APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD blobs of bones. When the teacher tried to talk, she refused to answer. Btill, no one saw the truth. Tt was not until almost 3 years later—three terrible, heartbroken years of humiliation, torture, stubborn silences, and intermittent fits of fury—that someone had the courage to voice the truth, to win the child another chance, to say, with forthright frankness, “this child is mentally retarded.” There is no machinery more complex than the workings of the human mind. “Os- trich-ism” has, for many years, even ages, made mental flaws a source of unearned shame. But now we are emerging from the dark ages of ignorance on such matters. People, today, are beginning to recognize the facte—and, more important, to do some- thing about them. The undeserved stigma is heing smashed by truth. Mental retardation is nothing to be whis- pered about, nor hidden, nor ashamed of. It could happen to anyone, in any family, as easily as pollo could strike, or cancer. And it ts as free of shame as these. It must be fought, not skeletoned in a closet. Almost one person in s hundred 1s, or will be, mentally retarded. Conservative esti- mates place the number of mentally retard- ed persons in these United States at 3,000,000 men, women, and children. With the right kind of training some 75 percent of them be- some partially, or wholly, self-supporting. These are facts. Few people realize that there are millions of people in this country whose intelligence quota is 70 or lower. Even the best indi- viduals in this group can never hold a job, except, perhaps, doing unskilled manual la- bor under close direction. They are facing one of the world’s greatest probleme—and they cannot face it alone. Left to fend for himself, a mentally re- tarded youngster can become either an in- trovert—being an utterly impassive, vege- table-like being—or an extrovert, being over- aggressive, restless, and excitable. With help, he might learn to be neither. Without help, he might eastly become a delinquent. Today the world 1s realizing. The world ts realizing, to quote a nattonal magazine, “That a mentally retarded child * * * (can belong) * * * toany fam- fly, and is not a proof of some fault tn the parents.” Such realization—and it has been 8 long while in coming—has opened a new way to happiness for such unfortunate youngsters. It has made the parents of such children understand that such youngsters can be trained to live out their Nves with much more happiness than was expected, and that they should not be a source of shame, to be “hidden away in an attic.” Science ia now studying mental retarda- tion. While some of its causes are still ob- scure, much has been learned. The cells of the brain are delicate. Damage to them ts usually irreparable. Science says such dam- age might be caused by many things: Certain types of anesthetics, perhaps at childbirth; German meastes, experienced by a mother- to-be; certain infections in early childhood, such as sleeping sickness; severe nutritional deficiency on the part of a mother-to-be; &nd various other factors. Heredity is the cause of only a small minority of cases. Science has not only worked at finding causes; it is working at ways of remedy. There is a chemical substance which can improve the IQ perhape as much as 15 to 20 points. This is a special form of glutamtc acid, which may be administered only by ex- perts. This treatment is given only to chil- dren who are seriously retarded. Aside from the chemical means cf combatting this un- fortunate ciroumstance, science ia working out methods, main cog of which is training. Most important—the experts have found—tis training, both of parents and children. Perhaps one of the most fruitful efforts aimed at training parents of such children was the moving story noted authoress Pearl 8. Buck wrote about her own mentally re- tarded daughter. Its publication in the May 1950 issue of Ladies’ Home Journal must have been a blessing to thousands of parents whose children suffer the same misfortune. It also did much to open the eyea of others. Even more important is the training of the children themselves. Today sohools all over the world are working on the menta} retarda- tion problem, aided by the information gleaned in clinics which are studying the problem relentlessly. There sre special Classes for this work in Greater Lawrence: five tn Lawrence, two in Andover, and one each in Methuen and North Andover. Teachers in these classes realize the im- portance of the work they are doing. To my mindq, they are a valiant group—handful size —waging a determined war for an American birthright; the pursuit of happiness. I visited one of these spectral classrooms the other day, after the children had left for the afterncon, Three teachers and I sat at small desks which were arranged in a circle, They were the desks used by the children. As we talked, I tried to visualize the youngsters, sitting there in that circle, seeking a way to fuller understanding, fighting an uphill bat- tle to knowledge, and I realized how much they deserve praise. Theirs is not the simple task of school work; theirs is the task of fotn- ing their fellow men. The Present Policy of the Defense Min- erals Administration Will Not Produce the Essential and Critical Minerals and Metals EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. CLAIR ENGLE OF CALIFORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 6, 1951 Mr. ENGLE. Mr. Speaker, the effort of our Government to develop an ade- quate stockpile of critical and strategic minerals and metals is in hopeless con- fusion, and it will continue to be as long as the present policy is followed. In Denver, Colo., on February 3, 1951, at the annual meeting of the Colorado Mining Association, I discussed our pres- ent situation with regard to minerals and metals, the reasons for it, and what can and should be done about it. Under leave to extend, I include my remarks at this time in the Recorp: Well, here we are again. It reminds me of an old film—a little filckery end dark in Places, but thoroughly real. America had been the arsenal of democracy for 3 years, and the voracious appetite of great war ma- chines for raw materials had already been demonstrated. And yet, when we entered the First World War—the one to make the world safe for democracy—on April 6, 1917, we had no stockpile, and our industries were facing dangerously low supplies of many es- sential materials. In the light of our subsequent experience it may be worth while to remind you what followed. Three months after the deciara- tion of war with Germany on July 9, 1917, Preatdent Wilson issued a proclamation pro- hibiting the exports of coal, food graina, meats, steel, and other products. The effect of this order was to control by license the entire foreign commerce of the United States, Less than 8 weeks later, the President cre- ated the Wer Industries Board A621 Upon this Board fell the responsibility of mobilizing America’s industrial forces and con them from peace and construc- tion to war and destruction. As described by ite Chairman and now our elder statesman, Bernard M. Baruch, “The War Industries Board is a method of contro) devised by the President to equalize the strain placed upon American industrial structure by the war." No one used the terms “essential, critical, and strategic materials,” but steel, copper, sluminum, lead, nickel, mercury, antimony, and platinum were as essential to victory during the struggies of World War I as they are today. In the concluding report of the War Indus- tries Board, credit ts given to the miners for having played their part and contributed to the successful prosecution of the war in a way second to no other industry, But prices fixed by the Government had worked hard- ships on many copper operators, and the signing of the armistice left them with large stocks on hend and with no large orders booked. It would unnecessarily teke your time for me to tel! you about the last war. You all know about it. But there are certain paral- lels which I wish to draw. For 8 years at least prior to World War II we were again the arsenal of democracy. We again entered the war without any stockpile of essential materials. Instead of the Wer Industries Board we set up the WPB Again, the min- ing industry played a part in winning the war second to no other industry. And again the mining industry was left flat on its back by its Federal Government. Now tet's bring {t up to date. Por the past 3 years and moe we have again been the arsenal of democracy—under the Marshall plan and under the arms-aid program to Greece, Turkey, and Europe. We now have the Defense Production Administration—in- stead of the old War Industries Board and the WPB We again have no stockpiie of the essential materinls adequate for our needs— we are pertiously low on some items. And again the mining industry ts being called upon to make a contribution to the defense effort second to no other tndustry. These parallels—this repetition of his- tory—reflecta on our national intelligence. Three atrikes tn this country means “out"— and we are at bat facing what may be the last pitch. For the mining industry this Parallel of history has a special significance which I will come to later, In the light of this desperate situation, what has the Government done to promote the production of these critical and strategic minerals and metals? It has set up a bu- reaucratic obstacle course remarkable even for Washington, where they are experts in that sort of thing. Tf you are a miner out in the field and want a production contract with the Govern- ment, here is what you have to do: 1, An application must be filed on National Security Resources Board 146, with addi- tional data as required by the Defense Min- erala Administration, or by letter with the form to be filed later. This form is a 12- page document which asks you questions which cannot be answered except by the highest military authorities in this country, and if they are asked, they will indignantly inform you that the answer to the question is classified material. Aa an illustration, the form requires you to state how granting the application will contribute to national de- Tense, and what evidence exists as to Iuture shortages of the materials. The form ends up with @ promissory note which you are re- quired to eign agreeing to reimburse the Government upon demand for any expenses imeurred in connection with or arising out of this application or any loan made pur- suant thereto. 2. Your application ahould be sent to the Defense Minerals Administration, who is Mr.
A622 James Boyd, Director of the Bureau of Mines, Department of Interior, Washington 25, D. C. 8. All applications and correspondence clears through the Office of the Executive Becretary of the DMA (Defense Minerals Administration), where a certificate is at- tached and routing ts determined. There- upon it may take various courses. 4. If the application inyolves exploration and development on new properties, it is neatly stacked up pending policy determina- tions at the high level, Policy has not been determined. 6. If the application requires an over-the- market contract, it is neatly stacked up and held in abeyance pending policy determina- tions not yet made as to whether shortages are sufficiently acute in the particular field (except manganese and perhaps one or two rare items) to warrant an over-the-market contract. These policy determinations have not as yet been made. 6. Applications for finencial ald for plant expansion by producers which are not mar- ginal are channeled to the Supply Division of the Defense Minerals Administration. 7. In channeling the application to the appropriate commodity committee, it goes to the industry chairman, who has associated with him a Bureau of Mines member and a USGS member. 8. This committee either rejects the ap- plication or approves it for mine examina- tion, 9. If approved for mine examination, the application 1s routed to the appropriate re- gional office. 10. at is then routed from the appropriate regional office to the appropriate fleld office. 11, It is then routed to the office of the field team, consisting of representatives of the USGA and the Bureau of Mines. 12. Then the mine examination occurs by the USGS and the Bureau of Mines field team, inclucing physical examination, the preparation of necessary maps and field re- orts. P 13. When the report is finally complete from the field team, it is routed back precise- ly over the same obstacle course to the field office, to the regional office, and to the in- dustry chairman. In each of these it is carefully examined and finally, if it passes muster, the next step is taken by the in- dustry chairman. 14. The industry chairman sends the ap- plication, plus the field report, plus all the appropriate comments, on the way to the Operating Committee of the Defense Min- 6rala Administration, which perhaps rejects it, or returns it for more information, or holds it for changes in policy. But if none of those occur, then it is sent on the next step. The industry chairman of the Operating Committee of the Defense Minerals Adminis- tration has a committee consisting of a Burenu of Mines member and a USGS mem- ber. 18. The application then goes to the Pro- duction Division of the Defense Minerals Administration, where it is properly routed into the next step. 16. The next step is the drafting of con- tracts based upon all of the information and all of the comments now attached to the original application. Thereafter it proceeds on again and goes— 17. to the Defense Production Administra- tion for approval, which first sends it on an- other detour and by-path which is— 18, to the RFC to determine whether the joan can be made under its regular terms and pursuanteto the usual polictes of the RPM. If so, the loan is made there; if not, thea. 19. a certification is prepared approving the application and the amount of moneys required to be secured from defense funds, Preliminary to this, however, it must be noted that the miner must not be able to obtain funds from private sources Or gove ernment sources, including the RFC and Federal Reserve, to be eligible for a defense loan. All of these facts must be certified to, If they are all certified correctly, then the application is sent back to the RFC author- izing disbursement from the defense funds to the RFC as the disbursing agent. 20. The RFC then selects a trust bank for deposit and withdrawal on approved vouch- ers. 21. Finally, the miner is entitled to go to the trustee bank if he has survived all of these difficulties, and on the presentation of approved vouchers receives hig money to pro- ceed with plant expansion or increased pro- duction. A mere recitation of these steps will in« dicate to you that this is one of the moat in- tricate processes ever devised in the bureau- cratic brain. The Defense Production Act of 1950 was passed on September 8, 1950. What has been done since then to facilitate production of minerals and metals? The answer is pre- cisely nothing. The last check with the Defense Minerals Administration, and that was some days ago, showed that there are 507 applications pend- ing. There have heen no loans approved to date. And bear in mind that there has been no policy decision whatever as to the handling of exploration and development loans. And no policy decision asa to over- the-market contracts. I am informed that the great majority of applications now pend- ing before the Defense Minerals Administra- tion are for exploration and development, but policy has not even been decided upon at the higher level. There has been no contracts issued for production at the market price. In regard to these contracts, the DMA policy on De- cember 5, 1950, was that “the applicant for the certification of a purchase contract * * * will be required to demonstrate to the satis- faction of the Defense Minerals Administra- tion that ore reserves * * * are available and adequate to secure the requested contract, and the applicant will be required to satisfy the DMA that It can meet a firm delivery schedule.” Further, as to loans, “projects to be approved by the DMA must, in its judgment, show definite promise of yielding material * * * jn amounts that will sig- nificantly improve the minerals supply poai- tion for national defense.” How many miners can meet those re- quirements? The present program for the production of minerals and metals is a complete and hopeless failure. I do not mean by that statement that many of the men respon- sible for this program are not doing the best they can, or the best that can he done. Jim Boyd has called in some able men from the field. But they have an impossible task, the present set-up will not and cannot be made to work. It may be wondered why this should occur in the light of the experience of the last war, when the mining industry made magnificent contributions in the production of the es- sentials of our war effort. Why, if we did it during the last war, can’t we do it now? The answer arises from a strange set of cir- cumstances. The record ia replete with statements by the officials in charge of the program for the production of minerals and metals dur- in the last war that it was a success. There is an official report to that effect in the files of our committee. The representatives of the Interior Department connected with that pro. gram so testified before our committee. In 1946 the Stockpiling Act was passed, which had as its objective making this country safe trom a repetition of the shortages of the last war, To implement that law after the war was over, and to save the rapidly collapsing domestic mining industry, we tried to get a APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD continuation of the premium-price program, or some modification of it, on at least a minimum basis. The Allen bill for that pure pose was vetoed by the President. The Rus- sell bill in the Eightieth Congress could not be passed because of the opposition of the Department of the Interior and the Bureau of Mines. In the Eighty-first Congress Senator Mur- Ray and I introduced a bill for a modified premium-price plan. In a speech last fall at Salt Lake City, I outlined in detail how the Interior Department, the State Department, and the big mining interests got together to defeat that legislaion—and the reasons for their strange alliance. I'm not going into that in detail here. But it should be ex- plained that the Interior Départment was willing to support a program calling for what they called “selective contracts” for the pro- duction of minerals and metals for the stock- pile. That approach was embodied in S. 2105, which passed the Senate and was finally turned down in the House because of luke- warm support from the Government. But after all that argument and effort going over @ period of 5 years, the Department of the Interior had gotten itself committed to the philosophy of selective contracts—which simply means that the Government could make contracts with anyone it wanted, un- der any terms it wanted, for any amounts it wanted. We told them then that such a sys- tem was administratively impossible. That it wouldn’t work. That it would leave the little fellow and the medium sized miner, who didn’t have the organization to come to Washington and negotiate a contract, out in the cold. Further, that it would be com- Pletely bogged down in red tape, and con- fusion. When the Defense Production Act of 1950 Was passed last fall with its broad delegations of power—and it became apparent to every one that the stockpiling program was a com~ plete failure and that the production of these critical and strategic minerals and metals had to be encouraged—the Government, and especially the Bureau of Mines and the In- terior Department, were completely commit- ted to the selective contracting system— rather than the methods successfully used during the last war. You are now getting an object lesson—and they are too—in how that kind of @ system works—or rather, fails to work. The career officials who orginated the minerals program are like the old Bourbons of France, of whom Talleyrand once said “they never learn anything, and they never forget anything.” It is only a question of how bull-headed they are, how long it will take for them to swallow their pride, and go back to the simple and tested methods we used for getting mineral production during the last war. The Government held a meeting the other day with the tungsten producers. They were told that the national requirements are five times what the domestic industry can prob- ably produce. But what kind of a contract will it give these producers? It offered a con- tract with a termination clause and subject to renegotiation at the end. The producers were assured that the Government would be fair if a 5-year contract was terminated in 2 years, leaving the producer stuck with & large capital investment and the Govern- ment could be depended on to do the right thing under the renegotiation clause. But what does the record say? It says do not rely on these assurances, and do not trust the Government to keep its word. The memories of the last time are all too fresh, It will be recalled that the Government at the beginning of the last war, and for many months after it commenced, urged the mining industry as its patriotic duty to go out and produce minerals and metals, The miners were assure that they would
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD not be left holding the sack: that Uncle Sam would be fair; and on these assurances in clone cooperation with the various Fed- eral agencies many mining operators we into the field to develop mining properties. They were given certificates from the War Manpower Commission entitling them to keep essential labor. They were given prior- ities by the War Production Board for essen- tial materials and machinery to carry out their development program. Some of them had firm contracts, but others were told when they asked for a firm contract that there wasn't time to write out contracts, but to go ahead and get the production and get it in to the Government. They did pre- cisely that. And then the Government, finding its situation a little less desperate, refused to accept delivery of the production of many of these mining operators and they found themselves stuck with huge capital invest- ments on whith they had no chance what- ever of recouping thetr principal, much less a fair profit. When they had contracts, those contracts were terminated. They were excluded from any sort of contract settle- ment. The Government washed {ts hands of them completely and told them that they were speculators and that they would have to take their losses. I introduced a bill in the Eighty-first Congress to compensate them only for thetr losses in capital invest- ment-——nothing whatever for the interest on their money or any profit on their oper- ation. This bill, H. R. 834, passed both Houses of Congress by large majorities, but was vetoed by the President of the United States. No amount of discussion of the matter, either with the agencies responsible for this unjust treatment, or the White House itself, brought any change in the Government's position. Finally, one mining company, the McArthur Mining Co., which happened to have funds enough to hire lawyers, brought sutt in a Federal district court in Missouri. The Fed- eral district court sustained in every par- ticular the allegations of the mining com- pany and held the Government not only Mable for the return of the capital invest- ment, but also for the profits lost in the mining operation, which altogether amount- ed to nearly $300,000. But even after a Fed- eral district judge had declared that the Government had unfairly treated the min- ing industry and should keep the promises which it had made, and on which large mining operations had been undertaken, the Government still was unwilling to reimburse the injured miners for their capital losses, and no claim was made at any time for the lost profits or the interest on the ventured capital. And today the Government is mauling the MoArthur Mining Co. around in the circuit court of appeals and preventing them from recovering the amount of money already awarded in the Federal district court, The Government lawyers, paid by the year, will finally in all probability wear out the mining company—and at least the others are discouraged from undertaking the same procedure. In the Nght of all of these facts, is it to be supposed that the mining people of this country, ard especially the small miner, will again risk his oapital on the glib assurance of some official in Washington that the Gov- ernment will see that he is taken care of and that be has nothing whatever to fear from Uncle Sam? I am in hopes that such will not again be the case. The mining people of this country are willing to do their patri- otic duty. They are wiling to step forward in any national emergency, but they are not willing to be played for suckers three times in arow. There is a reciprocal responsibility on the part of Government officials to exers cise some patriotism toward the miners _ thomeelves, some fairness in the way these Government programs are administered, and to give some kind of responsible assurance to the mining operators that they will not be left busted and forsaken as they have been before. What, then, should the American miner say to the Government officials in Washing- ton who are handling the mining produo- tion? They should tell the Defense Produc- tion Administration to abandon their whole ridiculous program and that they propose to have no part of it until it contains, first, a simple procedure which permits a practical participation in it, and, secondly, contains firm assurance that the mining operators who do participate will not be sacrificed ‘o the eloquent speeches