IB 
Union Calendar No. 190
108TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 1828
[Report No. 108–314] 
To halt Syrian support for terrorism, end its occupation of Lebanon, stop 
its development of weapons of mass destruction, cease its illegal importa-
tion of Iraqi oil and illegal shipments of weapons and other military 
items to Iraq, and by so doing hold Syria accountable for the serious 
international security problems it has caused in the Middle East, and 
for other purposes. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
APRIL 12, 2003
Mr. ENGEL (for himself, Ms. ROS-LEHTINEN, Mr. ANDREWS, Mr. BACHUS, 
Mr. BALLENGER, Mr. BELL, Ms. BERKLEY, Mr. BERMAN, Mr. BRADY 
of Pennsylvania, Mr. BURTON of Indiana, Mr. CANTOR, Mr. CROWLEY, 
Mrs. JO ANN DAVIS of Virginia, Mr. LINCOLN DIAZ-BALART of Florida, 
Mr. MARIO DIAZ-BALART of Florida, Mr. FOLEY, Mr. FROST, Mr. 
GREEN of Wisconsin, Mr. HOEFFEL, Mr. ISRAEL, Mr. JANKLOW, Mr. 
KING of New York, Mr. LANTOS, Mr. LEWIS of Georgia, Mrs. MALONEY, 
Mr. MATSUI, Mrs. MCCARTHY of New York, Mr. MCCOTTER, Mr. 
MCNULTY, Mr. MICA, Mr. MOORE, Mr. NADLER, Mr. PALLONE, Mr. 
PENCE, Ms. PRYCE of Ohio, Mr. REYNOLDS, Mr. ROSS, Mr. SAXTON, Mr. 
SHERMAN, Mr. SMITH of New Jersey, Mr. TOWNS, Mr. TURNER of 
Texas, Mr. VAN HOLLEN, Mr. VITTER, Mr. WEINER, Mr. WELLER, and 
Mr. WEXLER) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the 
Committee on International Relations 
OCTOBER 15, 2003
Additional sponsors: Mr. BROWN of Ohio, Ms. GINNY BROWN-WAITE of Flor-
ida, Mr. CARTER, Mr. DAVIS of Alabama, Mr. DEUTSCH, Mr. EVERETT, 
Mr. FRANK of Massachusetts, Mr. GORDON, Mr. HERGER, Mrs. KELLY, 
Mr. LEVIN, Mr. LINDER, Mr. MARKEY, Mr. OSE, Mr. OWENS, Mr. 
PLATTS, Mr. RENZI, Mr. ROTHMAN, Ms. SCHAKOWSKY, Mr. SCOTT of 
Georgia, Mr. SHAW, Mr. SHAYS, Mr. TANCREDO, Mr. TIBERI, Mr. WIL-
SON of South Carolina, Mr. WAXMAN, Mr. HOLDEN, Mrs. JONES of Ohio, 
Mr. LATOURETTE, Mr. HAYWORTH, Mr. CARSON of Oklahoma, Mr.
SCHIFF, Mr. CARDOZA, Mr. GARRETT of New Jersey, Mr. ETHERIDGE, 
Mr. BOSWELL, Mr. MILLER of Florida, Mr. JOHNSON of Illinois, Mr. 
GRAVES, Mr. MCGOVERN, Mr. KENNEDY of Minnesota, Mr. RYAN of 
Wisconsin, Mr. KING of Iowa, Mr. MCINNIS, Mrs. LOWEY, Mr. FER-
GUSON, Mr. BEAUPREZ, Mr. BAKER, Ms. DEGETTE, Mr. UDALL of Colo-
rado, Mr. ISAKSON, Mr. BURNS, Mr. SANDLIN, Mr. MICHAUD, Mr. CAL-
VERT, Mr. HASTINGS of Florida, Mr. LANGEVIN, Mr. FRANKS of Arizona, 
Mr. EMANUEL, Mr. ALEXANDER, Mr. KLINE, Mr. BONILLA, Mr. NEAL 
of Massachusetts, Ms. WOOLSEY, Ms. HARRIS, Mr. LATHAM, Mr. HOLT, 
Mr. BURGESS, Mr. SKELTON, Mr. KNOLLENBERG, Mr. WYNN, Mr. 
SCHROCK, Ms. MAJETTE, Mr. COSTELLO, Mr. OLVER, Mr. CRAMER, Mrs. 
MILLER of Michigan, Mr. BRADLEY of New Hampshire, Mr. GREEN of 
Texas, Mr. ENGLISH, Mr. HOYER, Mr. STUPAK, Mr. SOUDER, Mr. 
