(2) Any individual nominated for appointment as the 
Director of the National Counterterrorism Center shall 
have significant expertise in matters relating to the na-
tional security of the United States and matters relating 
to terrorism that threatens the national security of the 
United States. 
(3) The individual serving as the Director of the Na-
tional Counterterrorism Center may not, while so serving, 
serve in any capacity in any other element of the intel-
ligence community, except to the extent that the individual 
serving as Director of the National Counterterrorism Cen-
ter is doing so in an acting capacity. 
(c) SUPERVISION.—(1) The Director of the National 
Counterterrorism Center shall report to the National In-
telligence Director on— 
(A) the budget and programs of the National 
Counterterrorism Center; and 
(B) the activities of the Directorate of Intel-
ligence of the National Counterterrorism Center 
under subsection (g). 
(2) The Director of the National Counterterrorism 
Center shall report to the President and the National In-
telligence Director on the planning and progress of joint 
counterterrorism operations.
(d) PRIMARY MISSIONS.—The primary missions of 
the National Counterterrorism Center shall be as follows: 
(1) To develop and unify strategy for the civil-
ian and military counterterrorism efforts of the 
United States Government. 
(2) To integrate counterterrorism intelligence 
activities of the United States Government, both in-
side and outside the United States. 
(3) To develop interagency counterterrorism 
plans, which plans shall— 
(A) involve more than one department, 
agency, or element of the executive branch (un-
less otherwise directed by the President); and 
(B) include the mission, objectives to be 
achieved, courses of action, parameters for such 
courses of action, coordination of agency oper-
ational activities, recommendations for oper-
ational plans, and assignment of departmental 
or agency responsibilities. 
(4) 
To 
ensure 
that 
the 
collection 
of 
counterterrorism intelligence, and the conduct of 
counterterrorism operations, by the United States 
Government are informed by the analysis of all- 
source intelligence.
(e) DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF DIRECTOR OF 
NATIONAL
COUNTERTERRORISM
CENTER.—Notwith-
standing any other provision of law, at the direction of 
the President, the National Security Council, and the Na-
tional Intelligence Director, the Director of the National 
Counterterrorism Center shall— 
(1) serve as the principal adviser to the Presi-
dent and the National Intelligence Director on joint 
operations relating to counterterrorism; 
(2) provide unified strategic direction for the ci-
vilian and military counterterrorism efforts of the 
United States Government and for the effective inte-
gration and deconfliction of counterterrorism intel-
ligence and operations across agency boundaries, 
both inside and outside the United States; 
(3) advise the President and the National Intel-
ligence Director on the extent to which the 
counterterrorism program recommendations and 
budget proposals of the departments, agencies, and 
elements of the United States Government conform 
to the priorities established by the President and the 
National Security Council; 
(4) in accordance with subsection (f), concur in, 
or advise the President on, the selections of per-
sonnel to head the operating entities of the United
States Government with principal missions relating 
to counterterrorism; and 
(5) perform such other duties as the National 
Intelligence Director may prescribe or are prescribed 
by law. 
(f) 
ROLE
OF
DIRECTOR
OF
NATIONAL 
COUNTERTERRORISM
CENTER
IN
CERTAIN
APPOINT-
MENTS.—(1) In the event of a vacancy in a position re-
ferred to in paragraph (2), the head of the department 
or agency having jurisdiction over the position shall obtain 
the concurrence of the Director of the National 
Counterterrorism Center before appointing an individual 
to fill the vacancy or recommending to the President an 
individual for nomination to fill the vacancy. If the Direc-
tor does not concur in the recommendation, the head of 
the department or agency concerned may fill the vacancy 
or make the recommendation to the President (as the case 
may be) without the concurrence of the Director, but shall 
notify the President that the Director does not concur in 
the appointment or recommendation (as the case may be). 
(2) Paragraph (1) applies to the following positions: 
(A) The Director of the Central Intelligence 
Agency’s Counterterrorist Center.
(B) The Assistant Director of the Federal Bu-
reau 
of 
Investigation 
in 
charge 
of 
the 
Counterterrorism Division. 
(C) The Coordinator for Counterterrorism of 
the Department of State. 
(D) The head of such other operating entities 
of the United States Government having principal 
missions relating to counterterrorism as the Presi-
dent may designate for purposes of this subsection. 
(3) The President shall notify Congress of the des-
ignation of an operating entity of the United States Gov-
ernment under paragraph (2)(D) not later than 30 days 
after the date of such designation. 
(g) DIRECTORATE OF INTELLIGENCE.—(1) The Di-
rector of the National Counterterrorism Center shall es-
tablish 
and 
maintain 
within 
the 
National 
Counterterrorism Center a Directorate of Intelligence. 
(2) The Directorate shall utilize the capabilities of the 
Terrorist Threat Integration Center (TTIC) transferred 
to the Directorate by section 323 and such other capabili-
ties as the Director of the National Counterterrorism Cen-
ter considers appropriate. 
(3) The Directorate shall have primary responsibility 
within the United States Government for analysis of ter-
rorism and terrorist organizations from all sources of in-
telligence, whether collected inside or outside the United 
States. 
(4) The Directorate shall— 
(A) be the principal repository within the 
United States Government for all-source information 
on suspected terrorists, their organizations, and 
their capabilities; 
(B) propose intelligence collection requirements 
for action by elements of the intelligence community 
inside and outside the United States; 
(C) have primary responsibility within the 
United States Government for net assessments and 
warnings about terrorist threats, which assessments 
and warnings shall be based on a comparison of ter-
rorist intentions and capabilities with assessed na-
tional vulnerabilities and countermeasures; and 
(D) perform such other duties and functions as 
the Director of the National Counterterrorism Cen-
ter may prescribe. 
(h) DIRECTORATE OF PLANNING.—(1) The Director 
of the National Counterterrorism Center shall establish 
and maintain within the National Counterterrorism Cen-
ter a Directorate of Planning.
(2) The Directorate shall have primary responsibility 
for developing interagency counterterrorism plans, as de-
scribed in subsection (d)(3). 
