117TH CONGRESS 
2D SESSION 
H. R. 5497 
AN ACT 
To authorize humanitarian assistance and civil society sup-
port, promote democracy and human rights, and impose 
targeted sanctions with respect to human rights abuses 
in Burma, and for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
(a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 
‘‘Burma Unified through Rigorous Military Accountability 
Act of 2022’’ or the ‘‘BURMA Act of 2022’’. 
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents of 
this Act is as follows: 
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 
Sec. 2. Definitions. 
TITLE I—MATTERS RELATING TO THE CONFLICT IN BURMA 
Sec. 101. Findings. 
Sec. 102. Statement of policy. 
TITLE II—SANCTIONS, IMPORT RESTRICTIONS, AND POLICY 
COORDINATION WITH RESPECT TO BURMA 
Sec. 201. Definitions. 
Sec. 202. Imposition of sanctions with respect to human rights abuses and per-
petration of a coup in Burma. 
Sec. 203. Certification requirement for removal of certain persons from the list 
of specially designated nationals and blocked persons. 
Sec. 204. Sanctions and policy coordination for Burma. 
Sec. 205. Support for greater United Nations action with respect to Burma. 
Sec. 206. Sunset. 
TITLE III—HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND CIVIL SOCIETY 
SUPPORT WITH RESPECT TO BURMA 
Sec. 301. Support to civil society and independent media. 
Sec. 302. Humanitarian assistance and reconciliation. 
Sec. 303. Authorization of assistance for Burma political prisoners. 
TITLE IV—ACCOUNTABILITY FOR HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES 
Sec. 401. Report on accountability for war crimes, crimes against humanity, 
and genocide in Burma. 
Sec. 402. Authorization to provide technical assistance for efforts against 
human rights abuses. 
TITLE V—STATUTORY PAY-AS-YOU-GO ACT 
Sec. 501. Determination of budgetary effects. 
SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 
In this Act:
(1) BURMESE MILITARY.—The term ‘‘Burmese 
military’’— 
(A) means the Armed Forces of Burma, 
including the army, navy, and air force; and 
(B) includes security services under the 
control of the Armed Forces of Burma such as 
the police and border guards. 
(2) CRIMES
AGAINST
HUMANITY.—The term 
‘‘crimes against humanity’’ includes the following, 
when committed as part of a widespread or system-
atic attack directed against any civilian population, 
with knowledge of the attack: 
(A) Murder. 
(B) Forced transfer of population. 
(C) Torture. 
(D) Extermination. 
(E) Enslavement. 
(F) Rape, sexual slavery, or any other 
form of sexual violence of comparable severity. 
(G) Enforced disappearance of persons. 
(H) Persecution against any identifiable 
group or collectivity on political, racial, na-
tional, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender, or 
other grounds that are universally recognized as 
impermissible under international law.
(I) Imprisonment or other severe depriva-
tion of physical liberty in violation of funda-
mental rules of international law. 
(3) EXECUTIVE ORDER 14014.—The term ‘‘Ex-
ecutive Order 14014’’ means Executive Order 14014 
(86 Fed. Reg. 9429; relating to blocking property 
with respect to the situation in Burma). 
(4) GENOCIDE.—The term ‘‘genocide’’ means 
any offense described in section 1091(a) of title 18, 
United States Code. 
(5) TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE.—The term ‘‘tran-
sitional justice’’ means the range of judicial, non-
judicial, formal, informal, retributive, and restorative 
measures employed by countries transitioning out of 
armed conflict or repressive regimes, or employed by 
the international community through international 
justice mechanisms, to redress past or ongoing 
atrocities and to promote long-term, sustainable 
peace. 
(6) WAR CRIME.—The term ‘‘war crime’’ has 
the meaning given the term in section 2441(c) of 
title 18, United States Code.
TITLE I—MATTERS RELATING 
TO THE CONFLICT IN BURMA 
SEC. 101. FINDINGS. 
Congress makes the following findings: 
(1) Since 1988, the United States policy of 
principled engagement has fostered positive demo-
cratic reforms in Burma, with elections in 2010, 
2015, and 2020, helping to bring about the partial 
transition to civilian rule and with the latter 2 elec-
tions resulting in resounding electoral victories for 
the National League for Democracy. 
(2) That democratic transition remained incom-
plete, with the military retaining significant power 
and independence from civilian control following the 
2015 elections, including through control of 25 per-
cent of parliamentary seats, a de facto veto over con-
stitutional reform, authority over multiple govern-
ment ministries, and the ability to operate with im-
punity and no civilian oversight. 
(3) Despite some improvements with respect for 
human rights and fundamental freedoms beginning 
in 2010, and the establishment of a quasi-civilian 
government following credible elections in 2015, 
Burma’s military leaders have, since 2016, overseen 
an increase in restrictions to freedom of expression
(including for members of the press), freedom of 
peaceful assembly, freedom of association, and free-
dom of religion or belief. 
(4) On August 25, 2017, Burmese military and 
security forces launched a genocidal military cam-
paign against Rohingya, resulting in a mass exodus 
of some 750,000 Rohingya from Burma’s Rakhine 
State into Bangladesh, where they remain. The mili-
tary has since taken no steps to improve conditions 
for Rohingya still in Rakhine State, who remain at 
high risk of genocide and other atrocities, or to cre-
ate conditions conducive to the voluntary return of 
Rohingya refugees and other internally displaced 
persons (IDPs). 
(5) The Burmese military has also engaged in 
renewed violence with other ethnic minority groups 
across the country. The military has continued to 
commit atrocities in Chin, Kachin, Kayah, and 
Shan. Fighting in northern Burma has forced more 
than 100,000 people from their homes and into 
camps for internally displaced persons. The Burmese 
military continues to heavily proscribe humanitarian 
and media access to conflict-affected populations 
across the country.
(6) With more nearly $470,000,000 in humani-
tarian assistance in response to the crisis in fiscal 
year 2021, the United States is the largest humani-
tarian donor to populations in need as a result of 
conflicts in Burma. In May 2021, the United States 
announced nearly $155,000,000 in additional hu-
manitarian assistance to meet the urgent needs of 
Rohingya refugees and host communities in Ban-
gladesh and people affected by ongoing violence in 
Burma’s Rakhine, Kachin, Shan, and Chin states. 
In September 2021, the United States provided 
nearly $180,000,000 in additional critical humani-
tarian assistance to the people of Burma, bringing 
the 
total 
fiscal 
year 
2021 
to 
more 
than 
$434,000,000. 
(7) Both government- and military-initiated in-
vestigations into human rights abuses in Burma in-
volving violence between ethnic minorities and Bur-
mese security forces have failed to yield credible re-
sults or hold perpetrators accountable. 
