439 
an agency or bureau within a department or agency in the 
executive branch exercises functions which are distinct and 
separate from the remaining functions of the department or 
agency and that there exists no potential for use of undue 
influence or unfair advantage based on past Government 
service, the Director shall by rule designate such agency or 
bureau as a separate department or agency. On an annual 
basis the Director of the Office of Government Ethics shall 
review the designations and determinations made under 
this subparagraph and, in consultation with the department 
or agency concerned, make such additions and deletions as 
are necessary. Departments and agencies shall cooperate to 
the fullest extent with the Director of the Office of Govern-
ment Ethics in the exercise of his or her responsibilities 
under this paragraph. 
(2) INAPPLICABILITY OF DESIGNATIONS.—No agency 
or bureau within the Executive Office of the President may 
be designated under paragraph (1) as a separate depart-
ment or agency. No designation under paragraph (1) shall 
apply to persons referred to in subsection (c)(2)(A)(i) or 
(iii). 
(i) DEFINITIONS.—For purposes of this section— 
(1) the term ‘‘officer or employee’’, when used to de-
scribe the person to whom a communication is made or be-
fore whom an appearance is made, with the intent to influ-
ence, shall include— 
(A) in subsections (a), (c), and (d), the President 
and the Vice President; and 
(B) in subsection (f), the President, the Vice 
President, and Members of Congress; 
(2) the term ‘‘participated’’ means an action taken as 
an officer or employee through decision, approval, dis-
approval, recommendation, the rendering of advice, inves-
tigation, or other such action; and 
(3) the term ‘‘particular matter’’ includes any inves-
tigation, application, request for a ruling or determination, 
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rulemaking, contract, controversy, claim, charge, accusa-
tion, arrest, or judicial or other proceeding. 
(j) EXCEPTIONS.— 
(1) OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT DUTIES.—The restrictions 
contained in this section shall not apply to acts done in car-
rying out official duties on behalf of the United States or 
the District of Columbia or as an elected official of a State 
or local government. 
(2) STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND INSTITU-
TIONS, HOSPITALS, AND ORGANIZATIONS.—The restrictions 
contained in subsections (c), (d), and (e) shall not apply to 
acts done in carrying out official duties as an employee 
of— 
(A) an agency or instrumentality of a State or 
local government if the appearance, communication, or 
representation is on behalf of such government, or 
(B) an accredited, degree-granting institution of 
higher education, as defined in section 101 of the 
Higher Education Act of 1965, or a hospital or medical 
research organization, exempted and defined under sec-
tion 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, 
if the appearance, communication, or representation is 
on behalf of such institution, hospital, or organization. 
(3) INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS.—The restric-
tions contained in this section shall not apply to an appear-
ance or communication on behalf of, or advice or aid to, 
an international organization in which the United States 
participates, if the Secretary of State certifies in advance 
that such activity is in the interests of the United States. 
(4) SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE.—The restrictions contained 
in subsections (c), (d), and (e) shall not prevent an indi-
vidual from making or providing a statement, which is 
based on the individual’s own special knowledge in the par-
ticular area that is the subject of the statement, if no com-
pensation is thereby received. 
(5) EXCEPTION FOR SCIENTIFIC OR TECHNOLOGICAL 
INFORMATION.—-The restrictions contained in subsections 
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441 
(a), (c), and (d) shall not apply with respect to the making 
of communications solely for the purpose of furnishing sci-
entific or technological information, if such communications 
are made under procedures acceptable to the department or 
agency concerned or if the head of the department or agen-
cy concerned with the particular matter, in consultation 
with the Director of the Office of Government Ethics, 
makes a certification, published in the Federal Register, 
that the former officer or employee has outstanding quali-
fications in a scientific, technological, or other technical 
discipline, and is acting with respect to a particular matter 
which requires such qualifications, and that the national in-
terest would be served by the participation of the former 
officer or employee. For purposes of this paragraph, the 
term ‘‘officer or employee’’ includes the Vice President. 
(6) EXCEPTION
FOR
TESTIMONY.—Nothing in this 
section shall prevent an individual from giving testimony 
under oath, or from making statements required to be 
made under penalty of perjury. Notwithstanding the pre-
ceding sentence— 
(A) a former officer or employee of the executive 
branch of the United States (including any independent 
agency) who is subject to the restrictions contained in 
subsection (a)(1) with respect to a particular matter 
may not, except pursuant to court order, serve as an 
expert witness for any other person (except the United 
States) in that matter; and 
(B) a former officer or employee of the District of 
Columbia who is subject to the restrictions contained in 
subsection (a)(1) with respect to a particular matter 
may not, except pursuant to court order, serve as an 
expert witness for any other person (except the District 
of Columbia) in that matter. 
(7) POLITICAL
PARTIES
AND
CAMPAIGN
COMMIT-
TEES.—(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the 
restrictions contained in subsections (c), (d), and (e) shall 
not apply to a communication or appearance made solely 
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442 
on behalf of a candidate in his or her capacity as a can-
didate, an authorized committee, a national committee, a 
national Federal campaign committee, a State committee, 
or a political party. 
(B) Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to— 
(i) any communication to, or appearance before, 
the Federal Election Commission by a former officer or 
employee of the Federal Election Commission; or 
(ii) a communication or appearance made by a 
person who is subject to the restrictions contained in 
subsections (c), (d), or (e) if, at the time of the commu-
nication or appearance, the person is employed by a 
person or entity other than— 
(I) a candidate, an authorized committee, a 
national committee, a national Federal campaign 
committee, a State committee, or a political party; 
or 
(II) a person or entity who represents, 
(II) a person or entity who represents, 
aids, or advises only persons or entities de-
scribed in subclause (I). 
