APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD in activities or propaganda designed to teach subservience to the political principles and ideals of foreign nations or the overthrow by violence of the established constitutional form of government of the United States and the State of Illinois. That no political organization or group shall be qualified as a political party * * * or given a place on a ballot, which organiza- tion or group is associated, directly or indi- rectly, with Communist, Fascist, Nazi, or other un-American principles and engages in activities or propaganda designed to teach subservience to the political principles and ideals of foreign nations or the overthrow by violence of the established constitutional form of government of the United States and the State of Illinois. (Rev. Stat. (1945) ch. 46, sec. 7-2, p. 1517.) INDIANA No political party or organization shall be recognized and given a place on or have the names of its candidates printed on the ballot used at any election, which advocates the overthrow, by force or violence, of the local, State, or National Government, or which ad- vocates, or carries on, a program of sedition or of treason, and which is affiliated or co- operates with or has any relation with any foreign government, or any political party or group of individuals of any foreign govern- ment. Any political party or organization which is in existence at the time of the pas- sage of this act, or which shall have had a ticket on the ballot one or more times prior to any election, und which does not advocate any of the doctrines the advocacy of which is prohibited by this act, shall insert a plank in its platform that it does not advocate any of the doctrines prohibited by this act. No existing or newly organized political party or organization shall be permitted on or to have the names of its candidates printed on the ballot used at any election until it has filed an affidavit, by its officers, under oath, that it does not advocate the overthrow of local, State, or National Government by force or violence, and that it is not affiliated with and does not cooperate with nor has any rela- tion with any foreign government, or any political party, organization, or group of in- dividuals of any foreign government. The affidavit herein provided for shall be filed with the board of election commissioners of the State or the county or city or town hav- ing charge of the printing of the ballot on which such ticket is to appear. The board of election commissioners with which such affidavit is filed shall make, or cause to be made, such investigation as it may deem necessary to determine the character and nature of the political doctrines of such existing or proposed new party and the ex- pense of such investigation by the State board of election commissioners shall be paid out of the general funds of the State treas- ury not otherwise appropriated, provided the amount of such appropriation shall not ex- ceed $500; and the expense of the investiga- tion by any other board of election commis- sioners shall be paid out of the funds in the treasury, not otherwise appropriated, pro- vided the amount of such appropriation shall not exceed $300, of any other political sub- division with whose board of election com- missioners such affidavit is filed; and if the board is of the opinion that such existing or proposed new party advocates doctrines which are in violation of the provisions of this act, or that any of the statements in said affidavit are false, the board shall not permit such ticket or candidates on the ballot. (Laws 1941, ch. 188, p. 386-387.) KANSAS No political party (a) which is directly or indirectly affiliated by any means whatsoever with the Communist Party of the United States, the Communist International, or any other foreign agency, political party, organi- gation, or government; or (b) which either directly or indirectly advocates, teaches, jus- tifles, aids, or abets the overthrow by force or violence, or by any unlawful means, of the Government of the United States or this State; or (c) which directly or indirectly carries on, advocates, teaches, justifies, aids, or abets a program of sabotage, force, and violence, sedition, or treason against the Government of the United States or this State shall be recognized or qualified to par- ticipate or permitted to have the names of its candidates printed on the ballot in any election in this State. (Gen. Stat. Ann. (Supp. 1945), ch. 25, secs. 25-116, 25-117.) OKLAHOMA No political party shall be recognized or qualified to participate in any primary, spe- cial, or general election in this State which {s directly or indirectly affiliated, by any means whatsoever, with the Communist Party. the Third Communist International, or with any foreign political agency, party, organization. or government; or which either directly or indirectly carries on or advocates revolution, teaches or justifies a program of sabotage, force, and violation, sedition, or treason against the Government of the United States of America or of this State, or which directly or indirectly carries on, advocates revolutions, teaches, or justifies, by any means whatso- ever, the overthrow of the Government of the United States or of this State, or change in the form of government thereof by force or violence. No person shall be eligible to file as « can- didate for nomination of any political party or as an independent or nonpartisan candi- date who is directly or indirectly affliated with the Communist Party, the Third Com- munist International, or any foreign politi- cal agency, party, organization, or govern- ment, or who advocates revolutions, teaches. or justifies a program of sabotage, force, or violence, sedition, or treason against the Gov- ernment of the United States or of this State or who directly or indirectly advocates or teaches by any means whatsoever the over- throw of the Government of the United States or of this State, or change in the form of government thereof by force or any unlaw- ful means. (Stat. (1041), title 26, sec. 6.1. p. 1079; title 26, sec. 162b, p. 1103.) OHIO No political party, or group, which advo- cates, either directly, or indirectly, the over- throw, by force or violence, of our local, State, or National government or which carries on & program of sedition or treason by radio, speech, or press or which has in any manner any connection with any foreign government or power or which in any manner has any connection with any group or organization so connected or so advocating the overthrow, by force or violence, of our local, State or Na- tional government ci so carrying on a pro- gram of sedition or treason by radio, speech, or press shall be recognized or be given a place on the ballot in any primary or general election held in the State of Ohio or in any political subdivision thereof. (Code Ann. (Throckmorton, Cum. Supp. 1945) sec. 4785- 100a p. 843.) OREGON No person shall be a candidate for public office in this State who is a member of, or affiliated with, any organization which teaches the doctrine of, or advocates, the overthrow of the Government of the United States by force or violence. The name of no such person, as a candidate, shall be placed upon any ballot in connec- tion with any election in this State; nor shall any such person be eligible for appointment to a public office. (Comp. Laws Ann. vol. 5 (oess pocket part) ch. 13, sec, 81-1309, p. ‘) A1399 PENNBYLVANIA That the words “political party” and the words “political body,” as hereinabove de- fined, shall not tnclude any political party, political organization or political body com- posed of a group of electors, whose purposes or aims, or one of whose purposes or aims, is the establishment, control, conduct, seizure, or overthrow of the Government of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania or the United States of America by the use of force, vio- lence, military measures, or threats of one or more of the foregoing. (Laws 1941, No. 213, sec. 801 (d), p. 627-528.) TEXAS No person shall be permitted to have his name appear upon said official ballot as a can- didate for any office in this State unless and until he shall file with the Secretary of State his affidavit, in a form to be prescribed by the Attorney General, that if elected to the office which he seeks, he will support and de- fend the Constitution and laws of the United States and of Texas. Said affidavit shall fur- ther recite that such candidate believes in, approves of and if elected will support and defend our present representative form of government, and will resist any effort or movement from any source which seeks to subvert or destroy the same or any part thereof. Use of the masculine term herein shall be construed to include the feminine. The name of no candidate or nominee Ot any political party whose principles include any thought or purpose of setting aside rep- resentative form of government and sub- stituting therefor any other form of gov- ernment shall be permitted or said official ballot. It is specifically provided that no candi- date or nominee of the Communist Party, or the Fascist Party, or the Nazi Party, shall ever be allowed a place on said official bal- lot. (Stat. (Vernon, Supp. 1942) art. 2978x.) WISCONSIN Notwithstanding any other provisions of this chapter, no party shall be recognized or qualified to participate in any election which is directly or indirectly 2fflliated, by any means whatsoever, with the Communist Party of the United States, the Third Com- munist International, or any other foreign agency, political party, organization, or gov- ernment which either directly or indirectly carries on, advocates, teaches, justifies, aids, or abets the overthrow by any unlawful means of, or which directly, or indirectly car- ries on, advocates, teaches justifies, aids, or abets a program of sabotage, force and vio- lence, sedition or treason against, the Gov- ernment of the United States or of this State. The secretary of state shall, with the ad- vice and consent of the attorney general, determine which parties are qualified to participate in any election. Such determina- tion shall be subject to review t~ the courts in accordance with law. This section is declared to be enacted in the exercise of the police power of this State for the protection of the public peace, safety, and general welfare of the residents of this State (Stat. (1945) sec. 5.225, p. 98). WYOMING Notwithstanding any other provisions of this law no party shall be recognized or qualified to participate in any primary, or general election, which is affiliated, by any means whatsoever, with the Communist Party of the United States, the Third Com- munist International, or any other foreign agency, which carries on, advocates, teaches, justifies, aids, or abets the overthrow by any unlawful means of, or which directly or in- directly carries on, advocates, teaches, justi- fies, aids, or abets a program of s botage, force and violence, sedition or treason against the Government of the United States, or of this State (Laws 1941, ch. 9, p. 11-12).
A1400 To Strengthen, Not Weaken, the UN EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. FRANCIS J. MYERS OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tuesday, April 1 (legislative day of Monday, March 24), 1947 Mr. MYERS. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp an editorial entitled “To Strengthen, Not Weaken, the UN,” from a recent issue of the Phila- delphia Inquirer. There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: TO STRENGTHEN, NOT WEAKEN, THY. UN American Delegate Warren R. Austin’s statement on Greece and Turkey to the Se- curity Council of the United Nations yester- day helped materially to remove misconcep- tions regarding the effect on the UN of our plans to aid those two nations at the gateway to the Middle East. There has been a great deal of argument that President Truman's proposal to extend this aid—to the extent of $400,000,000— means “bypassing” the United Nations. The Austin declarations at Lake Success show conclusively that this is not the case. Instead, as Mr. Austin’s analysis demon- strates, the program of the United States to meet an emergency which could be met in no other way should strengthen the UN. There can be no question that collapse of Greece would create instantly a dangerous, probably explosive, situation, in the Balkans. Greek independence could hardly survive. The ominous plot to dismember Macedonia from Greece would sure be intensified. The Dardanelles issue, serious as it has been made by inordinate Soviet pressure upon Turkey, would become acute. A series of other critical questions would swiftly ensue. If all this were thrown into the United Na- tions it would have a crisis on its hands of immeasurable proportions. It is not too much to say that such a crisis at this time might wreck the UN and the great peace movement for which it stands. The UN has no money to help Greece. Mr. Austin also brought out forcibly the point that under prevailing circumstances the Greeks could hardly turn to the Inter- national Bank for Reconstruction and De- velopment for a loan. And the UN, unhap- pily, even at this late date bas no armed force to protect either Greece or Turkey. World faith and hope centered in the UN would sustain terrific shocks if Greco-Turk- ish problems were brought before it and that step ended in failure. But there is something vital the United Nations can do immediately and much more it can achieve eventually. Mr. Austin called attention to the UN commission which has been investigating the long-continued, well- organized Communist-inspired forays and assaults on Greek territory slong the borders with Albania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia. He urged a report—at least, a preliminary report—by this commission to the Security Council in the shortest possible time. He urged that its members be called back to New York to consult with and advise the Security Council. And, further, he that the commission leave representatives to watch conditions along the border, because the dangers of still more serious guerrilla activities are greater now than before. Here is a job that is up to the UN. It ts pressing and vital: To get the truth about the Greek border fighting before the Secu- rity Council and before the world end to take every practicable step to end it. But if the United States Government should rest on its oars and await such pro- ceedings, or otherwise leave the ominous prolems of Greece and Turkey to the unpre- pared UN, the Greek border commission's findings would very rapidly cease to have any importance under the impact of far graver developments. Turkey and Greece are entitled to the kind of governments their people want, to inde- pendence, and to the fullest opportunities to sustain both. These are among the great fundamentals underlying the United Nations Charter. Our own Nation must not be false in its allegiance to them. It must act, as it alone is capable of doing at this time, to assist the people of these two imperiled countries to win their struggles. It must continue to strive to make the United Nations the effec- tive protector of peace, order, and liberty throughout the earth, Governor Atomic Editorial Comment on F: Earle’s Statement on the Bomb EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. TOM STEWART OF TENNESSEE IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tuesday, April 1 (legislative day of Monday. March 24), 1947 Mr. STEWART. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to place in the Ap- pendix of the Recorp a very well con- sidered editoria) on the subject of com- munism. This editorial was published in the Knoxville Journal, of Knoxville, Tenn., on March 29, 1947, and was in- spired by the statement of former Gov- ernor Earle, of Pennsylvania, concern- ing the danger to the people of America by reason of Russia’s knowledge of and ability to manufacture atomic bombs. The editorial favors anti-Communist legislation by the United States Con- gress, and proposes also that Communists be prohibited from holding public office and also that they be prevented from assuming leadership roles in union labor organizations in this country. The edi- torial very forcefully states: The American Communist must be brought face to face with not only political but so- cial ostraciam. He must be made to realize that the traitor to his country is today in exactly the same light as he has been down through all the centuries of mankind's history. I commend the reading of this editorial to Americans. It comes from a patri- otic Tennessee paper, which is edited by a very fine, patriotic, and courageous American citizen. There being no objection, the edi- torial was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: GOVERNOR EARLE 18 NOT SO MUCH AN EXTREMIST 8 MILLIONS OF UNITED STATES CITIZENS ASLEEP TO RED THREAT . A great many United States citizens who read reports almost every day of tes before the House Un-American Activities Committee are passing it up as just so much conversation. Many of our people are not APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD bothering to read it at all. In this apathy on the part of the general public toward a world conspiracy lies its greatest advantage. If the masses of Americans could be pre- vailed upon to recognize the Communist threat to their freedom for what it is, so much would be exerted upon Oon- gress that there would be no question about whether anything was to be done to combat communism, but only a question of what would accomplish the results most effectively. Representative Parwur. THoMas, of New Jersey, wants legislation to outlaw commu- nism as a political party, and to bar Com- munists from holding either political office or places of leadership in labor unions. Such @ law should be passed, with proper safe- guards to protect all citizens from unjustified assault upon their rights. But it will be recognized from the outset that the drafting of such a measure and its enforcement wil! offer the greatest difficulties. The first rule of communism is to lie. Only the stupid Communists admit their party membership, and these are the least danger- ous of all. The really dangerous ones are those who deny being Communists, yet be- leve everything the Communists believe and seek all the political and social objectives the Reds advocate. This ts to say that communism cannot be fought down successfully by the simple ex- pedient of passing the legislation desired by the House committee or by any other law. We shall not be safe from the Communist threat until the masses of our people have been educated to a recognition of what it really is, until our people have ceased to re- gard it complacently as the ideology of a harmless cult, and understand that in every country it is a threat to individual freedom and, internationally, is a movement for world domination. The basis, the moral justification, for any loyal citizen's opposition to communism is the fact that it is, in this or any other coun- try, undeniably an instrumentality of an alien government's foreign policy It follows as a matter of rudimentary logic that citisens of this country who subscribe to communism, and ally themselves with ite causes, are unquestionably guilty of treason. It is comprehension of the truth of this assertion that must be relied upon. to sup- port whatever legislation Congress decides to enact for the formal effort to repulse com- munism. The American Communist must be brought face to face with not only po- tical but social ostracism. He must be made to realize that the traitor to his coun- try is today in exactly the same light as he has been down through all the centuries of mankind's history. Purthermore, anti-Communist legislation should go a step further than has been pro- posed, barring Communists from office-hold- ing and union leadership. If we are right about this matter of treason, then no sub- seriber to Communism deserves to claim as his right the constitutional guaranties of citizenship. The law should provide for the forfeiture of such rights automatically by the individual. : Every observer of the way the Communist works in this country recognizes that if he were deprived of his rights of citizenship, he would be shorn of many n advantage he now has. Every Red in the country is at all times ready to demand, through his at- torney, his constitutional rights. In effect, he makes use of rights laid down in the Con- stitution to carry on activities which have as their purpose the scrapping of that docu- ment and the destruction of the freedom of all of us under its provisions. If the Oom- munist were automatically assigned to alten status, we would have gone a long way toward Griving home in the minds of the masses the character of this modern traitor who fre- quently parades his perfidy in arrogance.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD We would also prevent the Communist from hiding behind the skirts of the Constitution in carrying forward his evil works. Testifying before the Thomas committee yesterday former Gov. George H. Earle, of Pennsylvania, asserted that probably only 10 percent of those of us living today would be here within 5 years, in case the Russians are able to manufacture an atom bomb. Many a newspaper reader, considering the testimony of this recent Minister to Hun- gary and Turkey, will conclude that the man is an alarmist, that he has allowed his fear of communism to lend him the views of an extremist. Acknowledging the spectacular character of Governor Earle’s predictions, our own con- viction is that the real extremists among us are those citizens who cannot see, or refuse to see, the lethal threat of communism. It is possible that the Pennsylvanian is over- stimulated by his close, first-hand observa- tion of communistic activity in Hungary and Turkey, but what shall we say of the masses who maintain complete complacency in the face of identical danger signals everywhere in their own country? Child Delinquency REMARKS HON. CHESTER H. GROSS OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 1, 1947 Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, it is a fine thing to come down here in the well of this House and talk about Good Friday and the sacrifices that were made on that day for the redemption of mankind. But, God only works with the tools He has got, and as far as juvenile delin- quency is concerned, the tools He works with are the parents. I came down here the other day and had something to say alcng that line. I have been criticized by about six people in the country, after getting Nation-wide favorable comment, and I want to say that one of the edito- rial writers who criticized me was a columnist who was thrown out of the public schools as a teacher for contribu- ting to child delinquency. I want to say that after all we parents must make our- selves responsible. We are the tools that God is working with on the chil- dren of this country, and if we give them an example and exercise authority, they will go along all right. I will insert in my remarks a column by Paul Mallon, appearing in the Phila- delphia Inquirer, dealing with child de- linquency and making the parents re- sponsible. The article is as follows: LAWS TO CURB CHILD CRIME NEED BACKING (By Paul Mallon) WASHINGTON, March $1.