about patriotism and the callous indifference of the same public officials when this emergency is over. Specifically, the miners should recommend as to production contracts that the Govern- ment: (1) publish the lst of the needed materials; (2) publish the specifications of the needed materials; (3) publish the price it 1s willing to pay for the needed materials; (4) establish convenient places at which it will receive and pay for the needed materials meeting the specifications; and (6) that the Government agree in a simple form of appli- cation that any producer delivering to a depot will have acceptance of his product guaranteed at the market price for a period of not less than 2 years from the date of the first delivery, and that the longer-term con- tracts elther at or above the market price can be arranged by negotiation. Two years should be the absolute mini- mum. On some items, such as tungsten and quicksilver, the Government can very properly and safely guarantee to accept all production at market prices for the next 5 years. As to over-the-market production, the miner shculd recommend that the premium- price program be put back into operation immediately and the application form made as simple as it was at the end of the pre- mium-price program during the last war, The maximum price at which premtums will be paid and the specifications under which the material will be received should be es- tablished with the understanding that con- tracts for 2 years or longer periods of time may be negotiated with a guaranteed floor and a published celling. As to contracts for exploration and de- velopment, the miner should recommend: That the current procedure should be com- pletely junked; that the Government give public notice that 1t will advance a percent. age of the exploration money requested by a mining operator ranging from 90 to 100 percent on small loans to a maximum of 60 percent on large loans—-to those companies and individuals who can show the need for such money for exploration and dovelop- ment. Those loans will automatically police themselves without all the field inspections, 12-page applications, bankers’ statements, etc., now completely swamping the Min- erals Production Agency in Washington. A miner will not put up $5 of his own money to lose 65 of the Government's money. Moreover, he will rarely put up 81 of his own money, plus his time and effort, to lose 69 of the Government’s money if the total amount is not very large. This is the pro- gram set forth in the bill, H. R. 976, pending in the last Congress and sponsored by the Mines and Mining Subcommittee of the House. It was a good bill a year ago. What is wrong with it now? If it was good then, it 1g good now, and even more necessary. These three simple steps will give the as- sured market which ts essential to confidence in the mining industry. In doing so, they will expose the Government to no tmproper or unwise financial commitment. Govern ment red tape will be reduced to a mini-" mum. On sales at market price there will be no contracts to be negotiated, no mines A628 to be examined. The Government should buy a miner's production whether it is a truckload or a wheelbarrow full. The Gov- ernment does not pay except on delivery. The same thing js true on overmarket pro- duction except that the Government has to determine how much of the marginal pro- duction it wishes brought out and offer over- the-market premiums accordingly. The Premium contracts will require some super- vision but less than 50 people ran the whole premium-<price program in the last war. DMA has more than that now, and I am in- formed that 200 additional field engineers will be needed. They just aren’t available. An exploration and development program on 8 liberal matching basis will be as pointed out—largely self-policing. With these three steps backed by firm con- tracts, domestic mining will have the as- sured market, the price levels, and the avall- able financing to go to work, and a minimum burden will be put on our already over- burdened Federal agencies. Without them, I do not believe that the mining industry can or should proceed. And in closing I refer again to the history of this problem. Three times we have been the arsenal of the democracies of the world. Three times we have been caught with not only inadequate but dangerously low stocks of there essential materials. Three timea we have set up Government agencies to build and gird the industrial strength of the Na« tion for war. Three times the mining indus- try has been called up to make a contribu- tion to the successful prosecution of the de- fense of the Nation second to no other in- dustry. Twice the mining industry has met that challenge and it will do so the third time. But it should not be three times the mincrs are left bankrupt by an ungrateful Government. Now 1s the time for the mining industry to speak up-—and I hope you will do so. Congressman Clyde Doyle Cites Census Figures Proving Los Angeles County's Industrial Manufacturing 10-Year- Period Achievement EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. CLYDE DOYLE OF CALIFORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Friday, February 2, 1951 Mr. DOYLE. Mr. Speaker, during my two previous terms of service in this leg- islative body as Representative from the great Eighteenth Congressional District of my native State of California I have frequently called to the attention of you, Mr. Speaker and my other col- leagues, as well as other officers in the executive and administrative branches of Government, the fact that increas- ingly and rapidly the just deserts and needs of the west coast of our Nation, with particular attention to the promi- nent growth of southern California, with a spotlight on Los Angeles County, must be given due heed and considera- tion in all matters relating to national expenditures, branches of national of- fices of administrative government, transportation and freight rates, flood control, and so forth. The Eighteenth Congressional Dis- trict is entirely within the borders of
A624 Los Angeles County, and its largest city is Long Beach, the home of the battle- ship fleet and the Long Beach Navy Shipyard, which accomplished such noteworthy records of production and Manpower results during the last war. The facts and figures which I here- with give you are ultimately related to the very geographical area in which all of the manufacturing and industrial plants and establishments included in the figures are an integral part. It is well known and observed that the hun- dreds of important manufacturing and industria] plants in the great EHight- eenth District in Los Angeles County make it one of the most important of the manufacturing and industrial areas in the whole Nation, The most detailed breakdown would prove this conclu- sively, for in the Eighteenth District of California is not only located the impor- tant city of Long Beach, but also the important communities of Compton, South Gate, Bellflower, Lynwood, Downey, Norwalk, Artesia, Signal Hill, Paramount, Dominguez, and Hollydale, and intervening important communities with slightly less population. There is, in fact, now being rapidly concluded and sold to purchasers, all in one subdivision, 17,500 separate roofs and houses. Thus such increases logi- cally bring great manufacturing and in- dustrial plants. Thus our great Nation must bind its industrial and manufac- turing plants and people together with the bonds of common interest and unity, and all move forward together as one great American people. The following are the figures, which are self-explanatory: Secrion I POPULATION A. The population of the 14 southern Cali- fornia counties totals 6,085,304. This amount is greater than the total population of any one of 41 Btates. B. On a comparative basis 67.5 percent of the total population of California (58 coun- ties) is found in the 14 southern California counties. Cc. Southern California has 42 percent of the total population of the three Pacific Const Btates (Washington, Oregon, and California), D. The Los Angeles metropolitan area, ac- cording to the 1950 census, is the third largest in population in the Nation; it ranks only behind New York and Chicago. E. The city of Los Angeles ranks fourth in population among American cities, behind New York, Chicago and Philadelphia, accord- ing to the 1950 census of population, Section II INDUSTRY The importance of southern California as & center of industrial produciton is dramat- leally portrayed by the Los Angeles figures from the latest census of manufactures (1947). A. These figures show that on a Nation- ‘wide comparative bagia the Los Angeles met- ropolitan area ranks third in total number of manufacturing establishments and fifth in dollar measurement of products. 8B. During the period 1939-47 the Los An- geles area led the nine leading American in- dustrial] areas with a 70-percent increage in number of plants and a 300-percent increase zm value added to product by manufactur- s. C. Southern California has a total of 11,180 factories; this is 46 percent of all the fac- tories on the Pacific coast (24,138). D. Southern California employs 400,000 tn- dustrial workers. This ts 44 percent of all the factory employees on the Pacific coast (913,789). E. In the factor value added by manutac- turing southern California accounts for 41 percent of the output of the enfire Pacific coast. Manufacturing statistics—Standard metropolitan areas {Census of manufactures, 1947 -U. 8. Department of Commerce) [Money figures in thousands (eenenea 1947 1939 , | Value Value Aren Num-, added Num- | added berof) by her of hy plants | manu | plants | nani | fucture facture New York........---- 48, 287/$9, 310 7) 84, 102193, 152. 7 Chicago. _.. =| 12, 278] 5, 824.0) 9,921) 1,910 1 8 Los Angeles «| 9, 756) 2,055, 5 Philadelphia... 7, 205) 2,303.6) 6,082) 1, 040.6 6,407} 3,201 2! 4,679; 611.7 4,755; 2,010 0} 2, 8341 1, 089.6 3, 668] 1,048.5] 3.488} 365,90 3,250 1,546 U1 2,627) 6069 2, 958] 1,202 3 2 sais 461.8 RELATIVE POSITION 1947 By number of plants By value added by manu- facturing 1, Now York... 0. ....--- Now York, 2. Chicazo -.... - Chicago. 3. Los Angeles . Detrott, 4, Philadelphia.. -| Philadelphia 5 Boston Los Angeles 6 - | Cleveland. a. -| Boston, 8. St. Lonis. 9. 8 -| San Fraueisco-Oakland. 1939 1, Now York, 2. € Chicago. 8. Detroit, 4. Philadelphia, 5, Los Angeles, 6. San Francisco: Oakland. ~-| Boston 7, Dotrolt ...2......2.--.---- (levelaud, 8. Cleveland.. | St. Low. 9. BL, Louis... eee nee San Franctsco- Oakland. Percentage change 1939-1947 Tn value Tu number | added by of plants manu- facturing Now York......--22---------- 42 195 Chicago 1p) Los Angeles... 300 Philadelphia _. 170 Hoston... 170 Dotroit... San Fi ¥F. There is a popular opinion that air- craft production and motion pictures make up the bulk of the industrial activity of the Los Angeles industrial ares. While we do lead the Nation in these industries, the Cen- sus Bureau reports on the high degree of diversification of this area by showing that the Los Angeles area ranks third or better among major American industrial areas in the following industries: First place in national ranking: Aircraft and aircraft parts, motion pictures, pumps and compressors, refrigeration equipment, heating and plumbing equipment, canned en food; total, 6. Second plece in national ranking: ‘Women’s and misses’ outerwear, automobile assembly, pressed and blown glass, rubber tires and tubes, wood millwork, ofl fleld ma- APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD chinery and tools, jewelry and silverware, concrete and plaster products, storage bate teries; total, 9. Third place in national ranking: Petro- leum refining, construction and mining ma. chinery, nonferrous foundries, household furniture, fabricated textiles, pottery and related products, tractors and farm machin- ery, conveyor equipment, newspaper pub- lishing, miscellaneous wood products, women’s and misses’ underwear; total, 11. The Los Angeles industrial area ranks third or better nationally in 26 industries as measured by dollar value of output. Section LIT ‘WHOLESALE TRADE Los Angeles is the wholesale distribution center for the far western part of the United States. 4. The Census Bureau has announced that the figures of the latest census of wholesale trade in the United States (1948) indicate that total wholesale transactions in the Los Angeles area for that year were $5,686,479,000 as compared to 4,979,961,000 for the San Francisco-Oakland area. In other words, the dollar volume of wholesale trade ex- ceeded that of San Francisco-Oakland by 14 percent. B. The State of Washington, according to the same source, did a total volume of whole- Bale byein ess in the same year of $2.658,504,- 000. e Los Angeles area exceeded this figure by 113 percent. Cc. The State of Oregon did a total volume of wholesale business that year of $1,908,- 141,000. The Los Angeles area exceeded this figure by 198 percent. SECTION IV RETAIL DISTRIBUTION The Los Angeles metropolitan area ia the third largest retail market in the United States, according to the latest retail census (1948) of the Census Bureau. A. The figure representing total retail sales for the Los Angeles area is $4,887,000,000; this represents an increase of 241 percent over 1939. Los Angeles dominates as Cali- fornia's leading retall center, B. The total volume of retail trade of the State of Washington in the census year was $2,221,306,000; the Los Angeles area exceeded this by 120 percent. C. The total for Oregon in the same year was $1,597,300,000; the Los Angeles area exceeded this figure by 143 percent. Los Angeles is the first ranking retail mar- ket of the western United States. SECTION V ECONOMIC FACTORS A. Two hundred and seventy nationally known industrial concerns have located their Pacific-coast factories in Los Angeles County since 1930; over 75 percent of the companies locating plants on the Pacific coast have selected southern Oalifornia. B. Sixty-eight nationally known com- panies doing business throughout the United States maintain their national headquarters in Los Angeles. Cc. If the present rates of population growth continue tn both areas, Los Angeles will be larger than Chicago within the next decade. D. The population total of the city of Los Angeles is greater than the combined pop- ulation total of Seattle, Wash.; Tacoma, Wash.; Portland, Oreg.; and San Francisco, Calif. E. Los Angeles County has maintained the greatest rate of industrial growth of any county of the Pacific coast during the post- war years as measured by capital investment in new facilities. 1946... .-..--.-------.------ - meeryy 798, 492 124, 811, 500 72, 181, 500 93, 415, 500 98, 397, 250
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Germ Warfare EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. FRED E. BUSBEY Os ILLINOIS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 6, 1951 Mr, BUSBEY. Mr. Speaker, under leave granted to extend my remarks, I am inserting in the Recorp excerpts from a broadcast of the nationally known radio commentator of the Ameri- ean Broadcasting Co., Mr. Paul Harvey, of Chicago, on the evening of January 14, 1951. Paul Harvey is one of Ameri- ca’s most brilliant and patriotic radio commentators. I want to personally thank and commend the Burton-Dixie Corp., manufacturers of Slumberon Mattresses and kindred products, for sponsoring Paul Harvey on a Nation- wide hook-up, and particularly for pro- viding a Washington outlet for his re- ports every Sunday evening at 10:15, eastern standard time. Mr. Harvey’s broadcast of January 14, 1951, pertains to one of the most impor- tant factors in ary future war, namely, biological or germ warfare. I can per- sonally attest to the soundness of his presentation of this subject, due to the fact that, as a member of the Commit- tee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments in the Eightieth Congress, I was privileged to sit on the subcommit- tee that heard testimony in executive session in regard to this particular phase of war. While the United States has been emphasizing the need for and spending billions of dollars on atomic warfare and a defense against it, Soviet Russia has placed its emphasis on bio- Jogical or germ warfare. In my opin- ion, our Department of Defense should give more attention to the problems of germ warfare than they have, especially in view of the fact that Communist sab- oteurs in our country could poison the entire water supply of every major city in America in less than 24 hours, The importance of this question has been brought out in a very vivid manner in Mr. Harvey’s broadcast and I trust every Member of Congress will take time to read it carefully and thoughtfully, I am aware that ever since gun powder some men have claimed that we'd progressed past the point where anyone would dare launch war. But tonight it’s true. On this January night of 1951, the great nations of the earth have developed such weapons that we’ve reached the end of the ne. The only possible way any nation today could win a war would be to revert to the world’s first weapon—a tainted apple. And in what minutes remain tonight I think there’s time to prove it, At the Nuremberg trials of Nazi war crim- inals a certain document was admitted to evidence. A high command report to Hitler stating that the only way the Nazis could take over the United States would be to spread disease among humans, plants, and animals. The document recommended re- search along those lines. A subsequent re- port in the permanent files of those trials atated that the Nazis had experimented with spreading hoof and mouth disease among XCVIT—App.—_—40 meat animals in Czechoslovakia, And with such complete effectiveness that there would be no need for further research along this ine. Meaning the animal population of any nation could quickly and easily be destroyed, By now you know I'm talking about germ warfare. Washington 1s still talking about A-bombs. Retired Admiral Ellis Zacharias, with a lifetime record of being right, says our A-bomb is now a fourth-rate weapon in the United States arsenal. More: On September 26, 1947, a scarcely noticed memorandum was placed before the United Nations by the American Association of Scientific Workers, It read in part, “Germ warfare has now been developed into a major weapon for mass destruction, Contrasted to atomic warfare, it is cheap and simple. It could be used to destroy men, animals, or plants selectively, or merely to make them useless only temporarily.” If the Japanese had not surrendered after we'd used the A-bomb, we were prepared to distribute a synthetic hormone—airborne— which would have destroyed the Japanese rice crop. Diabolical, because it would have permitted the rice to grow normally, yet yleld nothing. Psittacosis and tularemia are classified as “weapons useful for debilitating a popula- tion rather than destroying it.” On the other hand, on April 16, 1948, Northwestern University announced that its chemists had isolated a substance of such toxicity that one-quarter pound dropped in the water supply of a city of 100,000 would kill every inhabitant, And I’m revealing to you only the small fraction of our germ weapons which are not classified. Our atomic scientists got one exciting hour in the Hmelight in World War II when they could demonstrate their wares. Our germ scientists had labored just as hard, and even more effectively, but were denied their dem- onstration. Understand, germ warfare is not chemical warfare. Germ warfare is the use of living organisms or their products to attack either human life or the food or drink which sup- ports human life. Give you an idea: At Hiroshima, in addi- tion to the A-bomhb, we could have poisoned the water supply, destroyed the rice crop, in- fected the surviving animals with rinderpest, ‘ and started an epidemic of both bubonic and pneumonic plagues. Now you see why I say Russia is not going to start anything which we could finish that way. But wait a minute, I did not say we have outlived war. There is still one way Russin could do it. By weakening us from within without warning. World War II proved there’s no profit in conquering rubble. Russia would like to capture our industry intact. And there is one way she can. To fly over Pittsburgh and scatter disease-bearing germs would be too obvious. That would start war. And we're better at that scientific kind of warfare than she is. But Russia, with a trained army already behind our lines inside this country, has the perfect machine for launching germ warfare by slow degrees in a manner that would never be detected until too lute. They are ready to commit sabotage, In an unprecedented action, there was a meeting of the highest officers of seven rall- roads in Chicago this past week at which they were told by Civil Defense offictals that there are now 6,000 trained saboteurs in Illinois ready to strike at our railroads in the event of war. But what nobody seems either to know or to notice or to dare to talk about— is the fact that enemy experiments in germ sabotage may already be under way. You will recall the recent outbreak of hoof- and-mouth disease in Mexico. In the November issue of Nation's Business, official publication of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States, William Bradford Huie A625" { cites that incident as one of several unsolved | mysteries, No one has traced the beginning | of this strange and sudden 1946 epidemic. ' But it took an American army of 1,180 scientists 3 years to whip it. And not counte | ; ing the money, it cost the lives of 823,000 | cattle and 471,000 hogs. Just recently, near ' Mexico City, the deadly O virus was dis- | covered for the first time on the North | American Continent. A disease so easy to | spread you can carry it on the sole of your i shoe. Somebody’s experiments? I don't: know. But when 1,100 persons in Mercers- ' burg, Pa., a city of only 2,300, when roughly every other person in town, went to bed , violently 111 just last month from some alr- borne something nobody has yet explained. I think it’s time now to give ourselves the benefit of any doubt. Russia wouldn't have to destroy England to subdue her if one out of every three Englishmen, including soldiers and doctors and nurses, went to bed with the flu, as has happened within the past 2 weeks in Liverpool. One hundred and twenty-six great towns in England and Wales have been stricken. In the past 1 week 458 persons in those towns died from it. Tonight 250,000 are ill with {t. Glow sabotage? Testing for something bigger? Checking on the effi- ciency of subversive agents? Probably not. Flu epidemics are not uncommon, But I am trying to show not what is happening, but what could happen. Dr. Andrew Ivy, world renowned medical scientist, vice president of the University of Tilinols, tells me it is entirely possible pure posely and maliciously to spread influenza virus. Presumably by air or food or both, In Mein Kampf, Hitler said, “A shrewd vice tor will always take what he wants by degrees.” At any event, I have here shown the only” one way in which any nation now could cone quer the United States. It would have to be by sneaking uponus. And theycan. Just as jong as we allow their agents to run loose behind our lines, yet shackle our own FBI by prohibiting them from making any arrests until after the overt act. If a toxin planted in a city's water supply takes 9 hours to work, ‘then the FBI is going to be Just a little too late. Our best devices for detecting atr- borne organisms require a culturing-out process which takes weeks. If I were suddenly to announce that your United States had been invaded by an enemy army of half a million men, you'd close ranks then and come out fighting. Allright. The hour 1s tonight. Fifty thousand Rede, and half a million who'll do their bidding, by the FBI's own estimates, already are inside our country, potentially armed. An advance echelon of 22,000 already has established it- self in the key jobs in vital industry. Technologically we have reached the point where no nation would dare wage offensive war against us, unless or until they first paralyze our trigger fingers. If we can pre< vent sabotage from within—do you seo what it means? Americans, we have reached the long-sought saturation, the point of no more war. Now to erase that "if." I respectfully recommend that you write your lawmaker in Washington now, Just a post card will do. Or send him a copy of this broadcast, if you like. Tell him we want no more stalling and no more double-talk about the so-called rights of this subversive Communist minority in our midst. That it's time for somebody to start looking out for the “rights” of the decent, God-feartng, loyal majority of the American people for a change. That if courte rule self-defense un- constitutional, then let's seriously investi«' ‘gate those courts. Let’s dare to find out who in Washington is protecting the Com- munists in Michigan, and Indtana, and New | York, and California, and Pennsylvania. ‘And if these termites continue to crawl; through legal loopholes In our Oonstitution,| then let’s turn that same weapon against, them. I've found 4 loophole too, Earl,
