I 
118TH CONGRESS 
2D SESSION H. R. 10500 
To amend title 11, United States Code, to add a bankruptcy chapter relating 
to the debt of individuals, and for other purposes. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
DECEMBER 18, 2024 
Mr. NADLER (for himself and Ms. JAYAPAL) introduced the following bill; 
which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary, and in addition 
to the Committee on Financial Services, for a period to be subsequently 
determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provi-
sions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned 
A BILL 
To amend title 11, United States Code, to add a bankruptcy 
chapter relating to the debt of individuals, and for other 
purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Consumer Bankruptcy 
Reform Act of 2024’’. 
SEC. 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
The table of contents for this Act is as follows: 
Sec. 1. Short title. 
Sec. 2. Table of contents. 
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TITLE I—CHAPTER 10 INDIVIDUAL BANKRUPTCY 
Sec. 101. Findings and purpose. 
Sec. 102. Chapter 10 individual bankruptcy. 
Sec. 103. Repeal of chapter 13. 
Sec. 104. Other amendments to the Bankruptcy Code. 
Sec. 105. Data collection. 
Sec. 106. Electronic signatures. 
Sec. 107. Judicial education. 
Sec. 108. Conforming amendments to other laws. 
TITLE II—CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION AMENDMENTS 
Sec. 201. Amendments to the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010. 
Sec. 202. Amendments to the Truth in Lending Act. 
Sec. 203. Amendments to the Fair Credit Reporting Act. 
Sec. 204. Amendments to the Equal Credit Opportunity Act. 
Sec. 205. Amendments to the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. 
Sec. 206. Amendments to the Electronic Fund Transfers Act. 
TITLE III—BANKRUPTCY RULES 
Sec. 301. Rules Enabling Act amendments. 
Sec. 302. Bankruptcy rules amendments. 
Sec. 303. Sense of Congress. 
TITLE IV—FUNDING THE BANKRUPTCY SYSTEM 
Sec. 401. Bankruptcy fees. 
Sec. 402. Trustee compensation. 
TITLE V—MISCELLANEOUS 
Sec. 501. Effective date. 
Sec. 502. Transition. 
Sec. 503. Severability. 
TITLE I—CHAPTER 10 
INDIVIDUAL BANKRUPTCY 
SEC. 101. FINDINGS AND PURPOSE. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds that— 
(1) individuals and families are often in finan-
cial distress for reasons outside of their control, such 
as job loss, medical bills, or educational debt, and an 
effective bankruptcy system not only provides those 
individuals and families with a fresh start but also 
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ensures that they can participate fully in the United 
States economy; 
(2) the Bankruptcy Code was adopted in 1978, 
and, since then, consumer lending has grown dra-
matically and been transformed by technology and 
the preemption of State usury and consumer protec-
tion laws for certain types of lenders; 
(3) unnecessary paperwork and overly complex 
laws increase the cost of bankruptcy and prevent in-
dividuals and families in the United States who need 
help from accessing the bankruptcy system; 
(4) many consumer debtors cannot afford bank-
ruptcy counsel and must instead save up to pay an 
attorney to file their bankruptcy petitions; 
(5) the dual-track bankruptcy system produces 
racially disparate outcomes that disadvantage people 
of color; 
(6) student loan debt burdens are creating dis-
tortions in the labor and housing market; 
(7) the nondischargeability of private student 
loan debt has not resulted in lower financing costs 
for student loan borrowers; 
(8) the inability of debtors to restructure home 
mortgage loans has led to unnecessary foreclosures 
that have created hardships for individuals and fam-
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ilies and their communities without reducing costs of 
mortgage financing; 
(9) individuals and families often rely on their 
cars to get to work and to get dependents to school 
and medical appointments but often cannot retain 
their cars in bankruptcy without paying substan-
tially more than the car is worth; 
(10) the difficulty of enforcing the discharge in-
junction has enabled illegal debt collection activity 
that undercuts the fresh start policy of bankruptcy; 
(11) existing law does not provide a sufficient 
deterrent to predatory creditors that harm individ-
uals and families in bankruptcy by violating con-
sumer financial laws or failing to comply with bank-
ruptcy rules; and 
(12) well-counseled, affluent debtors can avoid 
repaying creditors through asset protection planning. 
(b) PURPOSE.—The purpose of this Act is to estab-
lish a bankruptcy system that helps individuals and fami-
lies in the United States regain financial stability and pro-
tects against abusive and predatory behavior by— 
(1) streamlining the process of filing for bank-
ruptcy, simplifying court procedures in bankruptcy, 
and lowering the cost of bankruptcy for both con-
sumers and creditors; 
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(2) creating a single-chapter consumer bank-
ruptcy system that allows consumers greater flexi-
bility in addressing their debts and prevents dis-
parate treatment of similarly situated consumers; 
(3) offering consumers more and better options 
to deal with debts, while ensuring the fair treatment 
of creditors; 
(4) making it easier for consumers to pay an 
attorney for counsel or representation in a bank-
ruptcy case; 
(5) simplifying the identification and treatment 
of cases by expanding the number of routine cases 
that are handled by the court in which there is no 
chance of a reasonable payment to creditors and re-
ducing paperwork requirements in those routine 
cases; 
(6) allowing the modification of mortgages on 
all residences; 
(7) allowing the modification of car loans based 
on the market value of a car; 
(8) allowing the discharge of student loan debt 
on equal terms with most other types of debt; 
(9) reducing racial, gender, and other harmful 
disparities in the availability, accessibility, costs, and 
outcomes with respect to the bankruptcy process; 
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(10) ensuring the fair treatment of claimants 
for domestic support obligations; 
(11) reducing abusive creditor behavior; and 
(12) closing bankruptcy loopholes that allow the 
wealthy to exploit the bankruptcy process. 
