
any suit or action brought or prosecuted in the name of, or on 
behalf of, the United States, but the same, and all other cases 
of contempt not specifically embraced in this section may be 
punished in conformity to the prevailing usages at law. 
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‘‘SUBCHAPTER D—ELECTIONS AND POLITICAL 
ACTIVITIES 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘1031.
Intimidation of voters. 
‘‘1032.
Deprivation of employment or other benefit for political contribu-
tion. 
‘‘1033.
Solicitation of political contributions. 
‘‘1034.
Coercion of political activity. 
‘‘1035.
Voting by aliens. 
‘‘§ 1031. Intimidation of voters 
‘‘Whoever intimidates, threatens, coerces, or attempts to in-
timidate, threaten, or coerce, any other person for the purpose 
of interfering with the right of such other person to vote or to 
vote as he may choose, or of causing such other person to vote 
for, or not to vote for, any candidate for the office of President, 
Vice President, Presidential elector, Member of the Senate, 
Member of the House of Representatives, Delegate from the 
District of Columbia, or Resident Commissioner, at any elec-
tion held solely or in part for the purpose of electing such can-
didate, shall be imprisoned not more than one year. 
‘‘§ 1032. Deprivation of employment or other ben-
efit for political contribution 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever knowingly causes or attempts to 
cause any person to make a contribution of a thing of value 
(including services) for the benefit of any candidate or any po-
litical party, by means of the denial or deprivation, or the 
threat of the denial or deprivation, of— 
‘‘(1) any employment, position, or work in or for any 
agency or other entity of the Government of the United 
States, a State, or a political subdivision of a State, or any 
compensation or benefit of such employment, position, or 
work; or 
‘‘(2) any payment or benefit of a program of the United 
States, a State, or a political subdivision of a State; 
if such employment, position, work, compensation, payment, or 
benefit is provided for or made possible in whole or in part by 
an Act of Congress, shall be imprisoned not more than one 
year. 
‘‘(b) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
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‘‘(1) the term ‘candidate’ means an individual who seeks 
nomination for election, or election, to Federal, State, or 
local office, whether or not such individual is elected, and, 
for purposes of this paragraph, an individual shall be 
deemed to seek nomination for election, or election, to Fed-
eral, State, or local office, if he has (A) taken the action 
necessary under the law of a State to qualify himself for 
nomination for election, or election, or (B) received con-
tributions or made expenditures, or has given his consent 
for any other person to receive contributions or make ex-
penditures, with a view to bringing about his nomination 
for election, or election, to such office; and 
‘‘(2) the term ‘election’ means (A) a general, special pri-
mary, or runoff election, (B) a convention or caucus of a 
political party held to nominate a candidate, (C) a primary 
election held for the selection of delegates to a nominating 
convention of a political party, (D) a primary election held 
for the expression of a preference for the nomination of 
persons for election to the office of President, and (E) the 
election of delegates to a constitutional convention for pro-
posing amendments to the Constitution of the United 
States or of any State. 
‘‘§ 1033. Solicitation of political contributions 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—It shall be unlawful for— 
‘‘(1) a candidate for the Congress; 
‘‘(2) an individual elected to or serving in the office of 
Senator or Representative in, or Delegate or Resident Com-
missioner to, the Congress; 
‘‘(3) an officer or employee of the United States or any 
department or agency thereof; or 
‘‘(4) a person receiving any salary or compensation for 
services from money derived from the Treasury of the 
United States; to knowingly solicit any contribution within 
the meaning of section 301(8) of the Federal Election 
Campaign Act of 1971 from any other such officer, em-
ployee, or person. Whoever violates this section shall be im-
prisoned not more than 3 years. 
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‘‘(b) EXCLUSION.—The prohibition in subsection (a) shall 
not apply to any activity of an employee (as defined in section 
7322(1) of title 5) or any individual employed in or under the 
United States Postal Service or the Postal Rate Commission, 
unless that activity is prohibited by section 7323 or 7324 of 
such title. 
‘‘§ 1034. Coercion of political activity 
‘‘It shall be unlawful for any person to intimidate, threaten, 
command, or coerce, or attempt to intimidate, threaten, com-
mand, or coerce, any employee of the Federal Government as 
defined in section 7322(1) of title 5, to engage in, or not to 
engage in, any political activity, including, voting or refusing to 
vote for any candidate or measure in any election, making or 
refusing to make any political contribution, or working or re-
fusing to work on behalf of any candidate. Whoever violates 
this section shall be imprisoned not more than three years. 
