H. R. 2400—299
regulation prescribed by the Secretary under section 31136
of this title, the State law or regulation may not be enforced.
‘‘(4) ADDITIONAL OR MORE STRINGENT REGULATIONS.—If the
Secretary decides a State law or regulation is additional to
or more stringent than a regulation prescribed by the Secretary
under section 31136 of this title, the State law or regulation
may be enforced unless the Secretary also decides that—
‘‘(A) the State law or regulation has no safety benefit;
‘‘(B) the State law or regulation is incompatible with
the regulation prescribed by the Secretary; or
‘‘(C) enforcement of the State law or regulation would
cause an unreasonable burden on interstate commerce.
‘‘(5) CONSIDERATION
OF
EFFECT
ON
INTERSTATE
COM-
MERCE.—In deciding under paragraph (4) whether a State law
or regulation will cause an unreasonable burden on interstate
commerce, the Secretary may consider the effect on interstate
commerce of implementation of that law or regulation with
the implementation of all similar laws and regulations of other
States.’’;
(2) by striking subsection (e); and
(3) by redesignating subsections (f), (g), and (h) as sub-
sections (e), (f), and (g), respectively.
(f) INSPECTION
OF SAFETY EQUIPMENT.—Section 31142(a) is
amended by striking ‘‘part 393 of title 49, Code of Federal Regula-
tions’’ and inserting ‘‘the regulations issued under section 31136’’.
(g) PROTECTION OF STATES PARTICIPATING IN STATE GROUPS.—
Section 31142(c)(1)(C) is amended to read as follows:
‘‘(C) prevent a State from participating in the activities
of a voluntary group of States enforcing a program for
inspection of commercial motor vehicles; or’’.
SEC. 4009. SAFETY FITNESS.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 31144 is amended to read as follows:
‘‘§ 31144. Safety fitness of owners and operators
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall—
‘‘(1) determine whether an owner or operator is fit to oper-
ate safely commercial motor vehicles;
‘‘(2) periodically update such safety fitness determinations;
‘‘(3) make such final safety fitness determinations readily
available to the public; and
‘‘(4) prescribe by regulation penalties for violations of this
section consistent with section 521.
‘‘(b) PROCEDURE.—The Secretary shall maintain by regulation
a procedure for determining the safety fitness of an owner or
operator. The procedure shall include, at a minimum, the following
elements:
‘‘(1) Specific initial and continuing requirements with which
an owner or operator must comply to demonstrate safety fitness.
‘‘(2) A methodology the Secretary will use to determine
whether an owner or operator is fit.
‘‘(3) Specific time frames within which the Secretary will
determine whether an owner or operator is fit.
‘‘(c) PROHIBITED TRANSPORTATION.—
‘‘(1) 
IN
GENERAL.—Except 
as 
provided 
in 
sections
521(b)(5)(A) and 5113 and this subsection, an owner or operator
who the Secretary determines is not fit may not operate
H. R. 2400—300
commercial motor vehicles in interstate commerce beginning
on the 61st day after the date of such fitness determination
and until the Secretary determines such owner or operator
is fit.
‘‘(2) OWNERS OR OPERATORS TRANSPORTING PASSENGERS.—
With regard to owners or operators of commercial motor
vehicles designed or used to transport passengers, an owner
or operator who the Secretary determines is not fit may not
operate in interstate commerce beginning on the 46th day
after the date of such fitness determination and until the Sec-
retary determines such owner or operator is fit.
‘‘(3) OWNERS
OR
OPERATORS
TRANSPORTING
HAZARDOUS
MATERIAL.—With regard to owners or operators of commercial
motor vehicles designed or used to transport hazardous material
for which placarding of a motor vehicle is required under regula-
tions prescribed under chapter 51, an owner or operator who
the Secretary determines is not fit may not operate in interstate
commerce beginning on the 46th day after the date of such
fitness determination and until the Secretary determines such
owner or operator is fit.
‘‘(4) SECRETARY’S DISCRETION.—Except for owners or opera-
tors described in paragraphs (2) and (3), the Secretary may
allow an owner or operator who is not fit to continue operating
for an additional 60 days after the 61st day after the date
of the Secretary’s fitness determination, if the Secretary deter-
mines that such owner or operator is making a good faith
effort to become fit.