A626 Browder. The weakest and the strongest word in our Constitution is the word “wel- fare.” Presidents have virtually led us to socialtiam in the interest of the public wel- fare. All right, then. Now, in protecting the public welfare, let's imprison and expel this illegal, disloyal, treasonous army from our shores. Write to your Congressman. If you don’t get action there, write to your President. If you don’t get it there, pray: “For each big job, demanding a big man, Almighty God, send us 2 leader. A man with his feet planted firmly in American tradition, A tall man, with his head above the fog of selfish interests. Not a common man. Send us, this time, an ‘uncommon man,’ a statesman. We don’t deserve him, but send him anyway. And hurry please. The hour 1s late. The candle of freedom burns low.” Army Nurse Corps EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. THOMAS J. LANE OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 6, 1951 Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I wish to include the following article from the Lawrence Sunday Sun, February 4, 1951: A Jos Writ Done For 50 Yrars Through three wars and the intervening years of peace members of the Army Nurse Corps have distinguished themselves in their selfless care of sorvicemen. This month the nurses mark “50 years on a mission of mercy,” as they celebrate their golden anniversary. Indispensable members of the medical team, some 300 Army nurses are in Korea to- day supporting our troops in the combat zone, The Surgeon General of the Army re- ports that their work has been magnificent, that without their fearless assistance the high rate of recovery of combat casualties would be impossible. The chief surgeon of the Far East command, where many of our combat wounded are being cared for, also pays tribute to our gallant nurses: “The members of the Army Nurse Corps have all distinguished themselves by their devotion to duty, their utter disregard of working hours, and their willingness to do anything that needs to be done at any time. They have displayed courage, stamina, and de- termination. They have completed every task with which they have been confronted jn a superior manner.” This record of service without regard for personal comfort or safety distinguished the Army Nurse Corps in two other wars. In World War I, some 10,400 Army nurses en- dured the uncertainties of combat nursing in England, France, Italy, Belgium, and in Siberia. Many wore decorated—3 with the Distinguished Service Cross, 24 with the Dis- tinguished Service Medal, 28 with the Croix de Guerre, 69 with the British Royal Cross, and 2 with the British Military Medal. In World War IT, the Army Nurse Corps achieved its peak strength of 57,000—and sent almost half its number overseas. From Iceland to the jungies of the Southwest Pacific, and on the beachheads from North Africa to Nor- mandy, they served close behind troops. They suffered bombings and strafings—died of wounds on the Ansio beachhead, were Japanese prisoners after the fall of Cor- regidor. Qne nurae out of every 40 who served was decorated; they received the Silver Star, the Legion of Merit, the Soldier's Medal, the Air Medal, the Bronze Star, and the Purple Heart. Army nursing began as far back as Revolu- tionary times when Generd] Weshington asked Congress for a matron to supervise the nurses, bedding, etc., and for nurses to atq tend the sick and obey the matron's orders. ‘Women volunteered to nurse the sick and wounded during the Civil War, but it was not until the outbreak of the Spanish-Ameri- can War in 1898 that Congress again author- ized the employment of nurses under con~ tract to the Army. The success of their pio- neer venture convinced all skeptics of the value of women nurses to military medicine. In February 1901 Congress authorized the establishment of a Nurse Corps as a definite component of the Army. Pay in those days was $40 a month and nurses held no military rank. Today it 1s $218.76 for a second lieu- tenant and Army nurses, like all other ofi- cers, receive all allowances and benefits of commissioned status. Army nurses held only relative rank until World War II, at which time they were granted temporary commissions. The strug- gle to achieve rank and the accompanying benefits of officer status went hand in hand with the struggle of the nursing profession itself to improve the pay of nurses and the ving and working conditions, Military recognition of the professional worth of nurses gave impetus to the efforts of nurs- ing leaders world-wide in their program to raise standards. The final, and perhaps most significant, step in the evolution of the Nurse Corps came with passage of the Army-Navy Nurses Act in April 1947. This law created an Army Nurse Corps section in the Officers Reserve Corps and authorized a Regular Army component for nurses through which, for the first time in history, women became eligible for per- manent commissions in the Regular Army. The present chief of the corps is Col. Mary G. Phillips. Now, with the celebration of their golden anniversary, the Army nurse assumes & Mma- jor and vital role in the care of our fighting men. The men who defend American se- curity must be assured that doctors and nurses stand ready with professional skill, when needed. At this time the Nurse Corps estimates as its minimum need for the first 6 months of 1951, 3,000 graduate professional nurses. nurses to volunteer each month to meet the needs of the military expansion. The oldest of all the women’s military services, and because of its long tradition of service to military sick and wounded, one of the most loved, the Army salutes its Nurse Corps on its “50 years of a mission of mercy.” Free-and-Easy Trade Agreements EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. ALVIN F. WEICHEL OF OHTO IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 6, 1951 Mr. WEICHEL. Mr. Speaker, again there is offered an innocent-looking bill to extend for a further period of 3 years from June 12, 1961, the so-called recip- rocal-trade agreements which, in fact, represent no reciprocity but its use by the President in reducing tariffs have been helpful to foreign countries at the expense of American workers, This new extension of authority of the Presi- dent does nothing to prevent damage to the American worker. Out in my dis- trict In Chio, many industries are he- coming affected by existing agreements - and those proposed to be entered into. They are asking for 600 qualified . APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD The hand glass industry at ‘Tiffin, Ohio, has been affected by these imports, espe- cially those from Czechoslovakia, These agreements were consummated even after it was overrun by Russian com- munism. Such plants are not only throughout Ohio and in West Virginia but in other States affecting thousands of workers. There is the cutlery indus- try making shears, scissors, and surgical instruments, that has been greatly af- fected by such imports, and one of the principal places of the industry is at Fremont, Ohio. Then there is the paperboard and strawboard industry af- fected by such imports and these are sit- uated in many places throughout the country and at Sandusky, Ohio, and there is the parts industry, with refer- ence to bicycles and motorcycles. Dur- ing the war when companies in the United States were permitted practically no manufacture of bicycles, yet they were able to make them in England and sent into the United States. And now, due to the reduction of import duties, ene felt by suppliers in northwestern 0, There is the refractory products in- dustry used in the manufacture of steel centered in the limestone region of San- dusky and Seneca Counties where the imports again affect not only hundreds in the immediate area but places throughout the United States who are a part of the same industry. Probably other industries throughout northwest- ern Ohio are directly affected and many others indirectly affected throughout the State. But these are the particular ones in the Thirteenth Ohio District which are affected by the free-and-easy meth- od of bringing in cheaply made foreign goods which not only cuts at the indus- try but strikes at the American work- men by eventually destroying his job like those in the New England watch indus- try. It would be most interesting to have @ complete survey of the State of Ohio. where the free-and-easy importation of cheaply made foreign products will cut down and take away the employment of thousands directly as well as tens of thousands indirectly throughout the State of Ohio brought about by the free- and-easy favored foreign trade agree- ments entered into and proposed by the United States which can not only dam- age and destroy the industry, but the very workmen whose families depend on the continuance of these American in- dustries. Mr. Speaker, I have introduced a bill to stop this damage to American work- ers and industries in northwestern Ohio. I have introduced legislation that the President should immediately take such action that would be necessary to modi- fy, rescind and cancel and stop such damaging trade agreements now made and in the process of being made on the importation. of foreign hand-made glassware and products, foreign-made paperboard, foreign-made shears, scis- sors, surgical and manicure implements, foreign motorcycles, bicycles and parts, and foreign magnesia refractory prod- ucts all so that American workers will be protected in their johs, protected in their standard of living, and assured the continuance of these American indus- ries,
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD It’s Happening on Your Own Front Lawn EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. REVA BECK BOSONE OF UTAH IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 6, 1951 Mrs. BOSONE. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Rrc- orp, I include the following article by Robert T. Fallon: Ir’s HAPPentna on Your Own Front LAWN (The writer of this article, reprinted from the Richmond (Va.) News Leader, by special arrangement, is presently in Walter Reed Hospital, recovering from five bullet wounds suffered in action in Korea. His mother, Mrs. John Fallon, lives at 1832 Jefferson Place NW. He attended Wilson High School and Sullivan Preparatory School hero before mov- ing on to West Point.) (By Robert T. Fallon, first lieutenant, Seven- teenth Infantry combat team) I want to tell you something about o war. I want you to imagine for a moment that it is a very cold, wet, wintry evening at about 10 o’clock. ‘You have been sitting very com- fortably by your fireside reading the evening paper. It’s been a pleasant day, dismal out- side, but warm and restful by the fire. You decide to step out on the porch for a breath of air before turning in. I'm sure you've done it often. But on this particular eve- ning, a strange sight greets you. There's a great hole right in the middle of your front lawn, and the dirt has been thrown up all around it, outlined sharply against the white, even snow. Squatting in the hole is a hunched figure. Let me tell you something about him. He's been in this area now for about three weeks, living in a dozen holes just like this one on your front lawn. The most apparent thing about him is that he is cold, and that’s because out on your lawn it’s about 20 de- grees colder than where you're standing. Every now and then he'll grab his shovel and dig a little deeper in the hole just to keep warm. That's the only way he has, because he'll be seen if he builds a fire, and he may bring mortar fire into your living room. He’s been cold for a long time—and wét, He can’t feel his feet, and he's getting wor- ried because he's afraid they might be frost- bitten. It’s going to be 4 long night, and it’s going to get colder. He's very dirty. The grease from a hun- dred “C” rations is frozen to his parka and gloves, coating the two weeks’ beard which covers his face. Soot from the small fires he dares to make during the day 1s all over his pants and boots. But he’s dirty all the way through. He hasn't changed his underclothes in over a month and he doesn’t intend to for some time to come. It’s too cold to go down that far. You can smell him, and it’s bad. He’s pretty hungry, too. They didn’t get his rations up to him until after dark, and he couldn't build a fire to thaw them out. He'll have to wait until morning. A cup of hot coffee would sure taste good. He looks old with that beard and sort of hunched over posture. But he’s only about 19, though not like any 19-year-old you've ever seen. You may wonder what he’s thinking about as he sits there during those long solitary hours. Well, it’s not much. Just how cold it is, and again how nice that coffee would be. Maybe every now and then he thinks of home, but that’s a long ways off, and the cold, his feet, and his hunger are much more immediate. You'd be surprised how those three things can fill your mind. You notfce that he's cut a hole through your hedge, and his rifie is altting on the pile of dirt pointing in readiness through the opening. That's another thing he's think- ing: When are they coming again? He gets 8 little scared out there all alone. He'd like to go over and talk to his buddy in a similar hole about two houses up, but it's not a good idea to go crawling around at night. He wishes they weren't so far apart, but it seems they always have a big sector to cover with never enough men to cover it. It doesn't help being so far apart. What would you like to do with this man? Ask him in to your fireside, get him a cup of coffee? Would you like to loan him your ra- zor and let him take a hot shower? Give him a bed to sleep in instead of the dirt and cold of his foxhole? Sure you would. You woutdn't think twice about it. But I'm afraid you can't. There's someone on that hill over there who wants to get into your front door, and the man was told by his pla- toon leader that he’s supposed to take care of your house and the one next door. So he can’t come in, and you find that you can’t reach him. He's very far away. But you come out in the morning and he’s still there, huddled over his little fire, thaw- ing out his hands and hie rations, trying to get the feeling back into his feet. By this time the hole is pretty deep from all the digging and he’s cut down a little more of your hedge. He’s there again when you come home from work. While you are greeted by a comfortable fire in a living room, the soldier is getting ready for another cold night. I have told you about this soldier, and placed him on your front lawn, because I want you to realize that every desolate hill that soldier defends in that far-off land is in reality your front door. There are people who want to get in to do you harm, and it’s his job to keep them away. He's going to do his job and he’s not going to ask you to do it for him. If he has to sit on your front lawn in the cold, that’s just the way things go. He’s not going to begrudge you the comforts of your fireside or your dinner table, but he'll be mighty bitter if he finds out that you're not doing your part of the Job. What is “your job?” Well, it’s not really important what I happen to think “your job” may be. But I think it is important that you find out soon what it is and start doing it, for whatever it is, it’s a Vital part of a country's struggle for existence. Perhaps it would be more clear to you what your job is 1f you returned home tonight to find that hunched, shivering figure sitting in a hole on your lawn. Penny-Wise—Pound-F oolish EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. THOMAS J. LANE OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 6, 1951 Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I wish to include the following editorial from the Law- rence Evening Tribune, Lawrence, Mass., Monday, February 5, 1951: Wury Crosz VA Orrice? Since, by the looks of things, there will de many more veterans before there are less, it seems hardly practical at this time to close the Veterans’ Administration regional office in this city. As a matter of fact, it’s rather A627 difficult to understand why curtailment of the important service the VA renders to vet- erans and their families should be contem- plated at a time when the world situation points up the debt of gratitude we owe vet- erans. It stands to reason that cessation of this service locally will impose some consid erable hardship on Greater Lawrence citizens who have occasion to consult the VA about problems relating to their rights and privi- leges as veterans. If it is the intention of the Government to serve the interests of economy in the mat- ter, it’s our feeling that the interesta of economy would be better served by leaving the situation undisturbed. Maintenance of the local VA office certainly involves no such great sum of money that its expenditure re- fects painfully upon the tax rate. Nor does it add a fraction of an inch to our moun- tainous national debt. Zeal for economy is laudable, but it misses the mark when it attacks so basic a function as the Veterans’ Administration. Men who have served their country to the best of their ability—and May soon be called upon to do it again— have a right to expect that their country will serve them to the best of Its ability, Academy of Foreign Service EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. RUSSELL V. MACK OF WASHINGTON IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, February 7, 1951 Mr. MACK of Washington. Mr. Speaker, on Tuesday I appeared before the Foreign Affairs Committee and pre- sented arguments in behalf of my bill, H. R. 235, which proposes to authorize the establishment of an Academy of Foreign Service to provide specialized training and specialized education for young men and women who desire to make lifetime careers of serving in the State Department of the United States. It is my conviction that such an acad- emy will result in a substantial improve- ment in the personnel of the State De- partment. By obtaining improved per~ sonnel in the State Department, our chances of having better diplomacy will be improved and the chance of our be- coming involved in future wars thereby decreased. The cost of maintaining and operating such an academy I estimate at about $3,000,000 a year. Since the State De- partment now spends billions of dollars annually the cost of maintaining such a school would be only a fraction of 1 per- cent on the amount of money now being expended by the State Department each year. Better qualified men of sounder judgment in the State Department easily might result in a saving many times greater than the cost of operating and maintaining an Academy of Foreign Service. I hope that further hearings will be granted by the committee and that all those in favor or opposed to the estab- lishment of an Academy of Foreign Serv- ice, including witnesses from the State Department, will be heard. It is my be- lief that the obtaining of improved State Department personnel is of paramount importance. I am confident that out of
A628 adequate hearings on this subject great progress can and will be made toward improving State Department personnel, The better the personnel in our State Department and other foreign service agencies the more likely we are to have amicable relations with other countries and the Jess likely we will be to become involved in wars, My statement to the Foreign Affairs Committee follows: Mr. Chairman, I thank you Mr. Chairman and members of the Foreign Affairs Commit- tee for providing me this opportunity to explain to you and discuss with you my bill H. R. 2868. The bill H. R. 285 proposes to authorise the establishment of an Academy of Foreign Service for the specialized training and spe- clalized education of young men and young women who desire lifetime careers in the foreign service of this country, especially those of the State Department. At the present time we have the Army’s West Point, Navy's Annapolis, and a Coast Guard Academy to provide specially trained and educated young men as officer personnel for the armed services. It is the mission of these young officers to win our wars when and if we become involved in them. It is the responsibility of the State Depart- ment and other foreign services, through the use of wise diplomatic and carefully planned foreign policies, to keep our Nation out of wars, honorably. The intricate and varied problems that now dally arise in our Nation's foreign service agencies demand that we have in the foreign services the best spe- cialists it is possible to obtain. The per- sonnel of the State Department, in my opin- ion, can be improved greatly by the special- ised abilities that can be developed in an academy devoted exclusively to the training and education of future diplomats. Several months ago, I was one of about 40 Congressmen present at a meeting where a former member of the Communist Party of the United States was the speaker. This man said he had been a sincere member of the Communist Party. He apparently had been an effective member for he was taken to Moscow and for several years was epe- cially trained in a Russian Government col- lege to become an officer in the coming Red revolution which the Soviets are planning in their efforts to sovietize the world. This reformed Communist told us that there are threo colleges in Moscow main- tatned by the Russian Government for the training of young men and women, who, it 4s expected, will go forth and endeavor to sell communism to the people of ali nations. It occurred to me that if Russia can afford to support three national colleges devoted to training young people to spearhead and serve the cause of communism tn the world, that the United States ought to have an Academy of Foreign Service to sel] American- iam to the world. Selling the American way of life, through wise diplomatic policies &nd effective propaganda, in my opinion, is one of the primary missions and functions of the State Department. Such salesman- ship, involving as it does a thorough under- standing of peoples of all nationalities, ts a@ most complex business and demands, in my opinion, the high order of specialized training that only a specialized college can provide. After I had listened for several hours to this reformed Communist tell of the special- ized colleges in Russia, it occurred to me that if Russia could afford to maintain three of these specialized colleges in Moscow, that America, in an effort to preserve its own peace and security, ought to have one of these colleges, I wrote to the Reference Service of the Library of Congress to ascertain if any bills proposing to establich a college of foreign service had been introduced in previous Con- greases, Director Ernest Griffith of the Li- brary Reference Service replied that 12 such bills had been introduced in the previous four Congresses—one in the Seventy-cighth Congress, five in the Seventy-ninth Congress, four in the Eightieth Congress, and two in the Eighty-first Congress. He sent me & copy of each of these 12 bills. After studying there 12 bills, I drafted the bill, H. R. 236, which I introduced on the opening day, Jane uary 8, of the present Congress. WHAT H.R. 235 DOES The bill H. R. 235 proposes to authorize the establishment of an Academy of Foreign Service for the specialized training and specialized education of young men and women who desire to make a lifetime career out of work in the State Department and foreign services of the Nation, The number of students who would be enrolled in the Academy of Foreign Service, as proposed in this bill, shall be “not less than one student for each Senator, Repre- sentative, Delegate, and Oommiesioner”’ (a is, not less than 534 students to begin Ww . Appointment of students to the Academy would be, as far as practicable, by the same methods as apply to appointments to the present Naval and Military Academies, Candidates for admission to the Foreign Service Academy would have to be between the ages of 20 and 25 and to have had at least 2 years of college training. They would have to undergo such tests as to mental aptitude and unquestioned loyalty as the Board of Trustees of the Academy might prescribe, Before admission to the Academy each stu- dent would be required to submit a state- Ment in writing to the President of the Academy, stating that he or she will serve in the foreign services of the Government of the United States where assigned for a definite period of years. The students in the Foreign Service Acad- emy, it is proposed by H. R. 285, shall receive the same pay and allowances aa cadets at West Point or midshipmen at Annapolis, GOVERNMENT OF THE ACADEMY The management of the Academy of For- eign Service, as proposed in H. R. 235, would be vested in a Board of five trustees to con- sist of the Secretary of State, two Members of the Senate, and two Members of the House, appointed respectively by the Vice President and the Speaker. The House and Senate Members would serve terms of two years each and not more than one of the Senate Members or the House Members could be of the same political party. This would assure, as far as possible, nonpartisan ad- ministration of the Academy. The faculty of the Academy would consist of a President, at a salary not to exceed $20,000, to be selected by the trustees and such other professors, associate professors, and instructors as the trustees might deem necessary. The bill provides that Foreign Service Academy students may be assigned to the Army's West Point and Navy's Annapolis for instruction or mifltary observation, a provi- sion which I regard as salutary, since mili- tary science often is related to the problems of the State Department and an able diplo- mat should have some understanding of military problems. In addition to being assigned to the Btate Department, graduates of the Academy of Foreign Service may be assigned, under the provisions of H. R. 235, to the Department of Commetce for service in the Bureau of APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD and Domestic Commerce; to the De- partment of Agriculture in the Office of For- eign Agriculture Relations; and to the De- partment of the Treasury for service In con nection with international finance and cur- rency, tariffs, debt adjustment, and related activities. STATE DEPARTMENT PERSONNEL The State Department on January 1 of this year had a total of 25,380 employees on ite payrolls, of which 7,621 were depart- mental, 16,056 in Foreign Service, and 1,703 in international activities. There are in addition to those in the State Department those who are engaged in the foreign services of the Commerce, Agri- culture, and Treasury Departments. While I have no Sgures on the number of these, I would guess that their total probably is about 5,000. Thus, we have presumably about 80,000 Government employees in the State Department and in the other foreign- service agencies. Assuming there is a 8 percent turn-over im these agencies, which I know you will agree is very low, this would create a demand for 1,500 replacements a year, of which pos- sibly as many es 300 or 400 a year could be filled by graduates of the Academy of For- eign Service. I think the need for about 300 or more persons of the skills and training of Foreign Service Academy graduates exists. This figure is only a guess, but, based on the low rate of turn-over I have suggested, the 800 figure, if in error, is probably too low rather than too high. WHAT WILL IT COST Due to the present national debt of 6257,- 000,000,000 and the unbalanced state of the budget, it is a certainty that someone will ask how much wil] it cost to operate such an Academy, I obtained from the Library of Congress Reference Service a report on the mainte- nance and operating costs of the Naval and Military Academies over each of the past 11 years. I include the report as to cost of the two existing Academies herewith: Operating costs of the U. S. Naval Academy and U. 8. Military Academy, 1940 to 1952, inclusive U. 8. Naval | U, 8, Military Academy Academy $2, 155, 421.37 | $3, 249, 201 45 2,931, 803 27 3, 328, 122 82 2, 430, 978, 79 8, 633, 915, 49 3, 048, 685. 65 6, 190, 459. 97 3, 878, 901. 61 6, 729, 467, 30 4, 039, 868, 63 6, 367, 164.38 3, 301, 272. 83 7, 280, 208, 43 5, 302, 574.17 7, O84, 472. 68 4, 208, 190, 77 7,825, 129, 25 5, 604, 182. 10 7, 780, 286 90 16, 090,000.00 | 18, 180, 000.00 4 5, 666,000.00 | 15, 708, 414.00 1 Estimate, Budget of tho U. 8. Government, 1951. Was! Government Printing Office, 1050, pp. AG5, 726, 7: ae ‘Treasury Department, Combined Statement of Receipts, Expenditures, and Balances of tho U. 8. Government, 1940-49, ‘ This report shows, as you will note, that during the current year the estimated cost of operating the United States Naval Acad- emy is $6,666,000 and of the United States Military Academy is 85,706,000. Inasmuch as the proposed Academy of Forelgn Service will have a much smaller enrollment, at least to begin with and prob- ably always, the cost of operating and main- taining an Academy of Foreign Service will be very substantially less than that of either of the two Armed Porces academies. Present enrollment at West Point is 2.448 and at Annapolis 3,663, each schoo) having un
