(B) twice the number of Representatives 
who will be elected from the district involved; or 
(C) such greater number as the State may 
establish by law. 
(2) NONPARTISAN
BLANKET
PRIMARY
ELEC-
TION DEFINED.—In this subsection, a ‘‘nonpartisan 
blanket primary election’’ is a primary election for 
the office of Representative conducted prior to the 
date established under section 25 of the Revised 
Statutes of the United States (2 U.S.C. 7) for the 
regularly scheduled general election for such office, 
under which— 
(A) each candidate for such office, regard-
less of the candidate’s political party preference 
or lack thereof, shall appear on a single ballot; 
(B) each voter in the State who is eligible 
to vote in elections for Federal office in the dis-
trict involved may cast a ballot in the election, 
regardless of the voter’s political party pref-
erence or lack thereof; and 
(C) the identification and number of can-
didates who advance to the general election for 
the office is determined without regard to the 
candidates’ political party preferences or lack 
thereof. 
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(c) EXCEPTION FOR STATES NOT HOLDING PRIMARY 
ELECTIONS PRIOR TO DATE OF REGULARLY SCHEDULED 
GENERAL ELECTION.—In the case of a State that does 
not hold primary elections for the office of Representative 
prior to the date established under section 25 of the Re-
vised Statutes of the United States (2 U.S.C. 7) for the 
regularly scheduled general election for such offices, all 
seats shall be elected at the election taking place on such 
date. 
SEC. 204. CONFORMING AMENDMENTS. 
(a) ELECTION OF REPRESENTATIVES PRIOR TO RE-
APPORTIONMENT.—Section 22(c) of the Act entitled ‘‘An 
Act to provide for the fifteenth and subsequent decennial 
censuses and to provide for an apportionment of Rep-
resentatives in Congress’’, approved June 18, 1929 (2 
U.S.C. 2a(c)), is amended by striking ‘‘Until a State’’ and 
inserting ‘‘Except as provided in title II of the Fair Rep-
resentation Act, until a State’’. 
(b) NUMBER OF REPRESENTATIVES.—Section 22(b) 
of the Act entitled ‘‘An Act to provide for apportioning 
Representatives in Congress among the several States by 
the equal proportions method’’, approved November 15, 
1941 (2 U.S.C. 2b), is amended by striking ‘‘Each State’’ 
and inserting ‘‘Except as provided in title II of the Fair 
Representation Act, each State’’. 
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(c) NUMBER
OF REPRESENTATIVES FROM EACH 
DISTRICT.—The Act entitled ‘‘An Act for the relief of 
Doctor Ricardo Vallejo Samala and to provide for congres-
sional redistricting’’, approved December 14, 1967 (2 
U.S.C. 2c), is amended by striking ‘‘In each State’’ and 
inserting ‘‘Except as provided in title II of the Fair Rep-
resentation Act, in each State’’. 
(d) 
NOMINATION
FOR
REPRESENTATIVES
AT 
LARGE.—Section 5 of the Act entitled ‘‘An Act For the 
apportionment of Representatives in Congress among the 
several States under the Thirteenth Census’’, approved 
August 8, 1911 (2 U.S.C. 5), is amended by striking 
‘‘Candidates for Representative’’ and inserting ‘‘Except as 
provided in title II of the Fair Representation Act, can-
didates for Representative’’. 
SEC. 205. PROHIBITION ON WINNER-TAKE-ALL ELECTIONS. 
If, for any reason, a State cannot use ranked choice 
voting under subtitle C of title III of the Help America 
Vote Act of 2002, as added by section 101, then in any 
election held at large or in a multi-winner district in which 
more than one Representative will be elected, all Rep-
resentatives shall be elected using an election method that 
ensures the election of any candidate or any party or slate 
of candidates who earns a number of votes equal to or 
greater than the total votes counted for all candidates, di-
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vided by the sum of one plus the number of seats to be 
filled, then increased by one, disregarding any fractions.. 
SEC. 206. EXCEPTION FOR STATES IN WHICH USE OF 
MULTI-MEMBER OR AT LARGE DISTRICTS 
WILL RESULT IN DIMINISHMENT OF VOTING 
RIGHTS. 