GUTIERREZ, Mr. WAMP, Mr. SHADEGG, Mrs. MUSGRAVE, Mr. COLE, Mr. 
LAMPSON, Mr. ADERHOLT, Mr. BISHOP of New York, Mr. CARDIN, Mr. 
CULBERSON, Mr. DAVIS of Tennessee, Mr. FEENEY, Mr. KENNEDY of 
Rhode Island, Mr. MEEHAN, Mr. MILLER of North Carolina, Mr. 
NUSSLE, Mr. OTTER, Mr. PETERSON of Pennsylvania, Mr. PORTER, Mr. 
SWEENEY, Mr. WELDON of Florida, Mr. INSLEE, Mr. JEFFERSON, Mr. 
JOHN, Mr. RODRIGUEZ, Mr. STRICKLAND, Mr. BACA, Mr. EVANS, Ms. 
HARMAN, Mr. KELLER, Mr. POMBO, Mr. SESSIONS, Mr. SIMMONS, Mr. 
BONNER, Mr. SULLIVAN, Mr. MCCRERY, Mr. PUTNAM, Mr. RAMSTAD, 
Mr. UPTON, Mr. FOSSELLA, Mr. CRENSHAW, Mr. STEARNS, Mr. TERRY, 
Mr. SHIMKUS, Ms. SLAUGHTER, Mr. REGULA, Mrs. TAUSCHER, Mr. 
BASS, Mr. SMITH of Texas, Ms. DELAURO, Ms. LINDA T. SA´NCHEZ of 
California, Ms. CORRINE BROWN of Florida, Mr. REYES, Mr. MEEK of 
Florida, Mr. ROGERS of Michigan, Mr. BILIRAKIS, Mrs. NORTHUP, Mr. 
ROGERS of Alabama, Mr. GINGREY, Mr. LARSEN of Washington, Ms. 
ESHOO, Mr. HONDA, Mr. LUCAS of Kentucky, Mr. MCINTYRE, Ms. LO-
RETTA SANCHEZ of California, Mr. DICKS, Mr. FORD, Mr. ROGERS of 
Kentucky, Mr. TOOMEY, Mr. SIMPSON, Mr. HAYES, Mr. WELDON of 
Pennsylvania, Mr. HENSARLING, Mr. PICKERING, Mr. WICKER, Mr. LI-
PINSKI, Mr. COBLE, Mrs. BONO, Mr. BURR, Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas, 
Mr. PAYNE, Ms. NORTON, Mr. BECERRA, Mr. UDALL of New Mexico, 
Mr. COOPER, Mr. MENENDEZ, Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN, Mr. LOBIONDO, 
Mr. FLETCHER, Mrs. CAPITO, Mr. CASTLE, Mr. JONES of North Caro-
lina, Mr. NORWOOD, Mr. LEWIS of Kentucky, Mrs. MYRICK, Mr. GREEN-
WOOD, Mr. KINGSTON, Mr. MURPHY, Mrs. BLACKBURN, Mr. BARRETT 
of South Carolina, Mr. NETHERCUTT, Mr. AKIN, Mr. COLLINS, Mr. 
CAMP, Mr. EDWARDS, Mr. BERRY, Mr. RYAN of Ohio, Mrs. DAVIS of 
California, Mr. MARSHALL, Mr. GALLEGLY, Mr. BOOZMAN, Mr. PITTS, 
Mr. BROWN of South Carolina, Mr. HEFLEY, Mr. FORBES, Mr. DAVIS 
of Florida, Mr. SCOTT of Virginia, Mr. RUPPERSBERGER, Mr. CASE, Mr. 
THOMPSON of California, Mr. NUNES, Mr. HASTINGS of Washington, Mr. 
SHUSTER, Mr. GONZALEZ, Mr. DEMINT, Mr. RYUN of Kansas, Mr. 
SANDERS, Mr. SMITH of Washington, Mr. MEEKS of New York, Ms. 
PELOSI, Mr. BISHOP of Utah, Mr. STARK, Mr. JACKSON of Illinois, Mr. 
TIAHRT, Ms. EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON of Texas, Mrs. NAPOLITANO, 
Mr. CHABOT, Mr. ROYCE, Mr. CUMMINGS, Mr. GOODE, Ms. BALDWIN, 
Mr. FARR, Ms. LOFGREN, Mr. GARY G. MILLER of California, Mr. 