‘‘(d) REVIEW OF FITNESS DETERMINATIONS.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 45 days after an unfit
owner or operator requests a review, the Secretary shall review
such owner’s or operator’s compliance with those requirements
with which the owner or operator failed to comply and resulted
in the Secretary determining that the owner or operator was
not fit.
‘‘(2) OWNERS OR OPERATORS TRANSPORTING PASSENGERS.—
Not later than 30 days after an unfit owner or operator of
commercial motor vehicles designed or used to transport pas-
sengers requests a review, the Secretary shall review such
owner’s or operator’s compliance with those requirements with
which the owner or operator failed to comply and resulted
in the Secretary determining that the owner or operator was
not fit.
‘‘(3) OWNERS
OR
OPERATORS
TRANSPORTING
HAZARDOUS
MATERIAL.—Not later than 30 days after an unfit owner or
operator of commercial motor vehicles designed or used to trans-
port hazardous material for which placarding of a motor vehicle
is required under regulations prescribed under chapter 51, the
Secretary shall review such owner’s or operator’s compliance
with those requirements with which the owner or operator
failed to comply and resulted in the Secretary determining
that the owner or operator was not fit.
‘‘(e) PROHIBITED GOVERNMENT USE.—A department, agency, or
instrumentality of the United States Government may not use
to provide any transportation service an owner or operator who
the Secretary has determined is not fit until the Secretary deter-
mines such owner or operator is fit.’’.
H. R. 2400—301
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section 5113 is amended by
striking subsections (a), (b), (c), and (d) and inserting the following:
‘‘See section 31144.’’.
SEC. 4010. REPEAL OF CERTAIN OBSOLETE MISCELLANEOUS AUTHORI-
TIES.
Subchapter IV of chapter 311 (including sections 31161 and
31162), and the items relating to such subchapter and sections
in the analysis for chapter 311, are repealed.
SEC. 4011. COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATORS.
(a) COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE DEFINED.—Section 31301(4)
is amended—
(1) in subparagraph (A)—
(A) by inserting ‘‘or gross vehicle weight’’ after ‘‘rating’’
the first 2 places it appears; and
(B) by inserting ‘‘, whichever is greater,’’ after ‘‘pounds’’
the first place it appears; and
(2) in subparagraph (C)(ii)—
(A) by inserting ‘‘is’’ before ‘‘transporting’’ each place
it appears; and
(B) by inserting ‘‘is’’ before ‘‘not otherwise’’.
(b) PROHIBITION ON CMV OPERATION WITHOUT CDL.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Section 31302 of such title is amended
to read as follows:
‘‘§ 31302. Commercial driver’s license requirement
‘‘No individual shall operate a commercial motor vehicle without
a valid commercial driver’s license issued in accordance with section
31308. An individual operating a commercial motor vehicle may
have only one driver’s license at any time.’’.
(2) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—The item relating to section
31302 in the analysis for chapter 313 is amended to read
as follows:
‘‘31302. Commercial driver’s license requirement.’’.
(c) UNIQUE IDENTIFIERS IN CDLS.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Section 31308(2) is amended by inserting
before the semicolon ‘‘and each license issued after January
1, 2001, include unique identifiers (which may include biometric
identifiers) to minimize fraud and duplication’’.
(2) DEADLINE FOR ISSUANCE OF REGULATIONS.—Not later
than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the
Secretary shall issue regulations to carry out the amendment
made by paragraph (1).