(3) The Directorate shall— 
(A) provide guidance, and develop strategy and 
interagency plans, to counter terrorist activities 
based on policy objectives and priorities established 
by the National Security Council; 
(B) develop interagency plans under subpara-
graph (A) utilizing input from personnel in other de-
partments, agencies, and elements of the United 
States Government who have expertise in the prior-
ities, functions, assets, programs, capabilities, and 
operations of such departments, agencies, and ele-
ments with respect to counterterrorism; 
(C) assign responsibilities for counterterrorism 
operations to the departments and agencies of the 
United States Government (including the Depart-
ment of Defense, the Central Intelligence Agency, 
the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Depart-
ment of Homeland Security, and other departments 
and agencies of the United States Government), con-
sistent with the authorities of such departments and 
agencies;
(D) monitor the implementation of operations 
assigned under subparagraph (C) and update inter-
agency plans for such operations as necessary; 
(E) report to the President and the National 
Intelligence Director on the compliance of the de-
partments, agencies, and elements of the United 
States with the plans developed under subparagraph 
(A); and 
(F) perform such other duties and functions as 
the Director of the National Counterterrorism Cen-
ter may prescribe. 
(4) The Directorate may not direct the execution of 
operations assigned under paragraph (3). 
(i) STAFF.—(1) The National Intelligence Director 
may 
appoint 
deputy 
directors 
of 
the 
National 
Counterterrorism Center to oversee such portions of the 
operations of the Center as the National Intelligence Di-
rector considers appropriate. 
(2) To assist the Director of the National 
Counterterrorism Center in fulfilling the duties and re-
sponsibilities 
of 
the 
Director 
of 
the 
National 
Counterterrorism Center under this section, the National 
Intelligence Director shall employ in the National 
Counterterrorism Center a professional staff having an ex-
pertise in matters relating to such duties and responsibil-
ities. 
(3) In providing for a professional staff for the Na-
tional Counterterrorism Center under paragraph (2), the 
National Intelligence Director may establish as positions 
in the excepted service such positions in the Center as the 
National Intelligence Director considers appropriate. 
(4) The National Intelligence Director shall ensure 
that the analytical staff of the National Counterterrorism 
Center is comprised primarily of experts from elements in 
the intelligence community and from such other personnel 
in the United States Government as the National Intel-
ligence Director considers appropriate. 
(5)(A) In order to meet the requirements in para-
graph (4), the National Intelligence Director shall, from 
time to time— 
(i) specify the transfers, assignments, and de-
tails of personnel funded within the National Intel-
ligence Program to the National Counterterrorism 
Center from any other element of the intelligence 
community that the National Intelligence Director 
considers appropriate; and 
(ii) in the case of personnel from a department, 
agency, or element of the United States Government 
and not funded within the National Intelligence Pro-
gram, request the transfer, assignment, or detail of 
such personnel from the department, agency, or 
other element concerned. 
(B)(i) The head of an element of the intelligence com-
munity shall promptly effect any transfer, assignment, or 
detail of personnel specified by the National Intelligence 
Director under subparagraph (A)(i). 
(ii) The head of a department, agency, or element of 
the United States Government receiving a request for 
transfer, assignment, or detail of personnel under sub-
paragraph (A)(ii) shall, to the extent practicable, approve 
the request. 
(6) Personnel employed in or assigned or detailed to 
the National Counterterrorism Center under this sub-
section shall be under the authority, direction, and control 
of the Director of the National Counterterrorism Center 
on all matters for which the Center has been assigned re-
sponsibility and for all matters related to the accomplish-
ment of the missions of the Center. 
(7) Performance evaluations of personnel assigned or 
detailed to the National Counterterrorism Center under 
this subsection shall be undertaken by the supervisors of 
such personnel at the Center. 
(8) The supervisors of the staff of the National 
Counterterrorism Center may, with the approval of the
National Intelligence Director, reward the staff of the 
Center for meritorious performance by the provision of 
such performance awards as the National Intelligence Di-
rector shall prescribe. 
(9) The National Intelligence Director may delegate 
to the Director of the National Counterterrorism Center 
any responsibility, power, or authority of the National In-
telligence Director under paragraphs (1) through (8). 
(10) The National Intelligence Director shall ensure 
that the staff of the National Counterterrorism Center has 
access to all databases maintained by the elements of the 
intelligence community that are relevant to the duties of 
the Center. 
(j) SUPPORT AND COOPERATION OF OTHER AGEN-
CIES.—(1) The elements of the intelligence community 
and the other departments, agencies, and elements of the 
United States Government shall support, assist, and co-
operate with the National Counterterrorism Center in car-
rying out its missions under this section. 
(2) The support, assistance, and cooperation of a de-
partment, agency, or element of the United States Govern-
ment under this subsection shall include, but not be lim-
ited to— 
(A) the implementation of interagency plans for 
operations, whether foreign or domestic, that are de-
veloped by the National Counterterrorism Center in 
a manner consistent with the laws and regulations of 
the United States and consistent with the limitation 
in subsection (h)(4); 
(B) cooperative work with the Director of the 
National Counterterrorism Center to ensure that on-
going operations of such department, agency, or ele-
ment do not conflict with joint operations planned 
by the Center; 
(C) reports, upon request, to the Director of the 
National Counterterrorism Center on the progress of 
such department, agency, or element in imple-
menting responsibilities assigned to such depart-
ment, agency, or element through joint operations 
plans; and 
(D) the provision to the analysts of the Na-
tional Counterterrorism Center electronic access in 
real time to information and intelligence collected by 
such department, agency, or element that is relevant 
to the missions of the Center. 
(3) In the event of a disagreement between the Na-
tional Intelligence Director and the head of a department, 
agency, or element of the United States Government on 
a plan developed or responsibility assigned by the National 
Counterterrorism Center under this subsection, the Na-
tional Intelligence Director may either accede to the head 
of the department, agency, or element concerned or notify 
the President of the necessity of resolving the disagree-
ment. 
SEC. 144. NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE CENTERS. 
(a) NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE CENTERS.—(1) The 
National Intelligence Director may establish within the 
National Intelligence Authority one or more centers (to 
be known as ‘‘national intelligence centers’’) to address 
intelligence priorities established by the National Security 
Council. 
(2) Each national intelligence center established 
under this section shall be assigned an area of intelligence 
responsibility. 
(3) National intelligence centers shall be established 
at the direction of the President, as prescribed by law, 
or upon the initiative of the National Intelligence Director. 
(b) ESTABLISHMENT OF CENTERS.—(1) In estab-
lishing a national intelligence center, the National Intel-
ligence Director shall assign lead responsibility for admin-
istrative support for such center to an element of the intel-
ligence community selected by the Director for that pur-
pose. 
