APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD It is thus clear beyond doubt that the Unitcd States Supreme Court has held and holds that to tax the interest on Government bonds is to tax the meaas (James v. Dravo Contracting Co (302 U. S. at p. 153)) by which Government ratses the money with- out which it cannot function, because such tax would not only increase the cost of Government but would inevitably curtail the market for the bonds. The disaster that would be the product of such tax is one that the National Government may not const!- tutionally visit upon the States and their subdivisions—the partners in our govern- mental system as created by the Constitution, CONCLUSION This memorandum ts but a summary of the principles under which a Federal tux upon State and municipal bond interest is un- equivocally unconstitutional An extended study developing these principles and citing other principles supporting the conclusion f unconstitutionality would but be laboring the point, and we have therefore confined the length of our discussion. There ts not a Member of the Congress who would forfeit the existence of his State, his county, his city, town or village. If he were to impose the proposed tax he is on the way of doing just that. He is imperiling the highways, schools, hospitals in his home State and community, the needed fire fight- ing facilities, the public housing develop- ment—all tho essential and enterprising activities of his home Stete, his home city or village. He ts stopping their progress and growth on the day he votes for this tax. For by imposing costs that he knows full well his State and community cannot meet; by taking away the ability of his State, his county, his school district to market their bonds holding out the attraction of freedom from Federal tax on the very modest Interest rate which the purchaser receives, he is dry- ing up the funds of his home State and community without which they cannot con- tinue to progress. The framers of the Constitution recognized that such is the danger in surrender of State power to the National Government, and re- served therein the powers of the States, The courts translated that principle into immu- nity of the States from National taxation which actually and substantially places a burden on the States’ functions. Holding that .mmunity ersential to the tndependence of the States—and the independence of the States the essence of our form of govern- ment-—the courts have to this day held a Federal tax constitutional only when tts impact upon the States is merely conjec- tural and uncertain. They havo held it in- valid and unconstitutional when the impact upon the States would be to hamper them in the exercise of their powers as the vital units in our system of government that they are. “The very nature of our constitutional system of Qual sovereign governments is such as impliedly to prohibit the Fedcral Government from taxing the instrumentall- tie of a State government, and in a similar manner to limit the power of the States to tax the instrumentalities of the Federal Government. . > . » * “s © © yecourse may be had to the reason upon which the rule rests, ° “ “. * * *  {t rests on the conviction that each government, in order that it may administer its affairs within its « wn sphere, must be left free from undue interference by the other, * * * neither government must destroy the other nor curtail in any sub- stantial manner the exercise of its powers.” (Metcal{ & Eddy v. Mitchell (269 U. 8 514, 621, 523).) Dated: March 1, 1951. Respectfully submitted, NATHANIEL L. GOLDSTEIN, Attorney General of the State of New York, Capitol, Albany, N. Y. Galeton, Pa. EXTENSION OF REMARKS ir HON. DANIEL J. FLOOD OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, March 7, 1951 Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the ReEcorD, I include the following letter and article by Ann Fields from Coronet for June 1950: WasHinGton, D. C., February 1, 1951. Hon Danigu J. Fioop. Old House Office Butlding, Washington, D. C. Deark ConGressMAN. Pursuant to our dis- cussion several days ago relative to the pos- sibility of a military or naval installation securing the property of the Galeton Foun- ary Co May I suggest that you use your good offices in influencing the authorities in either leas- ing or purchasing this property. During the last war the Department of the Army used the Lyman Run CCC camp which ts 17 mules from Galeton as a prisoner-of-war camp and the prisoners cut chemical wood for the Susquehanna Chemical Co at Rou- lette, Potter County Potter County has the largest acrernge of Stute forest lands in Pennsylvania The General State Authority of the Com- monwealth of Pennsylvania recently com- pleted the construction of a millien dollar recreational lake near the old Lyman Run Civihan Conservation Corps camp which buildings are still in good condition Dur- ing the depression we had eight CCC camps in Potter County. It appeals to me that the Galeton area would be a fine location for an Army installation or convalescent camp as we have land, pure mountain air and water, finest hunting and fishing in the eastern part of the United States. We also have a need tor these facilities as our foundry closed in Octuber 1949, laying off 1650 male employees, and some are on the relfef rolls and others are drawing unemployment com pensation. This would give employment and purchasing power in an area which is cer- tainly in need of consideration at the earli- est date possible. I refer you to the June, 1950 edition of the Coronct muapazine which clearly indicates what the people of “Galeton, the Friendly Town” have gone through and what they have accomplished, and that they are still determined to go forward I feel confident that Potter County can contribute a great deal toward the defense effort, and may I also suggest that the proper authorities ftuvestigate the possibilities of developing this area as it has a great deal to offer. With best wishes and kindest personal regards, Iam, Sincerely yours, MIKE CRosETTO, Owner and Publisher, the Leader- Dispatch, Galeton, Pa, ForTuNE SMILES ON “FRIENDLY TowN” (By Ann Fields) As the little one-coach train puffed along the lonesome wishbone of track skirting the Allegheny Mountains, a happy chorus of children sang: “Back to Galeton—we're going back to Gnieton.” The children were from the sweltering streets of New York City’s lower East Side, which they were leaving behind to become the summer guests of strange mothers and fathers tn the heroic little town of Gale- ton, Pa, A1263 When the train came to a halt in the heart of Galeton, half the population was on hand to meet the children. There were hugs and gay shouts as each youngster hunted the mother whose name was writ- ten on the card pinned to shirt or blouse. And anxious Galeton mothers, taking a child for the first time, eagerly read tags to find the boy or girl assigned to them. The children were representative of the great metropolitan melting pot-—Protestant, Catholic, Jew—of French, Spanish, German, and Italian descent—for the mothers of Galeton play no favorites. They simply say’ “Send me a child.” And now here were the children, happy, carefrce—thinking only of the sunlight and the fishing, the green yards and miles of forests. They could not know, nor would they know, that thelr coming meant genuine sacrifice on the part of tho Httle town. For the people of Galeton have been hit by almost every possible disaster Destroyed three times by fire, washed out by floods, their giant lumber and tanning industries closed, they have wetched their population shrink irom 4,100 to a mere 1,800. And yet, they have refused to admit defeat Schooled by hardship and solitude, the people of the near ghost town have learned a philosophy of living that is unique in our time. It has become a Kind of folk-religion with them to think of others No one can be a stranger in Galeton, and the atmosphere of friendly peace and happy living has made it a second spiritual home to: the so-called tenement kids. The children are guests of the fresh-air fund, a program sponsored by the New York Herald Tribune to give vacations to city children who can't afford them ‘The fund pays train fare, and the homes into which they go tuke care of their meals and recrea- tion Spenking of the town and ita people, one of the executives of the fund summed it up: “You might say the people of Galeton are sharing what they have with magnificent pride—Gud bless them ” To the children assigned to Galeton, it ts a dream town Tucked in a green valley of eastern. Potter County, it is hemmed tn by two chains of the Allerhenies. Fickle Pine Creek, sometimes rambling, sometimes boisterously rushing, divides the town in two. Deer roam in herds, fox and porcupine scurry through the brush, and streams are abundant with fish, Into this paradise come the children from Manhattan, many of whoia heve never even seen a live cow or chicken. Wonderful things happen to them, and to their summer par- ents as well. For example, Nttle Ann, an Italian child, was takon into the home of Danny de! Grasso. Danny, survivor of 0 wartime torpedeinr, had had 5 years of military service when, with his wife and a pension, he came back to the quiet and peace of hs mountain town. The Del Grassos fell in love with little Ann, kept her all surnmer, and visited her later in New York Next year they brought her back, along with her brother, and had the mother and father and one other child as visitors fur a week. Little Marilyn, uge 11, almost didn't mare it to Galeton, which she now considers would have been high travedy. Mr. and Mrs. Nick Hitzcll live in the factory section where houses are old and many unpainted Nick Hitzell works in a small factory that makes powdered milk. They have two childen of their own, and thelr worry was that a city child might be disappointed with their sim- ple way of living. There was no need to worry Little Mar- flyn took one look at the spreading lawn, the huge trees and the stream running by the door, and gave a delighted, whoops! The man who started Galeton on its happy career ts the Rev Robert 8 Cocks, minister
A1264 of the Presbyterian Church. The Rev. Mr. Cocks had been active in the work of the fresh air fund during a pastorate in New York, and when he cume to Galeton he in- vited his congregation and other churches to participate. He was astounded at the whole- hearted response Eight churches (includ- ing three from nearby communities) came in, as well as all civic organizations. The minister himself took four robust boys ranging in age from 8 to 11. He cooked for them, took them hunting, fishing, and swimming, and trained them to help him with bachelor housekeeping. “They ate me out of house and home,” he says, “putting on weight even with my cooking. I don't know which of us loved tt most " Since one of the boys was a Catholic, the Reverend Mr, Cocks took him to mass on Sun- day morning. Then the lad looked after the house while the minister preached his own 11 o'clock sermon. The Galeton hosts are all plain working people, but there is no lack of entertuin- ment for the children. Every day is full of magic for them. Everybody wants to en- tertain them—and does. And they give the children the time of their lives. The favorite treat 1s what is called “put- ting the deer to bed" Each night, cars loaded with children drive out of town and, as the caravan creeps along, spotlights play on fields and hillsides where hundreds of doer grave unconcernedly, ignoring the pro- cession Unintentionally, the youngsters have been & means of focusing attention on the plucky town and its hard-luck history. Back in 1885, the Galeton section was the largest hemlock and pine emplre in the world, Into this timber bonanza moved the Goodyear brothers, Frank and Charles, buying an 80,- QO0-acre tract. Then the combine ripped through the hills, cutting 50,000,000 feet of timber annually, tearing the bark from the great trees to feed the tanneries and leaving the trunks to rot on the ground. More and more men wele needed as faster and faster went the saws Glant tanneries eprang up. A horde of itinerant workers moved in The railroad yards alone had a crew of 700 men, with up to 10 trains a day pulling out, loaded with Galeton's lumber gold More homes were needed and built A raucous, rowdy, robust town replaced a placid village Liquor flowed, guns barked, gam- bling houses ran round the clock Then, through the ghost of the once- green forest, swept a flre which blotted out flmost the entire business section and hun- dreds of homes. Patiently, Galeton set about rebuilding But the tire came again in 1899, and still a third time in 1916, and destroyed all of Main Street Then, one duy 1n 1920, the boom was over, The raped hills were barren areas, and the timber barons and the floating population moved on In the years that followed, little Galeton really knew hard times. There were no jobs, no industries, But the faithtul people stuck it out. In 1942, nature struck the hapless town again, This time a raging flood tore through Fine Creek Railroad tracks were ripped apart, homes were uprooted, farms destroyed, and the people fled to the hills lor their lives. A second flood came in 1946. When it was all over Galeton was shut off, tsolated from the world No railroad remained to take them out or bring the world in. The once-teeming car barns and sheds were empty. No one cared whether a train ran to Galeton or not. But the people cared. A meeting was called of local businessmen, fur in the heart of the town were several large railroad build- ings, now unused, which could be turned jnto a foundry. A committee was appointed to contact the Lennox Furnace Co, which needed additional soundry capacity, and per- suade them to open a branch in Galeton. Finally, the munager agreed, provided the people of Galeton would put up $15,000 to help get the buildings back in order and show good tfalth In the new industry The hard- pressed Ilttle town subscribed not 816,000, but $50,000, and the Lennox foundry has been a lifesaver, employing 250 men The people of Galeton now hope that United States Highway No 6, which was once an impersonal “hurry road” through their town, will soon be clogged with vacationers from Washington, New York, and Philadel- phia, who seek peace in the woods and hills. Meanwhile, the local streets are filled with smeared jerscys and sun-tanned legs as 44 Jaughing, happy children mingle with Gale- ton’s own The struggles of the people along the creek and their wholehearted sharing among them- selves and with others have become a part of everyday ving Their reward, they feel, came in the words of a litte girl who had spent two summers with them As she tear- fully boarded the train for New York, she suid “If I can't come back here, I don't ever want to go any place” Shipment of Rubber to Communist China EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF HON. WILLIAM LANGER OF NORTH DAKOTA IN THE SENATY OF THE UNITED STATES Wednesday, March 7 (legislative day of Monday, January 29), 1951 Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, in con- nection with the remarks made yester- day by the distinguished senior Senator from California |[Mr. KNow.anp], in which he stated he had just received an article from a paper published in Hong Kong, I ask unanimous consent that there be printed 1n the Appendix of the Recorp an article which appeared in the Fargo (N, Dak.) Forum nearly 1 week before the Senator's remarks yesterday. The article is entitled ‘The British At- titude Hard to Understand " I also ask to have piinted an article entitled ‘‘United States Slaps New Ban on Use of Rubber,” which appeared re- cently in the press. T call attention to the fact that the article in the Forum states that ‘'10,000 tons of rubber are on the high seas en route to Communist China from British Singapore.” It is also stated that “Brit- ish woolen goods exports to Red China shot up from $2,000 in December 1949, to $300,000 in December 1950.” There being no objection, the articles were ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: {From the Fargo (N Dak) Forum] Tur Brivish ATTITUD® Harp To UNDERSTAND It is difficult to understand the British Government's policy in respect to shipments ot goods and materials to Red China. Here is a story from the London bureau of the Baltimore Sun: “Ten thousand tonsa of rubber are on the high seas en route to Communist China from British Singapore, and the British Govern- ment says it has at present no intention of stopping the shipment. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD “The ubber valued at more than 69,800,- 000—is being carried in two ships” Then we read this from another source: “British woolen goocs exports to Red China shot up from 82,000 in December 1949, to £300,000 in December 1950 And in the same related periods, British shipments of assorted machinery, also vehicles of various kinds, rose from a few thousand dollars to hundreds of thousunds” UNItTrp Srates SLavs New BAN ON Ust oF RUBBER Wasuinaton, D. C—The Government Monday banned or Hmited use of natural rubber in more than 46,000 civilian products, ranging from inner tubes to talstes. The order is to be effective March 1, The order, which will he issued formally by the national production authority (NPA) in a day or two, buns use of natural rubber in sume items and limits It severely in others. Sporting goods are hard hit. Officlals said the order will not mean any cut in over-all production of rubber goods since synthevic rubber may be used wherever the use of natural rubber is banned, An tverage of only 15 percent natural rub- ber was allowed for the production of most small and medium-sized automobile tires, but those over 710 inches can be made with 22 percent. Natural rubber use in heavy duty truck tires ranged up to 92 percent and to 100 per- cent in airplane tires. No natural rubber will he permitted in passenger car and Nght truck tire tubes. Smaller auto tires now are being made with 25 percent natural rubber, while larger passenger car tires are manufactured with 35 percent Present Hmitutions on the tire in- dustry permit auto tlres with 35 percent nat- ural rubber. NPA said none of the restrictions will af- fect the appeurance, performance or safety of the rubber items, adding that about 300 rub- ber industry officials helped drait the order NPA said the order is aimed at holding elvilian consumption of natural rubber to 25,000 tons a month. It averaged slightly higher than that this month and last. There was speculation that the action might be followed by an order cutting auto tire prices because of the mandatory reduc- tion in the use of more expensive natural rubber. The Federal Tax Structure EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. EDWARD MARTIN OF PFNNSYI VANIA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Wednesday, March 7 (legrslative day of Monday, January 29), 1951 Mr. MARTIN. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp an editorial entitled “Bewilderinge Tax Structure Needs an Overhauling,” which appeared in the Philadelphia Inquirer on March 4 last. There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: BEWILDERING Tax STRUCTURE NEEDS AN OVERHAULING Next to military defenses and safeguards against inflation, this country badly needs simplification of its entire hodgepodge tax structure, Federal, State and local. Not only are taxes reaching staggering proportions, they are so many and so com-
