•HRES 943 IH 
part by the United States Government, remained largely 
silent and inactive with regard to the many egregious 
abuses perpetrated by United States-backed rightwing 
dictatorships during the decades of the Cold War; 
Whereas, in 1962, the United States imposed a full embargo 
on Cuba, still in place today, which led to tens of billions 
of dollars in capital losses for the island country; 
Whereas following the election of Chilean President Salvador 
Allende in 1970, United States President Richard Nixon 
directed the CIA to spread propaganda aimed at pre-
venting Allende from taking power, and later, actively 
worked with and supported Chilean military leaders that 
carried out the 1973 coup of President Allende resulting 
in a 15-year-long military dictatorship in which at least 
40,000 people were tortured and more than 3,000 killed; 
Whereas, from 1975 to 1980, the United States actively sup-
ported Operation Condor, a coordinated campaign of po-
litical repression and state terrorism that saw the United 
States work closely with military governments in Argen-
tina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, 
and Uruguay to help kidnap, torture, and kill people who 
had left their home countries in exile; 
Whereas following a regional debt crisis sparked in part by 
historic Federal Reserve interest rate hikes, the Inter-
national Monetary Fund (IMF) vastly expanded its lend-
ing portfolio in Latin America; 
Whereas the IMF, whose largest shareholder is the United 
States, promoted austerity, deregulation, and other struc-
tural reforms that resulted in stagnant economic growth 
in much of Latin America in the 1980s and 1990s, fol-
lowing two decades of strong economic growth; 
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•HRES 943 IH 
Whereas, in 1983, under the false pretense that the safety of 
600 United States medical students in Grenada was 
under threat, President Ronald Reagan authorized the 
military invasion of the island country, a move con-
demned as a ‘‘flagrant violation of international law’’ by 
the United Nations General Assembly; 
Whereas, in the 1980s, the Reagan administration supported 
security forces in Guatemala that perpetrated a genocide 
against Mayan indigenous peoples, according to the Com-
mission of Historical Clarification; death squads in El 
Salvador; rightwing paramilitary militias (Contras) in 
Nicaragua; and participated in efforts to coverup egre-
gious crimes perpetrated by Central American security 
forces, such as the massacre of 6 Jesuit priests and 2 
other unarmed civilians by an elite United States-backed 
battalion in El Salvador; 
Whereas the United States-backed ‘‘dirty wars’’ of Central 
America triggered a major wave of migration from El 
Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua to the United 
States in the 1980s and early 1990s; 
Whereas the CIA covertly financed units of the Haitian mili-
tary, whose officers led a violent coup d’e´tat in 1991 that 
overthrew the country’s first democratically elected Presi-
dent, and then continued to support individuals involved 
in death squads that targeted supporters of the ousted 
President; 
Whereas, beginning in 2000, the Bush administration blocked 
development and humanitarian assistance to the Haitian 
Government and provided financial support to opposition 
groups culminating in another coup against the elected 
President in 2004; 
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•HRES 943 IH 
Whereas, starting in 2000, the United States provided bil-
lions of dollars of funding to Plan Colombia, a joint 
counter narcotics and counter insurgency initiative which 
resulted in thousands of civilian casualties, massive 
human rights abuses perpetrated by military and para-
military forces, and the forced displacement of millions of 
mostly Afro-Colombian and indigenous civilians, while 
failing to reduce the production and trafficking of co-
caine; 
Whereas the United States-backed drug war, along with eco-
nomic displacement attributable in part to United States- 
sponsored free trade agreements, resulted in another 
major wave of migration from Central America and Mex-
ico during the first two decades of the 2000s; 
Whereas, from 1941 to 2003, United States Navy operations 
in Vieques, Puerto Rico, caused the death of civilians and 
high rates of lethal illnesses to the population; 
Whereas, in 2002, the United States Government provided 
funding and other support to political actors that carried 
out a short-lived coup against the democratically elected 
Government of Venezuela, and subsequently expressed 
support for the coup; 
Whereas, following the 2009 coup in Honduras, the United 
States continued to support the country’s illegitimate 
government by providing, between 2009 and 2016, an es-
timated $200,000,000 in military and police aid to Hon-
duran security forces engaged in violent extrajudicial 
killings and other human rights crimes targeting pro-
testers, activists, land rights advocates, and other civil-
ians opposed to the regime; 
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•HRES 943 IH 
Whereas in a 2013 address to the OAS, Secretary of State 
John Kerry declared that the ‘‘Monroe Doctrine era is 
over . . . The relationship that we seek and that we have 
worked hard to foster is not about a United States dec-
laration about how and when it will intervene in the af-
fairs of other American states. It’s about all of our coun-
tries viewing one another as equals, sharing responsibil-
ities, cooperating on security issues, and adhering not to 
doctrine, but to the decisions that we make as partners 
to advance the values and the interests that we share.’’; 
Whereas, in 2014, Presidents Barack Obama and Raul Cas-
tro announce the thawing of and eventual normalization 
of relations between the United States and Cuba; 
Whereas, in 2017, President Donald Trump threatened to in-
vade Venezuela militarily and imposed broad unilateral 
sanctions against the country; 
