131 
January 1, 2009, shall be modified, to the extent 
practicable, at the first drydocking of the vessel 
after December 31 2008, but not later than De-
cember 31, 2013, to achieve the objectives de-
scribed in subparagraph (A). 
‘‘(C) REGULATIONS.—The Secretary shall 
issue regulations establishing design and con-
struction standards to achieve the objectives of 
subparagraph (A) and providing guidance for 
modifications and practices under subparagraph 
(B). The Secretary shall incorporate the stand-
ards and guidance in the regulations governing 
the ballast water management plan approved 
under subsection (c). 
‘‘(3) SEDIMENT RECEPTION FACILITIES.— 
‘‘(A) STANDARDS.—The Secretary, in con-
sultation with the heads of other appropriate 
Federal agencies as determined by the Secretary, 
shall issue regulations governing facilities for the 
reception of vessel sediment from spaces designed 
to carry ballast water that provide for the dis-
posal of such sediment in a way that does not 
impair or damage the environment, human 
health, or property or resources of the disposal 
area. 
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‘‘(B) DESIGNATION.—The Secretary, in con-
sultation with the heads of other appropriate 
Federal agencies as determined by the Secretary 
shall designate facilities for the reception of ves-
sel sediment that meet the requirements of the 
regulations issued under subparagraph (A) at 
ports and terminals where ballast tanks are 
cleaned or repaired. 
‘‘(i) EXAMINATIONS AND CERTIFICATIONS.— 
‘‘(1) INITIAL EXAMINATION.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall ex-
amine vessels to which this section applies to de-
termine whether— 
‘‘(i) there is a ballast water manage-
ment plan for the vessel that is approved by 
the Secretary and a ballast water record 
book on the vessel that meets the require-
ments of subsection (d); 
‘‘(ii) the equipment used for ballast 
water and sediment management in accord-
ance with the requirements of this section 
and the regulations issued under this sec-
tion is installed and functioning properly. 
‘‘(B) NEW
VESSELS.—For vessels con-
structed on or after January 1, 2009, the Sec-
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133 
retary shall conduct the examination required by 
subparagraph (A) before the vessel is placed in 
service. 
‘‘(C) EXISTING VESSELS.—For vessels con-
structed before January 1, 2009, the Secretary 
shall— 
‘‘(i) conduct the examination required 
by subparagraph (A) before the date on 
which subsection (f)(1) applies to the vessel 
according to the schedule in subsection 
(f)(3); and 
‘‘(ii) inspect the vessel’s ballast water 
record book required by subsection (d). 
‘‘(D) FOREIGN VESSEL.—In the case of a 
foreign vessel, the Secretary shall perform the ex-
amination required by this paragraph the first 
time the vessel enters a United States port. 
‘‘(2) SUBSEQUENT EXAMINATIONS.—In addition 
to the examination required by paragraph (1), the 
Secretary shall annually examine vessels to which this 
section applies, to ensure compliance with the require-
ments of this section and the regulations issued under 
this section. 
‘‘(3) INSPECTION AUTHORITY.— 
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134 
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary may 
carry out inspections of any vessel to which this 
section applies at any time, including the taking 
of ballast water samples, to ensure compliance 
with this section. The Secretary shall use all ap-
propriate and practical measures of detection 
and environmental monitoring such vessels and 
shall establish adequate procedures for reporting 
violations of this section and accumulating evi-
dence regarding such violations. 
‘‘(B) INVESTIGATIONS.— 
‘‘(i) IN
GENERAL.—Upon receipt of 
evidence that a violation of this section or 
a regulation issued under this section has 
occurred, the Secretary shall cause the mat-
ter to be investigated. 
‘‘(ii) ISSUANCE
OF
SUBPOENAS.—In 
an investigation under this subparagraph, 
the Secretary may issue subpoenas to re-
quire the attendance of any witness and the 
production of documents and other evidence. 
‘‘(iii) COMPELLING COMPLIANCE WITH 
SUBPOENAS.—In case of refusal to obey a 
subpoena issued under this subparagraph, 
the Secretary may request the Attorney 
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135 
General to invoke the aid of the appropriate 
district court of the United States to compel 
compliance. 