PETRI, Mr. DELAY, Mr. BLUNT, Mr. GEPHARDT, Mr. YOUNG of Alaska,
Mr. DOOLITTLE, Ms. BORDALLO, Mr. FILNER, Mr. SAM JOHNSON of 
Texas, Mr. KIRK, Mr. STENHOLM, Ms. MCCOLLUM, Mr. NEUGEBAUER, 
Mr. LARSON of Connecticut, Mr. TURNER of Ohio, Ms. MCCARTHY of 
Missouri, Mr. GERLACH, Mr. TAUZIN, Mr. LEWIS of California, Ms. 
GRANGER, Mr. CANNON, Mr. DEAL of Georgia, Mr. CRANE, and Mr. VIS-
CLOSKY 
OCTOBER 15, 2003 
Reported with amendments, committed to the Committee of the Whole House 
on the State of the Union, and ordered to be printed 
[Strike out all after the enacting clause and insert the part printed in italic] 
[For text of introduced bill, see copy of bill as introduced on April 12, 2003] 
A BILL 
To halt Syrian support for terrorism, end its occupation 
of Lebanon, stop its development of weapons of mass 
destruction, cease its illegal importation of Iraqi oil and 
illegal shipments of weapons and other military items 
to Iraq, and by so doing hold Syria accountable for 
the serious international security problems it has caused 
in the Middle East, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Syria Accountability 
and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2003’’. 
SEC. 2. FINDINGS. 
Congress makes the following findings: 
(1) On September 20, 2001, President George 
Bush stated at a joint session of Congress that 
‘‘[e]very nation, in every region, now has a decision
to make . . . [e]ither you are with us, or you are with 
the terrorists . . . [f]rom this day forward, any nation 
that continues to harbor or support terrorism will be 
regarded by the United States as a hostile regime’’.
(2) On June 24, 2002, President Bush stated 
‘‘Syria must choose the right side in the war on terror 
by closing terrorist camps and expelling terrorist or-
ganizations’’. 
(3) United Nations Security Council Resolution 
1373 (September 28, 2001) mandates that all states 
‘‘refrain from providing any form of support, active 
or passive, to entities or persons involved in terrorist 
acts’’, take ‘‘the necessary steps to prevent the com-
mission of terrorist acts’’, and ‘‘deny safe haven to 
those who finance, plan, support, or commit terrorist 
acts’’. 
(4) The Government of Syria is currently pro-
hibited by United States law from receiving United 
States assistance because it has repeatedly provided 
support for acts of international terrorism, as deter-
mined by the Secretary of State for purposes of sec-
tion 6(j)(1) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 
(50 U.S.C. App. 2405(j)(1)) and other relevant provi-
sions of law.
(5) Although the Department of State lists Syria 
as a state sponsor of terrorism and reports that Syria 
provides ‘‘safe haven and support to several terrorist 
groups’’, fewer United States sanctions apply with re-
spect to Syria than with respect to any other country 
that is listed as a state sponsor of terrorism. 
(6) 
Terrorist 
groups, 
including 
Hizballah, 
Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Popular 
Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and the Popular 
Front for the Liberation of Palestine—General Com-
mand, maintain offices, training camps, and other 
facilities on Syrian territory, and operate in areas of 
Lebanon occupied by the Syrian armed forces and re-
ceive supplies from Iran through Syria. 
(7) United Nations Security Council Resolution 
520 (September 17, 1982) calls for ‘‘strict respect of 
the sovereignty, territorial integrity, unity and polit-
ical independence of Lebanon under the sole and ex-
clusive authority of the Government of Lebanon 
through the Lebanese Army throughout Lebanon’’. 
(8) Approximately 20,000 Syrian troops and se-
curity personnel occupy much of the sovereign terri-
tory of Lebanon exerting undue influence upon its 
government and undermining its political independ-
ence.
(9) Since 1990 the Senate and House of Rep-
resentatives have passed seven bills and resolutions 
which call for the withdrawal of Syrian armed forces 
from Lebanon. 
(10) On March 3, 2003, Secretary of State Colin 
Powell declared that it is the objective of the United 
States to ‘‘let Lebanon be ruled by the Lebanese peo-
ple without the presence of [the Syrian] occupation 
army’’. 
(11) Large and increasing numbers of the Leba-
nese people from across the political spectrum in Leb-
anon have mounted peaceful and democratic calls for 
the withdrawal of the Syrian Army from Lebanese 
soil. 
(12) Israel has withdrawn all of its armed forces 
from Lebanon in accordance with United Nations Se-
curity Council Resolution 425 (March 19, 1978), as 
certified by the United Nations Secretary General. 
(13) Even in the face of this United Nations cer-
tification that acknowledged Israel’s full compliance 
with Security Council Resolution 425, Syrian- and 
Iranian-supported Hizballah continues to attack 
Israeli outposts at Shebaa Farms, under the false 
guise that it remains Lebanese land, and Syrian- and
Iranian-supported Hizballah and other militant orga-
nizations continue to attack civilian targets in Israel. 