(C) For purposes of this paragraph— 
(i) the term ‘‘candidate’’ means any person who 
seeks nomination for election, or election, to Federal or 
State office or who has authorized others to explore on 
his or her behalf the possibility of seeking nomination 
for election, or election, to Federal or State office; 
(ii) the term ‘‘authorized committee’’ means any 
political committee designated in writing by a candidate 
as authorized to receive contributions or make expendi-
tures to promote the nomination for election, or the 
election, of such candidate, or to explore the possibility 
of seeking nomination for election, or the election, of 
such candidate, except that a political committee that 
receives contributions or makes expenditures to pro-
mote more than 1 candidate may not be designated as 
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443 
an authorized committee for purposes of subparagraph 
(A); 
(iii) the term ‘‘national committee’’ means the or-
ganization which, by virtue of the bylaws of a political 
party, is responsible for the day-to-day operation of 
such political party at the national level; 
(iv) the term ‘‘national Federal campaign com-
mittee’’ means an organization that, by virtue of the 
bylaws of a political party, is established primarily for 
the purpose of providing assistance, at the national 
level, to candidates nominated by that party for elec-
tion to the office of Senator or Representative in, or 
Delegate or Resident Commissioner to, the Congress; 
(v) the term ‘‘State committee’’ means the organi-
zation which, by virtue of the bylaws of a political 
party, is responsible for the day-to-day operation of 
such political party at the State level; 
(vi) the term ‘‘political party’’ means an associa-
tion, committee, or organization that nominates a can-
didate for election to any Federal or State elected office 
whose name appears on the election ballot as the can-
didate of such association, committee, or organization; 
and 
(vii) the term ‘‘State’’ means a State of the United 
States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of 
Puerto Rico, and any territory or possession of the 
United States. 
(k)(1)(A) The President may grant a waiver of a restric-
tion imposed by this section to any officer or employee de-
scribed in paragraph (2) if the President determines and cer-
tifies in writing that it is in the public interest to grant the 
waiver and that the services of the officer or employee are criti-
cally needed for the benefit of the Federal Government. Not 
more than 25 officers and employees currently employed by the 
Federal Government at any one time may have been granted 
waivers under this paragraph. 
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444 
(B)(i) A waiver granted under this paragraph to any per-
son shall apply only with respect to activities engaged in by 
that person after that person’s Federal Government employ-
ment is terminated and only to that person’s employment at a 
Government-owned, contractor operated entity with which the 
person served as an officer or employee immediately before the 
person’s Federal Government employment began. 
(ii) Notwithstanding clause (i), a waiver granted under 
this paragraph to any person who was an officer or employee 
of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos Na-
tional Laboratory, or Sandia National Laboratory immediately 
before the person’s Federal Government employment began 
shall apply to that person’s employment by any such national 
laboratory after the person’s employment by the Federal Gov-
ernment is terminated. 
(2) Waivers under paragraph (1) may be granted only to 
civilian officers and employees of the executive branch, other 
than officers and employees in the Executive Office of the 
President. 
(3) A certification under paragraph (1) shall take effect 
upon its publication in the Federal Register and shall iden-
tify— 
(A) the officer or employee covered by the waiver by name 
and by position, and 
(B) the reasons for granting the waiver. 
A copy of the certification shall also be provided to the Director 
of the Office of Government Ethics. 
(4) The President may not delegate the authority provided 
by this subsection. 
(5)(A) Each person granted a waiver under this subsection 
shall prepare reports, in accordance with subparagraph (B), 
stating whether the person has engaged in activities otherwise 
prohibited by this section for each six-month period described 
in subparagraph (B), and if so, what those activities were. 
(B) A report under subparagraph (A) shall cover each six- 
month period beginning on the date of the termination of the 
person’s Federal Government employment (with respect to 
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which the waiver under this subsection was granted) and end-
ing two years after that date. Such report shall be filed with 
the President and the Director of the Office of Government 
Ethics not later than 60 days after the end of the six-month 
period covered by the report. All reports filed with the Director 
under this paragraph shall be made available for public inspec-
tion and copying. 
(C) If a person fails to file any report in accordance with 
subparagraphs (A) and (B), the President shall revoke the 
waiver and shall notify the person of the revocation. The rev-
ocation shall take effect upon the person’s receipt of the notifi-
cation and shall remain in effect until the report is filed. 
(D) Any person who is granted a waiver under this sub-
section shall be ineligible for appointment in the civil service 
unless all reports required of such person by subparagraphs (A) 
and (B) have been filed. 
(E) As used in this subsection, the term ‘‘civil service’’ has 
the meaning given that term in section 2101 of title 5. 
(l) CONTRACT ADVICE BY FORMER DETAILS.—Who-
ever, being an employee of a private sector organization as-
signed to an agency under chapter 37 of title 5, within one 
year after the end of that assignment, knowingly represents 
or aids, counsels, or assists in representing any other per-
son (except the United States) in connection with any con-
tract with that agency shall be punished as provided in sec-
tion 1004 of this title. 
(l) Whoever, being an employee of a private sector organi-
zation assigned to an agency under chapter 37 of title 5, within 
one year after the end of that assignment, knowingly represents 
or aids, counsels, or assists in representing any other person 
(except the United States) in connection with any contract with 
that agency shall be punished as provided in section 1004 of 
this title. 
§ 998. Acts affecting a personal financial interest 
(a) OFFENSE.—Except as permitted by subsection (b), 
whoever, being an officer or employee of the executive branch 
of the United States Government, or of any independent agency 
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446 
of the United States, a Federal Reserve bank director, officer, 
or employee, or an officer or employee of the District of Colum-
bia, including a special Government employee, participates per-
sonally and substantially as a Government officer or employee, 
through decision, approval, disapproval, recommendation, the 
rendering of advice, investigation, or otherwise, in a judicial or 
other proceeding, application, request for a ruling or other de-
termination, contract, claim, controversy, charge, accusation, 
arrest, or other particular matter in which, to his knowledge, 
he, his spouse, minor child, general partner, organization in 
which he is serving as officer, director, trustee, general partner 
or employee, or any person or organization with whom he is ne-
gotiating or has any arrangement concerning prospective em-
ployment, has a financial interest shall be subject to the pen-
alties set forth in section 1004 of this title. 