(2) The Director shall determine the structure and 
size of each national intelligence center.
(3) The Director shall notify Congress of the estab-
lishment of each national intelligence center before the 
date of the establishment of such center. 
(c) DIRECTORS OF CENTERS.—(1) Each national in-
telligence center shall have as its head a Director who 
shall be appointed by the National Intelligence Director 
for that purpose. 
(2) The Director of a national intelligence center 
shall serve as the principal adviser to the National Intel-
ligence Director on intelligence matters with respect to the 
area of intelligence responsibility assigned to the center. 
(3) In carrying out duties under paragraph (2), the 
Director of a national intelligence center shall— 
(A) manage the operations of the center; 
(B) coordinate the provision of administration 
and support by the element of the intelligence com-
munity with lead responsibility for the center under 
subsection (b)(1); 
(C) submit budget and personnel requests for 
the center to the National Intelligence Director; 
(D) seek such assistance from other depart-
ments, agencies, and elements of the United States 
Government as is needed to fulfill the mission of the 
center; and
(E) advise the National Intelligence Director of 
the information technology, personnel, and other re-
quirements of the center for the performance of its 
mission. 
(4) The National Intelligence Director shall ensure 
that the Director of a national intelligence center has suf-
ficient authority, direction, and control to effectively ac-
complish the mission of the center. 
(d) MISSION OF CENTERS.—Pursuant to the direc-
tion of the National Intelligence Director, each national 
intelligence center shall, in the area of intelligence respon-
sibility assigned to the center by the Director pursuant 
to intelligence priorities established by the National Secu-
rity Council— 
(1) have primary responsibility for providing 
all-source analysis of intelligence based upon foreign 
intelligence gathered both abroad and domestically; 
(2) have primary responsibility for identifying 
and proposing to the National Intelligence Director 
intelligence collection and analysis requirements; 
(3) have primary responsibility for net assess-
ments and warnings; 
(4) ensure that appropriate officials of the 
United States Government and other appropriate of-
ficials have access to a variety of intelligence assess-
ments and analytical views; and 
(5) perform such other duties as the National 
Intelligence Director shall specify. 
(e) INFORMATION SHARING.—(1) The National Intel-
ligence Director shall ensure that the Directors of the na-
tional intelligence centers and the other elements of the 
intelligence community undertake appropriate sharing of 
intelligence analysis and plans for operations in order to 
facilitate the activities of the centers. 
(2) In order to facilitate information sharing under 
paragraph (1), the Directors of the national intelligence 
centers shall— 
(A) report directly to the National Intelligence 
Director regarding their activities under this section; 
and 
(B) coordinate with the Principal Deputy Na-
tional Intelligence Director regarding such activities. 
(f) STAFF.—(1) In providing for a professional staff 
for a national intelligence center, the National Intelligence 
Director may establish as positions in the excepted service 
such positions in the center as the National Intelligence 
Director considers appropriate. 
(2)(A) The National Intelligence Director shall, from 
time to time—
(i) specify the transfers, assignments, and de-
tails of personnel funded within the National Intel-
ligence Program to a national intelligence center 
from any other element of the intelligence commu-
nity that the National Intelligence Director considers 
appropriate; and 
(ii) in the case of personnel from a department, 
agency, or element of the United States Government 
not funded within the National Intelligence Pro-
gram, request the transfer, assignment, or detail of 
such personnel from the department, agency, or 
other element concerned. 
(B)(i) The head of an element of the intelligence com-
munity shall promptly effect any transfer, assignment, or 
detail of personnel specified by the National Intelligence 
Director under subparagraph (A)(i). 
(ii) The head of a department, agency, or element of 
the United States Government receiving a request for 
transfer, assignment, or detail of personnel under sub-
paragraph (A)(ii) shall, to the extent practicable, approve 
the request. 
(3) Personnel employed in or assigned or detailed to 
a national intelligence center under this subsection shall 
be under the authority, direction, and control of the Direc-
tor of the center on all matters for which the center has
100 
(2) The National Intelligence Director shall notify 
Congress of any determination made under paragraph (1) 
before carrying out such determination. 
Subtitle E—Education and Train-
ing of Intelligence Community 
Personnel 
SEC. 151. FRAMEWORK FOR CROSS-DISCIPLINARY EDU-
CATION AND TRAINING. 
The National Intelligence Director shall establish an 
integrated framework that brings together the educational 
components of the intelligence community in order to pro-
mote a more effective and productive intelligence commu-
nity through cross-disciplinary education and joint train-
ing. 
SEC. 152. INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY SCHOLARSHIP PRO-
GRAM. 
(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 
(1) AGENCY.—The term ‘‘agency’’ means each 
element of the intelligence community as determined 
by the National Intelligence Director. 
(2) INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION.—The 
term ‘‘institution of higher education’’ has the 
meaning given that term under section 101 of the 
Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001).
101 
(3) PROGRAM.—The term ‘‘Program’’ means 
the Intelligence Community Scholarship Program es-
tablished under subsection (b). 
(b) ESTABLISHMENT.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—The National Intelligence 
Director, in consultation with the head of each agen-
cy, shall establish a scholarship program (to be 
known as the ‘‘Intelligence Community Scholarship 
Program’’) to award scholarships to individuals that 
is designed to recruit and prepare students for civil-
ian careers in the intelligence community to meet the 
critical needs of the intelligence community agencies. 
(2) SELECTION OF RECIPIENTS.— 
(A) MERIT AND AGENCY NEEDS.—Individ-
uals shall be selected to receive scholarships 
under this section through a competitive proc-
ess primarily on the basis of academic merit 
and the needs of the agency. 
(B) DEMONSTRATED COMMITMENT.—Indi-
viduals selected under this section shall have a 
demonstrated commitment to the field of study 
for which the scholarship is awarded. 
(3) CONTRACTUAL
AGREEMENTS.—To carry 
out the Program the head of each agency shall enter 
into contractual agreements with individuals selected
102 
under paragraph (2) under which the individuals 
agree to serve as full-time employees of the agency, 
for the period described in subsection (h)(1), in posi-
tions needed by the agency and for which the indi-
viduals are qualified, in exchange for receiving a 
scholarship. 