‘‘(4) STATE PROGRAMS.— 
‘‘(A) SUBMISSION TO SECRETARY.—At any 
time after the date of issuance of ballast water 
treatment regulations issued under this section, 
the Governor of each State desiring to admin-
ister its own inspection and enforcement author-
ity for ballast water discharges within its juris-
diction may submit to the Secretary a complete 
description of the program the Governor proposes 
to establish and administer under State law. In 
addition, the Governor shall submit a statement 
from the attorney general that the laws of such 
State provide adequate authority to carry out 
the described program. 
‘‘(B) APPROVAL.—The Secretary shall ap-
prove a program submitted under subparagraph 
(A), unless the Secretary determines that ade-
quate resources do not exist or, in the case of bal-
last water testing, that adequate scientific exper-
tise does not exist— 
‘‘(i) to inspect, monitor, and board 
any vessel to which this section applies at 
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136 
any time, including the taking and testing 
of ballast water samples, to ensure the ves-
sel’s compliance with this section; 
‘‘(ii) to ensure that any ballast water 
discharged within the waters subject to the 
jurisdiction of the State meet the ballast 
water requirements of this section and the 
regulations issued under this section, in-
cluding any revisions to such requirements 
and regulations; 
‘‘(iii) to establish adequate procedures 
for reporting violations of this section; 
‘‘(iv) to investigate and abate viola-
tions of this section, including civil and 
criminal penalties and other ways and 
means of enforcement; and 
‘‘(v) to ensure that the Secretary re-
ceives notice of each violation of the ballast 
water treatment requirements issued under 
this section in an expeditious manner. 
‘‘(C) SUSPENSION OF FEDERAL AUTHORI-
TIES.—Not later than 90 days after the date on 
which a State submits a program (or revision 
thereof) under this paragraph, the Secretary 
shall suspend its authorities under subsections 
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137 
(k) and (l) in such State, unless the Secretary 
determines that the State program does not meet 
the requirements of this paragraph. If the Sec-
retary so determines, the Secretary shall notify 
the State of any revisions or modifications nec-
essary to conform to such requirements. 
‘‘(D) COMPLIANCE.—Any State program 
approved under this paragraph shall at all times 
be conducted in accordance with this section and 
regulations issued under this section. 
‘‘(E) WITHDRAWAL OF APPROVAL.—When-
ever the Secretary determines, after public hear-
ing, that a State is not administering a program 
approved under this paragraph in accordance 
with this section and regulations issued under 
this section, the Secretary shall notify the State 
and, if appropriate corrective action is not taken 
within a reasonable period of time not to exceed 
90 days, the Secretary shall withdraw approval 
of the program. The Secretary shall not with-
draw approval of any program unless the Sec-
retary shall first have notified the State, and 
made public, in writing, the reasons for such 
withdrawal. 
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138 
‘‘(F) LIMITATION ON STATUTORY CONSTRUC-
TION.—Nothing in this paragraph shall limit the 
authority of the Secretary carry out inspections 
and investigations of any vessels under para-
graph (3). 
‘‘(5) REQUIRED CERTIFICATE.—If, on the basis 
of an initial examination under paragraph (1), the 
Secretary finds that a vessel complies with the re-
quirements of this section and the regulations issued 
under this section, the Secretary shall issue a certifi-
cate under this paragraph as evidence of such compli-
ance. The certificate shall be valid for a period of not 
more than 5 years, as specified by the Secretary. The 
certificate or a true copy shall be maintained on 
board the vessel. 
‘‘(6) NOTIFICATION OF VIOLATIONS.—If the Sec-
retary finds, on the basis of an examination under 
paragraph (1) or (2), investigation under paragraph 
(3), or any other information, that a vessel is being 
operated in violation of any requirement of this sec-
tion or regulation issued under this section, the Sec-
retary shall— 
‘‘(A) notify, in writing— 
‘‘(i) the master of the vessel; and 
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139 
‘‘(ii) the captain of the port at the ves-
sel’s next port of call; 
‘‘(B) remove from the vessel the certificate 
issued under paragraph (5); 
‘‘(C) take such other action as may be ap-
propriate. 
