650 
‘‘(b) LIMITATION.—This section does not extend to 
offenses committed by one Indian against the person or 
property of another Indian, nor to any Indian committing 
any offense in the Indian country who has been punished 
by the local law of the tribe, or to any case where, by 
treaty stipulations, the exclusive jurisdiction over such of-
fenses is or may be secured to the Indian tribes respec-
tively. 
‘‘§ 873. Offenses committed within Indian country 
‘‘(a) MAJOR CRIMES.—Any Indian who commits 
against the person or property of another Indian or other 
person any of the following offenses, namely, murder, 
manslaughter, kidnapping, maiming, a felony under sub-
chapter A of chapter 13, incest, assault with intent to 
commit murder, assault with a dangerous weapon, assault 
resulting in serious bodily injury, an assault against an 
individual who has not attained the age of 16 years, arson, 
burglary, robbery, and a felony under section 649 within 
the Indian country, shall be subject to the same law and 
penalties as all other persons committing any of the above 
offenses, within the exclusive jurisdiction of the United 
States. 
‘‘(b) DEFINITION OF CERTAIN OFFENSES.—Any of-
fense referred to in subsection (a) of this section that is 
not defined and punished by Federal law in force within 
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the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States shall be de-
fined and punished in accordance with the laws of the 
State in which such offense was committed as are in force 
at the time of such offense. 
‘‘§ 874. State jurisdiction over offenses committed by 
or against Indians in the Indian country 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Each State listed in the fol-
lowing table shall have jurisdiction over offenses com-
mitted by or against Indians in the areas of Indian coun-
try listed opposite the name of the State to the same ex-
tent that such State has jurisdiction over offenses com-
mitted elsewhere within the State, and the criminal laws 
of such State shall have the same force and effect within 
such Indian country as they have elsewhere within the 
State: 
‘‘Alaska 
All Indian country within the State, 
except that on Annette Islands, the 
Metlakatla Indian community may 
exercise jurisdiction over offenses 
committed by Indians in the same 
manner in which such jurisdiction 
may be exercised by Indian tribes 
in Indian country over which State 
jurisdiction has not been extended. 
California 
All Indian country within the State. 
Minnesota 
All Indian country within the State, 
except the Red Lake Reservation. 
Nebraska 
All Indian country within the State. 
Oregon 
All Indian country within the State, 
except the Warm Springs Reserva-
tion. 
Wisconsin 
All Indian country within the State. 
‘‘(b) NON-CRIMINAL MATTERS NOT AFFECTED.— 
Nothing in this section— 
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‘‘(1) authorizes the alienation, encumbrance, or 
taxation of any real or personal property, including 
water rights, belonging to any Indian or any Indian 
tribe, band, or community that is held in trust by 
the United States or is subject to a restriction 
against alienation imposed by the United States; 
‘‘(2) authorizes regulation of the use of such 
property in a manner inconsistent with any Federal 
treaty, agreement, or statute or with any regulation 
made pursuant thereto; or 
‘‘(3) deprives any Indian or any Indian tribe, 
band, or community of any right, privilege, or immu-
nity afforded under Federal treaty, agreement, or 
statute with respect to hunting, trapping, or fishing 
or the control, licensing, or regulation thereof. 
‘‘(c) NONAPPLICATION.—Sections 872 and 873 do 
not apply within the areas of Indian country listed in sub-
section (a) as areas over which a State has exclusive juris-
diction. 
‘‘(d) EXCEPTION.—Notwithstanding subsection (c), 
at the request of an Indian tribe, and after consultation 
with and consent by the Attorney General— 
‘‘(1) sections 872 and 873 apply in the areas of 
the Indian country of the Indian tribe; and 
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‘‘(2) jurisdiction over those areas shall be con-
current among the Federal Government, State gov-
ernments, and, where applicable, tribal governments. 
‘‘§ 875. Embezzlement and theft from Indian Tribal 
organizations 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever embezzles, steals, unlaw-
fully converts, knowingly misapplies, or knowingly permits 
to be misapplied, any of the property belonging to any In-
dian tribal organization or entrusted to the custody or care 
of any officer, employee, or agent of an Indian tribal orga-
nization shall be imprisoned not more than five years; but 
if the value of such property does not exceed the sum of 
$1,000, shall be imprisoned not more than one year. 
‘‘(b) DEFINITION.—As used in this section, the term 
‘Indian tribal organization’ means any tribe, band, or com-
munity of Indians which is subject to the laws of the 
United States relating to Indian affairs or any corpora-
tion, association, or group which is organized under any 
of such laws. 
‘‘§ 876. Theft from gaming establishments on Indian 
lands 
‘‘Whoever abstracts, purloins, knowingly misapplies, 
or takes and carries away with intent to steal, any money, 
funds, or other property belonging to a gaming establish-
ment operated by or for or licensed by an Indian tribe 
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pursuant to an ordinance or resolution approved by the 
National Indian Gaming Commission shall be imprisoned 
for not more than ten years, but if the value of such prop-
erty does not exceed $1,000, shall be imprisoned not more 
than one year. 
‘‘§ 877. Theft by officers or employees of gaming es-
tablishments on Indian lands 
‘‘Whoever, being an officer, employee, or individual 
licensee of a gaming establishment operated by or for or 
licensed by an Indian tribe pursuant to an ordinance or 
resolution approved by the National Indian Gaming Com-
mission, 
embezzles, 
abstracts, 
purloins, 
knowingly 
misapplies, or takes and carries away with intent to steal, 
any moneys, funds, assets, or other property of such estab-
lishment shall be imprisoned for not more than 20 years, 
but if the value of such property is $1,000 or less shall 
be imprisoned not more than five years. 
‘‘§ 878. Reporting of child abuse 
‘‘(a) BASIC REPORTING OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
‘‘(1) is a— 
‘‘(A) physician, surgeon, dentist, podia-
trist, chiropractor, nurse, dental hygienist, op-
tometrist, medical examiner, emergency medical 
technician, paramedic, or health care provider, 
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‘‘(B) teacher, school counselor, instruc-
tional aide, teacher’s aide, teacher’s assistant, 
or bus driver employed by any tribal, Federal, 
public or private school, 
‘‘(C) administrative officer, supervisor of 
child welfare and attendance, or truancy officer 
of any tribal, Federal, public or private school, 
‘‘(D) child day care worker, headstart 
teacher, public assistance worker, worker in a 
group home or residential or day care facility, 
or social worker, 
‘‘(E) psychiatrist, psychologist, or psycho-
logical assistant, 
‘‘(F) licensed or unlicensed marriage, fam-
ily, or child counselor, 
‘‘(G) person employed in the mental health 
profession, or 
‘‘(H) law enforcement officer, probation of-
ficer, worker in a juvenile rehabilitation or de-
tention facility, or person employed in a public 
agency who is responsible for enforcing statutes 
and judicial orders; 
‘‘(2) knows, or has reasonable suspicion, that— 
‘‘(A) a child was abused in Indian country, 
or 
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‘‘(B) actions are being taken, or are going 
to be taken, that would reasonably be expected 
to result in abuse of a child in Indian country; 
and 
‘‘(3) fails to immediately report such abuse or 
actions described in paragraph (2) to the local child 
protective services agency or local law enforcement 
agency, 
shall be imprisoned for not more than 6 months. 