(c) ELIGIBILITY.—In order to be eligible to partici-
pate in the Program, an individual shall— 
(1) be enrolled or accepted for enrollment as a 
full-time student at an institution of higher edu-
cation and be pursuing or intend to pursue under-
graduate or graduate education in an academic field 
or discipline described in the list made available 
under subsection (e); 
(2) be a United States citizen; and 
(3) at the time of the initial scholarship award, 
not be an employee (as defined under section 2105 
of title 5, United States Code). 
(d) APPLICATION.— An individual seeking a scholar-
ship under this section shall submit an application to the 
National Intelligence Director at such time, in such man-
ner, and containing such information, agreements, or as-
surances as the Director may require. 
(e) PROGRAMS AND FIELDS OF STUDY.—The Na-
tional Intelligence Director shall—
103 
(1) make publicly available a list of academic 
programs and fields of study for which scholarships 
under the Program may be used; and 
(2) update the list as necessary. 
(f) SCHOLARSHIPS.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—The National Intelligence 
Director may provide a scholarship under the Pro-
gram for an academic year if the individual applying 
for the scholarship has submitted to the Director, as 
part of the application required under subsection 
(d), a proposed academic program leading to a de-
gree in a program or field of study on the list made 
available under subsection (e). 
(2) LIMITATION ON YEARS.—An individual may 
not receive a scholarship under this section for more 
than 4 academic years, unless the National Intel-
ligence Director grants a waiver. 
(3) STUDENT RESPONSIBILITIES.—Scholarship 
recipients shall maintain satisfactory academic 
progress. 
(4) AMOUNT.—The dollar amount of a scholar-
ship under this section for an academic year shall be 
determined under regulations issued by the National 
Intelligence Director, but shall in no case exceed the
104 
cost of tuition, fees, and other authorized expenses 
as established by the Director. 
(5) USE
OF
SCHOLARSHIPS.—A scholarship 
provided under this section may be expended for tui-
tion, fees, and other authorized expenses as estab-
lished by the National Intelligence Director by regu-
lation. 
(6) PAYMENT
TO
INSTITUTION
OF
HIGHER 
EDUCATION.—The National Intelligence Director 
may enter into a contractual agreement with an in-
stitution of higher education under which the 
amounts provided for a scholarship under this sec-
tion for tuition, fees, and other authorized expenses 
are paid directly to the institution with respect to 
which the scholarship is provided. 
(g) SPECIAL CONSIDERATION
FOR CURRENT EM-
PLOYEES.— 
(1) SET
ASIDE
OF
SCHOLARSHIPS.—Notwith-
standing paragraphs (1) and (3) of subsection (c), 
10 percent of the scholarships awarded under this 
section shall be set aside for individuals who are em-
ployees of agencies on the date of enactment of this 
section to enhance the education of such employees 
in areas of critical needs of agencies.
105 
(2) FULL- OR
PART-TIME
EDUCATION.—Em-
ployees who are awarded scholarships under para-
graph (1) shall be permitted to pursue under-
graduate or graduate education under the scholar-
ship on a full-time or part-time basis. 
(h) EMPLOYEE SERVICE.— 
(1) PERIOD OF SERVICE.—Except as provided 
in subsection (j)(2), the period of service for which 
an individual shall be obligated to serve as an em-
ployee of the agency is 24 months for each academic 
year for which a scholarship under this section is 
provided. Under no circumstances shall the total pe-
riod of obligated service be more than 8 years. 
(2) BEGINNING OF SERVICE.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in 
subparagraph (B), obligated service under para-
graph (1) shall begin not later than 60 days 
after the individual obtains the educational de-
gree for which the scholarship was provided. 
(B) DEFERRAL.—In accordance with regu-
lations established by the National Intelligence 
Director, the Director or designee may defer 
the obligation of an individual to provide a pe-
riod of service under paragraph (1) if the Di-
106 
rector or designee determines that such a defer-
ral is appropriate. 
(i) REPAYMENT.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Scholarship recipients who 
fail to maintain a high level of academic standing, 
as defined by the National Intelligence Director, who 
are dismissed from their educational institutions for 
disciplinary reasons, or who voluntarily terminate 
academic training before graduation from the edu-
cational program for which the scholarship was 
awarded, shall be in breach of their contractual 
agreement and, in lieu of any service obligation aris-
ing under such agreement, shall be liable to the 
United States for repayment within 1 year after the 
date of default of all scholarship funds paid to them 
and to the institution of higher education on their 
behalf under the agreement, except as provided in 
subsection (j)(2). The repayment period may be ex-
tended by the Director when determined to be nec-
essary, as established by regulation. 
(2) LIABILITY.—Scholarship recipients who, for 
any reason, fail to begin or complete their service 
obligation after completion of academic training, or 
fail to comply with the terms and conditions of 
deferment established by the National Intelligence
107 
Director under subsection (h)(2)(B), shall be in 
breach of their contractual agreement. When recipi-
ents breach their agreements for the reasons stated 
in the preceding sentence, the recipient shall be lia-
ble to the United States for an amount equal to— 
(A) the total amount of scholarships re-
ceived by such individual under this section; 
and 
(B) the interest on the amounts of such 
awards which would be payable if at the time 
the awards were received they were loans bear-
ing interest at the maximum legal prevailing 
rate, as determined by the Treasurer of the 
United States, multiplied by 3. 
(j) CANCELLATION, WAIVER, OR SUSPENSION OF OB-
LIGATION.— 
(1) CANCELLATION.—Any obligation of an indi-
vidual incurred under the Program (or a contractual 
agreement thereunder) for service or payment shall 
be canceled upon the death of the individual. 
(2) WAIVER
OR
SUSPENSION.—The National 
Intelligence Director shall prescribe regulations to 
provide for the partial or total waiver or suspension 
of any obligation of service or payment incurred by 
an individual under the Program (or a contractual
108 
agreement thereunder) whenever compliance by the 
individual is impossible or would involve extreme 
hardship to the individual, or if enforcement of such 
obligation with respect to the individual would be 
contrary to the best interests of the Government. 
(k) REGULATIONS.—The National Intelligence Direc-
tor shall prescribe regulations necessary to carry out this 
section. 
Subtitle F—Additional Authorities 
of National Intelligence Authority 
SEC. 161. USE OF APPROPRIATED FUNDS. 