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD enrollment of about five to six times the con- templated enrollment in the proposed Acad- emy of Foreign Service. Among organizations interested in estab- lishing an Academy of Foreign Service is the American Legion. I have had a letter from Miles D. Kennedy, director of the American Legion, in which he says in.part: “For your information I would advise that the American Legion is very much interested in creating a United States Academy of For- eign Service, “Enclosed please find a copy of H. R. 8171, introduced by Representative Smitrn of Wis- consin, April 24, 1950, at our request.” The Smith bill was one of the bills studied by me prior to the drafting and introduction of my bill, H. R. 235. The Smith bil! does not go into the same detail as H. R. 285, but has the same purpose. Two main arguments have been advanced heretofore by the State Department in op- position to the establishment of an Academy of Foreign Service. One of these is the alleged great cost of such an academy and the other is based on the claim that there are established colleges already providing the same training as the proposed Academy of Foreign Service would offer. Neither of these State Department argu- ments are convincing. The claim that the Academy of Foreign Service will cost too much is not a sound argument since its total cost, based on the low cost of operating West Point and Annapolis, would indicate that the total cost of maintaining and operating this Foreign Service Academy probably would be less than $3,000,000 a year. If the proposed Forelgn Service Academy would contribute anything toward improving the competency of State Department personnel, this invest- ment of $8,000,000 a year, aimed at preserv- ing the peace of the Nation, would be very much worth while. The State Department today is one of the Government's greatest spending agencies, its expenditures running into many millions of dollars annually. The more competent State Department personnel which an Academy of Foreign Service would tend to produce should result, in my opinion, in savings many times the cost of the proposed Foreign Service Academy. It is true, as the State Department has con- tended in past years, that there are other colleges in the Nation that are teaching the same subjects that presumably will be taught in any Foreign Service Academy that Is established. These colleges, however, are not devoted exclusively and entirely to curriculums de- voted to making outstanding experts in for- eign service. The training of men and women for the foreign service is not their main and exclusive purpose. It is merely a sideline with them. If this argument that we already have colleges that teach subjects of value to the education of future diplomats is sound, the same argument might with equal force be used against maintaining the Army's West Point and Navy's Annapolis, since there are many schools which provide a certain amount of military training to their students. It seems to me that the creation of an Academy of Foreign Service, devoted solely and exclusively to the training and educa- tion of future diplomats, will provide an atmosphere where the student, surrounded by like students studying similar subjects, will live foreign-service problems every wak~ ing hour of his college days. The result, I feel, will be the development of an esprit de corps that will be most conducive to building a more effective State Department and foreign-service personnel. The better State Department personnel we have the better will be our chances of selling the American way of life to the world and preserving the peace of the Nation. Service Needed—Expenditure Justifiable EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. THOMAS J. LANE OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, February 7, 1951 Mr, LANE, Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks, I wish to include the following editorial from the Quincy Patriot Ledger, Quincy, Mass., Thursday, February 1, 1951: Fausze Economy The Veterans’ Administration in Washing- ton has ordered the closing of 317 offices hav- ing only one contact representative and a clerk. The reason: Lack of funds. Perhaps nationally, a fairly sizeable sum would be saved at the expense of veterans of all ages—the younger mon of the Korean ‘War and World War II, the middle-aged of World War I, and the elderly of the Spanish- American War. It would also be at the expense of the widows of heroes of all wars. Closing of the Quincy office, one of the 817, on April 1, will bring hardships, particu. larly to the aged Spanish War veterans and to the widows whose small children prevent them from easily going into the Boston office for settlement of claims or for help in what+ ever problems that confront them. Locally, how much will the VA save a year by closing the office to thousands of South Shore veterans—the office that handles, with no red tape, 1,000 inquiries a month plus 600 telephone calls, 100 pieces of correspond. ence, and 300 forms and applications? It will save $720 a year rent. It will save another nominal sum paid for telephone service to Boston and south shore towns. This 60 a month rent includes heat and light, too, for the two rooms in the Chamber of Commerce Building. It will not save anything on salaries be- cause the contact representative and the clerk are to be assigned elsewhere. It will not save enough to offset the in- valuable services offered to the men who have done so much for their country. One particular service given by Herbert F. Carroll, contact representative at the Quincy office for nearly 6 years, is personal calls at the homes of the seriously disabled, the infirm, and the widows tied down by youngsters, All that these people now have to do is call the Quincy VA office. Mr. Carroll can probably make a heme call that very day or the following day at the latest. When the office closes April 1, these same people will either have to go in personally to the Boston office, wait several hours be- fore it is their turn to see one of the 35 con- tact representatives or telephone in and wait possibly 8 or 4 months before a home call can be made. That certainly is a lot of time wasted. Once in a while it could happen that a vet- eran, desperately ill and in need of his monthly disability check, found it was all fouled up somewhere along the line. Under the new set-up after April 1, a long wait could conceivably mean that this veteran would die before his affairs could be straightened out. If the Federal Government wants to show it intends to keep expenses down, it would be well to look with an economical eye at some other branches of service that are bur- dening the taxpayers, It should not cast its economical eye at a service that offera so much to the men who did go much. A629 Tho Veterans’ Administration itself can- not do anything to reopen the offices ordered closed for lack of funds. It will be up to the veterans themselves, their families and their organizations. Pressure from them in the form of protest letters to their Congresamen might do a lot of good. We Must Preserve World’s Greatest Pine Forest—Time Is Running Out EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. SAMUEL W. YORTY OF CALIFORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, February 7, 1951 Mr. YORTY. Mr. Speaker, permit me to direct the attention of all the Mem- bers of the House to an important letter which I should like to include in our Recorp. A large group of outstanding Californians have joined together in the California War Memorial Park Associa- tion, under the leadership of Mr. John B. Elliott, of Los Angeles, to prevent im- minent destruction of the world’s finest stand of pine trees and to preserve the beautiful primeval forest, located in Tuolumne County, Calif., as a memo- rial to the valiant men who gave their lives in World War II. These magnifi- cent pine trees have a majesty and strength which is a fitting symbol of the valor displayed by American boys who laid down their lives to preserve this Na- tion, for in the forest, too, there is a con- stant battle for survival, and these giant pines, hundreds of years old, have with- stood the ravages of time and the perils of the forest. To see them towering si- lently in the sunlight is an inspiring sight that stirs the depths of the soul, and brings one to ponder the mysteries of life and the wonders of Nature, It is simply inconceivable that we should al- low these trees to be destroyed, and yet they are in imminent danger. I hope every Member can find time to read the letter to which I referred a moment ago, which was written by Mr. Willard G. Van Name, known and_ respected throughout the world as an authority on living invertebrates. The letter follows: CALIroRNIA's PINES—CREATION OF STATE PARK AsKED To PRESERVE Giant TREES (The writer of the following letter is asso- clate curator emeritus of living invertebrates at the American Museum of Natural Hise tory.) To the Eprror oF THE New York Timus: It is probably pretty well known that most of the surviving groves of the famous giant sequoias, or big trees, of California are now safely preserved in National or State parks and no longer in danger of destruction. There is, however, one very large and fine grove that is still in private ownership. This is the South Calaveras Grove, situated in Tuolumne County, a Uttle more than 60 miles from Sacramento, only a short distance from the North Calaveras grove, which has been a State park for many years. There has long been a plan to have the State purchase the south grove also and enlarge the park to include both groves in ite limits. This has never been carried out,
A630 perhaps partly on accouht of the expense but more probably because the deep rocky gorge of the Stanislaus River separates the two groves, ao that only the north grove is generally visited by tourlsta, The much finer south grove has up to the present been accessible only by poor roads and circuitous routes, Though the two Calaveras groves were the first discovered of all the California big trees, and were famous in the early gold-mining days of & century ago, the most remarkable feature of the Calaveras area is still un- known to most people. It is not, as is pre- tended, the south sequoia grove but a small tract of forest lying near it on the north along Beaver Creek, Most visitors to the sequolas do not get much of a view of it. UNIQUE STAND ‘his small area, hardly more than half a equare mile in extent, bears the most re- markable stand of pine trees in the world— sugar pinea—California’s most beautiful for- eat trees, some of them 200 to 230 fect tall, with trunks over 8 feet in diameter; also some immense Ponderosa pines silghtly lesa in height, but of immense size—trees little inferior to the average eequota in size and magnificence, such as can be seen nowhere else in the world at the present time. They are the last of their kind; probably eight centuries, {f not 1 thousand years, would be required to reproduce them if de- atroyed, and they are much more important to save than the neighboring sequolas, many groves of which are under safe protection already. Now, are the people of California (and for that matter of the whole country also, for this is a national, not a local matter) going to let the wool be pulled over their eyes and spend their money buying the sequojas which nobody wants to cut, as they make in- terior lumber, and do nothing to secure this remarkable stand of pines for the park? That is what the lumber interests and their political allies hope. These wonderful pine stands must be bought now, along with the sequoias. Now or never. The lumber inter- ests are trying to get the State to buy only the sequoias now, and “leave acquiring the pine stands until later on"; that is, to wait until the pines have been cut and there are none left to save. This deceitful course would put an end to the last hope of having in the Calaveras re- gion the most magnificent State park in the country. It is said that the difficulty is not financial, that the cost can be provided with- out the aid of any Federal appropriation, a most important matter in such times as Be. OPPOBITION TO PROJECT Besides the desire of the owners to cut rather than to sell these trees the opposition comes chiefly from very short-sighted local commercial interests and the political influ- ence they control, who prefer the immediate though short-lived increase of business, There is little Federal land involved, and no excuse for Forest Service opposition. But not al) hope of saving this remarkable forest area is gone, though immediate action will be needed. The project is in the hands of a well-organized association with a large membership of prominent and influential Californians, the California War Memorial Park Association of Los Angeles, whose name sufficiently explains its purpose to make this park a memorial to the Californians who lost their lives in the last war. The project has the expressed support of Governor Warren. and of a majority of California's congres- sional delegation, and it is hoped that it may be put through tn spite of opposition. Wruxarp G, Van Name, New Yoru, January 22, 1951. Let the President Set the Example EXTENSION OF REMARES HON. GEORGE B. SCHWABE OF OKLAHOMA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, February 7, 1951 Mr. SCHWABE. Mr. Speaker, I am just in receipt of a letter from three of my constituents, which very tersely ex- presses the thoughts and ideas that are contained in letters which I receive in every mail from the people of my congressional district, on the subjects re~ ferred to in their letter. The letter in full follows: Tusa, Oxta., February 1, 1951. Representative Grorcr ScHwase, House Office Building, Washington, D. C. Dear Sik: In our opinion it is high time to call a halt to the wild schemes of the administration, therefore for the record we protest the following: Taxes: The tax free $50,000 a year the President had himself voted. He is demand- ing exorbitant taxes for only part of the people. Everyone should share the burden. Cooperatives included. Taxes too high for middle incomes. Food, money: We protest sending food and lending money to India, England, Yugo- slavia, or any other country that votes with Russia and her satellites against the Ameri- can people. We have been too soft with Socialist governments. Politics as usual: We are sick and tired of the schemes of the administration and its politics aa usual. Surely there are enough men of integrity in Congress to save the United States from enemies within and without. Yours truly, Mrs. Ben HEFFNER, Mrs. H. H. Ouiven, Mrs. Wartsr OLiver. The President has asked the people to tighten their belts and deny them. selves during the emergency. The peo- ple say they are willing to do this, but they think the President should set the example for the rest of the Nation. Above all, they think and say that there should be equality in the matter of tax- ation, and in this connection, they ob- ject vehemently to the President’s re- ceiving $50,000 a year tax exempt, or any other sum that may be tax exempt, while they have to pay on their full incomes. They also object strenuously to the exemption from taxation in whole or in part, of the cooperatives and others, while the individually owned, tax-paying competitors have to pay on the conduct of like businesses and on like profits. They say that all should be put upon the same basis and the President and the cooperatives should not be exempted or favored above private citizens. They say that the great middie class is now, as always, bearing the brunt and the bur- den of high taxes. The people are becoming thoroughly dissatisfied with the administration's handout program, and I dare say nearly all the people are disgusted with the APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD way the administration has handled for- eign aid, especially to the Russian gatel- lite countries. We cannot agree that part of the taxpayers’ money should be spent to subsidize and help maintain the governments of certain countries, while they are trading with the enemy, and perhaps létting them have some of our own commodities that were given to the nations which we are helping under our foreign-aid handouts. The people are hot altogether blind to what the administration is doing or not doing with reference to the influ- ences of communism within our own borders and from without, and they are thoroughly disgusted with the way the situation has been and is now being handled. Let the President set the example. Let the bureaucrats fall in line first. Why does not the President and his family of bureaucrats try tightening their belts before they ask the people to do so? That is what the people want. That is what should be done, for the case of those on the Federal payroll, living off the taxpayers are supposed to be hired people, the servants of the people, and they certainly should set the example for the rest of the people. If they will do this, our good citizens will follow much more willingly. Friends Cannot Be Bought EXTENSION Of REMARBS HON. LAWRENCE H. SMITH OF WISCONS'N IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, February 7, 1951 Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin. Mr. Speak- er, under leave to extend my remarks, I am including the following editorial that appeared in the Chicago Dally Tribune on Saturday, February 3, 1951: Mr. Smitn Goss To TOWN Representative Lawzence H, Situ, of the First Wisconsin District, made a speech in the House on foreign policy Monday. As Mr. Smrri’s counsel was sensible, it goes without saying that his recommendations are not representative of the official line of the State Department. Mr. Surrn said that, without the ex- penditure of a dollar or a man, the United States could win the friendship of 200,000,000 million people in the Mediterranean Basin by supporting opposition to British and French colonialism. He said that this would retrieve a great bloc of people now tempted by communism, and that it would serve American security by safeguarding 60 per- cent of the world’s oll reserves, plus rich de- posite of phosphate, magnesium, and potash. There ts ample corroboration of the thesis that these repressed peoples may embrace communiam simply because they are frus- trated at every turn in their search for real independence. The Egyptian Government has openly stated that a continuation of Britain’s refusal to withdraw her garrison and to Egyptian claims in the Sudan could throw the country into the Communist camp. British troops, said Rep- resentative Smirg, are also in Iraq and
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Transjordan, and French military forces are holding down 380,000,000 people in Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco, Indeed, even as he spoke, a Committee for the Freedom of North Africa was lodging a complaint with President Truman that France, by moving fresh troops up from Dakar, was reinforcing its police-state regime in Morocco, where wholesale arrests are take ing place. The protest, sent whiie the Pres- ident was in conference with Premier Pleven of France, charged that the United States was serving the interests of communism by supporting French colonialism in North Africa and Indochina. This, as Representative Smrru makes clear, is a self-defeating game for the State Depart- ment to play. If other confirmation of that obvious fuct were required, it has been sup- plied by Maj. Gen. Graves B. Erskine, com- mander of the Marine Corps Department of the Pacific, who said, ‘“Colonalism is through in Asia and in other parts of the world as well” General Erskine said that independ- ent Thailand, which has showed much spunk in opposing the Soviet Union, is the only country in southeast Asia where a white man can venture out on the street without escort and not risk being knocked on the head. Colonial countries do not love communism more; they like colonialism less. They will turn, however, to the people who seem willing to help them achieve their aspirations for liberty, and it the helpful are Russians, that is too bad for the west. As a Middle West- erner, with the unhampered outlook of this section of the country, Representative SmirH has no difhculty seeing these realities clearly, Why cannot the State Department see them, too? Is it because the Department really is not averse to throwing subject peoples into the arms of Stalin? Resolution To Embody a Divine Acknowl- edgment in the Federal Constitution EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. JOSEPH R. BRYSON OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, February 7, 1951 Mr. BRYSON. Mr. Speaker, I have risen to present a resolution that would embody a divine acknowledgment in the Federal Constitution. In these days when we are calling upon the Almighty for guidance and vic- tory and peace, it behooves us to give to Him the honor which is His due. Our colonial forefathers did not hesi- tate to incorporate their recognition cf God and His blessings into their public documents. The Mayflower Compact, the Great Law of Pennsylvania, the Com- pact of Rhode Island, and many other early civil documents including the Dec- laration of Independence and the Arti- cles of Confederation, recognized “the power that has made and preserved us a nation.” Today, 43 out of the 48 State constitutions contain their divine acknowledgments. But our Federal Constitution, declared by Gladstone to be ‘‘the most wonderful work ever struck off at a given time by the brain and purpose of man,” is lack- ing in this respect. It fatls.to acknowl- edge the author of our Nation’s liberties, For Centuries Men Dreamed of Organizing a World To Keep the Peace—Only One Government, a Dictatorship, Now Stands in the Way of Achieving That End EXTENSION OF REMARKS oF HON. FRANK W. BOYKIN OF ALABAMA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, February 7, 1951 Mr. BOYKIN. Mr. Speaker, on Sun- day, January 28, Dr. John R. Steelman and the National Broadcasting Co. brought to the American people—by way of television—the twenty-fourth Battle Report, Washington. I would have you believe, sir, that, while terse, brief, can- did, and all-illuminating, this report of current happenings is one of the most complete expositions and statements on today's events ever brought to my notice. On the occasion of this telecast, Dr. Steelman introduced a most distin- guished group of Government officials. He first introduced the Assistant Secre- tary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, Mr. Dean Rusk, who subsequently did ex- actly what Dr. Steelman said that he would do—bring us up to date on the situation in that troubled part of the world, In his talk, Dean Rusk frankly and candidly posed, and gave forthright and true answer to the problem as to why we are now in Korea and why we are staying in Korea. We are in Korea— Said Mr. Rusk— because we are trying to prevent a world- wide global war, and the frightful destruc- tion of life which such war would produce. The thousands that have died in Korea have sacrificed their lives in a struggle to prevent the millions of deaths which a world-wide war would surely bring. Let us not be discouraged too soon— He said— At