(b) EXCLUSIONS.—Subsection (a) shall not apply— 
(1) if the officer or employee first advises the Govern-
ment official responsible for appointment to his or her posi-
tion of the nature and circumstances of the judicial or 
other proceeding, application, request for a ruling or other 
determination, contract, claim, controversy, charge, accusa-
tion, arrest, or other particular matter and makes full dis-
closure of the financial interest and receives in advance a 
written determination made by such official that the inter-
est is not so substantial as to be deemed likely to affect the 
integrity of the services which the Government may expect 
from such officer or employee; 
(2) if, by regulation issued by the Director of the Of-
fice of Government Ethics, applicable to all or a portion of 
all officers and employees covered by this section, and pub-
lished in the Federal Register, the financial interest has 
been exempted from the requirements of subsection (a) as 
being too remote or too inconsequential to affect the integ-
rity of the services of the Government officers or employees 
to which such regulation applies; 
(3) in the case of a special Government employee serv-
ing on an advisory committee within the meaning of the 
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447 
Federal Advisory Committee Act (including an individual 
being considered for an appointment to such a position), 
the official responsible for the employee’s appointment, 
after review of the financial disclosure report filed by the 
individual pursuant to the Ethics in Government Act of 
1978, certifies in writing that the need for the individual’s 
services outweighs the potential for a conflict of interest 
created by the financial interest involved; or 
(4) if the financial interest that would be affected by 
the particular matter involved is that resulting solely from 
the interest of the officer or employee, or his or her spouse 
or minor child, in birthrights— 
(A) in an Indian tribe, band, nation, or other or-
ganized group or community, including any Alaska Na-
tive village corporation as defined in or established pur-
suant to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, 
which is recognized as eligible for the special programs 
and services provided by the United States to Indians 
because of their status as Indians, 
(B) in an Indian allotment the title to which is 
held in trust by the United States or which is inalien-
able by the allottee without the consent of the United 
States, or 
(C) in an Indian claims fund held in trust or ad-
ministered by the United States, 
if the particular matter does not involve the Indian allot-
ment or claims fund or the Indian tribe, band, nation, or-
ganized group or community, or Alaska Native village cor-
poration as a specific party or parties. 
(c) DEEMING PROVISION.—(1) For the purpose of para-
graph (1) of subsection (b), in the case of class A and B direc-
tors of Federal Reserve banks, the Board of Governors of the 
Federal Reserve System shall be deemed to be the Government 
official responsible for appointment. 
(2) The potential availability of an exemption under any 
particular paragraph of subsection (b) does not preclude an ex-
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emption being granted pursuant to another paragraph of sub-
section (b). 
(d) PUBLIC AVAILABILITY.— 
(1) GENERALLY.—Upon request, a copy of any deter-
mination granting an exemption under subsection (b)(1) or 
(b)(3) shall be made available to the public by the agency 
granting the exemption pursuant to the procedures set 
forth in section 105 of the Ethics in Government Act of 
1978. In making such determination available, the agency 
may withhold from disclosure any information contained in 
the determination that would be exempt from disclosure 
under section 552 of title 5. For purposes of determina-
tions under subsection (b)(3), the information describing 
each financial interest shall be no more extensive than that 
required of the individual in his or her financial disclosure 
report under the Ethics in Government Act of 1978. 
(2) UNIFORM REGULATIONS.—The Office of Govern-
ment Ethics, after consultation with the Attorney General, 
shall issue uniform regulations for the issuance of waivers 
and exemptions under subsection (b) which shall— 
(A) list and describe exemptions; and 
(B) provide guidance with respect to the types of in-
terests that are not so substantial as to be deemed likely 
to affect the integrity of the services the Government may 
expect from the employee. 
§ 999. Salary of Government officials and employ-
ees payable only by United States 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
(1) receives any salary, or any contribution to or sup-
plementation of salary, as compensation for his services as 
an officer or employee of the executive branch of the 
United States Government, of any independent agency of 
the United States, or of the District of Columbia, from any 
source other than the Government of the United States, ex-
cept as may be contributed out of the treasury of any 
State, county, or municipality; or 
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449 
(2) Whoever, whether an individual, partnership, asso-
ciation, corporation, or other organization pays, makes any 
contribution to, or in any way supplements, the salary of 
any such officer or employee under circumstances which 
would make its receipt a violation of this subsection; 
shall be subject to the penalties set forth in section 1004 of 
this title. 
(b) EXCLUSION.—Nothing herein prevents an officer or 
employee of the executive branch of the United States Govern-
ment, or of any independent agency of the United States, or 
of the District of Columbia, from continuing to participate in 
a bona fide pension, retirement, group life, health or accident 
insurance, profit-sharing, stock bonus, or other employee wel-
fare or benefit plan maintained by a former employer. 
(c) SPECIAL GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEE.—This section does 
not apply to a special Government employee or to an officer or 
employee of the Government serving without compensation, 
whether or not he is a special Government employee, or to any 
person paying, contributing to, or supplementing his salary as 
such. 
(d) PAYMENTS UNDER CHAPTER 41 OF TITLE 5.—This 
section does not prohibit payment or acceptance of contribu-
tions, awards, or other expenses under the terms of chapter 41 
of title 5. 
(e) RELOCATION EXPENSES.—This section does not pro-
hibit the payment of actual relocation expenses incident to par-
ticipation, or the acceptance of same by a participant in an ex-
ecutive exchange or fellowship program in an executive agency, 
if such program has been established by statute or Executive 
order of the President, offers appointments not to exceed three 
hundred and sixty-five days, and permits no extensions in ex-
cess of ninety additional days or, in the case of participants in 
overseas assignments, in excess of 365 days. 
(f) INJURIES DURING CERTAIN OFFENSE.—This section 
does not prohibit acceptance or receipt, by any officer or em-
ployee injured during the commission of an offense described 
in section 102(7) or 102(8) of this title, of contributions or 
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450 
payments from an organization which is described in section 
501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and which is 
exempt from taxation under section 501(a) of such Code. 
(g) PRIVATE SECTOR ORGANIZATION.— 
(1) GENERALLY.—This section does not prohibit an 
employee of a private sector organization, while assigned to 
an agency under chapter 37 of title 5, from continuing to 
receive pay and benefits from such organization in accord-
ance with such chapter. 
(2) DEFINITION.—As used in this subsection, the term 
‘‘agency’’ means an agency (as defined by section 3701 of 
title 5) and the Office of the Chief Technology Officer of 
the District of Columbia. 
(h) RESERVER COMPONENTS OF ARMED FORCES.—This 
section does not prohibit a member of the reserve components 
of the armed forces on active duty pursuant to a call or order 
to active duty under a provision of law referred to in section 
101(a)(13) of title 10 from receiving from any person that em-
ployed such member before the call or order to active duty any 
payment of any part of the salary or wages that such person 
would have paid the member if the member’s employment had 
not been interrupted by such call or order to active duty. 
§ 1000. Offer to procure appointive public office 
Whoever pays or offers or promises any money or thing 
of value, to any person, firm, or corporation in consideration 
of the use or promise to use any influence to procure any ap-
pointive office or place under the United States for any person, 
shall be imprisoned not more than one year. 
