A102 ourselves so long as restrictions are a part of the world economic order. . Specifically I propose that the United States, by bilateral agreements with other states of this hemisphere and through tariff adjustments, make possible now the sale of at least part of their surplus exportable raw products and eventually all of the surplus that we can consume. The United States must reexamine its tariffs on the importation of raw products from this hemisphere and make concessions to further the end of hemisphere integration. I further propose that the capital of the Export-Import Bank be increased so that economically sound enterprises in this hemi- sphere can be stimulated and expanded. Third. We must forge the most compre- hensive kind of military alliance for the pro- tection of the countries of this hemisphere, Results from our foreign policy in the East- ern Hemisphere carried on at colossal sacrt- fice, are still uncertain. But leadership in a new foreign policy for the Western Hemi- sphere can achieve success at comparatively little sacrifice. The policy for military integration has been so weakly pursued that today, 8 years after the Rio Conference, we are pitifully ill prepared to defend this hemisphere. Within the last month events in Korea have reached a state of crisis. A week ago President Truman stated: “We are fighting in Korea for our national security and sur- vival.” Does this mean that we have no alterna- tive other than throwing all of our resources into the struggle in Asia? The time ts late but perhaps not too late even now to re- assess our foreign policy and change Its course. Great Britain and France have clearly indicated their belief that we should do s0, at least so far as Asia is concerned. We must evolve from our present method of making policy to meet current crises. Foreign policy is not like a grain crop that is sown in the spring and harvested in the summer; it is like an orchard that must be carefully guarded and cultivated for years pefore it can bear good fruit. I feel certain that a careful reassessment of our foreign olicy will reveal that our great national terests lie in this hemisphere. Iv Today the national interests of the states of this hemisphere are naturally Mnked to- gether. We are in mortal peril unless we bind ourselves together for mutual pro- tection. Here in this hemisphere we can only escape the Russian menace by the most complete integration of our sovereign states that can be made practicable. We no longer have the luxury of the Americas isolated by oceans, protected by the British Navy and fllumined by the spirit of the Monroe Doctrine. The luxury of mak- ing and hurling resounding phrases in or- der to arouse the people to anger and bitter. ness, now no longer may merely achieve per- sonal or political advantage; it may be a Ganger to the sovereignty of the state. The chorus cry of “Yankee imperialism” by South American demagogues and professional Latin-American intellectual “experts” from the north may have in the future a far more tragic consequence than creation of international disharmony. We can no longer permit ourselves flag-waving orgies, discriminations, trade barriers, and uneco- nomic policies under the name of national. ism when our urgent need is continentalism, In Latin America just and economic land re. forms are overdue as are tax systems that support privilege and stifle progress. This is a late hour to kill by expropriation any more capitalistic geese that lay golden eggs before a new brand of golden-egged geese can be hybridized. And there is still time to establish the rights of the laborer before he receives the Communist kiss of death. The integration of this hemisphere is feasible. It is practical. It can be almost wholly accomplished through bilateral treaties later to be supplemented by multl- lateral treaties when desirable, The hope of humanity in today's bellicose world lies in international understanding, good will, and cooperation. We must ex- tend the solidarity of family and community and nation beyond our borders, We must make a new approach to human relations among nations. I believe that this can be best achieved through first building a com- munity of interests. Where can there be better ground to build this community than in this hemisphere, as a guiding Mght to world unity? From the northern reaches of Canada to the tip of Tierra del Fuego people have settled this continent to escape injustice and seek opportunity. They are united in spirit but separated by artificial boundaries of a past age. Break down these barriers so that the people of the Americas can rise to @ new level of human understanding and progress! One Hundred and Twenty-ffth Anniver- sary of B’nai Jeshurin EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. HERBERT H. LEHMAN OF NEW YORK IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Thursday, January 11 (legislative day of Monday, January 8), 1951 Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp an address delivered on December 19, 1950, at the jubilee dinner of the Congregation B’nai Jeshurin, by Charles H. Silver, a very distinguished resident of New York City. There being no objection, the address was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: I consider it an unusual privilege to greet you here this evening as chairman of the committee. We are celebrating an occasion of historic significance, The series of events which have taken place during recent weeks have been part of s continuous program