the end of World War II the human race almost succeeded in doing what men have dreamed about for centuries—that is, in or- ganizing the world to keep the peace. Only one government now stands in the way. That government is a dictatorship, which has behind it considerable power, but tho peace-loving world itself is strong, and we cannot afford to give up ow goal just when we have come s0 close. Day before yesterday— Bob McCormick, NBC commentator, declared— Soviet-designed planes used by the enemy appeared for the first time to attack below the thirty-eighth parallel. But well has our Alr Force reason to be confident. Russian MIG-15's in actual battle have proved no match for United States Air Force F-86 Sabers, capable of 700 miles per hour. Our Fourth Fighter Interceptor Group has already been credited definitely or probably with bringing down 17 Russian jets with no loss to ourselves, For an up-to-the-minute re- port on how our jets are doing in Korea— Mr. McCormick continued— we turn now to an officer just returned from there—rated as command pilot, combat ob- AG3i server, afroraft observer, and technical ob- server, from Air Force headquarters—here is Mej. Gen, Thomas D. White, Mr. Spenker, a great number of the Members of both Houses of Congress know Maj. Gen. Thomas D. White per- sonally. They know him as an intrepid commander, a splendid gentleman, and a@ distinguished officer. Until quite re- cently he served as director of legisla- tion and Maison, and in that capacity won the respect and the esteem not alone of all members of the Armed Services Committees in both Houses of Congress but of all with whom he came in contact. General White, a flying officer, deputy commander of the Thirteenth Air Force, and later commander of the Seventh Air Force in the South Pacific, is no stranger to the situation in Korea. It was be- cause of his knowledge of battle tactics that he was selected by the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff as principal military adviser to Dr. Robert L. Stearnes, president of the University of Colorado, who recently, together with the general, conducted an evaluation and study of operations at the Korean battle front itself. What General White reported, Sunday last, of their work in Korea and the use of the jet aircraft by the Russians, as well as our own Air Force, merits the reading not alone of every Member of this Congress but of all persons who have any personal responsibility or interest in the problem. The report made by the Honorable John C, Green, Director of the United States Office of Technical Services, like General White's statement, touched on a most important subject, and one about which I knew but very little. His every word fired my imagination and made me more than ever appreciate the many facets attending the current problems facing the Federal Government in try- ing to maintain a war, and do so with a minimum of interference on the Ameri- can manner and method of life. At the conclusion of Mr. Green's splen- did narration, Robert McCormick, NBC commentator, brought us still to a newer scene: It was a training camp in Texas, The cast of characters—enlistees who responded to the hurry-up call for 150,000 Air Force Reserves and National Guard men. The re- sult-—-the camp was swamped. A whole new tent city 1s born of the necessity to handle the 21,000 recruits, In the first 2 weeks «f this month alone, the camp cleared 40,000 volunteers. For an informal report on the status of the Nation's Organized Reserves and National Guard—plus a revealing etate- ment of the employment problems many of their members are now meeting—we turn to the special assistant to the Chief of Staff of the Army for civilian component affairs, Maj. Gen. Lawrence C. Jaynes. At the conclusion of General Jaynes’ talk, there was certainly nothing that re- mained to be reported to the American people with respect to our National Guard or Organized Reserve Corps or individual reservists. With our Eighth Army spearheading back into Seoul, with the supreme com- mander of the Atlantic Pact nations re- turning from his tour of Western Europe
A632 with his already-stated confidence in the strength of the democracies, the Special Assistant to the President, W. Averell Harriman, discussed, at some Jength and with great effect, the prob- lem of bringing to our support the na- tional forces in terms of manpower of all the nations that make up the North Atlantic Pact nations, Mr, Speaker, it is in that manner that we come to the end of the twenty-fourth battle report, Washington, and, again, I state that John Steelman and the Na- tional Broadcasting Co., together with all who contributed to the wonderful success of this program, are to be con- gratulated upon the splendid presenta- tion made last Sunday over NBC tele- vision. Because of the importance of this pro- gram, under unanimous consent of my colleagues to extend my remarks, I in- clude in the Recorp the twenty-fourth Battle Report, Washington: Mr. McCormicx. As Gen. Matthew Ridg- way, commander of our troopa in Korea, pays & surprise visit to the front and reports the situation getting better all the time, NBC television once again turns its cameras of the Nation’s Capital to reflect the fight for freedom, not only in Korea but at home and throughout the world. Washington, now going into action on the economic front, as in Korea our planes match this action with action of thelr own, strafing support of our UN forces as they launch the greatest drive since our with- drawal from Seoul. . Today Battle Report scans, through its cameras and guests "the ramparts we watch” from Europe to the Far East, and pauses, too, for a report on our reservists and indus- trial security. But, first, the Assistant to the President, Dr. John R. Steelman, Dr. Srsetman, Again during the past week another proposal to bring about peace in Korea was made through the United Nations, In commenting upon it, the President eaid: “Let me stress again that the American reso- lution contains-——-as all our proposals have contained—a method for bringing about a cease-fire and opening the way for peaceful settlement of outstanding issues." Freemen all over the world are awaiting the reply from Communist China. They realize that the United Nations’ police action tn Korea !s necessary to prevent aggression avd to save millions from slavery. But they want peace. Let us hope the Chinese leaders will recognize they are mere puppets and have sold their people into slavery. Let us hope they will see the light and join in the work of building a peaceful, prosperous world. This afternoon we will hear from a dis- tinguished group of Government offictals. The Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, Mr. Dean Rusk, will bring us up to date on the situation in that trou- bled part of the world. Maj. Gen, Thomas D. White, of the headquarters of the Air Force, has just returned from Korea, where he saw what our new jet planes are accom- plishing. Mr, John Green, of the Depart- ment of Commerce, will tell us how the tech- nical and scientific Information of our great industries is being guarded, Maj. Gen. Law- rence C. Jaynes has a message of special interest to all reserviats and National Guard men, And Mr. W. Averell Harriman, Special Assistant to the President, who has been working very closely, with General Eisen- hower, is here to tell us of the progress we are meking in Europe, All these men are working in different ecvheree—b ut all are working to create a world of peace—aud a world where men are their own masters and not the slaves of @ tyrant, Mr. McCormicn. American GI's in Korea, lterally “digging in” for the battles that loom ahead. And from this frozen, snow- covered battlefield comes words that spark their actions. Words from General Mac- Arthur on his eighth flying visit: “No one is going to drive us into the sea.” Words, too, from the third diviston’s commanding general: "If they order us, we will go back and take Seoul.. We can stop anything the Communists can throw at us.” Despite the determination of our troops, here at home— in many corners—one hears the oft-repeated question: “What are we doing in Korea, any- way, and why are we hanging on?” For the answer, we invite your attention now to one who helps direct our Asian policy, the As- sistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Af~ fairs, Dean Rusk. Hon, Dean Rusk. Today, I wish to say a word to those who ask why we stay in Korea. It is a serious question——because men’s lives are at stake—and it deserves a serious answer, We are in Korea because we are trying to prevent a world war and the frightful de- struction of Mfe which such a war would produce. The thousands who have died in Korea have sacrificed thetr lives in a struggle to prevent the millions of deaths which world war would surely bring. The issue in Korea is aggression. We can face it, or we can run away from it. If we face it, we have e@ chance to organize the determination of the world against aggression, to show the aggressor that hia crime will not be accepted and that his crime will not pay. If we suc- ceed, the aggressor may hold his hand. If ‘we run away from it, the aggressor will learn that there is a great profit in crime, that he will not be resisted, and that his victims are weak and can be destroyed at will. These are not theories but hard facts. We Americans have already had one unforgettable lesson about what happens when unbridled ambi- tion goes unchecked. We have seen the world go down the trail from Manchuria to Ethiopia to Munich to Poland and, finally, to Pearl Harbor. We must not tread this path again, Let us not be discouraged too soon. At the end of World War II, the human race al- most succeeded in doing what men have dreamed about for centuries; 1. e., in organiz- ing a world to keep the peace. Only one government stands in the way. That gov- ernment ts a dictatorship which has behind it considerable power, But the peace-loving world itself is strong and we cannot afford to give up our goal just when we have come so close. We are in Korea because we cannot afford to leave Red China and its neighbors under the impression that the forces of Felping sre irresistible and that Red China's neigh- bors must now come to terms with com- munism at the cost of their freedom. The vaunted power of Red China is belng un- masked in Korea. Chinese soldiers do not relish the punishment they are getting from our guns and planes. They are learning that their masters have tricked them into a war of foreign aggression. They are learning that their masters have put them into battle without provision for minimum care in case of wounds or sickness or frostbite. In other words, Red China is learning a great deal about the cost of aggression. We are in Korea because we cannot aban- don 20,000,000 Koreans to communism. We and they have fought side by side against aggression for several months, sometimes in defeat and sometimes in victory. Through- out the campaign the Korean forces have fought with spirit and courage and the Ko- rean people have demonstrated their de- termination to be free.. We cannot now abandon our comrades to the fate which APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD would be theirs if the Communists took over. Further, we cannot abandon Korea if hy doing so we should leave our friends in the Philippines and in Japan under the im- pression thet we do not take our commit- ments seriously and that we might lack courage in the face of adversity. Our gallant force in Korea is fully able to take care of itself. We should not ect like defeated nation when, in fact, we have nob been defeated and when, in fact, there is an excellent chance that we can deny the ag- gressor the object of his aggression. The willingness and ability of the entire free world to increase its strength and to Join its forces to insure their mutual de- fense depends, to a considerable extent, upon the attitude of the United States. Our strength is increasing rapidly as is that of our friends. Our ability to meet the worlds wide threat which we now confront is ime proving steadily. If we can show that we have both the will and the ability to defend ourselyes, the main attack may be averted, Our attitude in this situation may easily dee termine the course of history, which cannot say of us that we chose the road to disaster because we were unwilling to fight for peace, Mr. McCormick. In the skies over Korea, news comes that American jets like these are meeting increasing challenge from the enemy. Day before yesterday, Soviet-de- signed planes used by the enemy appeared for the first time to attack below the thirty. eighth parallel. But well has our Air Force reason to be confident. Russian MIG-15’s in actual battle have proved no match for North American F-86 Sabres, capable of 700 miles per hour. Our Fourth Fighter Intere ceptor Group has already been credited “defle nitely or probably” with bringing down 17 Russian j3ts with no loss t? ourselves. For an up-to-the-minute report on how our jete are doing in Korea, we turn now to an officer just returned from there, rated as command pilot, combat observer, airc: .ft observer, and technical observer, from Air Force Head« quarters, here is Maj, Gen. Thomas White. Maj. Gen. THomAs D. Wuire. During the past week, there has been a marked Increase in Communist air activity in Korea. More and more, enemy jet aircraft of modern de- sign have come over from their sanctuary bases in Manchuria to challenge our control of the air over North Korea. So far, they have not penetrated very far south, but thelr penetrations are getting deeper and deeper, and the quantity of aircraft committed 1a growing larger. There are three very significant facts about these air battles now going on. Of course, the firat and most important fact is that we are winning them. Our pilots report, however, that these enemy jets are very good, high-performance airplanes, and that encmy jet pilots are well trained. The lesson here is that we must spare no effort to continue improving our jet fighters. The second significant fact about these air battles is that many people are being re- minded of something they have been prone to forget up to now—and that is, the first and over-riding responsibility of the air commander 1s to destroy the enemy air forces and protect our Ground Forces against at- tack by enemy aircraft. During the early days of the war tn Korea, the North Korean air force was small and inferior, but if it had been allowed to operate unrestricted it could have given our Ground Forces Plenty of trouble, However, tt was quickly disposed of, and to thid very day practically no United Nations soldier in Korea has ever seen any but United Nations airplanes over- head. This very absence of effective enemy alr opposition has caused many people to become preoccupied with the other missions of the Tactical Air Force, particularly with the close support mission, These air battles
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD you are now reading about underscore the threat which General Partridge, commander of the Fifth Alr Force tn Korea, has always had to be prepared to meet—this in addition to his difficult job of isolating the battlefield and closely supporting our Ground Forces, The third significant fact about this com- mitment of the Communists fet alr force is the likelihood that the Communists are trying to find some way to lessen the effect of our air attacks on enemy ground forces. General Stratoemeyer's Far West Air Forces are continuing to hammer the enemy on the ground, day and night, every day, as they have since the first day the Air Force was committed to combat in Korea. This sus- tained air attack has taken a heavy toll of the enemy, and doubtless this is one of the main reasons why the Communists are now committing their jet aircraft. In summary, General Stratemeyer now has 9 real air battle on his hands, as well as the job of other tactical support to our Ground Forces. It is gratifying to see that his airmen are handling the air battle with the same high degree of effectiveness that they have been performing the interdiction, close support reconnaissance, transport, and evacuation missions that are also included in full scale tactical air support. Mr. McCormick. Loaded aboard ship for the fighting front go implements of war to combut the threats to peace. Behind this scene and feeding it with an ever-increasing supply so essential ta ultimate victory. The rails hum with new war cargoes dally. And behind the trains, in turn, vast stockpiles of further supplies that sit in yards awaiting their moment to stream out to wherever freemen will take up arms in democracy's defense. But it is to a story behind all of this, America, that we next invite your at- tention. Namely, the delicate business of keeping our industrial processes and tech- niques secure from enemy knowledge and use. Concerned with this vital task, is the Department of Commerce official upon whom we next focus our cameras. He is Director of the United States Office of Technical Services, John C. Green. Mr. JoHN ©. Green, In the last week I found that an eminent scientific society was sending critical information directly to Mos- cow. When I asked a representative of the society about it, he replied that they had been doing this for many years, it was a routine procedure to which no particular thought was given. Also, a manufacturer of precision equipment who is selling most of his product to the Armed Forces was pre- pared to send detailed technical literature to one of the Communist embassies. He felt that there might be danger in selling them the actual equipment but he could see no particular objection in making the technical details available to personnel in this coun- try. These situations indicate a serious lack of awareness of the security importance of sclence and technology. Basically every American wants to take all reasonable measures to preserve our se€- curity and avoid giving ald to the enemy. However, the free world to which we are ac- customed, the full exchange of ideas and scientific information has become a national habit. We are accustomed to describing in detail our latest scientific and technological achievements for world audiences. Unfor- tunately, these are troubled times and we must develop a national awareness that these scientific and technical discoveries are & pre- cious possession which should not be made generally available without careful consid- eration. At the same time, we must re- member that the exchange of new facts can operate to our benefit. For example, in such important and diversified fields as penicillin, Jet propulsion, radar, and even atomic energy much basic significant data waa transferred here from friendly scientists abroad. In view of this situation, we must be careful not to design procedures which cut us off from important foreign discoveries available through reciprocal exchange of information but {ft should be truly reciprocal and not a one-way street. Once technical data is published and gen- erally circulated in this country, it is vire tually {impossible to keep it out of the hands of others who are actively seeKing it, The best that can then be done is a delaying ac- tion. Therefore, the more intelligent ap- proach ts to use good sense before the re< lease. This means that the American people who produce valuable segments of informa- tion should ask themselves a very simple question—will the general release of this information be of substantial benefit to our people and our friends or will it operate for the benefit of hostile nations? If this ques- tion is honestly asked and then the company or person acts according to common sense, good judgment and patriotism, a tremendous step will have been taken. There will be times when these decisions will be difficult to make because of complex or conflicting factors involved. Recognizing this, your Government, through the Depart- ment of Commerce, is ready to offer direct and prompt advice as to whether or not the release of scientific information or technical data might compromise national security, This is not censorship, but a public service, Fundamentally, the decision must remain with the individual, the author or the com- pany. Every intelligent American knows that scientific supertority will be the decisive factor in future wars. He should equally realize that 1t is his patriotic duty to take reasonable measures which will safeguard our scientific secrets. Failure to do so is unconscious sabotage of our fighting forces. Mr. McCormicg. The scene: A training camp in Texas. The cast of characters—en- listees who responded to the hurry-up call for 150,000 Air Force Reserves and National Guard men. The result-—the camp swamped, A whole new tent city is born of the neces- sity to handle the 21,000 recruits. In the first 2 weeks of this month alone, the camp cleared 40,000 volunteers. For an informed report on the status of the Nation's Organ- ized Reserves and National Guards—plur a revealing statement of the employment prob- lems many of their members are now mvet- ing—we turn to the special assistant to the Chief of Staff of the Army for Civilian Com- ponent Affairs, Maj. Gen. Lawrence C, Jaynes. Maj. Gen. L. C. JAYNEs. As a direct result of the present national emergency it has been necessary to call upon our civilian components, those units and individuals who have a vital mission in the defense of our country. Their mission is to be trained and ready to serve in the event of a national emergency. This includes furnishing units effectively organized and trained in time of peace for rapid mobilization, expansion, and deployment. It also includes furnishing additional trained personnel for necessary expansion of the Army of the United States and providing a reservoir of civilians with military experience available for assignment. The National Guard and the Organized Re- serve Corps provide the civilian components to meet this mission. The primary consideration has been the ordering into active military service certain National Guard and Organized Reserve Corps units; the screening of individual re- servists for active duty, standards of train- ing, grade and rank, promotion and assign- ment, all demanding the concentrated ef- fort of our top military planners. In the sudden shift from peacetime to emergency footing, hardships were bound to occur, A633 Rapid strides have been taken by the Army to correct resulting inequities and to insure the fatr and impartial treatment of all guardsmén and reservists who are subject to being ordered into the active military service. Mr. McCormick. Let’s look at one of our most moving mobilization problems, Let's look at it from the standpoint of the ag- grieved—reservists and National Guard men, subject to military duty at any time; their atory: They offer thelr services to their coun- try, ready to go in any emergency, Their thanks, many of them complain, is to go jobless. Excellent qualification, per- haps, but that ever-present danger of being . called into service—employers don’t like the idea of losing a man just when he’s been nicely broken in on a tough job. So, it’s a chorus of “No's"—endless trudging, trudging, trudging, looking fur a job. So say many of the men involved. In a time of manpower shortages, no work for them, and only because they tried to do their duty. If it’s true, something must be done—but then the question of what can be done, These men need—deserve—jobs; the coun- try needs every man. And steps are being taken to atraighten it out. General Jaynes In connection with the mobilization problems, I have menttoned, I am very happy to say that most employera throughout the country are cooperating fully and patriotically with thelr employees who hold Reserve status. Such employees have pledged themselves to set aside the com- forts and advantages of civilian pursuits whenever their country needs them tn unt- form. Certainly, they deserve at least equal consideration with their non-Reserve fellow employees. Most employers, as I have said, recognize this and resist any temptation to hesitate to employ or advance individuals who are reservists. We still get repgrts of some reservists, however, who had had dif- ficulty in getting jobs, or in getting ahead on their present job, simply because their future status is somewhat uncertain. I hope we will hear less and less of such reports, and that all employers will accept the in- convenience of occasionally losing a key man as & small part of their contribution to our national effort. There is no such thing as “this man's Army’—I!t 1# your Army, whether civilian or reservist, whether employer or employee. When o man unselfishly con- tributes his spare time to prepare to serve that Army when he fs needed, take pride in him, help him, don’t penalize him. Our Reserve forces are a vital part of our country’s defense. These mon and women have agreed to give up thelr civilian pur- suits to serve their country when they are needed. They deserve the respect and ad- miration of every one of us. Mr. McCormick. As Eighth Army spear- heads probed north within 10 miles of Seoul, the riddle “Where’s the Chinese Army?” seemed finally to find an answer. Maybe be- low Seoul, where reports indicate ominous heavy troop activity, and stiffening Commu- nist resistance makes many fee) we are about to collide with the main Chinese forces. Cautiously, our troops continue to feel out the enemy along the new 90-mile front. Meanwhile, the Atlantic Pact Nation’s Bu- preme Commander, Ike Eisenhower—shown here in Paris where Communists staged a riot for him—returned from Western Eu- rope confident of the strength of the democ- racies. For an experienced evaluation of the defense role of France and our other Eu- ropean Allies visited by General Eisenhower, we bring you now the Special Assistant to the President, W Averell Harriman.