—The latest juve- nile outbreaks around here have shown puzzling new aspects, Two 11-year-old girls broke into a house to smear the walls and furniture with ink. A 12-year-old boy went on a campaign stealing rings from the doors of new Buicks. Numerous homes have been entered and ransacked, but jewelry or money has not been taken, only a few pistols and fishing poles. These children all come from the better- class homes and all involved are under 14, All are far from undernourished, are not at all ill clad, and apparently have too much spending money. They seem to have in com- mon a complete lack of respect for property, adults, or consequences. Now, we had juvenile delinquency back when I was @ boy, but it never then involved 10-to-14-year-old children, but, rather, gangs of kids turning 16. Obviously the 10-to-14's are, or should be, completely under parental domination. They have not yet reached the age of reason. The guilt in their cases clearly rests on parental delinquency. Indeed, there is practically no truly juve- nile delinquency here now which cannot be attributed to parental delinquency. As the parents are among groups known as the better class, no one Knows what to do about it. The neighborhood seems agreed a law should be passed making parents responsible for the acts of their youngsters who have not reached the age of reason. I made some in- vestigation and found there already is such a law in many States. A standard juvenile court act, originally drafted in 1925 by the National Probation Association, contains a provision which reads as follows: “Any person who commits any act or omits the performance of any duty, which act or omission causes or tends to cause, or encour- age, any child to come within the purview of subdivision 1 of section 111 of this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, may be tried for such offense in the juvenile court, and upon conviction may be punished by a fine not exceeding $500 or by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding 1 year, or by both such fine and imprisonment.” This section outlines a specific offense gen- erally known as contributing to delinquency, or neglect. States which hav- accepted this principl> include Arizona, District of Colum- bia, Indiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Montana, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Is- land, Utah, and Wisconsin, while parts of the act have been adopted by California, Connecticut, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, and Virginia. The trouble, then, is that the act is not being enforced. What is needed is some pub- lic impetus demanding enforcement. Some communities are taking steps. The New York City Police Department announced January 28 it would bring parents to trial for crimes committed by their children. In San Francisco, parents brought into court for delinquencies are being given sus- pended sentences provided they attend a parents’ school, which, they say, is quite successful. In Hornell, N. Y., a delinquent-parents court has been set up. Parents in eight flagrant cases were brought in and tried be- fore a city judge. The parents were released after warnings, and police there report only one:repvater case has developed. At Altadena, Calif., civic groups have set up their own unofficial courts to try parents. In social circles, considerable discussion has developed about the Altadena plan. Person- ally I am opposed to it. Citizens should not be permitted to establish their own courts, but should be required to rely on established courts and established law. Freedom for Ireland EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. FRANCIS J. MYERS OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tuesday, April 1 (legislative day of Monday, March 24), 1947 Mr. MYERS. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in A1401 the Appendix of the Recorp an open let- ter addressed to Hon. Clement R. Attlee, Prime Minister of England, and signed by the Anti-Partition of Ireland League of Philadelphia. There being no objection, the letter was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: AN OPEN LETTER TO THE HONORABLE CLEMENT RB. ATTLEE, PRIME MINISTER OF ENGLAND Marci 17, 1947. Your EXxcen,ency: In the many and seri- ous difficulties with which your nation is confronted, permit us to put forth a few suggestions, the adoption of which should not alone inure to the benefit of your own country, but should prove to be an aid in the establishment of an era of universal peace founded upon mutual confidence and goodwill. ite your expressions of grave concern for the welfare of minority groups through- out the world, and particularly within the British Empire, we respectfully bring to your attention the fact that there are many per- sons who analyze your pronouncements with skepticism, and view your actions with suspicion. Various and well-founded reasons for this widespread feeling of mistrust unfortunately exist. It ts dificult, for example, to reconcile the public policy of your government toward India with that toward Ireland, where in the former case you strive to achieve the very things you thwart in the latter. In India, your government desires harmony among the many social, political, and religious groups as a prerequisite to national independence; in Ireland, the policy of your government generates and perpetuates religious and po- litical hatreds and discord among a homo- geneous people in order to frustrate their as- pirations to national independence—and this even at the price of rendering genuine good- will and peace impossible between that an- cient nation and your own. While you shed figurative tears for the welfare of minority groups in far-off India, who now seem hope- lessly torn asunder following 200 years of a policy of divide and rule, you callously ignore the national aspirations of almost 80 percent of the Irish people. And while you fear the expansion of the unspeakable antidemocratic philosophy of Russian communism, you stifle the voice and ruthlessly suppress the opera- tion of the democratic process in Ireland. Multitudes are perplexed as they learn of your inability or your refusal to maintain your troops in democratic Greece—troops who are there with the sanction of the Gov- ernment of that country—while a portion of Ireland is overrun by a British army of occupation in defiance of the wishes of the Irish people. They are amazed to learn of your unwillingness to extend financial sup- port to a legitimate government, while you persist in subsidizing an antidemocratic puppet junta in northeastern Ireland. You speak betimes of the principles of the Atlantic Charter, but profess your inability to implement them. You talk of peace, but withhold a principal ingredient by failing to take action where you may speedily and with ease prove your sincerity of purpose. These things, and many others, contribute to a wide-spread suspicion that your solici- tous words lacl sincerity; that your public actions are nullified by secret counteractions. While international statecraft engenders such suspicion, it is impossible to lay the founda- tion of an enduring peace. On your part, we submit, you can remove immediately, if partiall}, that polluted at- mosphere of mistrust by forthright and hon- est acquiescence to the wishes of the Irish people. The presence of this age-old griev- ance offers an ideal opportunity to prove to the peoples of the world that your govern- ment is sincerely and impartially interested
A1402 in the establishment of peace based upon justice. The many conflicting interests that may be involved in other problems inherited from your Tory are not involved in the case of Ireland. It is unnecessary to refer further to its simplicity here. The justice of the Irish grievance is beyond question. Suffice it to say that the immedi- ate withdrawal of your armed forces from the portion of Ireland they now occupy, together with the dissolution of the Quisling government and the unnatural division of that country. should contribute to the establishment of international confidence and goodwill to a degree out of proportion to the size of the territory or the num- ber of inhabitants involved. Such a voluntary demonstration of good- will should certainly mean more to the cause of universal peace than volumes of pious platitudes. By such action the fears of apprehensive millions of oppressed peoples throughout the world will be assuaged; your government will eniist the sympathy and admiration of liberty lovers everywhere—a factor which it would be the sheerest folly to ignore, particularly in the crises through which your country is passing. The people of Ireland wish to forget those centuries of suffering and oppression which their forebears experienced at the hands of imperialism. Reparations they do not seek; but they do demand their country. If your government is sincere—if it has really broken with imperialist tradition—this cen- turies-old demand of theirs—for complete and absolute freedom—should soon be realized. What can be accomplished, directly and indirectly, in this instance, can fundamen- tally alter the course of history. Sinoerely, THE ANTIPARTITION OF IRELAND LEAGUE OF PHILADELPHIA. Return of Atomic Energy to the Military EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. TOM STEWART OF TENNESSEE IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tuesday, April 1 (legislative day of Monday, March 24), 1947 Mr. STEWART. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to place in the Ap- pendix of the Recorp an article printed in the Nashville Banner on March 27, 1947, with a Washington date line and the United Press identification, dealing with a statement made by Louis E. Starr, commander in chief of the Veterans of Foreign Wars, which proposes that con- trol of atomic energy be returned to the military in order to warn all challengers of democracy that America means busi- ness. Mr. Starr says that he can think of no better psychological approach in these disturbing times to show that this Nation is prepared to support our posi- tion on the “four freedoms.” Mr. President, I am glad to note that so outstanding a man as Louis Starr, commander in chief of the VFV,, is fully awake to the seriousness of the present world situation, and has so quick and ready @ solution for showing to our prin- cinal prospective enemy in a future war that we not only have the means but the determination to make use of such means in the event it should happen that con- flict comes. Mr. Starr, in his statement before the House Un-American Activities Commit- tee, said that we can turn our thoughts to the development of peacetime and benign uses of atomic energy when the Congress by concurrent action revises the Atomic Energy Commission, if and when world conditions become more settled. There is not a doubt that the atomic bomb is the one weapon which America should keep within ready reach and fully develop and improve. We are told that with it we can win any war: without it victory would be hopeless, and that to have a peacetime, civilian commission in contro] when war clouds hang heavy and low, is in actuality a grotesque sort of humor. Mr. Starr is 100 percent correct and I hope everyone will read and give thought to his timely statement. There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: vFw LEADER URGES ATOMIC ENERGY CONTROLS RETURN&£CD TO MILITARY TO WARN “CHAL- LENGERS" (By Grant Dillman) WASHINGTON, March 27.—Louls E. Starr. commander in chief of the Veterans of For- eign Wars, today proposed that contro!) of atomic energy be returned to the military to warn challengers of democracy everywhere that we mean business. Testifying before the House Un-American Activities Committee, Starr said he could think of no better psychological approach in these disturbing times to show that this Nation is prepared to support our position on the “four fredoms.” “If and when world conditions have be- come more settled,” Starr said, “and our thoughts can turn to the development of peaceful and benign uses of atomic energy, the Congress, by joint concurrent action may revive the Atomic Energy Commission, and relegate the military to an advisory capacity.” Starr said that atomic energy and the atomic bomb were developed under military control and “to date, atomic energy remains largely an instrument of war in the form of a super explosive. “As such, I can think of no better or safer hands in which to repose it, than those who led us to a great victory, our military leaders, with supervisory control exercised through the President and Congress.” Chairman J. Paawei. THomMss (Republican, New Jersey) and Representative McDowzL. (Republican, Pennsylvania) agreed enthusi- astically with Starr on contro] of atomic power.” “I am with you 100 percent,” Tuomas said. “If we put the atomic bomb in the hands of a group of Milquetoasts we can be certain we will just hurry the day when the bomb will be used against us.” The VFW staff, he said, is weighing and analyzing “the tmplications that it may violate the Constitution or tend to drive the communistic movement underground.” He said before such a drastic program is adopt- ed, @ public-education campaign must be waged to bring about a rebirth of Ameri- canism. He recommended : 1. That American labor organisations, and virtually every type of religious, industrial, fraternal, and patriotic groups apply the same loyalty tests to their ranks as recom- mended last Saturday by President Truman for Government employees. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD 2. National and State laws be amended and strengthened to provide close scrutiny and publicity of funds spent for candidates and special prohibition of funds supplied directly or indirectly by a foreign govern- ment. 8. Strengthen education laws to provide tor screening of textbooks and courses in public education, 4. A continuing program of public edu- cation be formulated to expose subversives. Meanwhile, Committee Chairman THomas said legislation would be approved soon by the House Administration Committee to pro- vide the money to broaden the committee's work. Other members said the action should en- able the committee to expand ite check of Communist infiltration of the radio and movie industries. FBI Chief J. Edgar Hoover said yesterday it was urgent to root Com- munists out of public-opinion fields. Hoover who testified on legislation to curb or outlaw the Communist Party, charged that American Communists are trying to overthrow this Government. In case of & Russian-American war he said, they would support the Soviets. “The Communist Party of the United States,” Hoover said, “is a fifth column if there ever was one. It ia far better organized than were the Nazis in occupied countries prior to their capitulation.” Hoover said he would hesitate to recom- mend outlawing the Communist Party. He said it might put the Reds in the position of martyrs and cate them to draw an even tighter curtain of secrecy about their activi- ties. Hoover said that on a percentage basis there are more Communists in this country now than there were in Russia at the time of the bloody 1917 revolution. In case of war with Russia, he said, they would be a “definite menace.” “There is no doubt as to where a real Communist’s loyalty rests,” he said. “Their allegiance is to Russia, not the United Sta’ ” He said the best antidote for communism was “vigorous, intelligent, old-fashioned Americanism with eternal vigilance.” Part of this program, he said, is rooting out and exposing Communists in posts where they might influence public opinion. Communists in the motion-picture indus- try, Hoover said, have succeeded ‘“amaz- ingly well” in inserting pro-Communist ma- terial in movies and deleting all anti-Com- munist material. But he said that was only part of the picture. The Communist Party, he said, stands for the destruction of the American form of government, destruction of American democ- racy, destruction of free enterprise, and for creation of a “Soviet of the United States”’ and eventual world revolution. The Electoral College EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. HENRY CABOT LODGE, JR. . OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tuesday, April 1 (legislative day of Monday, March 24), 1947 Mr. LODGE. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp an editorial entitled “The Electoral College” published
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD in the Lowell (Mass.) Sun of March 21, 1947, There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE If the United States is to consider itself a full-fledged democracy, it is time that the electoral-college system of choosing a Presi- dent and Vice President should be aban- doned. These two highest executive posi- tions should be occupied by men who receive @ majority or plurality of the popular vote, and no other system should be considered. That is the objective of a bill that has been introduced by Senator Henry CanoT Lopcz, Jr., of Massachusetts, who candidly calls the electoral-vote system obsolete. The United States has been using this method of choosing its President and Vice President for over 120 years. Because the successful candidates can be elected by a minority of the popular vote, it is undeni- ably undemocratic, and because methods of communication and tabulation have been improved a hundred times over since the system was first conceived, it is no longer necessary. When the electoral system was first adopted, in the earlier part of the nineteenth century, its originators argued that it was the only way of ascertaining the outcome of a national election within a reasonably short time. Communications were slow and labored at that time, and methods of tabulation and verification were likewise time eaters. The sponsors of the electoral system were prob- ably not exaggerating when they said that it would take 4 or 5 months to count the national popular vote for President. That is all history now. Rapid communi- cations can easily provide for having the total popular vote cast in all 48 States in a central counting location within a matter of hours after the polls close, and modern, mechanized tabulating machines can pro- vide the verified, grand totals within another period of a few hours. The electoral system may have served a good purpose in the days of the pony express, but it is wholly out of step with our demo- cratic principles today. One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Anni- versary of Greek Independence EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. STYLES BRIDGES OF NEW HAMPSHIRE IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tuesday, April 1 (legislative day of Monday, March 24), 1947 Mr. BRIDGES. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp a radio ad- dress delivered by Chris J. Agrafiotis on March 25, 1947, on the occasion of the celebration of the one hundred and twenty-sixth anniversary of Greek in- dependence. There being no objection, the address was ordered to be printed in the Rrcorp, as follows: Good evening. Today, March 25, marks the one hundred and twenty-sixth anniversary of Greek independence. It was on March 25, 1821, that Bishop Germanos proclaimed free- dom at Patras, which was the signal for that memorable struggle for Greek independence. March 25, however, is not a day to be re- membered only by the Hellenic world, but a day of marked importance to the whole Chris- tian world, History reminds us that the Hel- lenic people not only defended but success- fully prevented western civilization from Asiatic conquest. For centuries the Hellenic nation served as the unbreakable barrier be- tween the two continents, Europe and Asia. The glory that was Greece is an impression of gratitude for the cultural heritage that we have received from that ancient nation. Greece of antiquity was the cradle of our civilization. That treasured word in our language, “democracy"—meaning the rule of the people—was derived from the ancient Greek. Democracy was founded in Athens. When Greece of the early Christian era, the home of so many saints, fathers, and doc- tors of the church, fell to the pagan con- queror, the word “democracy” vanished through the ages, only to be revived by our own glorious Nation at its foundation. It was on May 29, 1453, when Constan- tinople, the then capital of the Hellenic world, was conquered by the Turks, that the long struggle between the cross and the cres- cent began. From that day on the Greeks were subjected to the most ruthless and tyrannical rule that any nation has ever been subjected in the history of the world. Not until March 25, 1821, 368 years later, were the Greeks able to revolt against their invader, and once again to become an inde- pendent nation. It was during this heroic struggle for independence that we find the United States, though a young nation just over its own struggle for independence, put aside its own problems to voice its opinion and render its moral support to those few Garing Greeks who undertook to liberate the nation that had been under the Turkish yoke for more than 300 years, President Monroe in his annual message to Congress said: “The name of Greece fills the mind with the highest ideals, and arouses in us the most exalted emotions which exist in the human nature. It is natural therefore that their contest should arouse the sympathy of the entire United States.” In the words of Senator Clay on the floor of the United States Senate, we find him saying: “From the Atlantic to the Pacific and from Maine to the Gulf of Mexico, the sentiment of approbation blazes with the rapidity of electricity.” In one of the many resolutions that were urging Congress to recognize Greek inde- pendence, we find the following words: “Having read the appeal of the Messinian Congress to the United States, can we any longer shut our hearts to such an appeal? No.” Webster's resolution to Congress, that an agent be sent to Greece, occupies 20 pages of the annals of Congress. In defending his resolution, Webster said: “We must fly beyond the limits of social order before we can turn away from memo- rials of ancient Greece. “Go home, if you dare, to your constitu- ents,’ thundered Clay, ‘and tell them that you voted down this resolution, that the specter of scimitars and crowns and crescents gleamed before you and alarmed you.'” President John Quincy Adams, in his an- nual message to Congress, December 4, 1827, said: “We hope that the Greeks will obtain re- Mef fron the most unequal of conflicts which they have so long and so gallantly sustained; that they will enjoy the blessing of self-government, which by their suffering in the cause of liberty that they have richly A1403 earned, and that their independence will be secured by those liberal institutions of which their country furnished the earliest examples in the history of mankind, and which have consecrated to immortal remem- brance the very soil for which they are now again profusely pouring forth their blood.” Then there was Col. Jonathan P. Miller, of Vermont, who fought in the siege of Mesolonghi with distinction. Lt. Gen. George Jarvis gained the confidence of the Greeks by rendering great service to their cause, and was made lieutenant general. Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe, of Cambridge, Mass., headed the Greek medical force and many other Americans, too numerous to mention here, were fighting side by side with the Greeks. Perhaps Monroe, Adams, Clay, Webster, and many other great Americans were reciprocating for the services that the Greeks rendered previously to this young Republic. In 1804, to defend our sovereign rights against the aggressor, we invaded north Africa in the war with the Barbary States. While our Navy won glorious victories, a military force was necessary. It was organ- ized in north Africa under the command of Gen. William Eaton and Col. Tobias Lear. A considerable number of Greeks enlisted in this task force, and fought valiantly alongside the United States Marines. Their repeated assaults brought the war to a suc- cessful conclusion with the capture of the Tripolitan capital of Derne. The Greek com- panies were repeatedly mentioned in the dispatches for their courage and sacrifice. General Eaton in his dispatch to Com- modore Samuel Barron, concerning the as- sault upon Derne on April 29, 1805, states: “Our forces ashore successively assaulted Derne, led by Priestly N. O'Bannon of the marines along with our Greek companies. The loss in killed and wounded this day were mostly Greeks. They well supported their ancient character.” Thus, we see that the people of Greece, even though under the Turkish yoke, found time and courage to assist our infant Re- public in its early struggles. The Hellenic nation is ever so grateful for the moral, physical, and material aid that was given by the United States in its struggle for independence. On March 25, 1821, the Greece of modern times became an independent nation through the increasing faith, hope, and courage of her people. In the century that followed, Greece has struggled to preserve her free- dom with the same indomitable spirit of the ancient Lacedaemonians at Thermop- ylae. In World War II, Greece thrilled the world by her aggressive stand against the invading Axis Powers. Overcome by the might of the invader, Greece was subdued but not conquered. However, the invader in the hope of breaking the Greek spirit, im- posed the terrible ordeal of starvation. Thousands of men, women, and children perished. Today, as Greece stands resolute as a pillar of western civilization, the specter of hunger still haunts this proud land. During the dark days of 1940, the Greeks chose the hard way. They chose to fight rather than surrender to the invader. They were determined to show the world that Greece, which had taught the world how to live, now would teach it how to die, while defending their homes and their liberties. They died fighting by the thousands—their country was destroyed—they were robbed and Fillaged of their treasures, their economy was destroyed. And when the invader wus gone, they were left to die from starvation. The United States must on this day recognize the contributions of the Greeks to the world, and resolve that these heroic people will not be left alone to die from starvation and poverty.
