518 
greenhouse gas emissions from natural sources, 
including permafrost, forests, or oceans; 
‘‘(C) global atmospheric concentrations of 
greenhouse gases, expressed in annual concentra-
tion units as well as carbon dioxide equivalents 
based on 100-year global warming potentials; 
‘‘(D) major climate forcing factors, such as 
aerosols; 
‘‘(E) global average temperature, expressed 
as seasonal and annual averages in land, ocean, 
and land-plus-ocean averages; and 
‘‘(F) sea level rise; 
‘‘(3) assess the current and potential impacts of 
global climate change on— 
‘‘(A) human populations, including impacts 
on public health, economic livelihoods, subsist-
ence, human infrastructure, and displacement or 
permanent relocation due to flooding, severe 
weather, extended drought, erosion, or other eco-
system changes; 
‘‘(B) freshwater systems, including water 
resources for human consumption and agri-
culture and natural and managed ecosystems, 
flood and drought risks, and relative humidity; 
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‘‘(C) the carbon cycle, including impacts re-
lated to the thawing of permafrost, the frequency 
and intensity of wildfire, and terrestrial and 
ocean carbon sinks; 
‘‘(D) ecosystems and animal and plant pop-
ulations, including impacts on species abun-
dance, phenology, and distribution; 
‘‘(E) oceans and ocean ecosystems, includ-
ing effects on sea level, ocean acidity, ocean tem-
peratures, coral reefs, ocean circulation, fisheries, 
and other indicators of ocean ecosystem health; 
‘‘(F) the cryosphere, including effects on ice 
sheet mass balance, mountain glacier mass bal-
ance, and sea-ice extent and volume; 
‘‘(G) changes in the intensity, frequency, or 
distribution of severe weather events, including 
precipitation, tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and 
severe heat waves; 
‘‘(H) agriculture and forest systems; and 
‘‘(I) any other indicators the Administrator 
deems appropriate; 
‘‘(4) summarize any significant socio-economic 
impacts of climate change in the United States, in-
cluding the territories of the United States, drawing 
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on work by Federal agencies and the academic lit-
erature, including impacts on— 
‘‘(A) public health; 
‘‘(B) economic livelihoods and subsistence; 
‘‘(C) displacement or permanent relocation 
due to flooding, severe weather, extended drought, 
or other ecosystem changes; 
‘‘(D) human infrastructure, including coast-
al infrastructure vulnerability to extreme events 
and sea level rise, river floodplain infrastructure, 
and sewer and water management systems; 
‘‘(E) agriculture and forests, including ef-
fects on potential growing season, distribution, 
and yield; 
‘‘(F) water resources for human consump-
tion, agriculture and natural and managed eco-
systems, flood and drought risks, and relative hu-
midity; 
‘‘(G) energy supply and use; and 
‘‘(H) transportation; 
‘‘(5) in assessing risks and impacts, use a risk 
management framework, including both qualitative 
and quantitative measures, to assess the observed and 
projected impacts of current and future climate 
change, accounting for— 
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‘‘(A) both monetized and non-monetized 
losses; 
‘‘(B) potential nonlinear, abrupt, or essen-
tially irreversible changes in the climate system; 
‘‘(C) potential nonlinear increases in the 
cost of impacts; 
‘‘(D) potential low-probability, high impact 
events; and 
‘‘(E) whether impacts are transitory or es-
sentially permanent; and 
‘‘(6) based on the findings of the Administrator 
under this section, as well as assessments produced by 
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the 
United States Global Change Research program, and 
other relevant scientific entities— 
‘‘(A) describe increased risks to natural sys-
tems and society that would result from an in-
crease in global average temperature 3.6 degrees 
Fahrenheit (2 degrees Celsius) above the pre-in-
dustrial average or an increase in atmospheric 
greenhouse gas concentrations above 450 parts 
per million carbon dioxide equivalent; and 
‘‘(B) identify and assess— 
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‘‘(i) significant residual risks not 
avoided by the thresholds described in sub-
paragraph (A); 
‘‘(ii) alternative thresholds or targets 
that may more effectively limit the risks 
identified pursuant to clause (i); and 
‘‘(iii) thresholds above those described 
in subparagraph (A) which significantly in-
crease the risk of certain impacts or render 
them essentially permanent. 