marking the attainment of the one hun- dred and twenty-fifth anniversary of B'nai Jeshurin. I want to express my deep grati- tude to my fellow members on the commit- tee who gave of their time and effort in plan- ning this event. It has been said that 125 years is but a fleeting moment in eternity, but to us, mere mortals who think in terms of the Biblical threescore and ten, a century and a quarter represents a vast expanse of time. Indeed, the world has moved so rapidly and vio- lently in this period that happenings in even 1 week seemed like an eternity in themselves. B’nia Jeshurin came into existence 125 years ago. Throughout the years it has grown steadily and flourished magnificently. Like a mighty oak it has weathered the storms of wars and depressions. The bound- less faith of our people, the courage of the Jewish pioneers in this country, the willing- ness to absorb the spirit of democracy have been the powerful forces which have enabled American Jews to hold to the teachings of their forefathers and thelr prophets; but at the same time they have never wavered in their loyalty and devotion to their country. Recently a distinguished American writer, a& historian, of our faith referred to the Jews asa pilgrim people, It is my understanding APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD that a pilgrim is a wanderer, often seeking & haven where he may worship his God accord~ ing to his conscience. Judge Brandeis once said, “The pilgrims had faith; we should have it, for the pilgrims had this noble and steadfast spirit.” It seems to me, my friends, that Judge Brandeis has summed up in one sentence the philosophy of our people. We have faith in our God, we have faith in the land of our adoption, we have faith in democracy and, above all, we have faith in the goodness and decency of human beings. When we gave to the world the message “Love thy neighbor as thyself," we laid down the basic philosophy and teachings of digni- fied and honorable relations between indi- viduals. We urge compassion, charity, and brotherly love. Had the world followed these teachings, there would have been no religious persecutions, no hatred, no wars, no atom bombs, I say these things because we are cele- brating the one hundred and twenty-fifth anniversary of a congregation, whose sons and daughters have been part of the daily life of our city and our country, decade after decade, and whose spiritual leaders have poured out their eloquence and given their unstinted efforts not only for Judaism but also in behalf of a better understanding be- tween people of all faiths. That is the real significance of this anni- versary. We are happy because today the congregation serves 1,000 families; that with- in the walls of its noble structure there gather men and women to worship their God and absorb the meaning of our religious belief. It is indeed a noble and beautiful struc- ture. It gives one a feeling of uplift to be there, yet we know that even if this struc- ture were destroyed by the physical elements the spirit of Jewish teachings and ethics can never die. That is eternal. On this anniversary we are not celebrating the existence of a splendid structure but the maintenance, over 125 years, of the Jewish ideal, an ideal that has held aloft the torch of brotherhood and love and that kept intact our people for centuries. Let us not forget that we gave to the world a system of ethics which has influenced the thinking and ac- tlons of all peoples down through the cen- turies. I say this not in a boastful spirit, but with a sense of humility and deep obligation. B'nai Jeshurin is more than a congrega- tion of the Jewish faith. Its interests are not confined to its own people. Its spiritual leaders and memberships have shown a deep interest in the affairs of the community and I am glad to say that this is also true of other Jewish congregations. We, who be- long to B’nai Jeshurin, feel that we also be- long to our city and to our neighbors. We extend to them the warm handgrasp of friendship and wholehearted cooperation. And may I, finally, express the hope that we shall no longer be a “pilgrim people.” Those of us who have enjoyed the blessings of this country know that our fathers who came here found a real haven. Perhaps it may be said that it marked the end of their pilgrimage. Others, however, were not so fortunate; the land of milk and honey was closed to them and the terror of Nazi perse- cution wiped out millions of our people, And those who were left became pilgrims wandering over the face of the earth, home- less, hungry, but still imbued with that beautiful faith which never left them. They were a sad but hopeful and gentle people. And then there was opened to them the doors of a new republic—yet a country that was old and sacred and steeped in the tra- ditions and customs and history of the Jews. The pilgrims moved on slowly toward this land, in endless lines—they are still mov- ing—and this time they passed through the