(8) In its report dated September 17, 2018, the 
United Nations Independent International Fact- 
Finding Mission on Myanmar concluded, on reason-
able grounds, that the factors allowing inference of 
‘‘genocidal intent’’ are present with respect to the
attacks against Rohingya in Rakhine State, and acts 
by Burmese security forces against Rohingya in 
Rakhine State and other ethnic minorities in Kachin 
and Shan States amount to ‘‘crimes against human-
ity’’ and ‘‘war crimes’’. The Independent Inter-
national Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar estab-
lished by the United Nations Human Rights Council 
recommended that the United Nations Security 
Council ‘‘should ensure accountability for crimes 
under international law committed in Myanmar, 
preferably by referring the situation to the Inter-
national Criminal Court or alternatively by creating 
an ad hoc international criminal tribunal’’. The Mis-
sion also recommended the imposition of targeted 
economic sanctions, including an arms embargo on 
Burma. 
(9) On December 13, 2018, the United States 
House of Representatives passed House Resolution 
1091 (115th Congress), which expressed the sense of 
the House that ‘‘the atrocities committed against the 
Rohingya by the Burmese military and security 
forces since August 2017 constitute crimes against 
humanity and genocide’’ and called upon the Sec-
retary of State to review the available evidence and 
make a similar determination.
(10) In a subsequent report dated August 5, 
2019, the United Nations Independent International 
Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar found that the 
Burmese military’s economic interests ‘‘enable its 
conduct’’ and that it benefits from and supports ex-
tractive industry businesses operating in conflict-af-
fected areas in northern Burma, including natural 
resources, particularly oil and gas, minerals and 
gems and argued that ‘‘through controlling its own 
business empire, the Tatmadaw can evade the ac-
countability and oversight that normally arise from 
civilian oversight of military budgets’’. The report 
called for the United Nations and individual govern-
ments to place targeted sanctions on all senior offi-
cials in the Burmese military as well as their eco-
nomic interests, especially Myanma Economic Hold-
ings Limited and Myanmar Economic Corporation. 
(11) On February 1, 2021, the Burmese mili-
tary conducted a coup d’e´tat, declaring a year-long 
state of emergency and detaining State Counsellor 
Aung San Suu Kyi, President Win Myint, and doz-
ens of other government officials and elected mem-
bers of parliament, thus derailing Burma’s transi-
tion to democracy and disregarding the will of the 
people of Burma as expressed in the November 2020
general elections, which were determined to be cred-
ible by international and national observers. 
(12) Following the coup, some ousted members 
of parliament established the Committee Rep-
resenting the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, which subse-
quently released the Federal Democracy Charter in 
March 2021 and established the National Unity 
Government in April 2021. In June 2021, the Na-
tional Unity Government included ethnic minorities 
and women among its cabinet and released a policy 
paper outlining pledges to Rohingya and calling for 
‘‘justice and reparations’’ for the community. 
(13) Since the coup on February 1, 2021, the 
Burmese military has— 
(A) used lethal force on peaceful protestors 
on multiple occasions, killing more than 1,500 
people, including more than 100 children; 
(B) detained more than 10,000 peaceful 
protestors, participants in the Civil Disobe-
dience Movement, labor leaders, government of-
ficials and elected members of parliament, 
members of the media, and others, according to 
the Assistance Association for Political Pris-
oners;
(C) issued laws and directives used to fur-
ther impede fundamental freedoms, including 
freedom of expression (including for members 
of the press), freedom of peaceful assembly, and 
freedom of association; and 
(D) imposed restrictions on the internet 
and telecommunications. 
(14) According to the UNHCR, more than 
440,000 people have been internally displaced since 
the coup, while an estimated 39,000 have sought ref-
uge in neighboring countries. Nevertheless, the Bur-
mese military continues to block humanitarian as-
sistance to populations in need. According to the 
World Health Organization, the military has carried 
out more than 286 attacks on health care entities 
since the coup and killed at least 30 health workers. 
Dozens more have been arbitrarily detained, and 
hundreds have warrants out for their arrest. The 
military continued such attacks even as they inhib-
ited efforts to combat a devastating third wave of 
COVID–19. The brutality of the Burmese military 
was on full display on March 27, 2021, Armed 
Forces Day, when, after threatening on state tele-
vision to shoot protesters in the head, security forces 
killed more than 150 people.
(15) The coup represents a continuation of a 
long pattern of violent and anti-democratic behavior 
by the military that stretches back decades, with the 
military having previously taken over Burma in 
coups d’e´tat in 1962 and 1988, and having ignored 
the results of the 1990 elections, and a long history 
of violently repressing protest movements, including 
killing and imprisoning thousands of peaceful 
protestors during pro-democracy demonstrations in 
1988 and 2007. 
(16) On February 11, 2021, President Biden 
issued Executive Order 14014 in response to the 
coup d’e´tat, authorizing sanctions against the Bur-
mese military, its economic interests, and other per-
petrators of the coup. 
(17) Since the issuance of Executive Order 
14014, President Biden has taken several steps to 
impose costs on the Burmese military and its leader-
ship, including by designating or otherwise imposing 
targeted sanctions with respect to— 
(A) multiple high-ranking individuals and 
their family members, including the Com-
mander-in-Chief of the Burmese military, Min 
Aung Hlaing, Burma’s Chief of Police, Than 
Hlaing, and the Bureau of Special Operations
commander, Lieutenant General Aung Soe, and 
over 35 other individuals; 
(B) state-owned and military controlled 
companies, including Myanma Economic Hold-
ings Public Company, Ltd., Myanmar Economic 
Corporation, Ltd., Myanmar Economic Hold-
ings Ltd., Myanmar Ruby Enterprise, Myanmar 
Imperial Jade Co., Ltd., and Myanma Gems 
Enterprise; and 
(C) other corporate entities, Burmese mili-
tary units, and Burmese military entities, in-
cluding the military regime’s State Administra-
tive Council. 
(18) The United States has also implemented 
new restrictions on exports and reexports to Burma 
pursuant to Executive Order 14014; and 
(19) On April 24, 2021, the Association of 
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) agreed to a five- 
point consensus which called for an ‘‘immediate ces-
sation of violence’’, ‘‘constructive dialogue among all 
parties’’, the appointment of an ASEAN special 
envoy, the provision of humanitarian assistance 
through ASEAN’s AHA Centre, and a visit by the 
ASEAN special envoy to Burma. Except for the ap-
pointment of the Special Envoy in August 2021, the
other elements of the ASEAN consensus remain 
unimplemented due to obstruction by the Burmese 
military. 
(20) On March 21, 2022, Secretary of State 
Antony Blinken announced that the United States 
had concluded that ‘‘members of the Burmese mili-
tary committed genocide and crimes against human-
ity against Rohingya’’. 
