349 
to emissions of carbon monoxide from light-duty vehicles and 
engines shall contain standards that require a reduction of at 
least 90 percent from emissions of carbon monoxide allowable 
under the standards under this section applicable to light- 
duty vehicles and engines manufactured in model year 1970. 
(B) NITROGEN OXIDES.—The regulations under subsection (a) 
applicable to emissions of nitrogen oxides from light-duty vehicles 
and engines shall contain standards that provide that such emis-
sions from such vehicles and engines may not exceed 1.0 gram per 
vehicle mile. 
(C) REVISION OF STANDARDS.—The Administrator may pro-
mulgate regulations under subsection (a)(1) revising any standard 
prescribed or previously revised under this subsection, as needed 
to protect public health or welfare, taking costs, energy, and safety 
into account. Any revised standard shall require a reduction of 
emissions from the standard that was previously applicable. Any 
such revision under this subdivision may provide for a phase-in of 
the standard. 
(2) MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES.—With any emission standard pro-
mulgated under paragraph (1), the Administrator shall promulgate 
measurement techniques on which the emission standard is based. 
(3) WAIVER.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—On the petition of any manufacturer, the 
Administrator, after notice and opportunity for public hearing, 
may waive the standard required under paragraph (1)(B) to not 
exceed 1.5 grams of nitrogen oxides per vehicle mile for any class 
or category of light-duty vehicles or engines manufactured by the 
manufacturer during any period of up to 4 model years if the 
manufacturer demonstrates that— 
(i) the waiver is necessary to permit the use of an innova-
tive power train technology, or innovative emission control de-
vice or system, in that class or category of vehicles or engines; 
and 
(ii) that technology or system was not utilized by more 
than 1 percent of the light-duty vehicles sold in the United 
States in the 1975 model year. 
(B) DETERMINATIONS.—A waiver under subparagraph (A) may 
be granted only if the Administrator determines that— 
(i) the waiver would not endanger public health; 
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(ii) there is a substantial likelihood that the vehicles or en-
gines will be able to comply with the applicable standard 
under this section on expiration of the waiver; and 
(iii) the technology or system has a potential for long-term 
air quality benefit and has the potential to meet or exceed the 
average fuel economy standard applicable under the Energy 
Policy and Conservation Act (42 U.S.C. 6201 et seq.) on the 
expiration of the waiver. 
(C) LIMITATION.—No waiver under this paragraph granted to 
any manufacturer shall apply to more than the greater of— 
(i) 5 percent of the manufacturer’s production; or 
(ii) 50,000 vehicles or engines. 
(c) NEW POWER SOURCES OR PROPULSION SYSTEMS.—If a new power 
source or propulsion system for new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle en-
gines is submitted for certification pursuant to section 221106(a) of this 
title, the Administrator may postpone certification until the Administrator 
has prescribed standards for any air pollutants emitted by the vehicle or en-
gine that in the Administrator’s judgment cause or contribute to air pollu-
tion that may reasonably be anticipated to endanger the public health or 
welfare but for which standards have not been prescribed under subsection 
(a). 
(d) HIGH ALTITUDE REGULATIONS.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—Any high altitude regulation with respect to 
motor vehicles or engines shall not require a percentage of reduction 
in emissions that is greater than the required percentage of reduction 
in emissions from motor vehicles and engines set forth in subsection 
(b). The percentage reduction shall be determined by comparing any 
proposed high altitude emission standards to high altitude emissions 
from vehicles and engines manufactured during model year 1970. 
(2) DOCKET.—Section 203102(d) of this title shall apply to any high 
altitude regulation under paragraph (1). 
(3) CONSIDERATIONS.—Before promulgating any regulation under 
paragraph (1), the Administrator shall consider and make a finding 
with respect to— 
(A) the economic impact on consumers, individual high altitude 
dealers, and the automobile industry of any such regulation, in-
cluding the economic impact that was experienced as a result of 
the regulation imposed during model year 1977 with respect to 
high altitude certification requirements; 
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(B) the present and future availability of emission control tech-
nology capable of meeting the applicable vehicle and engine emis-
sion requirements without reducing model availability; and 
(C) the likelihood that the adoption of such a high altitude reg-
ulation will result in any significant improvement in air quality in 
any area to which the regulation will apply. 
(4) INAPPLICABILITY OF EARLIER REGULATION.—The high altitude 
regulation in effect with respect to model year 1977 motor vehicles 
shall not apply to the manufacture, distribution, or sale of later model 
year motor vehicles. 
(e) BUSES.—The regulations under subsection (a) applicable to buses 
other than those subject to standards under section 221117 of this title 
shall contain a standard that provides that emissions of particulate matter 
from such buses may not exceed 0.10 grams per brake horsepower hour. 
(f) LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS UP TO 6,000 POUNDS GROSS VEHICLE 
WEIGHT RATING AND LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES; STANDARDS.— 
(1) NONMETHANE HYDROCARBONS, CARBON MONOXIDE, AND NITRO-
GEN OXIDE.—The regulations under subsection (a) applicable to emis-
sions of nonmethane hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen ox-
ides from light-duty trucks of up to 6,000 pounds gross vehicle weight 
rating and light-duty vehicles shall contain standards that provide that 
emissions from 100 percent of each manufacturer’s sales volume of 
light-duty trucks of up to 6,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating and 
light-duty vehicles shall comply with the levels specified in table G. 