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD doors and were greeted with smiles and warmth by their kith and kin. They beheld with Joy the faces of those who welcomed them to this refuge and they sought no more for they are a grateful and gentle people. Is it too much to expect that the pll- grimage of our people is at an end? We as good Americans hope that it is. We who have had some share in the growth of B’Nat Jeshurin ehall pray for them. We shall give to them cooperation and also full support to the new republic which has taken in these pilgrims by the thousands, the newest mem- ber of the democratic society of nations— The Republic of Israel, And now, my friends, I come to a very pleasant part of my task, for I am about to present the man who will preside at this dinner and introduce the brilllant speakers whom we are to have the pleasure of hearing. He is, shall I say, a product of B’Nal Jeshurin, and that in itself is something to be proud of. When he was elected a member of the board of trustees 37 years ago he was then the youngest member of the board, and he is the only member now alive who voted to elect Dr. Goldstein rabbi of the congre- gation. That in itself, my friends, 1s a great dis- tinction, for we know how well and wisely the board acted. In the intervening years our rabbi has become one of the outstanding leaders of the Jewish people. You may begin to wonder, my friends, how old your toastmaster is, and I will let you make your own guess. But this I can tell you very definitely, when it comes to activity he has the stamina and courage and energy of a college freshman. American Jews may well be proud of him, for he has done splendid work not only in behalf of our own people but the entire community. I have a very strong affection for him and I am very happy to present, as your toast- master, Mr, Samuel Blumberg. Washington Front EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. BRIEN McMAHON OF CONNECTICUT IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Thursday, January 11 (legislative day of Monday, January 8), 1951 Mr. McMAHON. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp an article dealing with Secretary Acheson, entitled “Washington Front,” written by Wilfrid Parsons, and published in the Deccmber 30, 1950, issue of America. There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: WASHINGTON FRONT (By Wilfrid Parsons) The railroad yard workers went out on what their leaders called a wildcat strike, and the papers which carried this news also carried the story of the Republican congres- stonal caucuses which voted for firing Sec- retary Acheson. There was more than mere coincidence in this. For one thing, there was the timing of both events. Tho yard workers went out just as millions were mail-~ ing Christmas parcels. The Republicans went after Acheson 2 days before he was to leave for Brussels for a confcrenco which may well prove the most critical of our time. The yard workers apparently expected that the inconvenienced public would raise a how! of protest in their favor. The howl came, but against them. The Repubiicans apparently imagined they would rouse public opinion enough to keep Mr. Acheson from going to Brussels. Public opinion was immediate and sharp, in condemnation of the move, and Mr. Acheson went to Brussels. The parallel between the two events is not so farfetched as 1t might seem at first sight. They are both parts of a new and alarming pattern. The yard workers struck against the Government (which now runs the rall- roads), in complete disregard of the public's comfort and of national safety. The action of the anti-Acheson Republicans (23 out of 43 in the Senate) was more complex, but was in the same direction. One Washington paper called the anti- Acheson vote irresponsible, anotper called it reckless. It was both, of course, and very hard to explain. It is not yet clear why the Republicans acted as they did, especially since, as America noted last week (p. 355), their leaders had seemed to squelch the Ives resolution, timed as it was to appear just as the President and Prime Minister Attlee were sitting in with Mr. Acheson on delicate nego- tiations. The easiest explanation, and maybe the best, ts that the vote against Acheson was one of those backward-and-forward-looking things; backward to the last elections, for- ward to the next; in other words, partisan politics at the expense of the national wel- fare. But then, why the precise timing? Even if he had yielded, how would the Presi- dent find a Secretary in 2 days, and be able to brief him for Brussels in time? As it was, Mr. Acheson left with his own and the Na- tion’s prestige very gravely impaired. An even greater puzzle is this: just what is the foreign policy of the 23 Senators? To be more tough with Russia than even Mr. Acheson has been? Or, to reverse present policy, on the ground that it is lead- ing us to war with Russia? You can take your choice, but you can't have both. It begins to look as if too many Senators, in both parties, are, by intellect and training, incapable of handling foreign affairs. Review of United States Shipping Events of 1950 EXTENSION OJ’ REMARKS or HON. WARREN G. MAGNUSON OF WASHINGTON IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Thursday, January 11 (legislative day of Monday, January 8), 1951 Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recor» an article entitled “Review of Passing United States Shipping Events of 1950,” appear- ing in the London shipping news. The article was prepared by the National Federation of American Shipping, Inc., and it reviews the events in the Ameri- can merchant marine for the past year. There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: NATIONAL FEDERATION oF AMERICAN Burprine, INC., Washington, D. C., January 3, 1951. Hon. Warren G MAGNUSON, Subcommittee on Merchant Marine and Maritime Matters, United States Senate, Washington, D.C. Dear Senator Magnuson: Because it gives a running story of some of the high lights of events of interest tn