A1404 Juggling Figures and Contorting Facts To Justify Trade-Agreements Program EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. BERTRAND W. GEARHART OF CALIFORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 1, 1947 Mr. GEARHART. Mr. Speaker, when the Assistant Secretary of State, the Honorable William L. Clayton, made use in his testimony before the Ways and Means Committee on Friday, March 28, 1947, of the rather threadbare and thor. oughly untenable assertion that our ex- ports to trade-agreement countries had, during the administration of the trade- agreements program, increased much more rapidly than had our exports to nonagreement countries during the same period, I recalled that I once asked my friend, Dr. John Lee Coulter, who is, in- cidentally, one of the greatest living ex- perts on foreign trade, to make a careful study and analysis of the facts and figures upon which such assertions are based in order that the truth might be revealed. Because the report which Dr. Coulter released in response to my request dem- onstrates quite conclusively some star- tling facts and conclusions which should be brought to the attention of the Con- gress and the country, I ask that the results of this study, a document which this eminent scientist has entitled “Un- fortunate Use of Statistics by the Gov- ernment in Connection With the Trade- Agreements Program,” may be spread upon the pages of the CONGRESSIONAL REcorp. And in tendering this most interesting manuscript for inclusion in the Recorp, I cannot help but wonder who it could have been that so ingeniously juggled the figures and contorted the facts and then palmed them off upon the then Chief Executive who trustingly incorpo- rated them in his message to the Con- gress of March 26, 1945. But all this notwithstanding, Mr. Speaker, the report of Dr. Coulter to which I have just referred speaks for itself. It is the following: May 1, 1945. UNFORTUNATE USE OF STATISTICS BY THE GOV- ERNMENT IN CONNECTION WITH THE TRADE- AGREEMENTS PROGRAM In order to make it appear that the Trade Agreements Act has served a useful purpose and, among other things, that it has resulted in a measurable increase in volume of mu- tually profitable foreign trade, Government agencies have resorted to the use of combi- nations of figures which call for objective examination. The most recent illustration of such use of statistics in this manner is the statement put out over the name of the President in the form of a special report to Congress about a month ago, on March 96, 1945. In this special report the then President is quoted as saying: “The record of how trade agreements ex- pand two-way trade is set forth in the 1943 report of the Committee on Ways and Means. This record shows that between 1994-85 and 1988-39 our exports to trade- t coun- tries increased by 63 percent, while our ship- ments to nonagreement countries increased by only 32 percent; between these same pe- riods our imports from agreement countries increased by 22 percent as compared with only 12 percent from nonagreement coun- tries. The disruptions and dislocations re- sulting from the war make later compari- sons impossible. The record, published in 1943, is nevertheless as valid today as it was then. We know, without any doubt, that trade agreements build trade and that they will do so after the war as they did before. All sections of our population—iabor, farm- ers, businessmen—have shared and will share in the benefits which increased trade brings.” This quotation, or the same figures, have now been used during testimony before the Ways and Means Committee by several wit- nesses and on several occasions. The table to which reference is made appears on page 7 of the report of the Ways and Means Committee above referred to, and reads as follows: (Values in millions of dollars} ees Increase Average 1034-38) 1928-30! valuo | value Exports (including reex- ports): Total, trade-agreement eountries.....- 2.22... 1768 |11, 282 Total, nonagreement countries..... 22.2... 3.902 /?1, 306 . Total, oJ countries....| 2,208 | 3,136 General imports: Total, qinde-agreement coun Total, nonagreement countries_-.-........ 1772 ! Those figures do not include Ecuador, Turkey, Venue zuela, and the United Kingdom, Newfoundland, and non-¢elf-governing British colonics with which agrev tents have been concluded but where the period during which the agreements have been {n effect is too short to justify inclusion for purposes of comparison. 3 The apparent discrepancy shown by these figures in eam parizon with the other totnis is due to the noninclu sion of trade with Ecuador and the United Kingdom and its crown colonies Attention 1s particularly called to the ex- clusion of Ecuador, Turkey, Venezuela, and the United Kingdom and crown colonies, be- cause of the short time the trade agreements were in effect. The trade experience of this Group of countries excluded from the table was as follows: {In millions of dollars} Averago Increase The first observation is that the trade ex- perience of the group excluded by Govern- ment spokesmen was even worse than the experience of all of the non-trade-agreement countries combined (excluding countries at war). Little wonder that they were excluded from the table. The second observation is that during 1988-$9 several countries were already in a state of war or interior revolution and yet these were all thrown in with the non-trade- sgreement, countries. These included Ger- many, y, Spain, Ja and China (in- eluding Kwan’ Tet exporta. to that group fell off $20,524,000, and imports from them fell off $14,714,000 between 1934- 35 and 1938-89. If it was proper to exclude ; APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD one group of nations to make a good show- ing for the trade-agreements group, would it not be equally proper to exclude countries engaged in war or revolution in order to get a fair comparison? For the record, it must be remembered that Japan seized Manchuria during 1931-32 and the invasion of China began in 1987. It must also be remembered that Italy at- tacked Ethiopia in December 1984, and the invasion of Albania began in April 1939. In the case of Spain, while the Republic was established in 1931, the revolution began in April 1936 and was not completed until March 1939. German occupation of Austria was during 1938 and the seizure of the Su- detenland area of Czechoslovakia took place during the first 10 days of October 1938. The general invasion of Czechoslovakia began in March 1939. The invasion of Poland began September 1, 1939. Separating these two groups, we have made & comparison of our exports to and imports from by groups of nations, which will be found in the table. From the table it appears that when con- trast 1s made between (1) the completed trade-agreement countries in effect during all of 1938-39 and (2) the non-trade-agree- ment countries carrying on normal trade, the increase in value of exports to the trade- agreement countries was 62.8 percent while the increase in exports to the non-trade- agreement countries was 57.3 percent or differed only slightly. From this there is no indication that exports were stimulated as a result of trade agreements. When we turn to an examination of gen- eral imports (without again listing the coun- tries omitted from the trade-agreements group or those included in the non-trade- agreements group) we find that (1) imports from trade-agreement countries tmcreased 21.6 percent while (2) imports from the other non-trade-agreement countries increased 24 percent. These were naturally substantially the same, since concessions to one were ex- tended to all—except Germany. The only other point of significance is that exports increased almost three times as fast as imports. This is entirely accounted for by the tremendous volume of exports of automotive equipment, electrical and indus- trial machinery, agricultural implements. office appliances, etc. These items were largely exported by important domestic in- dustries who believed that the world market was getting into position to absorb very large quantities. Actually, exporta of these items increased between 1984 and 1937 about 120 percent. Here, again, the point of greatest signifi- cance is that when the countries in a state of war or revolution are excluded, the exports were larger in amount and increased at a more rapid rate to the non-trade-agreement countries than to trade-agreement countries, as follows: Increase to trade-agreement countries, $144,822,366, or 117.9 percent. Increase to non-trade-agreement countries, $216,267,277, or 126.4 percent. In addition to the reason just stated for more rapid expansion of exports over imports, it is important to remember that during 1987-89 important agricultural products were exported with benefit of export sub- sidies. Furthermore, many foreign countries were already beginning to build stock piles in anticipation of a possibile outbreak of new international conflicts. It was during this period that the United States exported un- usual amounts of iron and steel scrap, high- octane gasoline, and many other materials particularly needed in connection with mili- tary operations. All of these factors tended to stimulate exports entirely apart from any influence of foreign concessions in reciprocal trade agreements.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD For detailed comparisons of exports to and imports from trade-agreement and other groups of countries, see following table: United States exports and imports for the period 1934-35 contrasted with those for 1938-39 (Values in millions of dollars) ' Average Increase ! 1934-38) 1938-39) Valuc Exports (including  reex- ports): ‘Yo trade-agreement countries with agree- ments in effect dur- ing— Ail of 1098-20 nnn ee eee 787 | 1,282 | 475 | 62.8 Tart of 1938-30 7.2.2. 46 62 186 | 39,1 To non-trade-ngreement countrles— Those in war and revolution 4.....-. ae 462 All other. .......-.-- ‘Total exports....- General imports: From trade-agreement countries With agree- nents in effect dur- ne-~ Allof 1038-39 .....-. 774 C42 168 | 21.6 Part of 1938-38 *. 2 32 Biba ae] 1d From  non-trade-agree- ment countries— Those in war and revolution 3....... R24 A i CR ek BO Allother = -.......- 424 526} 102) 24.0 Total 1mports....- 1,881 | 2.180] 28) 15.5 ! Minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 3 Ecuador, Turkey, Venezucla. Uniled Kingdom, and the Crown Colonics, t 4 Germany, Italy, Spain, Japan China and Kwan- ung. State Inspector Places Blame for Cen- tralia, Ill, Mine Disaster on His Superior EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. MELVIN PRICE OF ILLINOIS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 1, 1947 Mr. PRICE of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Recor», I include herewith an enlighten- ing article from the St. Louis (Mo.) Post-Dispatch of Monday, March 31, 1947: Drercror Orprrep $25,000 Lua on Coat OpEra- rors—QuOTES ILLINOIS OFFICIAL AS DECLAR- ina THAT Governor Garren Was SATISFIED AND Money Is Rottinc IN (By Harry Wilensky) CENTRALIA, ILt., March 31.—A slashing and bitter attack on Robert M. Medill, director of the Illinois State Department of Mines and Minerals, was made today by State Mine In- spector Driscoll Scanlan, who declared he had begged Medill to close the Centralia Coal Co. mine No. 5, where 111 men lost their lives last week, predicting a dust explosion that would sweep from ono end of the mine to the other. “We'll just have to take that chance,” Medill was quoted by Scanlan as replying. Asked why Medill refused to close the mine to prevent the greatest mine disaster in the Nation in 19 years Scanian said, “It probably was due to favoritism to the coal operator.” Medill, he said, was known as an “operators’ man.’ Medill was more interested in collecting political campaign contributions from mine owners than he was in enforcing mine safety rules, Scanlan said. Medill was quoted by Scanlan as telling the mine inspectors that Gov. Dwight H. Green of Illinois was “satisfied” with the collection efforts, and that “the money is rolling in.” Mine inspectors, as the Post Dispatch re- vealed March 19, were used to solicit from mine operators funds for the Republican mayoral campaign in Chicago. Details of that collection effort were revealed by Scan- lan today. In Chicago the Post-Dispatch learned that Medill solicited funds from the large coal operators himself, at the express order of Governor Green. The Governor, it was re- ported, called in his department heads and gave them instructions for collecting politi- cal campaign funds. Medill was reported to have visited the nine large coal firms with headquarters in Chicago. Each firm, it was reported, was ex- pected to give $1,000. “I considered this nothing more than ask- ing for a bribe or extortion,” Scanlan de- clared with heat. He said he had refused to participate in the political collection. “I refused to play politics with the lives of the coal miners,” he asserted. For this, and for his efforts to enforce safety regulations Scanlan said he was be- rated by Medill for being “too honest,” and he felt his job was in danger. “If we inspectors were on a real civil serv- ice,” Scanlan declared, “I'd have closed that mine half a dozen times. Or put it this way—the first time I would have kept it closed. They'd have known I meant busi- ness." “Who, in your opinion, is responsible for the death of these miners?” Scanlan was asked. “The operators of the mine,” he replied, “and the State mining board, including Director Medill and his assistant, Robert Weir.” (The mining board is under the de- partment of mines; Medill {s a member of the board, but is director of the department, and Weir is his assistant.) Interference with mine safety work by Medill did not cease when the explosion last Tuesday ended the lives of the 111 men work- ing in the mine—as had been predicted— Scanlan said. Medill's handling of the rescue work de- layed recovery of’ the bodies by at least 48 hours, he said. Not only did Medill’s han- diing of the work precipitate a revolt of rescue workers, who felt their lives were en- dangered by the State mine department head’s orders, but Medill was in opposition there to Federal Bureau of Mines inspectors, Scanlan said. Scanlan also charged there was a delay in starting a sufficient number of rescue teams to the site of the mine disaster. William Williams, mine rescue superintendent at Springfield for the Department of Mines and Minerals, telephoned Scanlan’s wife an hour and a half after the explosion, Scanlan said, and suggested she drive to the scene “to see if the teams really were needed.” Scanlan was bitter about the move to use mine inspectors as political campaign fund coliection agents. At a meeting in Medill's office last January 81, he said, Medill declared @ quota of $25,000 had been set “by the boys” for the department of mines and minerals. Later, last March 7, he said Medill called another meeting of mine inspectors at Springfield. “Medill said the Chicago newspapers had been calling him about solicitations,” Scan- lan said. “He added that anything this big couldn't be pulled off without publicity. “Medill told us not to worry abqut it. He said as long as ‘the boss’ was satisfied we had no worrles. By ‘the boss’ he said he meant Governor Green.” A1405 Scanlan quoted Medill as stating he had told the Chicago newspapers he “hadn't heard a thing about the campaign collections him- self, but would call in his inspectors and ask thes about it.” There was a good deal of laughter among the inspectors at this, Scan- jan said. Medill also told the inspectors, Scanlan said, that he “had some newspapermen all taken care of.” At the earlier meeting of inspectors, when the department quota was announced, Scan- lan reported “Medill said he himself would take care of the major companies. He said he already had called on four of these firms and that ‘two have come through with $1,000 each.’” This account of Medill’s personal activities in connection with the collection was verified by a Post-Dispatch reporter in Chicago. “Medill said one of the firms which con- tributed,” Scanian continued, “was the Pea- body Coal Co., which operates a group of mines in Illinois and has its headquarters tn Chicago.” The 1945 report on the Peabody Coal Co. Mine No 18, at West Frankfort, Ill., in the Springfield office of the Department of Mines and Minerals, shows that four men were killed there in mine accidents. During the same year 69 men were injured in the mine. R. M. McPhail is superintendent of the mine, H. C. Harris is local mine manager, and James R. Mitchell is State inspector for the district. The Post-Dispatch revealed March 19 that Louis F. Lumaghi, Jr., of St. Louis, who oper- ates a mine near Collinsville, had been solic- ited for political funds by an Illinois mine inspector, R. R. Schiber Lumaghi refused to contribute, writing Medill a sharp protest. The St. Louis coal operator pointed out in letter to Medill that “the State mine inspec- tors in Illinois are entrusted with the duty of enforcing the mining laws to protect the lives of the men who work in the mines. * * Under these circumstances we do not con- sider it proper for them to solicit contribu- tions from companies whose mines they inspect.” INSPECTORS GOT SMALL FIRMS While Medill made political fund collec- tions from the large mine owners, Scanlan said the inspectors were to solicit the small, independent companies. “My first reaction,” he said, “was to quit. However, I happened to know that Governor Green was out of the State and it was possi- ble he might not know what was going on, so I figured on staying to see what happened.” Later, however, Medill reported to the in- spectors that he had discussed the matter with Mark Saunders, one of Governor Green's aides. It was then, Scanlan said, that Medill reported that Governor Green was satisfied. “I want to tell you boys you are doing a good job,” Scanlan quoted Medill as telling the inspectors. “The money is rolling in.” Several of the inspectors shared Scanlan’s resentment at being used as political collec- tion agents, he said. “I told Medill that one mine at Centralia, the Marion County Coal & Mining Corp., @ couperative mine, had had a lot of hard luck and couldn't afford to contribute,” Scanlan said. “Medill asked me how many men worked at the mine. I told him about 145 or 150, He said, ‘Good. Go out there and tell ‘em to give you $1 apiece.’ He also said we could get $50 each from the mine managers and superintendents, in addition to the contribu- tions by the firms. “Medill said he would contact the Bell & Zoller Coal and Mining Co., connected with the Centralia Coal Co. mine, although he would have preferred that I do it.” In praising the collection efforts, Scanian said Medill announced that John E. Jones, safety engineer for the Old Ben Coal Co., had sent in his peraonal check for $50.