SEC. 102. STATEMENT OF POLICY. 
It is the policy of the United States— 
(1) to support genuine democracy, peace, and 
national reconciliation in Burma; 
(2) to pursue a strategy of calibrated engage-
ment, which is essential to support the establishment 
of a peaceful, prosperous, and democratic Burma 
that includes respect for the human rights of all in-
dividuals regardless of ethnicity and religion; 
(3) to seek the restoration to power of a civilian 
government that reflects the will of the people of 
Burma; 
(4) to support constitutional reforms that en-
sure civilian governance and oversight over the mili-
tary; 
(5) to assist in the establishment of a fully 
democratic, civilian-led, inclusive, and representative
political system that includes free, fair, credible, and 
democratic elections in which all people of Burma, 
including all ethnic and religious minorities, can par-
ticipate in the political process at all levels including 
the right to vote and to run for elected office; 
(6) to support legal reforms that ensure protec-
tion for the civil and political rights of all individuals 
in Burma, including reforms to laws that criminalize 
the exercise of human rights and fundamental free-
doms, and strengthening respect for and protection 
of human rights, including freedom of religion or be-
lief; 
(7) to seek the unconditional release of all pris-
oners of conscience and political prisoners in Burma; 
(8) to strengthen Burma’s civilian governmental 
institutions, including support for greater trans-
parency and accountability once the military is no 
longer in power; 
(9) to empower and resource local communities, 
civil society organizations, and independent media; 
(10) to promote national reconciliation and the 
conclusion and credible implementation of a nation-
wide cease-fire agreement, followed by a peace proc-
ess that is inclusive of ethnic Rohingya, Shan, 
Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, Karenni, and Karen, and
other ethnic groups and leads to the development of 
a political system that effectively addresses natural 
resource governance, revenue-sharing, land rights, 
and constitutional change enabling inclusive peace; 
(11) to ensure the protection and non- 
refoulement of refugees fleeing Burma to neigh-
boring countries and prioritize efforts to create a 
conducive environment and meaningfully address 
long-standing structural challenges that undermine 
the safety and rights of Rohingya in Rakhine State 
as well as members of other ethnic and religious mi-
norities in Burma, including by promoting the cre-
ation of conditions for the dignified, safe, sustain-
able, and voluntary return of refugees in Ban-
gladesh, Thailand, and in the surrounding region 
when conditions allow; 
(12) to support an immediate end to restric-
tions that hinder the freedom of movement of mem-
bers of ethnic minorities throughout the country, in-
cluding Rohingya, and an end to any and all policies 
and 
practices 
designed 
to 
forcibly 
segregate 
Rohingya, and providing humanitarian support for 
all internally displaced persons in Burma; 
(13) to support unfettered access for humani-
tarian actors, media, and human rights mechanisms,
including those established by the United Nations 
Human Rights Council and the United Nations Gen-
eral Assembly, to all relevant areas of Burma, in-
cluding Rakhine, Chin, Kachin, Shan, and Kayin 
States, as well as Sagaing and Magway regions; 
(14) to call for accountability through inde-
pendent, credible investigations and prosecutions for 
any potential genocide, war crimes, and crimes 
against humanity, including those involving sexual 
and gender-based violence and violence against chil-
dren, perpetrated against ethnic or religious minori-
ties, including Rohingya, by members of the military 
and security forces of Burma, and other armed 
groups; 
(15) to encourage reforms toward the military, 
security, and police forces operating under civilian 
control and being held accountable in civilian courts 
for human rights abuses, corruption, and other 
abuses of power; 
(16) to promote broad-based, inclusive economic 
development and fostering healthy and resilient com-
munities; 
(17) to combat corruption and illegal economic 
activity, including that which involves the military 
and its close allies; and
(18) to promote responsible international and 
regional engagement; 
(19) to support and advance the strategy of 
calibrated engagement, impose targeted sanctions 
with respect to the Burmese military’s economic in-
terests and major sources of income for the Burmese 
military, including with respect to— 
(A) officials in Burma, including the Com-
mander in Chief of the Armed Forces of 
Burma, Min Aung Hlaing, and all individuals 
described in paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) of sec-
tion 202(a), under the authorities provided by 
title II, Executive Order 14014, and the Global 
Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act 
(subtitle F of title XII of Public Law 114–328; 
22 U.S.C. 2656 note); 
(B) enterprises owned or controlled by the 
Burmese military, including the Myanmar Eco-
nomic Corporation, Union of Myanmar Eco-
nomic Holding, Ltd., and all other entities de-
scribed in section 202(a)(4), under the authori-
ties provided by title II, the Burmese Freedom 
and Democracy Act of 2003 (Public Law 108– 
61; 50 U.S.C. 1701 note), the Tom Lantos 
Block Burmese JADE (Junta’s Anti-Demo-
cratic Efforts) Act of 2008 (Public Law 110– 
286; 50 U.S.C. 1701 note), other relevant stat-
utory authorities, and Executive Order 14014; 
and 
(C) state-owned economic enterprises if— 
(i) there is a substantial risk of the 
Burmese military accessing the accounts of 
such an enterprise; and 
(ii) the imposition of sanctions would 
not cause disproportionate harm to the 
people of Burma, the restoration of a civil-
ian government in Burma, or the national 
interest of the United States; and 
(20) to ensure that any sanctions imposed with 
respect to entities or individuals are carefully tar-
geted to maximize impact on the military and secu-
rity forces of Burma and its economic interests while 
minimizing impact on the people of Burma, recog-
nizing the calls from the people of Burma for the 
United States to take action against the sources of 
income for the military and security forces of 
Burma.
TITLE II—SANCTIONS, IMPORT 
RESTRICTIONS, AND POLICY 
COORDINATION 
WITH 
RE-
SPECT TO BURMA 
SEC. 201. DEFINITIONS. 
In this subtitle: 
(1) ADMITTED; ALIEN.—The terms ‘‘admitted’’ 
and ‘‘alien’’ have the meanings given those terms in 
section 101 of the Immigration and Nationality Act 
(8 U.S.C. 1101). 
(2) APPROPRIATE
CONGRESSIONAL
COMMIT-
TEES.—The term ‘‘appropriate congressional com-
mittees’’ means— 
(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations 
and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and 
Urban Affairs of the Senate; and 
(B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and 
the Committee on Financial Services of the 
House of Representatives. 
(3) 
CORRESPONDENT
ACCOUNT; 
PAYABLE- 
THROUGH ACCOUNT.—The terms ‘‘correspondent ac-
count’’ and ‘‘payable-through account’’ have the 
meanings given those terms in section 5318A of title 
31, United States Code.