(d) COMMERCIAL DRIVER’S LICENSE INFORMATION SYSTEM.—Sec-
tion 31309 of such title is amended—
(1) in subsection (a) by striking ‘‘make an agreement under
subsection (b) of this section for the operation of, or establish
under subsection (c) of this section,’’ and inserting ‘‘maintain’’;
(2) by inserting after the first sentence of subsection (a)
the following: ‘‘The system shall be coordinated with activities
carried out under section 31106.’’;
(3) by striking subsections (b) and (c);
(4) by striking subsection (d)(2) and inserting the following:
‘‘(2) The information system under this section must accommo-
date any unique identifiers required to minimize fraud or duplica-
tion of a commercial driver’s license under section 31308(2).’’;
H. R. 2400—302
(5) by striking subsection (e) and inserting the following:
‘‘(e) AVAILABILITY
OF
INFORMATION.—Information in the
information system shall be made available and subject to review
and correction in accordance with the policy developed under section
31106(e).’’;
(6) in subsection (f) by striking ‘‘If the Secretary establishes
an information system under this section, the’’ and inserting
‘‘The’’;
(7) by striking ‘‘shall’’ in the first sentence of subsection
(f) and inserting ‘‘may’’; and
(8) by redesignating subsections (d), (e), and (f) as sub-
sections (b), (c), and (d), respectively.
(e) REQUIREMENTS FOR STATE PARTICIPATION.—Section 31311(a)
is amended—
(1) in paragraph (15) by striking ‘‘section 31310(b)–(e) of
this title’’ and inserting ‘‘subsections (b)–(e), (g)(1)(A), and (g)(2)
of section 31310’’;
(2) by striking paragraph (17); and
(3) by redesignating paragraph (18) as paragraph (17).
(f) REPEAL OF OBSOLETE GRANT PROGRAMS.—Sections 31312
and 31313, and the items relating to such sections in the analysis
for chapter 313, are repealed.
(g) UPDATING AMENDMENTS.—Section 31314 is amended—
(1) by striking ‘‘(2), (5), and (6)’’ each place it appears
in subsections (a) and (b) and inserting ‘‘(3), and (5)’’;
(2) in subsection (c) by striking ‘‘(1) Amounts’’ and all
that follows through ‘‘(2) Amounts’’ and inserting ‘‘Amounts’’;
(3) by striking subsection (d); and
(4) by redesignating subsection (e) as subsection (d).
SEC. 4012. EXEMPTION FROM CERTAIN REGULATIONS FOR UTILITY
SERVICE COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE DRIVERS.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 31502 is amended by adding at the
end the following:
‘‘(e) EXCEPTION.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding any other provision of
law, regulations issued under this section or section 31136
regarding—
‘‘(A) maximum driving and on-duty times applicable
to operators of commercial motor vehicles,
‘‘(B) physical testing, reporting, or recordkeeping, and
‘‘(C) the installation of automatic recording devices
associated with establishing the maximum driving and on-
duty times referred to in subparagraph (A),
shall not apply to any driver of a utility service vehicle during
an emergency period of not more than 30 days declared by
an elected State or local government official under paragraph
(2) in the area covered by the declaration.
‘‘(2) DECLARATION
OF
EMERGENCY.—An elected State or
local government official or elected officials of more than one
State or local government jointly may issue an emergency dec-
laration for purposes of paragraph (1) after notice to the
Regional Director of the Federal Highway Administration with
jurisdiction over the area covered by the declaration.
‘‘(3) INCIDENT REPORT.—Within 30 days after the end of
the declared emergency period the official who issued the emer-
gency declaration shall file with the Regional Director a report
H. R. 2400—303
of each safety-related incident or accident that occurred during
the emergency period involving—
‘‘(A) a utility service vehicle driver to which the declara-
tion applied; or
‘‘(B) a utility service vehicle of the driver to which
the declaration applied.
‘‘(4) DEFINITIONS.—In this subsection, the following defini-
tions apply:
‘‘(A) DRIVER OF A UTILITY SERVICE VEHICLE.—The term
‘driver of a utility service vehicle’ means any driver who
is considered to be a driver of a utility service vehicle
for purposes of section 345(a)(4) of the National Highway
System Designation Act of 1995 (49 U.S.C. 31136 note;
109 Stat. 613).
‘‘(B) UTILITY SERVICE VEHICLE.—The term ‘utility serv-
ice vehicle’ has the meaning that term has under section
345(e)(6) of the National Highway System Designation Act
of 1995 (49 U.S.C. 31136 note; 109 Stat 614–615).’’.