American shipping for A103 1980, I am enclosing herewith copy of an article which we have prepared for the Brit- ish press at their request and will appear in London shipping journals in January. Obviously, these do not constitute all such events but just the high lights thereof. In many of these events the Subcommit- tee on Merchant Marine and Maritime Mat- ters played an outstanding part and the ac- complishments would have been substan- tially less but for the constructive work of yourself and the other subcommittee mem- bers for which the shipping industry 1s duly grateful. Very truly yours, Frazer A. Barry. nee Revirw or Passinc UNITen States SHIPPING Events oF 1960 A review of the passing events of interest to American shipping during 1950 shows some substantial accomplishments, a number of interesting developments, and generally speaking, more activity and more general in- terest in the field of shipping than has been the case in recent years. This should be considered on the plus side, as a public or governmental awakening to the part which ocean shipping plays in the economic welfare and defensive armament of the Nation can only be stimulating and helpful. The latest official reports showing that more than 80 percent of all military and troop-support supplies landed in Korea for United Nations forces were delivered by privately operated American shipping (14 percent by United States Government and 6 percent foreign) should constitute convinc- ing evidence of the defense value of this industry. For the past 2 years the principal shipown- ing associations have been advocating a long- range shipping legislative program which would stimulate the further bullding and operation of a merchant fleet under the United States flag, of a character considered compatible with the economic, commercial, and national-defense interests of the Nation; and with the prominent part which it must play in world affairs in concert with other great powers and the United Nations. It is felt in maritime circles, and shared largely in other quarters, that the United States should have a merchant marine of size and characteristics sufficient to carry all of its domestic, and not less than one-half of its own import and export trade, on a fair com- petitive basis. While the United States has a substantial merchant fleet compared with recent decades, it doea not yet measure up to standards which it is felt are required by this country in the present and foreseeable future. We are particularly deficient in ves- sels of passenger-carrying type, having only approximately half the number which we possessed at the beginning of World War II. These are the vessels which are to serve as convertible troop transports in an emergency. The long-range program was designed to aid in the achievement of these aspirations within the framework of existing law and strictly within the parity philosophy of equal economic opportunity, through Government ald in the foreign trades. While this bill was favorably reported by the appropriate ship- ping committees of both Houses of Congress, it unfortunately ran into opposition by the administration as to certain of its tax pro- visions, and the prospects of its passage be- fore the end of the present session of Con- gress, is problematical. Legislation was enacted reouiring the re- organization of the administration of the Panama Canal, a separation of its transit and transportation activities from those of the military and of civil government; and an adjustment of the toll rate to cover only expenses which are incident to the transit of vessels, While it is not expected that the toll rate will be substantinlly lowered, this should forestall any increase which
A104 otherwise might occur. The toll tariff will be equally applicable to vessels of all flags, including United States Government vessels, and the benefit will, therefore, accrue to all maritime countries. Legiglation was passed authorizing the Government to provide war-risk insurance when such insurance is not available in the private market, This is in the nature of a standby provision to permit Government insurance of this character when required and is highly desirable in these uncertain times. Legislation extending the Marshell-plan and military-aid programs were enacted, and these contain the provision that 50 percent of such Government-aid cargoes shall be forwarded in United States vessels. There has been some criticism of this modest pa- tronage by our Government. However, when it is realized that these aid-program com- modities represent the generosity of the American people; that they largely displace commercial cargoes and that very little busi- ness would be offering to sustain the Amert- can services unless permitted reasonable par- ticipation, as was to be expected, the oppo- sition has died down, Ab act was passed known as the Port Se- curity Act, under which the Coast Guard, by authority of the President, will take all necessary measures to avoid sabotage and subversive acts on vessels and in harbors, ports, and along water-front facilities of the United States. The importance of this measure at these uncertain times is obvious. The merchant marine subcommittee of the Benate Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce conducted probably the most ex- tensive study of all problems relating to shipping which has yet been conducted by the Congress of the United States. Space will not permit us to enumerate the various subjects and phases which were explored. It