(a) DISPOSAL OF PROPERTY.—(1) If specifically au-
thorized to dispose of real property of the National Intel-
ligence Authority under any law enacted after the date of 
the enactment of this Act, the National Intelligence Direc-
tor shall, subject to paragraph (2), exercise such authority 
in strict compliance with subchapter IV of chapter 5 of 
title 40, United States Code. 
(2) The Director shall deposit the proceeds of any 
disposal of property of the National Intelligence Authority 
into the miscellaneous receipts of the Treasury in accord-
ance with section 3302(b) of title 31, United States Code. 
(b) GIFTS.—Gifts or donations of services or property 
of or for the National Intelligence Authority may not be 
accepted, used, or disposed of unless specifically permitted
109 
in advance in an appropriations Act and only under the 
conditions and for the purposes specified in such appro-
priations Act. 
SEC. 162. ACQUISITION AND FISCAL AUTHORITIES. 
(a) ACQUISITIONS
OF MAJOR SYSTEMS.—(1) For 
each intelligence program for the acquisition of a major 
system, the National Intelligence Director shall— 
(A) require the development and implementa-
tion of a program management plan that includes 
cost, schedule, and performance goals and program 
milestone criteria; 
(B) subject to paragraph (4), serve as the ex-
clusive milestone decision authority; and 
(C) periodically— 
(i) review and assess the progress made to-
ward the achievement of the goals and mile-
stones established in such plan; and 
(ii) submit to Congress a report on the re-
sults of such review and assessment. 
(2) The National Intelligence Director shall prescribe 
guidance for the development and implementation of pro-
gram management plans under this subsection. In pre-
scribing such guidance, the Director shall review Depart-
ment of Defense guidance on program management plans 
for Department of Defense programs for the acquisition
110 
of major systems and, to the extent feasible, incorporate 
the principles of the Department of Defense guidance into 
the Director’s guidance under this subsection. 
(3) Nothing in this subsection may be construed to 
limit the authority of the National Intelligence Director 
to delegate to any other official any authority to perform 
the responsibilities of the Director under this subsection. 
(4)(A) The authority conferred by paragraph (1)(B) 
shall not apply to Department of Defense programs until 
the National Intelligence Director, in consultation with the 
Secretary of Defense, determines that the National Intel-
ligence Authority has the personnel and capability to fully 
and effectively carry out such authority. 
(B) The National Intelligence Director may assign 
any authority under this subsection to the Secretary of 
Defense. The assignment of such authority shall be made 
pursuant to a memorandum of understanding between the 
Director and the Secretary. 
(5) In this subsection: 
(A) The term ‘‘intelligence program’’, with re-
spect to the acquisition of a major system, means a 
program that— 
(i) is carried out to acquire such major 
system for an element of the intelligence com-
munity; and
111 
(ii) is funded in whole out of amounts 
available for the National Intelligence Program. 
(B) The term ‘‘major system’’ has the meaning 
given such term in section 4(9) of the Federal Prop-
erty and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (41 
U.S.C. 403(9)). 
(b) AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS.—Notwithstanding any 
other provision of law (other than the provisions of this 
Act), sums appropriated or otherwise made available to 
the National Intelligence Authority may be expended for 
purposes necessary to carry out its functions, including 
any function performed by the National Intelligence Au-
thority that is described in section 8(a) of the Central In-
telligence Agency Act of 1949 (50 U.S.C. 403j(a)). 
(c) RELATIONSHIP OF DIRECTOR’S AUTHORITY TO 
OTHER LAWS ON ACQUISITION AND MANAGEMENT OF 
PROPERTY AND SERVICES.—Section 113(e) of title 40, 
United States Code, is amended— 
(A) by striking ‘‘or’’ at the end of paragraph 
(18); 
(B) by striking the period at the end of para-
graph (19) and inserting ‘‘; or’’; and 
(C) by adding at the end the following new 
paragraph: 
‘‘(20) the National Intelligence Director.’’.
112 
(d) NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE DIRECTOR REPORT ON 
ENHANCEMENT OF NSA AND NGIA ACQUISITION AU-
THORITIES.—Not later than one year after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, the National Intelligence Director 
shall— 
(1) review— 
(A) the acquisition authority of the Direc-
tor of the National Security Agency; and 
(B) the acquisition authority of the Direc-
tor of the National Geospatial-Intelligence 
Agency; and 
(2) submit to the Committee on Governmental 
Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Govern-
ment Reform of the House of Representatives a re-
port setting forth any recommended enhancements 
of the acquisition authorities of the Director of the 
National Security Agency and the Director of the 
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency that the Na-
tional Intelligence Director considers necessary. 
(e) COMPTROLLER GENERAL REPORT ON ACQUISI-
TION POLICIES AND PROCEDURES.—Not later than two 
years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the 
Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to 
Congress a report on the extent to which the policies and 
procedures adopted for managing the acquisition of major
113 
systems for national intelligence purposes, as identified by 
the National Intelligence Director, are likely to result in 
successful cost, schedule, and performance outcomes. 
SEC. 163. PERSONNEL MATTERS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—In addition to the authorities pro-
vided in section 114, the National Intelligence Director 
may exercise with respect to the personnel of the National 
Intelligence Authority any authority of the Director of the 
Central Intelligence Agency with respect to the personnel 
of the Central Intelligence Agency under the Central Intel-
ligence Agency Act of 1949 (50 U.S.C. 403a et seq.), and 
other applicable provisions of law, as of the date of the 
enactment of this Act to the same extent, and subject to 
the same conditions and limitations, that the Director of 
the Central Intelligence Agency may exercise such author-
ity with respect to personnel of the Central Intelligence 
Agency. 
(b) RIGHTS AND PROTECTIONS OF EMPLOYEES AND 
APPLICANTS.—Employees and applicants for employment 
of the National Intelligence Authority shall have the same 
rights and protections under the Authority as employees 
of the Central Intelligence Agency have under the Central 
Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, and other applicable pro-
visions of law, as of the date of the enactment of this Act.
114 
SEC. 164. ETHICS MATTERS. 
(a) POLITICAL SERVICE OF PERSONNEL.—Section 
7323(b)(2)(B)(i) of title 5, United States Code, is amend-
ed— 
(1) in subclause (XII), by striking ‘‘or’’ at the 
end; and 
(2) by inserting after subclause (XIII) the fol-
lowing new subclause: 
‘‘(XIV) the National Intelligence Author-
ity; or’’. 