(4) FOREIGN
FINANCIAL
INSTITUTION.—The 
term ‘‘foreign financial institution’’ has the meaning 
of that term as determined by the Secretary of the 
Treasury by regulation. 
(5) FOREIGN PERSON.—The term ‘‘foreign per-
son’’ means a person that is not a United States 
person. 
(6) KNOWINGLY.—The term ‘‘knowingly’’, with 
respect to conduct, a circumstance, or a result, 
means that a person has actual knowledge, or should 
have known, of the conduct, the circumstance, or the 
result. 
(7) PERSON.—The term ‘‘person’’ means an in-
dividual or entity. 
(8) SUPPORT.—The term ‘‘support’’, with re-
spect to the Burmese military, means to knowingly 
have materially assisted, sponsored, or provided fi-
nancial, material, or technological support for, or 
goods or services to or in support of the Burmese 
military. 
(9) 
UNITED
STATES
PERSON.—The 
term 
‘‘United States person’’ means— 
(A) a United States citizen or an alien law-
fully admitted to the United States for perma-
nent residence;
(B) an entity organized under the laws of 
the United States or any jurisdiction within the 
United States, including a foreign branch of 
such an entity; or 
(C) any person in the United States. 
SEC. 202. IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS WITH RESPECT TO 
HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES AND PERPETRATION 
OF A COUP IN BURMA. 
(a) MANDATORY SANCTIONS.—Not later than 30 
days after the enactment of this Act, the President shall 
impose the sanctions described in subsection (d) with re-
spect to any foreign person that the President deter-
mines— 
(1) knowingly operates in the defense sector of 
the Burmese economy; 
(2) is responsible for, complicit in, or has di-
rectly and knowingly engaged in— 
(A) actions or policies that undermine 
democratic processes or institutions in Burma; 
(B) actions or policies that threaten the 
peace, security, or stability of Burma; 
(C) actions or policies that prohibit, limit, 
or penalize the exercise of freedom of expression 
or assembly by people in Burma, or that limit
access to print, online, or broadcast media in 
Burma; or 
(D) the arbitrary detention or torture of 
any person in Burma or other serious human 
rights abuse in Burma; 
(3) is a senior leader of— 
(A) the Burmese military or security forces 
of Burma, or any successor entity to any of 
such forces; 
(B) the State Administration Council, the 
military-appointed cabinet at the level of Dep-
uty Minister or higher, or a military-appointed 
minister of a Burmese state or region; or 
(C) an entity that has, or whose members 
have, engaged in any activity described in para-
graph (2); 
(4) knowingly operates— 
(A) any entity that is a state-owned eco-
nomic enterprise under Burmese law (other 
than the entity specified in subsection (c)) that 
benefits the Burmese military, including the 
Myanma Gems Enterprise; or 
(B) any entity controlled in whole or in 
part by an entity described in subparagraph
(A), or a successor to such an entity, that bene-
fits the Burmese military; 
(5) knowingly and materially violates, attempts 
to violate, conspires to violate, or has caused or at-
tempted to cause a violation of any license, order, 
regulation, or prohibition contained in or issued pur-
suant to Executive Order 14014 or this Act; 
(6) to be an adult family member of any person 
described in any of paragraphs (1) through (5); 
(7) knowingly facilitates a significant trans-
action or transactions for or on behalf of a person 
described, or a person that has engaged in the activ-
ity described, as the case may be, in any of para-
graphs (1) through (6); 
(8) to be owned or controlled by, or to have 
acted for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, a 
person described, or a person that has engaged in 
the activity described, as the case may be, in any of 
paragraphs (1) through (6); or 
(9) to have knowingly and materially assisted, 
sponsored, or provided financial, material, or techno-
logical support for a person described, or a person 
that has engaged in the activity described, as the 
case may be, in any of paragraphs (1) through (6).
(b) ADDITIONAL MEASURE RELATING TO FACILITA-
TION OF TRANSACTIONS.—The Secretary of the Treasury 
shall, in consultation with the Secretary of State, prohibit 
or impose strict conditions on the opening or maintaining 
in the United States of a correspondent account or pay-
able-through account by a foreign financial institution 
that the President determines has, on or after the date 
of the enactment of this Act, knowingly conducted or fa-
cilitated a significant transaction or transactions on behalf 
of a foreign person described in subsection (a). 
(c) DISCRETIONARY SANCTIONS.—Beginning on the 
date that is 60 days after the date of the enactment of 
this Act, the President may impose the sanctions described 
in subsection (d) with respect to the Myanma Oil and Gas 
Enterprise if imposing such sanctions would— 
(1) reduce the ability of the Burmese military 
to engage in the activities described in subpara-
graphs (A) through (D) of subsection (a)(2); 
(2) bring benefits to the people of Burma that 
exceed the potential negative impacts of the sanc-
tions on the humanitarian and economic outlook of 
the people of Burma; and 
(3) be in the national interest of the United 
States.
taries) knows, or has reason to believe, is de-
scribed in subsection (a) is— 
(i) inadmissible to the United States; 
(ii) ineligible for a visa or other docu-
mentation to enter the United States; and 
(iii) otherwise ineligible to be admitted 
or paroled into the United States or to re-
ceive any other benefit under the Immigra-
tion and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et 
seq.). 
(B) CURRENT VISAS REVOKED.— 
(i) IN
GENERAL.—The issuing con-
sular officer, the Secretary of State, or the 
Secretary of Homeland Security (or a des-
ignee of one of such Secretaries) shall, in 
accordance with section 221(i) of the Im-
migration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 
1201(i)), revoke any visa or other entry 
documentation issued to an alien described 
in clause (i) regardless of when the visa or 
other entry documentation is issued. 
(ii) EFFECT OF REVOCATION.—A rev-
ocation under subclause (i)— 
(I) shall take effect immediately; 
and
(II) shall automatically cancel 
any other valid visa or entry docu-
mentation that is in the alien’s pos-
session. 
(e) EXCEPTIONS.— 
(1) EXCEPTION FOR INTELLIGENCE, LAW EN-
FORCEMENT, 
AND
NATIONAL
SECURITY
ACTIVI-
TIES.—Sanctions under this section shall not apply 
to any authorized intelligence, law enforcement, or 
national security activities of the United States. 
(2) EXCEPTION
TO
COMPLY
WITH
INTER-
NATIONAL
OBLIGATIONS.—Sanctions under sub-
section (d)(3) shall not apply with respect to the ad-
mission of an alien if admitting or paroling the alien 
into the United States is necessary to permit the 
United States to comply with the Agreement regard-
ing the Headquarters of the United Nations, signed 
at Lake Success June 26, 1947, and entered into 
force November 21, 1947, between the United Na-
tions and the United States, or other applicable 
international obligations. 