‘‘(b) OFFENSE BY SUPERVISORS.—Whoever— 
‘‘(1) supervises, or has authority over, a person 
described in subsection (a)(1), and 
‘‘(2) inhibits or prevents that person from mak-
ing the report described in subsection (a), 
shall be imprisoned for not more than 6 months. 
‘‘(c) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
‘‘(1) the term ‘abuse’ includes— 
‘‘(A) any case in which— 
‘‘(i) a child is dead or exhibits evi-
dence of skin bruising, bleeding, malnutri-
tion, failure to thrive, burns, fracture of 
any bone, subdural hematoma, soft tissue 
swelling, and 
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‘‘(ii) such condition is not justifiably 
explained or may not be the product of an 
accidental occurrence; and 
‘‘(B) any case in which a child is subjected 
to sexual assault, sexual molestation, sexual ex-
ploitation, sexual contact, or prostitution; 
‘‘(2) the term ‘child’ means an individual who— 
‘‘(A) is not married, and 
‘‘(B) has not attained 18 years of age; 
‘‘(3) the term ‘local child protective services 
agency’ means that agency of the Federal Govern-
ment, of a State, or of an Indian tribe that has the 
primary responsibility for child protection on any In-
dian reservation or within any community in Indian 
country; and 
‘‘(4) the term ‘local law enforcement agency’ 
means that Federal, tribal, or State law enforcement 
agency that has the primary responsibility for the 
investigation of an instance of alleged child abuse 
within the portion of Indian country involved. 
‘‘(d) IMMUNITY FROM CIVIL OR CRIMINAL LIABILITY 
FOR REPORTING.—Any person making a report described 
in subsection (a) which is based upon their reasonable be-
lief and which is made in good faith shall be immune from 
civil or criminal liability for making that report. 
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‘‘§ 879. Illegal trafficking in Native American human 
remains and cultural items 
‘‘(a) HUMAN REMAINS.—Whoever knowingly sells, 
purchases, uses for profit, or transports for sale or profit, 
the human remains of a Native American without the 
right of possession to those remains as provided in the 
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act 
shall be imprisoned not more than 12 months, and in the 
case of a second or subsequent violation, be imprisoned 
not more than 5 years. 
‘‘(b) CULTURAL ITEMS.—Whoever knowingly sells, 
purchases, uses for profit, or transports for sale or profit 
any Native American cultural items obtained in violation 
of the Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation 
Act shall be imprisoned not more than one year, and in 
the case of a second or subsequent violation, be imprisoned 
not more than 5 years. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER D—BANKRUPTCY 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘881. Concealment of assets; false oaths and claims; bribery. 
‘‘882. Embezzlement against estate. 
‘‘883. Adverse interest and conduct of officers. 
‘‘884. Fee agreements in cases under title 11 and receiverships. 
‘‘885. Bankruptcy fraud. 
‘‘886. Definition. 
‘‘§ 881. Concealment of assets; false oaths and claims; 
bribery 
‘‘Whoever— 
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‘‘(1) knowingly conceals from a custodian, 
trustee, marshal, or other officer of the court 
charged with the control or custody of property, or, 
in connection with a case under title 11, from credi-
tors or the United States Trustee, any property be-
longing to the estate of a debtor; 
‘‘(2) knowingly makes a false oath or account 
in or in relation to any case under title 11; 
‘‘(3) knowingly makes a false declaration, cer-
tificate, verification, or statement under penalty of 
perjury as permitted under section 1746 of title 28, 
in or in relation to any case under title 11; 
‘‘(4) knowingly presents any false claim for 
proof against the estate of a debtor, or uses any 
such claim in any case under title 11, in a personal 
capacity or as or through an agent, proxy, or attor-
ney; 
‘‘(5) knowingly receives any material amount of 
property from a debtor after the filing of a case 
under title 11, with intent to defeat the provisions 
of title 11; 
‘‘(6) knowingly and corruptly gives, offers, re-
ceives, or attempts to obtain any money or property, 
remuneration, compensation, reward, advantage, or 
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promise thereof for acting or forbearing to act in 
any case under title 11; 
‘‘(7) in a personal capacity or as an agent or 
officer of any person or corporation, in contempla-
tion of a case under title 11 by or against the person 
or any other person or corporation, or with intent to 
defeat the provisions of title 11, knowingly transfers 
or conceals any of his property or the property of 
such other person or corporation; 
‘‘(8) after the filing of a case under title 11 or 
in contemplation thereof, knowingly conceals, de-
stroys, mutilates, falsifies, or makes a false entry in 
any recorded information (including books, docu-
ments, records, and papers) relating to the property 
or financial affairs of a debtor; or 
‘‘(9) after the filing of a case under title 11, 
knowingly withholds from a custodian, trustee, mar-
shal, or other officer of the court or a United States 
Trustee entitled to its possession, any recorded in-
formation (including books, documents, records, and 
papers) relating to the property or financial affairs 
of a debtor, 
shall be imprisoned not more than 5 years. 
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‘‘§ 882. Embezzlement against estate 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever, being described in sub-
section (b), knowingly and unlawfully appropriates to the 
person’s own use, embezzles, spends, or transfers any 
property or secretes or destroys any document belonging 
to the estate of a debtor shall be imprisoned not more than 
5 years. 
‘‘(b) PERSON TO WHOM SECTION APPLIES.—A per-
son described in this subsection is one who has access to 
property or documents belonging to an estate by virtue 
of the person’s participation in the administration of the 
estate as a trustee, custodian, marshal, attorney, or other 
officer of the court or as an agent, employee, or other per-
son engaged by such an officer to perform a service with 
respect to the estate. 
‘‘§ 883. Adverse interest and conduct of officers 
‘‘Whoever, being a custodian, trustee, marshal, or 
other officer of the court— 
‘‘(1) knowingly purchases any property of the 
estate of which the person is such an officer in a 
case under title 11; 
‘‘(2) knowingly refuses to permit a reasonable 
opportunity for the inspection by parties in interest 
of the documents and accounts relating to the af-
fairs of estates in the person’s charge by parties 
when directed by the court to do so; or 
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‘‘(3) knowingly refuses to permit a reasonable 
opportunity for the inspection by the United States 
Trustee of the documents and accounts relating to 
the affairs of an estate in the person’s charge, 
shall be fined under this title and shall forfeit the person’s 
office, which shall thereupon become vacant. 