‘‘§ 1035. Voting by aliens 
‘‘(a) ELEMENTS OF OFFENSE.—It shall be unlawful for any 
alien to vote in any election held solely or in part for the pur-
pose of electing a candidate for the office of President, Vice 
President, Presidential elector, Member of the Senate, Member 
of the House of Representatives, Delegate from the District of 
Columbia, or Resident Commissioner, unless— 
‘‘(1) the election is held partly for some other purpose; 
‘‘(2) aliens are authorized to vote for such other purpose 
under a State constitution or statute or a local ordinance; 
and 
‘‘(3) voting for such other purpose is conducted inde-
pendently of voting for a candidate for such Federal offices, 
in such a manner that an alien has the opportunity to vote 
for such other purpose, but not an opportunity to vote for 
a candidate for any one or more of such Federal offices. 
‘‘(b) PUNISHMENT.—Whoever violates this section shall be 
imprisoned not more than one year. 
‘‘(c) EXCLUSION.—Subsection (a) does not apply to an alien 
if— 
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‘‘(1) each natural parent of the alien (or, in the case of 
an adopted alien, each adoptive parent of the alien) is or 
was a citizen (whether by birth or naturalization); 
‘‘(2) the alien permanently resided in the United States 
prior to attaining the age of 16; and 
‘‘(3) the alien reasonably believed at the time of voting 
in violation of such subsection that he or she was a citizen 
of the United States. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER E—EMBLEMS, INSIGNIA, AND NAMES 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘1051.
Desecration of the flag of the United States; penalties. 
‘‘1052.
Official badges, identification cards, other insignia. 
‘‘1053.
Uniform of armed forces and Public Health Service. 
‘‘1054.
Military medals or decorations. 
‘‘1055.
False advertising or misuse of names to indicate Federal agency. 
‘‘1056.
Misuse of names, words, emblems, or insignia. 
‘‘1057.
Use of likenesses of the great seal of the United States, the seals 
of the President and Vice President, the seal of the United States 
Senate, the seal of the United States House of Representatives, 
and the seal of the United States Congress. 
‘‘1058.
Public employee insignia and uniform. 
‘‘§ 1051. Desecration of the flag of the United 
States; penalties 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever knowingly mutilates, defaces, 
physically defiles, burns, maintains on the floor or ground, or 
tramples upon any flag of the United States shall be impris-
oned for not more than one year. 
‘‘(b) EXCLUSIONS.—This subsection does not prohibit any 
conduct consisting of the disposal of a flag when it has become 
worn or soiled. 
‘‘(c) DEFINITION.—As used in this section, the term ‘flag of 
the United States’ means any flag of the United States, or any 
part thereof, made of any substance, of any size, in a form that 
is commonly displayed. 
‘‘(d) NONPREEMPTION.—Nothing in this section shall be 
construed as indicating an intent on the part of Congress to 
deprive any State of jurisdiction over any offense over which 
it would have jurisdiction in the absence of this section. 
‘‘(e) EXPEDITED APPEAL.— 
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‘‘(1) NATURE OF CLAIM.—An appeal may be taken di-
rectly to the Supreme Court of the United States from any 
interlocutory or final judgment, decree, or order issued by 
a United States district court ruling upon the constitu-
tionality of subsection (a). 
‘‘(2) PROCEDURAL EXPEDITION.—The Supreme Court shall, 
if it has not previously ruled on the question, accept jurisdic-
tion over the appeal and advance on the docket and expedite 
to the greatest extent possible. 
‘‘§ 1052. Official badges, identification cards, other 
insignia 
‘‘Whoever manufactures, sells, or possesses any badge, iden-
tification card, or other insignia, of the design prescribed by 
the head of any department or agency of the United States for 
use by any officer or employee thereof, or any colorable imita-
tion thereof, or photographs, prints, or in any other manner 
makes or executes any engraving, photograph, print, or impres-
sion in the likeness of any such badge, identification card, or 
other insignia, or any colorable imitation thereof, except as au-
thorized under regulations made pursuant to law, shall be im-
prisoned not more than six months. 
‘‘§ 1053. Uniform of armed forces and Public 
Health Service 
‘‘Whoever, in any place within the jurisdiction of the United 
States or in the Canal Zone, without authority, wears the uni-
form or a distinctive part thereof or anything similar to a dis-
tinctive part of the uniform of any of the armed forces of the 
United States, Public Health Service or any auxiliary of such, 
shall be imprisoned not more than six months. 