(b) CONTINUED APPLICATION
OF SAFETY
AND MAINTENANCE
REQUIREMENTS.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—The amendment made by subsection (a)
may not be construed—
(A) to exempt any utility service vehicle from compli-
ance with any applicable provision of law relating to vehicle
mechanical safety, maintenance requirements, or inspec-
tions; or
(B) to exempt any driver of a utility service vehicle
from any applicable provision of law (including any regula-
tion) established for the issuance, maintenance, or periodic
renewal of a commercial driver’s license for that driver.
(2) DEFINITIONS.—In this subsection, the following defini-
tions apply:
(A) 
COMMERCIAL
DRIVER’S
LICENSE.—The 
term
‘‘commercial driver’s license’’ has the meaning that term
has under section 31301 of title 49, United States Code.
(B) DRIVER OF A UTILITY SERVICE VEHICLE.—The term
‘‘driver of a utility service vehicle’’ has the meaning that
term has under section 31502(e)(2) of such title.
(C) REGULATION.—The term ‘‘regulation’’ has the mean-
ing that term has under section 31132 of such title.
(D) UTILITY SERVICE VEHICLE.—The term ‘‘utility serv-
ice vehicle’’ has the meaning that term has under section
345(e)(6) of the National Highway System Designation Act
of 1995 (49 U.S.C. 31136 note; 109 Stat. 614–615).
SEC. 4013. PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL REGISTRATION PLAN
AND INTERNATIONAL FUEL TAX AGREEMENT.
Sections 31702, 31703, and 31708, and the items relating to
such sections in the analysis for chapter 317, are repealed.
SEC. 4014. SAFETY PERFORMANCE HISTORY OF NEW DRIVERS; LIMITA-
TION ON LIABILITY.
(a) IN GENERAL.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 5 is amended by adding at the
end the following:
H. R. 2400—305
penalizes, or imposes liability for furnishing or using safety perform-
ance records in accordance with regulations issued by the Secretary
to carry out this section. Notwithstanding any provision of law,
written authorization shall not be required to obtain information
on the motor vehicle driving record of an individual under consider-
ation for employment with a motor carrier.’’.
(2) CONFORMING
AMENDMENT.—The analysis for chapter
5 is amended by inserting after the item relating to section
507 the following:
‘‘508. Safety performance history of new drivers; limitation on liability.’’.
(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by subsection
(a) shall take effect on January 31, 1999.
(c) SAFETY PERFORMANCE HISTORY OF NEW DRIVERS.—
(1) MATTERS TO BE INCLUDED.—As part of the rulemaking
that the Secretary is conducting under section 114 of the
Hazardous Materials Transportation Authorization Act of 1994
(108 Stat. 1677–1678) to amend section 391.23 of title 49,
Code of Federal Regulations (or successor regulations thereto),
the Secretary shall amend such section 391.23 (in addition
to the matters set forth in such section 114) to provide protec-
tion for driver privacy and to establish procedures for review,
correction, and rebuttal of the safety performance records of
a commercial motor vehicle driver.
(2) COMPLETION.—The rulemaking and the amendments
referred to in paragraph (1) shall be completed by January
31, 1999.
SEC. 4015. PENALTIES.
(a) NOTIFICATION OF VIOLATIONS AND ENFORCEMENT PROCE-
DURES.—Section 521(b)(1) is amended—
(1) in the third sentence of subparagraph (A) by striking
‘‘fix a reasonable time for abatement of the violation,’’; and
(2) by striking subparagraph (B) and inserting the
following:
‘‘(B) NONAPPLICABILITY
TO
REPORTING
AND
RECORD-
KEEPING VIOLATIONS.—Subparagraph (A) shall not apply
to reporting and recordkeeping violations.’’.