‘‘§ 884. Fee agreements in cases under title 11 and re-
ceiverships 
‘‘Whoever, being a party in interest, whether as a 
debtor, creditor, receiver, trustee or representative of any 
of them, or attorney for any such party in interest, in any 
receivership or case under title 11 in any United States 
court or under its supervision, knowingly and corruptly en-
ters into any agreement, express or implied, with another 
such party in interest or attorney for another such party 
in interest, for the purpose of fixing the fees or other com-
pensation to be paid to any party in interest or to any 
attorney for any party in interest for services rendered in 
connection therewith, from the assets of the estate, shall 
be imprisoned not more than one year. 
‘‘§ 885. Bankruptcy fraud 
‘‘Whoever for the purpose of executing or concealing 
a scheme or artifice to defraud— 
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‘‘(1) files a petition under title 11, including a 
fraudulent involuntary petition under section 303 of 
such title; 
‘‘(2) files a document in a proceeding under 
title 11; or 
‘‘(3) makes a false or fraudulent representation, 
claim, or promise concerning or in relation to a pro-
ceeding under title 11, at any time before or after 
the filing of the petition, or in relation to a pro-
ceeding falsely asserted to be pending under such 
title, 
shall be imprisoned not more than 5 years. 
‘‘§ 886. Definition 
‘‘As used in this subchapter, the term ‘debtor’ means 
a debtor concerning whom a petition has been filed under 
title 11. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER E—CIVIL RIGHTS 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘891. Cosspiracy against rights. 
‘‘892. Deprivation of rights under color of law. 
‘‘893. Exclusion of jurors on account of race or color. 
‘‘894. Discrimination against person wearing uniform of Armed Forces. 
‘‘895. Federally protected activities. 
‘‘896. Deprivation of relief benefits. 
‘‘897. Damage to religious property; obstruction of persons in the free exercise 
of religious beliefs. 
‘‘898. Freedom of access to clinic entrances. 
‘‘899. Voting Rights Act violations. 
‘‘900. Prevention of intimidation in fair housing cases. 
‘‘901. Hate crime acts. 
‘‘§ 891. Conspiracy against rights 
‘‘If two or more persons— 
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‘‘(1) conspire to injure, oppress, threaten, or in-
timidate any person in any State in the free exercise 
or enjoyment of any right or privilege secured to 
that person by the Constitution or laws of the 
United States, or because of that person’s having so 
exercised the same; or 
‘‘(2) go in disguise on the highway, or on the 
premises of another, with intent to prevent or hinder 
that other’s free exercise or enjoyment of any right 
or privilege so secured; 
each shall be imprisoned not more than ten years; and 
if death results from the acts committed in violation of 
this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an at-
tempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt 
to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, 
each shall be imprisoned for any term of years or for life, 
or may be sentenced to death. 
‘‘§ 892. Deprivation of rights under color of law 
‘‘Whoever, under color of any law, statute, ordinance, 
regulation, or custom, knowingly subjects any person in 
any State to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or 
immunities secured or protected by the Constitution or 
laws of the United States, or to different punishments, 
pains, or penalties, on account of such person being an 
alien, or by reason of his color, or race, than are pre-
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scribed for the punishment of citizens, shall be imprisoned 
not more than one year; and if bodily injury results from 
the acts committed in violation of this section or if such 
acts include the use, attempted use, or threatened use of 
a dangerous weapon, explosives, or fire, shall be impris-
oned not more than ten years; and if death results from 
the acts committed in violation of this section or if such 
acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggra-
vated sexual abuse, or an attempt to commit aggravated 
sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, shall be imprisoned 
for any term of years or for life, or may be sentenced to 
death. 
‘‘§ 893. Exclusion of jurors on account of race or color 
‘‘No citizen possessing all other qualifications which 
are or may be prescribed by law shall be disqualified for 
service as grand or petit juror in any court of the United 
States, or of any State on account of race, color, or pre-
vious condition of servitude; and whoever, being an officer 
or other person charged with any duty in the selection or 
summoning of jurors, excludes or fails to summon any cit-
izen for such cause, shall be fined not more than $5,000. 
‘‘§ 894. Discrimination against person wearing uni-
form of Armed Forces 
‘‘Whoever, being a proprietor, manager, or employee 
of a theater or other public place of entertainment or 
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amusement in the District of Columbia, or in any terri-
tory, or possession of the United States, causes any person 
wearing the uniform of any of the armed forces of the 
United States to be discriminated against because of that 
uniform, shall be fined under this title. 
‘‘§ 895. Federally protected activities 
‘‘(a) CONSTRUCTION.— 
‘‘(1) Nothing in this section shall be construed 
as indicating an intent on the part of Congress to 
prevent any State, any possession or Commonwealth 
of the United States, or the District of Columbia, 
from exercising jurisdiction over any offense over 
which it would have jurisdiction in the absence of 
this section, nor shall anything in this section be 
construed as depriving State and local law enforce-
ment authorities of responsibility for prosecuting 
acts that may be violations of this section and that 
are violations of State and local law. No prosecution 
of any offense described in this section shall be un-
dertaken by the United States except upon the cer-
tification in writing of the Attorney General, the 
Deputy Attorney General, the Associate Attorney 
General, or any Assistant Attorney General specially 
designated by the Attorney General that in his judg-
ment a prosecution by the United States is in the 
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public interest and necessary to secure substantial 
justice, which function of certification may not be 
delegated. 
‘‘(2) Nothing in this subsection shall be con-
strued to limit the authority of Federal officers, or 
a Federal grand jury, to investigate possible viola-
tions of this section. 