§ 1001. Acceptance or solicitation to obtain ap-
pointive public office 
(a) PROMISE OF OFFICE.—Whoever solicits or receives, ei-
ther as a political contribution, or for personal emolument, any 
money or thing of value, in consideration of the promise of sup-
port or use of influence in obtaining for any person any ap-
pointive office or place under the United States, shall be im-
prisoned not more than one year. 
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(b) ADDING PERSON TO OBTAIN EMPLOYMENT.—Whoever 
solicits or receives any thing of value in consideration of aiding 
a person to obtain employment under the United States either 
by referring his name to an executive department or agency of 
the United States or by requiring the payment of a fee because 
such person has secured such employment shall be imprisoned 
not more than one year. 
(c) EXCLUSION.—This section does not apply to such serv-
ices rendered by an employment agency pursuant to the written 
request of an executive department or agency of the United 
States. 
§ 1002. Acceptance of loan or gratuity by financial 
institution examiner 
Whoever, being an examiner or assistant examiner, accepts 
a loan or gratuity from any bank, branch, agency, organization, 
corporation, association, or institution examined by the exam-
iner or from any person connected with it, shall— 
(1) be imprisoned not more than 1 year; and 
(2) shall be disqualified from holding office as an ex-
aminer. 
§ 1003. Receipt of commissions or gifts for pro-
curing loans 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
(1) corruptly gives, offers, or promises anything of 
value to any person, with intent to influence or reward an 
officer, director, employee, agent, or attorney of a financial 
institution in connection with any business or transaction 
of such institution; or 
(2) as an officer, director, employee, agent, or attorney 
of a financial institution, corruptly solicits or demands for 
the benefit of any person, or corruptly accepts or agrees to 
accept, anything of value from any person, intending to be 
influenced or rewarded in connection with any business or 
transaction of such institution; 
shall be imprisoned not more than 30 years, but if the value 
of the thing given, offered, promised, solicited, demanded, ac-
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cepted, or agreed to be accepted does not exceed $1000, shall 
be imprisoned not more than one year. 
(b) EXCLUSION.—This section shall not apply to bona fide 
salary, wages, fees, or other compensation paid, or expenses 
paid or reimbursed, in the usual course of business. 
(c) GUIDELINES.—Federal agencies with responsibility for 
regulating a financial institution shall jointly establish such 
guidelines as are appropriate to assist an officer, director, em-
ployee, agent, or attorney of a financial institution to comply 
with this section. Such agencies shall make such guidelines 
available to the public. 
§ 1004. Penalties and injunctions 
(a) CRIMINAL PENALTIES.—The punishment for an of-
fense under section 993, 994, 995, 997, 998, or 999 of this 
title is the following: 
(1) Whoever engages in the conduct constituting the 
offense shall be imprisoned for not more than one year. 
(2) Whoever knowingly engages in the conduct consti-
tuting the offense shall be imprisoned for not more than 
five years. 
(b) CIVIL ACTION.—The Attorney General may bring a 
civil action in the appropriate United States district court 
against any person who engages in conduct constituting an of-
fense under section 993, 994, 995, 997, 998, or 999 of this 
title and, upon proof of such conduct by a preponderance of the 
evidence, such person shall be subject to a civil penalty of not 
more than $50,000 for each violation or the amount of com-
pensation which the person received or offered for the prohib-
ited conduct, whichever amount is greater. The imposition of 
a civil penalty under this subsection does not preclude any 
other criminal or civil statutory, common law, or administrative 
remedy, which is available by law to the United States or any 
other person. 
(c) COURT ORDER.—If the Attorney General has reason to 
believe that a person is engaging in conduct constituting an of-
fense under section 993, 994, 995, 997, 998, or 999 of this 
title, the Attorney General may petition an appropriate United 
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States district court for an order prohibiting that person from 
engaging in such conduct. The court may issue an order pro-
hibiting that person from engaging in such conduct if the court 
finds that the conduct constitutes such an offense. The filing 
of a petition under this section does not preclude any other 
remedy which is available by law to the United States or any 
other person. 
§ 1005. Voiding transactions in violation of chap-
ter; recovery by the United States 
In addition to any other remedies provided by law the 
President or, under regulations prescribed by him, the head of 
any department or agency involved, may declare void and re-
scind any contract, loan, grant, subsidy, license, right, permit, 
franchise, use, authority, privilege, benefit, certificate, ruling, 
decision, opinion, or rate schedule awarded, granted, paid, fur-
nished, or published, or the performance of any service or 
transfer or delivery of any thing to, by or for any agency of 
the United States or officer or employee of the United States 
or person acting on behalf thereof, in relation to which there 
has been a final conviction for any violation of this chapter, 
and the United States shall be entitled to recover in addition 
to any penalty prescribed by law or in a contract the amount 
expended or the thing transferred or delivered on its behalf, or 
the reasonable value thereof. 
§ 1006. Officers and employees acting as agents of 
foreign principals 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever, being a public official, is or acts 
as an agent of a foreign principal required to register under the 
Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 or a lobbyist required 
to register under the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 in con-
nection with the representation of a foreign entity, as defined 
in section 3(6) of that Act shall be imprisoned for not more 
than two years. 
(b) EXCLUSION.—Nothing in this section shall apply to 
the employment of any agent of a foreign principal as a special 
Government employee in any case in which the head of the em-
ploying agency certifies that such employment is required in 
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the national interest. A copy of any certification under this 
paragraph shall be forwarded by the head of such agency to the 
Attorney General who shall cause the same to be filed with the 
registration statement and other documents filed by such 
agent, and made available for public inspection in accordance 
with section 6 of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, 
as amended. 
(c) DEFINITION.—As used in this section ‘‘public official’’ 
means Member of Congress, Delegate, or Resident Commis-
sioner, either before or after he has qualified, or an officer or 
employee or person acting for or on behalf of the United 
States, or any department, agency, or branch of Government 
thereof, including the District of Columbia, in any official func-
tion, under or by authority of any such department, agency, or 
branch of Government. 
§ 1007. Bribery in sporting contests 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever knowingly engages in any scheme 
in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce to influence any 
sporting contest in any way by bribery, shall be imprisoned not 
more than 5 years. 