‘‘(7) COMPLIANCE MONITORING.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall es-
tablish, by regulation, sampling and other proce-
dures to monitor compliance with the require-
ments of this section and the regulations issued 
under this section. 
‘‘(B) USE
OF
MARKERS.—The Secretary 
may verify compliance with the discharge re-
quirements of subsection (f) and the regulations 
issued under this section with respect to such re-
quirements through identification of markers as-
sociated with a treatment technology’s effective-
ness, such as the presence of indicators associated 
with a certified treatment technology. 
‘‘(8) EDUCATION
AND
TECHNICAL
ASSISTANCE 
PROGRAMS.—The Secretary may carry out education 
and technical assistance programs and other measures 
to promote compliance with the requirements of this 
section and the regulations issued under this section. 
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140 
‘‘(j) DETENTION OF VESSELS.—The Secretary, by no-
tice to the owner, charterer, managing operator, agent, mas-
ter, or other individual in charge of a vessel, may detain 
that vessel if the Secretary has reasonable cause to believe 
that— 
‘‘(1) the vessel is a vessel to which this section 
applies; and 
‘‘(2) the vessel does not comply with any require-
ment of this section or regulation issued under this 
section or is being operated in violation of such a re-
quirement or regulation. 
‘‘(k) SANCTIONS.— 
‘‘(1) CIVIL PENALTIES.—Any person who violates 
this section (including a regulation issued under this 
section) shall be liable for a civil penalty in an 
amount not to exceed $32,500. Each day of a con-
tinuing violation constitutes a separate violation. A 
vessel operated in violation of this section (including 
a regulation issued under this section) is liable in 
rem for any civil penalty assessed under this sub-
section for that violation. 
‘‘(2) CRIMINAL PENALTIES.—Whoever knowingly 
violates this section (including a regulation issued 
under this section) shall be fined under title 18, 
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141 
United States, or imprisoned not more than 12 years, 
or both. 
‘‘(3) REVOCATION
OF
CLEARANCE.—Except as 
provided in subsection (j)(2), upon request of the Sec-
retary, the Secretary of the Treasury shall withhold 
or revoke the clearance of a vessel required by section 
60105 of title 46, United States Code, if the owner or 
operator of that vessel is in violation of this section 
or a regulation issued under this section. 
‘‘(l) ENFORCEMENT.— 
‘‘(1) ADMINISTRATIVE
ACTIONS.—If the Sec-
retary finds, after notice and an opportunity for a 
hearing, that a person has violated this section or a 
regulation issued under this section, the Secretary 
may assess a civil penalty for that violation. In deter-
mining the amount of the civil penalty, the Secretary 
shall take into account the nature, circumstances, ex-
tent, and gravity of the prohibited acts committed 
and, with respect to the violator, the degree of culpa-
bility, any history of prior violations, and such other 
matters as justice may require. 
‘‘(2) CIVIL ACTIONS.—At the request of the Sec-
retary, the Attorney General may bring a civil action 
in an appropriate district court of the United States 
to enforce this section or any regulation issued under 
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142 
this section. Any court before which such an action is 
brought may award appropriate relief, including tem-
porary or permanent injunctions and civil penalties. 
‘‘(m) CONSULTATION WITH CANADA, MEXICO, AND 
OTHER FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS.—In developing the guide-
lines and regulations to be issued under this section, the 
Secretary is encouraged to consult with the Government of 
Canada, the Government of Mexico and any other govern-
ment of a foreign country that the Secretary, after consulta-
tion with the Task Force, determines to be necessary to de-
velop and implement an effective international program for 
preventing the unintentional introduction and spread of 
aquatic nuisance species through ballast water. 
‘‘(n) INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION.—The Secretary, 
in cooperation with the Under Secretary, the Secretary of 
State, the Administrator, the heads of other relevant Federal 
agencies, the International Maritime Organization of the 
United Nations, and the Commission on Environmental 
Cooperation established pursuant to the North American 
Free Trade Agreement, is encouraged to enter into negotia-
tions with the governments of foreign countries to develop 
and implement an effective international program for pre-
venting the unintentional introduction and spread of 
aquatic invasive species. The Secretary is particularly en-
couraged to seek bilateral or multilateral agreements with 
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143 
Canada, Mexico, and other nations in the Wider Caribbean 
Region (as defined in the Convention for the Protection and 
Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Car-
ibbean, signed at Cartagena on March 24, 1983 (TIAF 
11085), to carry out the objectives of this section. 
