(9) The history of Native Hawaiians and Pa-
cific Islanders in what is now considered to be the 
United States predates the founding of our Nation. 
(10) In 1993, Congress passed a resolution that 
was signed into law formally apologizing for the 
United States role in the illegal overthrow of the 
Kingdom of Hawaii, which resulted in the suppres-
sion of the inherent sovereignty of the Native Ha-
waiian people. 
(11) Twelve thousand Chinese laborers worked 
in atrocious conditions to build the Transcontinental 
Railroad, many dying from harsh weather conditions 
and the dangers of handling explosives. 
(12) The Page Act of 1875 was the United 
States first restrictive immigration law, which 
sought to prevent the entry of Asian women per-
ceived as immoral or suspected of prostitution. 
(13) After the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 
banned Chinese immigrants from immigrating to the 
United States, Japanese were hired. After the Japa-
nese were banned from immigrating due to the Gen-
tleman’s Agreement of 1907, which halted immigra-
tion from Japan, Filipinos were hired under 3-year 
contracts. 
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(14) Filipino farm workers helped found the 
farm worker labor movement. 
(15) The Immigration Act of 1917 restricted 
immigration to the United States by barring immi-
gration from the Asia-Pacific zone. 
(16) The Immigration Act of 1924 set a na-
tional origin quota to deter immigration. 
(17) President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Execu-
tive Order 9066 authorized the incarceration of over 
120,000 persons of Japanese ancestry, two-thirds of 
whom were American citizens, based solely on race. 
(18) Beginning in 1954, the United States dis-
placed over 3,000,000 refugees from Cambodia, 
Laos, and Vietnam due to covert and overt United 
States military operations in Southeast Asia. 
(19) The Immigration Act of 1965 made family 
unification and skills-based migration the bedrock 
principle of immigration to the United States. 
(20) The United States conducted nuclear test-
ing on the Bikini and Enewetak Atoll of the Mar-
shall Islands have made parts of the island nation 
uninhabitable and caused forced migration and 
health complications that still impact the community 
today. 
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(21) The United States ratified a Compact of 
Free Association with the Federated States of Mi-
cronesia, Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the 
Republic of Palau enabling citizens of these Pacific 
Island nations to legally migrate to the United 
States visa-free while the United States retains cer-
tain strategic military rights over their territorial 
waters. 
(22) In the aftermath of the Vietnam War, the 
Refugee Act of 1980 helped more than 500,000 
Southeast Asians gain permanent resident status in 
the United States within the first decade of its pas-
sage. 
(23) The Pacific Islander community represents 
the largest concentration of any ethnic group en-
listed in the United States military, as well as rep-
resenting the highest numbers of casualties in the 
current wars on terror. 
(24) The ‘‘model minority’’ myth perpetuates 
the stigma of Asian Americans as perpetual for-
eigners, and such stereotypes are used to pit minor-
ity groups against one another. 
(25) The pattern of hate crimes and hate inci-
dents directed at Asians and Asian Americans has 
repeated itself throughout history. 
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(26) Asian-American and African-American his-
tories of fighting against oppression and racism are 
intertwined, from the Black Power Movement of the 
1960s that birthed the Asian American Movement to 
civil rights protests today. 
(27) Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and 
their allies continue to fight discrimination, racial 
prejudice, hate crimes, scapegoating, structural rac-
ism, economic inequities, and benign and overt omis-
sion of the integral role they played in the develop-
ment of this country. 
SEC. 3. AMERICAN HISTORY AND CIVICS EDUCATION. 
(a) PROGRAM AUTHORIZED.—Section 2231(a) of the 
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 
U.S.C. 6661(a)) is amended— 
(1) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by 
inserting ‘‘, which shall include Asian Pacific Amer-
ican history,’’ after ‘‘American history’’; and 
(2) in paragraph (2)— 
(A) by inserting ‘‘which shall include Asian 
Pacific American history,’’ after ‘‘American his-
tory,’’; and 
(B) by inserting ‘‘, which shall include 
Asian Pacific American history’’ after ‘‘tradi-
tional American history’’. 
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(b) PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ACADEMIES 
FOR AMERICAN HISTORY AND CIVICS.—Section 2232 of 
the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 
U.S.C. 6662) is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a)— 
(A) in paragraph (1), by inserting ‘‘, which 
shall include Asian Pacific American history,’’ 
after ‘‘American History’’; and 
(B) in paragraph (2), by inserting ‘‘, which 
shall include Asian Pacific American history,’’ 
after ‘‘American History’’; 
(2) in subsection (c)(1), by inserting ‘‘, which 
shall include Asian Pacific American history,’’ after 
‘‘American history’’; 
(3) in subsection (e)— 
(A) in paragraph (1)— 
(i) by inserting ‘‘, which shall include 
Asian Pacific American history,’’ after 
‘‘American history’’; 
(ii) in subparagraph (A)— 
(I) by inserting ‘‘, which shall in-
clude Asian Pacific American his-
tory,’’ after ‘‘teachers of American 
history’’; and 
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(II) by inserting ‘‘, which shall 
include Asian Pacific American his-
tory,’’ after ‘‘subjects of American 
history’’; and 
(iii) in subparagraph (B), by inserting 
‘‘, which shall include Asian Pacific Amer-
ican history,’’ after ‘‘American history’’; 
(B) in paragraph (2), by inserting ‘‘, which 
shall include Asian Pacific American history,’’ 
after ‘‘American history’’; and 
(C) in paragraph (4), by inserting ‘‘, and 
with the Smithsonian Institution’s Asian Pacific 
American Center to provide programs and re-
sources for educators and students’’ after ‘‘Na-
tional Parks’’; and 
(4) in subsection (f)— 
(A) by inserting ‘‘, which shall include 
Asian Pacific American history,’’ after ‘‘Amer-
ican history’’; 
(B) in subparagraph (A), by inserting ‘‘, 
which shall include Asian Pacific American his-
tory,’’ after ‘‘American history’’; and 
(C) in subparagraph (B), by inserting ‘‘, 
which shall include Asian Pacific American his-
tory,’’ after ‘‘American history’’. 
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(c) NATIONAL ACTIVITIES.—Section 2233 of the Ele-
mentary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 
6663) is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a), by inserting ‘‘which shall 
include Asian Pacific American history,’’ after 
‘‘American history,’’; and 
(2) in subsection (b), by inserting ‘‘which shall 
include Asian Pacific American history,’’ after 
‘‘American history,’’. 
(d) NATIONAL
ASSESSMENT
OF
EDUCATIONAL 
PROGRESS.—Section 303(b)(2)(D) of the National As-
sessment of Educational Progress Authorization Act (20 
U.S.C. 9622(b)(2)(D)) is amended by inserting ‘‘(which 
shall include Asian Pacific American history)’’ after ‘‘his-
tory,’’. 
Æ 
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