is interesting, however, to note a few of the conclusions reached. “That legislative measures and executive administration dealing with merchant ma- rine matters be directed toward the progres- sive fostering and building up of the pri- vately owned component of the merchant marine. “That there be no fundamental changes in the 1936 act except such as are required to— “(a) extend construction-differential sub- sidy aid to all vessels in the foreign trade; “(b) to tramp vessels, on condition they engage primarily in foreign trade to and from the United States under such rules and regulations as will insure the unimpaired continuance of established berth liner cargo operations; and “(c) clarify, through amendment to titles V and VI, those legislative standards neces- sary to insure the just determination of con- struction and operating subsidies and na- tional-defense allowances. “That for national-defense purposes, re- lance be placed on a well-balanced American merchant marine. “That in time of emergency, the fullest use possible be made of privately operated ship- ping organizations and maritime labor on such terms and conditions ag will insure a return of Just compensation for services rendered.” Shipping men felt that the report of the congressional committee was friendly and heipful. During May of 1950, the President saw fit to reorganize the United States Maritime Commission under the Reorganization Act, and created a Federal Maritime Board of three members, and a Maritime Administra- tion, both in the Department of Commerce. The Maritime Administration, broadly speaking, will have jurisdiction over all of the operational and administrative func- tions, and the Federal Maritime Board, again speaking broadly, will deal with the regulatory, judicial, and quasi-judicial func- tions. The Administrator is also a member and the Chairman of the Federa) Maritime Board, thus tying the two organizations ef- fectively together. The President also ap- pointed to the chairmanship of the Board and as Maritime Administrator, Admiral Edward L. Cochrane, a retired naval officer of considerable reputation and well-estab- lished ability. While the new organization has only been functioning for a few months, there 1s evidence of an accelerated tempo and the expectation of smooth and efficient co- ordination and cooperation with the in- dustry, The President also created the Office of Under Secretary of Commerce for Transpor- tation and appointed to this important po- sition, Gen. Philip B. Fleming, former Chair- man of the old Maritime Commission, and authorized the establishment of & Transpor- tation Council composed of all of the heads of transportation agencies under the chair- manship of the new Under Secretary. During March 1950 the President requested the former Secretary of the Army, Mr. Gordon Gray, to make certain recommendations for charting our course in the field of foreign relations primarily on the economic side. While the President’s request was not specific on the point, it was understood that Mr. Gray's report would be directed primarily, if not exclusively, to ways and means of closing the dollar gap with the Marshali-plan na- tions when United States Government aid under this program ceases. Inasmuch as United States imports now exceed exports, and the dollar gap is therefore, to all intents and purposes, closed, there was some surprise in the United States when the Gray report was recently released. Certain of the recom- mendations relating to shipping such as (a) that Government aid to shipping was justi- fied only for national defense; (b) that pref- erence to American ships of a patronage character should be withdrawn; (c) that even Army and Navy stores and supplies should under certain circumstances be trans- ported by foreign-flag vessels; met with strong and almost violent objection in many parts of the country. Almost immediately a rebuttal statement was issued, signed jointly by a labor-management-veteran coalition. Hon. Epwin C. Jonnson, of Colorado, chair- man of the Senate Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee, fired the first salvo at the Gray report, In an address to the Senate he said: “As chairman of the Senate committee dealing with merchant marine legislation, I wish to serve notice that our committee will be alert, and will act to block any attempt by anybody to cripple such a vital industry as our merchant marine. “The repeal of laws requiring that 50 per- cent of all Marshall-plan shipments move in American vessels would repudiate a sound congressional mandate.” Senator Hersert R. O’Conor, of Maryland, also a member of the Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee, joined Chairman JouNsoN in attacking the Gray report: “T wish here and now to add my emphatic support to any action that may be taken by our chairman or by our committee.” Mr. Gray’s recommendations regarding shipping are so far afleld with respect to pub- lic sentiment in this country that it is not felt that they will have any important reper- cussions. The federation has arranged by cable with the directors of the Suez Canal Co. for a meeting in Parts on December 7 to discuss the existing toll tariff at the Suez Canal. In- creased oi] production in the Middle East, and other resurgence of shipping in the area, has brought about unprecedented traffic and financial prosperity of the Suez Canal Co, Inasmuch as the Suez Co, has a publicly an- nounced policy that its prosperity will be shared between its stockholders