(b) NONPREEMPTION.—This section shall not be construed 
as indicating an intent on the part of Congress to occupy the 
field in which this section operates to the exclusion of a law 
of any State, territory, Commonwealth, or possession of the 
United States, and no law of any State, territory, Common-
wealth, or possession of the United States, which would be 
valid in the absence of the section shall be declared invalid, and 
no local authorities shall be deprived of any jurisdiction over 
any offense over which they would have jurisdiction in the ab-
sence of this section. 
(c) DEFINITION.—As used in this section, the term ‘‘sport-
ing contest’’ means any contest in any sport, between individual 
contestants or teams of contestants (without regard to the 
amateur or professional status of the contestants therein), the 
occurrence of which is publicly announced before its occurrence. 
§ 1008. Continuing financial crimes enterprise 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
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(1) organizes, manages, or supervises a continuing fi-
nancial crimes enterprise; and 
(2) receives $5,000,000 or more in gross receipts from 
such enterprise during any 24-month period, 
shall be imprisoned for a term of not less than 10 years and 
which may be life. 
(b) DEFINITION.—As used in subsection (a), the term 
‘‘continuing financial crimes enterprise’’ means a series of vio-
lations under section 1003, 644, 645, 773, 774, 775, 779, 789, 
804, 801, and 803 affecting a financial institution, committed 
by at least 4 persons acting in concert. 
SUBCHAPTER B—CLAIMS AND SERVICES IN 
MATTERS AFFECTING GOVERNMENT 
Sec. 
1017.
False, fictitious or fraudulent claims. 
§ 1017. False, fictitious or fraudulent claims 
Whoever makes or presents to any person or officer in the 
civil, military, or naval service of the United States, or to any 
department or agency thereof, any claim upon or against the 
United States, or any department or agency thereof, knowing 
such claim to be false, fictitious, or fraudulent, shall be impris-
oned not more than five years. 
SUBCHAPTER C—CONTEMPTS 
Sec. 
1021.
Power of court. 
1022.
Contempts constituting crimes. 
§ 1021. Power of court 
A court of the United States shall have power to punish 
by fine or imprisonment, or both, at its discretion, such con-
tempt of its authority, and none other, as— 
(1) misbehavior of any person in its presence or so 
near thereto as to obstruct the administration of justice; 
(2) misbehavior of any of its officers in their official 
transactions; or 
(3) disobedience or resistance to its lawful writ, proc-
ess, order, rule, decree, or command. 
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§ 1022. Contempts constituting crimes 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever disobeys any lawful writ, process, 
order, rule, decree, or command of any district court of the 
United States or any court of the District of Columbia, by 
doing any act or thing therein, or thereby forbidden, if the act 
or thing so done be of such character as to constitute also a 
criminal offense under any statute of the United States or 
under the laws of any State in which the act was committed, 
shall be prosecuted for such contempt as provided in section 
3691 and shall be imprisoned any term of years or for life. 
(b) PAYMENT OF FINE AND LIMITATIONS ON FINE AND 
IMPRISONMENT.—Such fine shall be paid to the United States 
or to the complainant or other party injured by the act consti-
tuting the contempt, or may, where more than one is so dam-
aged, be divided or apportioned among them as the court may 
direct, but in no case shall the fine to be paid to the United 
States exceed, in case the accused is a natural person, the sum 
of $1,000, nor shall such imprisonment exceed the term of six 
months. 
(c) APPLICABILITY OF SECTION.—This section shall not 
be construed to relate to contempts committed in the presence 
of the court, or so near thereto as to obstruct the administra-
tion of justice, nor to contempts committed in disobedience of 
any lawful writ, process, order, rule, decree, or command en-
tered in any suit or action brought or prosecuted in the name 
of, or on behalf of, the United States, but the same, and all 
other cases of contempt not specifically embraced in this sec-
tion may be punished in conformity to the prevailing usages at 
law. 
SUBCHAPTER D—ELECTIONS AND POLITICAL 
ACTIVITIES 
Sec. 
1031.
Intimidation of voters. 
1032.
Deprivation of employment or other benefit for political contribu-
tion. 
1033.
Solicitation of political contributions. 
1034.
Coercion of political activity. 
1035.
Voting by aliens. 
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§ 1031. Intimidation of voters 
Whoever intimidates, threatens, coerces, or attempts to in-
timidate, threaten, or coerce, any other person for the purpose 
of interfering with the right of such other person to vote or to 
vote as he may choose, or of causing such other person to vote 
for, or not to vote for, any candidate for the office of President, 
Vice President, Presidential elector, Member of the Senate, 
Member of the House of Representatives, Delegate from the 
District of Columbia, or Resident Commissioner, at any elec-
tion held solely or in part for the purpose of electing such can-
didate, shall be imprisoned not more than one year. 
§ 1032. Deprivation of employment or other ben-
efit for political contribution 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever knowingly causes or attempts to 
cause any person to make a contribution of a thing of value 
(including services) for the benefit of any candidate or any po-
litical party, by means of the denial or deprivation, or the 
threat of the denial or deprivation, of— 
(1) any employment, position, or work in or for any 
agency or other entity of the Government of the United 
States, a State, or a political subdivision of a State, or any 
compensation or benefit of such employment, position, or 
work; or 
(2) any payment or benefit of a program of the United 
States, a State, or a political subdivision of a State; 
if such employment, position, work, compensation, payment, or 
benefit is provided for or made possible in whole or in part by 
an Act of Congress, shall be imprisoned not more than one 
year. 
(b) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
(1) the term ‘‘candidate’’ means an individual who 
seeks nomination for election, or election, to Federal, State, 
or local office, whether or not such individual is elected, 
and, for purposes of this paragraph, an individual shall be 
deemed to seek nomination for election, or election, to Fed-
eral, State, or local office, if he has (A) taken the action 
necessary under the law of a State to qualify himself for 
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458 
nomination for election, or election, or (B) received con-
tributions or made expenditures, or has given his consent 
for any other person to receive contributions or make ex-
penditures, with a view to bringing about his nomination 
for election, or election, to such office; 
(2) the term ‘‘election’’ means (A) a general, special 
primary, or runoff election, (B) a convention or caucus of 
a political party held to nominate a candidate, (C) a pri-
mary election held for the selection of delegates to a nomi-
nating convention of a political party, (D) a primary elec-
tion held for the expression of a preference for the nomina-
tion of persons for election to the office of President, and 
(E) the election of delegates to a constitutional convention 
for proposing amendments to the Constitution of the 
United States or of any State; and 
(3) the term ‘‘State’’ means a State of the United 
States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of 
Puerto Rico, or any territory or possession of the United 
States. 