‘‘(b) OFFENSE.—Whoever, by force or threat of force, 
knowingly injures, intimidates, or interferes with— 
‘‘(1) any person because he is or has been, or 
in order to intimidate such person or any other per-
son or any class of persons from— 
‘‘(A) voting or qualifying to vote, quali-
fying or campaigning as a candidate for elective 
office, or qualifying or acting as a poll watcher, 
or any legally authorized election official, in any 
primary, special, or general election; 
‘‘(B) participating in or enjoying any ben-
efit, service, privilege, program, facility, or ac-
tivity provided or administered by the United 
States; 
‘‘(C) applying for or enjoying employment, 
or any perquisite thereof, by any agency of the 
United States; 
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‘‘(D) serving, or attending upon any court 
in connection with possible service, as a grand 
or petit juror in any court of the United States; 
or 
‘‘(E) participating in or enjoying the bene-
fits of any program or activity receiving Federal 
financial assistance; 
‘‘(2) any person because of his race, color, reli-
gion or national origin and because he is or has 
been— 
‘‘(A) enrolling in or attending any public 
school or public college; 
‘‘(B) participating in or enjoying any ben-
efit service, privilege, program, facility or activ-
ity provided or administered by any State or 
subdivision thereof; 
‘‘(C) applying for or enjoying employment, 
or any perquisite thereof, by any private em-
ployer or any agency of any State or subdivision 
thereof, or joining or using the services or ad-
vantages of any labor organization, hiring hall, 
or employment agency; 
‘‘(D) serving, or attending upon any court 
of any State in connection with possible service, 
as a grand or petit juror; 
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‘‘(E) traveling in or using any facility of 
interstate commerce, or using any vehicle, ter-
minal, or facility of any common carrier by 
motor, rail, water, or air; 
‘‘(F) enjoying the goods, services, facilities, 
privileges, advantages, or accommodations of 
any inn, hotel, motel, or other establishment 
which provides lodging to transient guests, or of 
any restaurant, cafeteria, lunchroom, lunch 
counter, soda fountain, or other facility which 
serves the public and which is principally en-
gaged in selling food or beverages for consump-
tion on the premises, or of any gasoline station, 
or of any motion picture house, theater, concert 
hall, sports arena, stadium, or any other place 
of exhibition or entertainment which serves the 
public, or of any other establishment which 
serves the public and— 
‘‘(i) which is located within the prem-
ises of any of the aforesaid establishments 
or within the premises of which is phys-
ically located any of the aforesaid estab-
lishments; and 
‘‘(ii) which holds itself out as serving 
patrons of such establishments; 
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‘‘(3) during or incident to a riot or civil dis-
order, any person engaged in a business in com-
merce or affecting commerce, including, but not lim-
ited to, any person engaged in a business which sells 
or offers for sale to interstate travelers a substantial 
portion of the articles, commodities, or services 
which it sells or where a substantial portion of the 
articles or commodities which it sells or offers for 
sale have moved in commerce; or 
‘‘(4) any person because that person is or has 
been, or in order to intimidate such person or any 
other person or any class of persons from— 
‘‘(A) participating, without discrimination 
on account of race, color, religion or national 
origin, in any of the benefits or activities de-
scribed in subparagraphs (1)(A) through (1)(E) 
or subparagraphs (2)(A) through (2)(F); or 
‘‘(B) affording another person or class of 
persons opportunity or protection to so partici-
pate; or 
‘‘(5) any citizen because that person is or has 
been, or in order to intimidate such citizen or any 
other citizen from lawfully aiding or encouraging 
other persons to participate, without discrimination 
on account of race, color, religion or national origin, 
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in any of the benefits or activities described in sub-
paragraphs (1)(A) through (1)(E) or subparagraphs 
(2)(A) through (2)(F), or participating lawfully in 
speech or peaceful assembly opposing any denial of 
the opportunity to so participate, 
shall be imprisoned not more than one year; and if bodily 
injury results from the acts committed in violation of this 
section or if such acts include the use, attempted use, or 
threatened use of a dangerous weapon, explosives, or fire, 
shall be imprisoned not more than ten years; and if death 
results from the acts committed in violation of this section 
or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kid-
nap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit ag-
gravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, shall be im-
prisoned for any term of years or for life or may be sen-
tenced to death. 
‘‘(c) DEFINITION.—As used in this section, the term 
‘participating lawfully in speech or peaceful assembly’ 
shall not mean the aiding, abetting, or inciting of other 
persons to riot or to commit any act of physical violence 
upon any individual or against any real or personal prop-
erty in furtherance of a riot. Nothing in subparagraph 
(2)(F) or (4)(A) of this subsection applies to the propri-
etor of any establishment which provides lodging to tran-
sient guests, or to any employee acting on behalf of such 
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proprietor, with respect to the enjoyment of the goods, 
services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommoda-
tions of such establishment if such establishment is lo-
cated within a building which contains not more than five 
rooms for rent or hire and which is actually occupied by 
the proprietor as the proprietor’s residence. 
‘‘(d) 
LAW
ENFORCEMENT
DUTIES
NOT
AF-
FECTED.—Nothing in this section shall be construed so 
as to deter any law enforcement officer from lawfully car-
rying out the duties of his office; and no law enforcement 
officer shall be considered to be in violation of this section 
for lawfully carrying out the duties of his office or lawfully 
enforcing ordinances and laws of the United States, the 
District of Columbia, any of the several States, or any po-
litical subdivision of a State. For purposes of the pre-
ceding sentence, the term ‘law enforcement officer’ means 
any officer of the United States, the District of Columbia, 
a State, or political subdivision of a State, who is empow-
ered by law to conduct investigations of, or make arrests 
because of, offenses against the United States, the District 
of Columbia, a State, or a political subdivision of a State. 
‘‘§ 896. Deprivation of relief benefits 
‘‘Whoever directly or indirectly deprives, attempts to 
deprive, or threatens to deprive any person of any employ-
ment, position, work, compensation, or other benefit pro-
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vided for or made possible in whole or in part by any Act 
of Congress appropriating funds for work relief or relief 
purposes, on account of political affiliation, race, color, 
sex, religion, or national origin, shall be imprisoned not 
more than one year. 
‘‘§ 897. Damage to religious property; obstruction of 
persons in the free exercise of religious 
beliefs 
‘‘(a) RELIGIOUS PROPERTY OFFENSE RELATING TO 
RELIGIOUS CHARACTER.—Whoever, in or affecting inter-
state or foreign commerce— 
‘‘(1) knowingly defaces, damages, or destroys 
any religious real property, because of the religious 
character of that property; or 
‘‘(2) knowingly obstructs, by force or threat of 
force, any person in the enjoyment of that person’s 
free exercise of religious beliefs; 
shall be punished as provided in subsection (c). 
‘‘(b) PROPERTY OFFENSE MOTIVATED BY RACIAL 
AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS.—Whoever knowingly de-
faces, damages, or destroys any religious real property be-
cause of the race, color, or ethnic characteristics of any 
individual associated with that religious property, shall be 
punished as provided in subsection (c). 
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‘‘(c) PUNISHMENT.—The punishment for a violation 
of subsection (a) is— 
‘‘(1) if death results from acts committed in 
violation of this section or if such acts include kid-
napping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual 
abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual 
abuse, or an attempt to kill, imprisonment for any 
term of years or for life, or death; 
‘‘(2) if bodily injury results to any person, in-
cluding any public safety officer performing duties 
as a direct or proximate result of conduct prohibited 
by this section, and the violation is by means of fire 
or an explosive, or imprisonment for more that 40 
years; 
‘‘(3) if bodily injury to any person, including 
any public safety officer performing duties as a di-
rect or proximate result of conduct prohibited by 
this section, results from the acts committed in vio-
lation of this section or if such acts include the use, 
attempted use, or threatened use of a dangerous 
weapon, explosives, or fire, imprisonment for not 
more than 20 years; and 
‘‘(4) in any other case, imprisonment for not 
more than one year. 