‘‘§ 1054. Military medals or decorations 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Whoever knowingly wears, purchases, 
attempts to purchase, solicits for purchase, mails, ships, im-
ports, exports, produces blank certificates of receipt for, manu-
factures, sells, attempts to sell, advertises for sale, trades, bar-
ters, or exchanges for anything of value any decoration or 
medal authorized by Congress for the armed forces of the 
United States, or any of the service medals or badges awarded 
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to the members of such forces, or the ribbon, button, or rosette 
of any such badge, decoration or medal, or any colorable imita-
tion thereof, except when authorized under regulations made 
pursuant to law, shall be imprisoned not more than six months. 
‘‘(b) FALSE CLAIM ABOUT RECEIPT OF MILITARY DECORA-
TIONS OR MEDALS.—Whoever falsely represents himself or her-
self, verbally or in writing, to have been awarded any decora-
tion or medal authorized by Congress for the Armed Forces of 
the United States, any of the service medals or badges awarded 
to the members of such forces, the ribbon, button, or rosette 
of any such badge, decoration, or medal, or any colorable imita-
tion of such item shall be imprisoned not more than six 
months. 
‘‘(c) ENHANCED PENALTY FOR OFFENSES INVOLVING CON-
GRESSIONAL MEDAL OF HONOR.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—If a decoration or medal involved in 
an offense under subsection (a) or (b) is a Congressional 
Medal of Honor, in lieu of the punishment provided in that 
subsection, the offender shall be imprisoned not more than 
1 year. 
‘‘(2) CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL OF HONOR DEFINED.—In 
this subsection, the term ‘Congressional Medal of Honor’ 
means— 
‘‘(A) a medal of honor awarded under section 3741, 
6241, or 8741 of title 10 or section 491 of title 14; 
‘‘(B) a duplicate medal of honor issued under section 
3754, 6256, or 8754 of title 10 or section 504 of title 
14; or 
‘‘(C) a replacement of a medal of honor provided 
under section 3747, 6253, or 8747 of title 10 or sec-
tion 501 of title 14. 
‘‘(d) ENHANCED PENALTY FOR OFFENSES INVOLVING CER-
TAIN OTHER MEDALS.—If a decoration or medal involved in an 
offense described in subsection (a) or (b) is a distinguished- 
service cross awarded under section 3742 of title 10, a Navy 
cross awarded under section 6242 of title 10, an Air Force 
cross awarded under section 8742 of section 10, a silver star 
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awarded under section 3746, 6244, or 8746 of title 10, a Pur-
ple Heart awarded under section 1129 of title 10, or any re-
placement or duplicate medal for such medal as authorized by 
law, in lieu of the punishment provided in the applicable sub-
section, the offender shall be imprisoned not more than 1 year. 
‘‘§ 1055. False advertising or misuse of names to 
indicate Federal agency 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
‘‘(1) except as permitted by the laws of the United 
States, uses the words ‘national’, ‘Federal’, ‘United States’, 
‘reserve’, or ‘Deposit Insurance’ as part of the business or 
firm name of a person, corporation, partnership, business 
trust, association or other business entity engaged in the 
banking, loan, building and loan, brokerage, factorage, in-
surance, indemnity, savings or trust business; 
‘‘(2) falsely advertises or represents, or publishes or dis-
plays any sign, symbol or advertisement reasonably cal-
culated to convey the impression that a nonmember bank, 
banking association, firm or partnership is a member of the 
Federal reserve system; 
‘‘(3) except as expressly authorized by Federal law, uses 
the words ‘Federal Deposit’, ‘Federal Deposit Insurance’, 
or ‘Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation’ or a combina-
tion of any three of these words, as the name or a part 
thereof under which he or it does business, or advertises or 
otherwise represents falsely by any device whatsoever that 
his or its deposit liabilities, obligations, certificates, or 
shares are insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit 
Insurance Corporation, or by the United States or by any 
instrumentality thereof, or whoever advertises that his or 
its deposits, shares, or accounts are federally insured, or 
falsely advertises or otherwise represents by any device 
whatsoever the extent to which or the manner in which the 
deposit liabilities of an insured bank or banks are insured 
by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; 
‘‘(4) other than a bona fide organization or association 
of Federal or State credit unions or except as permitted by 
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473 
the laws of the United States, uses as a firm or business 