§ 1033. Solicitation of political contributions 
(a) OFFENSE.—It shall be unlawful for— 
(1) a candidate for the Congress; 
(2) an individual elected to or serving in the office of 
Senator or Representative in, or Delegate or Resident Com-
missioner to, the Congress; 
(3) an officer or employee of the United States or any 
department or agency thereof; or 
(4) a person receiving any salary or compensation for 
services from money derived from the Treasury of the 
United States; to knowingly solicit any contribution within 
the meaning of section 301(8) of the Federal Election 
Campaign Act of 1971 from any other such officer, em-
ployee, or person. Whoever violates this section shall be im-
prisoned not more than 3 years. 
(b) EXCLUSION.—The prohibition in subsection (a) shall 
not apply to any activity of an employee (as defined in section 
7322(1) of title 5) or any individual employed in or under the 
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United States Postal Service or the Postal Rate Commission, 
unless that activity is prohibited by section 7323 or 7324 of 
such title. 
§ 1034. Coercion of political activity 
It shall be unlawful for any person to intimidate, threaten, 
command, or coerce, or attempt to intimidate, threaten, com-
mand, or coerce, any employee of the Federal Government as 
defined in section 7322(1) of title 5, United States Code, to en-
gage in, or not to engage in, any political activity, including, 
voting or refusing to vote for any candidate or measure in any 
election, making or refusing to make any political contribution, 
or working or refusing to work on behalf of any candidate. 
Whoever violates this section shall be imprisoned not more than 
three years. 
§ 1035. Voting by aliens 
(a) ELEMENTS OF OFFENSE.—It shall be unlawful for any 
alien to vote in any election held solely or in part for the pur-
pose of electing a candidate for the office of President, Vice 
President, Presidential elector, Member of the Senate, Member 
of the House of Representatives, Delegate from the District of 
Columbia, or Resident Commissioner, unless— 
(1) the election is held partly for some other purpose; 
(2) aliens are authorized to vote for such other pur-
pose under a State constitution or statute or a local ordi-
nance; and 
(3) voting for such other purpose is conducted inde-
pendently of voting for a candidate for such Federal offices, 
in such a manner that an alien has the opportunity to vote 
for such other purpose, but not an opportunity to vote for 
a candidate for any one or more of such Federal offices. 
(b) PUNISHMENT.—Any person who violates this section 
shall be imprisoned not more than one year. 
(c) EXCLUSION.—Subsection (a) does not apply to an 
alien if— 
(1) each natural parent of the alien (or, in the case 
of an adopted alien, each adoptive parent of the alien) is 
or was a citizen (whether by birth or naturalization); 
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(2) the alien permanently resided in the United States 
prior to attaining the age of 16; and 
(3) the alien reasonably believed at the time of voting 
in violation of such subsection that he or she was a citizen 
of the United States. 
SUBCHAPTER E—EMBLEMS, INSIGNIA, AND NAMES 
Sec. 
1051.
Desecration of the flag of the United States; penalties. 
1052.
Official badges, identification cards, other insignia. 
1054.
Uniform of armed forces and Public Health Service. 
1055.
Military medals or decorations. 
1056.
False advertising or misuse of names to indicate Federal agency. 
1057.
Misuse of names, words, emblems, or insignia. 
1058.
Use of likenesses of the great seal of the United States, the seals 
of the President and Vice President, the seal of the United States 
Senate, the seal of the United States House of Representatives, 
and the seal of the United States Congress. 
1059.
Police badges. 
§ 1051. Desecration of the flag of the United 
States; penalties 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever knowingly mutilates, defaces, 
physically defiles, burns, maintains on the floor or ground, or 
tramples upon any flag of the United States shall be impris-
oned for not more than one year. 
(b) EXCLUSIONS.—This subsection does not prohibit any 
conduct consisting of the disposal of a flag when it has become 
worn or soiled. 
(c) DEFINITION.—As used in this section, the term ‘‘flag 
of the United States’’ means any flag of the United States, or 
any part thereof, made of any substance, of any size, in a form 
that is commonly displayed. 
(d) NONPREEMPTION.—Nothing in this section shall be 
construed as indicating an intent on the part of Congress to 
deprive any State, territory, possession, or the Commonwealth 
of Puerto Rico of jurisdiction over any offense over which it 
would have jurisdiction in the absence of this section. 
(e) EXPEDITED APPEAL.— 
(1) NATURE OF CLAIM.— An appeal may be taken di-
rectly to the Supreme Court of the United States from any 
interlocutory or final judgment, decree, or order issued by 
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a United States district court ruling upon the constitu-
tionality of subsection (a). 
(2) PROCEDURAL
EXPEDITION.—The Supreme Court 
shall, if it has not previously ruled on the question, accept ju-
risdiction over the appeal and advance on the docket and expe-
dite to the greatest extent possible. 
§ 1052. Official badges, identification cards, other 
insignia 
Whoever manufactures, sells, or possesses any badge, iden-
tification card, or other insignia, of the design prescribed by 
the head of any department or agency of the United States for 
use by any officer or employee thereof, or any colorable imita-
tion thereof, or photographs, prints, or in any other manner 
makes or executes any engraving, photograph, print, or impres-
sion in the likeness of any such badge, identification card, or 
other insignia, or any colorable imitation thereof, except as au-
thorized under regulations made pursuant to law, shall be im-
prisoned not more than six months. 
§ 1054. Uniform of armed forces and Public Health 
Service 
Whoever, in any place within the jurisdiction of the United 
States or in the Canal Zone, without authority, wears the uni-
form or a distinctive part thereof or anything similar to a dis-
tinctive part of the uniform of any of the armed forces of the 
United States, Public Health Service or any auxiliary of such, 
shall be imprisoned not more than six months. 
§ 1055. Military medals or decorations 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Whoever knowingly wears, manufac-
tures, or sells any decoration or medal authorized by Congress 
for the armed forces of the United States, or any of the service 
medals or badges awarded to the members of such forces, or 
the ribbon, button, or rosette of any such badge, decoration or 
medal, or any colorable imitation thereof, except when author-
ized under regulations made pursuant to law, shall be impris-
oned not more than six months. 
(b) CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL OF HONOR.— 
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(1) IN GENERAL.—If a decoration or medal involved in 
an offense under subsection (a) is a Congressional Medal 
of Honor, in lieu of the punishment provided in that sub-
section, the offender shall be imprisoned not more than 1 
year. 