APPENDIY TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD plex that we doubt Dr. Einstein, even with the aid of a mechanical brain, could keep track of them. Everybody knows that, in addition to in- come taxes, corporation taxes, sales taxes, property taxes, school taxes, and so on, there are hundreds of hidden taxes on practically everything we eat, wear, and use. But that's not all. According to a study by the Tax Foundation, New York, and printed in its magazine, Tax Outlook, many States, searching high and low for new revenue, havo taxes based on trades, occupa- tions, foods, and manufacturer For in- stance, Virginia has an apple excise tux; Colorado, a tax on bedding manulactures; Idaho, a beans excise; Maine, wu blueberry tax, Texas and Maine, a tax on bank-night awards; and Florida and Vermont, a tax on copyrighted music. In addition Massachusetts taxes enter- tainment on Lord’s day; Delaware has a feed dealers’ tax; Indiana, a tax on fertilizer inspection; Oregon, a hop inspection tax; Georgia, a tax on mattress inspection; Kan- sas, a quail tax; and California, o tax on up- holstered furniture. These are only a few samples And the United States Government, the State, and the municipalities are always on the alert for something else to tax With Federal taxes soaring, Pennsylvania and Philadelphia, among other States and cities, are on the hunt tor new taxable items. Congress and State and local governments should make a vigorous attempt, not only to cut out extravagance, but to revise and sim- phfy their taxes to take a little of the pres- ent worry off confused and weary taxpayers, Certainly not only the total cost but the bewlldering multiplicity of seen and unseen taxes is a rank injustice to the millions of Americans who want to be good citizens but are being driven crazy by complex, often overlapping, tax demands on their hard- earned pay. Address by Hon. Alexander Wiley, of Wisconsin, Before Wisconsin Builders’ Association EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. ALEXANDER WILEY OF WISCONSIN IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Wednesday, March 7 (legislative day of Monday, January 29), 1951 Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, on Mon- day, March 5, it was my pleasure to ad- dress a joint conference of the Wisconsin Builders’ Association and the Madison Builders’ Association on the theme Building America’s Values. TI ask unani- mous consent that there be printed in the Appendix of the Recorp the text of my address. There being no objection, the address was ordered to be printed in the REcorp, as follows: Bui.pIna AMERICA’S FUTURE (Address by Senator ALEXANDER WILEY, Re- publican of Wisconsin, before Wisconsin Builders’ Assoctation, Madison, Wis., Mon- day, March 5, 1951) It is a great privilege to be back in the capital of our State to address this important gathering of leaders in the fleld of construc- tion. Certainly there are few more inspiring themes than that of “building” Yes, I know that you gentlemen who have put on the XCVII—App.——80 landscape thousands and thousands of splendid structures—that you get a tremen- dous sense of satisfaction when you look f&bout your community and see the buildings which you have developed from the drafting board to the foundation. Today, our entire country is building in a new way—bullding the bulwurks not only of our own defense, but of the defense of westorn civilization. BUILDING AMERICA’S VALUES Speaking to you, therefore, as bullders, may I say that what we need is more men with the building concept and Jess with the “tearing down” iden In other words, what we need to do is build up the great values which have charactetized the American scene Of course, you and I know that there are times when the only way to put up a new structure is to texr down an obsolete old one, But you have to be mighty sure that you are not tearing down something far more beneficial than what you are building up Durlng the 1930's this country spawned a great number of fuzzy-minded people— some supposedly well-educated= -who wante ed to tear down the structure of Amer- ican society, to tear down the fice-enterprise system, to tear down the constitutional sys- tem They wanted to replace it with some such structure as that of the Soviet Union, a structure which is nothing but a new disguise for the old iden of human slavery, n structure based on the fanatic iden that man fs # materialistic brute who must be contiolled and who must be dictated to in every single essential of his life, THE T:ARERS-DOWN INSIDE GOVERNMENT The result of this spawning of the ‘‘tearer- downers” is shown In the headlines of 1951, More and more instances are coming to light where these wrong-minded individuals got key positions in the Government and proceeded to tear down from within Today, a subcommittee of our Senate Judi- clary Committee 1s making a complete in- Vveptigution of these tearer-downers and the extent to which the Department of Justice has interpreted or misinterpreted the anti- subveisive law which we in the Congress enacted. TiOW AMERICA CAN BE TORN DOWN You and I know that there are inany ways by which an uidividual can tear down. He can tear down by spreading hatied amonp his friends, neighbors, business associates, and acquaintances-—hatred between classes, religions, races, regions, He can tear down by constantly expressing a philosophy of gloom, fear, pessimism, and anxtety. He can tear down by actively becoming a seditionist, The only ways to combat such an individ= ual is by the public light of exposure and by the healing forces of truth. IME ONF BASIC ISSUE OF OUR TIME And, speaking of public Mpht, let us re- member that we in Washington have been working on bringing before the public atten- tion the crucial tseues tavolved in the shap- ing of America’s future foreign policy. I belleve that the discussion which hus been held on the Wherry resolution has been tremendously constructive to the future of our Nation. Now, my friends, there are many aspects of your own bullding situation that you and I could discuss—for example, the newly re- quired licensing of commercial construction, the tightening’ of building credit restric- tions, and a great number of other regula- tions which have recently been enacted by Washington officialdom, All are worthy of your study and mine. And, yet you and I know that there is only one real crucial issue in our time, and that is this issue of war or peace, survival or destruction, free- dom or slavery. And so with your kind per- mission, I should like to devote these thoughts to this great issue, A1265 USING BEST POINTS OF KACH VIEWPOINT Iam not one of those who feels that there is @ monopoly of truth on any side of this great discussion. I belleve that each of the differing viewpoints which has been 6x- pressed most prominently by former Prest- dent Hoover, by Senator Tarr, by Senator Wuerry, by Senator ConNAuiy, etc ~ that each of these viewpoints has sume clement of truth and justice, and that what we ought to do is distill from all of these various idens a basic policy statement which will clarify the issue and serve to unite—not divide—the American people POINTS OF AGREEMENT ON FOREIGN POLICY There ts a tremendous amount of agrec- ment among these various approaches, just us there is considernble disayreement. Let us not forget therefore, these points on which practically every one ts xgreed’ 1 Russian communism does present a& menace to the American way of Ife The world 18 80 contracted that every nation is in every other nation’s buckyard. 2 America has no alternative but to build up her defenses so that she is second to none j> the world, particularly in air force and naval power. 3 America cannot hope to match the mars land armies of the Soviet Union, 4 America must not allow herself to be sucked into another Korea-like trap in which we ore bled !n a costly venture which can- not possibly achieve completo success 5. The only way that unity can be attained is by having the President consult with the Congress as #& full partner. PRESIDENT DOFS HAVE WIDE INHERENT POWERS 6 The President already has sufficient au- thority to station occupation foress abroad, and as # matter of fact over 100,000 Ameri- cans are now located in Germany and Austria 7 The President already, moreover, has sufficient authority to deploy United States Naval and Air Forces abroad in order to maintain an outlying ring of bases for the detense of our country, and, yes, if need be, for possible offensive operations and he has done ao and is so doing. What, then, is in dispute if practically all of these points are in complete unanimity? IT 18 CONGRESS WHICH SHOULD IMPLEMENT PACT Well, for one thing there is a dispute as to whether or not the President has inherent power to decide independently to contribute American troops to an international land army Involved in this question is whether or not the North Atlantic Pact i self-executing or whether it requires congressional act for im- plementation I personally feel that there is a moral obligation that Congress should determine the policy tn relation to imple- menting the Atlantic Pact with ground troops My basic conviction on the matter is that the Congress and the President must try to come (yo agreement on the basic essentials of defense of Western Europe This mukes tt absolutely necessary that the President con- sult. with the Congress in the actual formu- lation of policy, By consultation I do not mean merely reporting to the Congress after a decision has been made. Cungress repre- senis the people. It must never and will, I trust, never become a mere rubber stamp of the Chief Executive. UNITED STATES’ OWN DEFENSE 18 PARAMOUNT Now, my friends, practically no one has urged that America send an unlimited num- ber of troops abroad. I for one, of course, have completely rejected any such proposal, Obviously we cannot send so many troops abroad as to: (a) Strip our own continental defenses of essential munpower. (b) Give Europe the notion that Uncle Sam all by himself is going to defend it, and
Al266 the European countries need do little, if anything, in thelr own behalf. AMERICA MUST PROVIDE WORLD LEADERSHIP But I have said it before, my friends, and I think that it is urgent that I repeat it, that there can be no retreating from history. Whether we like it or not, there is simply one country in the remaining free world which 1s the hope of mankind, and that country 1s, of course, the United States. We cannot and will not retreat from our miiltary, political, and spiritual obligations. When a tremendous fire is blazing in your town or mine it 1s up to the fire chief to lead his men in putting out that flre This does not mean thst the fire chief should try to do the job all alone, or, for that matter, that he should sit back in the fire house to see if his men can do the job all by them- selves. It should be the role of the leader to be right on the scene, to coordinate, to encour- ago and to give the benefit of his experience and know-how. But yes, if necessary, he must be ready to man a hose himself. How- ever, the whole fire department has to work together as a team, The members of the fire- fighting forces cannot start to argue who has the right to use the hose in putting out the fire. In other words, my friends, I do not think that it is thme tor the Congress or the Presi- dent to knock each other out in a dispute ag to who has the power to do what. Teamwork is essential regardless of who has the power. PEOPLE HAVE LOST CONFIDENCE IN ADMINISTRATION Now I personally feel that much of the present foreign-policy dispute would have been avoided if there had been justified a greater contidence on the part of the Ameri- can people in the present administration TI fcel that this administration has lost much ot the confidence ol the people, largely due to its own mistakes. It made an agreement as to occupied Berlin, for example, but failed to even provide a cow path to it. It nalvely gave Joseph Stulin pretty much what he wanted in Europe and Asia, and never sought & concession in return. It negotiated with him in a series of secret agreements on the silly idea that Stalin was a right-good fellow who would kevp his bargain. And the ad- ministration committed a great number of other blunders. I say that wholly aside from partisan dtifcrences It 1s small wonder, therefore, that the American people are so disturbed and con- cerned about their future. Naturally, too, when with each day’a newspapers, we read more and more reports of casualties of our boys in Korea, there isn't any Amcrican who does not wince at the thought of these young smiling faces, fallen in combat on the frozen battlefields of that far-off peninsula. There isn't any single American who does not seek jn his inward heart for a wav thut will pre- vent the further spilling of blood. ALLIED WEAIXNESS INVITES WAR But, my friends, tn this present period, weakness and timidity will definitely not pre- vent a further spilling of blood. On the con- trary, strength and strength alone-—moral Strength ond physical strength—are neces- gary for this present critical hour. When there is a pyromania—a fire maniac (like a tanatic Communist) free in town, the only thing that will deter him ts the presence of a lot of cops on the beat, If he doesn't see any cops on the scene while he is roaming the streets, there is more likelihood that he will proceed to set fires. I!, however, he sees practically every corner patrolled by a well-armed policeman and backed by an alert and intelligent citizenry, that fire maniac will think twice before he sets fires. PRESENCE OF UNITED STATES TROOPS WILL HELP PREVENT WAR So the basic question over this European tioop resolution boils down to whether or not the cops should go on the beat before the fire has started or whether they should go after the fire has started. It is my personal feeling that the presence of a small number of American troops will prevent the fire from breaking out in the first place. We cannot and should not contribute a completely disproportionate number of United States troops as we have in Korea. It is only stating a fact that I point out to you that it is American boys by and large who have one the bleeding and dying on that battle front. This lopsided situation must not happen again. We are willing to carry our fair share of the load, but we are not willing to carry the entire brunt all by oure selves. YOUR LETTERS ARE WELCOME I receive a tremendous amount of mail from Wisconsin on both sides of this prob- lem. I welcome all expressions which come to me, whether or not they agree with my own views. I earnestly consider the views of my constituents. All I ask of them is that they, in turn, consider the fact that by colleagues and I are trying to arrive at an honest, sound decision which will accord with the best interests of our own American people first and foremost. We recognize that any policy which ig harmful to America is in the long run harm. ful to the world. We recognize that any policy which strengthens America strength- ens the foundation of freedom in the world, PREVENTING RUINING OF A DOLLAR In the final few moments, I should like to turn to the subject of economic strength and leadership just as I have already spoken of military und political leadership We recognize that a solvent America Is absolutely necessary if she is to meet her challenges. That is why I have repeatedly suggested on the Senate floor, and it is why I will continue to suggest certain actions desijned to save the taxpayers’ money and prevent further inflation. I know that there isn’t a man or woman in this audience tonight who is not con- cerned about the continued ruinous depre- ciation of the dollar, We all realize that the 100-cent dollar has become a 40-cent dollar, Why? Well, in part, due to spendthrift poll- cies of Government which have resulted in more and more cheap printing-press money. Now what are we going to do about it? I have made four suggestions: 1, The armed services procurement pro- gram must be tightened so that every single dollar provided to our Army, Navy, and Air Forces, gets 100-cents in value. There must be greater coordination among the procure- ment agencies, and our military services must recognize that while we will eagerly give them every penny that is nocessary, this is not an excuse for extravagance or wastefulness on their part. 2. A second way of securing economy is by postponement of all proposed projects not absolutely essential right now to the na- tional defense. You know, my friends, when & country is in a crisis, it is no time to be indulging in luxury pursuits. WE NEED EFFICIENCY EXPERTS IN AGENCIES 3 A third suggestion that I have made is that Congress set up efficiency committees which will actually check into every Govern- ment arency on excess manpower, excess functions, etc. We know that Senator Byrp's Joint Committee on Reduction of Nones- sential Expenditures has done a fine job; but what we need is an actual pool of trained efiictency experte—men such as those whom you would hire to look into your own com- pany to learn how to save money in very specific ways. I shan follow through on this matter of setting up such efficiency committees in order to put the agencies on their notice that the Congress is ready, willing, and able to cut down on unnecessary appropriatious, APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD 4. Still another approach for saving money is by utilization of the latest technical weap- ons which will make unnecessary any at- tempt at having, for example, a hundred divisions or any such unsound total. In other words, if we can tap the technical genius of American industry by turning out superplanes and other essential new weap- ons, guided missiles, etc.—if we can do that— we will help assure defense without attempt- ing to match Russia's mass land power. Now, my friends, these are but four ways by which we can achieve this great economy objective. The sum and substance of what we are aiming at is that we balance the budget by pay-as-you-go financing and by cutting out all unessential items. The net effect to you and to me and to the man in the street is that we will protect the value of the dollar, which means the purchasing power that is available to every American family. CONTINUED RELIANCE ON DIVINE PROVIDENCE May I conclude now on a note which I believe is appropriate to this solemn hour in American history On another occasion, at the establishment of this Republic, the founding fathers of this great Nation ex- pressed in no fewer than four specific ref- erences in the Declaration of Independence our universal dependence on God. May I, therefore, recall to you these references which T think can guide us today as they guided the patriots of 1776: 1. In the first sentence, the authors of this great charter of our freedom wrote: “To which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them.” 2. Then in the second sentence, they wrote: ‘That all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with cer- tain inalienable rights." 3 Then in the next to the last sentence: “Appenling to the Supreme Judge of the world,” 4. Then finally, my friends, the authors of the Declaration of Independence wrote in the final sentence’ “With a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence.” With that same firm reliance today, with that same faith which we are told moves mountains, I know that America will be ade- quate to the challenges o1 this challenging hour. Thank you. The Key to Peace EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. WILLIAM LANGER OF NORTH DAKOTA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Wednesday, March 7 (legislative day of Monday, January 29), 1951 Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have inserted in the Appendix of the Recorp an article signed by a clergyman dealing with a book entitled “The Key to Peace.” The article is entitled “Superficial Book,” and appeared in the Washington Daily News, There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: SUPERFICIAL Book (Under the above title, the National Cath- Olic Welfare Council here hag released the following review of a book called Key to Peace, by Clarence Manion, Notre Dame's law dean. The assistant director of the social action department of NCWC says the book may insult our allies and “is likely to do a lot of harm.” The book 1s currently being serialized by the Times-Herald.)
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD (By Rev. George C Higgins, assistant di- rector, social action department, NCWC ) Clarence Manion, dean of the law school at the University of Notre Dame, recently pubhshed a book entitled “The Key to Peace,” which has aroused 4 degree of public interest out of all proportion to its length and im- portance, One reviewer-—~Walter Trohan, well known correspondent for the Chicago Tribune - refers to it unqualifiedly as ‘‘the finest pulitico-spiritual study of America I know” “Il read it twice in one night,” he says, “have returned to it many times, and ex- pect to do so as far in the future as my road may go” Others have praised it just as highly. LIKELY TO DO HARM Under the circumstances, therefore, {t 1s more than a little embarrassing for the pres- ent writer to be among the first to sound a sour note and suggest that The Key to Peace is a very superficial book Our discomfiture is all the greater in view of the fact that the book is obviously well-ine tentioned and so deeply spiritual and reli- gious in tone Nevertheless, we cannot help but think that it's likely to do a lot of harm, particularly if it falls into the hands of our beleaguered allies In the strupygle for international peace The free nations of the world are likely to be msulted—as they have a right to be--by tts exagperated “Ameri- canis” and its all too conspicuous cone tempt for ‘Eulopeanism,” whatever that may be. IMPLIFD INDICTMFNT Inasmuch a5 Manion tb a Celtic name, the present wriler—a tellow immigrant, two generations remo.¢ed-—1s particulany bewtl- deed by the author's implicit indictment of the Republic of Ireland In Mammon says, by obvious implication 4{f not im ko many words, that the Govern- ment of the Republic of Ireland (and of aU other nations on God's green earth, with the sole exception of the United States of America) holds to “the proposition that Government once installed is unlimited in its power over its subjects ” Flis thesis is that “Americanism offers the only valid formula for the ultimate achleve- ment" of the ideal of buman brothehoacd The “genuine and really precious dinamonds of human eivilization,” he says, are to be frund “only in this-- the United States ot America” It is unfortunate, he adds, that “every political system in the un-American world uffiaally and categorically demies the saercdness of bomen personality ” If this means anything at all, it means that Ireland (among other countries) is either actually or potentially a totalitarian dictatorship Dr. Manion's definition of “Americanism” is a muxture of fact and personal opinion — I, for one, couldn't possibly aceept it as it stunds, any more than 1 could possibly go along with the following reneralization from an address he delivered on February & betore the First Friday Club of Detrolt. “For a quarter of a century many influen- tial people in America have flirted coyly with Soctallst-Communuist economics, Sociahst- Communist secivlogy and Soctalist-Commu- nist materialism in general, The flirtation becumes an outright scandalous association in many, if not most, of our schovle and col- leges, and from them it invaded our poli# tics * * *” “Most of our schools and colleges,” tn other words, are teaching Soctalist-Communist economics and Socialist-Communist soct- ology. We simply don't believe it And we don't think Dr Munion can prove it Or as tho Latin motto puts it very bluntly: “What is freely asserted can be ‘ust as freely denied ” But Dr Manion's definition of “American- ism” is beside the point Sois mine Ameri- cans can agree to disagree, amicably and aincerely, about this and similar issues— such as the extent of Soclalist-Communist teaching tn our schools and collegea--as long Aas the argument is kept within the family. On the other hand, fiowever—unless we have completely misundetstuod the meaning Of this morni1g’s headlines—- Americans can ill afford to go around insulting the honor of all the other free nations of the world by condemning the whole kaboodle of them (in- cluding Ireland, I insist) as totalitarian dic. tatorships The United States or America is a wonderful place in which to live, but it's probably not as good as Manion says it is, nor are the other free nations of the world (including Ireland) quite as bad. BRITISH SOCIALISM Take the case of British socialism as an example Ir Manion writes it off in sweep- ing generalizations us a “totalitarian” sys- tem of government--communism on A slow train Tho professo: is entitled to his own opinion, of course, and is unquestionably on solid ground in his opposition to unneccs~ sary governmontil intervention in the field of economics Let us not forget, however, that there is another side to the picture of British so- cialism, Our information is that approximately 75 percent ot British Catholics voluntarily vote the Labor ticcet ard that the bishops of Englund have publicly and offically ruled that Catholics are free to belong to the Labor Perty if they so desire J mysel! hap- pen to know a lot of British priests who belong to tt That doesn't mean, of course, that British sociulism is better than Americanism, nor dees it menn thal the bishops and the Cath- ouc clergy wad Jalty of Enpland are coms pletely satisfied with the program of the labor Party It does seein to mean, how- ever, that the bishops of England--unlike Dr, Manion—have not yet decided that the pro- giam of the British Labot Party is totali- turlan. It'ink the rert of us cun afford to be ag tolerant as the bishops. Breck the Inflation Stalemate EXTENSION OF REMARKS EON. EUBERT H. HUMPHREY OF MINNPSOTA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED : TATES Wednesday, March 7 Cemslative day of Monday, January 29), 1951 Mr HUMPIIRFY. Mr President, in the February 28, 191, issue of the Christian Science Monitor there ap- peared an editorial which merits con- sideration by Congress. Therefore, I ask unanimous consent to have it printed in the Appendix of the Recorp. There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the Recorb, as follows: BREAK THE INFLATION STALEMATE Few fires would be put out !f firemen stopped to argue who should make the first move or take the grenter risks in tackling a blaze But isn’t that about what America’s anti-inflation firemen are doing today? Everybody is against inflation, but vir- tually every economic and political group 4s holding back, insisting that somebody else make the first move to halt it. The stale- mate between those who seek price rises and those who press for wage increases is bad enough. But on the governmental front the deadlock between the economy- first advocates and the taxes-first school is A1267 even more harmful. For it is delaying teamwork between the executive and legis- lative branches on the essential steps to deal with the causes rather than the symptoms of inflation. The basic hope Js for measures to siphon off the pressure of excess buying power. Three principal steps hold promise. Higher taxes, curbs on credit, and mesures to cn- courage saving. Congress is directly respon- sible for the delay in taxes. The people should make it clear that they prefer to pay iair taxes rather than tribute to the cruel caprices of inflation, Congress finds an excuse ff not a reason for delay on taxes in the failure of the exccu- tive bianch to move more resolutely against inflation. Many Congressmen have declared that they will not vote taxes until assured that nondefense spending will be cut. They were outiaged by the President's inclusion of costly social welfare projects in the budget. There must be economy. If the Govern- ment is going to ask citizens to tighten their belts, it must show a willingness to do some reducing itself Those shiny new social ex- periments should be laid on the shelf; sav- ings that will not destroy efficiency can and should be squeezed frum all Government cost»—Ineluding those for detense, This is not Wholly up to the President. Congress can cut the budget. 