A1406 LOSING FIGHT FOR SAFETY While Medi] was concentrating his efforts on collecting political funds, Scanian aaid he tried to enforce safety regulations. It had been a losing effort for some time, he said. March 14, 1945, he said, “I became so agi- tated over conditions in the Centralia Coal Co, Mine No. 5 that I made a special trip to Belleville to see Medill, there attending a safety meeting. “His hote) room was full of mine opera- tors when I got there, but 1 waited around until they left. Medill already knew how bad things were at the Centralia mine, from my previous reports, but I wanted to tell him in person. “I told him this mine was in such a dusty and dirty condition, and insufficiently rock dusted, to keep the coal dust down, that if the coal dust was ignited an explosion would sweep from one end of the mine to the other, and that every man in the mine would be killed.” It was then that Medill told Scanian that they would have to take that chance, Scan- lan said. “I begged him to Jet me shut down that mine,” Scanian said. “And later I took it upon myself, without Medill'’s permission, to order a partial shut-down, so the mine would operate 4 days a week and the other 3 days would be spent cleaning up “I knew I was risking my job, but 1 got by with that because for eome reason the company didn't complain. If the company doesn’t complain they don't appoint a com- miesion to overrule you.” ‘ Scanian said he doubted if Medill ever discovered that the Centralia Coal Co. mine had been ordered closed 8 days a week for 3 or 4 weeks. Asked what Medill said when Scanlan urged him to close the Centralia mine, Scan- lan said: “He said he would take it up with Mr. Young (W. P. Young, vice president of Cen- tralia Coal Co., president of the associated Bell & Zoller Mining Co.). “Mr. Young promised he would clean the mine up in the near future, but they did not clean it up.” JUST TOO DAMNED HONEST All the years he served under Medill, Scan- lan said he was “in trouble with Medil) from time to time. He told me several times that I had a lot of ability and could go places in the coal industry, but I was just too damned honest.” Scanlan also said: “Medill called me to his office in Springfield March 13, 1946. I'm satisfied it was his intention to fire me. After giving me quite a lecture, he told me he wanted me to cut down the size of my reports. “He said that those damned ‘hunks’ at the Centralia mine wouldn't know the conditions of the mine if 1 (Scanlan) didn't bring them to their attention. When I left he told me: ‘I think you understand now what kind of reports I want to come in here.’” When rescue operations were in progress last week at the mine, Scanlan said he had started crews working on 8-hour shifts. “Then Medill came in and ordered shifts cut to 5 hours,” he said. “This meant that there was a lot of time lost between shifts. More time was lost because Medill and his men from Springfield kept arguing with the rescue crews about conditions in the mine. Medill didn't know anything about it. “He was lost, half-the time, looking at the mine map. But he made rescue crews come up every 5 hours and confer with him. “Then the Federal Bureau of Mines in- spectors raised hell and Medill consented to have the crews work 6-hour shifts.” By staying in the mine with his crew for 7 hours, Scanlan said he managed to find 15 bodies, put up four temporary walls sealing do preliminary work enabling the next shift to find 16 more bodies. For this, he said, he was called in and reprimanded by Medill. Scanlan said he wanted to talk to a Post- Dispatch reporter about Medill's record as head of the department while the rescue work was in progress. “I didn't dare, however,” Scanlan said. “I was afraid he would pull me off the rescue job.” LAYS DELAY TO MEDILL Scanlan declared that, “if Medill and his department heads had not interfered with the rescue work we could have recovered those bodies at least 48 hours sooner.” He said, however, that none probably could have been saved alive, expressing the opinion that “those men died between 6 and 7 p. m., Tuesday." The explosion occurred just be- fore 3:30 p. m., Tuesday. “It was a dust explosion, all right,” Scanlan said. “I'm sure of that. However, we were not able to locate the source of the ignition of the dust.” Scanlan, blaming the disaster itself on politics and public indifference, declared that rescue work further was hampered by two representatives of Mr. Krug (Secretary of the Interior Krug, under whose depart- ment the mines are operating). One of these representatives, he said, was Jones— whom Scanlan also had said contributed to Governor Green's political fund. The two men from Krug'’s office. Scanian said, were involved with Medill in the at- tempt to turn on the power machinery in the mine during rescue work. When Scan- lan objected and the rescue workers refused to go into the mine if power machinery were used tests were made of the air in the mine and an explosive mixture was found to be present, which he said might have been ignited by sparks from the ma- chines. All of this, he said, caused a delay of 3 or 4 hours. Scanlan, 43 years old, son of a mine fore- man and a man whose mine experience be- gan at the age of 16, has been a State mine inspector since 1941. He made his statement to a Post-Dispatch reporter while resting at his modest frame cottage near the water- works at Nashville, Tll., where he lives on & salary of $3,300 a year Me had taken a leading part in the rescue work at mine No. 5 and is idolized by the miners there. For the first 3 days and nights after the disaster struch Scanlan did not take off his clothes. At a press conference today Scanlan re- peated to other newspapermen some of the things he had told the Post-Dispatch re- porter previously. He criticized the political set-up of the whole Department Of Mines and Minerals, and of the lack of civil-service status for inspectorsa—and rescue squad members—in particular. Earlier he had told the Post-Dispatch re- porter this newspaper “deserves credit for having exposed political contribuions of mine owners without waiting for the disaster.” He said, however, that most newspapers and radio stations had begun reporting con- ditions in the mines only after the Centralia disaster had occurred. “If they had done it before,” he said, “this disaster probably could have been prevented.” RESCUE SQUADS ARE VOLUNTEERS Scanlan pointed out that rescue squads are volunteers, not full-time employees. It is dificult to round them up in cases of emergency, he said, and when they are called at a mine they are paid by the mine, not the State. He advocated that they be made Tull-time,employees. “Some mine operators,” Goanian said, “put dollars ahead of the miners’ lives, Some operators, however, do a good job and there APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD off parts of the mine already inspected, and: are a lot of good superintendents, who do their best to take care of the miners.” Sinoe he was eo critical of so many persons involved in the Centralia disaster, Scanian said he wanted to praise those who deserved praise. “I want to praise the honest and qualified State inspectore—and there are a number of such men. I want to say that I had com- plete and excellent cooperation from every Federal Bureau of Mines inspector who as- sisted in this disaster. “Every mine rescue team who worked on this job deserves the highest praise, includ- ing the Bell & Zoller team from Zeigler. John Lyons, Bell & Zoller safety engineer, is a fine man who did a good job. The utmost praise goes to the Navy boys (operating under th: Department of the Interior), for the Army men from Scott Field, the Salvation Army.: churches, and the Red Cross.” Governor Green Saturday night ordered all mines in Illinois “operating in violation of safety regulations’ to be closed imme- diately. Green said he had ordered Medill to “conduct a survey” to see what mines should be closed under the order. More About Milton Mayer and His “Haul Down the Flag” Speech EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. BERTRAND W. GEARHART OF CALIFORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 1, 1947 Mr. GEARHART. Mr. Speaker, when an irascible pedagog, a professor in the service of the University of Chicago, one Milton Mayer, by name, arose in a One- World meeting in Syracuse, N. Y. on February 15, 1947, to declare— We must haul down the American fiag. And if I wanted to be vulgar and shocking I would even go further and aay haul it down, stamp on it and spit on !t— It aroused many a patriotic editor to raise his voice in emphatic protest against subversive pronouncements, among them being the forthright editor of the Syracuse (N. Y.) Post-Standard who wrote and caused to be printed in that highly influential journal a blister- ing editorial of which the following is a copy: MAYER HARMS WORLD CAUSE “If full acceptance of world government means hauling down the American flag and denying our patriotism toward the United States, then it’s time to stop such fantastic international nonsense right now.” That was a fairly common reaction yeater- day as central New Yorkers discussed the sensational remarks made in Syracuse Sat- urday night by Milton Mayer, of the Univer- sity of Chicago. Although Mayer broadcast a confused de- nial yesterday that he had advocated haul- ing down, stamping, and spitting on the American fing, the quotation attributed to him by a Post-Standard reporter was sub- stantiated by responsible persons who were in the audience. Aside from the extreme pacifiste who have blindly opposed the United States Govern- ment since long before Pearl Harbor, the ain- cere advocates of world government recognize that Mayer has done their cause almost e \. His theories have even under- mined popular support of the United Nations,
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD in the opinion of some loyal and patriotic citizens. As Norman Thomas and Col. C. A. Edson, head of the Federal social-security office in Syracuse and organizer of the local world- governmen. group pointed out after Mayer spoke Saturday night, the best way to serve humanity and the broader world cause is not by casting off the established loyalties to home, family,,city, State, and Nation. When such persons as Milton Mayer take the view that the American flag should be reviled as a sign of world loyalty, their in- fantile opinions turn thinking citizens away from all internationalism, however sound. Loyalties are built on loyalties, not on dis- loyalty and treason. If we are not careful, the professional pacifists will head us back on the road toward the narrowest of nationalism—and war. Displaced Persons in Europe REMARKS HON. ADOLPH J. SABATH OF ILLINOIS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, Aprit 1, 1947 Mr. SABATH. Mr. Speaker, the gen- tleman from Illinois [Mr. Stratton) stated a few minutes ago that he is intro- ducing or will introduce a bill for the re- Hef of displaced persons. On January 6 of this year I introduced a bill, H. R. 464, to permit the immigration to the United States of certain suffering displaced per- sons whose homes have been destroyed and who cannot return to the respective countries of their birth. My bill proposes that approximately 154,000 displaced persons be admitted from the 850,000 who are still held in the camps in American occupied terri- tory. While the immigration quotas for 1940 to 1946 was over 900,000, my bill only provides for the use of unused immigra- tion quotas that were not used in the years 1946, 1947, and 1948 and most of which would be granted to women and children and few, if any, to workers. President Truman, in his message of January 6, 1947, urged legislation to re- lieve the unfortunate suffering of these people, but, so far, no action has been taken, notwithstanding that all out- standing religious and veterans’ organi- zations have recommended favorable actions Besides these organizations, many outstanding gentlemen who have studied the existing conditions in the displaced-persons camps all strongly urge and recommend that we permit a fair share of these unfortunate people, as provided in my bill, be admitted. I feel that if the membership and the American people would read an editorial appearing in the United States News by David Lawrence, a very capable writer, and the report of Cecil Holland, of the Chicago Sun, who conducted an exhaus- tive investigation of conditions in the camps, they would insist that favorable action be taken. Under the permission granted me, I am inserting the editorial and report of these gentlemen in the Appendix, and I earnestly urge they be re Foundation for a Farm Program EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. CLIFFORD R. HOPE OF KANSAS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 1, 1947 Mr. HOPE. Mr. Speaker, the March issue of the Country Gentleman con- tains an editorial entitled “Foundation for a Farm Program.” In the belief that the suggestions con- tained in this editorial are of interest to every Member of Congress, I an. includ- ing it herewith as a part of my remarks: FOUNDATION FOR A FARM PROGRAM A new farm program will soon be in the making. Its importance is indicated by the time and care which the House Committee on Agriculture is preparing to devote to it and the desire of Chairman Hope for the fullest possible discussion so that all proposals may have the test of public opinion. This is a wise beginning. A new farm pro- gram deserves all the thoughtful considera- tion that can be given to it. The welfare of the Nation depends upon a prosperous and permanent agriculture. The next farm pro- gram, so far as it is possible, should consti- tute a means to that end. If it is to do so it will have to supply some- thing that has been lacking in the farm pro- grams of the past 13 years. In that time we have tried many devices—the Federal Farm Board, acreage controls, crop loans, the ever- normal granary, subsidies both to reduce and to increase production, and now price supports. Most of them have been helpful. But, after all this experience, we are back where we started—with the need again for an effective farm program. The reason may be found in the nature of the measures tried. They were mainly de- signed to meet some emergency or temporary condition and so were too shallow-rooted to be of lasting value. The new farm program must avoid this defect. It can do 80 only by getting down to the permanent source of agricultural wealth and well-being. This is the land. A national land policy should be the basis for the new program. It should set forth ex- plicitly the Nation's interest in the land, with the maintenance of our land resources as the prior consideration. All other parts of the program and all future farm measures, whether subsidies, controls, crop adjust- ments, or goals, should be keyed to the basic principles of this land policy. Certainly it is time the country had such @ recognized policy. There has been none, definitely stated and publicly accepted, since pioneer days. The object of that long-past policy was to bring land into immediate cultivation and to use it to its full limits. We have reaped a mixed harvest from that policy—a country of abundance but with overproduction at times that meant ruinous prices for farmers and a steady loss of our soil resources that will mean too little for some future American population !f the rate of deterioration is unchecked. These recurring cycles of too much, with their wastage of the financial and soll capi- tal of agriculture, would not happen if land generally were being used in the best way to conserve and maintain its productivity. By making this the primary object, a program based on a sound land policy would get at the very heart of farm troubles. And it would safeguard our future ability to pro- duce enough. It would not be a cure-all. There is none. But Country Gentleman be- Neves that no solution to the difficulties of agriculture, immediate or future, is possible A1407 without a start being made at this vital point. The time to make this start is with the new farm program. Enough information is available to show the need for a national land policy and to guide its application to other farm measures. Country Gentleman feels that the great majority of American farmers ure ready to cooperate in such a policy, so far as their individual circum- stances permit. They realize, better than anyone elae, the necessity of preserving their soil capital and the crime of its waste in producing unwanted surpluses. Their in- terest in the work of the prewar land use planning committees and the rapidity with which they are setting up soil-conservation districts amply demonstrate their attitude toward their own and the Nation's most im- portant asset. We believe that farmers would respond to @ program based on a real land policy for another good reason. It would represent something solid and permanent and in the long-time interest of all. Insane Sperding REMARKS or HON. HUBERT S. ELLIS OF WEST VIRGINIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 1, 1947 Mr. ELLIS. Mr. Speaker, considering the existing shortage in housing, boxcars and other railroad equipment to trans- port supplies, scarcities in other mer- chandise, and high prices, it is evident that the people are viewing with grave apprehension the policy of this adminis- tration in continuing to give away our resources and the products of our labor. After giving to the nations of the world $50,000,000,000 in lend-lease and making new loans and gifts of many billions of dollars, now—2 years after the war—we find these nations are unable or unwill- ing to go to work and support themselves. From this history it appears that they will not go to work as long as this admin- istration assumes the obligation of their support and places the burden on the backs of the American taxpayer. All in all this program presents a nau- seating picture. Our people are paying the bill and doing without many of the necessities of life and they will, no doubt, observe with dismay that our generosity has not diminished one iota. An Associated Press dispatch in Sun- day’s paper reports a speed-up in the rate at which foreign countries are using up the credits advanced to them by the United States. The credits are composed of money loans and sales of property by the Gov- ernment in return for promises to pay later. At the start of this year, as reported by the Department of Commerce, there were 58 countries with “active credits” from this country—meaning credits that had not been used up fully or debts for loan funds used but not yet repaid. These active credits, according to the item, totaled $9,279,800,000 including $6,633,100,000 in money loans, but the foreign borrowers still had $5,786,700,000
A1408 of that to draw upon. One reason they are slow in using it is the shortage of goods to buy. Britain and France together accounted for 71 percent of the active credits, or $6,595,000,000. Others included Russia $241,800,000, China $?99,800,000, Greece $93,700,000, Turkey $40,800,000, Italy $204,500,000, the Ame.ican Republics $576,900,000, Belgium $147,200,000, Czechoslovakia $72,000,000 and the Neth- erlands and possessions $562,600,000. This presents an unbelievable situa- tion. Here we see Russia and Turkey, along with other countries, with a back- log of credit awaiting the time that we produce sufficient merchandise for them to buy. Thus in this manner they maintain scarcities and high prices in this coun- try and at the same time we are being requested by the President to vote an additional $400,000,000 for Greece and Turkey with a prospect of $600,000,000 for Korea. If we are to remain a solvent nation, this insane spending must be terminated now, If Railways Are To Be Permitted To Sup- plement Their Service With Planes, Trucks, and Busses, Why Shouldn't Our Ships of the Seas Be Permitted To Supplement Their Service With Air- planes? EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. BERTRAND W. GEARHART OF CALIFORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 1, 1947 Mr. GEARHART. Mr. _ Speaker, though simple justice requires that the same privilege of supplementing their service be accorded to our ships at sea as is freely permitted our land carriers, the Interstate Commerce Commission persists in their unreasoning refusal to permit shipping companies to synchro- nize air travel with their surface opera- tions. Why the commission continues to adhere to this thoroughly indefensible rule surpasses understanding. Yet théir previously announced position remains unchanged—even in the face of a prac- tically unanimous public protest. In order that the issue may be the better understood, I ask unanimous con- sent that a public service advertisement which recently appeared in a number of metropolitan newspapers in various sec- tions of the country may be spread upon the pages of the ConcressronAL RECORD as & part of my instant remarks. The article to which I have just refer- red, Mr. Speaker, is the following: Uniren Srates SHIPs Ntgp tHe Ricur To FPuy—WHat Doxs THat MEAN TO You? Part of every dollar you get comes from world trade. Foreign commerce contributes more than $10,000,000,000 yearly to our na- tional income, enough to keep three and a half million Americans in steady jobs. Prosperous foreign trade means prosperity at home. American shiplines have been en- gaged in developing our foreign commerce for more than a century. They learned long ago that foreign commerce and transporta- tion are a business. To them ships are simply tools of the trade, and aircraft are the modern tools they need in their kit to cope successfully with foreign competitors in the struggle for world trade. American steamship lines are now deprived of the right to use these modern tools by their own Government. At the same time the Gov- ernment freely grants the privilege to their foreign competitors. The Civil Aeronautics Board has consist- ently denied the applications of United States steamship companies to operate eched- uled air service over the ocean routes they have pioneered and developed. But Con- gress did not intend that steamship com- panies should be precluded from operating echeditled airlines. A congressiona] commit- tee reported: “We were deceived. The Civil Aeronautica Act has been interpreted by the CAB as rig- idly limiting the right of steamship com- Panies to engage in aviation; and, as a part of Congress, we have been grossly misrepre- sented to have established a policy which was further from our thoughts and intentions.” (H. Rept. No. 1944, 78th Cong., 2d sess.) UNITED STATES SHIP LINES MUST MEET FOREIGN COMPETITION Foreign nations have been quick to rec- ognize the tremendous value of the sea-air partnership in foreign trade. In develop- ing their international air services they are making effective use of world-wide shipping organizations built up over many years. They have their first team in the race They are using experience where experience counts. Under bilateral agreements foreign air lines, wholly owned or effectively controlled by foreign steamship companies, have ob- tained the right to fly to United States shores. These foreign steamship interests are in direct competition with America’s steamship lines. Meanwhile our own old China hands are helpless on the side lines because of CAB rul- ings. The collective experience of our own steamship companies is ignored. Their per- sonnel, facilities and know-how in foreign trade are disregarded. The development of our foreign commerce is placed instead in the hands of those least experienced and least equipped to handle it. We cannot hope to meet foreign com- petition successfully until we put our own first team into the race for world trade. UNITED STATES SHIP LINES PIONEERS IN ’ OVERSEAS AIR TRANSPORT Air transport is no new found love of America’s merchant marine. United States steamship companies long ago anticipated the essential role of aircraft in overseas transportation. They were among the first to encourage and develop its use. Early in the 1920's United Fruit Co. was flying routes in Central America. The Grace Line and the Matson Navigation Co. joined Pan-American in pioneering the first air- transport services across the Pacific, down the west coast of South America, across the Andes. American Export Lines filed application for an overseas route, before any domestic air line, and flew the North Atlantic during the war under a temporary certificate. Many other steamship were early ap- Plicants for international air routes. Three steamship companies have operated nonacheduled air service overseas. One com- pany, which has been trying unsuccessfull since 1940 to obtain an air-line certificates from its own government, recantly acquired interests in a foreign air line to protect its own trade routes, APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD UNITED STATES SHIP LINMS STRONGLY OPPOSE ATR MONOPOLY American steamship companies do not seek contro? of international air transport. They do not contend that because they have car- ried the American flag over the trade routes of the world, and have made huge invest- ments in developing these routes, they are automatically entitled to air certificates. But they do contend they are entitled to equal consideration along with those who now, for the first time, are engaging in over- seas transport. The American steamship lines do not ask exclusive rights to provide air service even over thelr own routes. All they ask-is the right to provide a complete transportation service in areas they now serve—by adding aircraft to their merchant fleets. It has never been a part of United States Government policy to prevent carriers from using other means of transport. Railways and shipping companies are not forbidden to operate bus or truck lines. Nor is there a basis for the sometimes ex- pressed fear that steamship companies might stifle development of air transport. Self- interest alone would preclude such action. Confronted with the powerful sea-air com- binations of foreign countries American steamship companies could only hope 4o compete by offering better sea-air service. As Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King, former Commander in Chief of the United States Fleet, has pointed out, a high degree of in- tegration between air and surface carrier explains much of our sea-air success during World War II. How fronica) that the Nation which de- veloped those combined operations ao re- markably in wartime should ignore that lesson of experience in \. America's merchant marine has been a backbone of /merican defense since the founding of the Republic. A modern mer- chant marine, on which our national security depends so heavily, must fly as wel] as float. Twice in our history we allowed America’s merchant marine to wane—only to have to rebuild it desperately in time of need. We should not make that mistake again. American security, as well as American Prosperity, is endanagered by neglecting wings for ships. America’s steamship companies need the ment to fly in America’s national interest— now Wake up—America needs wings for ships. The Sea-Air Committee: American Presi- dent Lines, Ltd.; American South African Lines, Inc.; Atlantic, Gulf & West Indies 58 Lines; Grace Lines, Inc.; Matson Navigation Co,; Moore-MoCormack, Inc,; Oceanic Steam- ship Co.; Seas Shipping Co.; United Fruit Co.; United States Lines Oo.; Waterman Steamship Corp, Maine Is First State To Ratify Amendment Limiting President to Twe Terms EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. MARGARET CHASE SMITH OF MAINE IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 1, 1947 Maine again leads the way—she holds amendment to United States that would limit ‘the Presi-