(2) DEFINITIONS.—(A) As used in subsection (a) with 
respect to a Congressional Medal of Honor, ‘‘sells’’ includes 
trades, barters, or exchanges for anything of value. 
(B) As used in this subsection, ‘‘Congressional Medal 
of Honor’’ means— 
(i) a medal of honor awarded under section 3741, 
6241, or 8741 of title 10 or section 491 of title 14; 
(ii) a duplicate medal of honor issued under sec-
tion 3754, 6256, or 8754 of title 10 or section 504 of 
title 14; or 
(iii) a replacement of a medal of honor provided 
under section 3747, 6253, or 8747 of title 10 or sec-
tion 501 of title 14. 
§ 1056. False advertising or misuse of names to in-
dicate Federal agency 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
(1) except as permitted by the laws of the United 
States, uses the words ‘‘national’’, ‘‘Federal’’, ‘‘United 
States’’, ‘‘reserve’’, or ‘‘Deposit Insurance’’ as part of the 
business or firm name of a person, corporation, partner-
ship, business trust, association or other business entity en-
gaged in the banking, loan, building and loan, brokerage, 
factorage, insurance, indemnity, savings or trust business; 
(2) falsely advertises or represents, or publishes or dis-
plays any sign, symbol or advertisement reasonably cal-
culated to convey the impression that a nonmember bank, 
banking association, firm or partnership is a member of the 
Federal reserve system; 
(3) except as expressly authorized by Federal law, uses 
the words ‘‘Federal Deposit’’, ‘‘Federal Deposit Insur-
ance’’, or ‘‘Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation’’ or a 
combination of any three of these words, as the name or 
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463 
a part thereof under which he or it does business, or adver-
tises or otherwise represents falsely by any device whatso-
ever that his or its deposit liabilities, obligations, certifi-
cates, or shares are insured or guaranteed by the Federal 
Deposit Insurance Corporation, or by the United States or 
by any instrumentality thereof, or whoever advertises that 
his or its deposits, shares, or accounts are federally in-
sured, or falsely advertises or otherwise represents by any 
device whatsoever the extent to which or the manner in 
which the deposit liabilities of an insured bank or banks 
are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; 
(4) other than a bona fide organization or association 
of Federal or State credit unions or except as permitted by 
the laws of the United States, uses as a firm or business 
name or transacts business using the words ‘‘National 
Credit Union’’, ‘‘National Credit Union Administration’’, 
‘‘National Credit Union Board’’, ‘‘National Credit Union 
Share Insurance Fund’’, ‘‘Share Insurance’’, or ‘‘Central 
Liquidity Facility’’, or the letters ‘‘NCUA’’, ‘‘NCUSIF’’, or 
‘‘CLF’’, or any other combination or variation of those 
words or letters alone or with other words or letters, or any 
device or symbol or other means, reasonably calculated to 
convey the false impression that such name or business has 
some connection with, or authorization from, the National 
Credit Union Administration, the Government of the 
United States, or any agency thereof, which does not in 
fact exist, or falsely advertises or otherwise represents by 
any device whatsoever that his or its business, product, or 
service has been in any way endorsed, authorized, or ap-
proved by the National Credit Union Administration, the 
Government of the United States, or any agency thereof, 
or falsely advertises or otherwise represents by any device 
whatsoever that his or its deposit liabilities, obligations, 
certificates, shares, or accounts are insured under the Fed-
eral Credit Union Act or by the United States or any in-
strumentality thereof, or being an insured credit union as 
defined in that Act falsely advertises or otherwise rep-
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resents by any device whatsoever the extent to which or the 
manner in which share holdings in such credit union are 
insured under such Act; 
(5) not being organized under the Farm Credit Act of 
1971, advertises or represents that it makes Federal Farm 
loans or advertises or offers for sale as Federal Farm loan 
bonds any bond not issued under the Farm Credit Act of 
1971, or uses the word ‘‘Federal’’ or the words ‘‘United 
States’’ or any other words implying Government owner-
ship, obligation or supervision in advertising or offering for 
sale any bond, note, mortgage or other security not issued 
by the Government of the United States under the Farm 
Credit Act of 1971; or 
Whoever uses the words ‘‘Federal Home Loan Bank’’ or 
any combination or variation of these words alone or with other 
words as a business name or part of a business name, or falsely 
publishes, advertises or represents by any device or symbol or 
other means reasonably calculated to convey the impression 
that he or it is a Federal Home Loan Bank or member of or 
subscriber for the stock of a Federal Home Loan Bank; 
(6) uses the words ‘‘Federal intermediate credit bank’’ 
as part of the business or firm name for any person, cor-
poration, partnership, business trust, association or other 
business entity not organized as an intermediate credit 
bank under the laws of the United States; 
(7) uses as a firm or business name the words ‘‘De-
partment of Housing and Urban Development’’, ‘‘Housing 
and Home Finance Agency’’, ‘‘Federal Housing Adminis-
tration’’, ‘‘Government National Mortgage Association’’, 
‘‘United States Housing Authority’’, or ‘‘Public Housing 
Administration’’ or the letters ‘‘HUD’’, ‘‘FHA’’, ‘‘PHA’’, 
or ‘‘USHA’’, or any combination or variation of those 
words or the letters ‘‘HUD’’, ‘‘FHA’’, ‘‘PHA’’, or ‘‘USHA’’ 
alone or with other words or letters reasonably calculated 
to convey the false impression that such name or business 
has some connection with, or authorization from, the De-
partment of Housing and Urban Development, the Housing 
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and Home Finance Agency, the Federal Housing Adminis-
tration, the Government National Mortgage Association, 
the United States Housing Authority, the Public Housing 
Administration, the Government of the United States, or 
any agency thereof, which does not in fact exist, or falsely 
claims that any repair, improvement, or alteration of any 
existing structure is required or recommended by the De-
partment of Housing and Urban Development, the Housing 
and Home Finance Agency, the Federal Housing Adminis-
tration, the Government National Mortgage Association, 
the United States Housing Authority, the Public Housing 
Administration, the Government of the United States, or 
any agency thereof, for the purpose of inducing any person 
to enter into a contract for the making of such repairs, al-
terations, or improvements, or falsely advertises or falsely 
represents by any device whatsoever that any housing unit, 
project, business, or product has been in any way endorsed, 
authorized, inspected, appraised, or approved by the De-
partment of Housing and Urban Development, the Housing 
and Home Finance Agency, the Federal Housing Adminis-