(3) EXCEPTION RELATING TO IMPORTATION OF 
GOODS.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The authorities and re-
quirements to impose sanctions under this sec-
tion shall not include the authority or require-
ment to impose sanctions on the importation of 
goods. 
(B) GOOD DEFINED.—In this paragraph, 
the term ‘‘good’’ means any article, natural or 
man-made substance, material, supply, or man-
ufactured product, including inspection and test 
equipment, and excluding technical data. 
(4) EXCEPTION RELATING TO THE PROVISION 
OF
HUMANITARIAN
ASSISTANCE.—Sanctions under 
this section may not be imposed with respect to 
transactions or the facilitation of transactions for— 
(A) the sale of agricultural commodities, 
food, medicine, or medical devices to Burma; 
(B) the provision of humanitarian assist-
ance to the people of Burma; 
(C) financial transactions relating to hu-
manitarian assistance or for humanitarian pur-
poses in Burma; or 
(D) transporting goods or services that are 
necessary to carry out operations relating to 
humanitarian assistance or humanitarian pur-
poses in Burma. 
(f) WAIVER.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—The President may, on a 
case-by-case basis and for periods not to exceed 180 
days each, waive the application of sanctions or re-
strictions imposed with respect to a foreign person 
under this section if the President certifies to the 
appropriate congressional committees not later than 
15 days before such waiver is to take effect that the 
waiver is vital to the national security interests of 
the United States. 
(g) IMPLEMENTATION; PENALTIES.— 
(1) IMPLEMENTATION.—The President may ex-
ercise all authorities provided to the President under 
sections 203 and 205 of the International Emer-
gency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1702 and 
1704) to carry out this subtitle. 
(2) PENALTIES.—The penalties provided for in 
subsections (b) and (c) of section 206 of the Inter-
national Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 
U.S.C. 1705) shall apply to a person that violates, 
attempts to violate, conspires to violate, or causes a 
violation of regulations promulgated under section 
403(b) to carry out paragraph (1)(A) to the same 
extent that such penalties apply to a person that 
commits an unlawful act described in section 206(a) 
of that Act.
(h) REPORT.—Not later than 60 days after the date 
of the enactment of this Act and annually thereafter for 
8 years, the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation 
with the Secretary of State and the heads of other United 
States Government agencies, as appropriate, shall submit 
to the appropriate congressional committees a report 
that— 
(1) sets forth the plan of the Department of the 
Treasury for ensuring that property blocked pursu-
ant to subsection (a) or Executive Order 14014 re-
mains blocked; 
(2) describes the primary sources of income to 
which the Burmese military has access and that the 
United States has been unable to reach using sanc-
tions authorities; 
(3) makes recommendations for how the sources 
of income described in paragraph (2) can be reduced 
or blocked; 
(4) evaluates the implications of imposing sanc-
tions on the Burmese-government owned Myanmar 
Oil and Gas Enterprise, including a determination 
with respect to the extent to which sanctions on 
Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise would advance the 
interests of the United States in Burma; and
(5) assesses the impact of the sanctions im-
posed pursuant to the authorities under this Act on 
the Burmese people and the Burmese military. 
SEC. 203. CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENT FOR REMOVAL 
OF CERTAIN PERSONS FROM THE LIST OF 
SPECIALLY DESIGNATED NATIONALS AND 
BLOCKED PERSONS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—On or after the date of the enact-
ment of this Act, the President may not remove a person 
described in subsection (b) from the list of specially des-
ignated nationals and blocked persons maintained by the 
Office of Foreign Assets Control of the Department of the 
Treasury (commonly referred to as the ‘‘SDN list’’) until 
the President submits to the appropriate congressional 
committees a certification described in subsection (c) with 
respect to the person. 
(b) PERSONS DESCRIBED.—A person described in 
this subsection is a foreign person included in the SDN 
list for violations of part 525 of title 31, Code of Federal 
Regulations, or any other regulations imposing sanctions 
on or related to Burma. 
(c) CERTIFICATION DESCRIBED.—A certification de-
scribed in this subsection, with respect to a person de-
scribed in subsection (b), is a certification that the person 
has not knowingly assisted in, sponsored, or provided fi-
nancial, material, or technological support for, or financial 
or other services to or in support of— 
(1) terrorism or a terrorist organization; 
(2) a significant foreign narcotics trafficker (as 
defined in section 808 of the Foreign Narcotics 
Kingpin Designation Act (21 U.S.C. 1907)); 
(3) a significant transnational criminal organi-
zation under Executive Order 13581 (50 U.S.C. 
note; relating to blocking property of transnational 
criminal organizations); or 
(4) any other person on the SDN list. 
(d) FORM.—A certification described in subsection 
(c) shall be submitted in unclassified form but may include 
a classified annex. 
SEC. 204. SANCTIONS AND POLICY COORDINATION FOR 
BURMA. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of State may des-
ignate an official of the Department of State to serve as 
the United States Special Coordinator for Burmese De-
mocracy (in this section referred to as the ‘‘Special Coordi-
nator’’). 
(b) CENTRAL OBJECTIVE.—The Special Coordinator 
should develop a comprehensive strategy for the implemen-
tation of the full range of United States diplomatic capa-
bilities, including the provisions of this Act, to promote
human rights and the restoration of civilian government 
in Burma. 
(c) DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES.—The Special 
Coordinator should, as appropriate, assist in— 
(1) coordinating the sanctions policies of the 
United States under section 202 with relevant bu-
reaus and offices within the Department of State, 
other relevant United States Government agencies, 
and international financial institutions; 
(2) conducting relevant research and vetting of 
entities and individuals that may be subject to sanc-
tions under section 202 and coordinate with other 
United States Government agencies and inter-
national financial intelligence units to assist in ef-
forts to enforce anti-money laundering and anti-cor-
ruption laws and regulations; 
(3) promoting a comprehensive international ef-
fort to impose and enforce multilateral sanctions 
with respect to Burma; 
(4) coordinating with and supporting inter-
agency United States Government efforts, including 
efforts of the United States Ambassador to Burma, 
the United States Ambassador to ASEAN, and the 
United States Permanent Representative to the 
United Nations, relating to—
(A) identifying opportunities to coordinate 
with and exert pressure on the governments of 
the People’s Republic of China and the Russian 
Federation 
to 
support 
multilateral 
action 
against the Burmese military; 
(B) working with like-minded partners to 
impose a coordinated arms embargo on the 
Burmese military and targeted sanctions on the 
economic interests of the Burmese military, in-
cluding through the introduction and adoption 
of a United Nations Security Council resolu-
tion; 
(C) engaging in direct dialogue with Bur-
mese civil society, democracy advocates, ethnic 
minority representative groups, and organiza-
tions or groups representing the protest move-
ment and the officials elected in 2020, such as 
the Committee Representing the Pyidaungsu 
Hluttaw, the National Unity Government, the 
National Unity Consultative Council, and their 
designated representatives; 
(D) encouraging the National Unity Gov-
ernment to incorporate accountability mecha-
nisms in relation to the atrocities against 
Rohingya and other ethnic groups, to take fur-
ther steps to make its leadership and member-
ship ethnically diverse, and to incorporate 
measures to enhance ethnic reconciliation and 
national unity into its policy agenda; 
(E) assisting efforts by the relevant United 
Nations 
Special 
Envoys 
and 
Special 
Rapporteurs to secure the release of all political 
prisoners in Burma, promote respect for human 
rights, and encourage dialogue; and 
(F) supporting nongovernmental organiza-
tions operating in Burma and neighboring 
countries working to restore civilian democratic 
rule to Burma and to address the urgent hu-
manitarian needs of the people of Burma; and 
(5) providing timely input for reporting on the 
impacts of the implementation of section 202 on the 
Burmese military and the people of Burma. 