1t can revise legislution in which It has given expensive favors to special-interest groups. It cun move to tishten credit. But President Truman might well take the lend He could offer to diop the fancy non- detense spending from the budget. He could more urgently drive for economies in the executive departments He has now ap- pointed wu committee to study additional ways to curb credit through the Federal Reserve Board He could give more positive support to such measures even at the risk of soine damucse to the Government's market for bonds He could more resolutely back price and wage controls—even where they pinch politically powerlul groups. such leadership would leave Congress with no sbhudow of excuse for slacking in the fight fgaist inflation It could not long hold back and dodve the voting of higher taxes, Mr Truman has chosen able men for tho Office of Defense Mobilization We expect a good job on the production and controls ends of the problem But their efforts can he largely nuJiified unloss the President and Congress act vigorously to tike off the jufla- tou pressures through taxes, credit: curbs, and the promotion of saving. Unless the Government soon shows renal determination to take these hasic mensures against inflation the public will continue to try to buy ahead of ising prices-- and thereby push them up ano.her notch Bat once the executive and legislative branches display even a firm intention of stopping Inflation much of this prescure will subside, Let the fire chief lead the way, and the fire men Will have to stop arguing about whether economy should po helore taxes or taxes before economy Tackling the fire as a Leam, they cun put it out, Grain and Food Prices EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. WILLIAM LANGER OF NORTIT DAKOTA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Wednesday, March 7 (legislative day of Monday, January 29), 1951 Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in
A1268 the Appendix of the Recorn, a letter I have received from Peter Weinhardt, of Glen Ullin, N. Dak., dealing with the sub- ject of grain and food prices. There being no objection, the letter was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: Cien Uciin, N Dak, March 3, 1951. Hon Wr uam LANGER, Senate Office Building. Washington, D C. Drar Str We rence so much about a set price on wheat in parity of other goods You know that wheat is selling for $213 today. How can we pay all the taxes forced upon us, and for the high-priced machinery, One three-bottom plow costs $390, a 10-foot drill between 8800 and $900, a 10-foot self- propelled combine 85,000, and every other item fs out of Mne with our commoditics In 1943 I purchased a 9-4-foot press drill lor $316. Wheat sold around $1.54; now wheat ts a little over 82 and the drill 8800. Why do we have to go broke under a monop- olized system; under a free people Constitu- tion? We huve no free bargaining; the prices are all the same wherever we go What about the antitrust law passed In 1914, I believe? The larger a company or owner gets, the worse we common people are off, because they control the prices by money power. I want to let you know honestiy that we farmers cannot exist under this tax and profiteering system One croup failure, and the farmer has to mortgage some property or land. I break even and farm 480 acres. Now I need a barn bad, but I don’t know whether enough money can be made to pay for !t. This little barn will cost me more than I can sell cattle for in 4 years. Mr. LaNorr, we know and see that the odds are against us but we as free people can- not, nor dare not, do or say something. If we do we are called Communists. There are taxes imposed upon us that are unconstitu- tional, but we are at war, we are told But I think we are only at war to impose those un- Just and destructive taxes. Mr. Lanomr, the only thing that is free is, we can work 24 hours a day. And if we want to be loved or admired by some, then give everything away, then you are a patriot I don't expect you, Mr. LaNGgr, to try and change this situation alone. I don’t bolieve that some of our leaders know what is going on, and I also don’t believe some of them care about the common people, because a human being is the cheapest weapon, and want to destroy some of them anyway. Yours truly, Perer WEINHARDT. Minority Opinion on the Proposed Merger of Colorado Interstate Gas Co. and Canadian River Gas Co. EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. EDWIN C. JOHNSON OF COLORADO IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Wednesday, March 7 (legislative day of Monday, January 29), 1951 Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Mr. Pres- ident, toduy Commissioner Buchanan, of the Federal Power Commission, rendered a minority opinion in the matter of the proposed merger of the Colorado Inter- State Gas Co. and the Canadian River Gas Co. Denver, Pueblo, Colorado Springs, Cheyenne, and other cities in the Rocky Mountain area being served with nat- ural gus by these tompanies are grow- ing so rapidly that new supplies of natural gas must be obtained. If the proposed merger is approved, I am as- sured that a pipelire will be built promptly; the Canadian River Gas Co. reserves will be protected from the en- croachment of competing gas producers; and an adequate supply of gas for these communities will be forthcoming. I urged the Federal Power Commission to look with favor on the proposed merger, provided, of course, that the terms of the merger arc reasonable and in the public interest. I have read Mr. Buchanan's minority report with surprise. I disagree com- pletely with respect to his pessimistic conclusions. All of the points which he raises were before the Commission when the case was heard and they were re- jected on their merits. The important point, which Mr, Bu- chanan apparently has failed to grasp, is that an adequate supply of gas for Colorado consumers, and not the price of gas, is the issue in this particular matter. Denver now enjoys, and will continue to enjoy under the merger, lower natural-gas rates than many other cities. For example, in 1949, the Den- ver home owner who heated his house with gas and who used 20,000 cubic feet of gas monthly—a typical bill—paid 43.8 cents per thousand cubic feet, or a total of $8.87. This is in startling con- trast to the Fort Worth, Tex., family, deep in the heart of the gas and oil country, who paid 59.8 cents per thou- sand cubic feet, or $11.96 for 20,000 cubic feet. Colorado Interstate’s wholesale rate at the Denver City gate at 171 cents per thousand cubic feet is one of the lowest rates in the entire country. My. President, I ask unanimous con- sent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorn a copy of my letter to Chair- man Wallgren, of the Federal Power Commission, a copy of an editorial which appeared in the Denver Post of March 3, 1951, and a copy of Commissioner Buchanan’s press release of March 7, 1951, regarding his minority opinion, which I have just referred to. There being no objection, the copy of the letter, the editorial, and the press release were ordered to be printed in the ReEcorp, as follows: Fesruary 26, 1951. Hon Mon C. WaLucren, Chairman, Federal Power Commission, Washington, D.C. Dear Mon. I am much interested In the proceeding now pending before the Federal Power Commission, in which Colorado Inter- state Gas Co. seeks authority to acquire the natural gas leases, gas wells, and pipeline facilities of Canadian River Gas Co. For 20 years Colorado Interstate has been supplying Natural gas for distribution in all the prin- cipal communities in my State, and has per- formed an outstanding job. The citizens of Colorado have benetited greatly from the sound business practices of the company. Regulation by the Federal Power Commis- sion has been beneficial, too. A substantial rate reduction was made in 1942. In 1947 the Commission authorized the building of a pipeli.e to Eansas to obtain additional gas from the Hugoton field. The proposal now APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD before the Commission strengthens the gas supply for Colorado and provides for an ad- ditional delivery of badly needed gas. I understand that the proposal now under consideration would put in Colorado Inter- state the ownership of large gus reserves in the Panhandle ficld now owned by Canadian River. By reason of the ownership Colorado citizens would be assured of a gas supply for many years at a very low rate A contract between the two companies, under which gas from the Canndian compnny's reserves is available to Colorado Interstate, has been be- fore you a long time, but I am advised that you object to certain features of that con- tract, and that ts holding up the building of a second pipeline from Colorado to Texas. I realize that the Federal Power Commis- sion will protect the public interest and ap- prove the terms of the proposed merger only if reasonable and in the public interest. I have no knowledge as to that matter, but I do urye upon you the importance of an as- sured gas supply for the citizens of Colorado. There are no complaints about the present rates and no agitation for lower rates. The only worry is with respect to delivery of a sufficient supply. In view of the constant increase in the prices of coal], oil, and other necessities of life our citizens are not likely to complain about rates for gas which were fixed on the basis of 1940 costs It is my understanding that no increase in rates will result because of the merger; and unless other costs increase beyond the pres- ent levels, there will not be any request for higher rates in the near future. I repeat, the most important consideration js an adequate supply of gas Unless the terms upon which Colorado Interstate would acquire this fine gas reserve are clearly un- reasonable, I am convinced that the welfare of the people of Colorado will be served by the Commission's approval of those terms at a very early date. IT hope that an early decision will be forth- coming so that the proposed second line to Texas can be constructed. It takes time to butld such a line; and unless action is speeded up, the allocation of pipe already arranged for this Job may be withdrawn. Sincerely, Epwin C. JOHNSON. {From the Denver Post of March 8, 1051] Approval by the Federal Power Commission of the proposed merger of the Colorado Inter- state Gas and Canadian River Gas Cos. is welcome news to Denver. It insures an ad- ditional supply of natural gas for this city before next winter. And assurance is given that the merger will not increase gas rates. Merger of the two companies is necessary to increase the borrowing capacity of Culo- rudo Interstate so it can finance an 618,- 000,000 expansion of its pipeline system. This includes construction of a 215-mile line from the Amarillo, Tex., gas field to Kit Car- son, Culo., where it will connect with the line running into Denver from the Hugoton, Kans., tield. That will take care of increas- ing gas demands in Colorado and Wyoming and leave a comfortable surplus Senator JOHNSON, of Colorado, and Congressman Rooers, of Denver, merit commendation for their efforte to speed up FPC action. [Federal Power Commission press release] COMMISSIONER BUCHANAN Firs STATEMENT DIssScCNTING From FPC A’ .10N IN APPLOVING CoLorapO INTERSTATE Gas Co.-CANADIAN River Gas Co. MERGER Wasnineton, D. C., March 7, 1951.—Com- missioner Thomas C. Buchanan has filed a statement dissenting from the February 28 decision of the Federal Power Commission authorizing Colorado Interatate Gas Co. to acquire and operate the facilities of Canadian River Gas Co.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Mr. Buchanan sald he was dissenting “be- cause (1) in my opinion the decision un- justifiably deprives the gas consumers of Denver, Cheyenne, and the Rocky Mountain area of a saving in gas rates of approximately 800,000 on an annual basis; and (2) the decision is completely at odds with funda- mental principles of regulation vigorously espoused by this Commission and approved by the United States Supreme Court.” In his 20-page dissent, Mr. Buchanan re- viewed in detail the history of the two com- panies and the merger plan, under which Colorado is acquiring Canadian from South- western Development Co. through a plan which will, among other things, give South- western title to all Hquid hydrocarbons assv- ciated with the natural gas underlying Canadian's acreage. Mr. Buchanan asserted that the merger is entirely one of increased gains tor the stock- holders. He said that Southwestern will re- ceive more than $20,000,000 from natural gasoline revenues while the value of its stock holdings, which cost it nothing in the first instance, will be increased by several million dollars. Commissioner Buchanan said that “I am not objecting to Colorado's stockholders making a profit from the sule of their stock holdings. That is one of the privileges of our free enterprise system. But where free enterprise and the public interest come into conflict through a public utility which Con- gress has expressly made subject to regula- tion, the situation ts different and the con- gressional policies must prevail without choice ” Discussing the effect on the rate payers, Mr. Buchanan said that through the merger, the gas consumers and not Colorado's stock- holders pay Colorado's cost of acquiring Canadian’s stock which, he said, has already peen paid for by Colorado. “This is the first instance, to my knowl- edge,” Mr. Buchanan continued, “where a regulatory ageucy has sanctioned the diver- sion of operating revenues to pay for the stock of another utility corporation. Colo- rado's customers will continue to pay a fair return and depreciation on Canadian's net investment of approximately $9,000,000, but in addition, will have to pay Colorado's cost of acquiring Canadian’s stock amounting to more than $20,000,000. In my opinion this is an unreasonable and unconscionable burden on the gas consumers of Denver, Cheyenne, and the Rocky Mountain area” Concluding, Mr. Buchanan stated: “My dissent does not mean that I am opposed to a merger if the public interest were fully protected. Quite the contrary. A merger in the customary or orthodox sense, without the diversion of Colorado’s operating revenues to Southwestern ag payment for Canadian’s stock, would have been in the public interest. No such proposal, however, is before us " Near East—New Center of Infection EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. LAWRENCE H. SMITH OF WISCONSIN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, March 6, 1951 Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin. Mr. Speak- er, under unanimous consent, I am in- cluding, as part of my remarks, an article that appeared in the Evening Star on March 7 by that well-known commenta- tor Mr. Constantine Brown, who clearly points out the danger that exists in the Near East today as it affects the Moslem world. I commend this article to all Members who are interested in the sub- ject at peace in this vital area of the world: New CENTER OF INFECTION—MOoOSLEMS From INDIAN OCEAN TO ATLANTIC IN STATE OF FER- MENT Dur TO RED PROPAGANDA (By Constantine Brown) Regardless of whether the news from Egypt about the rebellion in Morocco and repres- sions by French troops ts exaggerated or not, the Moslem peoples from the Indtan Ocean to the Atlantic are in a stute of ferment today. Populur meetings have been held from Karachi to Cairo protesting alleged drastic French methods of reprisal and demanding freedom tor the Moroccans. Normally this would be a symptom of a minor condition which could be cured with tact and patience Unfortunately, in the present world tension the addition of an- other potential center of infection could have serious repercussions on western prepara- tions against aggression. The Muscovites are playing a cagey game. They do not attempt to propagate commu- nism among the millions of Arabs. They rep- resent themselves as the torchbearers of nationalism, fieedom and equality among peoples The Arabs have not had the same chance as the peoples of Europe to see the Soviet brand of freedom. They resent the French and British, whom they accuse of continulng a policy of colonialism, which has been abandoned in other parts of the world, particularly the Far East Russian propaganda shows that the Mo- hammedans of Indonesia, for instance, have their own national government, without in- terterence of any kind on the part of their former masters, the Government of the Neth- erlands They also are reminded that an- other overwhelmingly Mohammedan country, Pakistan, is as free and independent as the free western nations. The rulers and leaders of the Arab king- doms can sec ensily through the Soviet game. But the people themselves—and par- ticularly the young intelligensia-—are 60 anx- lous to emulate their bicthren who have obtained complete independence that they are inclined to speed up the move for con.- plete pofitical and economic liberty, even at, the price of a physical struggle. This is bad news for our military men in the present crisis. Military forces of the European nations are dependent on the oil resources of Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq In the event of a conflict with the U. S. 5. R in Europe, it will be almost impossible for us to provide the Allied air forces, navies, and mechanized units with needed gasoline and oil from the United States This not only would be difi- cult physically, bul Western Hemisphere sup- plies would not be sufficient for the enor- mous requirements of a military campaign in whieh gasoline and oll will play a pre- ponderant role. Moreover, although this matter is seldom discussed in public, the top milttary strate- gists believe that if Russia starts an aggres- sion much earlier than is expected, North Africa will play a fur more important role than any other part of Europe. France, Belgium, and the rest of the con- tinental Western European nations may be overrun. This happened in 1940, But the aggressors Would have as hard « time as the Nazis had in World War II to establish them- selves solidly on the southern shores of the Mediterranean, so long as the native inhab- itants continue to be friendly to the west, The fact that the Arabs in Morocco, Al- gerla, and Tunisia remained faithful to France in its direst hours and were friendly to the American and British forces in No- A1269 vember 1942 when the invasion was made, was of great help to the American com- mander, General Eisenhower. If they had been in the ugly mood they are reported to be in today, there is no question that things would not have run as smoothly as they did. In addition to these international considerations, which can af- fect the free world's war effort, the reported restlessness of the Arabs in North Africa can impair greatly France’s own military pre- paredness, Ireland EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. THOMAS J. LANE OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, February 28, 195! Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I wish to include the following resolutions protesting the present political division of Ireland and the presence of British troops therein by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts: Whereas the present political division of Ireland, whereby a part thereof ts subject to British rule, is not in keeping with the prin- ciples of self-determination and is not based on the racial, economic, or historical back~ ground of the people of Ireland: Therefore be it Resolved, That the General Court of Mas- sachusetts recommends that the Congress of the United States be urged to use its influ- ence to abrogate the present political division of Ireland, and to protest the presence of British troops in that country; and be it further Resolved, That copies of these resolutions be sent furthwith by the secretary of the commonwealth to the President of the United States, to the Presiding Officer of each branch of Congress and to the Mem- bers thereof from this commonwealth, In house of representatives, adopted Feb- ruary 21, 1951, LAWRENCE R. Grove, Clerk. In senate, adopted, in concurrence, Febru- ary 28, 1951. InvinGc N. HaybDEN, Clerk. Attest: Epwarp J. CRONIN, Secretary of the Commonwealth, Security EXTENSION OF REMARKS oF HON. LAWRENCE H. SMITH OF WISCONSIN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, March 6, 1951 Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin. Mr. Speak- er, there are those who say that £urope is the only vital area to our national security. Mr. Constantine Brown, the outstanding columnist, writing in the February 25 issue of the Sunday Wash- ington Star, indicates that the Far and Middle East are just as important.