name or transacts business using the words ‘National Cred-
it Union’, ‘National Credit Union Administration’, ‘Na-
tional Credit Union Board’, ‘National Credit Union Share 
Insurance Fund’, ‘Share Insurance’, or ‘Central Liquidity 
Facility’, or the letters ‘NCUA’, ‘NCUSIF’, or ‘CLF’, or 
any other combination or variation of those words or letters 
alone or with other words or letters, or any device or sym-
bol or other means, reasonably calculated to convey the 
false impression that such name or business has some con-
nection with, or authorization from, the National Credit 
Union Administration, the Government of the United 
States, or any agency thereof, which does not in fact exist, 
or falsely advertises or otherwise represents by any device 
whatsoever that his or its business, product, or service has 
been in any way endorsed, authorized, or approved by the 
National Credit Union Administration, the Government of 
the United States, or any agency thereof, or falsely adver-
tises or otherwise represents by any device whatsoever that 
his or its deposit liabilities, obligations, certificates, shares, 
or accounts are insured under the Federal Credit Union 
Act or by the United States or any instrumentality thereof, 
or being an insured credit union as defined in that Act 
falsely advertises or otherwise represents by any device 
whatsoever the extent to which or the manner in which 
share holdings in such credit union are insured under such 
Act; 
‘‘(5) not being organized under the Farm Credit Act of 
1971, advertises or represents that it makes Federal Farm 
loans or advertises or offers for sale as Federal Farm loan 
bonds any bond not issued under the Farm Credit Act of 
1971, or uses the word ‘Federal’ or the words ‘United 
States’ or any other words implying Government owner-
ship, obligation or supervision in advertising or offering for 
sale any bond, note, mortgage or other security not issued 
by the Government of the United States under the Farm 
Credit Act of 1971; 
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474 
Whoever uses the words ‘Federal Home Loan Bank’ or any 
combination or variation of these words alone or with other 
words as a business name or part of a business name, or falsely 
publishes, advertises or represents by any device or symbol or 
other means reasonably calculated to convey the impression 
that he or it is a Federal Home Loan Bank or member of or 
subscriber for the stock of a Federal Home Loan Bank; 
‘‘(6) uses the words ‘Federal intermediate credit bank’ as 
part of the business or firm name for any person, corpora-
tion, partnership, business trust, association or other busi-
ness entity not organized as an intermediate credit bank 
under the laws of the United States; 
‘‘(7) uses as a firm or business name the words ‘Depart-
ment of Housing and Urban Development’, ‘Housing and 
Home Finance Agency’, ‘Federal Housing Administration’, 
‘Government National Mortgage Association’, ‘United 
States Housing Authority’, or ‘Public Housing Administra-
tion’ or the letters ‘HUD’, ‘FHA’, ‘PHA’, or ‘USHA’, or 
any combination or variation of those words or the letters 
‘HUD’, ‘FHA’, ‘PHA’, or ‘USHA’ alone or with other 
words or letters reasonably calculated to convey the false 
impression that such name or business has some connection 
with, or authorization from, the Department of Housing 
and Urban Development, the Housing and Home Finance 
Agency, the Federal Housing Administration, the Govern-
ment National Mortgage Association, the United States 
Housing Authority, the Public Housing Administration, the 
Government of the United States, or any agency thereof, 
which does not in fact exist, or falsely claims that any re-
pair, improvement, or alteration of any existing structure 
is required or recommended by the Department of Housing 
and Urban Development, the Housing and Home Finance 
Agency, the Federal Housing Administration, the Govern-
ment National Mortgage Association, the United States 
Housing Authority, the Public Housing Administration, the 
Government of the United States, or any agency thereof, 
for the purpose of inducing any person to enter into a con-
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tract for the making of such repairs, alterations, or im-
provements, or falsely advertises or falsely represents by 
any device whatsoever that any housing unit, project, busi-
ness, or product has been in any way endorsed, authorized, 
inspected, appraised, or approved by the Department of 
Housing and Urban Development, the Housing and Home 
Finance Agency, the Federal Housing Administration, the 
Government National Mortgage Association, the United 
States Housing Authority, the Public Housing Administra-
tion, the Government of the United States, or any agency 
thereof; 
‘‘(8) except with the written permission of the Director 