and its patrons, and inasmuch as the published statements of the canal company demon- APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD strate the exceedingly prosperous earnings now being enjoyed, it is hoped and believed that the patrons may anticipate a reasonable reduction in Suez Canal tolls applicable to the ships of all nations. A delegation from the federation, headed by Admiral Edmond J. Moran, United States Navy, retired, met with the management of the canal company in Paris to explore this subject and to put forward the suggestions of the American shipping industry. The results are not yet known, The new maritime administrator has just announced the preparation of plans and specifications for the construction by the United States Government, under authority of title 7 of the Merchant Marine Act of 1936, of a number of new fast cargo vessels which may be needed for national defense. These vessels are understood to be around 13,000 tons deadweight and of 20-knot speed. Bids will be asked shortly from American shipbullders, and President Truman has re- quested Congress to make available contract authorization in the amount of approximate- ly $126,000,000. Admiral Cochrane has also announced that in cooperation with the industry, a small planning task force is at work under his direction to prepare an organization which would be required, similar to the British Ministry of Transport and the old United States War Shipping Administration, to take over and handle merchant shipping in the event of an emergency. Admiral Cochrane has also appointed 11 outstanding American shipping executives as an advisory commit- tee to consult with him primarily concern- ing the plan so evolved, and in the selection of the highest type American shipping per- sonnel which !t 1s understood will be drafted from the industry by the admiral when the emergency occurs, and with the full support and consent of the American shipping com- panies, There was a recent meeting in Washington of the North Atlantic Planning Board for Ocean Shipping, the understood purpose being to pool the shipping resources of these nations for thelr Joint and mutual benefit in an emergency. Through initiation by the industry, and the good offices of Admiral Cochrane, the Secretary of State was pre- vailed upon to appoint three prominent American shipping executives as technical advisers to the American Government repre- sentative on the Planning Board. No details are available as the matter is considered of @ confidential nature, but inasmuch as the industry's experience and talent was availa- ble in these discussions, it is to be assumed that the country’s and the industry's in- terests were amply protected. There are many other matters of {mpor- tance concerning shipping which transpired during the very active year of 1950. Con- gress was in session for the whole year ex- cept for the fall election period; there was great international tension, and altogether the American shipping industry was ex- tremely busy. What we have sald herein- before may be considered only some of the highlight subjects dealt with during these extremely busy times. Sales of Surplus Commodities EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. JOHN W. BRICKER OF OHIO IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Thursday, January 11 (legislative day of Monday, January 8), 1951 Mr. BRICKER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD the Appendix of the Recorn an editorial entitled “From the Recorp,” published in the Cleveland Plain Dealer of Thursday, December 28, 1950. The Cleveland Plain Dealer is one of the most widely read newspapers of the Midwest. The edi- torial concerns a speech delivered by our colleague, the distinguished senior Sena- tor from Delaware (Mr. Wi.ulaMs]. There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: From THE REcorD “After listening to the patriotic appeals on the part of the President and other admin- istration leaders, I was shocked this week to find thet the administration, while calling upon the American people for greater sacri- fices and expressing great concern with the threatening rising cost of living, was at the same time launching one of the greatest in- ternational bargain day sales of the twenti- eth century, * * * “T wish to call particular attention to the fact that included in the bulletin (which advertised the sale) are 100,000,000 bushels of wheat, 100,000,000 bushels of corn, and mil- Mons of bushels of other grains. They are all listed as surplus. At the same time that they are being classified as surplus and non- essential, the Department of Agriculture is asking for greater production, and the Price Administrator has said this week he would consider setting price controls on such com- modities in order to hold down the price. “at a time when our country Is being threatened by an outside aggressor, with the cost of living reaching an all-time high, with price controls being considered on all food and agricultural products, and at a time when every sensible and loyal American rec- ognizes that we must conserve our resources, there is absolutely no possible justification for the existing policy of treating these in- ventories as surplus and nonessential. "yt ia inexcusable that this administration, through the Department of Agriculture, while under the threat of war clouds, should con- tinue stripping the American cupboard bare and distributing our resources to the far corners of the earth. * * *° “Tt is estimated that