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD dent to two terms. This is indicated by a telegram received this morning from the clerk of the house of representatives, now in session at Augusta, which reads as follows: MaacH 81, 1947. Marcarger Crasx SMITH, Member of Congress, ' Washington, D. C.: Legislature today ratified constitutional amendment. Please advise Maine delegation. Harvey R. Pease, Clerk, House of Representattves. Relief of Injustices in Estate Tax Laws EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. CARL T. DURHAM OF NORTH CAROLINA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 1, 1947 Mr. DURHAM. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Rzc- orD, I include a statement which I have received from Mr. John J. Giltinan out- lining some of the injustices at the pres- ent time under the estate-tax laws. On January 29, 1947, I introduced in the House a bill, H. R. 1439, to relieve from the additional estate tax members of the armed forces dying in active service, which would correct some of the injus- tices under the present law. Mr. Giltinan’s statement follows: In all fairness to our lawmakers, it must be concluded that in the rush of other legis- lation the Seventy-ninth Congress simply overtooked the passage of legisiation to ex- tend relief from estate taxes on the transfer of taxabie estates to servicemen dying in the service of their country. Such a measure had been introduced in the House of Repre- sentatives, but died in committee. Most of the States, likewise, have failed to grant exemption from this type of taxation to their residents who made the supreme sacrifice for their country. As a result, the estates of servicemen dying in the last war are fully taxed. Further, the basis upon whieh they are taxed—the fair market value of the gross estate less allow- able deductions and exemptions—is in- creased by including in the gross estate Gl insurance; also included are any income-tax refunds (sec. 421, 1. B.C.) to which the serv- iceman was entitled. This present taxing of estates of service- men dying in the Second World War did not exist in the First World War. The Revenue Act of 1917%—approved October 3, 1917—eec- tion 901 provided that the war estate tax “shall not apply to the transfer of the net estate of any decedent ‘dying while serving in the military or naval forces of the United States during the continuance of the war in which the United States is now engaged, or if the death results from injuries received or disease contracted in such service, within 1 year after the termination of such war.” Granting further relief from this unjusti- fiable penalty for giving one's life for his country, the Revenue Act of 1918—approved 24, 1919, ame: the Revenue Acta of 1916 and 1017—provided that the estate-tax provisions of those acts were not to apply to estates of decedents who had died prior to such enactment, or who would there- after die while serving in the armed forces of the war then in progress, and further provided that if any such tax had been paid it would be refunded to the executor. XCITI—App.——_89 Why then does not the present Eightieth Congress at this late date take some action granting relief? The fighting of the Second World War ceased more than a year ago, no congressional action has been taken. Congress in the First World War granted relief during the fighting (act approved October 8, 1917) and granted further relief about 8 months after the termination of the war, Last year, June 26, 1946, almost a year after the firing ceased, a bill granting relief simi- lar to that granted in the First World War was introduced by Representative John H. Tolan. This bill was referred to the Commit- tee on Ways and Means. In August 1946, the Seventy-ninth Congress adjourned, no ac- tion on the Tolan bill having been taken. Between December 7, 1941, and the ter- mination of the last war—many gallant servicemen died. At the present time their taxable estates have doubtless been ap- praised, according to law, the taxes deter- mined and paid. As has been said this un- fair discrimination against servicemen of the Second World War is so un-American it cannot be that Congress so intends it. Up to the present time three bills have been introduced in the Eightieth Congress, one each by Representatives ALLEN of Cali- fornia, Duruam of North Carolina, and ScuwaBe of Oklahoma. These bills afford some measure of relief, although they do not specifically provide that if any such taxes have been paid, they should be refunded to the executors or administrators of the serv- icemen's estates. The most favorable bill to the families of the dead servicemen should be enacted into law at the earliest possible moment. lIavestigation ef Cost ef Living REMARKS HON. J. CALEB BOGGS OF DELAWARE IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 1, 1947 Mr. BOGGS of Delaware. Mr. Speak- er and Members of the House, I am in- troducing today a resolution which pro- vides for the creation of a select com- mittee of this House to conduct a study and investigation of the cost of living. Mr. Speaker, I am impelled to intro- duce this resolution because the cost of living problem is one of national scope, although it may vary in degree in the different sections of the country. How- ever, from a broad national viewpoint there is a direct influence upon our na- tional and international policy inherent in this problem. The high cost of liv- ing is directly related and interrelated to the many important problems con- fronting our people and this Congress. For example, this House in its wisdom has gone forward courageously in carrying out the wishes and desires of the people of our country to eliminate waste and in- in our Federal Government and thereby to reduce the national debt and to give our people some measure of tax relief. In the immediate future this Congress, in the interest of all the peo- ple, intends to provide some needed re- vision of our laws affecting the relations of industry and labor. Furthermore, this House is unhesitating in its efforts to frec our people of bureaucratic con- A1409 trol and regulation. In fact, I may say that all of these important matters are in the nature of relief from bureaucratic domination of our national life. Pur- thermore, all of these measures should have a great deterring influence upon the rising cost of living for they are intended to result in increased production and in due course a natural] and proper reduc- tion in prices. Nevertheless, it is evident that other Sactors are tending to maintain the pres- ent high cost of living. It is, therefore, @ matter of the most pressing nature that we ascertain at once what these causes are and how they may be over- come or eliminated. It has been sug- gested from some sources that the bu- reaucratic domination of our national life is attempting to maneuver national and international] matters in such a man- ner as to retaliate upon our people for the decision made last November to eliminate waste and inefficiency and to free our people from bureaucratic con- trol and regulation. I cannot say whether there is any merit in this suggestion. Yet I do know from experience that bureaucracy is so accustomed to being in the saddle that it will relinquish only most unwillingly and with the most ingenious resistance its powers and control of our nationa) destiny—the Congress and duly elected representatives of the people notwith- standing. It is further suggested by some sources that unconscionable practices are pre- vailing in other quarters which are causing an unnecessary rise in the cost of living. These, too, should be brought to light so that corrective measures may be undertaken. There are many other aspects to this problem, with reports and studies from a variety of sources alleging this and that as reasons for the rise in the cost of living. In any event, we do have a national problem on our hands. In line with the courageous policy of this Congress in carrying out the wishes of our people, it therefore seems essential that a proper study and investigation be made in order that the public and the Congress may properly know and evaluate the factors influencing and affecting the high cost of living. Then, directly and intelli- gently, such remedial action as may be necessary can be taken. In view of these factors, I am intro- ducing this resolution today on behalf of all the people so that the true facts underlying the high cost of living may be determined and clearly set forth for public scrutiny. I deem this to be a better, more effective, and more demo- cratic method of finding a suitable solu- tion than a return to certain bureau- cratic methods which again are being suggested and hoped for in certain quarters. Resolved, that there is hereby created a select committee to be composed of nine Members of the House of Representatives to be appointed by the Speaker, one of whom he shall designate as chairman. Any vacancy occurring in the membership of the com- mittee shall be filled in the manner in which the original appointment was made. The committee is authorized and directed to conduct a study and investigation of the
A1410 cost of living existing, or hereinafter arising, with particular reference to (1) whether agencies, departments of the Federal Gov- ernment or Government owned or controlled corporations ar-~ properly, adequately, or equitably serving the public interest in their influence upon the cost of living; (2) whether the public interest is being treated fairly, with due regard to the profit system, by all phases of our national life having an influence upon the cost of living; (3) the need for a sound program for the solution of the postwar problem involved ir the high cost of living; (4) the effect of world condi- tions upon our cost of living and the need of a sound program to offset the hardships that may result to our people; (5) whether the production and distribution facilities available are reasonably and_ efficiently utilized in their influence upon the cost of living; (6) whether there are unconscionable practices in any quarter which unnecessarily drive the cost of living up and weaken our national economy and free enterprise sys- tem. The committee may from time to time submit to the House such preliminary re- ports and recommendations as it deems ad- visable; and, as soon as practicable during the present Congress shall submit to the House its final report and recommendations on the results of its study and investigation. Any report or recommendation submitted when the House is not in session shall be filed with the Clerk of the House. For the purpose of carrying out this reso- lution the committee is authorized to sit and act during the present Congress at such times and places within the continental United States, whether the House is in ses- sion, has recessed, or has adjourned, to hold such hearings, and to require by subpena or otherwise, the attendance and testimony of such witnesses and the production of such books, records, correspondence, memoranda, papers, and documents, as it deems neces- sary. Subpena may be issued under the signature of the chairman of the committee or any member of the committee designated by him, and may be served by any person designated by such chairman or member. Purchase of Gold From Russia EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. FREDERICK C. SMITH OF OHIO IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 1, 1947 Mr. SMITH of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, un- der leave to extend my remarks, I ask unanimous consent to insert in the Ap- pendix of the Recorp a letter from Mr. John W. Snyder, Secretary of the Treas- ury, dated March 31, 1947, which is in response to a letter written him March 19, 1947, in which I asked the following question: “Does the Treasury favor continuing buying gold from Russia?” Mr. Snyder’s letter implies that the Treasury does favor continuing buying gold from Russia. Is this policy con- sistent with the Truman program for halting further Russian aggression? Mr. Snyder's reply follows: Hon, Frevrrick C. SMITH, House Office Building, Washington, D.C. My Dear Mr, SMITH: This is in further re- ply to your letter of March 19, 1947, asking whether the Treasury favors the continuance of buying gold from Ruce.a It is the policy of the Treasury Department to buy gold offered to it by governments and cer-tral banks of countries with which we maintain financial and commercial relations, when these countries want to acquire dollars either for expenditure within the United States or for the settlement of international balances with third countries. Such gold purchases are subject only to the gold dec- laration of February 22, 1944, a copy of which is enclosed, which was issued by the United States simultaneously with similar declara- tions by the United Kingdom and Russia, and to which most of the United Nations mem- bers subsequently subscribed, The Treasury believes that the purchase of gold in accordance with this established pol- icy is necessary to the continued use and free acceptance of gold as an international medium of exchange. Sincerely yours, JOHN W. SNYDER, Secretary of the Treasury. The gold declaration mentioned in Mr. Snyder's letter refers to Axis gold that might have been finding its way into the United States during the war. Turkey and Greece EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. EDWIN C. JOHNSON OF COLORADO IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Tuesday, April 1 (legislative day of Monday, March 24), 1947 Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Mr. President, Rev. Edgar M. Wahlberg, at present pastor of Mount Olivet Com- munity Church, of Dearborn, Mich., was born and educated in Colorado. For many years he was an outstanding civic leader and minister in my State. Dur- ing the war he was associated with UNRRA, and in that capacity he gained some valuable first-hand information on conditions in Greece. A few days ago this beloved divine and my close friend made some important observations on Turkey and Greece, and they have been printed in his church paper. I ask unanimous consent to insert his state- ment in the appendix of the Recorp. There being no objection, the state- ment was ordered to be printed in the Record, as follows: TURKEY AND GREECE (By Edgar M. Wahlberg) The average American is more or less stunned by the swift maneuvers of President Truman in relation to the proposed gift of $400,000,000 to Turkey and Greece. He ig just now beginning to ask a few questions prompted out of his common sense perspec- tive, and his hazy but instinctive knowledge of the facts. The first question ts, “Why Turkey?” He knows that Turkey was an enemy nation dur- ing the First World War and a pro-German neutral in the Second World War. Turkey fared well between wars and took advantage of all economic opportunities during the Sec- ond World War. President Truman's an- nouncement is the first suggestion that Tur- key is in urgent economic need. Mr. Average Citizen wants to know more about the pres- sures which have directed Mr. Truman to make such a spectacular demand. The American citizen is sensibly softened to an appeal in behalf of starving people of Europe and China. Turkey is a new angle. Is Mr. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Truman mixing military expediencies and re- lief? It would seem that Turkey is not in need. Why, then, should we help her? America has to date avoided participation in the age-long messy European and Balkan political intrigues. There would not seem to be a single justification for setting up military expediencies via Turkey. Before Mr. Truman's plan is approved, the public is entitled to all the facts and emotions which have so stirred the President. Greece is in need. All Americans know this and are sympathetic to the gallant ally of the Second World War. Perhaps this knowledge is the basis of Mr. Truman's tech- nique for swiftly pushing through a program which may not help Greece and which may foreshadow the decline of the United States of America. Greece emerged from under the heel of Turkey in the nineteenth century, and was immediately subject to European powers and interests, as they were, from time to time, related to Russia, Turkey, the Balkan nations, and Germany. In her reverses with Turkey in 1922, Greece lost a large territory and had to transplant to her smaller area 1,500,000 Greek refugees. This was a terrific burden to a population of less than 6,000,000. Then came the war with Italy, which Greece won. Germany stole the glory of this victory and Greece was forced to endure a brutal military occupation. Many Greeks fied to the mountain areas and organized the Greek army (ELLAS) and a Greek government (EAM) to carry on the Allied fight against the enemy in Greece. One thousand eight hundred burned and de- stroyed towns and villages and the wanton destruction of transportation and other fa- cilities testify to the ferociousness and courageous tenacity of the Greeks against the Germans. EAM and ELLAS were as- sisted by the Allied Nations, particularly Britain and the United States through sup- plies and personnel from 133 and OSS. They were pro-Britain, pro-United States, and pro-Russian. The government included the Communists but tended to be middle road in political and economic policies. Some of the most widely trusted and re- spected men of Greece were participants and leaders. Friction began when it was evident that Greece was expected to receive and re- spect an exile government. This was done with some degree of grace for a short time, but when the interests of the exile govern- ment coincided more and more with rightest and royalist regimentation, the situation be- came intolerable. Greeks thought this was a problem of internal privilege and moved in to solve it in the only pattern that was avail- able. When outside nations stepped in to defend the royalist nationalists, they were dismayed and felt betrayed. This was the reason for the intensity of the fight against such terrific odds. Britain occupied Greece, disarmed ELLAS, discredited EAM, and proceeded to reinforce a rightist coalition by training and outfitting a Greek Army, Navy, and Air Force, This was a Churchillian mistake and should be recognized as such. UNRRA poured in large amounts of supplies, much of which were sold and the receipts were used to bolster up the Government. In spite of all this, one conservative government after the other fell, including one government with an 86-year- old so-called liberal as Prime Minister. The archbishop of the Greek Orthodox Church acted as the British-designated agent until the King was brought back. This was done following a reported free election. It could hardly be free when there were 18,000 politi- cal prisoners and over a thousand leftists murdered, and while they were 40,000 for- eign troops in Greece. One hundred thou- sand nationalist troops screened politically by Greek governmental officials and 40,000 armed civilians belonging to the royalist or- Ganization patrolled Greece. Greece had the
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD largest standing Army in her history at a time when Greece was financially bankrupt. The average Greek believed that what little help he received was dependent on voting the way the British and Americans wanted him to vote. It was pretty confusing to the Greeks, but they voted or didn’t vote in the easiest way that they knew. Very little in the record suggests that all of this hag been good for the Greeks. As far as the average Greek is concerned, there has been little gained. His condition is hopeless. Now we are asked to carry on this unending debacle. Our danger is that we in turn will get something by the tail as Britain has done and then won't be able to let go. There is no question that when Britain gets out Greece will elect a more liberal and per- haps a leftist government. Russia won't necessarily have a thing to do about it. Rus- sia has been politically and internationally correct in the Greek situation. People in trouble do not turn to conservatives for help. They go left. They do not favor the occupa- tion of any nation. They are rid of Turkey and Germany. Why not Britain, the United States, and Russia? Greeks have a tremendous respect for de- mocracy. Our problem as Americans is to be friendly with the Greeks and with all people, regardless of government. Greece doesn’t need an armed force. She cannot afford a military establishment, It is artificial and futile for Britain to continue its support and for the United States to pick up where Brit- ain left off. A small country cannot defend itself even if it boasts an army of 100,000 and 400,000 reserves. Turkey and Greece are not as yet allies, even so, they could not represent military power. Greece needs rehabilitation and relief. Americans should give to Greece free of political or military considerations. Let Britain withdraw her army. It should not have occupied Greece as it did in the first place. Big nations must stop setting military and political expediencies and alli- ances with smaller nations apart from the interests of all the nations. The United States must not by-pass the United Nations. Let us leave international military and political consideration to this body. The United Nations should guarantee the democratic rights and security to small nations and give them an opportunity to deal with pertinent human needs. Let us face Russia squarely across the conference tables of the United Nations. If the Greeks and other nations should be more friendly toward the Soviets than to the United States, it will be our own fault. Why should the choice of national friendliness on the part of smaller nations invite our bitter opposition or our paternalistic co-operation. Let us be consis- tent in our support of the democratic rights of people. In such consistency we will grow strong. Let us as Christians understand that nations can build a friendly world and live in it, in spite of differences. We cannot long support an alternative policy of force and in- ternational intrigue. Federal Mine Inspection REMARKS HON. GERALD W. LANDIS . OF INDIANA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 1, 1947 Mr. LANDIS. Mr. Speaker, I believe it is the duty of Congress to put some “teeth” in our Federal Mine Inspection Act. Coal mines operating in violation of safety regulations should be closed for the protection of the miners. Whenever a Federal inspector finds that the operation of a mine is endanger- ing the lives of the employees he should have the power to close the mine until pronounced safe by Federal authority. I am todey introducing legislation to amend the Federal Mine Inspection Act incorporating the above provision. Statistics from the Federal Bureau of Mines shows that in the last 35 years there have been 66,140 men killed, an average of 1,889 a year, in addition to 2,135 permanently disabled. If 80 per- cent of these 66,140 men were married and each left a widow and 3 children, there would be 211,649 widows and or- phans and 2,135 incapacitated men living with a family of 5—and the bread winner totally disabled. The public and the Congress should be immediately fur- nished a full report of the welfare in- vestigation made in the coal fields by the United States Navy. I wish to quote from the agreement be- tween the Government and the miners on the mine safety program: FEDERAL MINE SAFETY CODE As soon as practicable and not later than 30 days from