139 
‘‘(8) NEURAL NETWORK.—The term ‘neu-
ral network’ means an information secu-
rity program that monitors financial ac-
count transactions for potential fraud, 
using historical patterns to analyze and 
identify 
suspicious 
financial 
account 
transactions. 
‘‘(9) SENSITIVE FINANCIAL ACCOUNT IN-
FORMATION.—The term ‘sensitive financial 
account information’ means a financial 
account number of a consumer, such as a 
credit card number or debit card number, 
in combination with any required security 
code, access code, biometric code, pass-
word, or other personal identification in-
formation that would allow access to the 
financial account. 
‘‘(10) SENSITIVE FINANCIAL IDENTITY IN-
FORMATION.—The term ‘sensitive financial 
identity information’ means the first and 
last name, the address, or the telephone 
number of a consumer, in combination 
with any of the following of the consumer: 
‘‘(A) Social Security number. 
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140 
‘‘(B) Driver’s license number or 
equivalent State identification num-
ber. 
‘‘(C) 
IRS 
Individual 
Taxpayer 
Identification Number. 
‘‘(D) IRS Adoption Taxpayer Iden-
tification Number. 
‘‘(E) 
The 
consumer’s 
deoxyribonucleic acid profile or other 
unique biometric data, including fin-
gerprint, voice print, retina or iris 
image, or any other unique physical 
representation. 
‘‘(11) SENSITIVE
FINANCIAL
PERSONAL 
INFORMATION.—The term ‘sensitive finan-
cial personal information’ means any in-
formation that is sensitive financial ac-
count 
information, 
sensitive 
financial 
identity information, or both. 
‘‘(12) HARM
OR
INCONVENIENCE.—The 
term ‘harm or inconvenience’, with respect 
to a consumer, means financial loss to or 
civil or criminal penalties imposed on the 
consumer or the need for the consumer to 
expend significant time and effort to cor-
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141 
rect erroneous information relating to the 
consumer, including information main-
tained by consumer reporting agencies, fi-
nancial institutions, or government enti-
ties, in order to avoid the risk of financial 
loss or increased costs or civil or criminal 
penalties. 
‘‘(n) RELATION TO STATE LAWS.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—No requirement or 
prohibition may be imposed under the 
laws of any State with respect to the re-
sponsibilities of any consumer reporter or 
the functional equivalent of such respon-
sibilities— 
‘‘(A) to protect the security or con-
fidentiality of information on con-
sumers maintained by or on behalf of 
the person; 
‘‘(B) to safeguard such informa-
tion from potential misuse; 
‘‘(C) to investigate or provide no-
tices of any unauthorized access to in-
formation concerning the consumer, 
or the potential misuse of such infor-
mation, for fraudulent purposes; 
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142 
‘‘(D) to mitigate any loss or harm 
resulting from such unauthorized ac-
cess or misuse; or 
‘‘(E) involving restricting credit 
reports from being provided, or impos-
ing any requirement on such provi-
sion, for a permissible purpose pursu-
ant to section 604, such as— 
‘‘(i) the responsibilities of a 
consumer 
reporting 
agency 
to 
honor a request, or withdrawal of 
such a request, to prohibit the 
consumer reporting agency from 
releasing any type of information 
from the file of a consumer; 
‘‘(ii) the process by which such 
a request or withdrawal of such a 
request is made, honored, or de-
nied; 
‘‘(iii) any notice that is re-
quired to be provided to the con-
sumer in connection with such a 
request or withdrawal of such a 
request; or 
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143 
‘‘(iv) the ability of a consumer 
reporting agency to update or 
change information in a con-
sumer’s file as a result of such a 
request or withdrawal of such a 
request; or 
‘‘(v) 
the 
responsibilities 
of 
third parties if information from 
a consumer’s file is unavailable as 
a result of such a request. 
‘‘(2) EXCEPTION
FOR
CERTAIN
STATE 
LAWS.—Paragraph (1) shall not apply with 
respect to— 
‘‘(A) State laws governing profes-
sional confidentiality; or 
‘‘(B) State privacy laws limiting 
the purposes for which information 
may be disclosed. 
‘‘(3) EXCEPTION FOR CERTAIN COVERED 
ENTITIES.—Paragraph (1) shall not apply 
with respect to the entities described in 
subsection (l)(1)(G) to the extent that such 
entities are acting in accordance with 
subsection (k)(4)(G) in a manner that is 
consistent with this section and the imple-
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