SEC. 102. CHAPTER 10 INDIVIDUAL BANKRUPTCY. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Title 11, United States Code, is 
amended by inserting after section 946 the following: 
‘‘CHAPTER 10—INDIVIDUAL BANKRUPTCY 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER I—GENERAL PROVISIONS 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘1001. Trustee. 
‘‘1002. Rights and powers of debtor. 
‘‘1003. Debtor engaged in business. 
‘‘1004. Possession of property of the estate. 
‘‘1005. Conversion or dismissal. 
‘‘1006. Treatment of certain contracts and leases. 
‘‘1007. Treatment of rental purchase agreements. 
‘‘1008. Obtaining credit. 
‘‘1009. Stay of action against codebtor. 
‘‘1010. Interpretive principle. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER II—PLANS 
‘‘1021. Filing of plans. 
‘‘1022. Contents of plans. 
‘‘1023. Plan confirmation hearing. 
‘‘1024. Confirmation of plans. 
‘‘1025. Payments under a repayment plan. 
‘‘1026. Payments under a residence plan or property plan. 
‘‘1027. Protection of lessors and purchase money lenders. 
‘‘1028. Effect of confirmation. 
‘‘1029. Modification of repayment plan. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER III—DISCHARGE 
‘‘1031. Discharge; scope and timing. 
‘‘1032. Revocation of discharge or order of confirmation. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER IV—AVOIDANCE ACTIONS 
‘‘1041. Treatment of certain liens. 
‘‘1042. Limitations on avoidance actions. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER V—LIMITED PROCEEDINGS 
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‘‘1051. Election of limited proceeding. 
‘‘1052. Effect of limited proceeding. 
‘‘1053. Dismissal or conversion of limited proceedings. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER I—GENERAL PROVISIONS 
‘‘§ 1001. Trustee 
‘‘(a) APPOINTMENT.—Except as provided by section 
1052, in a case under this chapter, the United States 
trustee— 
‘‘(1) shall appoint 1 disinterested individual to 
serve as trustee from the panel of private trustees 
under section 586(a) of title 28 or a standing trust-
ee under subsection (b) of that section who meets 
the requirements of a trustee under section 322 of 
this title; or 
‘‘(2) may serve as trustee. 
‘‘(b) DUTIES.—The trustee shall— 
‘‘(1) perform the duties required under para-
graphs (2) through (5) and (7) of section 704; 
‘‘(2) appear and be heard at any hearing that 
concerns— 
‘‘(A) the value of property subject to a 
lien; or 
‘‘(B) confirmation of a repayment plan, a 
residence plan, or a property plan; 
‘‘(3) advise, other than on legal matters, and 
assist the debtor in the formulation of, and perform-
ance under, any plan; 
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‘‘(4) ensure that the debtor commences making 
timely payments under section 1025; 
‘‘(5) in the case of a debtor against whom there 
is a claim for a domestic support obligation, provide 
the notices required under subsection (d); and 
‘‘(6) in the case of a debtor engaged in business 
as described in section 1003(a), perform the duties 
required under paragraphs (3) and (4) of section 
1106(a). 
‘‘(c) PROHIBITIONS.—The trustee may not— 
‘‘(1) serve as an advocate for debtors or credi-
tors; 
‘‘(2) advise debtors or creditors on legal mat-
ters; or 
‘‘(3) raise an objection to a plan filed under 
section 1021 solely on the basis of the treatment of 
a secured claim under the plan. 
‘‘(d) DOMESTIC SUPPORT CLAIM NOTICE.— 
‘‘(1) DEFINITION OF STATE OR LOCAL CHILD 
SUPPORT
ENFORCEMENT
AGENCY.—In this sub-
section, the term ‘State or local child support en-
forcement agency’ means any agency of a State or 
political subdivision thereof operating pursuant to a 
plan described in section 454 of the Social Security 
Act (42 U.S.C. 654) that has been approved by the 
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Secretary of Health and Human Services under part 
D of title IV of such Act (42 U.S.C. 651 et seq.). 