AG34 Flon. W. Avenet. Hapnemman. During the week, the arrival of two men in Washington will focus attention on the strengthening of the North Atlantic com- munity for our mutual security. The Prime Minister of France, Rene Pleven, will arrive tomorrow morning—tfollowed 2 days later by our great general—Dwight Eisenhower. The French Prime Minister is coming to discuss with the President the problems our two countries face together in Europe and the Far East. I firat met Rene Pleven in London in 1941, when he was one of the stalwart group of French leaders of the French resistance to Nagi tyranny. Today he is again a stalwart leader of France in resisting the new threat. He represents the spirit of the French people, which has made possible the reconstruction of France from the chaos left in the wake of war. The French people, as well as the other people of Western Europe, have made good use of our help under the Marshall plan, Principally, through their own hard work, they have regained their economic vitality—~ in fact, in industry, production is now rune ning well ahead of the prewar highs, Ag a result of the cooperative effort of the Mar- shall plan, the peoples of Europe are now in a position to undertake the new and ardu- ous task of reestablishing their combined military strength. A start has been made. Before Korea, our European partners were spending on their military forces about the same percentage of their national income as we were at that time, and since Korea, they are expanding substantially their military budgets, But we can’t Judge military effort merely by 8 comparison of budgetary figures. In France, for instance, it 1s traditional for their young men to serve their country for nominal pay—in fact, less than what we would consider cigarette money. Then, too, they have been fighting a costly war for the past several years against Communist aggression in Indochina. It is planned that our European allies will develop forces in terms of manpower Greater than ours. They have the men. Their combined population, if we include Western Germany, is much larger than ours, But we must recognize, in facing the prob- lem together, that their total output of in- dustry and agriculture is less than half of ours, And on a per capita basis, they have only about one-third of the goods available that we have for both civilian and military needs. Thus they have not the capacity to arm the larger forces adequately for mod- ern warfare. Because of our far greater productivity, we have undertaken to sup- ply a considerable part of the required equip- ment and some other imports to make pos- sible increased munitions production. Later this week, General Eisenhower will report on what he has aeen during his trip through Europe. Better than anyone, he can tell us the job that we and our Eu- ropean allies must do to build the forces tn Europe needed for our mutual security. With the inspiration of his leadership, we can all move forward with confidence that this job oan be done to convert our collec-« tive potential strength—vastly greater than the Soviet's—into a combined military force to deter aggression and to protect our se- curity and our freedoms. Mr. McCormick. Until we turn our cam- eras upon the Nation again next week for an- other “teledooumentary,” this, then against the background of battlefront Korea, is Rob- ert McCormick putting a period on your twenty-fourth battle report, Washington. United States Aid Can Win 200,000,000 Friends for Free EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. LAWRENCE H. SMITH OF WISCONSIN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, February 7, 1951 Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin. Mr. Speak- er, under leave to extend my remarks, I am including an editorial that appeared in the Washington Times-Herald on February 3, 1951: How To Wrn 200,000,000 Farrwns at No Cost General Eisenhower took to the air waves last night to give the taxpayers an imita- tion in shorter form of the persuasion he at- tempted upon Congress the day before. So far as we have been able to learn up to this writing, nobody was thunderstruck. There may have been citizens who thought it possible he would say of his European jaunt: “I went. Isaw. You wouldn't want any.” WHY THE BIG Ir7 But of course not. Even a child knows that Mr. Truman made very sure of the gen. eral before leading him up to be commander in chief of the international defense forces. The general has now performed accord- ingly. He comes back with the novel sug- gestion that there is no doubt about the all-seeing, all-knowing wisdom of the’ Tru- man program in foreign affairs. And then he proceeds to talk against people daring to have doubts. If the taxpayers and Congress are locked up, then why all the jawing? When the customer is sold, you just hand him the pen. Certainly you don't tell him that he has no doubts and that if he does they are beneath him. It 1s, indeed, worth reflection that the general himself, in spite of his frontal posi-~ tiveness, has dragged in plenty of hems and haws on the side. Last night’s speech was notable for the use of the big “if.” In one single sentence of 80 words, the general found it necessary to protect himself 6 times with “if.” A clue to this necessity shows itself when one reads his detailed text. In rummaging around for evidence to support his claim of France's will to resist, he mentions the war in Indochina. When the British are his ex- ample, he cites Malaya. In view of the fact that Britain's govern- ment js a Socialist bartender for communism and the Communists are the largest single section of seat holders in the French Chamber of Deputies, it may be argued that the general had no choice. He had to look half way around the world away from them for a likely story. But to the world itself he could hardly have offered @ more unhappy evidence of that ignorance, to call it by the best possible name, which inflames against America so many people who would gladly be our frienda and allies 1f we would let them. It would profit the general, at least we hope he is capable of it, to read an address to the House of Representatives on Monday last by Representative Lawrence W. SMire, of the Firet Wisconsin District. Mr, Guirm made it plain and clear how the United States can gain the support of 200,000,000 people living around the edges of the Mediterranean Sea in important regions as much threatened by Communist aggression as any in the world. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A RBAL PROGRAM ' Furthermore, he showed how this can done without spending a dollar of taxpayers’ money, and for that matter {t can even be — done in honor. : He proposes that the United States throw its sympathies with these exploited people against, not for, British and French colo- nialism, And, why not? Genera] Eisenhower, in his speech to Con+ gress, made much of the danger that would follow Communist eelzure of various places where raw materials lle that we might want to buy. Well, in the Near East and north Africa there are enormous deposits of material wealth, of which 60 percent of the world's proved of! supply ts Just one. The people who live there are not fooled. They know why the British and French de- nounce communism in the colonies and swallow it at home. And so it !s no wonder these suppressed and exploited victims of colonialism grow more and more interested in what Russia has to say to them. Communism {fs an enemy they have yet to know, but colonialism they can hate with certain knowledge born of bitter experience. The American people, whether General Eisenhower will or no, have something to think about in the observation by Maj. Gen. Graves B. Erskine, commander of the Marine Corps Department of the Pactfic, that “colonialism is through tn Asia and in other parts of the world as well.” We can think about the fact that a com- mittee for the freedom of north Africa com- plained to President Truman of French police action in Morocco even as French Premier Pleven and Mr, Truman were discussing “anti-Communist measures.” We can think about the fact that in Asia, it is independent, self-governing Thailand that stands up to the Soviets. General Erskine says Thailand is the only place in southeast Asia where a white man can walk the street without fear of being knocked on the head. No wonder General Eisenhower's sales talk suffered from hems and haws, He should have listened to Representative Smiru, ine stead of expecting a nation to listen to him. Internal Security Commission EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. PATRICK J. HILLINGS OF CALIVORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, February 7, 1951 Mr. HILLINGS. Mr. Speaker, the President recently announced the ap- pointment of a Commission of Internal Security to examine this vital problem in these days of national emergency. Many of us have been concerned over the failure of the present administra- tion to take adequate measures to guard the Nation’s internal security during re- cent years. Asa result of this past fail- ure, many Communists and Communist sympathizers were allowed by the Presi- dent to assume positions of ‘influence and responsibility in our Government. Alger Hiss, who was defended by the President, is a classic example of the weakness in the Nation’s internal secu- rity during recent years.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD It is my hope that the new Internal Security Commission will properly exer- cise its functions to prevent the mistakes of the Truman administration on ques- tions of internal security from being re~ peated in these critical times. In any event, it is my hope that the Congress will constantly be on the alert to see that our Nation is protected in the future from any possibility of Communists or Communist sympathizers obtaining em- ployment in our Federal Government, I am inciuding as part of my remarks an editorial published in the San Marino Tribune in my district on February 1, 1951. Mr. H. H. McCormack, the pub- Hsher of the San Marino Tribune, has pointed out the problem now befor: us in his editorial, and I recommend it to all the Members of the Congress. The editorial follows: ANOTHER Commission To Bypass COMMIE- FIGHTING CONGRESS? Verily, this is the day, as well as the hey- day of bureaus, boards, and commissions, bringing to mind once again Lincoln's dis- trust of commissions. Said he: “I have done with commissions. I think they are contriv- ances to cheat the Government.” President Truman, far from having done with commissions, has just set up a nine- member Commission of Internal Security, headed by Admiral Nimitz, retired, to con- sider in all its aspects the question of how this Nation can best deal with the problem of protecting its internal security, at the same time maintaining the freedoms of its citizens. The commission will examine existing legislation against treason, espionage, sabo- tage, and other subversive activities. It will look into the doings and methods of State and local governments, of public groups, of private groups of all kinds and citizens in their daily work and in their homes, aimed at protection against such subversive activi- tiles. It will consider the harm that comes from the wrong kind of action as well as the good that comes from the right kind of action. It will investigate operation of Fed- eral employee loyalty and security programs. While it appears to be the President's pure pose, from reports now at hand, that the commission shall direct its attention toward subversive activities, the language of its au- thority, to consider in all its aspects na- tional security and freedoms of citizens, seems sufficiently comprehensive for delving into whatever may have bearing thereupon. Regardless, however, of the intended scope of the commission’s assignment, the larger fact is that no such inquisitional body is called for, inasmuch as the Congress is not only clothed with both duty and authority to act in the premises, but has already exer- cised its authority with telling effect, through disclosures of the Un-American Activities Committee, brought about mainly by the acumen and persistence of Congressman, now Senator, Ricwarp Nixon, of California, whereby Alger Hiss, as a conspicuous exam- ple, was pried loose from his niche in the State Department and forced into the light of day for beholding of all the people; and this, in face of Mr. Truman's aspersion of red herring cast at the committee. Furthermore, the Congress last fall enacted the so-called Communist control bill, de- signed to frustrate Communist and subver- sive activities. Far from having Mr. Tru- man’s support in passing the measure, the Congress was compelled to override a Presi- dential veto—which it did, decisively. The operation of the new commission will be not only a useless duplication of endeavor but also a manifest and wholly unwarranted trespass upon congressional prerogative. Mr, Truman's commission will have com- plete access to FBI and other Government files, notwithstanding that the President has steadfastly refused like access to congres- sional committees, maintaining his stand by assertion of precedents. The action now required of the President is that he bend every effort toward rooting out from Government departments every vestige of subversion of every kind and degree; and that he do so without further stalling or awaiting findings of a supernumerary and entirely needless commission. There is something appallingly inconaist- ent in the administration's attitude of tolerae tion toward communism and subversion on the home front, the while America’s sons by thousands are compelled to go and meet Communist “aggression” in mortal combat on the other side of the world, with casual- ties thus far of more than 46,000 of whom not less than 7,500 are no longer concerned with what a commission decides about com.~ munism—they are dead—with naught by way of halting communism to show for their sacrifices. Communism could be handled, ousted, from the home front by an aggressive ad- ministration minded so to do, without casu- alties. If the administration at Washing- ton doesn’t share that conclusion, make no mistake about it, American mothers and fathers do, Is Truman Playing Into Stalin’s Hands? EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. GEORGE B. SCHWABE OF OKLAHOMA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, February 7, 1951 Mr. SCHWABE. Mr. Speaker, the ConcrEssionaL Recorp of Tuesday, March 18, 1947, contains a speech by the Honorable Howarp H. Burrert, Con- gressman of Nebraska, entitled “Is Tru- man Playing Into Stalin’s Hands?” Mr. Speaker, Congressman BUFFETT apparently gave much thought to the preparation of this speech and collected an abundance of material and factual information set out in the premises of his address, from which he drew certain conclusions and made certain deductions. Remember that this address was de- livered by Congressman BUFFETT on March 18, 1947, now approximately 4 years ago. It was delivered 3 years be- fore the hostilities in Korea began. It was delivered before a number of other things happened, which have transpired during the past 4 years. Congressman Burrett, I am sure, makes no claims of being a prophet nor the son of a prophet. Nevertheless, Con- gressman Burrett’s address on this sub- ject on that occasion was truly pro- phetic, and the Congressman undoubt- edly spoke better than he knew at the time. Many things that he suggested might happen, could happen or would happen, actually have transpired, dur- ing the past 4 years since the Congress- man’s address was delivered. On account of the well-reasoned argu- ment presented in the address and be- cause of the fact that Congressman Bur- reTt clearly foresaw what he considered the inevitable results and termination of some of the activities of the Truman na- A635 tional administration in foreign affairs, I think it only fitting and proper that Congressman Burrerr’s address on March 18, 1947, appearing in the Con- GRESSIONAL Recorp of that date, be re- printed for the benefit of those who would appreciate knowing how. accurate his judgment was and how cogent his reasoning has been demonstrated to have n, The following is the address of Con- gressman Bourrerr: Mr. Burrerr. Mr, Speaker, Mr. Truman demancs large-scale American intervention in the political, ¢:0onomic, and military af- fairs of the Balkans. He tells us other lands must have similar intervention. This proposal prompts me to repeat a comment by Lord Welby, once treasury head for England. Shortly before World War I started the Brttish Empire toward lquida- tion, Lord Welby declared: “We rre in the hands of an organization of crooks. They are politicians, generals, manufacturers of armaments, and journal- ists, A.l of them are anxious for unlimited expenditure, and go on inventing scares to terrify the public and to terrify Ministers of the Crown.” Probably Mr. Truman's demand does not reflect the kind of scare Lord Welhby reported. And so, it may have another origin. Could that origin be that American intervention in Greece has been craftily connived for by the Kremlin, and that Mr. Truman has swal- lowed the bait? At the outset, Mr. Speaker, I want to make one fact clear. Iam not happy talking about foreign affairs. I would prefer to leave that fleld to others. But a8 ai American, I am ashamed and appalled by the recent record of failure in foreign affairs. So I cannot remain silent while new and more ghastly blunders are concocted. A TRAGIC RECORD OF FAILURE Truly no one could possibly have handled our foreign affairs much worse than the present administration. It is tragic to have to confess that American blood and treasure was used to deliver into communistic tyranny the lands of Polend, Estonia, Latvia, Lithu- ania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Rumania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, Manchukuo, and large parts of Germany, Austria, Finland, China, Korea, and Japan. But it is true. Eve yet it is hard to believe that 400,000 American boys died for the Atlantic Charter and that instead their sacrifice,was used to expand communism over two continents. Mr. Speaker, it is impossible to assess the enormity of this failure. A man from Mare reviewing it would come to one or the other of two conclusions—either our Government has been in the control of Communists, or it has been in the hands of terribly stupid people completely fooled by the Communists. As the first conclusion would indicate un- limited treachery and treason, it must be ruled out, Leit with the second alterna- tive—that the administration has been ter- ribly stupid and misled—we must consider the present Truman demands in the light of that record. Lacking only the former head man and some minor characters, the present adimin- istration, including its Republican collabora. tors, is the same assortment of officials that have steered America to the brink of chaos. Surely then we must examine their schemes now ‘with the utmost skepticism. DOES THE LEOPARD CHANGE ITS SPOTS? Mr. Speaker, for 14 years the New Deal Party brazenly carried water for commu- nism in America and throughout the world. Now we are asked to believe that overnight it has changed into the world-wide cham- pion of anticommunism,