‘‘(d) STATUS OF MONITORING AND VERIFICATION CA-
PABILITIES TO EVALUATE GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION 
EFFORTS.—The analysis required under subsection (a)(2) 
shall evaluate the capabilities of the monitoring, reporting, 
and verification systems used to quantify progress in 
achieving reductions in greenhouse gas emissions both glob-
ally and in the United States (as described in section 702), 
including— 
‘‘(1) quantification of emissions and emission re-
ductions by entities participating in the cap and 
trade program under this title; 
‘‘(2) quantification of emissions and emission re-
ductions by entities participating in the offset pro-
gram under this title; 
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‘‘(3) quantification of emission and emissions re-
ductions by entities regulated by performance stand-
ards; 
‘‘(4) quantification of aggregate net emissions 
and emissions reductions by the United States; and 
‘‘(5) quantification of global changes in net emis-
sions and in sources and sinks of greenhouse gases. 
‘‘(e) STATUS OF GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION EF-
FORTS.—The analysis required under subsection (a)(3) 
shall address— 
‘‘(1) whether the programs under Safe Climate 
Act and other Federal statutes are resulting in suffi-
cient United States greenhouse gas emissions reduc-
tions to meet the emissions reduction goals described 
in section 702, taking into account the use of offsets; 
and 
‘‘(2) whether United States actions, taking into 
account international actions, commitments, and 
trends, and considering the range of plausible emis-
sions scenarios, are sufficient to avoid— 
‘‘(A) atmospheric greenhouse gas concentra-
tions above 450 parts per million carbon dioxide 
equivalent; 
‘‘(B) global average surface temperature 3.6 
degrees Fahrenheit (2 degrees Celsius) above the 
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pre-industrial average, or such other temperature 
thresholds as the Administrator deems appro-
priate; and 
‘‘(C) other temperature or greenhouse gas 
thresholds identified pursuant to subsection 
(c)(6)(B). 
‘‘(f) RECOMMENDATIONS.— 
‘‘(1) LATEST SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION.—Based 
on the analysis described in subsection (a)(1), each re-
port under subsection (a) shall identify actions that 
could be taken to— 
‘‘(A) 
improve 
the 
characterization 
of 
changes in the earth-climate system and impacts 
of global climate change; 
‘‘(B) better inform decision making and ac-
tions related to global climate change; 
‘‘(C) mitigate risks to natural and social 
systems; and 
‘‘(D) design policies to better account for 
climate risks. 
‘‘(2) 
MONITORING, 
REPORTING
AND 
VERIFICATION.—Based on the analysis described in 
subsection (a)(2), each report under subsection (a) 
shall identify key gaps in measurement, reporting, 
and verification capabilities and make recommenda-
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tions to improve the accuracy and reliability of those 
capabilities. 
‘‘(3) STATUS OF GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION 
EFFORTS.—Based on the analysis described in sub-
section (a)(3), taking into account international ac-
tions, commitments, and trends, and considering the 
range of plausible emissions scenarios, each report 
under subsection (a) shall identify— 
‘‘(A) the quantity of additional reductions 
required to meet the emissions reduction goals in 
section 702; 
‘‘(B) the quantity of additional reductions 
in global greenhouse gas emissions needed to 
avoid the concentration and temperature thresh-
olds identified in subsection (e); and 
‘‘(C) possible strategies and approaches for 
achieving additional reductions. 
‘‘(g) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section 
such sums as may be necessary. 
‘‘SEC. 706. NATIONAL ACADEMY REVIEW. 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 1 year after the 
date of enactment of this title, the Administrator shall offer 
to enter into a contract with the National Academy of 
Sciences (in this section referred to as the ‘Academy’) under 
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which the Academy shall, not later than July 1, 2014, and 
every 4 years thereafter, submit to Congress and the Admin-
istrator a report that includes— 
‘‘(1) a review of the most recent report and rec-
ommendations issued under section 705; and 
‘‘(2) an analysis of technologies to achieve reduc-
tions in greenhouse gas emissions. 
‘‘(b) FAILURE TO ISSUE A REPORT.—In the event that 
the Administrator has not issued all or part of the most 
recent report required under section 705, the Academy shall 
conduct its own review and analysis of the required infor-
mation. 