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‘‘(d) CERTIFICATION.—No prosecution of any offense 
described in this section shall be undertaken by the United 
States except upon the certification in writing of the At-
torney General or his designee that in his judgment a 
prosecution by the United States is in the public interest 
and necessary to secure substantial justice. 
‘‘(e) DEFINITION.—As used in this section, the term 
‘religious real property’ means any church, synagogue, 
mosque, religious cemetery, or other religious real prop-
erty, including fixtures or religious objects contained with-
in a place of religious worship. 
‘‘(f) LIMITATION.—No person shall be prosecuted, 
tried, or punished for any noncapital offense under this 
section unless the indictment is found or the information 
is instituted not later than 7 years after the date on which 
the offense was committed. 
‘‘§ 898. Freedom of access to clinic entrances 
‘‘(a) PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES.—Whoever— 
‘‘(1) by force or threat of force or by physical 
obstruction, knowingly injures, intimidates or inter-
feres with any person because that person is or has 
been, or in order to intimidate such person or any 
other person or any class of persons from, obtaining 
or providing reproductive health services; 
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‘‘(2) by force or threat of force or by physical 
obstruction, knowingly injures, intimidates or inter-
feres with any person lawfully exercising or seeking 
to exercise the First Amendment right of religious 
freedom at a place of religious worship; or 
‘‘(3) knowingly damages or destroys the prop-
erty of a facility, or attempts to do so, because such 
facility provides reproductive health services, or 
knowingly damages or destroys the property of a 
place of religious worship, 
shall be subject to the penalties provided in subsection (b) 
and the civil remedies provided in subsection (c), except 
that a parent or legal guardian of a child shall not be sub-
ject to any penalties or civil remedies under this section 
for such activities insofar as they are directed exclusively 
at that child. 
‘‘(b) PENALTIES.—Whoever violates this section 
shall— 
‘‘(1) in the case of a first offense, be impris-
oned not more than one year; and 
‘‘(2) in the case of a second or subsequent of-
fense after a prior conviction under this section, be 
imprisoned not more than 3 years; 
except that for an offense involving exclusively a non-
violent physical obstruction, the fine shall, notwith-
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standing section 3571, not be more than $10,000 and the 
length of imprisonment shall be not more than six months, 
or both, for the first offense; and the fine shall, notwith-
standing section 3571, be not more than $25,000 and the 
length of imprisonment shall be not more than 18 months, 
or both, for a subsequent offense; and except that if bodily 
injury results, the length of imprisonment shall be not 
more than 10 years, and if death results, it shall be for 
any term of years or for life. 
‘‘(c) CIVIL REMEDIES.— 
‘‘(1) RIGHT OF ACTION.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Any person aggrieved 
by reason of the conduct prohibited by sub-
section (a) may commence a civil action for the 
relief set forth in subparagraph (B), except that 
such an action may be brought under sub-
section (a)(1) only by a person involved in pro-
viding or seeking to provide, or obtaining or 
seeking to obtain, services in a facility that pro-
vides reproductive health services, and such an 
action may be brought under subsection (a)(2) 
only by a person lawfully exercising or seeking 
to exercise the First Amendment right of reli-
gious freedom at a place of religious worship or 
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by the entity that owns or operates such place 
of religious worship. 
‘‘(B) RELIEF.—In any action under sub-
paragraph (A), the court may award appro-
priate relief, including temporary, preliminary 
or permanent injunctive relief and compen-
satory and punitive damages, as well as the 
costs of suit and reasonable fees for attorneys 
and expert witnesses. With respect to compen-
satory damages, the plaintiff may elect, at any 
time prior to the rendering of final judgment, 
to recover, in lieu of actual damages, an award 
of statutory damages in the amount of $5,000 
per violation. 
‘‘(2) ACTION BY ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE 
UNITED STATES.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—If the Attorney Gen-
eral of the United States has reasonable cause 
to believe that any person or group of persons 
is being, has been, or may be injured by con-
duct constituting a violation of this section, the 
Attorney General may commence a civil action 
in any appropriate United States District 
Court. 
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‘‘(B) RELIEF.—In any action under sub-
paragraph (A), the court may award appro-
priate relief, including temporary, preliminary 
or permanent injunctive relief, and compen-
satory damages to persons aggrieved as de-
scribed in paragraph (1)(B). The court, to vin-
dicate the public interest, may also assess a 
civil penalty against each respondent— 
‘‘(i) in an amount not exceeding 
$10,000 for a nonviolent physical obstruc-
tion and $15,000 for other first violations; 
and 
‘‘(ii) in an amount not exceeding 
$15,000 for a nonviolent physical obstruc-
tion and $25,000 for any other subsequent 
violation. 
‘‘(3) ACTIONS
BY
STATE
ATTORNEYS
GEN-
ERAL.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—If the Attorney Gen-
eral of a State has reasonable cause to believe 
that any person or group of persons is being, 
has been, or may be injured by conduct consti-
tuting a violation of this section, such Attorney 
General may commence a civil action in the 
name of such State, as parens patriae on behalf 
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of natural persons residing in such State, in 
any appropriate United States District Court. 
‘‘(B) RELIEF.—In any action under sub-
paragraph (A), the court may award appro-
priate relief, including temporary, preliminary 
or permanent injunctive relief, compensatory 
damages, and civil penalties as described in 
paragraph (2)(B). 
‘‘(d) RULES OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this 
section shall be construed— 
‘‘(1) to prohibit any expressive conduct (includ-
ing peaceful picketing or other peaceful demonstra-
tion) protected from legal prohibition by the First 
Amendment to the Constitution; or 
‘‘(2) to create new remedies for interference 
with activities protected by the free speech or free 
exercise clauses of the First Amendment to the Con-
stitution, occurring outside a facility, regardless of 
the point of view expressed, or to limit any existing 
legal remedies for such interference. 
‘‘(e) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
‘‘(1) the term ‘facility’ includes a hospital, clin-
ic, physician’s office, or other facility that provides 
reproductive health services, and includes the build-
ing or structure in which the facility is located; 
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‘‘(2) the term ‘interfere with’ means to restrict 
a person’s freedom of movement; 
‘‘(3) the term ‘intimidate’ means to place a per-
son in reasonable apprehension of bodily harm to 
him-or herself or to another; 
‘‘(4) the term ‘physical obstruction’ means ren-
dering impassable ingress to or egress from a facility 
that provides reproductive health services or to or 
from a place of religious worship, or rendering pas-
sage to or from such a facility or place of religious 
worship unreasonably difficult or hazardous; and 
‘‘(5) the term ‘reproductive health services’ 
means reproductive health services provided in a 
hospital, clinic, physician’s office, or other facility, 
and includes medical, surgical, counseling or referral 
services relating to the human reproductive system, 
including services relating to pregnancy or the termi-
nation of a pregnancy. 