of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, knowingly uses the 
words ‘Federal Bureau of Investigation’ or the initials 
‘F.B.I.’, or any colorable imitation of such words or initials, 
in connection with any advertisement, circular, book, pam-
phlet or other publication, play, motion picture, broadcast, 
telecast, or other production, in a manner reasonably cal-
culated to convey the impression that such advertisement, 
circular, book, pamphlet or other publication, play, motion 
picture, broadcast, telecast, or other production, is ap-
proved, endorsed, or authorized by the Federal Bureau of 
Investigation; 
‘‘(9) except with written permission of the Director of 
the United States Secret Service, knowingly uses the words 
‘Secret Service’, ‘Secret Service Uniformed Division’, the 
initials ‘U.S.S.S.’, ‘U.D.’, or any colorable imitation of such 
words or initials, in connection with, or as a part of any 
advertisement, circular, book, pamphlet or other publica-
tion, play, motion picture, broadcast, telecast, other produc-
tion, product, or item, in a manner reasonably calculated 
to convey the impression that such advertisement, circular, 
book, pamphlet or other publication, product, or item, is 
approved, endorsed, or authorized by or associated in any 
manner with, the United States Secret Service, or the 
United States Secret Service Uniformed Division; 
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‘‘(10) except with the written permission of the Director 
of the United States Mint, knowingly uses the words 
‘United States Mint’ or ‘U.S. Mint’ or any colorable imita-
tion of such words, in connection with any advertisement, 
circular, book, pamphlet, or other publication, play, motion 
picture, broadcast, telecast, or other production, in a man-
ner reasonably calculated to convey the impression that 
such advertisement, circular, book, pamphlet, or other pub-
lication, play, motion picture, broadcast, telecast, or other 
production, is approved, endorsed, or authorized by or asso-
ciated in any manner with, the United States Mint; 
‘‘(11) uses the words ‘Overseas Private Investment’, 
‘Overseas Private Investment Corporation’, or ‘OPIC’, as 
part of the business or firm name of a person, corporation, 
partnership, business trust, association, or business entity; 
‘‘(12) except with the written permission of the Adminis-
trator of the Drug Enforcement Administration, knowingly 
uses the words ‘Drug Enforcement Administration’ or the 
initials ‘DEA’ or any colorable imitation of such words or 
initials, in connection with any advertisement, circular, 
book, pamphlet, software or other publication, play, motion 
picture, broadcast, telecast, or other production, in a man-
ner reasonably calculated to convey the impression that 
such advertisement, circular, book, pamphlet, software or 
other publication, play, motion picture, broadcast, telecast, 
or other production is approved, endorsed, or authorized by 
the Drug Enforcement Administration; or 
‘‘(13) except with the written permission of the Director of 
the United States Marshals Service, knowingly uses the words 
‘United States Marshals Service’, ‘U.S. Marshals Service’, 
‘United States Marshal’, ‘U.S. Marshal’, ‘U.S.M.S.’, or any 
colorable imitation of any such words, or the likeness of a 
United States Marshals Service badge, logo, or insignia on any 
item of apparel, in connection with any advertisement, circular, 
book, pamphlet, software, or other publication, or any play, mo-
tion picture, broadcast, telecast, or other production, in a man-
ner that is reasonably calculated to convey the impression that 
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the wearer of the item of apparel is acting pursuant to the legal 
authority of the United States Marshals Service, or to convey 
the impression that such advertisement, circular, book, pam-
phlet, software, or other publication, or such play, motion pic-
ture, broadcast, telecast, or other production, is approved, en-
dorsed, or authorized by the United States Marshals Service; 
shall be imprisoned not more than one year. 
‘‘(b) EXCLUSIONS.— 
‘‘(1) LAWFUL BEFORE ENACTMENT.—This section does 
not make unlawful the use of any name or title which was 
lawful on June 25, 1948. 
‘‘(2) INSURANCE.—This section shall not make unlawful 
the use of the word ‘national’ as part of the name of any 
business or firm engaged in the insurance or indemnity 
business, whether such firm was engaged in the insurance 
or indemnity business prior or subsequent to the date of 
enactment of this paragraph. 
‘‘(c) ENJOINING OF VIOLATION.—A violation of this section 
may be enjoined at the suit of the United States Attorney, 
upon complaint by any duly authorized representative of any 
department or agency of the United States. 