(a) EXCEPTION.—If, in an action brought under sec-
tion 306, the court determines that the use of multi-mem-
ber or at large districts by a State, as set forth in the 
congressional redistricting plan of a State with respect to 
the apportionment of Representatives resulting from a de-
cennial census, indicates that the redistricting plan will 
deny or abridge the right to vote by having the effect of 
diminishing the ability of any citizens of the United States 
on account of race or color, or in contravention of the 
guarantees set forth in section 4(f)(2) of the Voting 
Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 10303(f)(2)), to elect their 
preferred candidates of choice— 
(1) this title shall not apply with respect to any 
election held in the State which is based on the ap-
portionment of Representatives to which such redis-
tricting plan would apply; and 
(2) subject to section 306(c), the court shall de-
velop and publish a redistricting plan for the State 
which meets the requirements of title III and under 
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which there are no multi-member districts in the 
State. 
(b) NO EFFECT ON OTHER REQUIREMENTS.—Noth-
ing in this section shall be construed to waive the applica-
tion of any of the other titles of this Act or the amend-
ments made by any of the other titles of this Act to a 
State for which there are no multi-member districts as a 
result of this section, including the requirement to use 
ranked choice voting as set forth in title I or the require-
ment that the congressional redistricting plan of a State 
meet the requirements of title III. 
SEC. 207. EFFECTIVE DATE. 
This title and the amendments made by this title 
shall apply with respect to the One Hundred Twenty- 
Third Congress and each subsequent Congress. 
TITLE III—NONPARTISAN 
REDISTRICTING REFORM 
SEC. 301. REQUIRING CONGRESSIONAL REDISTRICTING 
PLANS TO COMPLY WITH NONPARTISAN CRI-
TERIA. 
A State may not use a congressional redistricting 
plan enacted if such plan is not in compliance with section 
303. 
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SEC. 302. BAN ON MID-DECADE REDISTRICTING. 
A State that has been redistricted in accordance with 
this title may not be redistricted again until after the next 
apportionment of Representatives under section 22(a) of 
the Act entitled ‘‘An Act to provide for the fifteenth and 
subsequent decennial censuses and to provide for an ap-
portionment of Representatives in Congress’’, approved 
June 18, 1929 (2 U.S.C. 2a), unless a court requires the 
State to conduct such subsequent redistricting to comply 
with the Constitution of the United States, the Voting 
Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 10301 et seq.), or the 
terms or conditions of this title. 
SEC. 303. CRITERIA FOR REDISTRICTING. 
(a) RANKED CRITERIA.—The redistricting plan of a 
State shall be developed in accordance with the following 
criteria, as set forth in the following order of priority: 
(1) Districts shall comply with the Constitution 
of the United States, including the requirement that 
they substantially equalize total population, without 
regard to age, citizenship status, or immigration sta-
tus. 
(2) Districts shall comply with the Voting 
Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 10301 et seq.), and 
all applicable Federal laws. 
(3)(A) Districts shall be drawn, to the extent 
that the totality of the circumstances warrant, to en-
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sure the practical ability of a group protected under 
the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 10301 et 
seq.), whether alone or in coalition with others, to 
participate in the political process and to nominate 
candidates and to elect representatives of choice is 
not diluted or diminished. 
(B) For purposes of subparagraph (A), the as-
sessment of whether a protected group has the prac-
tical ability to nominate candidates and to elect rep-
resentatives of choice shall require the consideration 
of the following factors: 
(i) Whether the group is politically cohe-
sive. 
(ii) Whether there is racially polarized vot-
ing in the relevant geographic region. 
(iii) If there is racially polarized voting in 
the relevant geographic region, whether the pre-
ferred candidates of the group nevertheless re-
ceive a sufficient amount of consistent crossover 
support from other voters such that the group 
has a real opportunity to both nominate can-
didates and elect representatives of choice. 
(4) To the extent practicable, districts shall re-
flect the diversity of political opinion in the State 
such that no district in the State— 
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(A) elects exactly 3 Representatives and 
the nominee of one political party for President 
received at least 75 percent of the votes cast in 
the geographic area covered by the district in 2 
of the 3 most recent Presidential elections; 
(B) elects exactly 4 Representatives and 
the nominee of one political party for President 
received at least 80 percent of the votes cast in 
the geographic area covered by the district in 2 
of the 3 most recent Presidential elections; or 
(C) elects exactly 5 Representatives and 
the nominee of one political party for President 
received at least 83 percent of the votes cast in 
the geographic area covered by the district in 2 
of the 3 most recent Presidential elections. 