‘‘§ 899. Voting Rights Act violations 
‘‘(a) DEPRIVATION OF RIGHTS.—Whoever deprives 
any person of any right secured by section 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 
or 10 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 or violates section 
11(a) of such Act, shall be imprisoned not more than five 
years. 
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‘‘(b) BALLOTS AND RECORDS OF VOTING.—Whoever, 
within a year following an election in a political subdivision 
in which an examiner has been appointed under the Voting 
Rights Act of 1965— 
‘‘(1) destroys, defaces, mutilates, or otherwise 
alters the marking of a paper ballot which has been 
cast in such election; or 
‘‘(2) alters any official record of voting in such 
election tabulated from a voting machine or other-
wise; 
shall be imprisoned not more than five years. 
‘‘(c) INTERFERENCE WITH RIGHTS.—Whoever inter-
feres with any right secured by section 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 
or 11(a) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 shall be impris-
oned not more than five years. 
‘‘§ 900. Prevention of intimidation in fair housing 
cases 
‘‘Whoever by force or threat of force willfully injures, 
intimidates or interferes with— 
‘‘(1) any person because of that person’s race, 
color, religion, sex, handicap (as such term is de-
fined in section 802 of the Fair Housing Act), famil-
ial status (as such term is defined in section 802 of 
that Act), or national origin and because that person 
is or has been selling, purchasing, renting, financing, 
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occupying, or contracting or negotiating for the sale, 
purchase, rental, financing or occupation of any 
dwelling, or applying for or participating in any 
service, organization, or facility relating to the busi-
ness of selling or renting dwellings; or 
‘‘(2) any person because that person is or has 
been, or in order to intimidate such person or any 
other person or any class of persons from— 
‘‘(A) participating, without discrimination 
on account of race, color, religion, sex, handicap 
(as such term is defined in section 802 of the 
Fair Housing Act), familial status (as such 
term is defined in section 802 of that Act), or 
national origin, in any of the activities, services, 
organizations or facilities described in para-
graph (1); 
‘‘(B) affording another person or class of 
persons opportunity or protection so to partici-
pate; or 
‘‘(C) any citizen because that citizen is or 
has been, or in order to discourage such citizen 
or any other citizen from lawfully aiding or en-
couraging other persons to participate, without 
discrimination on account of race, color, reli-
gion, sex, handicap (as such term is defined in 
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section 802 of the Fair Housing Act), familial 
status (as such term is defined in section 802 
of that Act), or national origin, in any of the 
activities, services, organizations or facilities de-
scribed in paragraph (1), or participating law-
fully in speech or peaceful assembly opposing 
any denial of the opportunity to so participate; 
shall be imprisoned not more than one year; and if bodily 
injury results from the acts committed in violation of this 
section or if such acts include the use, attempted use, or 
threatened use of a dangerous weapon, explosives, or fire 
shall be imprisoned not more than ten years; and if death 
results from the acts committed in violation of this section 
or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kid-
nap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit ag-
gravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, shall be im-
prisoned for any term of years or for life. 
‘‘§ 901. Hate crime acts 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.— 
‘‘(1) OFFENSES INVOLVING ACTUAL OR PER-
CEIVED RACE, COLOR, RELIGION, OR NATIONAL ORI-
GIN.—Whoever, whether or not acting under color of 
law, knowingly causes bodily injury to any person or, 
through the use of fire, a firearm, a dangerous 
weapon, or an explosive or incendiary device, at-
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tempts to cause bodily injury to any person, because 
of the actual or perceived race, color, religion, or na-
tional origin of any person— 
‘‘(A) shall be imprisoned not more than 10 
years, fined in accordance with this title, or 
both; and 
‘‘(B) shall be imprisoned for any term of 
years or for life, fined in accordance with this 
title, or both, if— 
‘‘(i) death results from the offense; or 
‘‘(ii) the offense includes kidnapping 
or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual 
abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated 
sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill. 
‘‘(2) OFFENSES INVOLVING ACTUAL OR PER-
CEIVED RELIGION, NATIONAL ORIGIN, GENDER, SEX-
UAL
ORIENTATION, GENDER
IDENTITY, OR
DIS-
ABILITY.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Whoever, whether or 
not acting under color of law, in any cir-
cumstance described in subparagraph (B) or 
paragraph (3), knowingly causes bodily injury 
to any person or, through the use of fire, a fire-
arm, a dangerous weapon, or an explosive or in-
cendiary device, attempts to cause bodily injury 
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to any person, because of the actual or per-
ceived religion, national origin, gender, sexual 
orientation, gender identity, or disability of any 
person— 
‘‘(i) shall be imprisoned not more 
than 10 years, fined in accordance with 
this title, or both; and 
‘‘(ii) shall be imprisoned for any term 
of years or for life, fined in accordance 
with this title, or both, if— 
‘‘(I) death results from the of-
fense; or 
‘‘(II) the offense includes kidnap-
ping or an attempt to kidnap, aggra-
vated sexual abuse or an attempt to 
commit aggravated sexual abuse, or 
an attempt to kill. 
‘‘(B) CIRCUMSTANCES
DESCRIBED.—For 
purposes 
of 
subparagraph 
(A), 
the 
cir-
cumstances described in this subparagraph are 
that— 
‘‘(i) the conduct described in subpara-
graph (A) occurs during the course of, or 
as the result of, the travel of the defendant 
or the victim— 
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‘‘(I) across a State line or na-
tional border; or 
‘‘(II) using a channel, facility, or 
instrumentality of interstate or for-
eign commerce; 
‘‘(ii) the defendant uses a channel, fa-
cility, or instrumentality of interstate or 
foreign commerce in connection with the 
conduct described in subparagraph (A); 
‘‘(iii) in connection with the conduct 
described in subparagraph (A), the defend-
ant employs a firearm, dangerous weapon, 
explosive or incendiary device, or other 
weapon that has traveled in interstate or 
foreign commerce; or 
‘‘(iv) the conduct described in sub-
paragraph (A)— 
‘‘(I) interferes with commercial 
or other economic activity in which 
the victim is engaged at the time of 
the conduct; or 
‘‘(II) otherwise affects interstate 
or foreign commerce. 
‘‘(3) OFFENSES OCCURRING IN THE SPECIAL 
MARITIME OR TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION OF THE 
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UNITED STATES.—Whoever, within the special mari-
time or territorial jurisdiction of the United States, 
engages in conduct described in paragraph (1) or in 
paragraph (2)(A) (without regard to whether that 
conduct occurred in a circumstance described in 
paragraph (2)(B)) shall be subject to the same pen-
alties as prescribed in those paragraphs. 