A1270 Under unanimous consent, I am includ- ing the article as part of my remarks: Burorn Issn’? THE ONLY AR“A VITAL TO OUR Swourity—Far AND Mrpnte Easr Ark Teamerp Just 4S IMPORTANT (By Constantine Brown) Those who listened to the testimony and colloquy between Pentugon representatives and mem ters of the Sonate Foreign Rela- tions and Armed Services Committees last week are puzzled over interpretations put on those hearings, to the eect that there are important differences betwoen the executive and legislative branches of the Government. The Senators and the spokesmen for the Armed Forces agreed that the four American divisions, which it is intended to send to Europe this year, are more of uw morale bouster for our allies than a forte which is able to defeat the Russians if they attack in the next 12 months The witnesses and the members of the two committees also agreed that congressional approval would be very important, since it would show the world that the American people are united in their decision to reaist communism at home and abroad Finally, Secretary of State Acheson and the representatives of the Military Establish- ment concurred with the views of the Sena- tors that we must utilize to the fullest extent nll other military forces outside the Atlantic Pact which are willlug to join in the defense of Europe. They want the 81 available com- bat divisions of Spain, Yugoslavia, Greece, and Turkey to join with the Atlantic forces as s00n as possible. Nubody seems opposed to the plan that an American force—lIimilted, according to Secie- tary Marshall, at first to only Jour additional divisions—is ecsential to bolster the fighting willingness of our allies. None of tlhe mili- tary men expressed the belief that such a force could by itself stop the Reds in their tracks. BROADER PICTURE They all agreed that all other non-Com- munist forces should be permitted to join in the defense set-up. They all agreed that American air and naval power can be only an adjunct of the general defense plans af free Europe. Nobody vaguely suggested that we abandon Europe. Meanwhile, it has become obvious to all but the politically blind that our own pres- ent task is not confined to “saving” Western Europe alone In the present conflict with the U. 8.5 R and her satellites there are two other immediately critical areas: The Far East and the Middle East. They are as vital to our national security as Europe is. A good deal of emphasis is placed on Europe’s raw materials and manpower, which totals 200,000,000. But the Far and Middie East, with a population four times & large as Europe’s and with vast resources of basic raw matertals, are mentioned only casually by advocates of Burupe first, The point of view af some of our legisla- tors, that our reaponsibility for the security of our continent extends equally to the Asiatic Continent, is seldom heard or fully apprecdated. And yet, it ts fully appreciated by the military men, who cannot insist on its importance because the politicians in the executive branch of the Government do not want it emphasized at this time. These are the same political considera- tions which have prevented us from tully enlisting the support of the farge avaiinble forces of the Mediterranean countries, Gan- erals Elsenhower, Bradley, and Vandenberg, as well es Admiral Sherman, have urged for some time that we bring the Mediterranean states Into the defenae set-up. These na- tions have a military potential whioh is be- Keved to have slowed down Soviet aggressive aims in Europe. COMDITIONS FAVOR REDS While the West is capable, with the sup- port of the Spanish armies, of fighting a de- laying action against the Red forces in the west, the threat of a military operation on the highly sensitive Soviet underbelly—Bul- garta, Romanta, Hungary, and Crechoslo- vakiu, all of which are hankering for lbera- tion—could cause definite collapse of any Red argression against the West. Thus, the European picture appears less glowing to some professional strategists thau it is gen- erally painted, The situation is far less favorable in Asia, where Russian aggression is now in iull swing. In the Far East we are fighting a seesaw battle with the Chinese Communists in Ko- rea They have poured about 60 of their best divisions against the numerically in- feriar United Nations forces These have been checked. But so long ag no diversions are created on other fronts in the Far Eust, the Chinese comniander in chief, Gen. Chu Teh, will be able to use fresh troops out of the pool of 400 divisions he now has available. Se long as we refuse the proferred help of the Chinese Nationalist armies in Formosa we risk a continuation of the fuille loss of life in Korea and cannot put the brake on Communist plaus in Indochina, Malaya, Burma, and Indonesia. Chu Teh knows that as long as the United Natious are not 1c- Heved by the creation of a second front, he can hold us in North Korea while his re- serves operate freely tu the south apgaiuss the French, the British, and the newly cre- ated Asiutic independent states. He is fumly convinced that we will not bomb the lines of supply and the industrial centers which are providing his armies with arms and ammunition from Manchuria, And whenever he is ardcred by Moscow he can use his vast reserves in theaters of opera- tions which may be far more important to Russia's plans this summer than Korea. He cun hold us at the thirty-eighth parallel, while the rest of his forces ure performing bigger and better deeds for the Kremlin. The situation in the Middle East is equally alarming. With the exoeption of Turkey there is not a single military power in that arca Saudi Arabia, Irag, and Iran, are the most vital spote which concern the western defense planners, since they contain vast resources of oil, Russia cannot hope to fight a successful war against the West without adequate oil supplies. She has important oi] resources in the Baku area, at Grogny in the Caucasus, in the Ploesti region of Romania, and some additional supplies along the Volga, in Po- jand, and in Austria. But considering the great requirements of modern weapans, tanks, trucks, planes, and ships, the avail- able Quantities are nowhere near large enough to wage a long war. Hence, the U. S. S R. must obtain the oil resources of the Middle East. The extremely mild and courteous atti- tude of Stalin himself toward Iraa, coupled with our own indifferent attitude toward that country, appears tw give the Russians the advantage in that oil-rich area. Nobody tn Washington or in London will be sur- prised to hear that the Teheran Government has decided to nationalize the oil fields by paying off the stockholders of the Anglo- Persian Oil Co., and later to hear that the now commercial agroement between Russia and Iran gives the U. S. S. BR. practical oon- tral over that important source of strategic materials. This has not been accomplished yet, but appears to ba in the making. And the more we give the world the impression that we are canfining our efforts mainly to Western Europe and the more we say that America’s security will be in a desperate plight if we APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD dg not put all our eggs in the Western Euro- pean basket, the more the Middle East will lean toward full cocperation with the U. 8. 8. R. The Arab countries, which have even larg- er quantities of of!—Sandi Arabia and Iraq— are instinctively friendly to us. But they are completely powerless to meet a Ritssian aggression, once the U. 5S. & R. has estab- lished itself by a friendly agreement in Iran, Both of these oil-rich countries have armies which can be described best as military po- lice. They arc even less preprred to cope with a Communist aggression than the ~>uth Koreans were last summer, RICH PRIZES But neither we nor tho British have the necessary strength at this time to help them effectively. Our Umited available ground forces are ecar-marked for Western Europe. The British are no better off. Air and naval power cannot stop the Russians in the Mid- dlc Hast. We may be able to pinprick the Russians with our Air Force from land bases in Al- rica or trom carriers But on the admis- sion of Admiral Sherman, the Chiet of Naval Operatious, aud General Vandenberg, the Air Force Chiel of Stadf, naval aud air pow- er alone cannot succeed against an aggres- sian by land forces, supported by an air ulnbrella. Arabia and Iran are, in the opinion of most military men, far richer prizes for the Ruse sians at this tlie than Western Europe, be- cause of thelr unlimited oi] resources Much emphasis has been placed on the danger to us if Russia were to take over the Western European industries and its skiNed workers. But these, in a moment of tragic necessity, could be reduced to impotence by the Air Force. This is not the case with the ol] supplies, Ol) wells can be destroyed by air bombard- ment, but this would be only a temporary condition, since they can be drilled in other parts of the vast ol] fields. The defense of that area, say our military in off-the-record conversations, can be as- sured by the scceptanoce of all Mediterranean nations into the coalition as full partners. But whatever means for the protection of the oil nations may be, it is essential that we not overlook the fact that Ruesia has a keen eye on the Middle East, where it can find the oil for a long war and aiso can deny us the same advantage with little effort at this time, Te Exchange Farmer EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. FRANK E. SMITH OF MISSISSIPPI IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 6, 1951 Mr. SMITH of Mississippi. Mr. Speak- er, in the final analysis, unle~s we of the free world win the war for the minds of men against the totalitarians, we can- not place final reliance upon success on the battlefield. We must sell the Ameri- can system, our ideals of freedom and democracy, to th2 young men and women who will be the leaders of the other coun- tries of the world tomorrow. The various programs gor exchange students are the best example of fruit- fw work in this field. Under unanimous consent, I submit an article from the Sunflower Tocsin, published at Indianola,
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Miss., describing the experiences of an exchange student in Mississippi: GOVERNMENT PROGRAM MAKES GERMAN Boy Harry AT BLAINE Twenty-year-old blond William Wufka has rosy cheeks, twinkling blue eyes, and a graphic conception of democracy in action. Wilhelm, or William, as we call him in America, is a bright-faced German youth who is studying Mississippi agriculture and Amer- ican democracy on the 240-acre Delta turm of Mr. and Mrs C. K. Fisackerly, 5 miles northeast of Sunflower. Jointly sponsored by the American Farm Bureau Federation and a division of the United States Department of State, William's entry to the United States was arranged under the direction of the Mississipp! Farm Bureau and many families of warm-heurted Americans He arrived in Mississippi last July 1 and will return to Germany this July to take first-hand observations of American life back to his native Germany. Lust week this writer spent a day with William, and observed a remarkable adjust- ment in a boy with an eagerness to do a good job in his mission to America When this writer arrived at the Fisackerly farm William was busily sloshing through thawing ice to dump sweet-smelling bales of lespedeza hay into racks for the varied live- stock on the farm. He placed the cured hay before some 197 head of feeder sheep. Then he shucked ears of corn for Duroc Jersey brood sows, and he leaped over # stall door to sift mixed feed in troughs for 10-month-old Aberdeen Angus heiters Less than an hour earlier William, dressed in a maroon corduroy sport coat and comfort- able American slacks and shoes, waved fare- well to school chums on a Sunflower County school bus and entered the large white house of the Fisackerly’s. William is a freshman student at Sunflower Junior College He di- vides his time between class work, home work, farm chores, und a normal social life with boys and girls in the neighborhood. The life, Willlam will tell you, is vastly dif- ferent from that of the 10 previous years of his life In a little stone house at No. 94 In the village of Mallersdorf, Bavaria, there's a comely brown-eyed brunette 24 years old, named Herta. She is 50 percent of William's remaining immediate family—his only sister. She wonders how William is making out in English-speaking America. She 1s anxious for July 1951, when William comes home Herta and William, teamed up hy tate to overcome many humunly depressing oOb- stacles, remember well, when as children, they lived in a castle at Karlsbad, in Czecho- slovakia, where their father was overseer of some 500 acres of land, He was mayor of the village, Then came war. Whlliam's two brothers, Walter and Erich, entered the German Army. His mother contracted a disease and died in 1943. In 1944 Brother Erich was reported missing in action against the Russians in the vicinity of Iliman Sea. VE-day, May 8, 1945, William was 16 years old. The American and Russian armies met head-on in their east-west slash across Ger- many. Russian soldiers occupied Karlsbad and took Father Wulfka away. Walter was piaced in a concentration camp and later re- leased, Father Wufka was unheard of again. German subjects were asked to move into Germany proper, so William and Herta left their destroyed castle and boarded a train with thousands of Germans and headed back into Germany. William was now 16. Herta was 20, At Mallersdorf, Bavaria (a part of Ger- many), the pair rented a part of a house and set up housekeeping with the 280 pounds of luggage and housewares which they brought with them. Herta obtained employment as a secretary in August 1947, 14 days after their arrival. Her salary provided for their most critical needs—-and in March 1948, William enrolled in a German farm school, or landwirtschaft- schule, Under this school plan Willlam and other German youths worked on farms during crop months and attended classes from November through March During his second year an announcement was made in the school that a scholarship was being offered to top German students, providing for a year’s study of agriculture and democracy in America William applied for the scholarship and following an intensive screening, was selected over seven other boys in Mullersdorf, Next he was interviewed in Niederbayern or Reg- ensburg. William was accepted as one of 138 boys and 36 girls to come to America lor the democratic and agricultural study. On June 14, 1050, a troupship steamed from Bremerhaven Harbor Nine days later eager German youths lined the ship's rails to snap pictures of the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor. Unity? EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. GEORGE H. BENDER OF OHIO 1N THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, March 1, 1951 Mr. BENDER. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the REc- orp, I should like to insert the following letter by Mr. J. Webb Saffold to the edi- tor of the Cleveland Plain Dealer, which appeared in that paper on Sunday, Jan- uary 28, 1951: Writzr ro Epiror Says Unity Is Essrntian to SurvivaL; SerKs Basis For It UNITY? Epitor, PLAIN DraLEr. Sm Unity is now the basic essential to 2 wholehearted national effort to meet the crisis of the Russian menace to world peace and our American way of life. Stirring ap- peals for untty are being made hourly by prominent people and it is obvious that un- less we first have real national unity at home we cannot save the nations abroad. But it takes more than stirring pleas and promises to gain real unity from the Amerl- can people They must have a solid and tdequate basis for unity, a sufficient confi- dence in their leaders to enable them to rally round those leaders and give them wholehearted support without hesitation or mental reservations. Such confidence the American people do not have in their present leaders who are the Truman-Acheson-Mar- shall grcup. Why? “Look at the record" as a great genuine Democrat used to say. For- mer President Franklin Roosevelt prided himself upon being “left of center,” but the Truman administration has prided itself upon being centered in the left. From the very start it has pursued a policy that has led this Nation rapidly down the road to soclal- ism and done It in the name of democracy, That policy has done much to build Rus. sia up from a second-class power into the colossal threat of the most powerful totali- tarian nation on earth today and the Amer- ican people know this to their sorrow finan- cially and in every other way. We are now reaping the whirlwind from the wind that the Roosevelt and Truman administrations Al271 have sown and we are iiterally and morally “in the red.” Now this same administra. tion is faced with a war of survival against that Red Russia which it has helped so much to build up, especially in China, and it is the mad scramble of the Snare Deal to get over on the American side of the fence in time to save itself and this nation that is causing the furious maelstrom of confusion in Washington today. The men who have led us into this tragic mess are not the men to lead us out of it, They are in power, they are the government and the law so they can take our sons and fathers from us and send them to die on frozen foreign battleflelds. They can tax us beyond our capacity to pay and #0 destroy our ability to support the national effort, and they will smear any man as an isola- tlonist who doves not agree with them and can put any man in jail who refuses to hand out his very Iving to support policies which he opposes But they cannot force any man to give them wholehearted loyalty in support of men and policies which he feels in his heart are wrong, and which are simply more of the same thing which this Nation has suffered continuously for the past 15 years. That record 1s only too well known to the people of America; just a brief résumé of it 1s sickening to any real Amer-~ ican, especially those mothers who have lost a@ son in Korea. That record 1s what begets the firm conviction that this beloved Jand of ours has been sold down the Volga River, and a surprising number of citizens have said just that to me in recent wecks. It is impossible to heal a wound until you get all of the infection out of it, no matter how many fancy bandages you put on it. T refuse to “unify” around the men and policies that have Jed us into this appar. ently bottomless morass, but I will gladly give my full support to men who are rooted and grounded in basic American principles as stated in our Constitution which is the rock on which this Republic (not democracy) was built. It is because politiclans (not statesmen) have departed from these principles that we find ourselves in this predicament today and unless we have real lenders who will return to those principles we do not have a Chinaman’s chance to sur- vive in this great crisis regurdiess of how many billions of our inflated money we hand out, how much production we achieve, or how many millions of the flower of our young manhood pour out their American blood on foreign battlefields. Unity 16 given, it cannot be enacted nor extracted and it will only he given if and when it 1s deserved J. Wess Sarroun. CLEVELAND. American Foreign Policy EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. LISTER HILL OF ALABAMA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Friday, March 9, 1951 Mr. HILL. Mr. President, as the Sen- ate knows, my colleague, the junior Sen- ator from Alabama [Mr. Sparkman], is one of the United States representatives in the General Assembly of the United Nations. In the Birmingham News of February 21, 1951, there appears a most timely and interesting article by Mr. McClellan Van der Veer, the distin- guished editor of the News, entitled
Al272 “Jouw Srarkman’s Hope of Peace.” I ask that the article be printed in the Appendix of the Recorp. There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: JouNn SPaRKMAN'’S Hops OF PEACE (By McClellan Van der Veer) Back home in Alabama JoHN SPanrkKMAN Monday talked about his hopes fur peace and national security. He gave a remarkable ex- temporaneous exposition of American foreign policy in an address at Jacksonville State College, He pursued the subject in extended personal conversations, He was, as usual, lucid, frank, sincere. Much of encourage~ ment and reassurance must have been ob- tained by many who heard him, although Jorn SPARKMAN ts not one to minimize the continuing gravity of the world situation, the frightful costs it is now exacting, the per- sisting danger of far greater confilct. Our junior United States Senator, how- ever, is a strong supporter of our Govern- ment's foreign policy He believes that it has gotten substantial results and may pro- duce stil] greater achievements, though he would not cinim it has been perfect or guided by uneritng foresight. It is ersy. he says, to criticize one phase or decision in a many-sided foreign policy, and on that basis condemn a whole program. But that is not a fair or intellipent approach to the matter. As a very able and highly respected Mem- ber of the Senate, us a member of the For- eign Relations Committee, as one of the dele- gates to the General Assembly of the United Nations, JOHN 8. aARKMAN is exceptionally qualified to appraise the international crieis. He flatly disavows ability to foretell with assurance what is coming. He is no super- felxl optimist But he has clear ideas as to the genera) Jines along which he believes this Nation rhould work, he 1s himself work- Ing vigorously along those lines, he believes progress has boen made in sore particulars, he does have hope for the future. So confused and uncertain does the situa- tlun appear to muny Americans at times that they are not infrequently tempted to feelings of bewilderment, discouragement, and helplersners. It 1s good, and inspiriting, to obtain a clear conception ot whut so com- petent, highly placed and sincere a student of the Nation's present position is thinking. This js an attempt to grasp and pass on the outlines, at least, of that conception, WAR NOT INEVITADLE JOHN SPaRKMAN dors not believe that gen- eral war is inevitable On that he is em- phatic. What are the bases of his hope in that respect? A demonstr«tion of the will and the ability to withstand aggression, he thinks, may lead to a decision by the Kremlin to enter into negotiations that may produce a real settle- nent. It is to be remembered that no perfect peace has ever been made, that governinents are naturally influenced to a great extent by national interests, by expediency, by many other factors in reaching agreements. When agreements can be reached that are in the interest of ull concerned, they have a good chance of enduring If Stalin and his associatos are convinced that they have no favorable prospect of serv- ing their own ends by a continuation of their recent tactics, including the maintenance of @ vast military establishment, they may clear the way for a settlement. But can any reliance be placed in any agreement with Moscow? JOHN SraRKMAN points out that an individ. ual leader's own reliability, or lack of it, would not be the only factor tn any such settlement. Stalin or any other dictator may take arbitrary action, making for war or peace, but even dictators must function within a set of conditions which may greatly curb their tendencies to excess. The Russian leaders are generally consid- ered to be very calculating as to their moves, They may make many mistakes. They may at times be governed by impulse and mis- conception. But it can at least be hoped that the Russian leaders can be construc- tively influenced by an over-all situation making both aggression and noncooperation for peace very uninviting and unprofitable. And thus conceivably they might be brought not only to an agreement but to a continuing aherence to that agreement. At least, in JoHN SrarKMAN’s view, that is the objective toward which we should in- domitably persist, as long as possible. President Truman and Secretary Acheson have repentedly emphasized unity and strength among the free nations as the pos- sible basis for a settlement with Russia. One of the criticisms of the administration—not without point and force—has been that along with the emphasis on force there has not been an adequate continuing persistence in quest of effective negotiations. Now the ad- ministration, with its emphasis on our per- sisting desire for an acceptable settlement in Korea und its proposals for a general peace alscussion by the four-power Council of For- eign Ministers, seems to be making more positive moves in that direction But il is to be remembered that it is ex- tremely difficult to carry on such a program while intensive efforts are under way to frouse peoples to a tremendous defense ef- fort involving great sacrifice The dangers calling for such sacrifice must be seen if such an effort is to be of muximum effectiveness. If dangers are seen, distrust, fear, and ani- mosity are bound to be intensely evoked, Such trends do not make for the most favor- able conditions for peace talks, Even sv, as Senator Sparkman secs the record, our Government has steadfastly put peace as its fundamental objective—and still does At what point of the upbuilding of western strenyth might it be hoped that effective negotiations could go forward? Who knows just where that point is? And who, aware of the perils of an arms race, particularly in thts atomic ove of heightened fear, can fail to realize that the nations suddenly may be precipitated into illimitable conflict? But in every course there are dangers. And iu a dual policy of flim strength and calm, peaceful intent, Senator SrarKMAN sees the best hope of preventing another world war and moving onward in the establish- ment of international cooperation for true Peace. This is a high and supremely diffi- cult objective. But the Alabamlan does not by any meaus consider it absolutely un- attainable As for negotiations, he believes that we should constantly make it clear that we are ready to discuss differences. He, like Gen- eral Marshall, believes that we should be first to respond and act in behalf of any chance to advance real peace JOHN SPARKMAN is not inclined to estimate the odds us to another world war We can‘t know what the men in the Kremlin will do, he says. If they want war, they can quickly produce it, If they really want peace, they can clear the way forit But as to just what they will do, we can only speculate and hope. Ané¢ trust in strength and a resolute, active will to peace. THE XOREAN SITUATION Senator Spasxmawn believes United Nations forces should remain in Korea, at least for the time being, under present military con- ditions, in pursuit of the goal of frustrating ageression and establishing a unified, free nation. But he admits that we might be confronted by a situation which would make it wise to withdraw. He is impressed, on the other hand, by the confidence expressed by our military leaders that our forces cannot be decisively defeated. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD He hopes that the Chinese Communists may come to the conclusion that their whole adventure is costing too much and falling to show any promise of attaining !te end, and therefore may be disposed to an acceptable settlement. That seems to summarize Mr. SPARKMAN'S conception of the Korean struggle now But he does add that abandonment of Korea now would open a vast far eastern area to much more effective Communist infiltration. Many other able students are not as hope- ful as Senator SPARKMAN seems to be that a satisfactory conclusion of the struggle in Korea can be wrought It is not easy to have confidence that the Chinese Communists, with their low regard for human lives, will be shot and blasted into a willingness to accept a really free Korea. But it can be hoped that the new Good Offices Committee of the UN Assembly, which this week is re- newing peace efforts will be able to find a way of progress, PROGRESS SEEN IN EUROPE Senator SPARKMAN sees very concrete and hearjening results from our eflorts to check Communist expansionism in Europe. He points to our aid to Greece and Turkey as having been notubly effective. We turned to such steps, he said, only after persistent efforts to work with the Russians had failed. Mr. Acheson, the Senator said, first sug- gested the underlying idea of the Marshall plan in Mississippi, and then General Mar- shall further developed it at Harvard It has been a wonderful success in SPARKMAN’S estimation, having stopped the advance of the Communists in Western Europe, particu. larly in Italy and France. Then came the North Atlantic Detense Pact. Our own human and material re- sources, torether with those of Western Europe, give us a great sccurity potential. The detense program now under way in the west uims at swift and adequate translation of that potential into reality. Ir Western Europe were lost, the balance would swing d.wngerously the other way. In our Senate's ratification of the North Atlantic Treaty, the area it covers has be- come our own defense area in which Srark- MAN maintains the President has clear power to deploy our troops—just as he has power to deploy them in Alaska or other parts uf our own territory. The Senator emphasizes the Senate approval of this defense program in its ratification of the treaty The issue here is no longer political, but military, he contends. Tt is in this great united endeavor that he sees a major hope of demonstrating a “will and ability to withstand aggression” that will keep the Russians from plunging the world into all-out confilct. But the Junior Senator from Alabama would not raise any false hopes He fecls that already enough has been done to make the prospect of peace much better. He works and has the fatth that that prospect may be improved in the months ahead. Thus, he is # man of restrained and realistic hopeful- ness The carefully reasoned, orderly basis for his views ts impressive Even those who do not see things just as he does can flund much in what he says to lift their own spirit. STILL STRONG FOR UN Beyond a possible resolution of the present crisis without ceneral war, Senator Sparxuan sees the possible opportunity for great new strides in behalf of a stable world order through further development of the United Nations. That organization, for all its weak- nesses, has gone further to serve its purpose, he says, than any other organization in his- tory. It can, he believes, go further still. He calls upon all Americans to stand by st in faith and devotion. This realistic, anna- lytical man still finds in it a vision of a fcr happier day for all mankind,
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD The Challenge EXTENSION OF REMARKS ov HON. A. WILLIS ROBERTSON OF VIRGINIA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Friday, March 9, 1951 Mr. ROBERTSON. Myr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp an ad- dress entitled “The Challenge,” deliv- ered by me at the thirty-first anniver- sary dinner of the Hampton Roads Maritime Association, at Norfolk, Va., on March 8, 1951. There being no objection, the address was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: In Locksley Hall Lord Tennyson told the British that they were the heirs of all the ages. Nineteen centuries of the Christian era, Quring which mankind was constantly struggling for personal freedom, for a higher standard of living, and for a type of govern- ment that would make both possible, was the foundation upon which elvilization mude its most remarkable strides in the first half of the twentieth century, But, ironically enough, man's progress in the social sciences in the twentieth century did not keep pace with his progress in the physical sciences, with the result that future historians may record the twentieth century as the century of fear--fear based upon the belief that engines of destruction developed by man’s ingenuity may ultimately destroy him or leave him cowering behind a windbreak or in the diseise-soaked ruins of a slum. The flist half of the current century has geen the death of the horse-and-buggy days and the birth of motor transport, of the air- plane that wipes out space, the radio that has taken the wings of the morning, and, last but not least, the production of the atomic bomb, the reckless and lidiscrimt- nate use of which may result in interia- tional suicide In the confusion that sur- rounds us, in the loss of faith in ourselves, in ow fellow man, and to no small eatent in God. many today share the pessimism of the English writer, Matthew Arnold, who prid that we were “wandering between two worlds - one dead and the other powerless to be born” I grant that the old order ts rapidly puss- ing away, 1 grant that many anelent land- matks both bere and abroud have been moved dn violation of the injunction to be found in the Book of Proverbs’ “Remove not the ancient landmark which thy fathers have set” But the theme that I covet to present to you tonight is that 1f America has the wisdom and the courage to assume in these troublesome times the role of world leader- ship which is its manifest destiny and can find a way to complement fts unparalleled wealth and physical strength with unparal- leled moral strength the new world that will emerge from the ideqlogical conflicts of the first half of the twentieth century may well be the best world that civilization has ever known. I never visit this historic and second oldest city in Virgnia without recalling that Tho- reau once said: "To him whose vigorous and elastic mind keeps pace with the sun, the duxy is @ perpetual morning.” I love Virginia and I am proud of the high privilege of being a Member of the United States Senate from Virginia. There is no section of the Old Dominion that has not made remarkable progress duiing the past half century and no section of which Iam not proud. But I never visit Norfolk and the ports of Hamp- ton Roads without a thrill of pride as I recall the remarkable changes that have oc- curred in this area during the intervening 45 years since, as « college buy, I visited . Norfolk to see the annual Thanksgiving game between Virginia and Carolina, At that time Norfolk had a population of about 47,060, Portsmouth about 17,500 and Newport News about 20,000, the shipyard there having been largely responsible for a Jump from 4,449 in 1890 to the larger figure in 1900. Considerable progress, of course, had been made in the development of the ports of Hampton Roads prior to World War I but it was that war which impressed upon military leader» a tact that we in Virginia had al- ways known-—Hampton Roads is the greatest harbor in the world und of necessity must play a vital part in any war effort. Today, Hampicn Roads hus the country's heaviest export tonnage and biggest naval installa- tion In the world. It's 360 wharves, provid- ing more than 30 miles of berthing space and connecting with 150,000 acres of warehouse and transit shed areas can accommodate any type of shipping expansion which a national emergency may require More cos] ts trans- shipped at Norfolk than at any other seaport in the United States und the londing docks here supply 2 proportional amount of bunker coal to vessels of all classes, In 1949, and figures for last year are not yet available, Humpton Roads accounted tor 55 perceut of overseas coal exports from the United States and 50 percent of all bunker coal supphed to both foreign and domestic vessels along the Atlantic seaboard and that was the third successive year in which Hamp- ton Roads exceeded all Atlantic coast ports in movement of outbound cargo This export trade is made possible by such modern facilities as the Norfolk & Western's new $6,000,000 pier, which can handle four of the largest vecun-going vessels at the same time, the same ratlroad’s public grain ele- vator, which can berth three vessels and load at the rate of 75,000 bushels an hour, the Army base at Sewall Point, with berthing space tor 8 to 12 ships at a lire, and the storage and handling facill- ties which include 37 public warehouses and 50 acres of open storaye space for public use. The ports of Hampton Roads not only can accommodate great fleets of warships and merchant marine but they also can build any type of ship afloat and repair any type Norfolk, for instance, has three Noating drydocks, 24 marine railways, and 47 piers, wharves, and docks operated in connection with shipbuilding The Newport News Shipbuilding & Diy Dock Co, which built 18 standard and special type of mer- chant cargo and combination cargo-passene ger ships, totaling 213,000 deadweight tons between 1939 and 1945, is now at work on the 44.000-ton superliner which will be a sister ship to the America, has a backlog of nearly 100,000,000 of major contracts and the pluspect of being awarded a contract for the construction of the largest airplane car- rier the world has ever known. The Welding Shipyards at Norfolk bullt 13 large tankers during the World War IL period and since 1945 has built some of the largest new tankers, one of which I saw Jnunched in the fall of 1948 And across the river at Portsmouth is not the largest but the most cfficient shipbuilding yard which the Government owns and operites. With respect to the future operations of that shipyard, I was recently advised by Admiral Sherman, Chief of Naval Operations, that at the outbreak of hostilities in Korea tho Jevel of employment at the Norfolk naval shipyard totaled about 9,700. To meet the ever-increasing demands of our current emergency and to increase the material readiness of the fleet, employment at the Norfolk naval shipyard has been raised to approximately 12,700, while the prospective workload for that shipyard is expected to rise to approximately 15,000 by the last of A1273 the year. The Navy also has plans, 8 pre- viously indicated, for awarding new con- tracts to the Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., which will measurably in- crease the employment at that fine plant, “With its long and creditable record of Navy ship construction,” suid Admiral Sherman, “Newport News can expect to receive a pro- portionate share of the shipbuilding and conversion contemplated in the program.” Admiral Sherman also informed me that in the Navys program tor fiscal yea: 1951 are numerous projects for the development of the activities of the Nortolk urea, In gen- eral these projects are for provision of addi- tional facilities at estublished activities in the following categories: (a) Development of permanent facilities at Little Creek. (b) Developinent of additional aviation facilities at Norfolk and Oceana (c) Construction of udditional covered storage (d) Construction of additional aviation- gusvline and jet-fuel bulk storage. (e) Dredging in the harbor area to pro- vide an increased anchorage area, (f) Rehabilitation and alteration of pres- ent facilities (g) Additional communication facilities. I once heard of a white man who congratu- lated his colored friend upon the tmprove- ments he had made in what had previously been a rather poor and rough piece of land, saying: “John, you and the Lord have cer- tainly done a fine job in improving this farm,” “Yes,” said John, “but you should have seen this farm when the Lord was handling it alone.” Of course, we are proud of the kind of natural harbor that God gave us in Hampton Roads but this Maritime Association can take pardonable pride in the fact that through active and intelligent particlpation on its part a better job has been done In 1870 the Congress authorized the Corps of Engineers to commence work on the im- provement of the James River channel. Every student of history is intrigued by the part that great rivets have played in the course of civilization. On the broad bosom of mighty rivers was floating man's first venture {n commerce and on their banks man has built his centers of commerce and eitadels of defense. When I went to Eurupe 2? vears ago with a congressional party there were two livers I was especially anxious to sce—the Danube, famed in song and poetry, and the Tiber, famed as a natural moat de- fending the inner city of Romwe--the river bravely defended by Horatio, inspiring Macaulay to say’ “And how can man dle better than in facing fearful odds for the ashes ot his fathers and the temples of his gods.” I shall frankly admit that I was disap- pointed in both of them but I shall never be disappointed’ tn our river named for King Jumes, the site of the first permanent Eng- lich colony in America and the river of which Dante] Webster sald “We are justly proud of being descended from men who have set the world an exumple of founding civil institu- tions on the great and united principles of Numan freedom and human knowledge To us, their children, the story ot their labors and sufferings can never be without inter- est We shall not stand unmoved on the shore of Plymouth, while the sea continues to wash it; por will our brethren in another early and ancient colony forget the place of its first establishment, till their river shall cease to flow by it. No vigor of youth, no maturity of manhood, will lead the Nation to forget the spots where its infancy wus cradled and defended" It was ut the mouth of the great and historic James that early Virginia settlers decided to start a settlement which is now the thriving city of Norfolk. During the intervening years since 1870 the deep-channel security of anchorage, ca- pacity, and freedom from ice in Hampton
Al274 Roads; the ease with which vessels can enter and leave, the location near the center of the Atlantic coast, the many miles of interior tributary waterways, and the service afforded by the lines of nine railroads radiating to the North, South, and West have made this an important center not only for shipping but for constructing and repairing vessels. Because of the importance of the ports of Hampton Roads not only to our commerce and industry, but also to our national de- fense, I have been able to give full support to the activities of the Corps of Engineers in this area without in any way altering my position with respect to the need for economy in Federal spending and the importance of postponing or abandoning public-works proj- ects which are not necessary in this time of crisis. I challenge anyone who attempts to put the “pork barrel” label on the completed deep-water channels of Hampton Roads which proved their usefulness during World War II and the more recently completed im- provements, such as the 12-foot channel into Hampton Creek and Herbert Creek, the 12- foot channel through the municipal harbor in Newport News Creek and the 25-foot navi- gation channel] from the mouth of James River to the terminal at Richmond. I also am convinced that the ratio of benefits to costs will amply justify the ex- penditure of funds needed to deepen the York Spit Channel and the branches of the Eliza- beth River tn Norfolk Harbor. I assure you, too, that I shall continue to give close attention to the various studies being made by the engineers of additional projects, including mure anchorace arens, channel dimensions to meet the needs of the new, deeper-draft vessels, and improvement of Chuckatuck and Hampton Creeks, James River, Lynnhaven Inlet and Bay, and Norfolk Harbor. If a case can bo mode for these on sound economic grounds and they aro shown to be necessary 40 our defense effort, they will have my support. If an adequate case cannot be made for any of them, I am con- fident you who livo in this area will agree with me that they should not be undertaken. The kind of project which Iam most happy to endorse is {Nustrated by the $50,000 which I had the Senate include in the 1948 appro- priation bill for dealing with oil pollution 4n Norfolk Harbor. I know that illegally dis- charged oil was seriously damaging the oyster and fishing industries of Hampton Roads, which represent a $10,000,000 annual return, and that it was injurious to the $40,000,009 resort industry. I also was interested, as @ lover of wildlife, in stopping the destruction of migratory birds by the ofl-polluted water. But what appealed to me the most about this item was that, insterd of having the Federal Government take on a job and con- tinue to do it for all time, the proposal was for Federal-State cooperative demonstration that would pave the way for private handling of this problem at no public expense. As many of you know, # Federal-State oil collection service provided at a low cost to shipowners was started in July 1949, with the help of the appropriation which your able Representative |Mr Harpy| and I were able to obtain. In December 1949, the opera- tion was discontinued because by that time the Norfolk Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Corp. had started a commercial collection service on the same cost basis. This oil collection program, combined with educational eflorts and more rigid law en- forcement resulted in only two cases of oil pollution being reported in the calendar year of 1950, as compured with 47 cases investi- gated and 16 convictions obtained during the 18-month period before the collection service was started, Thus, in brief summary, I have given you some of the rensons for my pride in the ports of Hampton Roads and some of my reasons for belleving that our future js not as dark as certain pessimists in the country would have us believe. But my major source of pride not only in the Hampton Roads area but throughout the entire State is the character of our citizenry, the contribution made by colonial Virginia to the birth of a nation and the determination I know to be latent in the heart of every Virginian to pass on to gen- erations yet unborn those precious principles of political and economic freedom that were born of the brain and purchased by the blood of our founding fathers. However, if Virginia—the mother of States and of Presi- dents—ts to furnish leadership in this crisis to save the institutions she did so much to establish, we must have a clear conception of the difficulties confronting us and « will- ingness to sacrifice, as our ancestors did, in overcoming them. It is as true today as when Patrick Henry made his memorable speech in old 8t. John’s Church that fe is not 80 dear or peace 60 sweet as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery. It ts as true today as when the victor at Yorktown told the First Congress of the new Nation: “To be pre- pared for war ts one of the most effectual meang of preserving peace ” I recognize the difficulty of some Christian men and women in trying to reconcile the Sermon on the Mount with war or prepara- tions for war. It is my bellef that the fun- damental principle of self-defense includes the defense of our Nation and alli other freedom-loving nations who subscribe to our belief tn the Fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. We must recognize the fact that we face tyrannical and bar- barous leaders of perhaps 800,000.000 willing or unwilling Communist followers and that & program of pacification or of unprepared- ness on our part will aot change their hearts or their plans for world domination. And if we believe, and I think we do, in the principle of self-defense and that the Eible condemns th suicide of an tndividual, we must of necessity belicve that the Bible justifies us in preventing the suicide of Christian nations by permitting barbarians to become the exclusive possessors of modern instrumentalities of human destruction. In 1802 Thomas Jefferson, whose principles of democracy I endeavor to understand and strive to follow, wrote Dr Priestley: “We feel that we are acting under obligations not confined to the Mmits of our own society. It is impossible not to be sensible, that we are acting for all mankind; that circum- stances denied to others, but indulged to us, have imposed on us the duty of proving what is the degree of freedom and self- government in which a society may venture to leave its individual members.” With all the sincerity of which I am capable I tell you that I prefer peace to war and it is only because at the moment I feel that the best means of preventing war is to be prepared that Iam willing to endorse universal military training, a tax program that will hurt, controls over credit and pro- duction that will involve inconveniences and personal sacrifice, drastic economy in public spending at the expense of many worth while domestic projects, and price and wage con-~ trols that seriously impinge upon that type of freedom of action in & system of private and competitive enterprise to which in the past we have been accustomed. I have but two sons, both of whom are of military age, one of whom is a second lieu- tenant tn the Marines now serving in Japan and the other a Reserve officer in the Navy not yet called to active duty. And over and above that, I have on my heart the plea made to me by my mother on her ninetieth birth- day to keep us out of another war, saying that she had Iived through four wars and that was enough war for one lifetime, She saw her father and nine of his brothers go into the Confederate Army in which five APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD lost their lives. She saw three sons go into military service in World War I and two grandsons tn World War II, one with the , first bomber squadron that landed in Africa and the other in the bloody fighting in Italy and finally through the torture of the Battle of the Bulge. But my mother was not a pacifist but rather a militant Christian Jeader who believed that neither our Nation nor the other Christian nations of the world had ever adequately employed moral force for the preservation of peace. Her big and sympathetic heart knew only too well that jt is the mothers of men who suffer the most when statesmanship fails and nations resort to the arbitrament of war in the settlement of th-ir differences, “Mothers of men! The sca is not so wide nor the war so long, The dead so many, nor human misery grown 80 old That we forget the words you did not speak When your sons went off to war, “You did not speak! And yet We heard you say more noble things and brave Than any man or woman has said aloud, We heard you speak of dear-remembered days, Of chubby, tiny fists that clasped your fingers tight. You said this, more than all your life, you'd give your son. And yet you did not speak!” In raising vast armics and providing vast war equipment for what now appears essen- tial for our survival in a hostile world, it is my prayer that the Congress and that the American peuple will realize that we labor in vain to build a temple of peace tha‘ is not dedicated to the victory of spiritual force. Conservation of Natural Resources EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. ALEXANDER WILEY OF WISCONSIN IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Friday, March 9, 1951 Mr. WILEY, Mr. President, on Fri- day, March 3, it was my privilege to address the fifteenth annual convention of the National Wildlife Federation, in- cluding outstanding conservationists from all over America. I ask unani- mous consent that there be printed in the Appendix of the Rrcorp the text of the address I delivered on that occasion. There being no objection, the address was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: SELLING CONSERVATION TO CONGRESS (Text of address delivered by Senator ALEx- ANDER WILEY to Nutional Wildlife Federa- tion Conference, Schroeder Hotel, Milwau- kee, Wis., Saturday, March 3, 1951) 1 am profoundly delighted to address this outstanding gathering of conservation lead- ers of the Nation You lenders are not only conservation-minded but  conservative- minded, I dare say, except when you may be describifig that fish that got away. The fifteenth annual meeting of your fed- eration is another important occasion in the history of the conservation movement of our country. We of Wisconsin are proud that you have honored us by your presence here in Milwaukee. We feel there is sound logic in your choice because it is a fact that Wisconsin has pio-~ neered in so many of the great conservation