‘‘(2) ADDITIONAL DUTIES.—In the case of a 
debtor against whom there is a claim for a domestic 
support obligation, the trustee shall— 
‘‘(A) provide written notice of the claim to 
the holder of the domestic support obligation 
that includes— 
‘‘(i) a notice of the right of the holder 
to use the services of a State or local child 
support enforcement agency for assistance 
in collecting child support during and after 
the case; and 
‘‘(ii) the address and telephone num-
ber of the State or local child support en-
forcement agency of the State or political 
subdivision thereof in which the holder re-
sides; 
‘‘(B) provide written notice of the claim to 
the State or local child support enforcement 
agency of the State or political subdivision 
thereof in which the holder resides that includes 
the name, address, and telephone number of the 
holder of the domestic support obligation; and 
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‘‘(C) on the date on which the debtor is 
granted a discharge under section 1031, provide 
written notice to the holder of the domestic sup-
port obligation and the State or local child sup-
port enforcement agency of the State or polit-
ical subdivision thereof in which the holder re-
sides of— 
‘‘(i) the granting of the discharge; 
‘‘(ii) the most recent known address 
of the debtor; 
‘‘(iii) the most recent known name 
and address of the most recent known em-
ployer of the debtor; and 
‘‘(iv) the name of each creditor that 
holds a claim that is not discharged under 
paragraph (2) or (4) of section 523(a). 
‘‘(3) ADDRESS REQUEST.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The holder of a claim 
for domestic support against the debtor or a 
State or local child support enforcement agency 
of the State or political subdivision thereof in 
which the holder resides may request from a 
creditor described in paragraph (2)(C)(iv) the 
most recent known address of the debtor. 
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‘‘(B) NO LIABILITY.—Notwithstanding any 
other provision of law, a creditor that makes a 
disclosure in connection with a request made 
under subparagraph (A) shall not be liable for 
making the disclosure. 
‘‘§ 1002. Rights and powers of debtor 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Subject to any limitations of a 
trustee under this chapter, the debtor shall have, exclusive 
of the trustee, the rights and powers of a trustee under— 
‘‘(1) subsections (b), (c), (d), (f), and (l) of sec-
tion 363; and 
‘‘(2) section 364. 
‘‘(b) AVOIDANCE OF TRANSFERS.—The debtor may 
avoid a transfer of property of the debtor or recover a 
setoff if— 
‘‘(1)(A) the transfer is avoidable by the trustee 
under section 544, 545, 547, 548, 549, or 1041 or 
recoverable by the trustee under section 553; and 
‘‘(B) the trustee does not attempt to avoid the 
transfer; or 
‘‘(2) section 1042 prohibits the trustee from 
avoiding the transfer. 
‘‘§ 1003. Debtor engaged in business 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—For the purposes of this chapter, 
a debtor is engaged in business if the debtor is— 
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‘‘(1) chapter 11, if the debtor is eligible under 
section 109(e); or 
‘‘(2) chapter 12, if the debtor is eligible under 
section 109(f). 
‘‘(b) CONVERSION OR DISMISSAL ON REQUEST OF 
OTHER PARTIES.—After notice and a hearing, the court, 
on its own motion, or on a motion by a creditor, the 
United States trustee, the trustee, or any other party in 
interest, may, for cause, dismiss a case under this chapter 
or, with the consent of the debtor, convert a case under 
this chapter to a case under chapter 11 or 12, including— 
‘‘(1) unreasonable delay by the debtor that is 
prejudicial to creditors; 
‘‘(2) nonpayment of any fees or costs required 
under section 1930 of title 28; 
‘‘(3) failure to timely file a plan under section 
1021, unless the debtor is eligible for a discharge 
without a plan under section 1031; 
‘‘(4) failure to commence making timely pay-
ments required under section 1025 if the debtor files 
a repayment plan; 
‘‘(5) denial of confirmation of a plan under sec-
tion 1024 and denial of a request for additional time 
for filing another plan; 
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‘‘(6) except as provided by section 1052(8), and 
only on request of the United States trustee, failure 
of the debtor in a voluntary case to file, not later 
than 14 days after the date of the commencement of 
the case, or additional time as the court may allow, 
the information required under section 521(a)(1); 
and 
‘‘(7) failure to file a repayment plan, if re-
quired, by the deadline prescribed under section 
1021(e). 
‘‘(c) DISMISSAL.— 
‘‘(1) DISMISSAL
FOR
MANIFESTLY
IMPROPER 
USE OF THE BANKRUPTCY SYSTEM.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding sub-
section (b), after notice and a hearing, the 
court, on its own motion or on a motion by the 
United States trustee or the trustee, may dis-
miss a case on grounds that the granting of re-
lief would be a manifestly improper use of the 
bankruptcy system. 
‘‘(B) MANIFESTLY IMPROPER USE OF THE 
BANKRUPTCY
SYSTEM.—For the purpose of 
subparagraph (A), the failure of a debtor to pay 
an amount that is greater than the minimum 
payment obligation under a repayment plan 
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alone does not constitute a manifestly improper 
use of the bankruptcy system. 
‘‘(2) DISMISSAL AT REQUEST OF DEBTOR.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—With respect to a case 
that has not been converted under subsection 
(a)— 
‘‘(i) at the request of the debtor be-
fore any plan is confirmed under section 
1024, the court shall dismiss the case; and 
‘‘(ii) at the request of the debtor after 
any plan is confirmed under section 1024, 
the court shall dismiss the case, unless the 
United States trustee or the trustee estab-
lishes that dismissal would not be in the 
best interest of creditors. 