Whereas, in 2019, United States National Security Advisor 
John Bolton announced, ‘‘Today we proudly proclaim for 
all to hear: the Monroe Doctrine is alive and well.’’; 
Whereas the migration of Cubans and Venezuelans to the 
United States has increased dramatically since the impo-
sition (and reimposition) of broad economic sanctions 
against these countries; 
Whereas, in late 2019, a military coup was staged against the 
elected Government of Bolivia following unfounded claims 
of electoral fraud made by an OAS Electoral Observation 
Mission, while the subsequent coup government received 
support from the Trump administration and OAS Sec-
retary General Luis Almagro; 
Whereas President Trump reversed the Obama administra-
tion’s policy of normalization with Cuba, imposed new 
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•HRES 943 IH 
sanctions, and, as one of his last acts in office, put Cuba 
back on State Sponsors of Terrorism list without jus-
tification; 
Whereas the United States Government has failed to apolo-
gize for its past support for military coups in the region; 
Whereas Investor State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) provi-
sions found in United States-backed free trade agree-
ments allow multinational corporations to sue govern-
ments before panels of corporate lawyers based on claims 
that regulatory frameworks, including those designed to 
protect workers and the environment, will lead to future 
losses, and whereas thus far Latin American and Carib-
bean countries have been sued a total of 346 times under 
ISDS provisions, more than any other region of the 
world; 
Whereas a United States-based company has filed an ISDS 
claim against the State of Honduras for nearly 
$11,000,000,000 in alleged future losses, more than a 
third of the country’s yearly economic output, as a result 
of the Honduran Government’s announcement that the 
company can no longer continue to operate as a ZEDE, 
a territorial area largely governed and controlled by pri-
vate investors developed under former President Juan 
Orlando Herna´ndez, who is now awaiting trial in the 
United States on charges for drug trafficking; and 
Whereas President Biden has expressed his strong opposition 
to ISDS provisions and to their inclusion in future trade 
agreements: Now, therefore, be it 
Resolved, That it is the sense of the House of Rep-
resentatives that— 
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•HRES 943 IH 
(B) terminating all unilateral economic 
sanctions imposed through Executive orders, 
and working with Congress to terminate all uni-
lateral sanctions, such as the Cuba embargo, 
mandated by law; 
(C) working with Congress to develop leg-
islation that triggers an automatic review of bi-
lateral assistance to a government whenever 
there is an extraconstitutional transfer of 
power, until the United States and a majority 
of regional governments determine that the new 
leadership is legitimate under that country’s 
constitution; 
(D) proceeding with the prompt declas-
sification of all United States Government ar-
chives that relate to past coups d’e´tat, dictator-
ships, and periods in the history of Latin Amer-
ican and Caribbean countries that are charac-
terized by a high rate of human rights crimes 
perpetrated by security forces; 
(E) working with Latin American and Car-
ibbean governments on a far-reaching reform of 
the Organization of American States to— 
(i) ensure accountability surrounding 
any potentially unethical or criminal activi-
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•HRES 943 IH 
ties in which the Secretary General or 
other senior officials have been involved; 
(ii) ensure full transparency sur-
rounding the financial and personnel deci-
sions taken by the Secretary General; 
(iii) establish an ombudsman’s office 
that is fully independent from the Sec-
retary General; 
(iv) ensure that the Office of Amer-
ican States electoral observation division is 
independent from the Secretary General 
and appointed by a majority of Office of 
American States members; and 
(v) ensure that the Inter-American 
Commission on Human Rights and its 
rapporteurs are financially independent 
from the Secretary General’s Office; 
(F) working with Congress to secure 
major, recurrent contributions to the Amazon 
Fund; 
(G) supporting democratic reforms to the 
International Monetary Fund, World Bank, 
Inter-American Development Bank, and other 
international financial institutions to ensure 
that the developing countries of the region are 
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•HRES 943 IH 
able to play an equitable role in shaping the 
lending and grantmaking policies of those insti-
tutions; 
(H) supporting regular issuances of Inter-
national Monetary Fund Special Drawing 
Rights to help avert balance of payments dif-
ficulties and to promote greater fiscal space for 
regional governments, thereby allowing them to 
expand investments in health care, education, 
economic development, and in climate adapta-
tion and mitigation programs; and 
(I) supporting the creation of a Loss and 
Damage Trust, under the auspices of the 
United Nations, to support climate action in de-
veloping countries, and working with Congress 
to secure major, recurrent contributions to this 
fund; and 
(3) the United States should work with regional 
bodies such as the Community of Latin American 
and Caribbean States (CELAC), the Caribbean 
Community (CARICOM), the Union of South Amer-
ican Nations (UNASUR), the Southern Common 
Market (Mercosur), and other groups to increase co-
operation around the major challenges of our time, 
including the response to climate change, inequality, 
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•HRES 943 IH 
arms trafficking, tax evasion, illicit financial flows 
(particularly those derived from drug trafficking), 
the protection of workers’ rights, and promoting the 
rights of indigenous peoples and Afro-descendent 
communities. 
Æ 
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