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD advances of America. Today, the Badger State is more keenly interested in the pres- ervation of our great outdoor heritage than ever before in our almost 103 years of his- tory. The Wisconsin Conservation Congress in particular with its representation from every one of the 71 counties of our State has shown the tremendous grass-roots inter- est of the rank and file citizens of this State in preserving outdoor values, MORE AND MORE AMERICANS ENJOY OUTDOOR SPORTS As I speak to you this afternoon, the guns aro firing, but they are not being fired in outdoor recreation alone Rather, they me booming in a life and death struggle against the forces of international communism in far-off Korea. Brave Americans are sacri- ficing their all that this land and its values might endure. It is characteristic of our national de- fense that American markmuinship has ate tained legendary excellence Why? Be- cause of the fact that so many millions of Amerieans have enjoyed the experience of hunting. Fifteen and one-half million fish- ing licenses and 12,500,000 hunting Hcenses— there is a record of which we can all be proud And with an ever higher standard of Uving to be enjoyed by the American people, we know that there will be a con- stantly larger increase in the number of Americans enjoying these outdoor pursults, CONSERVATION HAS AIDED AMERICA IN MANY WAYS I need not point out to you. my friends, the many ways in which the conservation movement, has contributed to this country's development wholly aside from enjoyment, relaxation, and recreation You are all familiar with the {importance of the tur industry in giving our Armed Forces clothing for protection against cold temperatures You know how important our commercial fisheries are to the feeding of our people You know that during the early part of World War IT a tremendous amount of rifles, revolvers, and other flie- gums were voluntartly collected tor our de~ fense and the defense of our Allies. AMLERICANS AND CANADIANS ALONE FREE 10 POS >FSh ARMS Tt is a fact of which we may all be provd that America virtually alone ino the world (with the excepuon of Canada) ts about the only place where a man Can possess frrearins in his home without fear that a government storm-trooper will march fn, confiscate his gun, and send him off to prison for planing a revolution. In“other words, the #merican Goverment has confidence in the hunters of America. It knows that the Americun people can be trusted to ercreise jyudgment and diseretion in their possession of weap- ons Soon we will be confronted with a tremen- dos civilian defense program throughout our country, and we Know that the conser- vation Jeaders will be amiong the leaders in that movement. CONSERVING AMERICA’S VATUES Cn the subsect of conservation, itself, it seems to me that there are few more im- portaut themes in all this world than that of conserving values, As you know, my friends, I have Just been participating tor the last 2 weeks In hearings conducted be- fore the Senate Foreign Relations Com- mittee und the Senate Armed Services Com- mittee on the highly controversial question of assignment of troops abroad I will not take this occasion to go into this Guestion, although I know it is of deep interest to all my listeners. Let me, however, mention that in my approach to this prob- lem and to other problems, I try to find a path which will conserve he great constitu- tional syste of which you and I are heirs. In other words, my friends, under the United States Constitution, there js a four-fold sepa- ration of powers, among: (1) the legislative branch, (2) the executive branch: (3) the judicial branch; and finally, (4) there fs a gicat residuc of powers vested in the States and {fn the people. FIOELITY TO LETTER AND SPIRIT OF CONSTITUTION When we approach a question like this matter of American foreign policy, or for that matter, any other problem, we must never forget that whatever decision we come to, we must be in full accordance with firm consti- tutional principles I am not one of those who believes that the Constitution—with its basic theme of separation of powers —can be forgotten when tt dors not accord with our own personal views. Rather. I feel that wo must interpret the Constitution faithfully according to its letter and spirit, and in 60 doing, we will conserve one of the great landmarks of western civilization. AMERICA AS A LIGHTHOUSE Before I leave this theme of conserving values, may I mention that you and I, my friends, are in effect Hghthoune-keepers amidst the long night in which the wold Now finds itsell. We must keep on our guard so that the light of our ighthouse continues to shine torth as a great beacon to all the world, ‘mrkness covers a great mass of the lobe, including 800,000,000 people. The military toices of darkness have never been ptronger- 175 divisions in Russia alone. The revolutionary allles of those forces have never been stronger, Let us theretore pre- serve on this continent the one great ree maining lighthouse, a Hehthouse of civil Mberties, a ighthouse of tatth in the dignity of man and in the fatherhood of God, a Hehthouse of truternity between men and alk races, all creeds all colors This 1s the chale lenge to you and to me as American citizens. PRORLIM OF CONTACTING CONGRESS The theme of your conference ts selling conservation to Congress. In many respects, that is not too difficult an objective, because among the 561 Members of the Senate and House, there me a gieat many men and women who enjoy ts I do the thrill of out- door sports whenever they can get the rare opportunity to do 60 On the other hand, the objective th not Al easy One, becau:e as you know, over 16,000 bills are introduced tn the average Congress and conservation bills may tend to get los! in the shuMe This can happen unless you, the conservationists of our country, ervercise sound, farsighted contact with your Con- press And so, let me mention to you Just a few instances in which conservation can posuibly suffer unless you are dn cluse con tact with your legislative officials, HTINDS NEFDED FOR CONSFRVATION AGENCIES In the first place, there may not be sulle cient funds provided tor the United States Forest. Service, for the Fish and Wildlife Service, for the Soil Conservation Service, and tor other essential Government constr- vation activities We all know that the budget of our coun try ty tremendously strained, and naturally Congress ig tindinyg it increasingly difficult to provide appropriations for peacetime services Therefore, it is essential that care be exercised 50 that these vital conservation agencies are not forgotten when funds are allocated TAXES THR OUTDOORSMAN PAYS Let's never forget that the hunter and fisherman in considerable part pays his own way. Let's just take a look at his tax prob- lem. The sportsman pays directly for the ad« ministration of the wildlife which he is per- mitted to capture and reduce to the bag. He buys his hunting and fishing license, and this fund is set up within the State for the administration of the resource, A1275 He pays 11 percent excise tax on every box of shells; every new gun, whether it is a rifle or a shotgun, on every box of cartridges which he purchases, and this gocs into an earmarked fund provided for in the Pittmane- Robertson Act of 1937. This money, which is collected by the United States Treasury from the manufac- turers of sporting arms and ammunition, 1s set aside in a special fund called the Fed- eral aid to State wildlife restoration projects. Up to date about $70,000,000 has been ear- marked into this fund. All but 813,500,000 of it has been allocated to the States for wildlife rehabilitation and restoration. The man who shoots ducks and other mi- gratory waterfowl has to buy what is known us the Duck Stamp which, until 1049, cost $1 The Congress Increased the cost of this to $2 that year Well over $20,000,000 has been paid into this migratory bird conserva- tion fund through the snle of these stamps since the act became effective in 1934. This money has been used for the pure chase of refuges and their operation, main- tenance, and protection, Last year the Congress passed what 1s known as the Dingell-Johbnson bill (a pre- vious version of which has,been vetoed by the President). This new law earmarks tho 10 percent excise tax on sport fishing tackle to be allocated to the States for Ashery res- toration projects, This will produce about $3,000,000 a yeur All three of these funds— the Pittman-Robertson Jund, the duck stamp fund, and the Dingell-Johnson fund— sre ndministered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. So, let it not be said that the outdoorsman has not been willing to curry his part of the tax burden. ANTIPOLLUTION FIGUT Now, having looked at the appropriation question, let us move on to the «ntipollu- tion program of our country, Obviously, it still has a long way to go I need not repeat to you the grin facts of the betouling of our streams and the (act that actual work under the Tatt-Barkley Pollution Water Control Act of 1948 has barely gotten underway It 145 a fortunate circumstance for this Nation that the conservation director of your diss tinguished organyvation, Mr Curl Schoemak- er, is @ member of the advisory board pur- suant to that act, If we had more selfless men like Carl Schoem. ker, men with oGut- standing experience in the ficld of conser= vation work, we would be futher along in this problem's = solution, The pollution challenge ts a tremendous one, and action aeainst it must be steprved up in tub) coop} erul{ion between the Federal Government, Stntcs, and localities and promcete mndustry aud tarming. NATIONAL PARKS MUST NOT BE DESTROYED Now a third vital front on whieh consere vation ean suffer would Le tie continued de- apotlng of our great national patk system. You and I know that vheve parks must be pieverved a4 inviolate savcturries, No hunt- er is permitted in them, but fibhing is one of the great activities there, under caretul regulation. Fishing, the very mention of the word, makes a man’s heart thrill, even though one fellow once sald’ “There are two kinds of flehermen, those that fish for sport and those that actually catch fish” More than 30,060,000 peaple visited the national parks last year, and around a simi- Jar number visited the national forests in one way or another And set there are those inside ond outside of Government who would initiate policies which would destroy these national parks and national forests, and as a result future generations would not know the glories of outdoor ecenes such 3B we of this generation have enjoyed. Why do we entoy them? Because previous far sighted Amerizans preserved them for us.
Alzi Thus we see a third vital front on which conservationists must maintain contact with Congress. TECHNIQUES OF CONTACTING CONGRESS Well, my friends, granted that we are agreed that conservation ts a vital front for the Congress to be contacted on, just how can you go about it There ure peveral spe- cific ways, and I would like to mention them briefly now. In the first place, constructive correspond- ence is a tremendously umportant means of contacting your legislator, When you hear in your club, read in the newspapers, tu con- servation magazines, when you lMsten over the 1adio, or see on the television screen, that matters ailectlIng conservation will be coming up in the Congress, do not hesitate to write to your legislator, to both your Senators and to your elected Representative. First, however, inform yourself as tully as possible exactly what you want to writo about. Is a bill good or bad, in whole or in part? Find out the bill's number, if you can, tho name of the sponsor, the current status; then phrese exactly what you respectfully feel your legislatur should do. Do you want him to vote for some particular amendment to it, for example? Do you want him to vote for it in its orlginal form? Do you want him to contact the Department of Interior about it in some way, etc? Do you want him to speed the hearings or to speed the report on the work of the conference com- mittee? GIVE REASONS FOR YOUR VIEWS When you have these facts, when you have clearly decided what you want in your own mind, put your thoughts on paper. Try to keep your message as brief, as clear, and as much to the point as possible Present the actual reasons why you feel the policy should be supported, Your legislator will be happy to get your judgment He will be pleased to analyze the logic of your argu- ment. He may not, however, be able to ree spond tn as grent detail as he would like. For example, I receive over 800 letters per day, and it is almost inevitable that my re- plies must necessarily be brief and in fact, it in almost inevitable too that some of my responses must be form letters. In addition, since I am not a member of any of the Senate committees which directly handle conservation affairs, I must neces- sarily first contact those committees and defer my personal conclusions until I can get the committee's expert judgment, rather than simply come to an off-the-cuff personal deciston without previous study. These are some of the facts which you must bear tn mind. In addition, of course, you will want to remember that each leg- islator will be attending primarily to com- mittee work within his own jurisdiction. My own field of endeavor is the Senate For- eign Relations Committee, the Senate Judi- clary Committee, and the Senate Crime In- vestigating Committee. These three groups alone could take 24 hours of work a day And so it is necessary that the amount of time available for other work must be rather thriftily scheduled. I present these facts to you. my friends, because I think that they will help con- tribute to your understanding of the prob- Jems that almost any legislator faces Be- cause what I have said in describing my own work could be duplicated tn the case of vir- tually any other legislator. SEEING LEGISLATOR AT FIRST HAND Now, my friends, if it is at all possible, there is nothing superior to face-to-face con- tact with your legisiator. If you get the chance to come to Washington, don’t hesl- tate to write to your Senavor and/or Repre- sentative in advance and they will undoubt- edly be happy to try to ariange lor an ap- pointment with you. Moreover, when Con-~ gress recesses, try to contact your legislator when he or she ts at home, and present facts to him on the conservation situation as you see it. He is particularly interested in the local phase of conservation on which you, in pare ticular, are most expert. In other words, he can get the national picture through na- tional magazines and national organizations. But what he wants and needs to secure most of all is your concise report on the con- servation problems affecting you and affect- ing his particular congression.1 district or State, Naturally, however, he is happy to get supplementary information on the over-all problem. USING YOUR ORGANIZATION Another way by which you can contact your legislator is, of course, through your organization by resolutions which you adopt jin your Rod and Gun Club, or by resolutions of the National Wlldllfe Feder- ation, or by contacts made by executive sec- retaries of your organizations. In this way you and your friends can simultaneously contact your legislator and get the full benefit of mass support of your position, rather than merely doing so as an individual, The more you acquaint your legislator with what your tish and wildlife club ts doing, the better are the chances of sound representation of your intcrests. Send him news reports of your club’s activity Invite him to your meetings. Ask him to speak before you or to serve on a panel He may not always be able to accept, but he will be happy to be in contact with your group, CONCLUSION Now these are but a few of the ways by which you can sell conservation to Con- gress. Of course, you will want to be active in contacting your State Conservation Com. mission too As a rule, there are a wide variety of other State and local officers who work on the problems affecting conservation, You and I know that there are many prob- lems which can only be handled by Uncle Sam, but there are a great variety of prob- Jems which can be met effectively on the State and local level. I want to thank you for the kind atten.- tion to this address. I hope that it will be but the opening gun in a long series of other contacts which you and I will have together and which you will have with your own legislators. Good luck to you. Good fishing, good hunting, and good conservation. Congressman Doyle Explains Congres- sional Committees for Information of Constituents EXTENSION OF REMARKS Or HON. CLYDE DOYLE OF CALIFORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, March 7, 1951 Mr. DOYLE. Mr. Speaker, many in- quiries I have received from residents of the great Eighteenth Congressional Dis- trict of California, which I am now rep- resenting for a third time, request infor- mation about the various standing com- mittees of the United States Senate and the House of Representatives. Inspired by these inquiries is my own realization that only an informed electorate can act APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD intelligently, and only an informed de- mocracy can endure. These realizations have caused me to go to the personal expense of having an informative outline set up and following this the further personal expense has been underta’xen of causing this compi- lation of interesting and highly inform- ative matter to be published and sent out to the very many persons who are interested, so that they may add to their enlightenment about the congressional committees; and, for their interest and guidance in having pointed out to them the names of the committces and the representatives on the committees, to whom these interested citizens may wish to forward opinions or 1deas; or from whom these interested citizens may de- sire to obtain information about nation- al affairs. The presentation of information of which I speak promises to be of use to the thousands of residents of the Eight- eenth Congressional District of Califor- nia who share a very active American desire to be more fully informed—and thus able to act intelligently—as they fulfill their needs to know these things. Also, Mr. Speaker, since I receive many requests asking me for informa- tion as to what congressional committees I am mysclf a member of, and requests for an explanation of the jurisdiction of these committees in this session of Congress, I have mentioned the two committees on which I serve—the Com- mittee on Armed Services and the Com- mittee on Un~American Activities—and in addition to this, I have itemized the jurisdiction and responsibilities of these two committees, as is set forth officially in the text of Public Law 601, Seventy- ninth Congress, chapter 753, second ses- sion. As all of the text which follows is ver- batim from Public Law 601, entitled “An act to provide for increased efficiency in the legislative branch of the Govern- ment,” I am hopeful that in its being cited in this connection, and thus made available for the quick information of the public, that my compilation of this information may prove of value to many students and scholars in their studies in schools and colleges, and other groups, as well as of additional important serv- ice to older citizens, whose interest in Government at the national level may be thus facilitated and made to become more alert and vigorous. Standing committees of the United States Senate Number of memobers Agriculture and Forestry, 13 Appropriations -.......--.2..0. 21 Armed Services_.........- 13 Banking and Currency_.-.-_.-.---.-.-. 13 Civil Service... 2-22. eee 13 District of Columbla__.-..--- ek 13 Expenditures in the Executive Depart- ments ..---.---.-- eee Finance__.--......-. 13 Foreign Relations 13 Interstate and Foreign Commerce..-____ 13 Judiciary 22.2200. 18 Labor and Public Welfare 13 Public Lands 13 Public Works 13 Rules and Administration