(14) Syria will not allow Lebanon—a sovereign 
country—to fulfill its obligation in accordance with 
Security Council Resolution 425 to deploy its troops 
to southern Lebanon. 
(15) As a result, the Israeli-Lebanese border and 
much of southern Lebanon is under the control of 
Hizballah, which continues to attack Israeli positions, 
allows Iranian Revolutionary Guards and other mili-
tant groups to operate freely in the area, and main-
tains thousands of rockets along Israel’s northern bor-
der, destabilizing the entire region. 
(16) On February 12, 2003, Director of Central 
Intelligence George Tenet stated the following with re-
spect 
to 
the 
Syrian- 
and 
Iranian-supported 
Hizballah: ‘‘[A]s an organization with capability and 
worldwide presence [it] is [al Qaeda’s] equal if not a 
far more capable organization . . . [T]hey’re a notch 
above in many respects, in terms of in their relation-
ship with the Iranians and the training they receive, 
[which] puts them in a state-sponsored category with 
a potential for lethality that’s quite great.’’. 
(17) In the State of the Union address on Janu-
ary 29, 2002, President Bush declared that the
United States will ‘‘work closely with our coalition to 
deny terrorists and their state sponsors the materials, 
technology, and expertise to make and deliver weap-
ons of mass destruction’’.
(18) The Government of Syria continues to de-
velop and deploy short- and medium-range ballistic 
missiles. 
(19) According to the December 2001 unclassified 
Central Intelligence Agency report entitled ‘‘Foreign 
Missile Developments and the Ballistic Missile Threat 
through 2015’’, ‘‘Syria maintains a ballistic missile 
and rocket force of hundreds of FROG rockets, Scuds, 
and SS–21 SRBMs [and] Syria has developed [chem-
ical weapons] warheads for its Scuds’’. 
(20) The Government of Syria is pursuing the 
development and production of biological and chem-
ical weapons and has a nuclear research and develop-
ment program that is cause for concern. 
(21) According to the Central Intelligence Agen-
cy’s ‘‘Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisi-
tion of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass De-
struction and Advanced Conventional Munitions’’, re-
leased January 7, 2003: ‘‘[Syria] already holds a 
stockpile of the nerve agent sarin but apparently is 
trying to develop more toxic and persistent nerve
agents. Syria remains dependent on foreign sources 
for key elements of its [chemical weapons] program, 
including precursor chemicals and key production 
equipment. It is highly probable that Syria also is de-
veloping an offensive [biological weapons] capa-
bility.’’. 
(22) On May 6, 2002, the Under Secretary of 
State for Arms Control and International Security, 
John Bolton, stated: ‘‘The United States also knows 
that Syria has long had a chemical warfare program. 
It has a stockpile of the nerve agent sarin and is en-
gaged in research and development of the more toxic 
and persistent nerve agent VX. Syria, which has 
signed but not ratified the [Biological Weapons Con-
vention], is pursuing the development of biological 
weapons and is able to produce at least small 
amounts of biological warfare agents.’’. 
(23) According to the Central Intelligence Agen-
cy’s ‘‘Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisi-
tion of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass De-
struction and Advanced Conventional Munitions’’, re-
leased January 7, 2003: ‘‘Russia and Syria have ap-
proved a draft cooperative program on cooperation on 
civil nuclear power. In principal, broader access to 
Russian expertise provides opportunities for Syria to
expand its indigenous capabilities, should it decide to 
pursue nuclear weapons.’’. 
(24) Under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation 
of Nuclear Weapons (21 UST 483), which entered 
force on March 5, 1970, and to which Syria is a 
party, Syria has undertaken not to acquire or 
produce nuclear weapons and has accepted full scope 
safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agen-
cy to detect diversions of nuclear materials from 
peaceful activities to the production of nuclear weap-
ons or other nuclear explosive devices. 
(25) Syria is not a party to the Chemical Weap-
ons Convention or the Biological Weapons Conven-
tion, which entered into force on April 29, 1997, and 
on March 26, 1975, respectively. 
(26) Syrian President Bashar Assad promised 
Secretary of State Powell in February 2001 to end 
violations of Security Council Resolution 661, which 
restricted the sale of oil and other commodities by 
Saddam Hussein’s regime, except to the extent au-
thorized by other relevant resolutions, but this pledge 
was never fulfilled. 
(27) Syria’s illegal imports and transshipments 
of Iraqi oil during Saddam Hussein’s regime earned