103 
‘‘(vi) any equipment, materials, or 
software or related technology that signifi-
cantly contributes to the design, manufac-
ture, or delivery of a biological or chemical 
weapon, with the intention that it will be 
used for such purpose; 
‘‘(C) transports another person on board a 
ship knowing that the person has committed an 
act that constitutes an offense under section 
2280 or subparagraph (A), (B), (D), or (E) of 
this section or an offense set forth in an appli-
cable treaty, as specified in section 2280(d)(1), 
and intending to assist that person to evade 
criminal prosecution; 
‘‘(D) injures or kills any person in connec-
tion with the commission or the attempted com-
mission of any of the offenses set forth in sub-
paragraphs (A) through (C), or subsection 
(a)(2), to the extent that the subsection (a)(2) 
offense pertains to subparagraph (A); or 
‘‘(E) attempts to do any act prohibited 
under subparagraph (A), (B) or (D), or con-
spires to do any act prohibited by subpara-
graphs (A) through (E) or subsection (a)(2), 
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shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more 
than 20 years, or both; and if the death of any per-
son results from conduct prohibited by this para-
graph, shall be imprisoned for any term of years or 
for life. 
‘‘(2) THREATS.—A person who threatens, with 
apparent determination and will to carry the threat 
into execution, to do any act prohibited under para-
graph (1)(A) shall be fined under this title, impris-
oned not more than 5 years, or both. 
‘‘(b) JURISDICTION.—There is jurisdiction over the 
activity prohibited in subsection (a)— 
‘‘(1) in the case of a covered ship, if— 
‘‘(A) such activity is committed— 
‘‘(i) against or on board a vessel of 
the United States or a vessel subject to the 
jurisdiction of the United States (as de-
fined in section 70502 of title 46) at the 
time the prohibited activity is committed; 
‘‘(ii) in the United States, including 
the territorial seas; or 
‘‘(iii) by a national of the United 
States, by a United States corporation or 
legal entity, or by a stateless person whose 
habitual residence is in the United States; 
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105 
‘‘(B) during the commission of such activ-
ity, a national of the United States is seized, 
threatened, injured, or killed; or 
‘‘(C) the offender is later found in the 
United States after such activity is committed; 
‘‘(2) in the case of a ship navigating or sched-
uled to navigate solely within the territorial sea or 
internal waters of a country other than the United 
States, if the offender is later found in the United 
States after such activity is committed; or 
‘‘(3) in the case of any vessel, if such activity 
is committed in an attempt to compel the United 
States to do or abstain from doing any act. 
‘‘(c) EXCEPTIONS.—This section shall not apply to— 
‘‘(1) the activities of armed forces during an 
armed conflict, as those terms are understood under 
the law of war, which are governed by that law; or 
‘‘(2) activities undertaken by military forces of 
a state in the exercise of their official duties. 
‘‘(d)(1) CIVIL FORFEITURE.—Any real or personal 
property used or intended to be used to commit or to fa-
cilitate the commission of a violation of this section, the 
gross proceeds of such violation, and any real or personal 
property traceable to such property or proceeds, shall be 
subject to forfeiture. 
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106 
‘‘(2) APPLICABLE PROCEDURES.—Seizures and for-
feitures under this section shall be governed by the provi-
sions of chapter 46 of title 18, United States Code, relat-
ing to civil forfeitures, except that such duties as are im-
posed upon the Secretary of the Treasury under the cus-
toms laws described in section 981(d) shall be performed 
by such officers, agents, and other persons as may be des-
ignated for that purpose by the Secretary of Homeland 
Security, the Attorney General, or the Secretary of De-
fense.’’. 
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—The table of sec-
tions at the beginning of chapter 111 of title 18, United 
States Code, is amended by adding after the item relating 
to section 2280 the following new item: 
‘‘2280a. Violence against maritime navigation and maritime transport involving 
weapons of mass destruction.’’. 
SEC. 803. AMENDMENTS TO SECTION 2281 OF TITLE 18, 
UNITED STATES CODE. 