(5) To the greatest extent practicable the State 
shall minimize the number of districts electing 4 
Representatives. 
(6) To the greatest extent practicable the State 
shall maximize the number of districts electing 5 
Representatives. 
(7)(A) Districts shall be drawn to represent 
communities of interest and neighborhoods to the 
extent practicable after compliance with the require-
ments of paragraphs (1) through (6). A community 
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of interest is defined as an area for which the record 
before the entity responsible for developing and 
adopting the redistricting plan demonstrates the ex-
istence of broadly shared interests and representa-
tional needs, including shared interests and rep-
resentational needs rooted in common ethnic, racial, 
economic, Indian, social, cultural, geographic, or his-
toric identities, or arising from similar socioeconomic 
conditions. The term communities of interest may, if 
the record warrants, include political subdivisions 
such as counties, municipalities, Indian lands, or 
school districts, but shall not include common rela-
tionships with political parties or political can-
didates. 
(B) For purposes of subparagraph (A), in con-
sidering the needs of multiple, overlapping commu-
nities of interest, the entity responsible for devel-
oping and adopting the redistricting plan shall give 
greater weight to those communities of interest 
whose representational needs would most benefit 
from the community’s inclusion in a single congres-
sional district. 
(b) NO FAVORING OR DISFAVORING OF POLITICAL 
PARTIES.— 
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(1) PROHIBITION.—A State may not use a re-
districting plan to conduct an election if the plan’s 
congressional districts, when considered cumulatively 
on a statewide basis, have been drawn with the in-
tent or have the effect of materially favoring or 
disfavoring any political party. 
(2) DETERMINATION OF EFFECT.—The deter-
mination of whether a redistricting plan has the ef-
fect of materially favoring or disfavoring a political 
party shall be based on an evaluation of the totality 
of circumstances which, at a minimum, shall involve 
consideration of each of the following factors: 
(A) Computer modeling based on relevant 
statewide general elections for Federal office 
held over the 8 years preceding the adoption of 
the redistricting plan setting forth the probable 
electoral outcomes for the plan under a range 
of reasonably foreseeable conditions. 
(B) An analysis of whether the redis-
tricting plan is statistically likely to result in 
partisan advantage or disadvantage on a state-
wide basis, the degree of any such advantage or 
disadvantage, and whether such advantage or 
disadvantage is likely to be present under a 
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range of reasonably foreseeable electoral condi-
tions. 
(C) A comparison of the modeled electoral 
outcomes for the redistricting plan to the mod-
eled electoral outcomes for alternative plans 
that demonstrably comply with the require-
ments of paragraphs (1) through (6) of sub-
section (a) in order to determine whether rea-
sonable alternatives exist that would result in 
materially lower levels of partisan advantage or 
disadvantage on a statewide basis. For purposes 
of this subparagraph, alternative plans consid-
ered may include both actual plans proposed 
during the redistricting process and other plans 
prepared for purposes of comparison. 
(D) Any other relevant information, includ-
ing how broad support for the redistricting plan 
was among members of the entity responsible 
for developing and adopting the plan and 
whether the processes leading to the develop-
ment and adoption of the plan were transparent 
and equally open to all members of the entity 
and to the public. 
(3) DETERMINATION OF INTENT.—A court may 
rely on all available evidence when determining 
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whether a redistricting plan was drawn with the in-
tent to materially favor or disfavor a political party, 
including evidence of the partisan effects of a plan, 
the degree of support the plan received from mem-
bers of the entity responsible for developing and 
adopting the plan, and whether the processes leading 
to development and adoption of the plan were trans-
parent and equally open to all members of the entity 
and to the public. 
(4) NO
VIOLATION
BASED
ON
CERTAIN
CRI-
TERIA.—No redistricting plan shall be found to be 
in violation of paragraph (1) because of the proper 
application of the criteria set forth in paragraphs (1) 
through (6) of subsection (a), unless one or more al-
ternative plans could have complied with such para-
graphs without having the effect of materially favor-
ing or disfavoring a political party. 