‘‘§ 1056. Misuse of names, words, emblems, or in-
signia 
‘‘Whoever, in the course of collecting or aiding in the collec-
tion of private debts or obligations, or being engaged in fur-
nishing private police, investigation, or other private detective 
services, uses or employs in any communication, correspond-
ence, notice, advertisement, or circular the words ‘national’, 
‘Federal’, or ‘United States’, the initials ‘U.S.’, or any emblem, 
insignia, or name, for the purpose of conveying and in a man-
ner reasonably calculated to convey the false impression that 
such communication is from a department, agency, bureau, or 
instrumentality of the United States or in any manner rep-
resents the United States, shall be imprisoned not more than 
one year. 
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478 
‘‘§ 1057. Use of likenesses of the great seal of the 
United States, the seals of the President 
and Vice President, the seal of the United 
States Senate, the seal of the United 
States House of Representatives, and the 
seal of the United States Congress 
‘‘(a) DISPLAY.—Whoever knowingly displays any printed or 
other likeness of the great seal of the United States, or of the 
seals of the President or the Vice President of the United 
States, or the seal of the United States Senate, or the seal of 
the United States House of Representatives, or the seal of the 
United States Congress, or any facsimile thereof, in, or in con-
nection with, any advertisement, poster, circular, book, pam-
phlet, or other publication, public meeting, play, motion pic-
ture, telecast, or other production, or on any building, monu-
ment, or stationery, for the purpose of conveying, or in a man-
ner reasonably calculated to convey, a false impression of spon-
sorship or approval by the Government of the United States or 
by any department, agency, or instrumentality thereof, shall be 
imprisoned not more than six months. 
‘‘(b) LIKENESS ON ARTICLES.—Whoever, except as author-
ized under regulations promulgated by the President and pub-
lished in the Federal Register, knowingly manufactures, repro-
duces, sells, or purchases for resale, either separately or ap-
pended to any article manufactured or sold, any likeness of the 
seals of the President or Vice President, or any substantial 
part thereof, except for manufacture or sale of the article for 
the official use of the Government of the United States, shall 
be imprisoned not more than six months. 
‘‘(c) SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES.—Whoever, except as di-
rected by the United States Senate, or the Secretary of the 
Senate on its behalf, knowingly uses, manufactures, reproduces, 
sells or purchases for resale, either separately or appended to 
any article manufactured or sold, any likeness of the seal of the 
United States Senate, or any substantial part thereof, except 
for manufacture or sale of the article for the official use of the 
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479 
Government of the United States, shall be imprisoned not more 
than six months. 
‘‘(d) SEAL OF UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTA-
TIVES.—Whoever, except as directed by the United States 
House of Representatives, or the Clerk of the House of Rep-
resentatives on its behalf, knowingly uses, manufactures, repro-
duces, sells or purchases for resale, either separately or ap-
pended to any article manufactured or sold, any likeness of the 
seal of the United States House of Representatives, or any sub-
stantial part thereof, except for manufacture or sale of the arti-
cle for the official use of the Government of the United States, 
shall be imprisoned not more than six months. 
‘‘(e) SEAL OF CONGRESS.—Whoever, except as directed by 
the United States Congress, or the Secretary of the Senate and 
the Clerk of the House of Representatives, acting jointly on its 
behalf, knowingly uses, manufactures, reproduces, sells or pur-
chases for resale, either separately or appended to any article 
manufactured or sold, any likeness of the seal of the United 
States Congress, or any substantial part thereof, except for 
manufacture or sale of the article for the official use of the 
Government of the United States, shall be imprisoned not more 
than six months. 
‘‘(f) VIOLATION MAY BE ENJOINED.—A violation of the pro-
visions of this section may be enjoined at the suit of the Attor-
ney General— 
‘‘(1) in the case of the great seal of the United States 
and the seals of the President and Vice President, upon 
complaint by any authorized representative of any depart-
ment or agency of the United States; 
‘‘(2) in the case of the seal of the United States Senate, 
upon complaint by the Secretary of the Senate; 
‘‘(3) in the case of the seal of the United States House 
of Representatives, upon complaint by the Clerk of the 
House of Representatives; and 
‘‘(4) in the case of the seal of the United States Con-
gress, upon complaint by the Secretary of the Senate and 
the Clerk of the House of Representatives, acting jointly. 