(b) DELETION OF INFORMATION ABOUT FOREIGN 
GIFTS.—Section 7342(f)(4) of title 5, United States Code, 
is amended— 
(1) by inserting ‘‘(A)’’ after ‘‘(4)’’; 
(2) in subparagraph (A), as so designated, by 
striking ‘‘the Director of Central Intelligence’’ and 
inserting ‘‘the Director of the Central Intelligence 
Agency’’; and 
(3) by adding at the end the following new sub-
paragraph: 
‘‘(B) In transmitting such listings for the National 
Intelligence Authority, the National Intelligence Director 
may delete the information described in subparagraphs 
(A) and (C) of paragraphs (2) and (3) if the Director cer-
tifies in writing to the Secretary of State that the publica-
115 
tion of such information could adversely affect United 
States intelligence sources.’’. 
(c) EXEMPTION FROM FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES.— 
Section 105(a)(1) of the Ethics in Government Act (5 
U.S.C. App.) is amended by inserting ‘‘the National Intel-
ligence Authority,’’ before ‘‘the Central Intelligence Agen-
cy’’. 
TITLE 
II—OTHER 
IMPROVE-
MENTS OF INTELLIGENCE AC-
TIVITIES 
Subtitle A—Improvements of 
Intelligence Activities 
SEC. 201. AVAILABILITY TO PUBLIC OF CERTAIN INTEL-
LIGENCE FUNDING INFORMATION. 
(a) AMOUNTS REQUESTED EACH FISCAL YEAR.— 
The President shall disclose to the public for each fiscal 
year after fiscal year 2005 the aggregate amount of appro-
priations requested in the budget of the President for such 
fiscal year for the National Intelligence Program. 
(b) AMOUNTS AUTHORIZED
AND APPROPRIATED 
EACH FISCAL YEAR.—Congress shall disclose to the pub-
lic for each fiscal year after fiscal year 2005 the aggregate 
amount of funds authorized to be appropriated, and the 
aggregate amount of funds appropriated, by Congress for 
such fiscal year for the National Intelligence Program.
116 
(c) STUDY OF DISCLOSURE OF ADDITIONAL INFOR-
MATION.—(1) The National Intelligence Director shall 
conduct a study to assess the advisability of disclosing to 
the public amounts as follows: 
(A) The aggregate amount of appropriations re-
quested in the budget of the President for each fis-
cal year for each element of the intelligence commu-
nity. 
(B) The aggregate amount of funds authorized 
to be appropriated, and the aggregate amount of 
funds appropriated, by Congress for each fiscal year 
for each element of the intelligence community. 
(2) The study under paragraph (1) shall— 
(A) address whether or not the disclosure to the 
public of the information referred to in that para-
graph would harm the national security of the 
United States; and 
(B) take into specific account concerns relating 
to the disclosure of such information for each ele-
ment of the intelligence community. 
(3) Not later than 180 days after the effective date 
of this section, the Director shall submit to Congress a 
report on the study under paragraph (1).
117 
SEC. 202. MERGER OF HOMELAND SECURITY COUNCIL 
INTO NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL. 
(a) MERGER
OF HOMELAND SECURITY COUNCIL 
INTO NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL.—Section 101 of the 
National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 402) is amend-
ed— 
(1) in the fourth undesignated paragraph of 
subsection (a), by striking clauses (5) and (6) and 
inserting the following new clauses: 
‘‘(5) the Attorney General; 
‘‘(6) the Secretary of Homeland Security;’’; and 
(2) in subsection (b)— 
(A) in paragraph (1), by striking ‘‘and’’ at 
the end; 
(B) in paragraph (2), by striking the pe-
riod at the end and inserting a semicolon; and 
(C) by adding at the end the following new 
paragraphs: 
‘‘(3) assess the objectives, commitments, and 
risks of the United States in the interests of home-
land security and make recommendations to the 
President based on such assessments; 
‘‘(4) oversee and review the homeland security 
policies of the Federal Government and make rec-
ommendations to the President based on such over-
sight and review; and
118 
‘‘(5) perform such other functions as the Presi-
dent may direct.’’. 
(c) REPEAL OF SUPERSEDED AUTHORITY.—(1) Title 
IX of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (6 U.S.C. 491 
et seq.) is repealed. 
(2) The table of contents for that Act is amended 
by striking the items relating to title IX. 
SEC. 203. JOINT INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY COUNCIL. 
Title I of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 
U.S.C. 401 et seq.) is amended by inserting after section 
101 the following new section: 
‘‘JOINT INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY COUNCIL 
‘‘SEC. 101A. (a) JOINT INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY 
COUNCIL.—There is a Joint Intelligence Community 
Council. 
‘‘(b) MEMBERSHIP.—The Joint Intelligence Commu-
nity Council shall consist of the following: 
‘‘(1) The National Intelligence Director, who 
shall chair the Council. 
‘‘(2) The Secretary of State. 
‘‘(3) The Secretary of the Treasury. 
‘‘(4) The Secretary of Defense. 
‘‘(5) The Attorney General. 
‘‘(6) The Secretary of Energy. 
‘‘(7) The Secretary of Homeland Security.
119 
‘‘(8) Such other officers of the United States 
Government as the President may designate from 
time to time. 
‘‘(c) FUNCTIONS.—The Joint Intelligence Commu-
nity Council shall assist the National Intelligence Director 
to in developing and implementing a joint, unified national 
intelligence effort to protect national security by— 
‘‘(1) advising the Director on establishing re-
quirements, developing budgets, financial manage-
ment, and monitoring and evaluating the perform-
ance of the intelligence community, and on such 
other matters as the Director may request; and 
‘‘(2) ensuring the timely execution of programs, 
policies, and directives established or developed by 
the Director. 
‘‘(d) MEETINGS.—The Joint Intelligence Community 
Council shall meet upon the request of the National Intel-
ligence Director.’’. 
SEC. 204. IMPROVEMENT OF INTELLIGENCE CAPABILITIES 
OF THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGA-
TION. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress makes the following find-
ings: 
(1) The National Commission on Terrorist At-
tacks Upon the United States in its final report
120 
stated that, under Director Robert Mueller, the Fed-
eral Bureau of Investigation has made significant 
progress in improving its intelligence capabilities. 
(2) In the report, the members of the Commis-
sion also urged that the Federal Bureau of Inves-
tigation fully institutionalize the shift of the Bureau 
to a preventive counterterrorism posture. 