(d) DEADLINE.—If the Secretary of State has not 
designated the Special Coordinator by the date that is 180 
days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Sec-
retary shall submit to the Committee on Foreign Affairs 
of the House of Representatives and the Committee on 
Foreign Relations of the Senate a report detailing the rea-
sons for not doing so.
SEC. 205. SUPPORT FOR GREATER UNITED NATIONS AC-
TION WITH RESPECT TO BURMA. 
(a) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Con-
gress that— 
(1) the United Nations Security Council has 
not taken adequate steps to condemn the February 
1, 2021, coup in Burma, pressure the Burmese mili-
tary to cease its violence against civilians, or secure 
the release of those unjustly detained; and 
(2) countries, such as the People’s Republic of 
China and the Russian Federation, that are directly 
or indirectly shielding the Burmese military from 
international scrutiny and action, should be obliged 
to endure the reputational damage of doing so by 
taking public votes on resolutions related to Burma 
that apply greater pressure on the Burmese military 
to restore Burma to its democratic path. 
(3) The United Nations Secretariat and the 
United Nations Security Council should take con-
crete steps to address the coup and ongoing crisis in 
Burma consistent with the UN General Assembly 
resolution 75/287, ‘‘The situation in Myanmar,’’ 
which was adopted on June 18, 2021. 
(b) SUPPORT FOR GREATER ACTION.—The President 
shall direct the United States Permanent Representative 
to the United Nations to use the voice, vote, and influence
of the United States to spur greater action by the United 
Nations and the United Nations Security Council with re-
spect to Burma by— 
(1) pushing the United Nations Security Coun-
cil to consider a resolution condemning the February 
1, 2021, coup and calling on the Burmese military 
to cease its violence against the people of Burma 
and release without preconditions the journalists, 
pro-democracy activists, and political officials that it 
has unjustly detained; 
(2) pushing the United Nations Security Coun-
cil to consider a resolution that immediately imposes 
a global arms embargo against Burma to ensure 
that the Burmese military is not able to obtain 
weapons and munitions from other nations to fur-
ther harm, murder, and oppress the people of 
Burma; 
(3) pushing the United Nations and other 
United Nations authorities to cut off assistance to 
the Government of Burma while providing humani-
tarian assistance directly to the people of Burma 
through UN bodies and civil society organizations, 
particularly such organizations working with ethnic 
minorities that have been adversely affected by the 
coup and the Burmese military’s violent crackdown;
(4) objecting to the appointment of representa-
tives to the United Nations and United Nations bod-
ies such as the Human Rights Council that are 
sanctioned by the Burmese military; 
(5) working to ensure the Burmese military is 
not recognized as the legitimate government of 
Burma in any United Nations body; and 
(6) spurring the United Nations Security Coun-
cil to consider multilateral sanctions against the 
Burmese military for its atrocities against Rohingya 
and individuals of other ethnic and religious minori-
ties, its coup, and the crimes against humanity it 
has and continues to commit in the coup’s after-
math. 
SEC. 206. SUNSET. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The authority to impose sanctions 
and the sanctions imposed under this title shall terminate 
on the date that is 8 years after the date of the enactment 
of this Act. 
(b) CERTIFICATION FOR EARLY SUNSET OF SANC-
TIONS.—Sanctions imposed under this subtitle may be re-
moved before the date specified in subsection (a), if the 
President submits to the appropriate congressional com-
mittees a certification that—
(1) the Burmese military has released all polit-
ical prisoners taken into custody on or after Feb-
ruary 1, 2021, or is providing legal recourse to those 
that remain in custody; 
(2) the elected government has been reinstated 
or new free and fair elections have been held; 
(3) all legal charges against those winning elec-
tion in November 2020 are dropped; and 
(4) the 2008 constitution of Burma has been 
amended or replaced to place the Burmese military 
under civilian oversight and ensure that the Bur-
mese military no longer automatically receives 25 
percent of seats in Burma’s state, regional, and na-
tional Hluttaws. 
TITLE III—HUMANITARIAN AS-
SISTANCE AND CIVIL SOCI-
ETY SUPPORT WITH RESPECT 
TO BURMA 
SEC. 301. SUPPORT TO CIVIL SOCIETY AND INDEPENDENT 
MEDIA. 
(a) AUTHORIZATION TO PROVIDE SUPPORT.—The 
Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United 
States Agency for International Development are author-
ized to provide support to civil society in Burma, Ban-
gladesh, Thailand, and the surrounding region, including 
by— 
(1) ensuring the safety of democracy activists, 
civil society leaders, independent media, participants 
in the Civil Disobedience Movement, and government 
defectors exercising their fundamental rights by— 
(A) supporting safe houses for those under 
threat of arbitrary arrest or detention; 
(B) providing access to secure channels for 
communication; 
(C) assisting individuals forced to flee from 
Burma and take shelter in neighboring coun-
tries, including in ensuring protection assist-
ance and non-refoulement; and 
(D) providing funding to organizations 
that equip activists, civil society organizations, 
and independent media with consistent, long- 
term technical support on physical and digital 
security in local languages; 
(2) supporting democracy activists in their ef-
forts to promote freedom, democracy, and human 
rights in Burma, by— 
(A) providing aid and training to democ-
racy activists in Burma;
(B) providing aid to individuals and groups 
conducting democracy programming outside of 
Burma targeted at a peaceful transition to con-
stitutional democracy inside Burma; 
(C) providing aid and assistance to inde-
pendent media outlets and journalists and 
groups working to protect internet freedom and 
maintain independent media; 
(D) expanding radio and television broad-
casting into Burma; and 
(E) providing financial support to civil so-
ciety organizations and nongovernmental orga-
nizations led by members of ethnic and religious 
minority groups within Burma and its cross- 
border regions; 
(3) assisting ethnic minority groups and civil 
society in Burma to further prospects for justice, 
reconciliation, and sustainable peace; and 
(4) promoting ethnic minority inclusion and 
participation in political processes in Burma. 