A636 While welcoming administration profes- sions of anticommunism, Congress and the people should remember that the Good Book says, “By their fruits ye shall know them.” A management which has committed 14 years of blunders for communism is hardly qualified, because of an almost overnight reformation, to be given a blank check for @ crusade against communism. Mr. Speaker, suppose this intervention proposa] fits right into Stalin's plans? If American intervention in the Balkans is what the Communists want, we had better learn that fact now. Most all Americans are agreed now on the dangers of communism. Some of us have been concerned about communism for a jong time. Our warnings and our efforts, such as my amendment to prevent postwar jend-lease from going to Rusaia and others, were ignored. But now is not a time for recriminations, It ts a time to carefully appraise our posi- tion and chart our course. The decision in- volves unlimited consequences. Our inten- tions do not matter. The consequences fol- low automatically. To get a clear understanding of our pres- ent situation, we must go back a long way. When our leaders precipitated us into World War I, they thereby committed us to the one lasting consequence of that war. What was that consequence? The establishment of communism in full control of a powerful government—Russia. NEW DEAL SPARKS COMMUNIST EXPANSION Following this initial victory, we did not hear much about communism between 1921 and 1983. But when the New Deal took over in 1933, it was not long until Roosevelt gave communism a tremendous boost by official recognition. This recognition enabled communism to begin to expand ita activities, both in Europe and America. At that time the Communists were secretly promoting World War II, Fi- nally Stalin’s deal with Hitler precipitated the conflict. When Hitler attacked Russia tn 1941, Roosevelt immediately pledged the Commu- nists unlimited materials from America, with no questions asked and no pledges made in return. Billions of our resources went to Russia. But Russia's hostility toward us never lessened. Many of our officials knew of this continuing hostility, but kept that fact from our people. Many strange things happened. America's then No. 1 Communist, Earl Browder, was in the Federal penitentiary for violating our statutes, The New Deal pardoned him. All through the war the New Deal high com- mand, both civilian and military, catered to Raissia's every whim and every demand. War materials reportedly went to Russia ahead of the necessities of our own troops. But she returned leas in reverso lend-lease than we received from the Fiji Islands. The Communists saw that the longer the war lasted the greater would be their victory. Aocordingly, they cunningly insisted on the barbaric demand for unconditional sur- render to prolong enemy resistance. REAL WAR TRIUMPH WAS STALIN'S When hostilities ceased, we had the mo- mentary elation of a great military victory. But the real triumph was Stalin’e—achieved with the aid of 400,000 Americans who died beHeving they were fighting for the Atlantic Charter Even after VJ-day our foreign policy re- mained perfectly attuned to the wishes of the Kremlin, Using human distress in Eu- rope as the bait, Communists promoted UNRRA, with Uncle Sam paying the bill. Whatever the intentions were, UNRRA added to Stalin’s conquests. Congress had been specifically warned that UNRRA would enable Stalin to extend his mastery over Europe, But the New Deal Congress, aided py the failure of the Republican leadership to explode this scheme, voted almost §8,- 000,000,000 of the savings of the American people for this arsenal of communism, Our postwar policy in Germany also car- ried out the desires of the Kremlin. The Morgenthau plan, and the official hate-the- German doctrine were Moscow-approved and enabled the Communists to woo the German people. The New Deal Party carried out Moscow's order. NOVEMEER ELECTION FORCES CHANGE IN STRATDOY Then last November a titanic ballot-box uprising took place in America. The Ameri- can people demonstrated overwhelming op~- position to a foreign and domestic policy which, knowingly or unwittingly, was fol- lowing the Communist Party line. So the conspirators in the Kremlin had to revise their strategy for world conquest. Let us visualize the reaction of the top Com- munists to our election. Stalin knew that direct hand-outs from America were over. He also knew that America was entirely too strong to challenge militarily; so what should he do in his unswerving objective of world domination? Surely Stelin would determine that he must reverse his tactica here to continue his conquests. Perhaps his mind would recall the famous prediction of Huey Long, who declared that if fascism ever comes to Amer- fea, it will come in the name of antifascism. What better tactic could Stalin now de- velop than to promote communism in Amer- jca in the name of anticommunism, This tactic, of course, would require the continual creation of communistic scares outside America, Likewise, if he were to exhibit traditional Russian cunning, an historical Russian tactic would suggest itself to him. He would re- call how Czar Alexander I sucked Napoleon into advancing to Moscow, and how that overextended position so depleted Napoleon’s strength that later he toppled easily at Waterloo. Then Stalin might smile as he recalled Hitler's 1,600-mile supply line to Stalingrad. He would remember how the devouring logis. tics of that far-flung position decimeted Hit- ler's military machine. So, Stalin would be determined that he must keep America over- extended and off balance. AMERICA “OUT ON LIMB” That woul be the } oitical strategy, fust as it always has been a favored Russian tactic. He world needle us and play hit- and-run infiltration wherever America could be sucked in, especially remembering, of course, our continued willingness to aid the outposts of the British Empire. This strategy would have another especial value to Mr. Stalin. With American atten- tion on an external campaign against com~- munism, his army of stooges in the New Deal could qu.c.ly be enrobed in a concealing mantle of anticommunism, So, besides involving the American people in bankrupting commitments abroad, a com- munistic drive would divert suspicion and attention from Btalin's agents {n the New Deal. This scheme would make use of the tactics jong used by subway pickpockets. Do you remember that trick? It was for one thief to concentrate the victim’s attention by frontal shoving and jostling, while the thievery was carried out by the accomplice in the rear. He picked the pocket while the victim's attention was on the disturber in front of him. It ia a simple trick, but Mr. Stalin has apparently been dealing with sim- ple minds in Washington. Mr. Speaker, it appears that the Com- munists have started this strategy, and that Mr, Truman and his advisers have been taken in. He proposes to send large amounts of military ald to Greece and Turkey. Most cer- tainly we will apparently stabilize the sttu- APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ation there for awhile. Probably the Com- munists will fold their tents like the Arabs and silently steal away. Mr. Hormaan. Mr. Speaker, will the gen- tleman yield? Mr, Burrett. I yield to the gentleman from Michigan. Mr. Horrman. Is the gentlemen inti- mating that the Communists are going to quit? Mr. Borrerr. Oh, 20; just walt until the next paragraph. UNCLE GAM, INTERNATIONAL FIREMAN Then after we have spread ourselves in Greece and Turkey, and our leaders are pat- ting themaelves on the back for their suc- cessful firm stand, a new alarm will come in, Communistic outbreaks will be reported se- rious in another ares. Wo will rush to that alarm. A $1,000,000,000 call will come from Korea. There will be renewed demands from China. All over the world we would soon be an- swering alarms like an international fAfe- man, maintaining garrisons, and pouring out our resources, Our position would become more overextended than Hitler's was at the height of his conquests—if !t is not already. In the meantime, what will have happened at home? Economy plans will have gener- ally gone up in smoke. The futility of then attempting to stop the reckless spenders, aided by the sly inside agents of the Krem- lin, would quickly become apparent to all. In the pattern developed’ through the war years of deficit spending, this administra- tion combination would dress up every spending echeme as vital in their anti-Com- munist program. Attempts at economy would again be smeared as reactionary efforts to save dol- lara at the cost of the lives of American boys. Patriots who try to bring about economy would be branded as Stalin lovers. The misery of the people, from continusd militarism and inflation, would soon become unbearable, As their anguished protests be- came vocal, the shackles of regimentation and coercion, so lately thrown off, could be retastened in the name of stopping com- munism at home. Of course, all this spending over the world will both make certain and hasten a finan- cial collapse in Amertca—an economic Pear) Harbor, That is the ultimate goal of the current Red needling. INFLATION--COMMUNISM’S SECRET WEAPON Stalin knows, as Lenin taught him, that the surest way to overturn an existing social order is to debauch the currency. When the President mentioned inflation in Greece, he unconsciously touched on the very con- dition which Stalin is counting on to give the Communists victory in America. And «0, Mr. Speaker, if America is now sucked into a state of undeclared war in Greece and other places, we would seem to be paving the way for world triumph of communism, In World Wars I and If our noble objectives vanished when military vic. tory was won. So it will be again if we take the road to war. We will again learn too late the truth of William Graham Sumner’s words: “When a war is begun, ft will run its course and bring its consequences. What the in- tention was makes no difference.” PARTIAL LIST OF CONSEQUENCES But, Mr. Speaker, we should consider now what some of the ultimate consequences would be. Here are a few of the probable resulta; First. Truth-telling would generally dis- appear in radio, press, and movie. The to- talitarian tactics of amear, censorship, and lying propaganda would overwhelm those who resist. Those Americans who correctly anticipated the communistic victory in World War If were politically crucified and
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD silenced in most cases. The same terrorism will happen again if we are now maneuvered into thinly velled armed conflict with Russia. Second. Military conscription would soon be demanded to fill the ranks of garrisons for Palestine and the Near East ot} fields. Third. Laboring people would be in danger of a labor draft like President Truman wanted last May. As inflation mounted, class struggle, which the Communists have never yet been able to create in America, might rapidly develop. Every hidden force of in- flation would be adding to the distress of the people—as far-flung military and eco- nomic operations exhausted our economy. Fourth. OPA regimentation and coercion would be reimposed under the old forms or in some new sugar-coated version. Fifth. GI benefits of World War II, when added to these new foreign hand-outs, would soon be an almost impossible financial load for the budget. Postponement by a mora- torlum, or serious dilution by inflation, could follow. Sixth. Outstanding war bonds would prob- ably be largely frozen in the hands of their owners. Seventh. Within a few years our currency would become so diluted by inflation that it would have only a fraction of its 1939 pur- chasing power. Eighth. Then the condition having been created here that Mr. Truman described in Greece of “savings wiped out by inflation,” the people, beaten and bankrupt, would be ripe for a Communist dictatorship, Mr. Smirx of Ohlo, Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? Mr. Borretr. I yield. Mr. SmitH of Ohio. The gentleman is pre- senting a problem which we ought to con- sider very carefully. The gentleman spoke of the likelihood of a communistic dictator- ship developing. Does the gentleman agree with me that the dictator might not be an American? Mr Burrert. Yes; that is entirely possible. Mr. HorrMan. Mr. Speaker, will the gen- tleman yield? Mr. Burrett. I yield. Mr. HorrMan. Along the line of what the gentleman from Ohio |Mr. SMITH] was say- ing, we have not had an American foreign policy which originated here for 10 or 12 years. Mr. Burrert. My remarks take recognition of that possibility. Mr. HorrMan. As I got it, he, the gentle- man from Ohio [Mr. SmrrH] was suggesting that this dictator might come from abroad. My understanding is that our foreign policy has been coming from abroad through the British Empire for something like 10 years, If I am wrong, I would like to have the gen- tleman from Ohio correct me. Mr Burretr. As these consequences began to unfold, all effective political opposition would end. In fact, passage of this scheme, when added to the humbug presidential campaigns of 1940 and 1944, might indicate that one-party Government has already been largely accomplished. The smear terrorism long used by the New Deal would be directed against every patriot who resisted successive moves in this s0- called anti-Communist drive. Mr. Speaker, I appeal to the Members of this House to think long and earnestly be- fore they vote us into a probable Stalin trap, either the immediate one in Greece or later ones which may be skillfully concocted to get us out on a limb everywhere. PROBABLY POLITICAL EXPEDIENCY HAS TEMPTED ADMINISTRATION I am afraid the Truman high command has been tempted by the domestic political attractions abounding in this scheme. It seems to enable them at one stroke to ap- parently cast off thetr long-ingrained Com- munist taint and simultaneously shift the blame for 14 years of inflation. This scheme would lay the inflation head- ache right in the laps of the Republicans, Truman could then say that the end of OPA, not the foreign hand-outs, brought sky- rocketing price levels. The Republicans could not point out that excessive foreign- handouts caused the inflation, because they would be recorded in favor of that policy. So the Balkan deal seems made to order to revive the New Deal domestically and like- we made to order .or Stalin internation- ally. Even if it were desirable, America is not strong enough to police the world by military force. If that attempt is made, the blessings of liberty will be replaced by coercion and tyranny at home. Our Christian ideals cannot be exported to other lands by dollars and guns. Persua- sion and example are the methods taught by the carpenter of Nazareth, and if we believe in Christianity we should try to advance our ideals by His methods. TMPERIALISM ABROAD AND FREEDOM AT HOME WILL NOT WORK We cannot practice might and force abroad and retain freedom at home, We cannot talk world cooperation and practice power politics. If we try to face both ways at once, we will repeat the sad lesson of the crusades. Ernest Barker summed up that tragedy in these words: “The crusades may be written down as a failure, They ended not in the occupation of the east by the Christian west, but in the conquest of the west by the Mohammedan east.” Mr. Speaker, is the Truman administra- tion truly trying to stop communism? Then its task begins at home. I suggest the same three-point program that I have long advo- cated, for a starter: First. Clean out the Communists and the fellow travelers in our own Government. Second. Stop giving foreign nations free economic support. End the administration policies that have used America as an ar- senal for communism. Encourage genuine relief under nonpolitical auspices. Third. Stop imitating communism, Com- munism arose out of the ashes of an economy destroyed by currency inflation and was wel- comed by a people saddled with tyrannical bureaucracy, To stop communism we must balance the budget, reduce the debt, and cut taxes, Mr. Speaker, long ago the admonition was offered, “Physician, heal thyself.” if the Truman administration is now finally inter- ested in stopping the spread of communism, it will take to heart that specific advice from the founder of the only effective anti- dote for communism, the Christian reli- gion. Congressman Doyle Further Explains How H. R. 2383 Would Stop Use of Power To Arbitrarily Destroy Legitimate Busi- ness—Remarks in Regard to Case of Ewing Versus Mytinger and Casselberry EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. CLYDE DOYLE OF CALIFORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Friday, February 2, 1951 Mr. DOYLE. Mr. Speaker, on yester- day in the Appendix of the Recorp be- ginning at page A610 I had printed the copy of the bill H. R. 2383 designed to amend section 304, subsections (a) and A637 (b), of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cos- metic Act. Following the text of the bill I made certain remarks and explanations about the purpose of the bill and also related that in the preparation of said remarks I had asked and received the cooperation of the legal counsel for Nu- trilite Products manufactured by the im- portant firm of Mytinger and Cassel- berry, whose home office is in my impor- tant home city of Long Beach, Los Angeles County, Calif. With the following additional re- marks, I trust that the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, to 6 which H. R, 2383 has been referred: the Department of government concerned; and all persons interested will thus be more promptly informed as to the pur- port of the bill and the conditions which brought it to the fore. I respectfully call your attention to the following which concludes the ex- planation of H. R. 2383: While not directly related to the mul- tiple seizures outlined above, the action of the administration in an injunction proceeding brought against these same constituents of mine under section 302 of the act shows another facet in Mr. Ewing and his Food and Drug Admin- istration’s arbitrary scheme to irrepara- bly injure and which would destroy my constituent’s business, While the three~- judge district court case was pending, the Food and Drug Administration in- stituted their own injunction proceeding in Los Angeles, raising the same claim of misleading literature (which the three judges found to be 100 percent wrong) asking an order prohibiting shipment of the product in interstate commerce. This was not pursued, how- ever, until after the Supreme Court had reversed the three-judge court. After that, the complaint was amended in the Los Angeles action by a prayer that the court require my constituents to refund all purchase moneys received from the sale of this valuable and beneficial vita- min and mineral product. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act contains no provision which even by the fondest stretch of the imagination would justify such a prayer. To insure maximum publicity, Mr. Ewing’s Food and Drug Administration in its press statements and an assistant legal attorney for them mentioned fantastic amounts of millions of dollars as possible refunds. You can well imagine how damaging this has been and on charges which the three- judge court held to be absolutely false. To those who know the provisions of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act this latest publicity attack on my constituents is not only unlawful in origin but is obvi- ously maliciously inspired, For example, the Drug Trade News, a periodical which usually applauds, as in many cases it should, the action of the Food and Drug Administration, stated in an editorial on November 27, 1950: The court proceedings recently started by the Food and Drug Administration ta com- pel a manufacturer to refund to the cus- tomer the price paid for a misbranded food and drug product, must be looked upon as a revolutionary development in the enforce- ment of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
A638 Buch action would seem completely be- yond the power of the act, and hence outside the lawful authority of the administrative agency. It can be pointed out, however, that if the manufacturer knew in advance that he would be required to refund the pur- chase price in the event his product was later found to be misbranded, & more me- ticulous observance of the act would be the direct reguit, provided he were willing to operate under such hazardous conditions. But, however meritorious such a requtire- ment may or may not be, ite very character is such that it should rest. upon congressional action and not on mere administrative interpretation. Oertainiy no such drastic proposal should be engrafted upon the act, ‘either by the FDA ruling or by judicial sanc- tion, Congress is the lawmaking body, although many administrative agencies in Washington geem oblivious to this fact. There has been altogether too much extension of Federal law through administrative usurpation coupled with the hunch that the courts can be counted on to go along. Not only is the Food and Drug Admin- istration to be condemned for its arbi- trary and capricious action which has caused incalculable damage to my con- stituents, but the agency should be taken to task for squandering public funds in such a fashion, This litigation, which has been going on for 2 years, and over what has been held by three judges to be the most innocuous of advertising, has not only cost the Government countless thousands of dollars but has expended thousands of hours of labor and fruitless effort on the part of Government attor- neys and other personnel. This is all the more appalling when it is considered, as is obvious to anyone conversant with the facts of the situation, that the Food and Drug Administration could, if it had desired to be fair-minded, have sat down at a conference with my constituents and troned out any real differences of opinion over the advertising which Mr, Ewing and his Food and Drug Adminis- tration seek to condemn. THE PROPOSED AMENDMENTS AND THE MULTIPLE SEIZURE POWER My proposed amendments to section 304 (a) of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act are designed primarily to prevent the reoccurrence of the unparalleled and un- precedented absence of protection against the abuses just outlined. Insofar as the power to make multiple seizures is concerned, my amendments would have the effect of only taking away from the administration the power to institute multiple seizures for the same alleged misbranding when a product is harmless and, first, the Administrator determines without hearing that the labeling is fraudulent; or, second, when the Admin- istrator determines without hearing that the labeling is misleading in a material respect. The Administrator, of course, would still have the power to institute a single seizure where he determines ex parte that labeling is misleading or fraudulent, and in that case the court would then determine whether his charges are true. Jf the charges are proved he could then and only then make multiple seizures all over the Nation. My amendments would not affect, change, or alter the power to institute multiple seizures when, first, it is alleged that a product is harmful or adulterated ; second, when the misbranding has been the basis of a prior Judgment in favor of the United States in a criminal, injune- tion, or libel for condemnation proceed- ing; or, third, when the Administrator determines from facts found without hearing that the article is dangerous to health. As a practical matter there would seem to be complete justification for multiple seizures in the three cat- egories just mentioned. Although the power of the Administrator to institute multiple libel proceedings when it is al- leged a product is dangerous to health or is adulterated might be subject to arbi- trary and capricious enforcement, the very nature of the charge involved would seem to warrant the assumption of that risk by individuals whose products come within the purview of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, My bill thus removes none of the essential protection of the public, All it does is insure that the carte blanche authority to destroy honest, harmless, and beneficial busi- nesses on whims and caprice is ended once and for all. REMOVAL AND CONSOLIDATION Section 304 (a) of the act now pro- vides that where 8 libel proceeding may be removed for trial to any district agreed upon by stipulation between the parties or, in the case of failure to stipulate, the claimant of the articles seized may apply to the court to have the trial re- moved to a district of reasonabl2 proxim- ity to the claimant's principal place of business. These removal provisions re- late to cases where there has been only one seizure action. Substantially similar provisions are contained in subsection (b) of section 304 which provides that the multiple libels may be consolidated for trial in, first, any district selected by the claimant where one of the multiple libel proceedings is pending; second, a district agreed upon by stipulation be- tween the parties; or, third, a district of reasonable proximity to the claimant’s principal place of business. The relief ostensibly accorded the claimant by removal and consolidation of