‘‘(c) TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION.—The analysis 
required under subsection (a)(2) shall— 
‘‘(1) review existing technological information 
and reports, including the most recent reports by the 
Department of Energy, the United States Global 
Change Research Program, the Intergovernmental 
Panel on Climate Change, and the International En-
ergy Agency and any other relevant information on 
technologies or practices that reduce or limit green-
house gas emissions; 
‘‘(2) include the participation of technical ex-
perts from relevant private industry sectors; 
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‘‘(3) review the current and future projected de-
ployment of technologies and practices in the United 
States that reduce or limit greenhouse gas emissions, 
including— 
‘‘(A) technologies for capture and sequestra-
tion of greenhouse gases; 
‘‘(B) technologies to improve energy effi-
ciency; 
‘‘(C) low- or zero-greenhouse gas emitting 
energy technologies; 
‘‘(D) low- or zero-greenhouse gas emitting 
fuels; 
‘‘(E) biological sequestration practices and 
technologies; and 
‘‘(F) any other technologies the Academy 
deems relevant; and 
‘‘(4) review and compare the emissions reduction 
potential, commercial viability, market penetration, 
investment trends, and deployment of the technologies 
described in paragraph (3), including— 
‘‘(A) the need for additional research and 
development, including publicly funded research 
and development; 
‘‘(B) the extent of commercial deployment, 
including, where appropriate, a comparison to 
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the cost and level of deployment of conventional 
fossil fuel-fired energy technologies and devices; 
and 
‘‘(C) an evaluation of any substantial tech-
nological, legal, or market-based barriers to com-
mercial deployment. 
‘‘(d) RECOMMENDATIONS.— 
‘‘(1) LATEST SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION.—Based 
on the review described in subsection (a)(1), the Acad-
emy shall identify actions that could be taken to— 
‘‘(A) 
improve 
the 
characterization 
of 
changes in the earth-climate system and impacts 
of global climate change; 
‘‘(B) better inform decision making and ac-
tions related to global climate change; 
‘‘(C) mitigate risks to natural and social 
systems; 
‘‘(D) design policies to better account for 
climate risks; and 
‘‘(E) improve the accuracy and reliability 
of capabilities to monitor, report, and verify 
greenhouse gas emissions reduction efforts. 
‘‘(2) TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION.—Based on 
the analysis described in subsection (a)(2), the Acad-
emy shall identify— 
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‘‘(A) additional emissions reductions that 
may be possible as a result of technologies de-
scribed in the analysis; 
‘‘(B) barriers to the deployment of such 
technologies; and 
‘‘(C) actions that could be taken to speed de-
ployment of such technologies. 
‘‘(3) STATUS OF GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION 
EFFORTS.—Based on the review described in sub-
section (a)(1), the Academy shall identify— 
‘‘(A) the quantity of additional reductions 
required to meet the emissions reduction goals 
described in section 702; and 
‘‘(B) the quantity of additional reductions 
in global greenhouse gas emissions needed to 
avoid the concentration and temperature thresh-
olds described in section 705(c)(6)(A) or identi-
fied pursuant to section 705(c)(6)(B). 
‘‘(e) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are 
authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section such 
sums as may be necessary. 
‘‘SEC. 707. PRESIDENTIAL RESPONSE AND RECOMMENDA-
TIONS. 
‘‘Not later than July 1, 2015, and every 4 years there-
after— 
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‘‘(1) the President shall direct relevant Federal 
agencies to use existing statutory authority to take 
appropriate actions identified in the reports sub-
mitted under sections 705 and 706 and to address 
any shortfalls identified in such reports; and 
‘‘(2) in the event that the National Academy of 
Sciences has concluded, in the most recent report sub-
mitted under section 706, that the United States will 
not achieve the necessary domestic greenhouse gas 
emissions reductions, or that global actions will not 
maintain safe global average surface temperature and 
atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration thresholds, 
the President shall submit to Congress a plan identi-
fying domestic and international actions that will 
achieve necessary additional greenhouse gas reduc-
tions, including any recommendations for legislative 
action. 
‘‘PART B—DESIGNATION AND REGISTRATION OF 
GREENHOUSE GASES 
‘‘SEC. 711. DESIGNATION OF GREENHOUSE GASES. 
‘‘(a) GREENHOUSE GASES.—For purposes of this title, 
the following are greenhouse gases: 
‘‘(1) Carbon dioxide. 
‘‘(2) Methane. 
‘‘(3) Nitrous oxide. 
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‘‘(4) Sulfur hexafluoride. 
‘‘(5) Hydrofluorocarbons from a chemical manu-
facturing process at an industrial stationary source. 