‘‘(B) WAIVER UNENFORCEABLE.—A waiv-
er of the right to dismiss a case under this sec-
tion shall be unenforceable. 
‘‘(C) NO
DISCHARGE.—In any case dis-
missed under this paragraph— 
‘‘(i) the court shall not issue a dis-
charge; and 
‘‘(ii) any discharge previously issued 
is revoked. 
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‘‘§ 1006. Treatment of certain contracts and leases 
‘‘Notwithstanding a provision in any contract or un-
expired lease, or in applicable law, with respect to any con-
tract or unexpired lease of the debtor, the contract or lease 
and any right or obligation under the contract or lease 
may not be terminated or modified, and neither the debtor 
nor any individual liable on such contract or unexpired 
lease with the debtor may be declared in default under 
the contract or lease at any time during or after the case, 
solely because of a provision in the contract or lease that 
is conditioned on— 
‘‘(1) the insolvency or financial condition of the 
debtor at any time before the closing of the case; 
‘‘(2) the commencement of a case under this 
title; 
‘‘(3) the appointment of, or taking possession 
by— 
‘‘(A) a trustee in a case under this title; or 
‘‘(B) a custodian before the commence-
ment of a case under this title; or 
‘‘(4) the filing of a plan or the exercise of any 
other right under this title. 
‘‘§ 1007. Treatment of rental purchase agreements 
‘‘(a) DEFINITION
OF RENTAL-PURCHASE AGREE-
MENT.—In this section, the term ‘rental-purchase agree-
ment’ means an agreement, irrespective of form— 
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‘‘(1) for the use of personal property, other 
than a vehicle, by the debtor for personal, family, or 
household purposes; 
‘‘(2) that is renewable with each payment; and 
‘‘(3) that permits, but does not obligate, the 
debtor to become the owner of the property that is 
the subject of the agreement. 
‘‘(b) NO INTEREST IN PROPERTY.—For the purpose 
of this chapter and notwithstanding applicable nonbank-
ruptcy law, the lessor on a rental-purchase agreement does 
not have an interest in the property covered by the rental- 
purchase agreement. 
‘‘(c) ELECTION TO RETAIN PROPERTY.—Notwith-
standing section 365, in a case under this chapter, the 
debtor may elect to retain the property covered by a rent-
al-purchase agreement. 
‘‘(d) CLAIMS OF LESSOR-SELLER.—Notwithstanding 
sections 365 and 503 and subject to section 502, if the 
debtor elects to retain the property covered by a rental- 
purchase agreement, the liability of the debtor to a lessor- 
seller under the rental-purchase agreement shall— 
‘‘(1) be treated as if the liability arose imme-
diately before the date of the filing of the petition; 
‘‘(2) not be treated as an administrative ex-
pense; and 
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‘‘(3) be limited to the sum of— 
‘‘(A) accrued and unpaid rent under the 
rental-purchase agreement; and 
‘‘(B) future rent and other payments due 
under the rental-purchase agreement. 
‘‘(e) TERMINATION.—Nothing in this section shall be 
construed to prohibit the debtor from terminating a rent-
al-purchase agreement. 
‘‘(f) POST-DISCHARGE EXERCISE OF LESSOR-SELL-
ER’S RIGHTS PROHIBITED.—Any attempt to exercise the 
rights of a lessor-seller under a rental-purchase agreement 
or applicable nonbankruptcy law after the issuance of a 
discharge under section 1031 shall be deemed to be a vio-
lation of section 524(a). 
‘‘§ 1008. Obtaining credit 
‘‘(a) DEFINITION OF CREDIT.—In this section, the 
term ‘credit’ has the meaning given the term in section 
103 of the Truth in Lending Act (15 U.S.C. 1602). 
‘‘(b) OBTAINING CREDIT.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The debtor in a case under 
this chapter may not obtain credit outside the ordi-
nary course of the affairs of the debtor without prior 
authorization by the court. 
‘‘(2) COURT
APPROVAL.—After notice and a 
hearing, the court may authorize the debtor to ob-
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tain credit under paragraph (1) or incur debt only 
if it is in the best interests of the debtor. 
‘‘(3) VOIDING OF OTHER POST-PETITION CRED-
IT INCURRED.—Any credit obtained or debt incurred 
by a debtor not in accordance with this subsection 
is void. 
‘‘(4) CREDIT RATE LIMIT.—In no event may 
the court authorize the debtor to obtain credit with 
an annual percentage rate that exceeds the annual 
percentage rate described in section 987(b) of title 
10. 
‘‘(5) 
COMPLIANCE
WITH
NONBANKRUPTCY 
LAW.—Credit obtained by a debtor pursuant to this 
section shall comply with applicable nonbankruptcy 
law. 
‘‘(c) APPLICATION OF SECTION.—This section shall 
apply to credit obtained by a debtor until the date on 
which the case is closed under section 350. 