multiple libel proceedings is in many instances only partial relief end in others completely illusory. In each jurisdiction in which a libel action bas been brought the claimant must file his claims, answers, and bonds unless he is willing to permit the various actions to go by default. Even if consolidation is effected, substantial burdens are placed on the claimant in attempting to try the con- solidated proceeding in a jurisdiction far removed from his home district where his witnesses, records, and other mate- rials are located. Of course, if the sei- zure has been effected in a claimant's home district other seizures predicated upon the same claim could be removed and consolidated in a claimant’s home district for trial. Experience has shown, however, that seizures ordinarily are not effected in the claimant's home district, but rather in jurisdictions far removed. In practice, the statutory right to have multiple libel proceedings consolidated in one of the jurisdictions where a libel has been instituted is meaningless for often the closest jurisdiction in which a libel proceeding has been instituted 1s APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD hundreds or thousands of miles removed from the claimant's principal place: of business. While it would appear that under the statutory provisions of section 304 that the parties to a libel procceding could stipulate to removal to and consolidation for trial in the claimant's home district, the Food and Drug Administration has a declared policy never to agree to stipulate to removal to or consolidation in such a district. This policy apparently is ap- plied under all circumstances regardless of the hardship in particular cases. As has been noted previously, both subsections (a) and (b) do authorize a court to transfer a single proceeding or consolidate multiple procedings for trial in a district of reasonable proximity to the claimant's principle place of business. There are no appellate court decisions interpreting this provision, but the few district courts which have had occasion to pass upon it have held that a district of reasonable proximity to the claimant’s principal place of business excludes the claimant’s home district. Such a ruling does not work an apparent hardship where the claimant's home district is in the East where district courts are reason- ably close together. Far different cir- cumstances prevail in the West where district courts are frequently hundreds of miles apart. If a claimant's principal place of busi- ness were in Los Angeles, for example, and a number of seizures were made in the East, what district would be one of reasonable proximity to the southern district court of California which holds court in Los Angeles? The closest ad- joining districts are the northern dis- trict of California, located in San Fran- cisco, and the district of Arizona in Phoenix. Each of these two cities is nearly 450 miles from Los Angeles. It is easy to concejve of circumstances where it would be difficult and expensive to properly try a lawsuit 450 miles removed from one’s place of business. To take another example, suppose the claimant's principal place of business is in the dis- trict of Hawaii and seizures are made in various parts of the continental United States, It would appear that the claim- ant’s only hope would be to have the multiple libels filed in the United States proper, consolidated for trial in either the northern or the southern districts of California, which are some 2,000 miles away from Hawaii, The proposed amendments to section 304 (a) and (b) therefore seek to make adequate provision whereby a court in which a libel action has been filed may upon proper application consolidate mul- tiple libel proceedings for trial to any district or division thereof. A similar provision is proposed to apply to a single libel proceeding brought under section 304 (a) of the act. It should be noted that under the proposed amendments, transfer of a single libel proceeding or consolidation of multiple libel proceed- ings to any other district or division is not mandatory, but is discretionary with the court for the convenience of parties and witnesses and in the interest of justice. The Food and Drug Administration objects strenuously to the proposed
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD amendments which would authorize transfer for trial to the home district of the claimant, It is asserted that such a procedure would prejudice the Govern- ment’s case and create false issues where local juries may be intimately bound up with an industry that is on trial. They overemphasize the probability of such a situation arising and overlook the fact that under the proposed bill removal for trial to the home district of the claimant is not automatic but rests solely in the discretion of the court which may order such removal “‘in the interest of justice,” upon motion by the claimant. In the event that the agency feels that in a par- ticular case possible prejudice might arise by transfer to the home district of the claimant, then he could contest any removal motion on the ground that re- moval would not be in the “interest of justice.” The proposed bill would not only relieve some claimants from the onerous burden of trying lawsuits far re- moved from its home district where the interest of justice requires that the case be tried in some other jurisdiction. CONCLUSION Experience in the administration and the administrative interpretation of leg- islation often indicate provisions which require change, revision, and repeal. This is particularly so when it is revealed that the “cold” words of a statute are interpreted by both the administrative agency and the judiciary as bestowing an unlimited and an uncontrollable grant of power which was never in fact con- templated by the Congress and where the administration has pursued a com- pletely arbitrary course of conduct in applying legislation. Fortunately, stat- utory defects in legislation and admin- istrative abuses of powers granted are soon discovered and the Congress in such instances harnessed the adminis- trators to insure that our Government continues as a government of laws rath- er that a government according to the whims and caprice of dictatorial men. Such is the situation in regard to the present so-called multiple seizure pro- visions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. As shocking as have been the abuses under these provisions, the courts have denied relief from the arbi- trary administrative action on the ground that Congress by certain broad Janguage in the statute, intended to withhold power from the judiciary in such cases. While believing the Federal courts have the inherent power to stop arbitrary administrative action, particu- larly where such action affects valuable property rights, there is no choice but to accept the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States blaming the Con- gress for lack of this power to stop this abuse. The administrative abuses of the Food and Drug Administration and the absence of an adequate remedy, compels the Congress to reexamine the so-called multiple seizure provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and furnish a remedy to our people against such abuses, The oppressive and destructive powers must be taken away, I believe. My bill does take these away and ends forever this existing un- bridled power to inflict irreparable in- jury by arbitrary, capricious, and op- pressive action, Ours must be a gov- ernment regulated by the enactment of crystal clear laws in every instance pos- sible and the administration thereof should not cause undeemed arbitrary action so far as the intent of Congress is concerned. The Battle of Words EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. NORRIS POULSON OF CALIFORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, February 7, 1951 Mr. POULSON. Mr. Speaker, you hear a lot about the battle of ideas. One aspect of this is the battle of words. Under the Roosevelt administration there were introduced many terms and initials which became shorthand for agencies, programs, ideas, and cate- gories. These standardized ideas were repeated and repeated through mass media until the public accepted the connotations that the administration wanted them to have. The term “re- actionary” was apfilied to anyone who was not a New Dealer. The concept of conservatism was debunked. Anyone was either a liberal or a reactionary. And the term “liberal,” which in Web- ster’s dictionary is defined as “befitting a man of free birth; not restricted; not bound by orthodox tenets or established forms in political or religious philos- ophy; independent in opinion; not con- servative’; was applied to those advo- cating centralization of power and con- trol in the Federal Government. The New Deal calls its dreamers idealists, That is a misnomer. They are not idealists, but sentimentalists. It is not only in domestic affairs that these term-makers work. They looked back at Henry Cabot Lodge’s opposition to the League of Nations and dubbed him an_ isolationist. Lodge thought ethat collective security impotent to stop aggression—see Walter Lippmann’s col- umn of January 15, 1951, in the Wash- ington Post. But there has never been a Cabot or a Lodge of Boston with iso- lationist outlook and he was not isola- tionist, just doubtful of collective secu- rity. Nevertheless, that label of isola- tionist has stuck. Now that term is again being used to brand anyone who questions the present foreign policy. Rather than answer the honest criti- cism of its foreign policy by the oppo- sition the administration yells “Isola- tionist” just as if it meant “Stop, thief.” The apologists for the agrarian re- formers—that is, the Chinese Commu- nists—try to defame anyone who cham- pions economic, military, and moral sanctions against the Chinese Commu- nist regime by calling them members of the China lobby. This name implies that these individuals are part of a con~ certed action and are receiving personal financial benefits for criticizing the Communists. Many of these critics of Chinese Communists have had exten- A639 sive personal experience in China and are speaking out against what they rec- ognize as a great evil, Yet, they are dubbed lobbyist by the administration, whereas the greatest lobby in this coun- try is the Government lobby which subtly floods the mails and papers with its version of every question. Now the administration always refers to Russia and her satellite nations. That gives the impression of the great mother star with her little attendant stars revolving around her in reflected glory. Instead they should call Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Rumania, and others, what they are—slave nations, captured by an imperialistic totalitari- anism. This is one instance where the administration has been outsmarted at its own game. Insults to My Family Must Stop EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. EDWIN ARTHUR HALL OF NEW YORK IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Friday, February 2, 1951 Mr. EDWIN ARTHUR HALL. Myr. Speaker, I can fight off below-the-belt attacks I receive from the Commies back home, but it is difficult for members of my family to bear the insults these rats heaped on them in last Sunday's press headline. My wife and other family members have just as much right to work for me as does any other American citizen. They are employees in my congres- sional office, and they will remain in those positions as long as they do satis- factory work and as long as they wish to work and they do work. They will continue to be paid within the legal limit, just as they have been, 0. a strictly legal basis. Iam getting sick of the unwarranted attacks and inferences hurled at me and mine every 3 or 4 months by Pravda- minded headline writers whenever the payroll subject comes up. As long as I serve in Congress, I will hire whom I alone want to work for me. I run the show in your Congressman’s office. If I did not run the show, these Rds would soon overwhelm me, and I would not be serving the people of my district but a handful of chimps. These insults and smears hamper di- rect American representation in this dis. trict. While Commie headline writers care little for this fact, they should at least direct their abuse in other direc- tions just once in a while, Rest assured that no stooge of the enemy camp will ever be able to pene- trate to a place on my payroll. I sup- pose that is what they are sore about, not being able to join my office staff, and then to wreck it, thus destroying the painstaking, thorough, quick, and efi- cient service which Americans of our sec- tion have become accustomed to. There are six hard-working people on my congressional payroll, They are qualified to be there because they have
A640 taken an oath to defend our Constitution and that they are not members of the Communist Party. That is more than the chimps can say who were responsible for insulting my wife and family. A Few Tax Tips to Troaman EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. NORRIS POULSON OF CALIFORMIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, February 6, 1951 Mr. POULSON. Mr. Speaker, Fred Othman can make even tragic things sound almost funny. His needling of the administration tn this particular in- stance is a masterpiece: A Few Tax Trrs to TRUMAN (By Pred Othman) I'll be a good deal happier about paying my share of the #4,000,000,000 extra income taxes President Truman wants if this Gov- ernment goes a little easy on buying ster- ling-silver finger bowls with gadroon borders for dainty-eating admirals. Fancy dinner service for the big brass is a samall matter maybe, but if I'm to make sacrifices, I'll be pleased if the Government makes a few small ones, too. The sea-going finger bowls I learned about accidentally awhile back when 4 batch of them came up for sale as wartime surplus. They are just the beginning of economies among the Federals that I'll be thinking about on March 16. T’ll be delighted to learn that the Bureau of Standards never again will spend $1,000 per acre to beautify its front lawns; plain grass ought to be good enough during the emergency, The Reconstruction Finance Corporation can quit financing snake farms if 1t wants to maintain my high regard; it also can be a little more careful about in- vesting my money in the juke-box business, I trust the Federal Trade Commission will spend no more of its valuable time tossing encyclopedias into the air to see whether they bounce or break when they hit the floor. The Agriculture Department can quit publishing treaties on how to crack nuts without cracking your knuckles. This is a good thing to know, I will admit, but in times like these I believe nut crackers can be educated by cruel experience. Uncle Samuel also would make me hap- pier if he cut down a little on the black Nmousines for bigwigs and the four-engine flying machines for generals. Then there is the matter of the President's $50,000-a-year expense account, which is tax free and for which he need make no account- ing to the Internal Revenue Bureau. Con- gresamen have similar expense accounts, but for only $2,500 each. There has been considerable criticism about these on the theory that if anybody else tried to get away with such a swindle sheet, he'd probably go to jail. My own feeling is that the President and the lawgivers ought to be pald enough so that they could remit to the tax collector, lke the rest of us. Their defenders insist that their expenses are 20 heavy, largely for entertaining visiting fremen (which is nondeductible), that they deserve to be treated different from other citizens. There can be no defense of Federal clerks with little or nothing to do. ‘This is a hard one to prove, but a friend of mine from a farm collaze some months ago had to visit the Agriculture Department. He was amazed, He said he never had seen s0 many feet on so many desks; he suggested that I take a stroll through the endless corridors and see for myself. I did and wrote & piece about it. This resulted in considerable bitterness— my mail for awhile was too hot even for asbestos gloves—and the next time I called at the Agriculture Department the doors to all the offices were closed. The feet no longer were on view, You see how it 1s, bureaucrats. I'll be thinking about you, every one, when I write that check for the tax collectors. You can help to make it hurt a little leas. India’s Grain Request Delicate Problem for America EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. HENRY D. LARCADE, JR. OF LOUISIANA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, February 7, 1951 Mr. LARCADE. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Ap- pendix to the Recorp, I am quoting an article by James Daniel, columnist, dis- cussing India’s grain request, as follows: Inpia’s Grain Requrst (By James Daniel) Congreas seems to be in a show-me mood on India’s request for a gift of 8180,000,000 worth of United States wheat to avert a threatened famine in that country. If Congress, after a thorough study of the facts, 1s convinced that— 1. India's food shortage is real; 2. Is the result of natural causes; and 8. Cannot be met by increased importae tions of grain paid for:in cash or by barter— Then the gift of wheat is likely to be voted, On the other hand, if Congress concludes that— 1. India’s food shortage has been aggra- vated by the Indian Government's own ill- advised policies, or 2, Could be offset by using other cash or credit resources available to India— Then India’s request probably will be rejected. ° The search for facta was begun yesterday when a bipartisan group of Senators and Representatives called at the White House. They wanted to do something about the up- roar created when the Senate Foreign Affaire Committee recently sidetracked a suggestion to help India, apparently because of disap- proval of India’s appeasement of Red China. In a letter requesting the conference, the Congressmen told President Truman they were united in believing that it would be in the interest of the United States to help pre- vent a catastrophe in India—"“within the reasonable limits of our capacities.” Moreover, they said they all believed that the desire to help the Indian people did not in any way lessen our opposition to India’s foreign policy. Nor, they said, did their oppo- sition to India’s attitude on China lessen the de.ire to help the Indian people. But beyond this, the White House confer- ence showed some uncertainties as to the facts in the Indian matter. Among questions asked were these: 1, Is it true, as reported, that Indta has been buying overseas grain at a higher cost than Pakistan, a surplus food area, has been. offering it to India? The Pakistanis have so charged. The Indians reply that Pakistan APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD has bean unable to meet her grain commit- ments to other countries. 2. Is it true, as reported, that India has increased her cotton and jute acreage, which Pakistan formerly produced for the whole subcontinent, in order to carry out a boycott of Pakistan products? The Pakistanis have charged that actual food acreage has been diverted; the Indians admit their cotton and jute acreage has been subtantially increased. %. Why ‘won't Indla trade the United States raw materials such as manganese in return for grain? More than a year ago, when the Indian request was first made, the State Department suggested such a swap. But the Indians were not interested. They are now our principal source of manganese, the vital steel ingredient. And we are their prin- cipal customer. But they want cash for everything they sell to the United States. Mr. Speaker, I think the question of a barter of wheat for manganese would be to the mutual advantage of both the United States and India. India needs wheat, we need manganese. So why not? The United States has already assisted India to the extent of $200,000,000, and as one who has opposed many of our altruistic programs, I think it is prepos- terous to consider giving India, or for that matter other countries, $200,000,000 more gratitiously, be it wheat or money. The resources of the United States are limited, and by our past largesse we have already weakened our strength, and in view of our defense preparedness pro- gram, I do not see how our economy can bear any further dissipation of our resources. Mr. Speaker, I would like to quote a discussion of the request of India for 2,000,000 tons of food grains by Mr. Cres- ton B, Mullins, columnist, where Mr. Mullins states: Inpia’s Foop Ssortace Creates DELicaTe PROBLEM FOR AMERICA-——~FaR-REACHING Po- LITICAL CONSIDERATIONS ARE INVOLVED iN Requtst ror Gran (By Creston B. Mullins) Congress soon may receive one of the moat controversial proposals for foreign aid it has ever b-en called on to consider, when legis- lation is introduced to provide 2,000,000 tons of food grains to India. The matter already is heavily overlaid with powerful political considerations which may delay, if not defeat, action on Capitol Hill, Prime Minister Nehru’s leadership of the fight against branding Red China the ag- gressor in Korea will be remembered. On the other hand, assisting the pro- spective legislation on its way through both Housea of Congress will be recognition of India's extremely powerful position among the Asian peoples and the necesaity to avoid doing anything which resembles retaliation or deprivation of needy Indians of the food they will have to obtain abroad if famine is to be averted. In reaponse to India's formal request for 2,000,000 tons of grain, American Govern- ment agencies are now engaged in an inten- sive study of all phases of such a relief meas- ure. The factors being inquired into are manifold and extremely complicated. What exactly is India’s food situation? Is there real or only potential danger of starvation? Does 2,000,000 tons represent the actual need? Can India reasonably be expected to pay for such a quantity of grain—the value of which will run between $150,000,000 and $200,000,000—even if long-term credita are provided? Or would it be better to make an outright grant-in-ald and avoid the ill-feel- ing and recriminations which accompany Pressure to collect a bill that may be de- faulted?