Section 2281 of title 18, United States Code, is 
amended— 
(1) in subsection (c), by striking ‘‘section 2(c)’’ 
and inserting ‘‘section 13(c)’’; 
(2) in subsection (d), by striking the definitions 
of ‘‘national of the United States,’’ ‘‘territorial sea 
of the United States,’’ and ‘‘United States’’; and 
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(3) by inserting after subsection (d) the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘(e) EXCEPTIONS.—This section does not apply to— 
‘‘(1) the activities of armed forces during an 
armed conflict, as those terms are understood under 
the law of war, which are governed by that law; or 
‘‘(2) activities undertaken by military forces of 
a state in the exercise of their official duties.’’. 
SEC. 804. NEW SECTION 2281A OF TITLE 18, UNITED STATES 
CODE. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 111 of title 18, United 
States Code, is amended by adding after section 2281 the 
following new section: 
‘‘§ 2281a. Additional offenses against maritime fixed 
platforms 
‘‘(a) OFFENSES.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—A person who unlawfully 
and intentionally— 
‘‘(A) when the purpose of the act, by its 
nature or context, is to intimidate a population, 
or to compel a government or an international 
organization to do or to abstain from doing any 
act— 
‘‘(i) uses against or on a fixed plat-
form or discharges from a fixed platform 
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108 
any explosive or radioactive material, bio-
logical, chemical, or nuclear weapon in a 
manner that causes or is likely to cause 
death or serious injury or damage; or 
‘‘(ii) discharges from a fixed platform 
oil, liquefied natural gas, or another haz-
ardous or noxious substance that is not 
covered by clause (i), in such quantity or 
concentration that causes or is likely to 
cause death or serious injury or damage; 
‘‘(B) injures or kills any person in connec-
tion with the commission or the attempted com-
mission of any of the offenses set forth in sub-
paragraph (A); or 
‘‘(C) attempts or conspires to do anything 
prohibited under subparagraph (A) or (B), 
shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more 
than 20 years, or both; and if death results to any 
person from conduct prohibited by this paragraph, 
shall be imprisoned for any term of years or for life. 
‘‘(2) THREAT
TO
SAFETY.—A person who 
threatens, with apparent determination and will to 
carry the threat into execution, to do any act prohib-
ited under paragraph (1)(A), shall be fined under 
this title, imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both. 
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109 
‘‘(b) JURISDICTION.—There is jurisdiction over the 
activity prohibited in subsection (a) if— 
‘‘(1) such activity is committed against or on 
board a fixed platform— 
‘‘(A) that is located on the continental 
shelf of the United States; 
‘‘(B) that is located on the continental 
shelf of another country, by a national of the 
United States or by a stateless person whose 
habitual residence is in the United States; or 
‘‘(C) in an attempt to compel the United 
States to do or abstain from doing any act; 
‘‘(2) during the commission of such activity 
against or on board a fixed platform located on a 
continental shelf, a national of the United States is 
seized, threatened, injured, or killed; or 
‘‘(3) such activity is committed against or on 
board a fixed platform located outside the United 
States and beyond the continental shelf of the 
United States and the offender is later found in the 
United States. 
‘‘(c) EXCEPTIONS.—This section does not apply to— 
‘‘(1) the activities of armed forces during an 
armed conflict, as those terms are understood under 
the law of war, which are governed by that law; or 
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110 
‘‘(2) activities undertaken by military forces of 
a state in the exercise of their official duties. 
‘‘(d) DEFINITIONS.—In this section— 
‘‘(1) ‘continental shelf’ means the sea-bed and 
subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond a 
country’s territorial sea to the limits provided by 
customary international law as reflected in Article 
76 of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea; 
and 
‘‘(2) ‘fixed platform’ means an artificial island, 
installation, or structure permanently attached to 
the sea-bed for the purpose of exploration or exploi-
tation of resources or for other economic purposes.’’. 
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—The table of sec-
tions at the beginning of chapter 111 of title 18, United 
States Code, is amended by adding after the item relating 
to section 2281 the following new item: 
‘‘2281a. Additional offenses against maritime fixed platforms.’’. 
SEC. 805. ANCILLARY MEASURE. 