(b) IMPROVEMENT
OF INTELLIGENCE CAPABILI-
TIES.—The Director of the Federal Bureau of Investiga-
tion shall continue efforts to improve the intelligence capa-
bilities of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and to de-
velop and maintain within the Bureau a national intel-
ligence workforce. 
(c) NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE WORKFORCE.—(1) In 
developing and maintaining a national intelligence work-
force under subsection (b), the Director of the Federal Bu-
reau of Investigation shall, subject to the direction and 
control of the President, develop and maintain a special-
ized and integrated national intelligence workforce con-
sisting of agents, analysts, linguists, and surveillance spe-
cialists who are recruited, trained, and rewarded in a man-
ner which ensures the existence within the Federal Bureau 
of Investigation an institutional culture with substantial 
expertise in, and commitment to, the intelligence mission 
of the Bureau.
121 
(2) Each agent employed by the Bureau after the 
date of the enactment of this Act shall receive basic train-
ing in both criminal justice matters and national intel-
ligence matters. 
(3) Each agent employed by the Bureau after the 
date of the enactment of this Act shall, to the maximum 
extent practicable, be given the opportunity to undergo, 
during such agent’s early service with the Bureau, mean-
ingful assignments in criminal justice matters and in na-
tional intelligence matters. 
(4) The Director shall— 
(A) establish career positions in national intel-
ligence matters for agents and analysts of the Bu-
reau; and 
(B) in furtherance of the requirement under 
subparagraph (A) and to the maximum extent prac-
ticable, afford agents and analysts of the Bureau the 
opportunity to work in the career specialty selected 
by such agents and analysts over their entire career 
with the Bureau. 
(5) The Director shall carry out a program to en-
hance the capacity of the Bureau to recruit and retain 
individuals with backgrounds in intelligence, international 
relations, language, technology, and other skills relevant 
to the intelligence mission of the Bureau.
122 
(6) The Director shall, to the maximum extent prac-
ticable, afford the analysts of the Bureau training and ca-
reer opportunities commensurate with the training and ca-
reer opportunities afforded analysts in other elements of 
the intelligence community. 
(7) Commencing as soon as practicable after the date 
of the enactment of this Act, each direct supervisor of a 
Field Intelligence Group, and each Bureau Operational 
Manager at the Section Chief and Assistant Special Agent 
in Charge (ASAC) level and above, shall be a certified in-
telligence officer. 
(8) The Director shall, to the maximum extent prac-
ticable, ensure that the successful discharge of advanced 
training courses, and of one or more assignments to an-
other element of the intelligence community, is a pre-
condition to advancement to higher level intelligence as-
signments within the Bureau. 
(d) FIELD OFFICE MATTERS.—(1) In improving the 
intelligence capabilities of the Federal Bureau of Inves-
tigation under subsection (b), the Director of the Federal 
Bureau of Investigation shall ensure that each Field Intel-
ligence Group reports directly to a field office senior man-
ager responsible for intelligence matters. 
(2) The Director shall provide for such expansion of 
the secure facilities in the field offices of the Bureau as
123 
is necessary to ensure the discharge by the field offices 
of the intelligence mission of the Bureau. 
(3) The Director shall require that each Field Intel-
ligence Group manager ensures the integration of ana-
lysts, agents, linguists, and surveillance personnel in the 
field. 
(e) BUDGET MATTERS.—The Director of the Federal 
Bureau of Investigation shall, in consultation with the Di-
rector of the Office of Management and Budget, modify 
the budget structure of the Federal Bureau of Investiga-
tion in order to organize the budget according to the four 
principal missions of the Bureau as follows: 
(1) Intelligence. 
(2) Counterterrorism and counterintelligence. 
(3) Criminal Enterprises/Federal Crimes. 
(4) Criminal justice services. 
(f) REPORTS.—(1) Not later than 180 days after the 
date of the enactment of this Act, the Director of the Fed-
eral Bureau of Investigation shall submit to Congress a 
report on the progress made as of the date of such report 
in carrying out the requirements of this section. 
(2) The Director shall include in each annual pro-
gram review of the Federal Bureau of Investigation that 
is submitted to Congress a report on the progress made 
by each field office of the Bureau during the period cov-
124 
ered by such review in addressing Bureau and national 
program priorities. 
(3) Not later than 180 days after the date of the en-
actment of this Act, and every 12 months thereafter, the 
Director shall submit to Congress a report assessing the 
qualifications, status, and roles of analysts at Bureau 
headquarters and in the field offices of the Bureau. 
(4) Not later than 180 days after the date of the en-
actment of this Act, and every 12 months thereafter, the 
Director shall submit to Congress a report on the progress 
of the Bureau in implementing information-sharing prin-
ciples. 
SEC. 205. FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION INTEL-
LIGENCE CAREER SERVICE. 
(a) SHORT TITLE.—This section may be cited as the 
‘‘Federal Bureau of Investigation Intelligence Career 
Service Authorization Act of 2005’’. 
(b) ESTABLISHMENT OF FEDERAL BUREAU OF IN-
VESTIGATION INTELLIGENCE CAREER SERVICE.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the Federal 
Bureau of Investigation, in consultation with the Di-
rector of the Office of Personnel Management— 
(A) may establish positions for intelligence 
analysts, without regard to chapter 51 of title 
5, United States Code;
125 
(B) shall prescribe standards and proce-
dures for establishing and classifying such posi-
tions; and 
(C) may fix the rate of basic pay for such 
positions, without regard to subchapter III of 
chapter 53 of title 5, United States Code, if the 
rate of pay is not greater than the rate of basic 
pay payable for level IV of the Executive Sched-
ule. 
(2) LEVELS OF PERFORMANCE.—Any perform-
ance management system established for intelligence 
analysts shall have at least 1 level of performance 
above a retention standard. 
(c) REPORTING REQUIREMENT.—Not less than 60 
days before the date of the implementation of authorities 
authorized under this section, the Director of the Federal 
Bureau of Investigation shall submit an operating plan de-
scribing the Director’s intended use of the authorities 
under this section to— 
(1) the Committees on Appropriations of the 
Senate and the House of Representatives; 
(2) the Committee on Governmental Affairs of 
the Senate; 
(3) the Committee on Government Reform of 
the House of Representatives;
126 
(4) the congressional intelligence committees; 
and 
(5) the Committees on the Judiciary of the Sen-
ate and the House of Representatives. 