‘‘(6) Any perfluorocarbon. 
‘‘(7) Nitrogen trifluoride. 
‘‘(8) Any other anthropogenic gas designated as 
a greenhouse gas by the Administrator under this sec-
tion. 
‘‘(b) DETERMINATION ON ADMINISTRATOR’S INITIA-
TIVE.—The Administrator shall, by rule— 
‘‘(1) determine whether 1 metric ton of another 
anthropogenic gas makes the same or greater con-
tribution to global warming over 100 years as 1 met-
ric ton of carbon dioxide; 
‘‘(2) determine the carbon dioxide equivalent 
value for each gas with respect to which the Adminis-
trator makes an affirmative determination under 
paragraph (1); 
‘‘(3) for each gas with respect to which the Ad-
ministrator makes an affirmative determination 
under paragraph (1) and that is used as a substitute 
for a class I or class II substance under title VI, de-
termine the extent to which to regulate that gas under 
section 619 and specify appropriate compliance obli-
gations under section 619; 
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‘‘(4) designate as a greenhouse gas for purposes 
of this title each gas for which the Administrator 
makes an affirmative determination under paragraph 
(1), to the extent that it is not regulated under section 
619; and 
‘‘(5) specify the appropriate compliance obliga-
tions under this title for each gas designated as a 
greenhouse gas under paragraph (4). 
‘‘(c) PETITIONS
TO
DESIGNATE
A
GREENHOUSE 
GAS.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Any person may petition the 
Administrator to designate as a greenhouse gas any 
anthropogenic gas 1 metric ton of which makes the 
same or greater contribution to global warming over 
100 years as 1 metric ton of carbon dioxide. 
‘‘(2) CONTENTS
OF
PETITION.—The petitioner 
shall provide sufficient data, as specified by rule by 
the Administrator, to demonstrate that the gas is like-
ly to be a greenhouse gas and is likely to be produced, 
imported, used, or emitted in the United States. To 
the extent practicable, the petitioner shall also iden-
tify producers, importers, distributors, users, and 
emitters of the gas in the United States. 
‘‘(3) REVIEW
AND
ACTION
BY
THE
ADMINIS-
TRATOR.—Not later than 90 days after receipt of a 
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petition under paragraph (2), the Administrator shall 
determine whether the petition is complete and notify 
the petitioner and the public of the decision. 
‘‘(4) ADDITIONAL INFORMATION.—The Adminis-
trator may require producers, importers, distributors, 
users, or emitters of the gas to provide information on 
the contribution of the gas to global warming over 
100 years compared to carbon dioxide. 
‘‘(5) TREATMENT OF PETITION.—For any sub-
stance used as a substitute for a class I or class II 
substance under title VI, the Administrator may elect 
to treat a petition under this subsection as a petition 
to list the substance as a class II, group II substance 
under section 619, and may require the petition to be 
amended to address listing criteria promulgated 
under that section. 
‘‘(6) DETERMINATION.—Not later than 2 years 
after receipt of a complete petition, the Administrator 
shall, after notice and an opportunity for comment— 
‘‘(A) issue and publish in the Federal Reg-
ister— 
‘‘(i) a determination that 1 metric ton 
of the gas does not make a contribution to 
global warming over 100 years that is equal 
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559 
‘‘(ii) TARGETS.—In applying the por-
tion of the formula in clause (i)(III) of this 
subparagraph, for calendar years for which 
a percentage is not listed in section 703(a), 
the Administrator shall use a uniform an-
nual decline in the amount of emissions be-
tween the years that are specified. 
‘‘(iii) CARBON
DIOXIDE
EQUIVALENT 
VALUE.—If the Administrator adjusts under 
this paragraph the number of emission al-
lowances established pursuant to paragraph 
(1), the Administrator shall use the carbon 
dioxide equivalent values established pursu-
ant to section 712. 
‘‘(iv) LIMITATION
ON
ADJUSTMENT 
TIMING.—Once a calendar year has started, 
the Administrator may not adjust the num-
ber of emission allowances to be established 
for that calendar year. 
‘‘(C) LIMITATION ON ADJUSTMENT AUTHOR-
ITY.—The Administrator may adjust under this 
paragraph the number of emission allowances to 
be established pursuant to paragraph (1) only 
once. 
‘‘(f) COMPENSATORY ALLOWANCE.— 
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