‘‘(4) GUIDELINES.—All prosecutions conducted 
by the United States under this section shall be un-
dertaken pursuant to guidelines issued by the Attor-
ney General, or the designee of the Attorney Gen-
eral, to be included in the United States Attorneys’ 
Manual that shall establish neutral and objective cri-
teria for determining whether a crime was com-
mitted because of the actual or perceived status of 
any person. 
‘‘(b) CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENT.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—No prosecution of any of-
fense described in this subsection may be undertaken 
by the United States, except under the certification 
in writing of the Attorney General, or a designee, 
that— 
‘‘(A) the State does not have jurisdiction; 
‘‘(B) the State has requested that the Fed-
eral Government assume jurisdiction; 
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‘‘(C) the verdict or sentence obtained pur-
suant to State charges left demonstratively 
unvindicated the Federal interest in eradicating 
bias-motivated violence; or 
‘‘(D) a prosecution by the United States is 
in the public interest and necessary to secure 
substantial justice. 
‘‘(2) RULE
OF
CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in 
this subsection shall be construed to limit the au-
thority of Federal officers, or a Federal grand jury, 
to investigate possible violations of this section. 
‘‘(c) DEFINITIONS.—In this section— 
‘‘(1) the term ‘bodily injury’ does not include 
solely emotional or psychological harm to the victim; 
‘‘(2) the term ‘explosive or incendiary device’ 
has the meaning given such term in section 296(c); 
‘‘(3) the term ‘firearm’ has the meaning given 
such term in section 581; 
‘‘(4) the term ‘gender identity’ means actual or 
perceived gender-related characteristics; and 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER F—FOREIGN RELATIONS 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘921. Agents of foreign governments. 
‘‘922. Diplomatic codes and correspondence. 
‘‘923. False statements influencing foreign Government. 
‘‘924. Conspiracy to kill, kidnap, maim, or injure persons or damage property 
in a foreign country. 
‘‘925. Enlistment in foreign Service. 
‘‘926. Expedition against friendly nation. 
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‘‘927. Detention of armed vessel. 
‘‘928. Protection of property occupied by foreign governments. 
‘‘§ 921. Agents of foreign governments 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever, other than a diplomatic or 
consular officer or attache, acts in the United States as 
an agent of a foreign government without prior notifica-
tion to the Attorney General if required in subsection (b), 
shall be imprisoned not more than ten years. 
‘‘(b) RULES AND REGULATIONS.—The Attorney Gen-
eral shall promulgate rules and regulations establishing re-
quirements for notification. 
‘‘(c) TRANSMISSION.—The Attorney General shall, 
upon receipt, promptly transmit one copy of each notifica-
tion statement filed under this section to the Secretary 
of State for such comment and use as the Secretary of 
State may determine to be appropriate from the point of 
view of the foreign relations of the United States. Failure 
of the Attorney General to do so is not a bar to prosecu-
tion under this section. 
‘‘(d) DEFINITION.—As used in this section, the term 
‘agent of a foreign government’ means an individual who 
agrees to operate within the United States subject to the 
direction or control of a foreign government or official, ex-
cept that such term does not include— 
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‘‘(1) a duly accredited diplomatic or consular 
officer of a foreign government, who is so recognized 
by the Department of State; 
‘‘(2) any officially and publicly acknowledged 
and sponsored official or representative of a foreign 
government; 
‘‘(3) any officially and publicly acknowledged 
and sponsored member of the staff of, or employee 
of, an officer, official, or representative described in 
paragraph (1) or (2), who is not a United States cit-
izen; or 
‘‘(4) any person engaged in a legal commercial 
transaction. 
‘‘(e) ADDITIONAL BASIS FOR DETERMINING AGEN-
CY.—Notwithstanding subsection (d)(4), any person en-
gaged in a legal commercial transaction shall be consid-
ered to be an agent of a foreign government for purposes 
of this section if— 
‘‘(1) such person agrees to operate within the 
United States subject to the direction or control of 
a foreign government or official; and 
‘‘(2) such person— 
‘‘(A) is an agent of Cuba or any other 
country that the President determines (and so 
reports to the Congress) poses a threat to the 
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692 
national security interest of the United States 
for purposes of this section, unless the Attorney 
General, after consultation with the Secretary 
of State, determines and so reports to the Con-
gress that the national security or foreign policy 
interests of the United States require that this 
section does not apply in specific circumstances 
to agents of such country; or 
‘‘(B) has been convicted of, or has entered 
a plea of nolo contendere with respect to, any 
offense under section 301, 302, 303, 601, or 
261 of this title or under section 11 of the Ex-
port Administration Act of 1979, except that 
this subsection does not apply to a person de-
scribed in this subparagraph for a period of 
more than five years beginning on the date of 
the conviction or the date of entry of the plea 
of nolo contendere, as the case may be. 
‘‘§ 922. Diplomatic codes and correspondence 
‘‘Whoever, by virtue of his employment by the United 
States, obtains from another or has or has had custody 
of or access to, any official diplomatic code or any matter 
prepared in any such code, or which purports to have been 
prepared in any such code, and without authorization or 
competent authority, knowingly publishes or furnishes to 
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another any such code or matter, or any matter which was 
obtained while in the process of transmission between any 
foreign government and its diplomatic mission in the 
United States, shall be or imprisoned not more than ten 
years. 
‘‘§ 923. False statements influencing foreign Govern-
ment 
‘‘Whoever, in relation to any dispute or controversy 
between a foreign government and the United States, 
knowingly makes any untrue statement, either orally or 
in writing, under oath before any person authorized and 
empowered to administer oaths, which the affiant has 
knowledge or reason to believe will, or may be used to in-
fluence the measures or conduct of any foreign govern-
ment, or of any officer or agent of any foreign government, 
to the injury of the United States, or with a view or intent 
to influence any measure of or action by the United States 
or any department or agency thereof, to the injury of the 
United States, shall be imprisoned not more than ten 
years. 
‘‘§ 924. Conspiracy to kill, kidnap, maim, or injure 
persons or damage property in a foreign 
country 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE AGAINST PERSONS.— 
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‘‘(1) ELEMENTS.—Whoever, within the jurisdic-
tion of the United States, conspires with one or 
more other persons, regardless of where such other 
person or persons are located, to commit at any 
place outside the United States an act that would 
constitute the offense of murder, kidnapping, or 
maiming if committed in the special maritime and 
territorial jurisdiction of the United States shall, if 
any of the conspirators commits an act within the 
jurisdiction of the United States to effect any object 
of the conspiracy, be punished as provided in para-
graph (2). 
‘‘(2) PUNISHMENT.—The punishment for an offense 
under paragraph (1) is— 
‘‘(A) imprisonment for any term of years or for 
life if the offense is conspiracy to murder or kidnap; 
and 
‘‘(B) imprisonment for not more than 35 years 
if the offense is conspiracy to maim. 