(b) CIVIL PENALTIES.—Section 521(b)(2) is amended—
(1) by striking subparagraph (A) and inserting the
following:
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—Except as otherwise provided in
this subsection, any person who is determined by the Sec-
retary, after notice and opportunity for a hearing, to have
committed an act that is a violation of regulations issued
by the Secretary under subchapter III of chapter 311
(except sections 31138 and 31139) or section 31502 of this
title shall be liable to the United States for a civil penalty
in an amount not to exceed $10,000 for each offense. Not-
withstanding any other provision of this section (except
subparagraph (C)), no civil penalty shall be assessed under
this section against an employee for a violation in an
amount exceeding $2,500.’’;
(2) by redesignating subparagraphs (B) and (C) as sub-
paragraphs (C) and (D), respectively; and
(3) by inserting after subparagraph (A) the following:
‘‘(B) RECORDKEEPING AND REPORTING VIOLATIONS.—A
person required to make a report to the Secretary, answer
H. R. 2400—306
a question, or make, prepare, or preserve a record under
section 504 of this title or under any regulation issued
by the Secretary pursuant to subchapter III of chapter
311 (except sections 31138 and 31139) or section 31502
of this title about transportation by motor carrier, motor
carrier of migrant workers, or motor private carrier, or
an officer, agent, or employee of that person—
‘‘(i) who does not make that report, does not specifi-
cally, completely, and truthfully answer that question
in 30 days from the date the Secretary requires the
question to be answered, or does not make, prepare,
or preserve that record in the form and manner pre-
scribed by the Secretary, shall be liable to the United
States for a civil penalty in an amount not to exceed
$500 for each offense, and each day of the violation
shall constitute a separate offense, except that the
total of all civil penalties assessed against any violator
for all offenses related to any single violation shall
not exceed $5,000; or
‘‘(ii) who knowingly falsifies, destroys, mutilates,
or changes a required report or record, knowingly files
a false report with the Secretary, knowingly makes
or causes or permits to be made a false or incomplete
entry in that record about an operation or business
fact or transaction, or knowingly makes, prepares, or
preserves a record in violation of a regulation or order
of the Secretary, shall be liable to the United States
for a civil penalty in an amount not to exceed $5,000
for each violation, if any such action can be shown
to have misrepresented a fact that constitutes a viola-
tion other than a reporting or recordkeeping violation.’’.
(c) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.—Section 522 is amended by
striking ‘‘(a)’’ and by striking subsection (b).
SEC. 4016. AUTHORITY OVER CHARTER BUS TRANSPORTATION.
Section 14501(a) is amended to read as follows:
‘‘(a) MOTOR CARRIERS OF PASSENGERS.—
‘‘(1) LIMITATION ON STATE LAW.—No State or political sub-
division thereof and no interstate agency or other political
agency of 2 or more States shall enact or enforce any law,
rule, regulation, standard, or other provision having the force
and effect of law relating to—
‘‘(A) scheduling of interstate or intrastate transpor-
tation (including discontinuance or reduction in the level
of service) provided by a motor carrier of passengers subject
to jurisdiction under subchapter I of chapter 135 of this
title on an interstate route;
‘‘(B) the implementation of any change in the rates
for such transportation or for any charter transportation
except to the extent that notice, not in excess of 30 days,
of changes in schedules may be required; or
‘‘(C) the authority to provide intrastate or interstate
charter bus transportation.
This paragraph shall not apply to intrastate commuter bus
operations.
‘‘(2) MATTERS
NOT
COVERED.—Paragraph (1) shall not
restrict the safety regulatory authority of a State with respect
H. R. 2400—307
to motor vehicles, the authority of a State to impose highway
route controls or limitations based on the size or weight of
the motor vehicle, or the authority of a State to regulate carriers
with regard to minimum amounts of financial responsibility
relating 
to 
insurance 
requirements 
and 
self-insurance
authorization.’’.
SEC. 4017. TELEPHONE HOTLINE FOR REPORTING SAFETY VIOLA-
TIONS.
(a) IN GENERAL.—For a period of not less than 2 years begin-
ning on or before the 90th day following the date of enactment
of this Act, the Secretary shall establish, maintain, and promote
the use of a nationwide toll-free telephone system to be used by
drivers of commercial motor vehicles and others to report potential
violations of Federal motor carrier safety regulations.
(b) MONITORING.—The Secretary shall monitor reports received
by the telephone system and may consider nonfrivolous information
provided by such reports in setting priorities for motor carrier
safety audits and other enforcement activities.
(c) PROTECTION OF PERSONS REPORTING VIOLATIONS.—
(1) PROHIBITION.—A person reporting a potential violation
to the telephone system while acting in good faith may not
be discharged, disciplined, or discriminated against regarding
pay, terms, or privileges of employment because of the reporting
of such violation.