(b) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated $50,000,000 to carry 
out the provisions of this section for each of fiscal years 
2023 through 2027.
SEC. 302. HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND RECONCILI-
ATION. 
(a) AUTHORIZATION
TO PROVIDE HUMANITARIAN 
ASSISTANCE.—The Secretary of State and the Adminis-
trator of the United States Agency for International De-
velopment are authorized to provide humanitarian assist-
ance and reconciliation activities for ethnic groups and 
civil society organizations in Burma, Bangladesh, Thai-
land, and the surrounding region, including— 
(1) assistance for victims of violence by the 
Burmese military, including Rohingya and individ-
uals from other ethnic minorities displaced or other-
wise affected by conflict, in Burma, Bangladesh, 
Thailand, and the surrounding region; 
(2) support for voluntary resettlement or repa-
triation of displaced individuals in Burma, upon the 
conclusion of genuine agreements developed and ne-
gotiated with the involvement and consultation of 
the displaced individuals and if resettlement or repa-
triation is safe, voluntary, and dignified; 
(3) support for the promotion of ethnic and re-
ligious tolerance, improving social cohesion, com-
bating gender-based violence, increasing the engage-
ment of women in peacebuilding, and mitigating 
human rights violations and abuses against children; 
(4) support for—
(A) primary, secondary, and tertiary edu-
cation for displaced children living in areas of 
Burma affected by conflict; and 
(B) refugee camps in the surrounding re-
gion and opportunities to access to higher edu-
cation in Bangladesh and Thailand; 
(5) capacity-building support— 
(A) to ensure that displaced individuals are 
consulted and participate in decision-making 
processes affecting the displaced individuals; 
and 
(B) for the creation of mechanisms to fa-
cilitate the participation of displaced individuals 
in such processes; and 
(6) increased humanitarian aid to Burma to ad-
dress the dire humanitarian situation that has up-
rooted 170,000 people through— 
(A) international aid partners such as 
agencies of the United Nations; 
(B) the International Committee of the 
Red Cross; and 
(C) cross-border aid. 
(b) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated $220,500,000 to carry 
out the provisions of this section for fiscal year 2023.
SEC. 303. AUTHORIZATION OF ASSISTANCE FOR BURMA PO-
LITICAL PRISONERS. 
(a) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Con-
gress that— 
(1) the freedom of expression, including for 
members of the press, is an inalienable right and 
should be upheld and protected in Burma and every-
where; 
(2) the Burmese military must immediately 
cease the arbitrary arrest, detention, imprisonment, 
and physical attacks of journalists, which have cre-
ated a climate of fear and self-censorship among 
local journalists; 
(3) the Government of Burma should repeal or 
amend all laws that violate the right to freedom of 
expression, peaceful assembly, or association, and 
ensure that laws such as the Telecommunications 
Law of 2013 and the Unlawful Associations Act of 
1908, and laws relating to the right to peaceful as-
sembly all comply with Burma’s human rights obli-
gations; 
(4) all prisoners of conscience and political pris-
oners in Burma should be unconditionally and im-
mediately released;
(5) the Burmese military should immediately 
and unconditionally release Danny Fenster and 
other journalists unjustly detained for their work; 
(6) the Government of Burma must imme-
diately drop defamation charges against all individ-
uals unjustly detained, including the three Kachin 
activists, Lum Zawng, Nang Pu, and Zau Jet, who 
led a peaceful rally in Mytkyina, the capital of 
Kachin State in April 2018, and that the prosecu-
tion of Lum Zawng, Nang Pu, and Zau Jet is an 
attempt by Burmese authorities to intimidate, har-
ass, and silence community leaders and human 
rights defenders who speak out about military 
abuses and their impact on civilian populations; and 
(7) the United States Government should use 
all diplomatic tools to seek the unconditional and im-
mediate release of all prisoners of conscience and po-
litical prisoners in Burma. 
(b) POLITICAL PRISONERS ASSISTANCE.—The Sec-
retary of State is authorized to continue to provide assist-
ance to civil society organizations in Burma that work to 
secure the release of and support prisoners of conscience 
and political prisoners in Burma, including—
(1) support for the documentation of human 
rights violations with respect to prisoners of con-
science and political prisoners; 
(2) support for advocacy in Burma to raise 
awareness of issues relating to prisoners of con-
science and political prisoners; 
(3) support for efforts to repeal or amend laws 
that are used to imprison individuals as prisoners of 
conscience or political prisoners; 
(4) support for health, including mental health, 
and post-incarceration assistance in gaining access 
to education and employment opportunities or other 
forms of reparation to enable former prisoners of 
conscience and political prisoners to resume normal 
lives; and 
(5) the creation, in consultation with former po-
litical prisoners and prisoners of conscience, their 
families, and their representatives, of an inde-
pendent prisoner review mechanism in Burma— 
(A) to review the cases of individuals who 
may have been charged or deprived of their lib-
erty for peacefully exercising their human 
rights;
(B) to review all laws used to arrest, pros-
ecute, and punish individuals as political pris-
oners and prisoners of conscience; and 
(C) to provide recommendations to the 
Government of Burma for the repeal or amend-
ment of all such laws. 
(c) TERMINATION.—The authority to provide assist-
ance under this section shall terminate on the date that 
is 8 years after the date of the enactment of this Act. 
TITLE IV—ACCOUNTABILITY 
FOR HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES 
SEC. 401. REPORT ON ACCOUNTABILITY FOR WAR CRIMES, 
CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, AND GENOCIDE 
IN BURMA. 
(a) STATEMENT OF POLICY.—It is the policy of the 
United States— 
(1) to continue the support of ongoing mecha-
nisms and special procedures of the United Nations 
Human Rights Council, including the United Na-
tions Independent Investigative Mechanism for 
Myanmar and the Special Rapporteur on the situa-
tion of human rights in Myanmar; and 
(2) to refute the credibility and impartiality of 
efforts sponsored by the Government of Burma, such 
as the Independent Commission of Enquiry, unless
the United States Ambassador at Large for Global 
Criminal Justice determines the efforts to be cred-
ible and impartial and notifies the appropriate con-
gressional committees in writing and in unclassified 
form regarding that determination. 