‘‘§ 1009. Stay of action against codebtor 
‘‘(a) COLLECTION OF DEBT.—Except as provided in 
subsections (b) and (c) of this section, after the entry of 
the order for relief under this chapter, a creditor may not 
act or commence or continue any civil action to collect all 
or any part of a consumer debt of the debtor from any 
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individual that is liable on the consumer debt with the 
debtor or that secured the consumer debt, unless— 
‘‘(1) the individual became liable on, or secured, 
the consumer debt in the ordinary course of business 
of the individual; or 
‘‘(2) the case is closed, dismissed, or converted 
to a case under chapter 11 or 12 of this title. 
‘‘(b) NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS.—A creditor may 
present a negotiable instrument, and may give notice of 
dishonor of such an instrument. 
‘‘(c) RELIEF FROM STAY.—On request of a party in 
interest and after notice and a hearing, the court shall 
grant relief from the stay provided under subsection (a) 
with respect to a creditor, to the extent that— 
‘‘(1) as between the debtor and the individual 
protected under subsection (a), the individual re-
ceived consideration for the claim held by the cred-
itor; 
‘‘(2) the plan filed by the debtor does not pro-
pose to pay the claim; or 
‘‘(3) the interest of the creditor would be irrep-
arably harmed by a continuation of the stay. 
‘‘(d) TERMINATION OF STAY.—On the date that is 
20 days after the date on which a party in interest files 
a request under subsection (c) for relief from the stay pro-
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vided under subsection (a), the stay shall be terminated 
with respect to the party in interest, unless the debtor or 
any individual that is liable on the consumer debt with 
the debtor files and serves upon the party in interest a 
written objection to the proposed relief from the stay. 
‘‘§ 1010. Interpretive principle 
‘‘In cases in under this chapter, the provisions of this 
title shall be interpreted liberally in favor of relief for con-
sumer debtors. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER II—PLANS 
‘‘§ 1021. Filing of plans 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in subsection 
(c), the debtor may file— 
‘‘(1) a repayment plan that solely provides for 
the treatment of unsecured claims; 
‘‘(2) a residence plan that solely provides for 
the treatment of claims secured by the debtor’s prin-
cipal residence; or 
‘‘(3) a property plan that solely provides for the 
treatment of claims secured by property that is not 
the debtor’s principal residence. 
‘‘(b) DEBTORS WITH NO MINIMUM PAYMENT OBLI-
GATION.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—A debtor that has a min-
imum payment obligation of $0 shall receive a dis-
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charge under section 1031 without filing a plan if 
the debtor is otherwise eligible to receive a discharge 
under this chapter. 
‘‘(2) OPTIONAL PLANS.—A debtor that has no 
minimum payment obligation may elect to file 1 or 
more plans under subsection (a). 
‘‘(c) MULTIPLE PLANS.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.— 
‘‘(A) MORE
THAN
PLAN.—Subject to 
subparagraph (B), the debtor may file 1 or 
more plans. 
‘‘(B) PROHIBITION.—If the court confirms 
a repayment plan of a debtor, the debtor may 
not file an additional repayment plan in a case 
under this chapter. 
‘‘(2) SEPARATE TREATMENT.—Except as pro-
vided in section 1023(c), each plan shall be treated 
separately for purposes of confirmation, discharge, 
and revocation of an order of confirmation or dis-
charge. 
‘‘(d) INVOLUNTARY CASES.—In a case commenced 
under section 303— 
‘‘(1) a petitioning creditor may file only a re-
payment plan under which the minimum payment 
obligation of the debtor shall be calculated to ex-
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clude any amounts required by clause (ii) of section 
101(54)(B); 
‘‘(2) the debtor may file a repayment plan, 
which shall supersede any repayment plan filed 
under paragraph (1); and 
‘‘(3) if more than 1 petitioning creditor files a 
repayment plan under paragraph (1) and the debtor 
does not file a repayment plan under paragraph (2), 
the court shall confirm the repayment plan that is 
in the best interest of creditors. 
‘‘(e) FILING DEADLINE.—The debtor shall promptly 
file a plan within such period of time as permitted in a 
rule prescribed the Judicial Conference of the United 
States, except that the court may extend such time period 
for cause. 
‘‘§ 1022. Contents of plans 
‘‘(a) REPAYMENT PLANS.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—A repayment plan— 
‘‘(A) shall provide that— 
‘‘(i) the debtor shall satisfy the min-
imum payment obligation by— 
‘‘(I) making deferred cash pay-
ments; or 
‘‘(II) upon request of the trustee, 
and subject to paragraph (2), ten-
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dering to the trustee all property of 
the estate that is not exempt under 
section 522 not later than 30 days 
after the date on which the court con-
firms the plan, unless the court orders 
a later date; 
‘‘(ii) any payments under the repay-
ment plan occur during a period not to ex-
ceed 36 months from the date on which 
the first payment is due under a repay-
ment plan under section 1025(b)(1); and 
‘‘(iii) any payment under a repayment 
plan, other than the final payment, shall 
be in an amount that is not less than the 
payments required for 36 equal monthly 
installments, unless the court orders other-
wise for cause, which may include the ir-
regular or seasonal nature of the debtor’s 
income; and 
‘‘(B) may— 
‘‘(i) pursuant to section 365, provide 
for the assumption, rejection, or assign-
ment of any executory contract or unex-
pired lease of the debtor that has not pre-
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viously been assumed or rejected under 
that section; 
‘‘(ii) provide for the payment in full, 
in deferred cash payments, over the dura-
tion of the repayment plan, of any claim 
based on a debt of a kind described in sec-
tion 523 if the plan also provides for the 
payment in full, in deferred cash pay-
ments, of all claims entitled to priority 
under section 507, other than the claim of 
a holder that is based on a debt described 
in section 507 that agrees to a different 
treatment of that claim; 
‘‘(iii) provide for the exercise of any 
other power of the debtor or the trustee 
under this title; 
‘‘(iv) provide for an order garnishing 
the earnings of the debtor or ordering the 
authorization of electronic fund transfers 
from a deposit account of the debtor dur-
ing the duration of the repayment plan; 
and 
‘‘(v) include any other appropriate 
provision not inconsistent with this title. 