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‘‘§ 1058. Public employee insignia and uniform 
‘‘(a) Whoever— 
‘‘(1) knowingly transfers, transports, or receives, in 
interstate or foreign commerce, a counterfeit official insig-
nia or uniform; 
‘‘(2) knowingly transfers, in interstate or foreign com-
merce, a genuine official insignia or uniform to an indi-
vidual, knowing that such individual is not authorized to 
possess it under the law of the place in which the badge 
is the official insignia or uniform; 
‘‘(3) knowingly receives a genuine official insignia or uni-
form in a transfer prohibited by paragraph (2); or 
‘‘(4) being a person not authorized to possess a genuine 
official insignia or uniform under the law of the place in 
which the badge is the official insignia or uniform, know-
ingly transports that badge in interstate or foreign com-
merce, 
shall be imprisoned not more than 6 months. 
‘‘(b) It is a defense to a prosecution under this section that 
the insignia or uniform is other than a counterfeit insignia or 
uniform and is not used to mislead or deceive, or is used or 
is intended to be used exclusively— 
‘‘(1) as a memento, or in a collection or exhibit; 
‘‘(2) for decorative purposes; 
‘‘(3) for a dramatic presentation, such as a theatrical, 
film, or television production; or 
‘‘(4) for any other recreational purpose. 
‘‘(c) It is a defense to a prosecution under this section that 
the official insignia or uniform is not used or intended to be 
used to mislead or deceive, or is a counterfeit insignia or uni-
form and is used or is intended to be used exclusively— 
‘‘(1) for a dramatic presentation, such as a theatrical, 
film, or television production; or 
‘‘(2) for legitimate law enforcement purposes. 
‘‘(d) As used in this section— 
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481 
‘‘(1) the term ‘genuine police badge’ means an official 
badge issued by public authority to identify an individual 
as a law enforcement officer having police powers; 
‘‘(2) the term ‘counterfeit police badge’ means an item 
that so resembles a police badge that it would deceive an 
ordinary individual into believing it was a genuine police 
badge; and 
‘‘(3) the term ‘official insignia or uniform’ means an ar-
ticle of distinctive clothing or insignia, including a badge, 
emblem or identification card, that is an indicium of the 
authority of a public employee; 
‘‘(4) the term ‘public employee’ means any officer or em-
ployee of the Federal Government or of a State or local 
government; and 
‘‘(5) the term ‘uniform’ means distinctive clothing or 
other items of dress, whether real or counterfeit, worn dur-
ing the performance of official duties and which identifies 
the wearer as a public agency employee. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER F—ESCAPE AND RESCUE 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘1071.
Prisoners in custody of institution or officer. 
‘‘1072.
Instigating or assisting escape. 
‘‘1073.
Officer permitting escape. 
‘‘1074.
High speed flight from immigration checkpoint. 
‘‘1075.
Escape from hospitalization. 
‘‘§ 1071. Prisoners in custody of institution or offi-
cer 
‘‘(a) ADULTS.—Whoever escapes or attempts to escape from 
the custody of the Attorney General or his authorized rep-
resentative, or from any institution or facility in which he is 
confined by direction of the Attorney General, or from any cus-
tody under or by virtue of any process issued under the laws 
of the United States by any court, judge, or magistrate judge, 
or from the custody of an officer or employee of the United 
States pursuant to lawful arrest, shall, if the custody or con-
finement is by virtue of an arrest on a charge of felony, or con-
viction of any offense, be imprisoned not more than five years; 
or if the custody or confinement is for extradition, or for exclu-
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482 
sion or expulsion proceedings under the immigration laws, or 
by virtue of an arrest or charge of or for a misdemeanor, and 
prior to conviction, be imprisoned not more than one year. 
‘‘(b) JUVENILES.—Whoever escapes or attempts to escape 
from the custody of the Attorney General or his authorized rep-
resentative, or from any institution or facility in which he is 
confined by direction of the Attorney General, or from any cus-
tody under or by virtue of any process issued under the laws 
of the United States by any court, judge, or magistrate judge, 
or from the custody of an officer or employee of the United 
States pursuant to lawful arrest, shall, if the custody or con-
finement is by virtue of a lawful arrest for a violation of any 
law of the United States not punishable by death or life impris-
onment and committed before such person’s eighteenth birth-
day, and as to whom the Attorney General has not specifically 
directed the institution of criminal proceedings, or by virtue of 
a commitment as a juvenile delinquent under section 5034 of 
this title, be imprisoned not more than one year. Nothing in 
this section affects the discretionary authority vested in the At-
torney General pursuant to section 5032 of this title. 