(c) FACTORS PROHIBITED FROM CONSIDERATION.— 
In developing the redistricting plan for the State, the 
State may not take into consideration any of the following 
factors, except as necessary to comply with the criteria 
described in paragraphs (1) through (6) of subsection (a), 
to achieve partisan fairness and comply with subsection 
(b), and to enable the redistricting plan to be measured 
against the external metrics described in section 304(c): 
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(1) The residence of any Member of the House 
of Representatives, candidate, or any other indi-
vidual who is eligible to serve as a Member of the 
House of Representatives from the State. 
(2) The political party affiliation or voting his-
tory of the population of a district. 
(d) ADDITIONAL CRITERIA.—A State may not rely 
upon criteria, districting principles, or other policies of the 
State which are not set forth in this section to justify non- 
compliance with the requirements of this section. 
(e) APPLICABILITY.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—This section applies to any 
authority, whether appointed, elected, judicial, or 
otherwise, responsible for enacting the congressional 
redistricting plan of a State. 
(2) DATE OF ENACTMENT.—This section ap-
plies to any congressional redistricting plan enacted 
following the regular decennial census conducted 
during 2030. 
(f) SEVERABILITY OF CRITERIA.—If any provision of 
this section, or the application of any such provision to 
any person or circumstance, is held to be unconstitutional, 
the remainder of this section, and the application of such 
provision to any other person or circumstance, shall not 
be affected by the holding. 
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SEC. 304. DEVELOPMENT OF PLAN. 
(a) PUBLIC NOTICE AND INPUT.— 
(1) USE OF OPEN AND TRANSPARENT PROC-
ESS.—The entity responsible for developing and 
adopting the congressional redistricting plan of a 
State shall solicit and take into consideration com-
ments from the public throughout the process of de-
veloping the plan, and shall carry out its duties in 
an open and transparent manner which provides for 
the widest public dissemination reasonably possible 
of its proposed and final redistricting plans. 
(2) WEBSITE.— 
(A) FEATURES.—The entity shall maintain 
a public internet site which is not affiliated with 
or maintained by the office of any elected offi-
cial and which includes the following features: 
(i) All proposed redistricting plans 
and the final redistricting plan, including 
the accompanying written evaluation under 
subsection (c). 
(ii) All comments received from the 
public submitted under paragraph (1). 
(iii) Access in an easily usable format 
to the demographic and other data used by 
the entity to develop and analyze the pro-
posed redistricting plans, together with any 
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reports analyzing and evaluating such 
plans and access to software that members 
of the public may use to draw maps of pro-
posed districts. 
(iv) A method by which members of 
the public may submit comments directly 
to the entity. 
(B) SEARCHABLE
FORMAT.—The entity 
shall ensure that all information posted and 
maintained on the site under this paragraph, 
including information and proposed maps sub-
mitted by the public, shall be maintained in an 
easily searchable format. 
(3) MULTIPLE LANGUAGE REQUIREMENTS FOR 
ALL NOTICES.—The entity responsible for developing 
and adopting the plan shall make each notice which 
is required to be posted and published under this 
section available in any language in which the State 
(or any jurisdiction in the State) is required to pro-
vide election materials under section 203 of the Vot-
ing Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 10503). 
(b) DEVELOPMENT OF PLAN.— 
(1) HEARINGS.—The entity responsible for de-
veloping and adopting the congressional redistricting 
plan shall hold hearings both before and after releas-
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ing proposed plans in order to solicit public input on 
the content of such plans. These hearings shall— 
(A) be held in different regions of the 
State and streamed live on the public internet 
site maintained under subsection (a)(2); 
(B) be sufficient in number, scheduled at 
times and places, and noticed and conducted in 
a manner to ensure that all members of the 
public, including members of racial, ethnic, and 
language minorities protected under the Voting 
Rights Act of 1965, have a meaningful oppor-
tunity to attend and provide input both before 
and after the entity releases proposed plans. 
(2) POSTING OF MAPS.—The entity responsible 
for developing and adopting the congressional redis-
tricting plan shall make proposed plans, amend-
ments to proposed plans, and the data needed to 
analyze such plans for compliance with the criteria 
of this title available for public review, including on 
the public internet site required under subsection 
(a)(2), for a period of not less than 5 days before 
any vote or hearing is held on any such plan or any 
amendment to such a plan. 