‘‘(2) REQUEST FOR TENDER BY TRUSTEE.— 
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‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The trustee shall re-
quest the tender of property of the estate that 
is not exempt under section 522 only if the liq-
uidation of such property would be reasonably 
likely to produce a meaningful distribution to 
creditors. 
‘‘(B) INSTALLMENT
REDEMPTION
AS
AN 
ALTERNATIVE
TO
TENDER.—In lieu of ten-
dering nonexempt property of the estate under 
paragraph (1)(A)(i)(II), the debtor may elect to 
pay to the trustee under the repayment plan an 
amount equal to the value of the interest of the 
debtor in such property that is in excess of the 
sum of— 
‘‘(i) any allowed secured claims that 
are secured by that property; and 
‘‘(ii) any exemption applicable under 
section 522(b). 
‘‘(C) EXECUTION OF DOCUMENTS TO PER-
FECT
OR
RECORD
SECURITY
INTEREST.—To 
satisfy the debtor’s obligation under paragraph 
(1)(A)(i)(II) and under this paragraph, the plan 
must provide that the debtor will execute any 
documents and cooperate with the trustee as 
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transfer the debtor’s principal residence to the 
holder of the first-priority lien not later than 14 
days after acceptance of the tender; and 
‘‘(C) if there is not a timely acceptance of 
the tender of the principal residence— 
‘‘(i) a sale free and clear of liens of 
the debtor’s principal residence shall be 
conducted in a commercially reasonable 
manner; and 
‘‘(ii) after deducting the costs of the 
sale, any liens against the debtor’s prin-
cipal residence shall attach to the proceeds 
of the sale; 
‘‘(5) provide for an order garnishing the earn-
ings of the debtor or authorizing electronic fund 
transfers from a deposit account of the debtor dur-
ing the duration of the residence plan, but only to 
the extent necessary to cure any default on a claim 
secured by the debtor’s principal residence in accord-
ance with subsection (d); and 
‘‘(6) include any other appropriate provision not 
inconsistent with this title. 
‘‘(c) PROPERTY PLANS.—A property plan may— 
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‘‘(1) modify or leave unaffected the rights of 
holders of claims secured by the property, other than 
property that is the debtor’s principal residence; 
‘‘(2) provide for the curing or waiving within a 
reasonable time of any default on any claim secured 
by the property of the debtor that is not the debtor’s 
principal residence in accordance with subsection 
(d)(2); 
‘‘(3) provide for payment of any allowed se-
cured claim secured by the property of the debtor 
that is not the debtor’s principal residence; 
‘‘(4) subject to section 522(e), treat as the 
holder of a secured claim— 
‘‘(A) the seller or assignee of an install-
ment sales contract for personal property or the 
equivalent of such a contract; 
‘‘(B) the lessor of a lease of personal prop-
erty, the term of which extends beyond the re-
maining economic life of the property; or 
‘‘(C) a party to an agreement, irrespective 
of form, that is a security interest in personal 
property under applicable nonbankruptcy law; 
‘‘(5) provide for an order garnishing the earn-
ings of the debtor or ordering the authorization of 
electronic fund transfers from a deposit account of 
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the debtor during the duration of the property plan; 
and 
‘‘(6) include any other appropriate provision not 
inconsistent with this title. 
‘‘(d) CURE OF DEFAULT.— 
‘‘(1) PRINCIPAL RESIDENCE.—Notwithstanding 
any applicable nonbankruptcy law, a default with re-
spect to, or that gives rise to, a lien on the property 
that is the debtor’s principal residence may be cured 
by a residence plan under subsection (b) until the 
debtor ceases to have rights, including a right of re-
demption, in the property. 
‘‘(2) AMOUNT TO CURE.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding sec-
tion 506(b), if a repayment plan, a residence 
plan, or a property plan provides for the curing 
of a default, the amount necessary to cure the 
default shall be determined in accordance with 
the underlying agreement and applicable non-
bankruptcy law. 
‘‘(B) PROHIBITION.—The cure of a default 
under subparagraph (A) may not require— 
‘‘(i) interest on arrearages; or 
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‘‘(ii) the payment of any penalty rate, 
late fee, or payment required under a pen-
alty provision or a similar provision. 
‘‘§ 1023. Plan confirmation hearing 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—If the trustee, the United States 
trustee, or a creditor objects to confirmation of a plan filed 
under section 1021, the court shall hold a hearing on con-
firmation of the plan within such period of time as per-
mitted in a rule prescribed the Judicial Conference of the 
United States, except that the court may extend such time 
period for cause. 