Section 2332b(g)(5)(B) of title 18, United States 
Code, is amended by inserting ‘‘2280a (relating to mari-
time safety),’’ before ‘‘2281’’, and by striking ‘‘2281’’ and 
inserting ‘‘2281 through 2281a’’. 
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111 
Subtitle B—Prevention of Nuclear 
Terrorism 
SEC. 811. NEW SECTION 2332I OF TITLE 18, UNITED STATES 
CODE. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 113B of title 18, United 
States Code, is amended by adding after section 2332h 
the following: 
‘‘§ 2332i. Acts of nuclear terrorism 
‘‘(a) OFFENSES.— 
‘‘(1) IN
GENERAL.—Whoever knowingly and 
unlawfully— 
‘‘(A) possesses radioactive material or 
makes or possesses a device— 
‘‘(i) with the intent to cause death or 
serious bodily injury; or 
‘‘(ii) with the intent to cause substan-
tial damage to property or the environ-
ment; or 
‘‘(B) uses in any way radioactive material 
or a device, or uses or damages or interferes 
with the operation of a nuclear facility in a 
manner that causes the release of or increases 
the risk of the release of radioactive material, 
or causes radioactive contamination or exposure 
to radiation— 
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‘‘(i) with the intent to cause death or 
serious bodily injury or with the knowledge 
that such act is likely to cause death or se-
rious bodily injury; 
‘‘(ii) with the intent to cause substan-
tial damage to property or the environment 
or with the knowledge that such act is like-
ly to cause substantial damage to property 
or the environment; or 
‘‘(iii) with the intent to compel a per-
son, an international organization or a 
country to do or refrain from doing an act, 
shall be punished as prescribed in subsection 
(c). 
‘‘(2) THREATS.—Whoever, under circumstances 
in which the threat may reasonably be believed, 
threatens to commit an offense under paragraph (1) 
shall be punished as prescribed in subsection (c). 
Whoever demands possession of or access to radio-
active material, a device or a nuclear facility by 
threat or by use of force shall be punished as pre-
scribed in subsection (c). 
‘‘(3) ATTEMPTS AND CONSPIRACIES.—Whoever 
attempts to commit an offense under paragraph (1) 
or conspires to commit an offense under paragraph 
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113 
(1) or (2) shall be punished as prescribed in sub-
section (c). 
‘‘(b) JURISDICTION.—Conduct prohibited by sub-
section (a) is within the jurisdiction of the United States 
if— 
‘‘(1) the prohibited conduct takes place in the 
United States or the special aircraft jurisdiction of 
the United States; 
‘‘(2) the prohibited conduct takes place outside 
of the United States and— 
‘‘(A) is committed by a national of the 
United States, a United States corporation or 
legal entity or a stateless person whose habitual 
residence is in the United States; 
‘‘(B) is committed on board a vessel of the 
United States or a vessel subject to the jurisdic-
tion of the United States (as defined in section 
70502 of title 46) or on board an aircraft that 
is registered under United States law, at the 
time the offense is committed; or 
‘‘(C) is committed in an attempt to compel 
the United States to do or abstain from doing 
any act, or constitutes a threat directed at the 
United States; 
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114 
‘‘(3) the prohibited conduct takes place outside 
of the United States and a victim or an intended vic-
tim is a national of the United States or a United 
States corporation or legal entity, or the offense is 
committed against any state or government facility 
of the United States; or 
‘‘(4) a perpetrator of the prohibited conduct is 
found in the United States. 
‘‘(c) PENALTIES.—Whoever violates this section shall 
be fined not more than $2,000,000 and shall be impris-
oned for any term of years or for life. 
‘‘(d) NONAPPLICABILITY.—This section does not 
apply to— 
‘‘(1) the activities of armed forces during an 
armed conflict, as those terms are understood under 
the law of war, which are governed by that law; or 
‘‘(2) activities undertaken by military forces of 
a state in the exercise of their official duties. 
‘‘(e) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section, the 
term— 
‘‘(1) ‘armed conflict’ has the meaning given 
that term in section 2332f(e)(11) of this title; 
‘‘(2) ‘device’ means: 
‘‘(A) any nuclear explosive device; or 
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