tration, the Government National Mortgage Association, 
the United States Housing Authority, the Public Housing 
Administration, the Government of the United States, or 
any agency thereof; 
(8) except with the written permission of the Director 
of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, knowingly uses the 
words ‘‘Federal Bureau of Investigation’’ or the initials 
‘‘F.B.I.’’, or any colorable imitation of such words or ini-
tials, in connection with any advertisement, circular, book, 
pamphlet or other publication, play, motion picture, broad-
cast, telecast, or other production, in a manner reasonably 
calculated to convey the impression that such advertise-
ment, circular, book, pamphlet or other publication, play, 
motion picture, broadcast, telecast, or other production, is 
approved, endorsed, or authorized by the Federal Bureau 
of Investigation; 
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(9) except with written permission of the Director of 
the United States Secret Service, knowingly uses the words 
‘‘Secret Service’’, ‘‘Secret Service Uniformed Division’’, the 
initials ‘‘U.S.S.S.’’, ‘‘U.D.’’, or any colorable imitation of 
such words or initials, in connection with, or as a part of 
any advertisement, circular, book, pamphlet or other publi-
cation, play, motion picture, broadcast, telecast, other pro-
duction, product, or item, in a manner reasonably cal-
culated to convey the impression that such advertisement, 
circular, book, pamphlet or other publication, product, or 
item, is approved, endorsed, or authorized by or associated 
in any manner with, the United States Secret Service, or 
the United States Secret Service Uniformed Division; 
(10) except with the written permission of the Director 
of the United States Mint, knowingly uses the words 
‘‘United States Mint’’ or ‘‘U.S. Mint’’ or any colorable imi-
tation of such words, in connection with any advertisement, 
circular, book, pamphlet, or other publication, play, motion 
picture, broadcast, telecast, or other production, in a man-
ner reasonably calculated to convey the impression that 
such advertisement, circular, book, pamphlet, or other pub-
lication, play, motion picture, broadcast, telecast, or other 
production, is approved, endorsed, or authorized by or asso-
ciated in any manner with, the United States Mint; 
(11) uses the words ‘‘Overseas Private Investment’’, 
‘‘Overseas Private Investment Corporation’’, or ‘‘OPIC’’, as 
part of the business or firm name of a person, corporation, 
partnership, business trust, association, or business entity; 
(12) except with the written permission of the Admin-
istrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration, know-
ingly uses the words ‘‘Drug Enforcement Administration’’ 
or the initials ‘‘DEA’’ or any colorable imitation of such 
words or initials, in connection with any advertisement, cir-
cular, book, pamphlet, software or other publication, play, 
motion picture, broadcast, telecast, or other production, in 
a manner reasonably calculated to convey the impression 
that such advertisement, circular, book, pamphlet, software 
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or other publication, play, motion picture, broadcast, tele-
cast, or other production is approved, endorsed, or author-
ized by the Drug Enforcement Administration; or 
(13) except with the written permission of the Director of 
the United States Marshals Service, knowingly uses the words 
‘‘United States Marshals Service’’, ‘‘U.S. Marshals Service’’, 
‘‘United States Marshal’’, ‘‘U.S. Marshal’’, ‘‘U.S.M.S.’’, or any 
colorable imitation of any such words, or the likeness of a 
United States Marshals Service badge, logo, or insignia on any 
item of apparel, in connection with any advertisement, circular, 
book, pamphlet, software, or other publication, or any play, mo-
tion picture, broadcast, telecast, or other production, in a man-
ner that is reasonably calculated to convey the impression that 
the wearer of the item of apparel is acting pursuant to the legal 
authority of the United States Marshals Service, or to convey 
the impression that such advertisement, circular, book, pam-
phlet, software, or other publication, or such play, motion pic-
ture, broadcast, telecast, or other production, is approved, en-
dorsed, or authorized by the United States Marshals Service; 
shall be punished fined. 
(b) EXCLUSIONS.— 
(1) LAWFUL BEFORE ENACTMENT.—This section does 
not make unlawful the use of any name or title which was 
lawful on June 25, 1948. 
(2) INSURANCE.—This section shall not make unlawful the 
use of the word ‘‘national’’ as part of the name of any business 
or firm engaged in the insurance or indemnity business, wheth-
er such firm was engaged in the insurance or indemnity busi-
ness prior or subsequent to the date of enactment of this para-
graph. 
A violation of this section may be enjoined at the suit of 
the United States Attorney, upon complaint by any duly au-
thorized representative of any department or agency of the 
United States. 
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§ 1057. Misuse of names, words, emblems, or insig-
nia 
Whoever, in the course of collecting or aiding in the collec-
tion of private debts or obligations, or being engaged in fur-
nishing private police, investigation, or other private detective 
services, uses or employs in any communication, correspond-
ence, notice, advertisement, or circular the words ‘‘national’’, 
‘‘Federal’’, or ‘‘United States’’, the initials ‘‘U.S.’’, or any em-
blem, insignia, or name, for the purpose of conveying and in 
a manner reasonably calculated to convey the false impression 
that such communication is from a department, agency, bu-
reau, or instrumentality of the United States or in any manner 
represents the United States, shall be imprisoned not more 
than one year. 
§ 1058. Use of likenesses of the great seal of the 
United States, the seals of the President 
and Vice President, the seal of the United 
States Senate, the seal of the United 
States House of Representatives, and the 
seal of the United States Congress 
(a) DISPLAY.—Whoever knowingly displays any printed or 
other likeness of the great seal of the United States, or of the 
seals of the President or the Vice President of the United 
States, or the seal of the United States Senate, or the seal of 
the United States House of Representatives, or the seal of the 
United States Congress, or any facsimile thereof, in, or in con-
nection with, any advertisement, poster, circular, book, pam-
phlet, or other publication, public meeting, play, motion pic-
ture, telecast, or other production, or on any building, monu-
ment, or stationery, for the purpose of conveying, or in a man-
ner reasonably calculated to convey, a false impression of spon-
sorship or approval by the Government of the United States or 
by any department, agency, or instrumentality thereof, shall be 
imprisoned not more than six months. 
(b) LIKENESS ON ARTICLES.— Whoever, except as author-
ized under regulations promulgated by the President and pub-
lished in the Federal Register, knowingly manufactures, repro-
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