‘‘(b) CONFIRMATION WITHOUT HEARING.—If no ob-
jection is raised, the court shall, upon notice, promptly 
confirm a plan that complies with section 1024(a) without 
a hearing. 
‘‘(c) MULTIPLE PLANS.—If the debtor files more 
than 1 plan under section 1021, the court shall hold a 
single hearing on confirmation on all of the plans, un-
less— 
‘‘(1) the court orders otherwise for cause; or 
‘‘(2) no hearing is required under subsection 
(b). 
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‘‘§ 1024. Confirmation of plans 
‘‘(a) PLAN REQUIREMENTS.—Subject to subsections 
(b), (c), and (d), the court shall confirm a plan under this 
section if all of the following requirements are met: 
‘‘(1) The plan complies with the applicable pro-
visions of this title, other than section 1022(a)(1). 
‘‘(2) Any fee, charge, or amount that is re-
quired to be paid before confirmation under chapter 
123 of title 28 or the plan has been paid. 
‘‘(3) The plan has not been proposed— 
‘‘(A) in bad faith, which may not be dem-
onstrated solely by the amount of payments 
proposed by the debtor under a repayment plan; 
or 
‘‘(B) by any means forbidden by law. 
‘‘(4) The debtor is likely to be able to make all 
payments under the plan and to comply with the 
plan. 
‘‘(5) In the case of a debtor that is required by 
a judicial or administrative order or by a statute to 
pay a domestic support obligation, the debtor has 
paid all amounts required by such domestic support 
obligation that first became payable after the date of 
the filing of the petition. 
‘‘(b) OBJECTION TO REPAYMENT PLAN.— 
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‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to paragraph (2), 
if the trustee or the holder of an allowed unsecured 
claim objects to a repayment plan that complies with 
subsection (a), the court shall confirm the repay-
ment plan only if the plan satisfies the requirements 
of section 1022(a)(1). 
‘‘(2) REDUCED
MINIMUM
PAYMENT
OBLIGA-
TION.—If the court finds that the debtor is unable 
to pay the full minimum payment obligation due to 
reasonably necessary expenses, including medical ex-
penses, child care expenses, high local housing costs, 
special education needs, expenses for the care of an 
elderly, chronically ill, or disabled household member 
or member of the debtor’s family, child or spousal 
support, or business or employment-related expenses, 
the court shall confirm a plan with an appropriately 
reduced minimum payment obligation that reflects 
the debtor’s ability to repay. 
‘‘(c) OBJECTION TO RESIDENCE PLAN.—If the hold-
er of an allowed secured claim secured by the debtor’s 
principal residence objects to the confirmation of a resi-
dence plan, the court shall confirm the residence plan only 
if, for any such allowed secured claim of which the holder 
has objected to the confirmation, the residence plan pro-
vides that— 
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previously provided for by a property plan that 
was— 
‘‘(i) confirmed on a date that is not 
more than 6 years before the date of the 
filing of the petition; and 
‘‘(ii) completed; 
‘‘(2) if the property securing the claim of the 
objecting holder is a motor vehicle— 
‘‘(A) the debtor has provided the holder of 
any security interest in the motor vehicle with 
reasonable evidence of the maintenance of any 
required insurance coverage on the motor vehi-
cle securing the claim sufficient to protect the 
interest of the holder in the motor vehicle; and 
‘‘(B) the motor vehicle is— 
‘‘(i) used regularly as a means of 
transportation for the debtor or a depend-
ent of the debtor; or 
‘‘(ii) used by the debtor or a depend-
ent of the debtor in business; and 
‘‘(3) if the property securing the claim of the 
objecting holder is not a motor vehicle— 
‘‘(A) the property is reasonably necessary 
for the support or maintenance of the debtor or 
a dependent of the debtor; or 
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‘‘(B) the property is reasonably necessary 
for the continuation, preservation, and oper-
ation of a business owned or operated by the 
debtor or a dependent of the debtor. 
‘‘(e) IMPAIRMENT.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The holder of an allowed 
secured claim that is not impaired under a plan may 
not object to a residence plan under subsection (c) 
or a property plan under subsection (d). 
‘‘(2) DETERMINATION.—For the purpose of 
this subsection, impairment shall be determined 
under section 1124. 
‘‘(f) DENIAL OF MOTION.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—A denial of a motion to 
confirm a plan shall constitute a final, appealable 
order. 
‘‘(2) PLAN
MODIFICATION.—Nothing in this 
section shall be construed to prevent a debtor from 
proposing to modify a plan that has been denied 
confirmation. 
‘‘(g) MULTIPLE PLANS.—If the debtor has filed mul-
tiple plans, any party in interest may request that the con-
firmation of any plan be stayed until the date on which 
the court confirms or denies any other plan. 