(2) APPLICABILITY OF SECTION 31105 OF TITLE 49.—For pur-
poses of section 31105 of title 49, United States Code, a violation
or alleged violation of paragraph (1) shall be treated as a
violation of section 31105(a) of such title.
(d) FUNDING.—From amounts set aside under section 104(a)
of title 23, United States Code, the Secretary may use not more
than $250,000 for each of fiscal years 1999 through 2003 to carry
out this section.
SEC. 4018. INSULIN TREATED DIABETES MELLITUS.
(a) DETERMINATION.—Not later than 18 months after the date
of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall determine whether
a practicable and cost-effective screening, operating, and monitoring
protocol could likely be developed for insulin treated diabetes
mellitus individuals who want to operate commercial motor vehicles
in interstate commerce that would ensure a level of safety equal
to or greater than that achieved with the current prohibition on
individuals with insulin treated diabetes mellitus driving such
vehicles.
(b) COMPILATION AND EVALUATION.—Prior to making the deter-
mination in subsection (a), the Secretary shall compile and evaluate
research and other information on the effects of insulin treated
diabetes mellitus on driving performance. In preparing the compila-
tion and evaluation, the Secretary shall, at a minimum—
(1) consult with States that have developed and are
implementing a screening process to identify individuals with
insulin treated diabetes mellitus who may obtain waivers to
drive commercial motor vehicles in intrastate commerce;
(2) evaluate the Department’s policy and actions to permit
certain insulin treated diabetes mellitus individuals who meet
selection criteria and who successfully comply with the
approved monitoring protocol to operate in other modes of
transportation;
H. R. 2400—308
(3) assess the possible legal consequences of permitting
insulin treated diabetes mellitus individuals to drive commer-
cial motor vehicles in interstate commerce;
(4) analyze available data on the safety performance of
diabetic drivers of motor vehicles;
(5) assess the relevance of intrastate driving and experi-
ences of other modes of transportation to interstate commercial
motor vehicle operations; and
(6) consult with interested groups knowledgeable about
diabetes and related issues.
(c) REPORT TO CONGRESS.—If the Secretary determines that
no protocol described in subsection (a) could likely be developed,
the Secretary shall report to Congress the basis for such determina-
tion.
(d) INITIATION OF RULEMAKING.—If the Secretary determines
that a protocol described in subsection (a) could likely be developed,
the Secretary shall report to Congress a description of the elements
of such protocol and shall promptly initiate a rulemaking proceeding
to implement such protocol.
SEC. 4019. PERFORMANCE-BASED CDL TESTING.
(a) REVIEW.—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment
of this Act, the Secretary shall complete a review of the procedures
established and implemented by States under section 31305 of
title 49, United States Code, to determine if the current system
for testing is an accurate measure and reflection of an individual’s
knowledge and skills as an operator of a commercial motor vehicle
and to identify methods to improve testing and licensing standards,
including identifying the benefits and costs of a graduated licensing
system.
(b) REGULATIONS.—The Secretary may issue regulations under
section 31305 of title 49, United States Code, reflecting the results
of the review.
SEC. 4020. POST-ACCIDENT ALCOHOL TESTING.
(a) STUDY.—The Secretary shall conduct a study of the feasibil-
ity of utilizing law enforcement officers for conducting post-accident
alcohol testing of commercial motor vehicle operators under section
31306 of title 49, United States Code, as a method of obtaining
more timely information. The study shall also assess the impact
of the current post-accident alcohol testing requirements on motor
carrier employers, including any burden that employers may
encounter in meeting the testing requirements of such section
31306.
(b) REPORT.—Not later than 18 months after the date of enact-
ment of this Act, the Secretary shall transmit to Congress a report
on the study, together with such recommendations as the Secretary
determines appropriate.
SEC. 4021. DRIVER FATIGUE.
(a) TECHNOLOGIES TO REDUCE FATIGUE OF COMMERCIAL MOTOR
VEHICLE OPERATORS.—
(1) DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES.—As part of the activi-
ties of the Secretary relating to the fatigue of commercial
motor vehicle operators, the Secretary shall encourage the
research, development, and demonstration of technologies that
may aid in reducing such fatigue.