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Standing committees of the House of Representatives Number of members Agriculture..2.-- 2. ee eee eee eweeece 27 Appropriations ~...~-.-.-~------------ 43 Armed Services__..--..-.-.---... 33 Banking and Currency 27 Post Office and Civil Service......---... 25 District of Columbia.-........ ~~ 25 Education and Labor__..._--..-2-222-. 25 Expenditures in the Executive Depurt- ments --.---- wenn nnn ne een eee eee ~ 25 Foreign Affairs.....---.-..-.-.------ - 25 House Administration. ._.-- 2.2. -- 25 Interstate and Foreign Commerce...... 27 Judiciary. _-.---22--.----- eee w--- 27 Merchant Marine and Fisherles...-..... 25 Public Lands. _.-__- ween enn nn nee eee - 25 Public Works. ---- 27 Rules ---~- 12 Un-American Activitles....-....-..2- -~ 9 Veterans’ Affairs......---.---------.--- 27 Wnhys and Means...-2---.----.------- ~ 25 (b) (1) The Speaker shall appoint all se- lect and conference committees which shall be ordered by the House trom time to time, (2) At the commencement of each Con- gress, the House shall elect as chairman of each standing committee one of the Mem- bers thereof} in the temporary absence of the chairman, the Member next in rank In the order named in the election of the com- mittee, and so on, as often as the case shall happen, shall act as chairman; and in cause of a permanent vacancy tn the chairman- ship of any such committee the House shall elect another chairman. (3) All vacancies in standing committees in the House shall be filled by election by the House. Each Member shall be elected to serve on one standing committee ond no more; except that Members who are elected to serve on the Committee on the District of Columbia or on the Committee on Un-American Activities may be elected to serve on two standing committees and no more, and Members of the majority party who are elected to serve ou the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Depart~ ments or on the Committee on House Ad- ministration may be elected to serve on two standing committees and no more, * * . * * (2) Each standing committee shall con- tinue and have the power to act until their successors are appointed, (3) Each standing committee 1s author- ized to fix the number of its members (but not less than one-third of its entire mem- bership) who shall constitute « quorum thereof for the transaction of such business as may be considered by sald committee, subject to the provisions of section 133 (d) of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, (4) Each Senator shall serve on two stand- ing committees and no more: except that Senators of the majority party who are mem- bers of the Committee on the District of Columbia or of the Committce on Expendl- tures in the Executive Departments may serve on three standing committees and no more. As I said, Mr. Speaker, I am serving on the Armed Services Commitiee and the Committee on Un-American Activi- ties, the jurisdiction of which is set forth in Public Law 601, as follows: COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES (2) The Committee on Un-American Ac- tivities, as a whole or by subcommittee, 1s authorized to make from time to time in- vestigations of (1) the extent, character, and objects of un-American propaganda activi- ties in the United States, (il) the diffusion within the United States of subversive and un-American propaganda that js instigated from foreign countries or of a domestic origin and attacks the principle of the form of government as guaranteed by our Consti- tution, and (141) all other questions in reia- tion thereto that would aid Congress in any necessary remedial legislation. The Committee on Un-American Activi- ties shall report to the House (or to the Clerk of the House if the House is not in session) the results of any such investiga- tion, togethor with such recommendations as it deems advisable, For the purpose of any such investigation, the Committee on Un-American Activities, or any subcommittee thereof, is authorized to sit and act at such times and places within the United States, whether or not the House is sitting, hus recessod, or has adjourned, to hold such hearings, to require the attendance of such witnesses and the production of such books, papers, and documents, und to take such testimony, as it deems necessary. Bub- penis may be issued under the signature ot the chairman of the committee or any subcommittee, or by any members destg- nated by any such chairman, and may be served by any person designated by any such chairman or member. COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES 1 Common defense generally 2 The War Department and the Military Establishment generally. 3 The Navy Department and the Naval Establishment generally. 4 Soldiers’ and sailors’ homes 65 Pay, promotion, retirement, and other benefits and privileges of members of the Armed Forces 6 Selective service. 7 Size and composition of the Army and Navy. 8 Forts, arsenals, and navy yards, 9 Ammunition depots. 10 Conservation, development, and use of naval petroleum and olf] shale reserves. 11 Strategic and critical materials neces- sary for the common detense. 12 Scientific research and development in support of the armed services. CONFERENCE RULES ON AMENDMENTS IN NATURE OF SUBSTITUTE Src. 135 (a) In any case in which a dis- agrecment to an amendment in the nature of a substitute has been referred to con- ferees, it shall be in order for the con- ferees to report a substitute on the same subject matter; but they may not include in the report matter not committed to them by either House. They may, however, in- clude in their report in any such case matter which is a germane modification of subjects in disagreement. (ob) In any case in which the conferees violate subsection (a), the conterence re- port shall be subject to a point of order. LEGISLATIVE OVERSIGHT BY STANDING COMMITTEES Sre 136 To assist the Congress in appraise ing the administration of the laws and in developing such amendments or related leg- islation as it may deem necessary, each standing committee of the Senate and the House of Representatives shall exercise con- tinuous watchfulness of the execution by the administrative agencies concerned of any laws, the subject matter of which is within the jurisdiction of such committee; and, for that purpose, shall study all pertinent reports and data submitted to the Congress by the agencies in the executive branch of the Gov- ernment. PRESERVATION OF COMMITTEE HEARINGS Sec. 141. The Librarian of the Library of Congress !s authorized and directed to have bound at the end of each session of Congress the printed hearings of testimony taken by each committee of the Congress at the pre- ceding session. LEGISLATIVE REFERENCE SERVICE Sec. 203. (a) The Librarian of Congress is authorized and directed to establish in the military reservations, A1277 Library of Congress a separate department to be known as the Legislative Reference Service. It shall be the duty of the Legisla- tive Reference Service— (1) Upon request, to advise and assist any committee of either House or any joint com- mittee in the analysis, appraisal, and evalu- ation of legislative proposals pending before it, or of recommendations submitted to Con- gress, by the President or any executive agency, and otherwise to assist in furnishing a basis for the proper determination of meas- ures before the committee; (2) Upon request, or upon its own initia- tive in anticipation of requests, to gather, classify, analyze, and make available, in translations, indexes, digests, compilations, and bulletins, and otherwise, data for a bear- ing upon legislation, and to render such data servicerble to Congress, and committees and Members thereof, without partisan bins in selection or presentution; (3) To prepare summaries and digests of public hearings before committees of the Congress, and of bills and resolutions of a public general nature introduced in either House. IMPROVEMENT OF CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Src. 221. The Joint Committee on Print« ing is author!zed and directed to provide for printing in the daily Recorp the legislative program for the day, together with a list of congressional committee meetings and hear- ings, and the place of meeting and subject matter; and to cause a brief résumé of cone gressional activities for the previous day to be incorporated in the Recorp, together with an index of its contents. Such data shall be prepared under the supervision of the Secre- tury of the Senate and the Clerk of the House of Representatives, respectively. SENATE AND HOUSE PAGES Sec. 243 (2) The Secretary of the Senate and the Clerk of the House of Representa- tives, acting jointly, are authorized and directed to enter into an arrangement with the Board of Education of the District of Culumbia for the education of congressional pages and pages of the Supreme Court in the public school system of the District. Such arrangement shall include provision for re- imbursement to the District of Columbia for any additional expenses incurred by the pub- lic school system of the District in carrying out such arrangement. (b) There are hereby authorized to be ap- propriated such sums as may be necessary to reimburse the District of Columbia in accordance with the arrangement referred to in subsection (a). (c) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (a) and (b) of this section, said page or pages may elect to attend a private or parochial school of thelr own choice: Provided, however, That such private or parochial school shall be reimbursed by the Senate and House of Representatives only in the same amount as would be paid if the page or pages were attending a public school under the provistons of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, Citizens desiring to communicate with any committee of Congress should ad- dress their letters as follows—to illus- trate: Chairman, Committee on Appro- priations, United States Senate, Senate Office Building, Washington, D. C.; or, Chairman, Committee on Armed Serv- ices, House of Representatives, House Office Building, Washington, D. C. To communicate with me, as repre- senting the Eighteenth Congressional District of California, address letter to: Hon, Criype Dorie, Member of Congress, 1030 House Office Building, House of Representatives, Washington, D. C.
A1278 Need for Approval of Eagle Gorge Flood- Control Project EXTENSION OF REMARKS HCN. WARREN G. MAGNUSON OF WASHINGTON IN TED SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Friday, March 9, 1951 Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp an edi- torial written by John L. Fournier, edi- tor of the Kent (Wash.) News-Journal. There being no oljectron, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: Notrs From THE Epitor's Desk (By John L. Fournier) EMPHASIZING THE NEED Nothing could emphasize the need for ap- proval of the Eagle Gorge Hovd-control proj- ect more than the near-disastrous fluod of the pust week end Once again the Green River has risen to flood stage and caused extensive damage throughout the length and breadth ot its watershed Beyond the actua] daniayge there is the secondury aud potential dam- age that ls caused by the ever-recurring threat of fluod-bourne disaster. There is no question in the minds of the people of this community as to the real and growing need for the Eagle Gorge flood-con- trol dam. There Js also the recognition of the fact that it will be dificult to obtain Nood-control appropriations during a period of national emergency. But for those who are willing to examine the situation herc, there ts the apparent immediate need for flood control and protection of vital defense areas here in the valley. That need, \f prop- erly evaluated, should bring action at this seasion of Congress for approval of the Green River flood-control project. For those who live here there is no more urgent or necessary project Those who tace the flood threats from year to year recognize the manifold benefits that will be derived from flood con- trol on the Green. Investigation of Reconstruction Finance Corporation EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. JOHN J. WILLIAMS OF DELAWARE. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Friday, March 9, 1951 Mr. WILLIAMS. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp an editorial entitled ‘Probe of RFC Mess Must Be Pushed,” published in the Philadelphia Inquirer of March 4, 1951. There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: Prone or RFC Mess Must Be PusHep In view of the sensational testimony con- cerning peculiar activities in and around the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, the public will find it difficult to understand the Gesire now voiced by members of the investi- gating Senate subcommittee to wind up its inquiry as quickly as possible. An early end to this probe might make it easier tor all concerned. It might relieve the perplexed members of the tnvestigating group trom the duty of trying to find the truth in what Chairman FuLsricHTt has de- nounced as “lying” testimony But it wouldn't restore public confidence in a Government loan agency so tangled up in tales of mink coats, influence, and the “Washington fix" Nor would it furnish the vitally necessary assurance that the general Moral level of all Government agencies is what it ought to he. Senator Funericur has overwhelming backing for his contention that the subcom- mittee report charging improprieties in the RPC is anything but asinine, as President Truman characterized it. Every day of open hearings before the Senators demonstrates that their report fell short tn only one respect—it didn't go tar enough. The probe still hasn't gone far enough. Whether the Senators are satisfied or not, the public has a right to Know the answers to dozens of questions raised by testimony taken under oath before the subcommittee. And in the numerous cases where this sworn testimony is palpably conflicting, those proven to have perjured themselves ought to be punished What about the charge hurled hy a Detroit industrialict that a Washington lawyer claimed to have two RFC atrectors in his hip pocket? Are such serious charges to be Iet go with a simple accusation and dental, or will the committee dig into the whole matter to find out the truth? What about the serlous statement made by Carl G Strandlund, head of the Lustron prefabricated housing enterprise, that one RFC director headed a clique that tried to wrest control of Lustron from him?) TLus- tron had borrowed @37,000,000 from the RFC, and ultimately the loan was foreclosed. There are other matters hanging fire as a& result of dirclosurcs before the committee, and not the least of them is the curious role of E. Merl Young, one-time RFC examiner whose wife got the $8,540 mink cuat charged to » Washington attorney alleged to be in- fluential with the RFC. Young also jumped from his modest RFC position to two jobs, at salaries totaling 628,000 a year, with two soparate RFC borrowers, and FULBRIGHT says he }s still trying to ind out what Young did to earn these salaries. So is the public More importantly, the public is trying to find out why the serv- ices—and proposed $100,000 lee—of a law- yer were rejected because it looked like “the Washington fix.” Is the “fix” such a com- mon operation in Washington that it can be readily spotted? President Truman has moved belatedly in this situation by offering a plan to reorgan- ize the RFC. But he could and should go much further. He ought to demand, on the basis of the disclosures up to now, that the whole mess be thoroughly investigated until all the charges are explored. Whatever the President does, Furpercnt and the other subcommittee members should not let the investigation die. Yet Futsricnt has announced that he wants to wind up this week the hearings on what he terms “this cockeyed thing" It’s cockeyed, all right, but !t’s much more than that. It raises grave doubts whether the RFC has been run for the benefit of the country or on the basis of influence and fa- vors. It casts reflections on various Wash- ington characters whose stock in trade seems to be knowing Government officials. The RFC mess carries grave implications about the conduct af the Government. It must not be half exposed and then brushed aside and forgotten. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Commemoration of the Christianization of Lithuania EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. HERBERT R. O’CONOR OF MARYLAND IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Friday, March 9, 1951 Mr. O'CONOR. Mr. President, an oc- casion of outstanding interest to the many persons of Lithuanian birth and descent in Maryland was held this past Sunday at St. Alphonsus Church, Balti- more, Md, to mark the seven hundredth anniversary of the beginning of the Christianization of Lithuania, Present at the services at which his excellency, the Most Reverend Francis p. Keough, presided, were 500 displaced Lithuanians who have arrived in Mary- Jand in the past 18 months, to give thanks for the freedom they now enjoy. The Reverend Louis J. Mendcles is pastor of this large congregation of splendid Maryland citizens. Because of its pertinence to conditions throughout the world today, I ask unani- mous consent that excerpts from the ser- mon delivered on this occasion by the Reverend John J Duggan be inserted in the Appendix of the Recorp. There being no objection, the excerpts were ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: It 1s singularly appropriate that at the gracious tnvitatior of your reverend pastor, we should gather today at this solemn mass presided over by our most reverend arch- bishop, to commemorate the Catholic bap- tism of Lithuania owr seven centuries ago, and at the same time to join with you exiles of that martyred daughter of the church in hymns and prayers of thanks- giving for the favors which God has be- stowed upon you, not the least of which 1s the haven of hospitality enjoyed by you in this State of Maryland and city of Baltimore. It is Laetare Sunday when the church bids her children who have been so far engaged in penitent works, to look up anc beyond Cal- vary and see in the first rays of the Easter sun the riven Christ who brings them re- demption, and to rejoice. We live in one of those interludes of his- tory that come upon us once every few hun- dred years. A twilight zone when darkness seems go real and the light seems so far away. The whole world is on tenterhooks, possessed of a sense of impending catastrophe when war, defeat, persecution of religion, frustra- tion of hearts, enthronement of violence, aud &@ gnawing iear would turn us into prophets of despair. We whu believe in God cannot share the pessimism and despair which speaks of the return to barbarism. There are three notes of hope today for us who believe ir God which keep us from sharing the pessimism, hopelessness, and cofcatisin of those who have forgotten their od. The first lesson is this: A great calamity is often the eve of a great sptritual awakening. In such moments of defeat man‘s pride is most humbled and his soul thus prepared for the help of God. The second reason for hope is that in the lifetime of all of us the church has been more and more emerging into the world from which she was exiled 400 years ago. Nothing bevter symbolizes this progressive
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD influence than the manner in which the last two Popes have been crowned as successors of St Peter. Both pontiffs were crowned on the portico in the piazza of St. Peter. The third and final reason for hope ts that the strength of material opposition has no relation to the possibilities of spiritual vic- tory. That is why we who believe in God and Christ’s victory over the powers of darkness and the victory of spirit over matter will not be without hope for America, 50 long as it trusts In God May you who have come from the old country, a Lithuania that was baptized in the taith 700 years ago, now help us to con- tinue our trust in God. You have been the recipients of the magnificent care and generosity of the Resettlement Committee of the National Catholic Welfare Conference under the enorgetic and most gracious leadership of our most reverend archbishop. You who are most anxious to show your gratitude can do so in no better way than by living catholle lives. Good example from you at work and in your homes will surely bring back God into main stream of Ameri- can hfe. Your attendance at Sunday mass and frequent reception of the sacraments as witnessed by us this morning will be the best compensation for the hospitality of our country. You who have witnessed disloyalty of your own in face of tempting promises from without help us so that the epidemic of Benedict Arnolds in this country may be stopped completely. You who have seen faithful souls apostatize in face of adversity and of tempting promises of fool's gold, worldly prestige, and impossible utopias please help us to be sclf-disciplined and faithful under our present trials and pen- ance, We are your debtors because you are the servants of the suffering Christ who have given us the precious opportunity of being another Veronica and Simon of Cyrene as you tread your sorrowful journey currying so courageously and hopelully your burden of the cross. Life Insurance for GI’s EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. HARLEY M. KILGORE OF WEST VIRGINIA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Friday, March 9, 1951 Mr. KILGORE. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp an excellent editorial published in the Washington Post of yesterday in regard to the bill now in conference providing life insur- ance for GI's. There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the Record, as follows: Free INSURANCE Of the two bills to provide free life in- surance for GI’s, the Senate version ts much to be preferred. This bill, which would furnish free insurance to men on active duty, also would permit them to continue it after discharge by paying the premiums themselves The House bill, on the other hand, would require that the insurance privilege end upon discharge from the serv- ice, with no provision for continuance. There can be little question that auto- matic insurance is desirable for men on active duty. It is a form of protection for families which is obviously necessary, for no matter what the inducements to take out insurance on a voluntary basis, the casualty records always include some men who for one reason or another do not have a policy. Whether the insurance is given free or is made mandatory by pay deductions is not important; the need is to see that everyone has it. Actually, free insurance may prove to be cheaper to the Governinent than the present system through elimination of an inordinate amount of paper work. With respect to veterans, however, the House bill would take away a privilege which has been accorded veterans of two World Wars. Even though it would not aflect exist~ ing policics, It would deny new veterans the right to keep their Insurance in force. This right to continue Government lite insurance Is, to be sure, a form of subsidy in that the Government assumes the cost of overhead and the premiums are cheaper than on com- parable civilian policies, It is a subsidy, how- ever, for a worth-while purpose, and one that means far more tu veterans than most of the other benefits that generous legislators conjure up Undoubtedly the admiiustra- tion of Government life insurance could be simplified, but we hope that Senate conferees will stick to thelr guns in continuing the privilege for men who have earned it. Abolition of Discrimination EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. HERBERT H. LEHMAN OF NEW YORK IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATIS Friday, March 9, 1951 Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp a resolution which urges the abolition of discrimi- nation, separation, segregation, and in- equalities applying to certain minority groups living in the United States. The resolution is from the Reveille Club, of New York, whose membership is com- posed of distinguished citizens of my own State. The position taken by this group is that inequalities based on race, color, or creed, are contrary to our prin- ciples of democracy, hamper our mo- bilization effort, and should be elimi- nated. In this position I wholeheartedly agree, There being no objection, the resolu- tion was ordered to be printed in the REcorD, as follows: REVEILLE CLuB OF New York, New York, N. Y. “Resolution advocating the abolishment of discrimination, separation, segregation, and inequalities to certain minority groups living in the United States “Whereas the President of the United States declared a national emergency, re- questing of the Congress extraordinary powers, and “Whereus it appears that a third world war involving Russia and other communistic countiies against the United States and other free nations appears inevitable, and “Whereas such a world war would be catastrophic ani more devastating to the free nations and western civilization than all the other wars in history; and “Whereas the United States is Known as a democratic country but in reality numer- ous groups of its citizenry suffer from diverse A1279 discriminations and inequalities despite ad- vances made with regards thereto toward the broadening of the democratic base dur- ing World War II; and “Whereas discrimination, segregation, or separation in any form, to any group because of race, color, or national origin is contrary to the concept of our democratic principles; and “Whereas the communistic enemies of the free nations are successfully using these facts to undermine the prestige of the United Stutes throughout the world, to increase her enemies and dispel trust in the free nations’ advocacy of democracy; and “Whereas the colored peoples of the world have long resented the many slights and in- equalities meted out to them, and this is particularly true of the Negro minority as well as other minorities in the United States; and “Wherenxs they, with the other colored peoples of the world, look forward to and demand equal treatment for equal abilitics since they, as American citizens, are to take & part in a war against communistic aggres- sion; and “Whereas the United States and the free nations of the world can only meet the ag- gression of communistic countrics by belng totally unified: Therefore be it “Resolved, That the President of the United States is hereby urged to exercise the full power and authority vested in him as President and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, by Executive orders or other- wise, to the end that discrimination and inequality against any groups of persons be~ cause of ruce, color, or national origin throughout the United States, and particu- larly in the so-called Southern States, shall be eliminated immediately, and that all laws, customs, and practices contrary thereto shall be abrogated, and that the Congress in such instances as may be necessary implement such Executive orders by law." The above is a true copy of a resolution adopted by the Reveille Club of New York at a meeting held the 13th day of January 1951. Ina L. ALDRIDGE, Secretary. Five Basic and Explosive Fallacies EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. WILLIAM BENTON OF CONNECTICUT IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Friday, March 9, 1951 Mr. BENTON. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp a remark- able article from the New York Times Sunday magazine section written by Lester Markel, the Times’ Sunday edi- tor. The article is headed “Five basic and explosive fallacies” and is based on a series of recent interviews by Mr. Markel with Government officials in Washington. Mr. President, these five fallacies un- derlie much too much of the thinking and the debating now going on in Wash- ington. I hope this article may be wide- ly read by Members of the Congress. I particularly commend Mr. Markel’s pre- scription, his recommendation to carry on the work in each of the four great areas where public opinion 1s made.