‘‘(o) NONDISCRIMINATION.—The Secretary shall ensure 
that foreign vessels do not receive more favorable treatment 
than vessels of the United States when the Secretary per-
forms studies, reviews compliance, determines effectiveness, 
establishes requirements, or performs any other responsibil-
ities under this Act. 
‘‘(p) CONSULTATION WITH TASK FORCE.—The Sec-
retary shall consult with the Task Force in carrying out 
this section. 
‘‘(q) PREEMPTION.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in sub-
section (i)(4) but notwithstanding any other provision 
of law, the provisions of subsections (e) and (f) super-
sede any provision of State or local law that is incon-
sistent with the requirements of those subsections or 
that conflicts with the requirements of those sub-
sections. 
‘‘(2) GREATER PENALTIES OR FEES.—For pur-
pose of paragraph (1), the imposition by State or 
local law of greater penalties or fees for acts or omis-
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144 
sions that are violations of such law and also viola-
tions of this Act or the imposition by a State of in-
centives under subsection (f)(9)(B) shall not be con-
sidered to be inconsistent, or to conflict, with the re-
quirements of subsections (e) and (f). 
‘‘(3) RECEPTION
FACILITIES.—The standards 
issued by the Secretary or the heads of other appro-
priate Federal agencies under subsection (f)(2) do not 
supersede any more stringent standard under any 
otherwise applicable Federal, State, or local law. 
‘‘(r) COAST GUARD REPORT ON OTHER SOURCES OF 
VESSEL-BOURNE NUISANCE SPECIES.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.— 
‘‘(A) HULL-FOULING
AND
OTHER
VESSEL 
SOURCES.—Not later than 180 days after the 
date of enactment of the Ballast Water Treat-
ment Act of 2007, the Secretary shall transmit 
a report to the Committee on Commerce, Science, 
and Transportation of the Senate and the Com-
mittee on Transportation and Infrastructure of 
the House of Representatives on vessel-related 
pathways of harmful aquatic organisms and 
pathogens other than ballast water and sediment, 
including vessel hulls and equipment, and from 
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145 
vessels equipped with ballast tanks that carry no 
ballast water on board. 
‘‘(B) BEST PRACTICES.— 
‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—As soon as prac-
ticable, the Secretary shall develop best 
practices standards and procedures designed 
to reduce the introduction and spread of 
invasive species into and within the United 
States from vessels and establish a time-
frame for implementation of those standards 
and procedures by vessels. Such standards 
and procedures shall include designation of 
geographical locations for uptake and dis-
charge of untreated ballast water, as well as 
standards and procedure for other vessel 
pathways of aquatic invasive species. 
‘‘(ii) REPORT.—The Secretary shall 
transmit a report to the committees referred 
to in subparagraph (A) describing the 
standards and procedures developed under 
this subparagraph and the implementation 
timeframe, together with such recommenda-
tions as the Secretary determines appro-
priate. 
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146 
‘‘(iii) REGULATIONS.—The Secretary 
may issue regulations to incorporate and 
enforce standards and procedures developed 
under this paragraph. 
‘‘(2) TRANSITING VESSELS.—Not later than 180 
days after the date of enactment of the Ballast Water 
Treatment Act of 2007, the Secretary shall transmit 
a report to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and 
Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on 
Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of 
Representatives containing— 
‘‘(A) an assessment of the magnitude and 
potential adverse impacts of ballast water oper-
ations from foreign vessels designed, adapted, or 
constructed to carry ballast water that are 
transiting waters subject to the jurisdiction of 
the United States; and 
‘‘(B) recommendations, including legislative 
recommendations if appropriate, of options for 
addressing ballast water operations of those ves-
sels.’’. 