the date of the making of the agreement, the Director of the Bureau of Mines, after consultation with representa- tives of the United Mine Workers and such other persons as he deems appropriate, will issuc a reasonable code of standards and rules pertaining to safety conditions and practices in the mines. The Coal Administrator will put this code into effect at the mines. In- spectors of the Federal Bureau of Mines shall make periodic investigations of the mines and report to the Coal Mines Admin- istrator any violations of the Federal safety code. In cases of violation, the Coal Mines Administrator will take appropriate action which may include disciplining or re- placing the operating manager so that with all reasonable dispatch said violation will be corrected. From time to time the Director of the Bureau of Mines may, upon request of the Coal Mines Administrator or the United Mine Workers, review and revise the Federal mine safety code. MINE SAFETY COMMITTEE At each mine there shall be a mine gafety committee selected by the local union. The mine safety committee may inspect any mine development or equipment used in produc- ing coal for the purpose of ascertaining whether compliance with the Federal safcty code exists. The committee members while engaged in the performance of their duties shall be paid by the union, but shall be deemed to be acting within the scope of their employment in the mine within the meaning of the Workmen's Compensation Law of the State where such duties are per- formed. If the committee believes conditions found endanger the life and bodies of the mine workers, it shall report its findings and rec- ommendations to the management. In those special instances where the committee believes an immediate danger exists and the committee recommends that the manage- ment remove all mine workers from the unsafe area, the operating manager or his managerial subordinate is required to fol- low the recommendation of the committee, unless and until the Coal Mines Administra- tor, taking into account the inherently haz- ardous character of coal mining, determines that the authority of the safety committee is being misused and cancels or modifies that authority. The safety committee and the operating manager shall maintain such records con- cerning inspections, findings, recommenda- Al411 tions, and actions relating to this provision of the agreement as the Coal Mines Admin- istrator may require and shall supply such reports as he may request. Nothing hercin shall operate to nullify existing State stat- utes, but this agreement is intended to sup- plement the aforesaid statutes in the interest of increased mine safety. Mr. Speaker, according to the United Mine Workers Journal, nearly 58,030 men were hurt or killed in accidents at United States coal mines in 1946. Although no major mine disaster occurred in the bituminous coal mines last year after the Federal Safety Code was in effect, the United Mine Workers Journa) has received from the Coal Mines Admin- istration copies of second notices to over 100 bituminous coal mines directing im- mediate correction of code violations that were reported by Federal mine in- spectors. . The coal mine disaster at Centralia, Ill., is definite proof that there must be no violations of the Federal Mine Safety Code. Statistical evidence shows that most accidents take place at the end of the day. Therefore, this indicates that the miners’ working hours should be re- duced from 9 hours per day to 8 hours portal-to-portal. I reiterate that it is the duty of Congress to put some teeth in the Federal Mine Inspection Act. Address of Rear Adm. O. L. Colclough EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. CLAUDE I. BAKEWELL OF MISSOURI IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 1, 1947 Mr. BAKEWELL. Mr. Speaker, dur- ing the past week end I had the privilege of attending the first annual convention of Reserve officers of the naval services which was held in my home city of St. Louis. It was most encouraging to see the continuing interest of the officer members of the Naval Reserve in naval affairs and in the security of our country. The Re- serves comprised approximately 85 per- cent of the fighting forces of our coun- try during World War II and we should all be proud of such evidences of interest and devotion to national defense and security. The convention was attended by dele- gates from every part of the Nation and was addressed by the Secretary of the Navy, by Fleet Adm. William F. Halsey, Jr., and by the Judge Advocate of the Navy, Rear Adm. O. L. Colclough. The address of Rear Admiral Colclough is as follows: It is my purpose to discuss the generul legislation which the Navy Department con- siders should be enacted by the Eightieth Congress in order that the Navy will be capable of performing more effectively the functions for which our Navy is intended. I use the term “general legislation” in con- tradistinction to fiscal legislation. The latter is by no means less important, but the sit- uation with respect to it can be summed up by the simple statement that we have deep
Al1412 concern regarding the adequacy of appro- priations which the Eightieth Congress may provide for the national security. The Navy Department's legislative pro- gram has been formulated with a view— First of all to the preservation of an effec- tive and adequate naval force; Second, to a perpetuation of the lessons learned during the war; Third, to effectuating the readjustments made necessary by the transition from war to peace; and Last but not least, to a particular em- phasis upon activity in the fleld of scientific research and development. SHIPS AND PLANES Items of vital importance in discussing any program concerning the Navy are, of course, ships and aircraft. We have at the present time statutory authority to construct ships of appropriate tonnages and authority to acquire aircraft. We are restricted by law, however, in expending appropriated funds for tirat purpose. To put it briefly, the shipbuilding program has been confined since VE-day largely to completing certain ships the construction of which had been commenced at that time. Generally, speak- ing, no new keels are being laid. The acqui- sition of aircraft is proceeding at the reduced rate brought about by’ the end of hostilities and by fiscal restrictions. In the construc- tion of ships and planes, every emphasis is being placed upon advances in scientific re- search and development, in the development of prototypes. We are taking advantage of the lessons we learned during the war. We are also taking advantage of any superior qualities which our enemies may have at- tained in their own weapons. In the field of ship and plane construction, the Navy to date has found it necessary to seek enactment of only three measures. The first of these will, if enacted, make balances of certain appropriations already made by Congress available for the construc- tion of two experimental submarines. This measure has been passed by the House of Representatives. Developments in subma- rine and antisubmarine warfare and the in- creased emphasis which the atomic weapon places upon underwater transportation and attack has made necessary, even vital, ex- tensive advances in submarine design and construction. Another measure which the Navy Depart- ment expects to submit to Congress soon would authorize radical conversions in ships already built. The conversion program as authorized would involve complete changes in the types of some ships. For example, a cruiser might, under conversion, become a rocket ship or a platform for launching guided missiles. Funds appropriated for the construction of ships cannot, in general, be used to alter them materially after the ships have been accepted for service for more than a year. Hence, it is necessary that we secure congressional approval to make conversions, since some of the ships in the conversion program have been in service more than 1 year. The Navy Department is asking that Con- gress repeal those provisions of the Vinson- Trammell Act which place a limit on the profit which a shipbuilder or aircraft manu- facturer may make; which require that 10 percent of the aircraft procured by the Navy be manufactured in Government plants; and which require that the first and each suc- ceeding alternate vessel of each category be constructed in Government shipyards. These restrictions impose a disability upon the shipbuilding and the aircraft industries from which other industries which contribute to our naval power do not suffer. To summarize briefly, in the field of ships and planes, we wish to construct two experl- mental submarincs, we wish to convert some ships from the purpose for which they were originally designed, and we wish to remove from the ship and aircraft building indus- tries certain restrictions placed upon them by the Vinson-Trammell Act. PERSONNEL In the field of personnel our problems are much more substantial and much more com- plex. The transition from war to peace re- quires some major adjustments. The Navy Department, therefore, is seeking enactment of three major measures, each of which I will discuss separately, as I believe, the interest of your membership is great in regard to matters affecting personnel of both the Regu- lar Navy and the Naval Reserve. The three major measures to which I refer are: (A) A comprehensive revision of present laws relating to the promotion, involuntary retirement, and distribution in rank of all officers in the Regular Navy; (B) A revision of the Naval Reserve Act of 1938 to effect necessary changes in the present law in order better to establish and maintain the postwar Naval Reserve; and (C) A measure to provide a modified form of retirement pay for commissioned and enlisted personnel of the reserve components of the armed forces, THE PROMOTION BILL This bill has been submitted to Congress. It has been introduced in the House of Rep- resentatives as H. R, 2537 and in the Sen- ate as S. 902. Hearings on the bill H. R. 2537 have been scheduled by a subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Services of the House. The measure is applicable to both the line and the stat: corps of the Regular Navy and Marine Corps. The bill has the following generalized principal objectives: (A) An immediate return to a statutory system of promotion based upon the selec- tion of those who are best fitted for promo- tion and based upon a fixed percentage dis- tribution of officers in the various grades; (B) Reestablishment of permanent ap- pointments and seniority based upon actual Permanent strength, with provision for ad- ditional temporary appointments required during the interim period while the Regular Navy is stabilizing toward its authorized strength; (C) Provision of broader opportunities for outstanding enlisted men to attain perma- nent commissioned rank in specialties for which they may be qualified by virtue of experience and demonstrated ability; and (D) An improved system of promotion that will permit the best fitted officers to be promoted at appropriate ages and assure greater opportunity to all officers. (E) A so-called accelerated promotion fea- ture, under which outstanding officers may be selected for promotion without jeopardizing the opportunities of those above them. The Navy has employed the principle of promotion by selection for the past 30 years. The current promotion bill represents no abandonment of that principle. It repre- sents instead a reaffirmation and refinement of promotion by selection, modified to bring officers to command rank at appropriate ages, to preserve for further service those whose value lies in specialized abilities, and to pro- vide for the major portion of those who must leave the service because they cannot be profitably employed to do so at an early age when greater opportunities for them in civil life will be available. Our over-all objective in this bill is to pro- vide increased opportunity for a reasonable career to the well-qualified officer. Above all, we seek to insure equality of treatment and opportunity for the Reserve and tempo- rary officers who have transferred to the Reg- ular Navy. One of the new features of the bill is that it introduces for the first time selection within the grade of rear admiral. Officers APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD who have completed 5 years in that grade and a@ total of 35 years of commissioned service will be considered by a selection board for continuance on the active list. The forced separation of certain numbers of flag officers 1s provided whenever necessary to assure a prescribed flow of promotion. Thus the Navy would be consistent in its application of the selection principle in its top grade. As a result of extensive cost analyses, it has been determined that the cost of the promotion bill compares favorably with costs under existing law. This feature combined with its other highly desirable provisions af- fecting the efficiency and morale of the Navy have convinced us that the proposed plan is both sound and economical and that its en- actment into law would be in the best in- terests of the Navy and the Nation. Before leaving this subject, it is of interest to note that the Army is proposing to Congress a selection system. This is a departure from its long-established system of promotion by seniority. REVISION OF THE NAVAL RESERVE ACT OF 1938 The Navy Department has submitted to the Bureau of the Budget a measure which would bring about a complete revision of the Naval Reserve Act of 1938. In the main, this revision preserves most of the provi- sions of existing law, but makes some im- portant additions to that law. The most important feature contained in this proposed measure is that which would permit in time of war or national emergency the transfer to the Regular Navy of all per- sonnel ordered to extended periods of active duty. The philosophy behind this provision is that it will do much to remove many ape parent or rea] discriminatory tendencies be- tween Regulars and Reserves when serving together in time of war. During the war Just past the Army combined its Regular components with its Reserve components to form a third component known as the Army of the United States. The present proposal of the Navy Department, in time of war or emergency, would simply assimilate its Re- serve components into the Regular Navy. The measure would add women as a com- ponent part of the Naval Reserve. Present statutory authority to appoint or enlist women in the Reserve will expire 6 months after the termination of the present war. The services of women have come to be con- sidered vital to our shore activities in cer- tain capacities, and the termination of their services would be a real loss. Under this proposed bill, women would conatitute a per- manent part of the Naval Reserve and would receive appropriate training to prepare them for immediate mobilization in time of emer- gency. The Nurse Corps Reserve would likewise become a permanent constituent part of the Reserve. The proposed measure would fill a long- felt need by providing for the transfer of individuals between the Regular Navy and the Naval Reserve without first requiring separation from one group and then subse- quent enlistment or appointment in the other group. RETIREMENT OF RESERVISTS Title III of the bill H. R. 2744, introduced in the House of Representatives on March 24, 1947, contains provisions for the retire- ment with pay for officers and enlisted men of the Reserve components of the Army. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. The provisions of this title have been agreed upon by the Army and Navy. The measure provides for the establish- ment of a United States Naval Reserve re- tired list which would include the names of all Reservists, Navy or Marine, retired with pay. Reservists upon attaining the age of 60 years, who have completed 20 years or more
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of satisfactory service, become entitled to retired pay under the proposal in accordance with the following schedule of minimum service requirements: Active service Any type ol service prior Active subsequent to enactment of title ITI service | toenactment of title IIL 3 2 4 1} 4 1 4 % 4 0 Those granted retired pay under the pro- visions of title III would have such pay computed at the rate of 2% percent for each year of active service and at the rate of one-half of 1 percent for each year of service other than active. An upper limit of retired pay which may be received ts fixed at 75 percent of active duty pay. The active duty pay upon which retired pay is based is the base and longevity pay of the highest grade, temporary or permanent, satisfactorily held by the Reservist during his entire period of service. Satisfactory completion of prescribed drills or other training shall be considered as the equivalent of 30 days’ active service. While the bill as introduced omits the period of prescribed drills, I am confident that period is 1 year. Disbursements of retired pay under title I would be made by the Administrator of Veterans’ Affairs out of appropriations made to the Veterans’ Administration for that pur- pose. No back pay or allowances would accrue by reason of enactment of title ITI. STATE BONUS LAWS I have endeavored to outline briefiy those items of the Navy Department's legislative program in which I believe your organiza- tion is moat interested. IT am, of course, unable to predict with any Gegree of accuracy the action the Congress will take on any of these measures. There is very real interest in all our problems and a consciousness of their .mportance in these disturbed times. Nevertheless, as you are all aware. the Eightieth Congress is faced with a@ tremendous legislative load, covering all functions of the Government. Furthermore, the Legislative Reorganization Act of the last Congress provides for adjournment on July 31 unless the Congress takes action to the contrary. It is apparent, therefore, that it ts going to be difficult to have enacted some meritorious measures. I would like now to invite your attention briefly to a matter in which your assistance would be of considerable benefit to the Navy. I have reference to a problem presented by reason of the enactment of State bonus laws. To date six States (Tilinois, Michigan, Mas- sachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont) have enacted State bonus laws for veterans. AS a general rule payment of the bonus is made contingent upon factors which can be substantiated from discharge documents in the possession of each individ- ual. However, a differentiation made by some State laws between “domestic” and “foreign” service is a noteworthy exception. Thus there may be imposed upon the Navy an implied necessity for distinguishing between “domestic sea service” and “foreign sen serv- ice.” In order to distinguish between these two it will be necessary to go beyond the record of the man concerned to the records of the ‘unit to which he was attached, such as ship’s logs and muster rolls, in order to determine the periods of time spent in each category. This process entails a terrific amount of clerical work and expense and will require years to complete. It would seem that if in their statutes providing for payment of a bonus the States would accept a simpler definition under which all sea duty would be classed as for- eign duty, the Navy Department would find itself in a position to cooperate much more effectively than seems possible at present. I suggest, therefore, for your consideration the cooperation of RONS with the Bureau of Naval Personnel and from the head- quarters of the Marine Corps to dig out the exact nature of the difficulties which are being encountered with a view to securing remedial legislative action not only by the States which have enacted bonus laws but. by those States which contemplate doing so. It would be difficult, and perhaps inappro- priate, for the Navy Department to make adequate representations in this matter throughout the entire Nation whereas your organization is in a position to explain the difficulty locally with chance of more posi- tive results. Open the Door, America EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. ADOLPH J. SABATH OF ILLINOIS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 1, 1947 Mr. SABATH. Mr. Speaker, there was brought to my attention today an edi- torial appearing in the United States News, written by David Lawrence, whom everyone recognizes as a capable writer but with whom I do not often agree. Nevertheless, his editorial entitled “Open the Door, America!” is so striking and so humane, giving such a splendid factual presentation of the distressing displaced- Persons situation and carrying an ap- peal for these suffering peoples, that I am impelled to insert it in the Recorp in the hope that it may be read and will aid me in obtaining favorable action on my bill to permit the admission of some of these people into the United States by the use of unused immigration quotas that were not used in 1946, 1947, and 1948. OPEN THE DOOR, AMERICA! (By David Lawrence) United States once again has opportunity to be haven for suffering and persecuted peo- Ples—as trustees of abundance we must offer to share our resources with world’s home- less—the facts about war's “displaced per- sons.” There's a closed door to which the Ameri- Can people have the key. It’s a door that shuts out human beings— suffering men, women, and children without homes. It’s a door behind which selfishness lurks and materialism hides. It’s a door which needs to be opened be- cause, by doing so, the humane soul-of Amer- ica will be liberated. Has the awfulness of war left us repentant? The millions whose sons have been spared are grateful. But do they ask what they can do now to acknowledge the good fortune which divine providence bestowed upon them? The essence of this life is service. The whole philosophy under which Christianity fs professed is that man is brother to man. The life and teachings of Jesus spell one thought above all others—that all of us owe 8 solemn duty to each other to help, to be- A1413 friend, to share our worldly goods to the end that suffering may be alleviated. It is the whole basis, of charity, of philan- thropy, of civic welfare. In fact, we have prided ourselves in America for generations that we sympathize with oppressed peoples everywhere and that we give a haven of refuge to those who have been the victims of Political persecution. If individually we answer, “Yes” to the cry, “Am I my brother's keeper?” then col- lectively we do likewise. There are homeless people abroad. Their miserable plight is indescribable. Are we closing the door of our hearts to them? And why? Is it possible that we think our material possessions might be diminished slightly? Are we afraid of competition from a smal! number who might enter the ranks of our gainfully employed? Or are we merely al- lergic to all who may be foreign—as if God @rew boundary lines and delegated selfish power to us to keep His children from mov- ing to places where crops are abundant and natural resources are more than adequate for those who already abide in green pastures? Do we have the right of absolute ownership to these lunds and resources or do we serve as trustees who some day must answer to our Maker and give an accounting of what we have done during our brief existence? It is a matter of simple humanity or simple selfishness. Here is a chance to help. Hundreds ot thousands of persons in Europe have been displaced by war. We should read the facts. and then ask ourselves whether we are ready to recognize our duty as responsible individ- uals—as human beings responsible for what we do with our power and our possessions. There's an organization known as the National Citizens Committee on Displaced Persons. In one of its leaflets is given the essential facts which every American should know. It says: “1, Two years after the war there are stil) some 850,000 people in Europe who live in detention camps. “2. These men, women and children are the displaced persons—the survivors of Nazi concentration camps. They are victims of al! forms of religious and political persecu- tion, of barbarism and Nazi terror. “8. They represent almost all religions. Some 80 percent are Christians of various de- nominations; 20 percent are Jews. “4, Most of the displaced persons are na- tives of Poland, Latvia, Lithuania and Es- tonia. Others come from Pinland, Yugo- slavia, Greece, France and various other Eu- ropean countries. “5. More than 50 percent of the displaced persons are women and children. There are 150,000 children below the age of 17. Of these 70,000 are estimated to be under 6 years of age. “6. The displaced persons’ most cherished desire is to start a new life in a country where there is freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom of movement. “1. Since VE-day, 11,000,000 displaced per- sons have been repatriated. But the remain- ing 850.000 cannot be returned to their origi- nal places of residence. “8, These people do not wish to and can- not return to their homes of origin because they fear oppression for religious, racial or political reasons. “9. The Governments of the United States, Great Britain, and France offictally declared that no people would be forced to return to their homelands against their will. The United Nations has endorsed the same principle. “10. Unless reasonably quick action is taken for the permanent resettlement of dis- Placed persons, these people may form the nucleus of an international relief problem of long duration.