(c) RELEASE OF WRITTEN EVALUATION OF PLAN 
AGAINST EXTERNAL METRICS REQUIRED PRIOR TO 
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VOTE.—The entity responsible for developing and adopt-
ing the congressional redistricting plan for a State may 
not hold a vote on a proposed redistricting plan, including 
a vote in a committee, unless at least 48 hours prior to 
holding the vote the State has released a written evalua-
tion that measures each such plan against external metrics 
which cover the criteria set forth in section 303(b), includ-
ing the impact of the plan on the ability of members of 
a class of citizens protected by the Voting Rights Act of 
1965 (52 U.S.C. 10301 et seq.) to elect candidates of 
choice, the degree to which the plan preserves or divides 
communities of interest, and any analysis used by the 
State to assess compliance with the requirements of sec-
tion 303(a) and (b). 
(d) PUBLIC INPUT AND COMMENTS.—The entity re-
sponsible for developing and adopting the congressional 
redistricting plan for a State shall make all public com-
ments received about potential plans, including alternative 
plans, available to the public on the internet site required 
under subsection (a)(2), at no cost, not later than 24 
hours prior to holding a vote on final adoption of a plan. 
SEC. 305. FAILURE BY STATE TO ENACT PLAN. 
(a) DEADLINE FOR ENACTMENT OF PLAN.—Except 
as provided in paragraph (2), each State shall enact a 
final congressional redistricting plan following trans-
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mission of a notice of apportionment to the President by 
the earliest of— 
(1) the deadline set forth in State law, includ-
ing any extension to the deadline provided in accord-
ance with State law; 
(2) February 15 of the year in which regularly 
scheduled general elections for Federal office are 
held in the State; or 
(3) 90 days before the date of the next regu-
larly scheduled primary election for Federal office 
held in the State. 
(b) DEVELOPMENT OF PLAN BY COURT IN CASE OF 
MISSED DEADLINE.—If a State has not enacted a final 
congressional redistricting plan by the applicable deadline 
under subsection (a), or it appears reasonably likely that 
a State will fail to enact a final congressional redistricting 
plan by such deadline— 
(1) any citizen of the State may file an action 
in the United States district court for the applicable 
venue asking the district court to assume jurisdic-
tion; 
(2) the United States district court for the ap-
plicable venue, acting through a 3-judge court con-
vened pursuant to section 2284 of title 28, United 
States Code, shall have the exclusive authority to de-
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velop and publish the congressional redistricting 
plan for the State; and 
(3) the final congressional redistricting plan de-
veloped and published by the court under this sec-
tion shall be deemed to be enacted on the date on 
which the court publishes the final congressional re-
districting plan, as described in subsection (e). 
(c) APPLICABLE VENUE.—For purposes of this sec-
tion, the ‘‘applicable venue’’ with respect to a State is the 
District of Columbia or the judicial district in which the 
Capital of the State is located, as selected by the first 
party to file with the court sufficient evidence that a State 
has failed to, or is reasonably likely to fail to, enact a final 
redistricting plan for the State prior to the expiration of 
the applicable deadline set forth in subsection (a). 
(d) PROCEDURES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF PLAN.— 
(1) CRITERIA.—In developing a redistricting 
plan for a State under this section, the court shall 
adhere to the same terms and conditions that ap-
plied (or that would have applied, as the case may 
be) to the development of a plan by the State under 
section 303. 
(2) ACCESS TO INFORMATION AND RECORDS.— 
The court shall have access to any information, 
data, software, or other records and material that 
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was used (or that would have been used, as the case 
may be) by the State in carrying out its duties 
under this title. 
(3) HEARING; PUBLIC PARTICIPATION.—In de-
veloping a redistricting plan for a State, the court 
shall— 
(A) hold one or more evidentiary hearings 
at which interested members of the public may 
appear and be heard and present testimony, in-
cluding expert testimony, in accordance with 
the rules of the court; and 
(B) consider other submissions and com-
ments by the public, including proposals for re-
districting plans to cover the entire State or 
any portion of the State. 
(4) USE OF SPECIAL MASTER.—To assist in the 
development and publication of a redistricting plan 
for a State under this section, the court shall ap-
point a special master to make recommendations to 
the court on possible plans for the State. 