‘‘§ 1072. Instigating or assisting escape 
‘‘(a) ADULTS.—Whoever rescues or attempts to rescue or in-
stigates, aids or assists the escape, or attempt to escape, of any 
person arrested upon a warrant or other process issued under 
any law of the United States, or committed to the custody of 
the Attorney General or to any institution or facility by his di-
rection, shall, if the custody or confinement is by virtue of an 
arrest on a charge of felony, or conviction of any offense, be 
imprisoned not more than five years; or, if the custody or con-
finement is for extradition, or for exclusion or expulsion pro-
ceedings under the immigration laws, or by virtue of an arrest 
or charge of or for a misdemeanor, and prior to conviction, be 
imprisoned not more than one year. 
‘‘(b) JUVENILES.—Whoever rescues or attempts to rescue or 
instigates, aids, or assists the escape or attempted escape of 
any person in the custody of the Attorney General or his au-
thorized representative, or of any person arrested upon a war-
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483 
rant or other process issued under any law of the United States 
or from any institution or facility in which he is confined by 
direction of the Attorney General, shall, if the custody or con-
finement is by virtue of a lawful arrest for a violation of any 
law of the United States not punishable by death or life impris-
onment and committed before such person’s eighteenth birth-
day, and as to whom the Attorney General has not specifically 
directed the institution of criminal proceedings, or by virtue of 
a commitment as a juvenile delinquent under section 5034 of 
this title, be imprisoned not more than one year. 
‘‘§ 1073. Officer permitting escape 
‘‘Whoever, having in his custody any prisoner by virtue of 
process issued under the laws of the United States by any 
court, judge, or magistrate judge, voluntarily suffers such pris-
oner to escape, shall be imprisoned not more than 5 years; or 
if he negligently suffers such person to escape, he shall be im-
prisoned not more than one year. 
‘‘§ 1074. High 
speed 
flight 
from 
immigration 
checkpoint 
‘‘Whoever flees or evades a checkpoint operated by the Immi-
gration and Naturalization Service, or any other Federal law 
enforcement agency, in a motor vehicle and flees Federal, 
State, or local law enforcement agents in excess of the legal 
speed limit shall be imprisoned not more than five years. 
‘‘§ 1075. Escape from hospitalization 
‘‘Whoever escapes or attempts to escape from the custody of 
any facility or from any place in which or to which he is con-
fined pursuant to this section 1826 of title 28 or section 4243 
of this title, or whoever rescues or attempts to rescue or insti-
gates, aids, or assists the escape or attempt to escape of such 
a person, shall be imprisoned not more than three years. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER G—FALSE PERSONATION 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘1091.
Citizen of the United States. 
‘‘1092.
Officer or employee of the United States. 
‘‘1093.
Impersonator making arrest or search. 
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(A) if the Center forwards the report to 
the requesting foreign law enforcement agency 
or another agency in the same country des-
ignated by the Attorney General under para-
graph (3), notify the electronic communication 
service provider or remote computing service 
provider of— 
(i) the identity of the foreign law en-
forcement agency to which the report was 
forwarded; and 
(ii) the date on which the report was 
forwarded; or 
(B) notify the electronic communication 
service provider or remote computing service 
provider if the Center declines to forward the 
report because the Center, in consultation with 
the Attorney General, determines that no law 
enforcement agency in the foreign country has 
been designated by the Attorney General under 
paragraph (3). 
(e) FAILURE TO REPORT.—An electronic commu-
nication service provider or remote computing service pro-
vider that knowingly and willfully fails to make a report 
required under subsection (a)(1) shall be fined— 
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dealing in narcotic drugs, marihuana, or other dan-
gerous drugs, punishable under any law of the 
United States; 
‘‘(6) any offense including extortionate credit 
transactions under sections 155, 156, or 157 of this 
title; 
‘‘(7) a violation of section 5322 (relating to the 
reporting of currency transactions) or 5324 (relating 
to structuring transactions to evade reporting re-
quirement prohibited) of title 31; 
‘‘(8) any felony violation of sections 1492 and 
1493 (relating to interception and disclosure of cer-
tain communications and to certain intercepting de-
vices) of this title; 
‘‘(9) any felony violation of subchapter F of chap-
ter 35 (relating to obscenity) of this title; 
‘‘(10) any violation of section 60123(b) (relating 
to destruction of a natural gas pipeline) or section 
46502 (relating to aircraft piracy), the second sen-
tence of section 46504 (relating to assault on a 
flight 
crew 
with 
dangerous 
weapon), 
section 
46505(b)(3) or (c) (relating to explosive or incen-
diary devices, or endangerment of human life, by 
means of weapons on aircraft) of title 49; 
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