Al1414 “11. By remaining in central Europe, they may become a source of international dis- cord. All thinking.men and women are aware that the plight of displaced persons constitutes one of the gravest cancers gnaw- ing at the peace so dearly won. “12, The United Nations established the International Refugee Organization to deal with the displaced persons’ problem. Its charter is signed by the United States. But the IRO cannot solve the problem unless immigrant-receiving countries make special provisions to receive a fair share of displaced persons. ' “13. The United States, as a leader in inter- National affairs, must take the first step in this direction. The rest of the world would follow suit. “14. In the 1920's the United States Con- gress passed immigration laws which permit 154,000 quota immigrants to enter this coun- try annually. “15. During the 1940-46 war period, only 16 percent of the total world quota was used. In other words, the United States lost 914.762 people who could have entered this country legally and whom we were ready and prepared to receive. “186. The United States is one of the few countries that has not been ravaged by wer. It has been estimated that a fair share of displaced persons to enter the United States would be about 400,000. This number would equal less than half of the number of quotas that were not used during the war years. “17, Having lived under the brutal tyranny of dictatorship and totalitarianism, the dis- placed persons can truly value the ideals of democracy and the principles on which this country was founded. “18. The displaced persons, like any other groups of immigrants, would be screened by Federal authorities before permission to en- ter this country is granted. No person ad- vocating the overthrow of the Government by violence, no anarchist or criminal could enter the United States. “19, No displaced person entering the United States could become a public charge. Every individual, corporation, or agency sponsoring a displaced person must furnish an affidavit to that effect. “20. The bulk of the displaced persons are workers. There are some 177,000 farmhands among them; some 20,000 are housemaids. Many are skilled workers; some are profes- sionals; others still are business people. “21. There is a great shortage of farm labor and domestic service in the United States. New immigrants who are not workers tend to open noncompetitive business shops. A recent study in a metropolitan city showed that each refugee entrepreneur in business created a job for seven Americans. “23. The displaced persons will not take homes away from veterans and other Amer- jicans. They would be housed by relatives or friends who would not sublet rooms to strangers. “23, Some of the organizations which have gone on record as favoring the admittance of 8 fair share of displaced persons to this coun- try are: The National Catholic Welfare Con- ference; the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America; the American Jewish Committee; the American Jewish Conference; the Congress of Industrial Organizations; the American Federation of Labor; the National Conference of Union Labor Legionnaires; the United Council of American Veteran Organi- zations; and many other civic, educational and religious groups. “24. In his State of the Union message, de- livered before Congress on January 6, 1947, President Harry 8S. Truman said: ‘* * * I do not think that the United States has done its part. Only about 5,000 of them have en- tered this country since May 1946 * ° * definite assistance in the form of new legis- lation is needed. I urge the Congress to turn its attention to this world problem in an effort to find ways whereby we-can fulfill our responsibilities to these thousands of homeless and suffering refugees of all Taiths,’” How many Americans know these facts? How many will take the little time and make the effort to tell their representatives in Congress that America should open its door to some of these homeless people? It’s not a difficult chore to do. ~ For in opening the door to these displaced persons, America will be opening her heart, Maybe, then, as we pray for peace, for con- tentment, for a better world, God will listen. For we cannot expect to receive the blessings of life if we do not give of ourselves in serv- ice to others. How To See Through Mantle EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. HERBERT A. MEYER OF KANSAS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 1, 1947 Mr. MEYER. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the REcorp, I include the following editorial from the Independence (Kans.) Daily Reporter: HOW TO SEE THROUGH MANTLE Recent utterances in the Cabinet and Con- gress indicate that Americans whom they represent are getting stirred up about com- munistic manifestations in the United States. In its decision on the Harry Bridges de- portation case, the United States Supreme Court threw a mantle about Communists by @ decision which makes it virtually impos- sible to take action against a Communist unless he admits that he is one. Of course, that is the last thing the majority of them will do-—especially is this true of the most dangerous ones who are operating as cells within organizations to promote commu- nism by stealth. Muddled liberals who cannot distinguish between Communists and what they view as open-minded thinkers are given a check list in a recent issue of Look magazine. You can know Communists or fellow travelers by these identifying marks: “1. The belief that the war waged by Great Britain and her allies during the period from August 1939 to June 1941—the period of the war before Russia was invaded—was an im- perialistic war and a game of power politics. “2. The support of a foreign policy which agrees with that followed by Soviet Russia, and which changes as the U. 8. S. R. policy changes. “3. The argument that any foreign or domestic policy which does not fit the Com- munist plan is advanced for ulterior motives and is not in the best interests of either the people or world peace. - “4, The practice of criticizing only Amer- ican, British, and Chinese policies, and never criticizing Soviet policies. “5. Continually receiving favorable pub- licity in such Communist publications as the Duily Worker and the New Masses. “6. Continually appearing as sponsor or coworker of such known Communist-front groups as the Committee to Win the Peace, the Civil Rights Congress, the National Negro Congress, and other groups which can be de- scribed as Communist inspired because they fall within the classifications set forth here. “7, Continually charging critics with be- ing ‘Fascists,’ no matter whether the crit- icism comes from liberals, conservatives, re- actionaries, or those who really are Fascists. “8. Arguing for a class society by pitting one group against another; and putting spe- APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD cial privileges ahead of community needs as, for example, claiming that labor has privileges but has no responsibilities in deal- ing with management. “9, Declaring that capitalism and democ- racy are ‘decadent’ because some injustices exist under those systems, “10. Actual membership in the party (dif- ficult, of course, to prove).” Our Future at Stake in Our Foreign Policy EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. J. HARRY McGREGOR OF OHIO IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 1, 1947 Mr. McGREGOR. Mr. Speaker, un- der leave to extend my remarks in the REcorp, I include the following article by Louis Bromfield: WHOLE FUTURE AT STAKE IN COURSE UNITED STATES TAKES (By Louis Bromfield) If we have had a wavering foreign policy or none at all up to now—as many critics have claimed—the time has come when we have had one forced upon us. A very few wise and informed observers have known for 8 long time that the affairs of Great Britain were near to collapse and that any hopes of things growing any better was built upon false optimism and wishful thinking Even as recently as last June, when the writer pre- dicted what was already then a fact, suppos- edly informed book reviewers accused him of irresponsibility bordering upon insanity. The collapse has been in progress since 1914 at least. Two wars hastened it by two gen- erations. The Greek episode merely precipi- tated the fact in a form which the world could not fail to understand. It must be clear by now that we as a Na- tion must make up our minds about a num- ber of things. In the face of a ruined world, it is not possible any longer for the one great and secure power left in that world to shilly- shally or to shift, now one way and now an- other. First. We shall have to decide whether or not we shall undertake the economic rehabil- itation of the whole world and risk the ruin of this still powerful Nation. It is doubtful whether we should be able to survive such a course simply because we have not enough money, enough real wealth in the form of raw materials, enough food, or even enough manufactured commodities. Beardsley Ruml has suggested that giant loans from this country would be a profitable course because all the money would be returned here since the ruined world can scarcely buy the com- modities it needs—from machine tools to food—anywhere else. Ruml, I think, fails to consider the enormous drain such a policy would represent upon our oil, our minerals, our timber, our soil fertility, indeed the whole of our natural wealth. And in return for this drain we should only be getting back money, and money which we had loaned out in the first place; money, which by adding its might in vast quantities to that already in circulation here, could serve to create higher and higher living costs, increasing scarcity of goods and general inflation, Second. If we decide that we could re- habilitate the whole of the world, we shal have to decide which nations we are to help and upon what basis. This makes impera- tive a definite foreign policy, indeed an ex- tremely definite one. Shall it be that we will underwrite the failing British Empire or all western Europe, or what?
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD In a weakened world the power of money, credits, and supplies of all sorts are a great power but it also ts a very costly power in where taxes have already reached the point of diminishing returns. It was ravenous taxes, amounting to confiscation, which throttled capital investments, indus- trial modernization, and contributed heavily to the disorganization and collapse of Brit- ain’s great industries. . In some respects we are today at about the same point of economic insecurity which Great Britain reached tn 1920. One more war or one more vast expenditure, either in the form of loans and credits or even in exports which would be virtually on a lend- lease basis, might weil topple us over into the situation of Great Britain today. Even this second choice, with its limitations de- termined by a definite foreign policy, ie an extremely dangerous one. Third. This third course is a return to hemi- America, seta out to care for iteelf if there is to remain one corner of the earth which is to be preserved from total collapse, not only of economy but of civilisation. The state of the world is far more grave than the average man in the street realizes. HON. GEORGE A. SMATHERS OF FLORIDA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 1, 1947 orp, I include the following editorial from the Washington Post: TAFT VERSUS Senator Tarr and Representative Knutson are engaged in a puerile dispute over the revenue loss entailed by the Knutson tax- reduction bill. The Senator, who ts opposed to a retroactive cut in taxes, estimates that the bill just passed by the House would entail ® loss of revenue next year of $5,700,000,000. Mr. Knutson puts the reductio: in tax col- lections next year at only $4,200,000,000. The difference is due to Senator Tarr’s disregard of the time element. Mr. Kwurson points out that part of the tax refunds made nec- essary, under his bill, would not be paid until the fiscal year 1949. But the final result would be a loss of the magnitude indicated by Senator Tarr, although the budget for the coming year would not bear the full brunt of the tax-cutting assault. The public will, however, have $5,700,000,- 000 more to spend than had been anticipated if the EnwuTsonw is enacted, and that windfall would be just so much more money added to the volume of purchasing power that has been the prime cause of inflation. During 1946 the Federal Reserve Bulletin points out that the volume of deposits and currency in the hands of the public expanded by nearly $13,000,000,000. Half of that tota! represented a shift of fuds from the Treas- ury to private accounts, while the remainder resulted from an expansion of bank loans. The only way to reverse the expansionist and bring about a reduction in cash and deposit balances is to build up budget surpluses and use those surpluses to retire debt. With commercial bank loans expand- ing rapidly. a very considerable budget sur- plus ts required for the purpose even to off- set the inflationary effect of credit expan- sion. Yet the Republicans are planning to use ® good part—maybe all—of prospective budget surpluses to put more money in the pockets of taxpayers. Repert of President of National Assecia- 1 of ' EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. FREDERIC R. COUDERT, JR. oF NEW ToRK IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 1, 1947 Mr. COUDERT. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Ap- pendix of the Rzcoap, I include the mes- sage and report of Adele I. Springer, the new president of the National Asso- ciation of Women Lawyers: MESSAGE FROM THE NEW PRESIDENT It is with a profound feeling of humility that I acknowledge the distinguished honor you have conferred in electing me president of the National Association of Women Law- yers in these grave times. I pledge you every effort within my power to vindicate your faith. The membership of our association repre- sents a fair cross section of the greatness which is America. Though the accidents of parentage we are of various races and re- ligions. Also some of us were born of affu- ence while others have slowly and painfully fought our way up from poverty to whatever station in our chosen professions we today respectively occupy. Equality before the law and equality of eco- nomic opportunity are synonymous with the words “United States of America.” Along with our brothers of the law, we women have taken an oath to uphold, and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States and of our own home States—to the Al415 end that there shall be available to genera- tions yet unborn the freedoms so nobly stated in our Declaration of Independence. and 80 fearlessly guaranteed in the Constitu- tion. Yet constitutions and freedoms are not things of parchments. Documents decay. They must be written on the hearts and in the minds of freedom loving peoples of each succeeding generation so us to become a part of the “ethos” of the people, as the ancient Greek philosophers so well knew. In no other country of the present world do women occupy the status that thcy occupy in the United States. Wherever and when- ever equality before the law and equality of economic opportunity have not existed in any region of the globe and wherever they once existed and have since disappeared, the status and position of women is a degraded and servile one. With all the viston and courage we can muster, the women of America must fight to preserve and extend the blessings mude a reality by those who have gone before us. They were noble and courageous women who birthed and trained the Washingtons. Marshalls, Jeffersons, Lincolns, and countless others who met and conquered the difficulties which bave arisen from time to time in America since the establishment of the set- tlements at Jamestown to this day. We are the successors of such women; our oppor- tunities for unselfish service are even greater than were theirs. The entire world is sick almost unto death. In only a few nations is there any pretense of freedom and equality under law or any pretense of equality of economic opportunity. Assaults on even these liberties and equalities are taking place daily, yes, hourty, in those countries where they yet continue to exist. There are as many, if not more, women in the world than there are men. Women lawyers, trained in government and laws. should and must furnish to women the lead- erahip which the world must either have soon or perish in what will be tion of a Third World War with pilotiess loads of atomic bombs. That the masculine ieadership of the world has not saved the women and children of succeeding generations from the horrors of war, is too plainly apparent to merit argu- ment. Whether the leadership of women by women can succeed where the men have failed, remains to be seen. All we can say now is that it has not been attempted. The greatest unreleased power in the world today is womanpower. Men and women, both, must be prevailed upon to accept women as a vital part of the machinery of government. As the home has been endowed, the world can be enriched, by having the infinence of both sexes contributing to the well-being of this Nation. I am not sanguine enough to be- lieve that this leadership can be attained during my term of office, but we can at least make a beginning. Behind us, and aiding our every effort, are the teachings of love and forbearance of all the religions; the heartaches and lone- liness of millions of women for their loved ones—now resting in unnamed graves on the recent battlefields of the worid or in the restless waters of the seven seas; and the hope of the world for peace. Above all we have with us the God of Mercy of all peopies. We can, and I hope will, carry on, to an even greater extent, the usual committee work and studies in which the association has been engaged for many years. I trust that we may be able to contribute something by these studies to the store of human know!l- edge and accomplishment. All of this cus- tomary work will not be neglected as we unitedly strive to make this indeed a better world. Today, as an association, either we stand on the threshold of great new achievements and progress, or we face retreat. In chozs- ing the course to follow, the decision must rest with the members.
Al1416 I beg the active assistance and advice of every member of this association, wherever she may be located, in the work to which we have set our hearts and hands, with unequivocal fidelity to our unequaled form of government, to bring about that day when the bloodshed, death, and destruction of war shall be abolished from the face of the earth. ADELE I. SPRINGER, President. PRESIDENT'S REPORT (By Adele I. Springer, of the New York bar) Program: Our program for the year will be marked by several important activities that had the earnest attention of preceding ad- ministrations and to which further attention will be given in carrying them forward. New major projects will be undertaken in recog- nition of changing conditions and expand- ing needs. Legislation: Legislative activity has ad- vanced so rapidly in recent years that it taxes the ingenuity of the trained mind to keep abreast of it. We have accordingly entered a subscription for a legislative service so that all bills before Congress and all congressional debate can be channeled through to our re- spective committees for study, report, and recommendations, to provide for appropriate action throughout the legislative year. Committees: A number of committees have been added to the standing committees for concentration of specialized effort on the various subjects of law. While only a limited number of the hundred committees will con- sider major projects, the object of them all is to afford members a fuller participation in the fields of their special interests and to make the association more effective. Mem- bers who have not yet designated their choice for committee service may yet be added to available committees. There are opportunities unprecedented in our history for the launching of new projects on every scale. Public office: One of the immediate pro}- ects on our program is an effort to increase the number of women lawyers in judicial positions, in policy-making posts of the Gov- ernment, in the United States delegation to the United Nations and in Congress and the State legislatures. Members are asked to inform headquarters of judicial vacancies occurring in their respective localities. Jury service for women: Another major project will be a determined effort to achieve jury service for women in all States. Sixteen States do not permit women on juries. Of the 32 States now allowing such service, only 16 are on a basis equal to that of the men. A Nation-wide committee on Jury serv- ice for women has been established with a chairman in each State, for united and vig- orous effort. Uniform marriage and divorce laws: An- other project of parallel importance is the subject of uniform marriage and divorce laws. We have long been conscious of the social chaos, particularly to women and children, resulting from the varying State jurisdic- tional requirements, ranging from 6 weeks to 6 years, and the differences in grounds for divorce in the respective States. In South Carolina divorce is not even permitted. In New York it is permitted only for adultery. In other States the grounds vary, such as desertion, 46 States; cruelty or imprisonment for crime, 42 States; drunkenness, 39 States; neglect, nonsupport, and insanity, 22 States. The resulting evils in matrimonial status and the status of children well merit the atten- tion of a Nation-wide committee. This com- mittee, with a chairman in each State, will consider whether uniformity in marriage and divorce laws should proceed along lines of States’ rights or through Federal constitu- tional amendment. After this exhaustive study has been completed and conclusions reached, appropriate action will be taken to implement the same. Juvenile delinquency: Of equal importance will be our Nation-wide committee on jJuve- nile delinquency, cooperating with the United States Attorney General's Conference on Prevention and Control of Juvenile Delin- quency, reported elsewhere in this issue of the journal. Labor relations: Another subject of major attention is that of discrimination against women in industry, for which a Committee on Labor Relations has been created. The disturbance to our national economy and the vast social and industrial losses resulting from industrial strife, with 113,000,000 man- days of idleness from this source last year, is an example of the importance of pursuing vigorously this committee's objectives. Taxation: Another new committee of Na- tlon-wide proportion is our Committee on Taxation, to study and take action on the problem of placing the Nation's financial house in order. The people of this Nation, the heaviest taxed in the world, are dally becoming more tax conscious. Too many gov- ernments have been wrecked on the rocks of loose fiscal policy. We are today confronted in the fiscal fleld by unparalleled conditions. We face a staggering national debt of ap- proximately 8275,000,000,000, not including contingent liabilities, equivalent to over $1,850 for every man, woman, and child in this country. The national welfare demands a sound fiscal policy—a reduction in expendi- tures, public debts, and taxation, each in its own time and place. International relations: In the field of in- ternational relations, the growing fear and defeatism which mark the current state of the world give urgency to the efforts of all who seek world peace. Our first section of the association, the newly created section on international relations, with a separate division devoted to the work of the United Nations, gives an opportunity for a more careful consideration of problems connected with international law and relations. The status of our association, accredited by the State Department as an official observer of the United Nations, affords unparalleled fa- cilities for making a valuable contribution to the many subjects in this vital field of law and human relations. Let us face squarely the fact that all the ignoble motives of the last war continue to prevail, if not in- crease, and that the Charter of the United Nations must be implemented to provide for sanctions. The special United Nations divi- sion of our section on international rela- tions will support strongly the United Na- tions. The section as a whole will accept our full measure of responsibility in world affairs and will endeavor to fulfill a mission. Launching of program: Our activities for the year were launched with a luncheon meeting at headquarters in tribute to the women representatives of the United Na- tions General Assembly. Some of the in- spiring addresses by women representatives on that occasion are reported elsewhere in this journal. In addition to the address by the adviser to the Chinese delegation, part of her ensuing letter is here quoted: “I was much indebted to