(e) PUBLICATION OF PLAN.— 
(1) PUBLIC AVAILABILITY OF INITIAL PLAN.— 
Upon completing the development of one or more 
initial redistricting plans, the court shall make the 
plans available to the public at no cost, and shall 
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also make available the underlying data used to de-
velop the plans and a written evaluation of the plans 
against external metrics (as described in section 
304(c)). 
(2) PUBLICATION
OF
FINAL
PLAN.—At any 
time after the expiration of the 14-day period which 
begins on the date the court makes the plans avail-
able to the public under paragraph (1), and taking 
into consideration any submissions and comments by 
the public which are received during such period, the 
court shall develop and publish the final redistricting 
plan for the State. 
(f) USE OF INTERIM PLAN.—In the event that the 
court is not able to develop and publish a final redis-
tricting plan for the State with sufficient time for an up-
coming election to proceed, the court may develop and 
publish an interim redistricting plan which shall serve as 
the redistricting plan for the State until the court develops 
and publishes a final plan in accordance with this section. 
Nothing in this subsection may be construed to limit or 
otherwise affect the authority or discretion of the court 
to develop and publish the final redistricting plan, includ-
ing the discretion to make any changes the court deems 
necessary to an interim redistricting plan. 
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(g) APPEALS.—Review on appeal of any final or in-
terim plan adopted by the court in accordance with this 
section shall be governed by the appellate process in sec-
tion 306. 
(h) STAY OF STATE PROCEEDINGS.—The filing of an 
action under this section shall act as a stay of any pro-
ceedings in State court with respect to the State’s congres-
sional redistricting plan unless otherwise ordered by the 
court. 
SEC. 306. CIVIL ENFORCEMENT. 
(a) CIVIL ENFORCEMENT.— 
(1) ACTIONS BY ATTORNEY GENERAL.—The At-
torney General may bring a civil action for such re-
lief as may be appropriate to carry out this title. 
(2) AVAILABILITY OF PRIVATE RIGHT OF AC-
TION.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—Any person residing or 
domiciled in a State who is aggrieved by the 
failure of the State to meet the requirements of 
the Constitution or Federal law, including this 
title, with respect to the State’s congressional 
redistricting, may bring a civil action in the 
United States district court for the applicable 
venue for such relief as may be appropriate to 
remedy the failure. 
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(B) SPECIAL RULE FOR CLAIMS RELATING 
TO
PARTISAN
ADVANTAGE.—For purposes of 
subparagraph (A), a person who is aggrieved by 
the failure of a State to meet the requirements 
of section 303(b) may include— 
(i) any political party or committee in 
the State; and 
(ii) any registered voter in the State 
who resides in a congressional district that 
the voter alleges was drawn in a manner 
that contributes to a violation of such sec-
tion. 
(C) NO AWARDING OF DAMAGES TO PRE-
VAILING PARTY.—Except for an award of attor-
ney’s fees under subsection (d), a court in a 
civil action under this section shall not award 
the prevailing party any monetary damages, 
compensatory, punitive, or otherwise. 
(3) DELIVERY OF COMPLAINT TO HOUSE AND 
SENATE.—In any action brought under this section, 
a copy of the complaint shall be delivered promptly 
to the Clerk of the House of Representatives and the 
Secretary of the Senate. 
(4) EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION AND APPLICABLE 
VENUE.—The district courts of the United States 
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shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear and deter-
mine claims asserting that a congressional redis-
tricting plan violates the requirements of the Con-
stitution or Federal law, including this title. The ap-
plicable venue for such an action shall be the United 
States District Court for the District of Columbia or 
for the judicial district in which the Capital of the 
State is located, as selected by the person bringing 
the action. In a civil action that includes a claim 
that a redistricting plan is in violation of subsection 
(a) or (b) of section 303, the United States District 
Court for the District of Columbia shall have juris-
diction over any defendant who has been served in 
any United States judicial district in which the de-
fendant resides, is found, or has an agent, or in the 
United States judicial district in which the Capital 
of the State is located. Process may be served in any 
United States judicial district where a defendant re-
sides, is found, or has an agent, or in the United 
States judicial district in which the Capital of the 
State is located. 
(5) USE
OF
3-JUDGE
COURT.—If an action 
under this section raises statewide claims under the 
Constitution or this title, the action shall be heard 
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by a 3-judge court convened pursuant to section 
2284 of title 28, United States Code. 