(b) DEFINITIONS.—Section 1003 of the Nonindigenous 
Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990 (16 
U.S.C. 4702) is amended— 
(1) by redesignating— 
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147 
(A) paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) as para-
graphs (2), (3), and (4), respectively; 
(B) paragraphs (4), (5), and (6) as para-
graphs (8), (9), and (10), respectively; 
(C) paragraphs (7), (8), (9), and (10) as 
paragraphs (12), (13), (14), and (15), respec-
tively; 
(D) paragraphs (11) and (12) as para-
graphs (17) and (18), respectively; 
(E) paragraphs (13), (14), and (15) as 
paragraphs (20), (21), and (22), respectively; 
(F) paragraph (16) as paragraph (27); and 
(G) paragraph (17) as paragraph (23); 
(2) by moving paragraph (23), as so redesig-
nated, after paragraph (22), as so redesignated; 
(3) by inserting before paragraph (2), as so re-
designated, the following: 
‘‘(1) ‘Administrator’ means the Administrator of 
the Environmental Protection Agency;’’; 
(4) by striking paragraph (4), as so redesig-
nated, and inserting the following: 
‘‘(4) ‘ballast water’ means— 
‘‘(A) water taken on board a vessel to con-
trol trim, list, draught, stability, or stresses of 
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148 
the vessel, including matter suspended in such 
water; or 
‘‘(B) any water placed into a ballast tank 
during cleaning, maintenance, or other oper-
ations;’’; 
(5) by inserting after paragraph (4), as so redes-
ignated and amended, the following: 
‘‘(5) ‘ballast water capacity’ means the total vol-
umetric capacity of any tanks, spaces, or compart-
ments on a vessel that is used for carrying, loading, 
or discharging ballast water, including any multi-use 
tank, space, or compartment designed to allow car-
riage of ballast water; 
‘‘(6) ‘ballast water management’ means mechan-
ical, physical, chemical, and biological processes used, 
either singularly or in combination, to remove, render 
harmless, or avoid the uptake or discharge of harmful 
aquatic organisms and pathogens within ballast 
water and sediment; 
‘‘(7) ‘constructed’ means a state of construction 
of a vessel at which— 
‘‘(A) the keel is laid; 
‘‘(B) construction identifiable with the spe-
cific vessel begins; 
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149 
‘‘(C) assembly of the vessel has begun com-
prising at least 50 tons or 1 percent of the esti-
mated mass of all structural material of the ves-
sel, whichever is less; or 
‘‘(D) the vessel undergoes a major conver-
sion;’’; 
(6) by inserting after paragraph (10), as so re-
designated, the following: 
‘‘(11) ‘foreign vessel’ has the meaning such term 
has under section 110 of title 46, United States 
Code;’’; 
(7) by inserting after paragraph (15), as so re-
designated, the following: 
‘‘(16) ‘major conversion’ means a conversion of 
a vessel, that— 
‘‘(A) changes its ballast water carrying ca-
pacity by at least 15 percent; 
‘‘(B) changes the vessel class; 
‘‘(C) is projected to prolong the vessel’s life 
by at least 10 years (as determined by the Sec-
retary); or 
‘‘(D) results in modifications to the vessel’s 
ballast water system, except— 
‘‘(i) component replacement-in-kind; or 
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150 
‘‘(ii) conversion of a vessel to meet the 
requirements of section 1101(e);’’; 
(8) by inserting after paragraph (18), as so re-
designated, the following: 
‘‘(19) ‘sediment’ means matter that has settled 
out of ballast water within a vessel;’’; 
(9) in paragraph (12), as so redesignated, by 
striking the period at the end and inserting a semi-
colon; 
(10) by inserting after paragraph (23), as so re-
designated and moved, the following: 
‘‘(24) ‘United States port’ means a port, river, 
harbor, or offshore terminal under the jurisdiction of 
the United States, including ports located in Puerto 
Rico, Guam, and the United States Virgin Islands; 
‘‘(25) ‘vessel of the Armed Forces’ means— 
‘‘(A) any vessel owned or operated by the 
Department of Defense, other than a time or voy-
age chartered vessel; and 
‘‘(B) any vessel owned or operated by the 
Department of Homeland Security that is des-
ignated by the Secretary as a vessel equivalent to 
a vessel described in subparagraph (A); 
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151 
‘‘(26) ‘vessel of the United States’ has the mean-
ing such term has under section 116 of title 46, 
United States Code;’’; and 
(11) in paragraph (23), as so redesignated, by 
striking the period at the end and inserting ‘‘;’’; and 
(12) by inserting after paragraph (27), as so re-
designated and amended, the following: 
‘‘(28) ‘waters subject to the jurisdiction of the 
United States’ means navigable waters and the terri-
torial sea of the United States, the exclusive economic 
zone, and the Great Lakes.’’. 