(b) REPORT REQUIRED.—Not later than 90 days 
after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary 
of State, after consultation with the heads of other United 
States Government agencies and representatives of human 
rights organizations, as appropriate, shall submit to the 
appropriate congressional committees a report that— 
(1) evaluates the persecution of Rohingya in 
Burma by the Burmese military; 
(2) after consulting with the Atrocity Early 
Warning Task Force, or any successor entity or of-
fice, provides a detailed description of any proposed 
atrocity prevention response recommended by the 
Task Force as it relates to Burma; 
(3) summarizes any atrocity crimes committed 
against Rohingya or members of other ethnic minor-
ity groups in Burma between 2012 and the date of 
the submission of the report; 
(4) describes any potential transitional justice 
mechanisms for Burma;
(5) provides an analysis of whether the reports 
summarized under paragraph (3) amount to war 
crimes, crimes against humanity, or genocide; 
(6) includes an assessment on which events that 
took place in the state of Rakhine in Burma, start-
ing on August 25, 2017, constitute war crimes, 
crimes against humanity, or genocide; and 
(7) includes a determination with respect to 
whether events that took place during or after the 
coup of February 1, 2021, in any state in Burma 
constitute war crimes or crimes against humanity. 
(c) ELEMENTS.—The report required by subsection 
(b) shall include the following: 
(1) A description of— 
(A) credible evidence of events that may 
constitute war crimes, crimes against humanity, 
or genocide committed by the Burmese military 
against Rohingya and members of other ethnic 
minority groups, including the identities of any 
other actors involved in the events; 
(B) the role of the civilian government in 
the commission of any events described in sub-
paragraph (A);
(C) credible evidence of events of war 
crimes, crimes against humanity, or genocide 
committed by other armed groups in Burma; 
(D) attacks on health workers, health fa-
cilities, health transport, or patients and, to the 
extent possible, the identities of any individuals 
who engaged in or organized such attacks in 
Burma; and 
(E) to the extent possible, the conventional 
and unconventional weapons used for any 
events or attacks described in this paragraph 
and the sources of such weapons. 
(2) In consultation with the Administrator of 
the United States Agency for International Develop-
ment, the Attorney General, and heads of any other 
appropriate United States Government agencies, as 
appropriate, a description and assessment of the ef-
fectiveness of any efforts undertaken by the United 
States to promote accountability for war crimes, 
crimes against humanity, and genocide perpetrated 
against Rohingya by the Burmese military, the gov-
ernment of the Rakhine State, pro-government mili-
tias, or other armed groups operating in the 
Rakhine State, including efforts—
(A) to train civilian investigators, within 
and outside of Burma and Bangladesh, to docu-
ment, investigate, develop findings of, identify, 
and locate alleged perpetrators of war crimes, 
crimes against humanity, or genocide in Burma; 
(B) to promote and prepare for a transi-
tional justice mechanism for the perpetrators of 
war crimes, crimes against humanity, and geno-
cide occurring in the Rakhine State in 2017; 
and 
(C) to document, collect, preserve, and pro-
tect evidence of war crimes, crimes against hu-
manity, and genocide in Burma, including by— 
(i) 
providing 
support 
for 
ethnic 
Rohingya, Shan, Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, 
and Kayin and other ethnic minorities; 
(ii) Burmese, Bangladeshi, foreign, 
and international nongovernmental organi-
zations; 
(iii) the Independent Investigative 
Mechanism for Myanmar; and 
(iv) other entities engaged in inves-
tigative activities with respect to war 
crimes, crimes against humanity, and 
genocide in Burma.
(3) A detailed study of the feasibility and desir-
ability of a transitional justice mechanism for 
Burma, such as an international tribunal, a hybrid 
tribunal, or other options, that includes— 
(A) a discussion of the use of universal ju-
risdiction or of legal cases brought against 
Burma by other countries at the International 
Court of Justice regarding any atrocity crimes 
perpetrated in Burma; 
(B) recommendations for any transitional 
justice mechanism the United States should 
support, the reason the mechanism should be 
supported, and the type of support that should 
be offered; and 
(C) consultation regarding transitional jus-
tice 
mechanisms 
with 
representatives 
of 
Rohingya and individuals from other ethnic mi-
nority groups who have suffered human rights 
violations and abuses. 
(d) PROTECTION OF WITNESSES AND EVIDENCE.— 
The Secretary of State shall seek to ensure that the identi-
fication of witnesses and physical evidence used for the 
report required by this section are not publicly disclosed 
in a manner that might place witnesses at risk of harm
or encourage the destruction of evidence by the military 
or government of Burma. 
(e) FORM OF REPORT; PUBLIC AVAILABILITY.— 
(1) FORM.—The report required by subsection 
(b) shall be submitted in unclassified form but may 
include a classified annex. 
(2) PUBLIC
AVAILABILITY.—The unclassified 
portion of the report required by subsection (b) shall 
be posted on a publicly available internet website. 
(f) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES DE-
FINED.—In this section, the term ‘‘appropriate congres-
sional committees’’ means— 
(1) the Committee on Foreign Relations and 
the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate; and 
(2) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the 
Committee on Armed Services of the House of Rep-
resentatives. 
SEC. 402. AUTHORIZATION TO PROVIDE TECHNICAL AS-
SISTANCE FOR EFFORTS AGAINST HUMAN 
RIGHTS ABUSES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of State is author-
ized to provide assistance to support appropriate civilian 
or international entities that— 
(1) identify suspected perpetrators of war 
crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide;
(2) collect, document, and protect evidence of 
crimes and preserving the chain of custody for such 
evidence; 
(3) conduct criminal investigations of such 
crimes; and 
(4) support investigations conducted by other 
countries, and by entities mandated by the United 
Nations, such as the Independent Investigative 
Mechanism for Myanmar. 
(b) AUTHORIZATION
FOR TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE 
MECHANISMS.—The Secretary of State, taking into ac-
count any relevant findings in the report submitted under 
section 402, is authorized to provide support for the estab-
lishment and operation of transitional justice mechanisms, 
including a hybrid tribunal, to prosecute individuals sus-
pected of committing war crimes, crimes against human-
ity, or genocide in Burma. 
TITLE V—STATUTORY PAY-AS- 
YOU-GO ACT 
SEC. 501. DETERMINATION OF BUDGETARY EFFECTS. 
The budgetary effects of this Act, for the purpose of 
complying with the Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Act of 2010, 
shall be determined by reference to the latest statement 
titled ‘‘Budgetary Effects of PAYGO Legislation’’ for this 
Act, submitted for printing in the Congressional Record
by the Chairman of the Committee on the Budget of the 
House of Representatives, provided that such statement 
has been submitted prior to the vote on passage. 
Passed the House of Representatives April 6, 2022. 
Attest: 
Clerk.
117TH CONGRESS 
2D SESSION 
H. R. 5497 
AN ACT 
To authorize humanitarian assistance and civil soci-
ety support, promote democracy and human 
rights, and impose targeted sanctions with re-
spect to human rights abuses in Burma, and for 
other purposes.