(6) REVIEW OF FINAL DECISION.—A final deci-
sion in an action brought under this section shall be 
reviewable on appeal by the United States Court of 
Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, which 
shall hear the matter sitting en banc. There shall be 
no right of appeal in such proceedings to any other 
court of appeals. Such appeal shall be taken by the 
filing of a notice of appeal within 10 days of the 
entry of the final decision. A final decision by the 
Court of Appeals may be reviewed by the Supreme 
Court of the United States by writ of certiorari. 
(b) EXPEDITED CONSIDERATION.—In any action 
brought under this section, it shall be the duty of the dis-
trict court, the United States Court of Appeals for the 
District of Columbia Circuit, and the Supreme Court of 
the United States (if it chooses to hear the action) to ad-
vance on the docket and to expedite to the greatest pos-
sible extent the disposition of the action and appeal. 
(c) REMEDIES.— 
(1) ADOPTION OF REPLACEMENT PLAN.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—If the district court in 
an action under this section finds that the con-
gressional redistricting plan of a State violates, 
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in whole or in part, the requirements of this 
title— 
(i) the court shall adopt a replacement 
congressional redistricting plan for the 
State in accordance with the process set 
forth in section 305; or 
(ii) if circumstances warrant and no 
delay to an upcoming regularly scheduled 
election for the House of Representatives 
in the State would result, the district 
court, in its discretion, may allow a State 
to develop and propose a remedial congres-
sional redistricting plan for review by the 
court to determine whether the plan is in 
compliance with this title, except that— 
(I) the State may not develop 
and propose a remedial plan under 
this clause if the court determines 
that the congressional redistricting 
plan of the State was enacted with 
discriminatory intent in violation of 
the Constitution or section 303(b); 
and 
(II) nothing in this clause may be 
construed to permit a State to use 
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such a remedial plan which has not 
been approved by the court. 
(B) PROHIBITING USE OF PLANS IN VIOLA-
TION OF REQUIREMENTS.—No court shall order 
a State to use a congressional redistricting plan 
which violates, in whole or in part, the require-
ments of this title, or to conduct an election 
under terms and conditions which violate, in 
whole or in part, the requirements of this title. 
(C) SPECIAL RULE IN CASE FINAL ADJU-
DICATION NOT EXPECTED WITHIN 3 MONTHS 
OF ELECTION.— 
(i) DUTY OF COURT.—If final adju-
dication of an action under this section is 
not reasonably expected to be completed at 
least 3 months prior to the next regularly 
scheduled primary election for the House 
of Representatives in the State, the district 
court shall— 
(I) develop, adopt, and order the 
use of an interim congressional redis-
tricting plan in accordance with sec-
tion 305(f) to address any claims 
under this title for which a party 
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seeking relief has demonstrated a sub-
stantial likelihood of success; or 
(II) order adjustments to the 
timing of primary elections for the 
House of Representatives and other 
related deadlines, as needed, to allow 
sufficient opportunity for adjudication 
of the matter and adoption of a reme-
dial or replacement plan for use in the 
next regularly scheduled general elec-
tions for the House of Representa-
tives. 
(ii) PROHIBITING FAILURE TO ACT ON 
GROUNDS OF PENDENCY OF ELECTION.— 
The court may not refuse to take any ac-
tion described in clause (i) on the grounds 
of the pendency of the next election held in 
the State or the potential for disruption, 
confusion, or additional burdens with re-
spect to the administration of the election 
in the State. 
(2) NO
STAY
PENDING
APPEAL.—Notwith-
standing the appeal of an order finding that a con-
gressional redistricting plan of a State violates, in 
whole or in part, the requirements of this title, no 
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stay shall issue which shall bar the development or 
adoption of a replacement or remedial plan under 
this subsection, as may be directed by the district 
court, pending such appeal. If such a replacement or 
remedial plan has been adopted, no appellate court 
may stay or otherwise enjoin the use of such plan 
during the pendency of an appeal, except upon an 
order holding, based on the record, that adoption of 
such plan was an abuse of discretion. 
(3) SPECIAL
AUTHORITY
OF
COURT
OF
AP-
PEALS.— 
(A) 
ORDERING
OF
NEW
REMEDIAL 
PLAN.—If, upon consideration of an appeal 
under this title, the Court of Appeals deter-
mines that a plan does not comply with the re-
quirements of this title, it shall direct that the 
District Court promptly develop a new remedial 
plan with assistance of a special master for con-
sideration by the Court of Appeals. 