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‘‘(h) INTEREST RATE.—The rate of interest that 
shall be used to calculate the value of property distributed 
under a plan, as of the effective date of the plan, shall 
be— 
‘‘(1) for the purpose of subsection (c)(2)— 
‘‘(A) in the case of a first priority lien, the 
current average prime offer rate (as defined in 
section 1026.35(a)(2) of title 12, Code of Fed-
eral Regulations) for a loan of the most similar 
duration and rate type; and 
‘‘(B) in the case of any other lien, a rate 
that is 300 basis points greater than the cur-
rent average prime offer rate (as defined in sec-
tion 1026.35(a)(2) of title 12, Code of Federal 
Regulations) for a loan of the most similar du-
ration and rate type; and 
‘‘(2) for the purpose of subsection (d)(2), the 
current average prime offer rate for motor vehicle fi-
nancing of the most similar duration and rate type, 
as determined by the Bureau of Consumer Financial 
Protection under section 201(e) of the Consumer 
Bankruptcy Reform Act of 2024. 
‘‘§ 1025. Payments under a repayment plan 
‘‘(a) DUTIES OF TRUSTEE.—The trustee shall— 
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‘‘(1) collect and be accountable for any future 
income of the debtor that is designated for a pay-
ment to a creditor under a repayment plan; 
‘‘(2) accept and be accountable for any property 
of the estate tendered by the debtor pursuant to a 
repayment plan under section 1022(a)(1)(A)(i)(II); 
and 
‘‘(3) reduce to money and be accountable for 
any property of the estate tendered by the debtor 
under the repayment plan as expeditiously as is com-
patible with the best interests of the parties in inter-
est. 
‘‘(b) PAYMENTS.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided by sec-
tion 1027 and unless the court orders otherwise, not 
later than 30 days after the date of the order for re-
lief under this chapter, the debtor shall— 
‘‘(A) commence making payments in the 
amount proposed to be made under a repay-
ment plan; and 
‘‘(B) tender to the trustee any relevant 
property of the estate requested by the trustee 
under section 1022(a)(1)(A)(i)(II), unless the 
debtor has elected under section 1022(a)(2)(B) 
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to pay the trustee for the value of such prop-
erty under a repayment plan. 
‘‘(2) ACTION BY TRUSTEE.— 
‘‘(A) RETENTION OF PAYMENTS PENDING 
PLAN CONFIRMATION.—The trustee shall retain 
a payment made under paragraph (1) until the 
date on which the repayment plan is confirmed 
or denied under section 1024. 
‘‘(B) DISTRIBUTION OF PAYMENTS.—If a 
repayment plan is confirmed under section 
1024, the trustee shall distribute any payments 
retained under subparagraph (A) in accordance 
with the repayment plan as soon as is prac-
ticable. 
‘‘(C) RETURN OF PAYMENTS.—The trust-
ee, after deducting the sum of each allowed ad-
ministrative expense under section 503(b), shall 
return to the debtor any payments retained 
under paragraph (1) if the case is dismissed or 
converted. 
‘‘(3) MODIFICATION.—Subject to section 363, 
pending confirmation of a repayment plan, the 
court, after notice and a hearing, may for cause 
modify, increase, or reduce the payments required 
under this subsection. 
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‘‘(c) PAYMENTS TO CREDITORS.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as otherwise pro-
vided in the repayment plan or in the order con-
firming the repayment plan, after confirmation of 
the plan, the trustee shall make payments to credi-
tors under the repayment plan. 
‘‘(2) PROHIBITION.—Except as provided in sub-
section (d), the trustee may not make a payment de-
scribed in section 1022(a)(1)(B)(ii) under a repay-
ment plan until the date on which the trustee makes 
every payment on all claims entitled to priority 
under section 507, other than a claim that is based 
on a debt described in section 507, the holder of 
which agrees to a different treatment of such claim. 
‘‘(d) PRIORITY OF PAYMENTS.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to paragraphs (2) 
and (3), all payments made by the trustee under this 
section shall be disbursed according to the order of 
priority in section 726. 
‘‘(2) ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES AND FEES.— 
Before or at the time of each payment to a creditor 
under a repayment plan, the trustee shall pay any 
unpaid claim of a kind specified in section 
507(a)(2). 
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‘‘(3) EXCEPTIONS.—In disbursing payments 
under this section, the trustee shall, at the time of 
each disbursement, pay— 
‘‘(A) any unpaid claim of the kind de-
scribed in section 507(a)(2); and 
‘‘(B) if a standing trustee appointed under 
section 586(b) of title 28 is serving in the case, 
the percentage fee fixed for the standing trustee 
under section 586(e) of title 28. 
‘‘(4) PROPERTY RECOVERED IN AVOIDANCE AC-
TIONS.—Subject to any exemption allowed under 
section 522, the trustee shall disburse any property 
the trustee recovers under section 550 in accordance 
with this subsection. 
‘‘(e) ENFORCEMENT OF OBLIGATIONS OF DEBTOR.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to paragraph (2), 
the obligations of a debtor under a repayment plan 
may be enforced solely by the trustee, which may in-
clude the enforcement of the security interest cre-
ated by section 1028(i). 
‘‘(2) EXCEPTION.—The holder of a claim pro-
vided for under section 1022(a)(1)(B)(ii) may en-
force the debt that is the basis for the claim in ac-
cordance with section 1028(b). 
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