(c) REPEAL OF SECTION 1103.—Section 1103 of the 
Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control 
Act of 1990 (16 U.S.C. 4713) is repealed. 
(d) INTERIM FINAL RULE.—The Secretary shall issue 
an interim final rule as a temporary regulation imple-
menting the amendments made by this section as soon as 
practicable after the date of enactment of this section, with-
out regard to the provisions of chapter 5 of title 5, United 
States Code. All regulations issued under the authority of 
this subsection that are not earlier superseded by final regu-
lations shall expire not later than one year after the date 
of enactment of this Act. 
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152 
SEC. 504. NATIONAL BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT INFOR-
MATION. 
Section 1102 (16 U.S.C. 4712) is amended— 
(1) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(g) BALLAST WATER SURVEYS.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall conduct 
the following ballast water surveys: 
‘‘(A) A survey of the number of living orga-
nisms in untreated ballast water of a representa-
tive number of vessels, as determined by the Sec-
retary. 
‘‘(B) A survey of the number of living orga-
nisms in the ballast water of a representative 
number of vessels, as determined by the Sec-
retary, that has been exchanged on the high seas. 
‘‘(C) Surveys of the number of living orga-
nisms in the ballast water of vessels that are 
participating in a program to test and evaluate 
promising ballast water treatment, as approved 
by the Secretary. 
‘‘(2) REPORTS.—The Secretary shall submit to 
the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure 
of the House of Representatives and the Committee on 
Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Sen-
ate— 
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153 
‘‘(A) a report on the results of the surveys 
under subparagraphs (A) and (B) of paragraph 
(1) by not later than 18 months after the date 
of the enactment of the Ballast Water Treatment 
Act of 2007; and 
‘‘(B) a report on the results of the surveys 
required under subparagraph (C) of paragraph 
(1) upon completion of each demonstration con-
cerned.’’; 
(2) in subsection (b)(1)(B)(ii), by striking 
‘‘guidelines issued and’’; 
(3) in subsection (b)(2)(B)(ii), by striking ‘‘vol-
untary guidelines issued, and regulations promul-
gated,’’ and inserting ‘‘regulations promulgated’’; 
(4) in subsection (c)(1), by striking ‘‘section 
1101(b)’’ and inserting ‘‘section 1101(a)’’; and 
(5) in subsection (f)(1)(B), by striking ‘‘guide-
lines issued pursuant to section 1101(c)’’ and insert-
ing ‘‘regulations issued pursuant to section 1101’’. 
SEC. 505. BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT EVALUATION AND 
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM. 
Section 1104 (16 U.S.C. 4714) is amended— 
(1) by striking the section heading and inserting 
the following: 
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154 
‘‘SEC. 1104. BALLAST WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY 
EVALUATION 
AND 
DEMONSTRATION 
PRO-
GRAMS.’’; 
(2) by striking subsection (a); 
(3) by redesignating subsection (b) as subsection 
(a); 
(4) by redesignating subsection (c) as subsection 
(d); 
(5) in subsection (a), as so redesignated— 
(A) by striking so much as precedes para-
graph (2) and inserting the following: 
‘‘(a) SHIPBOARD TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION PRO-
GRAM.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish 
a Shipboard Technology Evaluation Program to 
evaluate alternative ballast water management meth-
ods aboard vessels to prevent aquatic nuisance species 
from being introduced into and spread through dis-
charges of ballast water in waters of the United 
States.’’; and 
(B) in paragraph (2) by striking ‘‘of the 
technologies and practices used in the demonstra-
tion program’’ and inserting ‘‘of alternative bal-
last water management methods used in the pro-
gram’’; 
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