(B) FAILURE
OF
DISTRICT
COURT
TO 
TAKE TIMELY ACTION.—If, at any point during 
the pendency of an action under this section, 
the District Court fails to take action necessary 
to permit resolution of the case prior to the 
next regularly scheduled election for the House 
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of Representatives in the State or fails to grant 
the relief described in paragraph (1)(C), any 
party may seek a writ of mandamus from the 
Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia 
Circuit. The Court of Appeals shall have juris-
diction over the motion for a writ of mandamus 
and shall establish an expedited briefing and 
hearing schedule for resolution of the motion. If 
the Court of Appeals determines that a writ 
should be granted, the Court of Appeals shall 
take any action necessary, including developing 
a congressional redistricting plan with assist-
ance of a special master to ensure that a reme-
dial plan is adopted in time for use in the next 
regularly scheduled election for the House of 
Representatives in the State. 
(4) EFFECT OF ENACTMENT OF REPLACEMENT 
PLAN.—A State’s enactment of a redistricting plan 
which replaces a plan which is the subject of an ac-
tion under this section shall not be construed to 
limit or otherwise affect the authority of the court 
to adjudicate or grant relief with respect to any 
claims or issues not addressed by the replacement 
plan, including claims that the plan which is the 
subject of the action was enacted, in whole or in 
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part, with discriminatory intent, or claims to con-
sider whether relief should be granted under section 
3(c) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 
10302(c)) based on the plan which is the subject of 
the action. 
(d) ATTORNEY’S FEES.—In a civil action under this 
section, the court may allow the prevailing party (other 
than the United States) reasonable attorney fees, includ-
ing litigation expenses, and costs. 
(e) RELATION TO OTHER LAWS.— 
(1) RIGHTS
AND
REMEDIES
ADDITIONAL
TO 
OTHER
RIGHTS
AND
REMEDIES.—The rights and 
remedies established by this section are in addition 
to all other rights and remedies provided by law, and 
neither the rights and remedies established by this 
section nor any other provision of this title shall su-
persede, restrict, or limit the application of the Vot-
ing Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 10301 et seq.). 
(2) VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965.—Nothing in 
this title authorizes or requires conduct that is pro-
hibited by the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 
10301 et seq.). 
(f) LEGISLATIVE PRIVILEGE.—No person, legisla-
ture, or State may claim legislative privilege under either 
State or Federal law in a civil action brought under this 
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section or in any other legal challenge, under either State 
or Federal law, to a redistricting plan enacted under this 
title. 
(g) REMOVAL.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—At any time, a civil action 
brought in a State court which asserts a claim for 
which the district courts of the United States have 
exclusive jurisdiction under this title may be re-
moved by any party in the case, including an inter-
venor, by filing, in the district court for an applica-
ble venue under this section, a notice of removal 
signed pursuant to Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of 
Civil Procedure containing a short and plain state-
ment of the grounds for removal. Consent of parties 
shall not be required for removal. 
(2) CLAIMS
NOT
WITHIN
THE
ORIGINAL
OR 
SUPPLEMENTAL JURISDICTION.—If a civil action re-
moved in accordance with paragraph (1) contains 
claims not within the original or supplemental juris-
diction of the district court, the district court shall 
sever all such claims and remand them to the State 
court from which the action was removed. 
SEC. 307. EFFECTIVE DATE. 
This title and the amendments made by such title 
shall apply with respect to redistricting carried out pursu-
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ant to the decennial census conducted during 2030 or any 
succeeding decennial census. 
TITLE IV—GENERAL 
PROVISIONS 
SEC. 401. NO EFFECT ON ELECTIONS FOR STATE AND 
LOCAL OFFICE. 
Nothing in this Act or in any amendment made by 
this Act may be construed to affect the manner in which 
a State carries out elections for State or local office, in-
cluding the process by which a State establishes the dis-
tricts used in such elections. 
SEC. 402. SEVERABILITY. 
If any provision of this Act or any amendment made 
by this Act, or the application of a provision of this Act 
or an amendment made by this Act to any person or cir-
cumstance, is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder 
of this Act, and the application of the provisions to any 
person or circumstance, shall not be affected by the hold-
ing. 
Æ 
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