‘‘(b) OFFENSE AGAINST PROPERTY.—Whoever, with-
in the jurisdiction of the United States, conspires with one 
or more persons, regardless of where such other person 
or persons are located, to damage or destroy specific prop-
erty situated within a foreign country and belonging to 
a foreign government or to any political subdivision there-
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695 
of with which the United States is at peace, or any rail-
road, canal, bridge, airport, airfield, or other public utility, 
public conveyance, or public structure, or any religious, 
educational, or cultural property so situated, shall, if any 
of the conspirators commits an act within the jurisdiction 
of the United States to effect any object of the conspiracy, 
be imprisoned not more than 25 years. 
‘‘§ 925. Enlistment in foreign Service 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever, within the United States, 
enlists or enters himself, or hires or retains another to 
enlist or enter himself, or to go beyond the jurisdiction 
of the United States with intent to be enlisted or entered 
in the service of any foreign prince, state, colony, district, 
or people as a soldier or as a marine or seaman on board 
any vessel of war, letter of marque, or privateer, shall be 
imprisoned not more than three years. 
‘‘(b) EXCLUSIONS.— 
‘‘(1) This section does not apply to citizens or 
subjects of any country engaged in war with a coun-
try with which the United States is at war, unless 
such citizen or subject of such foreign country shall 
hire or solicit a citizen of the United States to enlist 
or go beyond the jurisdiction of the United States 
with intent to enlist or enter the service of a foreign 
country. Enlistments under this subsection shall be 
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under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the 
Army. 
‘‘(2) This section and section 926 do not apply 
to any subject or citizen of any foreign prince, state, 
colony, district, or people who is transiently within 
the United States and enlists or enters himself on 
board any vessel of war, letter of marque, or pri-
vateer, which at the time of its arrival within the 
United States was fitted and equipped as such, or 
hires or retains another subject or citizen of the 
same foreign prince, state, colony, district, or people 
who is transiently within the United States to enlist 
or enter himself to serve such foreign prince, state, 
colony, district, or people on board such vessel of 
war, letter of marque, or privateer, if the United 
States shall then be at peace with such foreign 
prince, state, colony, district, or people. 
‘‘§ 926. Expedition against friendly nation 
‘‘Whoever, within the United States, knowingly be-
gins or sets on foot or provides or prepares a means for 
or furnishes the money for, or takes part in, any military 
or naval expedition or enterprise to be carried on from 
thence against the territory or dominion of any foreign 
prince or state, or of any colony, district, or people with 
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whom the United States is at peace, shall be imprisoned 
not more than three years. 
‘‘§ 927. Detention of armed vessel 
‘‘(a) AUTHORITY OF PRESIDENT.—During a war in 
which the United States is a neutral nation, the President, 
or any person authorized by him, may detain any armed 
vessel owned wholly or in part by citizens of the United 
States, or any vessel, domestic or foreign (other than one 
which has entered the ports of the United States as a pub-
lic vessel), which is manifestly built for warlike purposes 
or has been converted or adapted from a private vessel 
to one suitable for warlike use, until the owner or master, 
or person having charge of such vessel, shall furnish proof 
satisfactory to the President, or to the person duly author-
ized by him, that the vessel will not be employed to cruise 
against or commit or attempt to commit hostilities upon 
the subjects, citizens, or property of any foreign prince 
or state, or of any colony, district, or people with which 
the United States is at peace, and that the said vessel 
will not be sold or delivered to any belligerent nation, or 
to an agent, officer, or citizen of such nation, by them 
or any of them, within the jurisdiction of the United 
States, or upon the high seas. 
‘‘(b) OFFENSE.—Whoever, in violation of this section 
takes, or attempts to take, or authorizes the taking of any 
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698 
such vessel, out of port or from the United States, shall 
be imprisoned not more than ten years. 
‘‘§ 928. Protection of property occupied by foreign 
governments 
‘‘(a) PROPERTY OFFENSE.—Whoever knowingly in-
jures, damages, or destroys, or attempts to injure, dam-
age, or destroy, any property, real or personal, located 
within the United States and belonging to or utilized or 
occupied by any foreign government or international orga-
nization, by a foreign official or official guest, shall be im-
prisoned not more than five years. 
‘‘(b) THREAT AND HARASSMENT OFFENSE.—Who-
ever, knowingly with intent to intimidate, coerce, threaten, 
or harass— 
‘‘(1) forcibly thrusts any part of himself or any 
object within or upon that portion of any building or 
premises located within the United States, which 
portion is used or occupied for official business or 
for diplomatic, consular, or residential purposes 
by— 
‘‘(A) a foreign government, including such 
use as a mission to an international organiza-
tion; 
‘‘(B) an international organization; 
‘‘(C) a foreign official; or 
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‘‘(D) an official guest; or 
‘‘(2) refuses to depart from such portion of 
such building or premises after a request— 
‘‘(A) by an employee of a foreign govern-
ment or of an international organization, if 
such employee is authorized to make such re-
quest by the senior official of the unit of such 
government or organization which occupies such 
portion of such building or premises; 
‘‘(B) by a foreign official or any member 
of the foreign official’s staff who is authorized 
by the foreign official to make such request; 
‘‘(C) by an official guest or any member of 
the official guest’s staff who is authorized by 
the official guest to make such request; or 
‘‘(D) by any person present having law en-
forcement powers; 
shall be imprisoned not more than six months. 
‘‘(c) DEFINITIONS.—For purposes of this section, the 
terms ‘foreign government’, ‘foreign official’, ‘inter-
national organization’, and ‘official guest’ have the same 
meanings as those provided in section 136. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER G—POSTAL SERVICE 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘941. Obstruction of mails generally. 
‘‘942. Obstruction of correspondence. 
‘‘943. Delay or destruction of mail or newspapers. 
‘‘944. Keys or locks stolen or reproduced. 
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tended to inflict severe or serious physical or 
mental pain or suffering (other than pain or 
suffering incidental to lawful sanctions), includ-
ing serious physical abuse, upon another within 
his custody or control. 
‘‘(C) PERFORMING
BIOLOGICAL
EXPERI-
MENTS.—The act of a person who subjects one 
or more persons within his custody or physical 
control to biological experiments without a le-
gitimate medical or dental purpose and in so 
doing endangers the body or health of such per-
son or persons. 
‘‘(D) MURDER.—The act of a person who 
intentionally kills or kills whether intentionally 
or unintentionally in the course of committing 
any other offense under this subsection, one or 
more persons taking no active part in the hos-
tilities, including those placed out of combat by 
sickness, wounds, detention, or any other cause. 
‘‘(E) MUTILATION OR MAIMING.—The act 
of a person who intentionally injures or injures 
whether intentionally or unintentionally in the 
course of committing any other offense under 
this subsection, one or more persons taking no 
active part in the hostilities, including those 
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