your persuasion to attend your luncheon so that I could witness such an array of great and earnest-minded per- sonalities. It will be through such able and sincere women that war can eventually be abolished. Our women at home will be very much impressed with the happening of your significant occasion.” Public relations: The legal profession has @ pressing problem of public relations. The assistance of professional aid in public rela- tions has been arranged at headquarters and ® committee on professional ethics estab- lished to guide the scope of such activity. Library: The headquarters has also made possible the beginnings of a library. A com- mittee is accumulating a library of official APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD and other documents and books as to the United Nations and other law for the infor- mation and use of the committees. Members of the association who have need of docu- ments or information for the purposes of the work of the association will have access to the library’s facilities. Contributions to the library will be gratefully accepted. Regional meetings: One of the objects of our association is to cherish a spirit of fellow- ship among all members. Meetings of the association in various regions will be held throughout the year, to foster such relation- ships. The dates and places will appear in the next issue of the journal. Reorganization: The challenge we face is clear, but our task is dificult. If we are to succeed, our first task is to correct any defects in our own association. It would appear ob- vious that in this undertaking we should be- gin by revising our entire constitution and bylaws. A drafting advisory committee has been appointed to study the feasibility of such revision, modeled on the basis of a sen- ate and house of representatives, to allow more proportionate representation to the var- jous localities and more direct and wider representation on our governing board. Women’s cooperation: Women lawyers can lead the way and can assist, but cannot alone produce the results which are required. Con- certed understanding and action with other women and organizations are essential. Your president and other officers or repre- sentatives of the association have attended all official and other conferences on invita- tion, including such meetings as the Attor- ney General’s Conference for the Prevention and Control of Juvenile Delinquency, Assem- bly of the Inter-American Commission of Women, United Nations Conference of Ac- credited Representatives of Voluntary Or- ganizations on UNESCO, UNRRA, the Food and Agriculture Organization, conferences of the women’s orranizations of the United Nations, and of other women’s organizations. We, too, are inviting other women’s organi- zations to participate with us, and copies of our board's resolutions were sent to hun- dreds of other women's organizations. Our cooperation is also extended to the American Bar Association, Inter-American Bar Asso- ciation, and the newly formed International Bar Association. Our association's applica- tion for membership in the latter is pending. Legal aid: Assistance to other women's groups with common objectives, embraces more than mere resolutions. Cooperation with our sisters in medicine will take the form of legal aid. Our new committee on legal aid will find a gratifying outlet for future service to charity patients in the social-service department of the women doc- tors’ planned new medical center—a noble project of the New York Infirmary, all- woman-staffed hospital built by the first woman doctor. How the medical women solved our common struggle for a place in the profession makes absorbing reading. Their story appears elsewhere in this issue. Our support of their endeavor is well merited. Appointments: One woman is not a bar association, Each committee must devote itself without stint to the tasks over which it has jurisdiction. United teamwork is vital, Committee appointments in the association are being made in accordance with the mem- bers’ choices of interest, so far as possible, and with geographical and background bal- ance. Outstanding experts in various flelds have already accepted service as chairmen and as members of committees. Thanks are ex- tended to all who returned the committee questionnaires with such assurances of co- operation. The committee personnel will appear in the next issue of the Journal. Journal: The Journal, as a spokesman for the women lawyers, can be improved and the scope of its influence widened. Your sug- gestions will be valued. Items of lawyers in the news, local bar activities, and articles, will be appreciated by the editorial board.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD If we act with solidarity we can perfect an@ stvengthen what we have built. The anower ites today, as always, in the power ef the individual to rise above seit, to make contribution of self to the sotutton of the many ills that confront us not only in Fed- eval, State, and local communities, but in the Dr. Sherwood Eddy REMARKS HON. W. J. BRYAN DORN OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 1, 1947 Mr. DORN. Mr. Speaker, it has been called to my attention by some repre- sentatives of the American Legion that Dr, Sherwood Eddy is conducting an ex- tensive lecture tour of the country among its colleges and universities under the auspices of the YMCA. I understand Dr. Eddy was born in America but spent most of his life, or a large part of his life, abroad in various countries such as India, Russia, and China. He has written a number of books on World War I, on economics, on social systems, and religion. I do not know Dr. Eddy personally. He may be a loyal American but un- wittingly serving the interests of com- munism and soctaltsm in this country. I am not the judge of that. However, I do know that he is speaking in the col- leges and universities throughout the land in connection with Religious Emn- phasis Week in our sacred institutions. I am told by the president of one college that he expected to hear a great sermon uplifting the religious ideals and spiritual qualities of young men but instead heard a lecture lauding the virtues of the to- talitarian Russian Government and praising the Russian economic system and disparaging our own. According to some newspaper accounts of his address, his is a dangerous doctrine. One student at a university told me that it was not uncommon to find some of these speakers in connection with re- ligious activities extolling a socialistic trend of thought. However, America was founded on the principles of gentine old- time religion, individualism, personal liberty, and freedom of thought and ac- tion. It is my opinion that these same principles will save America in this great crisis through which we are now passing, and I believe it to be the duty of our inetitutions of higher learning to secure genuine Americans who believe in the future of America, who belfeve in democ- racy, who believe in the freedom of the individual, to make addresses and speeches to the youth of our country. Iam reluctant, Mr. Speaker, and gen- tlemen of the House, to pass judgment on a man whom I have never seen. It might be that he is unknowingly serv- tng the enemies of our country and ad- vocating a system of socialism which is in contradiction with those principles and ideals of the founding fathers of this republic. However, I feel it my solemn duty to have inserted in the Recorp the record of Dr. Sherwood Eddy as com- pited by the Committee on Un-American Activities. Ladies and gentlemen of the House, this record speaks for itseif. [information from the files of the Commit- tee on Un-American Activities, U. 8. House of Representatives, March 6, 1947] For: Hon. W. J. Baran Doan. Subject: Sherwood Eddy. A leafiet, Por the Rescue of Refugees, pub- lished by the American Committee To Save Refugees, contains the name of Sherwood Edgy in the list of persons who signed a public statement appealing for emergency legisiation for refugees. This organization, the American Committee To Save Refugees, was cited as a Communist front by the Committee on Un-American Activi- thes in its report of March 29, 1944. This same report also cites the American Friends of Spanish Democracy as a “front.” (See pp. 82 and 116.) According to a let- terhead of the organization, dated February 21, 1988, Sherwood Eddy was a member of the (exgcutive) committee of this group. In 1930, according to the Daily Worker, Febru- ary 1, 1989, page 2, Eddy endorsed an appeal to Mift the Spanish embargo which was sponsored the American Friends of Spanish Democracy. According to the Daily Worker, April 8, 1998, page 2, the China Aid Council of the Amerienn League for Peace and held an Easter drive. One of the sponsors of this drive was Sherwood Eddy. In three of its reports (January 2, 1940, June 25, 1942, and March 29, 1944), the Bpecial Committee on Un-Amertean Activities cited the Amert- can League for Peace and Democracy 26s a Communist-front organization. Further- more, Attorney Genera! Biddle said: “The American League for Peace and Democracy * © © was designed to conceal Commu- nist control, in accordance with the new tactics of the Communist International,” ang it was “established in the United States in an effort to create public sentiment on be- half of a foreign policy adapted to the in- terests of the Soviet Union.” (See Concars- SIONAL Racons, September 24, 1942, pp. 1083-7604). A letterhead, dated May 28, 1938, of the Chima Aid Council also lista Sher- wood Eddy as a sponsor of the Council. One of the “Representative individuals” of the Coordimating Committee to lift the embargo was Sherwood Bddy. according to page 9 of the booklet, These Americans Say, published by the organization. The Special Committee on Un-American Activities cited the Coordinating Committee to Lift the Bm- vargo as a Communist front tn the committee report of March 20, 1944. An article by Sherwood Eddy, in which he denounced Trotsky, appeared in the Daily Worker, June 11, 1987, page 6. This news- paper ts an official Communist organ. Sherwood Eddy was a member or sponsor of the Descendants of the American Revolu- tton, cited as a Communist front by the Special Commtttee on Un-Amertcan Activities in its report of June 25, 1942. The Daily Worker, Feb. 13, 1839. page 2, lists Eddy as a member of the organization and a pam- phliet, “Descendants of the American Revolu- tion,” beck cover, lists him as a sponsor. According to a letterhead, November 18, 1986, Eddy was a member of the Committee of the Medical Bureau, American Friends of Spanish Democracy, cited as a Communist front on pages 82 and 116 of the March 29, 1944 report of the Special Committee on Un- American Activities. This same committee report cited the Medi- cal Bureau and North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy as a Communist front. A letterhead, July 6, 1938, of the Medical Bureau lists Eddy as a national spon- sor, and the Daily Worker, January 30, 1930, page 2, lists Eddy as one of the sponsors of an appeal of the organization. Al417 Sherwood Eddy was connected with some of the meetings held in New York to ceile- brate the Soviet Constitution. The Daily Worker, November 30, 1936, page 5, lists him as one of the sponsors of a meeting to greet the Soviet Constitution. Another meeting was described in testimony by Walter Steelc before the Special Committee on Un-Ameri- can Activities on August 16, 1938. (See: Pub- lic hearings, p. 376). Mir. Steele suid: “On December 3, the same year, 1937, again led by Professor Lamont, another throny gathered in New York to celebrate the udop- tion of the new Constitution by the Soviet Union. These included in addition to some 2.000 individuals, the following: Prof. Cortiss Lamont, Harry Etmer Barnes, Edwin Burgum. Louts Budenz, Jesstca Smith, Max Bedacht. Malcolmn Cowley, H. W. L. Dans, John Eliott Lovejoy, Sherwood Eddy, John Kingsbury." A news release, dated December 26, 1941, of the National Pederation for Constitutional Liberties contains the name of Sherwood Eddy as one of the signers of the relcase. He also was a signer of an open letter of the organization, according to the booklet, 600 Prominent Americans, page 19. The Na- tional Federation for Constitutional Liberties was cited twice as a Communist front by the Special Committee on Un-American Activities (see committee reports of June 25, 1942, and March 29, 1944), and Attorney General Biddle said that it was part of what Lenin called the solar system of organizations, ostensibly having no connection with the Communist party, by which Communists attempt to create sympathizers and supporters of their program. (See ConargssionaL Recorp, Sep- tember 24, 1942, p. 7687.) Another open let- ter sponsored by the National Federation for Constitutional Liberties, which Eddy signed, denounced Attorney Genera) Biddie's charges against Harry Bridges and the Communist Party. Eddy was connected with three more or- ganizations cited as Communist fronts by the Special Committee on Un-American Activi- ties in its March 29, 1944, report. According to the leaflet, Protestantism Answers Hate, he was one of the sponsors of the Call to this dinner foram sponsored by the Protestant Digest. He was a member of the advisory board of Russian Reconstruction Farms, Inc., faccording to one of its letterheads, dated March 20, 1926. And, according to a New York Times article, October 9, 1944, page 12, Eddy was a signer of the open letter to Gov- ernor Dewey which was sponsored by the Schappes defense committee. The pamphlet, Children in Concentration Camps, back cover, shows that Sherwood Eddy was treasurer of the Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign, classified by the Spectal Committee on Un-American Activities as one of the “front organizations” of the Commu- nist Party. (See committee report, January 3, 1940, p. 9.) In connection with Spanish aid organiza- tions, Eddy’s name appears in some testi- mony in the public hearings of the Special Committee on Un-American Activities. In the testimony of William EB. Browder, State treasurer of the New York State Communist Party, on September 13, 1939, before the special committee, the following questions and answers appear: “Mr, Wirrter. Who is Sherwood Eddy. and what was this payment for, Mr. Browder, in the amount of $25 on May 3, 1939? “Mr. Browpar. That apparently is some do- nation; I don't know whether it its in con- nection with some dinner; we may have bought some dinner tickets. “Mr. Wurrizy. On behalf of the movement to aid Spain? “Mr. Baowner. That would indicate it was probably a dinner given in which we bought 10 or 12 tickets. “Mr. WurIT.tey. Taken by the State organ!- Zation? “Mr. Browprr. That is right.” hearings, p. 4859.) (See public
A1418 Appeals of Employees of Boston Naval Shipyard EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. EDITH NOURSE ROGERS OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tuesday, April 1, 1947 Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my re- marks in the REcorD, I include the follow- ing letter and opinion of the United States Civil Service Commission: UNITED States Crvi. SERVICE COMMISSION, Washington, D. C., March 31, 1947, Hon. EvitH NOURSE ROGERS, House of Representatives. Dear Mrs. Rogers: Reference is made to your interest in the cases of a group of veter- ans who were reduced from leadingmen to journeymen positions in the Boston Naval Shipyard. The Commission has given most careful consideration to the representations made by the Navy Department and the veterans or their representatives, and has decided the cases in favor of the veterans. A copy of the Commission’s opinion is enclosed. By direction of the Commission: Very respectfully, Wma, C. HULL, Executive Assistant. [Enclosure 9625.] OPINION oF UNITED STATES CiviL Servicr Com- MISSION IN CONNECTION WITH CERTAIN APPEALS MADE BY EMPLOYEES OF THE Bos- TON NAVAL SHIPYARD UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF SECTION 14 OF THE VETERANS’ PREFER- ENCE ACT SUMMARY OF OPINION The Civil Service Commission agrees that under the language of the Veterans’ Prefer- enct Act of 1944 the Navy Department has the right to consider the efficiency of the service in connection with any demotions which it decides to make. However, in mak- ing demotions it must proceed in the manner specified by the Congress in enacting section 14 of that act. The Commission has decided that it did not so proceed in the notices given the ap- pellants in the cases before it, and there- fore its decision is in favor of the appellants (veterans). OPINION A group of veterans who were demoted from lead.ngmen positions in the Boston Naval Shipyard have appealed to the Com- mission under the provisions of section 14 of the Veterans’ Preference Act of 1944. The appellants point out that a group of leadingmen were demoted to journeymen positions and that, after this action was taken, nonveteran quartermen were demoted to some of the positions which became vacant as a 1esult of the demotion of the leadingmen. The appellants contend that this action on the part of the Navy Department was in violation of the Veterans’ Preference Act of 1944. The Navy Department, however, contends that under the Commission's reduction in force regulations quartermen and leading- men are not in competition with one another. The Department points out that, in deter- mining what leadingmen were to be de- moted, and then later tn determining what quartermen were to be demoted, it com- plied with the Commission's reduction in force regulations. We have also had presented to us another group of cases in which the same type of action was taken. These cases differ from the first group, however, in that notices were given simultaneously to both the quartermen and the leadingmen. The notices were s0 timed, however, that no quarterman was de- moted to a leadingman position until after all of the leadingmen had been demoted. In the first group of cases the regional office of the Civil Service Commission decided the appeal in favor of the Navy Department. The Board of Appeals and Review has recom- mended that the decision of the regional Office should be affirmed. In the second group of cases the regional office decided in favor of the appellants on the ground that the notices were given si- multaneously to the quartermen and the leadingmen. The Board of Appeals and Re- view has recommended that this action on the part of the regional office should be re- versed on the ground that, although the notices were given simultaneously, the de- motion of the quartermen did not, in fact, take place until after the leadingmen had been demoted. In considering both groups of cases, the distinction between a “reduction in force" and a “demotion” must be kept in mind. The Commission’s retention-preference regulations define “reduction in force” as follows: “Reduction in force means the involuntary separation from the rolls of a department or furlough in excess of 30 days of one or more employees in order to reduce per- sonnel.” In our Federal Personnel Manual, we have included in the chapter on Reduction in Force (ch. R-3) the following statement: “There are several ways to cut down the number of employees in a particular line of work at a particular place. Employees may be transferred or reassigned to other posi- tions, separated for cause, or demoted with- out regard to retention preference regula- tions. Actions other than separations and furloughs for more than 30 days are not sub- ject to those regulations because they are not regarded as ‘reductions in force.’” The following additional statements have also been included in this chapter: “If the personnel official is going to reduce the number of employees in higher grades by demotion, his office must know how to select the employees for the demotion. Although demotions are not ‘reductions in force’ as defined in the regulations, retention order can be used fairly and reasonably in select- ing employees for demotion. However, de- motion in grade made in conjunction with reductions in force may not result in dis- placement by the demoted employee of an- other employee in a higher retention sub- group. Demotions may be made before, dur- ing, or after a reduction in force.” The inclusion of these statements in the Federal Personnel Manual chapter on reduc- tion in force is in conformity with the pro- visions of the Veterans’ Preference Act of 1944 in that section 12 of that act deals only with the question of “reduction in per- sonnel.” The only reference to demotions in the Veterans’ Preference Act of 1944 is in section 14. That section reads in part as follows: “No permanent or indefinite preference eligible who has completed a probationary or trial period employed in the civil service or in any establishment, agency, bureau, ad- ministration, project, or department, herein- before referred to shall be discharged, sus- pended for more than 30 days, furloughed without pay, reduced in rank or compensa- tion or debarred for future appointment ex- cept for such cause as will promote the effi- ciency of the service, and for reasons given in writing, and the person whose discharge, suspension for more than 80 days, furlough without pay, or reduction in rank or com- pensation is sought shall have at least 30 days’ advance written notice * * * stat- APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ing any and all reasons, specifically and in detail, for any such proposed action. * * °%” The cases now before us very clearly fali in the category of demotions and not reduc- tions in force. We must, therefore, consider the appeals under section 14 of the Veterans’ Preference Act. In doing s0, we recognize that the Navy Department in determining what per- sons, in a specific competitive area, were to be selected for demotion conformed to the retention preference regulations issued under section 12. In doing so, the Navy Depart- ment, insofar as this particular aspect of the matter is concerned, went beyond the re- quirements of the Veterans’ Preference Act. This is clearly indicated by the Commission's own statements in the Federal Personnel Manual chapter on Reduction in Force when we point out that the retention preference regulations are not applicable to demotions. It is necessary for us, however, in the con- sideration of these appeals to determine whether or not the Navy Department did con- form to the requirements set forth in section 14 of the Veterans’ Preference Act. Under section 14 there are two basic re- quirements. The first requirement is that the person to be demoted “shall have at least 30 days’ advance written notice.” The Navy Department did comply with this particular provision in these cases. The second requirement is that the notice shall state “any and all reasons, specifically and in detail, for any such proposed action.” In these cases the Department’s notice stated that the action was being taken be- cause of lack of funds. The appellants in these cases contend that this notice did not state “any and all reasons. specifically and in detail” for the proposed action. They point out that the Navy De- partment defends its actions on the ground that they were “for such cause as will pro- mote the efficiency of the service,” in that these actions made it possible for the Navy Department to retain its most experienced and best qualified persons in supervisory positions. The appellants maintain that if this is the Navy Department's real reason for the ac- tions taken it should have so stated in the notices which were given to the leadingmen. The appellants allege that if this had been done it would have enabled them to join issue with the Navy Department in these cases on the question of whether or not the proposed actions were necessary in order tu “promote the efficiency of the service.” We feel that this point is well taken. We are, therefore, deciding these appeals in favor of the appellants (veterans) on the ground that the notices given by the Navy Department did not conform to the require- ments of section 14 of the Veterans’ Pref- erence Act. In making this finding, we recognize that the information brought out at the various hearings indicates very clearly that the Navy Department feels that the actions taken are necessary actions in order to “promote the efficiency of the service.” We find, however, that the reasons for arriving at such a con- clusion should have been set forth by the Navy Department in its notices to these ap- pellants, so that, if they so desired, they could join issue with the Navy Department by appealing under the provisions of section 14 of the Veterans’ Preference Act. If such appeals were taken, it would then be neces- sary for the Commission to determine wheth- er the actions taken by the Navy Department were actions which were permissible under the Veterans’ Preference Act because they were of such a nature as to “promote the ef- ficiency of the service.” In other words, we agree that, under the provisions of section 14 of the Veterans’ Pref- erence Act, the Navy is given the right to consider the question of efficiency in deter-