TABLE G—EMISSION STANDARDS FOR NMHC, CO, AND NOx FROM LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS OF UP 
TO 6,000 LBS. GVWR AND LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES 
Vehicle type 
Column A 
Column B 
(5 yrs/50,000 mi) 
(10 yrs/100,000 mi) 
NMHC 
CO 
NOx 
NMHC 
CO 
NOx 
LDTs (0–3,750 lbs. LVW) and light-duty vehi-
cles ....................................................................
0.25 
3.4 
0.4*
0.31 
4.2 
0.6* 
LDTs (3,751–5,750 lbs. LVW) ...........................
0.32 
4.4 
0.7** 
0.40 
5.5 
0.97 
Standards are expressed in grams per mile (gpm). 
For standards under column A, for purposes of certification under section 221106 of this title, the appli-
cable useful life shall be 5 years or 50,000 miles (or the equivalent), whichever first occurs. 
For standards under column B, for purposes of certification under section 221106 of this title, the appli-
cable useful life shall be 10 years or 100,000 miles (or the equivalent), whichever first occurs. 
*In the case of diesel-fueled LDTs (0–3,750 LVW) and light-duty vehicles, before model year 2004, in lieu 
of the 0.4 and 0.6 gpm standards for nitrogen oxides, the applicable standards for nitrogen oxides shall be 
1.0 gpm for a useful life of 5 years or 50,000 miles (or the equivalent), whichever first occurs, and 1.25 gpm 
for a useful life of 10 years or 100,000 miles (or the equivalent) whichever first occurs. 
**This standard does not apply to diesel-fueled LDTs (3,751–5,750 lbs. LVW). 
(2) PM STANDARD.—The regulations under subsection (a) applicable 
to emissions of particulate matter from light-duty vehicles and light- 
duty trucks of up to 6,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating shall 
contain standards that provide that such emissions from 100 percent 
of each manufacturer’s sales volume of light-duty vehicles and light- 
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duty trucks of up to 6,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating shall not 
exceed the levels specified in the table below. 
PM STANDARD FOR LDTS OF UP TO 6,000 LBS. GVWR 
Useful life period 
Standard 
5/50,000 .................................................................................................................................
0.08 gpm 
10/100,000 .............................................................................................................................
0.10 gpm 
The applicable useful life, for purposes of certification under section 221106 of this title and for purposes 
of in-use compliance under section 221107 of this title, shall be 5 years or 50,000 miles (or the equivalent), 
whichever first occurs, in the case of the 5/50,000 standard. 
The applicable useful life, for purposes of certification under section 221106 of this title and for purposes 
of in-use compliance under section 221107 of this title, shall be 10 years or 100,000 miles (or the equiva-
lent), whichever first occurs in the case of the 10/100,000 standard. 
(g) LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS OF MORE THAN 6,000 Pounds Gross Vehicle 
Weight Rating.—The regulations under subsection (a) applicable to emis-
sions of nonmethane hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and 
particulate matter from light-duty trucks of more than 6,000 pounds gross 
vehicle weight rating shall contain standards that provide that emissions 
from 100 percent of each manufacturer’s sales volume of light-duty trucks 
of more than 6,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating shall comply with 
the levels specified in table H. 
TABLE H—EMISSION STANDARDS FOR NMHC AND CO FROM GASOLINE-FUELED AND DIESEL- 
FUELED LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS OF MORE THAN 6,000 LBS. GVWR 
LDT Test weight 
Column A 
Column B 
(5 yrs/50,000 mi) 
(11 yrs/120,000 mi) 
NMHC 
CO 
NOx 
NMHC 
CO 
NOx 
PM 
3,751–5,750 lbs. TW .....................................
0.32 
4.4 
0.7* 
0.46 
6.4 
0.98 
0.10 
Over 5,750 lbs. TW .......................................
0.39 
5.0 
1.1* 
0.56 
7.3 
1.53 
0.12 
Standards are expressed in grams per mile (GPM). 
For standards under column A, for purposes of certification under section 221106 of this title, the appli-
cable useful life shall be 5 years or 50,000 miles (or the equivalent), whichever first occurs. 
For standards under column B, for purposes of certification under section 221106 of this title, the appli-
cable useful life shall be 11 years or 120,000 miles (or the equivalent), whichever first occurs. 
*Not applicable to diesel-fueled LDTs. 
(h) PHASE II STUDY FOR CERTAIN LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES AND LIGHT- 
DUTY TRUCKS.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator shall study whether or not 
further reductions in emissions from light-duty vehicles and light-duty 
trucks should be required pursuant to this subdivision. The study shall 
consider whether to establish the standards and useful life period for 
gasoline-fueled and diesel-fueled light-duty vehicles and light-duty 
trucks with a loaded vehicle weight of 3,750 pounds or less specified 
in the following table: 
TABLE 3—PENDING EMISSION STANDARDS FOR GASOLINE-FUELED AND DIESEL-FUELED 
LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS 3,750 LBS. LVW OR LESS 
Pollutant 
Emission level* 
NMHC ......................................................................................................................
0.125 gpm 
NOx ..........................................................................................................................
0.2 gpm 
CO ............................................................................................................................
1.7 gpm 
*Emission levels are expressed in grams per mile (GPM). For vehicles and engines subject to this sub-
section for purposes of subsection (a) and any reference thereto, the useful life of such vehicles and engines 
shall be a period of 10 years or 100,000 miles (or the equivalent), whichever first occurs. 
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