A1289 There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: Five Basic AND EXPLOSIVE FaLLaciis—AMERI-< can Poucy Is INFLUENCED RY MUSCONCEP- qTiuns T2 aT RiveaL THE Ngep or a BerrEs Unvormcp PUBLIC (By Lester Markel) Washington at ail times strives to be many things to many men—an international as well as a national capital, a monitor for the world and a sounding board for the Nation. Now it strives especially to be the last. The White House keeps its collective enr as close to the ground as physics permits. The Congress tries almost desperately to discover the wishes of the country. Increasing at- tention {s paid to the mails and the polis; politics makes uneasy as woll as strange bed- fellows. What is thought on Main Street— or rather what Washington thinks Main. Street is thinking—-has a profound effect on the Capitol. Washington today is overhung with un- certainties, abnormal fogs added to the normal mists of the capitnl—the political and ideological miasmas and the clouds of gossip that are wafted from the cocktall lounges into the innermost sanctums of gov- ernment. To the degree that the Nation is confused and uncertain, so is the Capital. If many among us are uninformed or misiniormed, then we are likely to move by emotion rather than reason. Unless public opinion is steady and sane we shall not fulfill our role in the world and thus we shall invite incalculable danger. There is convincing evidence thal we are not as informed as we need to be intormed to meot the present peril Specifically, there are five prime fallacics that have wide cur- rency in the Natiun. Even though, as is unduubtedly true, these views ure not held by a majority of the people, they are held brvadly euough to exert a compelling influ- ence on national policy. What follows is a statement of these five fallacies and a report on their eflects, us the visitor to Washington observes them. I, THE ATOMIC BOMB The belief: This ts a twofold conviction: First, that in the atomic bomnb we have tho decisive weapon, second, that we should pro- eced now, if net with the atomic bomb, at least with atomic speed, to shoot the works, to move with everything we possess, so that we can have it over with and return to nor- mualcy as quickly as possible. . The tallacy. The atomic bomb, It is true, isn most potent arm and a mighty deterrent to Bovict Russin, But it cannot be conclu. sive in a war with Russia. As tor a program for shooting the works, {n that direction may liv an economic defeat more overwhelm- ing than a military one. In Washington the atomic fallacy results in a spurious reliance on the bomb—and in some instances, fortunately rare, in a demand for a preventive war. Those who advocate this kind of progiam do not carry it beyond the first blasts. You ask, for example, wnat do we do if, immediately the war is on, the Russians move into Europe, our critical bas- tion? The only answer you get is that we shai) then destroy Europe's factories. What an impression that formula must make on countries such as France, still struggling with the wreckage of the last war and still @azed from the occupation. A second important effect of the atomic fallacy in the call for full mobllization—for many more troops, for complete controls, for arms in vast quantity—now. The pres- sures are fully evident in the White Howse, on Capitol Hill, and especially in the echoing halls of the Pentagon. The men in charge of the mobilization de- plore these pressures. If we yield to them the Kremlin might stampede us into eco- nomic dtsaster. General Marshall is em- phatic on the point. “We must,” he says, “putdd up our productive capacity; the stock- piles will come later” As he sees it, the job is not one of day-by-day improvisation, but the development of a 10-year plan. if the effort is concentrated in a single year and the war continues cold instead of hot, then the let-down will be tremendous and the future will be in grave jeopardy. For this ts not a reckless foe we face; this is a cool, calculating enemy. Averell Harri- man tells of a conversation he had with Btalin 3 years ago about Hitler’s course. Hitler's mistake, Stalin said, was that he be- came impatient, he tried to force matters, he failed in his timing and so he was de- feated. We can be sure of little about the Kremlin except that i¢ will not act until it believes the time is ripe—and this regurdiess of what we do, elther by way of firmness or appease- ment. To those who, like Mr. Harriman, have had experience with the men that walk and act like bears our course is clear. We must build up our strength steadily and surely and calmly, unswayed either by Rus- slan threats or by Russian promises. II. THE GEOGRAPHIC FALLACY The belief: This takes three forms: First, the conviction that, if we choose, we can withdraw to a western Gibraltar and from there defy the Russians and all the forces of Ideology and economics; second, Clusely allied with this, the theory that we cun achieve sea and air control and so utterly safeguard our shores; third, that what we face 1s ¢x- clusively a military problem. The fallacy’ There is no Gibraltar, no fortress, that can be made surely safe against atomic attack. Second, sea and air control implies bases and bases imply allies Finally, this is not fundamentally a military problem or even a geographic one, it is one to be solved, ultimately, not with arms, but with doctrine. The geographic fallacy is highly petent in Washington. It expresses itself in a demand that wo do something—exactly what is never cleanly defined— about Asta and that we tell Europe where she gets off. The answer from the White House and Pentagon is this: As for Asia, the problem is one that dates back deep into history and requires time, patience, and fortitude; as for Europe, where she gets off is almost precisely the piace where we must get off. The tulk of a Gibraliar of the west is likened to the talk 10 years ago of an in- vincible Maginot line. To those who mini- mize and criticize Europe the Pentagon leaders answer that the Continent is vital to us, first, a8 a production area, and, secand, as a citadel, In the hands of the enemy the European workshops might well tip the scales against us. Even Mr. Hoover’s plans call for the holding of the British Isles, but without Europe, the military leaders say, it will be very difficult to hold the British Isles; and without the British Isles a crucial base will be lost. That is why. it ts argued. we must send troops to invigorate the European defense. Even though the forces may not be sufficient to hold the continent indefinitely against a Russian onslaught, they can at least check the attack, so that a bronthing spell will be provided during which our air arm can go into action. But the main defect in this kind of think- ing, as Senator Pav Dovaeras puts it, is that most so-called geographic problems are not military and not even geographic. We must surely build up our strength so that Russia will not dare to move; then will come a period of armed truce during which the two systems will be tested. But no ultimate APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD victory is possible unless psychology and economics are on cur side. “That means 8 double effort; we must make our own system stronger and we must help others to achieve like security.” There are no doubts about the outcome if we make this effort, for then the moral] and industrial potentials of the free states are certain to prevail against those of the slave nations. Il. THE M'CARTHY FALLACY The belief: This is the suspicion that the Government is riddled with Communists or soft sympathigers with communism; that few in these parlous days are to be trusted; that those farthest right are likely to be nearest right. The fallacy: First, even though constant screenings of Government ranks are necas- sary, the large majority of Government workers are loyal and faithful, Second, it is surely a blazing uon sequitur to conclude that any argument advanced as an anti- Communist argument is per se @ good argu- ment. The shadow of the McCarthy fallacy lies heavy over Washington. The Republicans are very conscious of the fact that the is- sue made by the Wisconsin Senator helped them win important victories in the 1950 elections and they look to it hopefully for 1952. Foreign policy, says Mr. Tarr, will be the issue next year. He dofines that issue as the “ousting of communism from Govern- ment.” And the administration is, of course, acutely conscious of the challenge. Over the State Department the cloud hangs blackest. The charges have made State ol- ficials very cautious, even timid, and this is reflected in our policy. So deeply has the doubt penetrated that there are officers abroad who are reluctant to make true ap- praisals of the Russian situation for fear that sometime someone will come upon their reports in the Department files and accuse them of subversion. A current of dank anxiety runs through the departments of Governinent; and many good men will not take Washington jobs because they are unwilling to submit them- selves tu the Kind of ordeal by adjective and by fire to which others have been sub- jected. The Nimitz Commission—appotnted to ex- amine the twin problems of security and Individual rights—may take some of the heat off. But basically what is needed is a sterner resistance, by both the public and the Congress, to the trend toward suspicion and witch hunting. IV. THE RIGHTEOUSNESS FALLACY The bebef: This is the conviction that, because our idealism is strong and our cause just, the world should recognize them as such; that the American way—our economic and social eystem—is the only way; and that socialism 1¢ something as evil as commu- nism, The fallacy: It is undoubtedly true that we rate high in idealism and altruism. But the fact ts that a large segment of the world does not acknowledge this; the huge lies of the Communist propaganda machine have had thew effect. Moreover, much of the world believes in the Socialist creed and has an inherent distrust of capitalam. This sus- picion is fastered by our unconosaled an- tagonism toward socialism—which puzeles and angers the Socialists inasmuch as they are among the mast dedicated of commu- nism's enemies. The righteousness fallacy is reflected sharply in both thinking and action in Washington. Our opposition to socialism leads us into such blind and dangerous alleys as distrust of Jaborite Britain, evan though Britain is inevitably the first of our allies; reliance on the old rightist elements in such places as Germany; acid debates with those who disagree with us about the Far East,
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Mr. Harriman, who saw the problem closely as head of the ECA operations abroad, puts it this way: “I do not believe in soctal- ism. But the only test we should apply in our judgment of any nation is whether the basic freedoms are being preserved.” The fallacy has large effects also on our propaganda operations. The Voice of Amer- ica is likely to put the empharis on such themes as the high standard of living in the Urfited States; the importance of democracy (dificult to convey because of the confusions the Russians have injected into the diction- ary); the worth of free enterprisc, and the like. But peoples who have been subjected to a propaganda barrage for all these years do not easily recognize truth and are not inter- ested in facts or words without acts. The two great themes of the Kremlin’s propa- ganda machine are capétulism and war- mongering. Paul Hoffman, who has studied the public opinion operation intensively, in- sists that these must be met head-on. We must make clear, he says, that our kind of capitalism is not the European Kind. Capitalism in Europe and in Asia connotes monopoly and the sweating of Jabor and unconscionable profits: capitalism here means mass production, a high standard of living, and social welfare. The charge of warmongering—its effec- tiveness for the Russians can be measured by the success of the Stockholm peace ap- peal—can be met only by demonstrating that we do not need and do not want war. But the best propaganda is acts. “When men are starving and you offer them the choice of the four freedoms or tour sandwiches,” Senator Dovcias points out, “they are likely to take the four sand- wiches" Until, in brief, their economic problems are solved, men do not consider their political problems, even though the solution of the first depends on the second. V. THE LEADERSHIP FALLACY The belief: There is a profound convic- tion that a strong man in Washington can solve all our problems for us, showing us where to go and how to get there (without too much discomfort)—a Moses who can re~ veal the way through the “red sea” of com- munism. The fallacy: No leader can do the job by himself. Leaders’ ip arises primarily from the people, from the main streets of tho Nation rather than from Pennsylvania Ave- nue. Unless the average citizen performs his duties as a citizen, dealing responsibly with the great issues of the day, leadership will fall. The leadership fallacy serves as & manna- like alibi for the hungry habitants of Cap- {tol Hill, Because the Naticn's attention is focused on the White House, many in the Congress dodge decisions and bestride the fences; they seem to forget that representa- tive government requires the exercise of judgment, that it is not a rubber-stamp or carbon-copy process. Nevertheless the feeling is strong in Wash- ington, among adherents of both parties, that there should be a firmer assertion of leadership at the top; that the tsasues should be made clearer to the people, especially by the President (whose voice cannot avoid be- ing the only real voice of America) and the Secretary of State. Take, as an outstanding example, the case of Korea. There is, a8 Mr. Acheson says, a great moral issue involved. When we went into Korea to counter the aggression, the Nation as well as the world applauded: while we were winning, the applause continued; but when the Chinese threw us back, !t be- gan to be said that we should never have gone in. As Mr. Acheson points out, the fact of defeat does not change the principle involved; it was right to go in and even though we may atill be forced out, not to xX -VM—Aapp.——81 have gone in would have been a moral sur- render of untold consequence. But this has not been put in this way to the people and so the fundamental issue is not clear to them. The top officials will agree about the need of such explanations, but they add that there are so many other pressing things to be done, 50 many imme- diate problems. They do not recognize that none of these other problems can be solved unless the basic problem is met—the prob- lem of informing the people. OUR BASIC STRENGTH There is much evidence that we do not have the knowledge of world affairs and the interest in them that are vital for our future. There are those who contend that we are better informed than most other nations; that there is manifest in many quarters a desire to know, and that history reveals, clearly and cunvincingly, that the American pecple have a basic cuminon sense which eventually asserts itself. All this is true, but the overriding fact is that we are not sufficiently informed to meet the present dangers. Somewhere there is a failure of the supply of information and a failure of the absorption of information. To correct these failures requires a major effort in imany directions. In each of the four great ueas In which public opinion ts made the work must be carried on: (1) The muss media must do a better job—the free press must be also a tully responsible press; (2) education must educate for good citizen- ship and link the schoolroom and campus more closely to the outside world; (3) the beacons of adult education must reach further ‘nto the darkness; (4) Government— and this includes Congress us well as the President— must do much more to inform and to lead. Leadership is required; there must be no doubt on that score—leaders who lead rather than follow or are pushed on from behind; leaders who decide upon the right course and follow that course, the polls and the commentutors notwithstanding. And lead- ers with courage. “A leader,” says General Marshall, ‘is one who continues to fight even though the odds are 10 to 1 against him.” But more inspired leadership and broader education and better information cannut do the job unless the individual citizen does his part too. He must do his best to Insure that the right men are elected to office, that the great issues are debated fully and fairly, and that those on whom he depends for guidance are doling their Jobs competently and responsibly. Above all, he must culti- vate tolerance and a decent measure of humility Then there will emerge the basic strength and the basic unity of the country. Then, through leadership and the response to leadership, we shall develop the white faith that alone can turn back the black challenge that confronts us. Alaska Girds To Preserve Its Wildlife EXTENSION OF REMARKS oF HON. HUGH B. MITCHELL OF WASHINGTON IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, March 7, 1951 Mr. MITCHELL. Mr. Speaker, after careful research and 6,000 miles of travel in Alaska, Mr. Louis R. Huber, of Seattle, has written and the Christian Science Monitor has printed several articles under the general heading of “Alaska girds to preserve its wildlife.” Al281 Because of the national importance of this problem, I include the articles in the Recorp for the information of Mem- bers of Congress: Avasxa Ginps To Preserve Its Wriup.iri— Fire aND HUNTING SLASH BIG GAME AND Fisu Torta. (By Louis R. Huber) SEATTLE —Can Alaska’s magnificent wild- life be saved? Many Alaskans are asking this question because, in their spacious land (586,000 square miles), which is as yet only sparsely populated (128,000 people, about 1 for every 6 square miles), wildlife is decreasing. The northiand is supposed to be capable of supporting a population of 12,000,000, eventually. As they come, will the wildlife have to go? Alaskans hope not—and they are studying ways to insure the permanency of their wild- life neighbors. “Most of the land in Alaska is of greatest value for producing wildlife, but great changes have been made in the numbers of our big game and fish," says Neil W Hosley, head of the cooperative wildlife research unit at the University of Alaska, near Fuir- banks. FIRE TAKES TOLL “To use only one illustration, the herds of caribou, which 25 years ago were estimated in the millions, are now down to about 160,000. Fires which have burned a large part of the Alaska interlor have often destroyed the lichens on which the caribou depend, and it takes decades for this growth to develop again. “Along with this has come a big Increase in hunting Nonresident hunting and fishing licenses issued in the Territory have in- creased sixtyfold since the late 1920's. At the enme time, resident hunting and fishing licenses have increased seven times since 1936," siys Mr, Hosiey. In brief, the balance of nature has al- ready heen rudely upset by man in Alaska, with grim consequences for the wildlife. Unless swift and adequate steps are taken, the scales may tip over—with important members of the wildlife family lost to the northland, SPORT HUNTER EYED “There are important differences and many aimilarities between Alaskan and State-side wildlife problems,” says Winston A. Elkins, wildlife management supervisor of the United States Fish and Wildlite Service office here. He adds “The term ‘meat hunter’ would be gener- ally regarded as having a stigma in the States, but Alaskans would consider it praise- worthy and, indeed, would look askance ut the sport hunter. “Wildlife in Alaska is a resource that means food and clothing to many people. The resi- dent hunter in Alaska is interested in a per- manent wildlife population, with fish in the streams and lakes for all time to come. “But the transient hunter and fisherman are too often motivated by the souvenir in- stinct The fisherman is too intent on get- ting whoppers to take home for mounting and neglects to throw back the fish he doesn’t intend to keep WOLVES AND COYOTES “The hunter must have a brown-bear rug, a set of caribou antlers, or a goat head to show the folks back home. What if he shoots three bears before getting one in the trophy class, or if his first two goats are crippled and fall down the cliff?” asks Mr, Elkins At the same time, due to various factors associated with the overturned balance of nature, the number of wolves and coyotes throughout all Alaska has increased alarm- ingly in recent years Predators of the worst kind, wolves have killed thousands of deer,