(d) ANNUAL REPORT.—Not later than December 31, 
2005, and annually thereafter for 4 years, the Director 
of the Federal Bureau of Investigation shall submit an an-
nual report of the use of the permanent authorities pro-
vided under this section during the preceding fiscal year 
to— 
(1) the Committees on Appropriations of the 
Senate and the House of Representatives; 
(2) the Committee on Governmental Affairs of 
the Senate; 
(3) the Committee on Government Reform of 
the House of Representatives; 
(4) the congressional intelligence committees; 
and 
(5) the Committees on the Judiciary of the Sen-
ate and the House of Representatives. 
SEC. 206. INFORMATION SHARING. 
(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 
(1) ADVISORY
BOARD.—The term ‘‘Advisory 
Board’’ means the Advisory Board on Information 
Sharing established under subsection (i).
127 
(2) EXECUTIVE COUNCIL.—The term ‘‘Execu-
tive Council’’ means the Executive Council on Infor-
mation Sharing established under subsection (h). 
(3) HOMELAND SECURITY INFORMATION.—The 
term ‘‘homeland security information’’ means all in-
formation, whether collected, produced, or distrib-
uted by intelligence, law enforcement, military, 
homeland security, or other activities relating to— 
(A) the existence, organization, capabili-
ties, plans, intentions, vulnerabilities, means of 
finance or material support, or activities of for-
eign or international terrorist groups or individ-
uals, or of domestic groups or individuals in-
volved in transnational terrorism; 
(B) threats posed by such groups or indi-
viduals to the United States, United States per-
sons, or United States interests, or to those of 
other nations; 
(C) communications of or by such groups 
or individuals; or 
(D) groups or individuals reasonably be-
lieved to be assisting or associated with such 
groups or individuals.
128 
(4) NETWORK.—The term ‘‘Network’’ means 
the Information Sharing Network described under 
subsection (c). 
(b) FINDINGS.—Consistent with the report of the Na-
tional Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United 
States, Congress makes the following findings: 
(1) The effective use of information, from all 
available sources, is essential to the fight against 
terror and the protection of our homeland. The big-
gest impediment to all-source analysis, and to a 
greater likelihood of ‘‘connecting the dots’’, is resist-
ance to sharing information. 
(2) The United States Government has access 
to a vast amount of information, including not only 
traditional intelligence but also other government 
databases, such as those containing customs or im-
migration information. However, the United States 
Government has a weak system for processing and 
using the information it has. 
(3) In the period preceding September 11, 
2001, there were instances of potentially helpful in-
formation that was available but that no person 
knew to ask for; information that was distributed 
only in compartmented channels, and information 
that was requested but could not be shared.
129 
(4) Current security requirements nurture over- 
classification and excessive compartmentalization of 
information among agencies. Each agency’s incentive 
structure opposes sharing, with risks, including 
criminal, civil, and administrative sanctions, but few 
rewards for sharing information. 
(5) The current system, in which each intel-
ligence agency has its own security practices, re-
quires a demonstrated ‘‘need to know’’ before shar-
ing. This approach assumes that it is possible to 
know, in advance, who will need to use the informa-
tion. An outgrowth of the cold war, such a system 
implicitly assumes that the risk of inadvertent dis-
closure outweighs the benefits of wider sharing. 
Such assumptions are no longer appropriate. Al-
though counterintelligence concerns are still real, the 
costs of not sharing information are also substantial. 
The current ‘‘need-to-know’’ culture of information 
protection needs to be replaced with a ‘‘need-to- 
share’’ culture of integration. 
(6) A new approach to the sharing of intel-
ligence and homeland security information is ur-
gently needed. An important conceptual model for a 
new ‘‘trusted information network’’ is the System-
wide Homeland Analysis and Resource Exchange
130 
(SHARE) Network proposed by a task force of lead-
ing professionals assembled by the Markle Founda-
tion and described in reports issued in October 2002 
and December 2003. 
(7) No single agency can create a meaningful 
information sharing system on its own. Alone, each 
agency can only modernize stovepipes, not replace 
them. Presidential leadership is required to bring 
about governmentwide change. 
(c) INFORMATION SHARING NETWORK.— 
(1) ESTABLISHMENT.—The President shall es-
tablish a trusted information network and secure in-
formation sharing environment to promote sharing 
of intelligence and homeland security information in 
a manner consistent with national security and the 
protection of privacy and civil liberties, and based on 
clearly defined and consistently applied policies and 
procedures, and valid investigative, analytical or 
operational requirements. 
(2) ATTRIBUTES.—The Network shall promote 
coordination, communication and collaboration of 
people and information among all relevant Federal 
departments and agencies, State, tribal, and local 
authorities, and relevant private sector entities, in-
cluding owners and operators of critical infrastruc-
131 
ture, by using policy guidelines and technologies that 
support— 
(A) a decentralized, distributed, and co-
ordinated environment that connects existing 
systems where appropriate and allows users to 
share information among agencies, between lev-
els of government, and, as appropriate, with the 
private sector; 
(B) the sharing of information in a form 
and manner that facilitates its use in analysis, 
investigations and operations; 
(C) building upon existing systems capa-
bilities currently in use across the Government; 
(D) utilizing industry best practices, in-
cluding minimizing the centralization of data 
and seeking to use common tools and capabili-
ties whenever possible; 
(E) employing an information access man-
agement approach that controls access to data 
rather than to just networks; 
(F) facilitating the sharing of information 
at and across all levels of security by using pol-
icy guidelines and technologies that support 
writing information that can be broadly shared;
132 
(G) providing directory services for locat-
ing people and information; 
(H) incorporating protections for individ-
uals’ privacy and civil liberties; 
(I) incorporating strong mechanisms for 
information security and privacy and civil lib-
erties guideline enforcement in order to enhance 
accountability and facilitate oversight, includ-
ing— 
(i) multifactor authentication and ac-
cess control; 
(ii) strong encryption and data protec-
tion; 
(iii) immutable audit capabilities; 
(iv) automated policy enforcement; 
(v) perpetual, automated screening for 
abuses of network and intrusions; and 
(vi) uniform classification and han-
dling procedures; 
(J) compliance with requirements of appli-
cable law and guidance with regard to the plan-
ning, design, acquisition, operation, and man-
agement of information systems; and