there are about 110 freight cars to the mile. If they were all put into one train they would make a solid train of surplus commodities reaching from In- dependence, Mo., to the White House. In- stead of calling it the Missouri mule train, it should be called the international gravy train.” (From a speech by United States Senator JoHN J. WiuuiaMs, Republican of Delaware, as reported in the CoNGRESSIONAL Recorp, volume 96, part 12, pages 16902 and 16903.) In the same speech Senator WILLIaMs re- vealed that more than 50,000,000 pounds of American cotton, worth about $20,000,000, has been shipped directly from New Orleans to Communist China since the outbreak of the Korean War last June, and that other quan- tities have gone to Hong Kong, with Red China as the ultimate destination. Wm- Lams sald he got these and other facts from Government sources. This is a serious situation, inasmuch as cotton ts one of the etaples that are cur- rently in short supply, due to a bad guess made by the Department of Agriculture. What is more disturbing, however, 1s that Wruu1aMs identified the seller of the cotton as the Commodity Credit Corporation, which is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Recon~ struction Finance Corporation. This gives us the strange feeling of being on the threshold of a madhouse. Are we going to combat communism by arming and supplying our enemies as well aa our friends? The Constitution, Guardian of People’s Rights EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. OLIN D. JOHNSTON OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Thursday, January 11 (legislative day of Monday, January 8), 1951 Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina, Mr. President, I have in my hand a copy of an address delivered by a student of the University of South Carolina, Eu- gene Brantley, of Chester, S. C., at the annual fall rally of the American Le- gion, Department of South Carolina, last year. Since that time his abiilty to speak, as well as the text of this par- ticular speech, have received much fa- yorable comment. The address is en- titled “The Constitution, Guardian of People’s Rights.” I think it would be well for the people of this Nation to read and reread the Constitution and realize every time it is read that the freedoms set forth must not be taken for granted. I ask unanimous consent that young Mr. Brantley’s address be printed in the Appendix of the Recorp. There being no objection, the address was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: THE CONSTITUTION, GUARDIAN OF PEOPLE's RicHts I stand before you today and speak freely and frankly about a Government document because my God-fearing forefathers won for me this cherished right and handed it down to me inviolate. I can criticize my country's faults and weaknesses, its merits, and its virtues, because of a piece of paper, the most significant in the lives of the American citi- zens today, the Constitution of the United States. Because of this Constitution, I today enjoy the precious liberties enumerated in the Bill of Rights. These rights perhaps mean more to the citizens of this country than the Con- stitution itself, which provides for our gov- ernmental machinery. For instance, you may change the Constl- tution by amendments, but our citizens would not allow the Bill of Rights to be altered. Take sway one and you weaken all; take away freedom from your neighbor and enslave yourself; as the late William Allen White once sald: “Freedom is the only thing that you cannot have unless you are willing to share it with others.” These constitutional rights are our funda- mental articles of faith. They are the supreme law of the land. Yet anyone can understand this simple Bill of Rights. Take article 1, for example, which sets forth in one sentence enough freedoms to make a dictatorship impossible. It states: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the free- dom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people to peaceably assemble and to petition their Government for redress of grievances.” This is a sound statement of eound fact. Let's take the first part of this article: It says that Congress shall make no law re- specting the establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. This statement gives the people their freedom of A105 religion. Many years ago, a famous man was perseouted because he believed that the church and state should be separate. This man was Roger Williams, a New England minister. The second part of this article gives us our freedom of speech. You men and women of this country may criticize the Congress, the President, or even the Supreme Court, pro- vided you do not slander or libel individual persons. Benjamin Franklin once said: “Freedom of speech is the principal pillar of a free government. When this support is taken away, the constitution of a free society is dissolved and tyranny is erected on its ruins.” Better words could not be found stating the importance that this freedvm plays in a free democracy. Another part of this article gives us our freedom of the press. It is hard for a coun~ try to call itself a free democracy, when its press cannot print true facts, criticizing its government. Americans have slowly built up this civil liberty. No confiscation of your property, says the Bill of Rights, unless you are indemnified for it; no searching of your home without a warrant; no accusations by witnesses unless they can be produced in open court; and no subjecting you to trial twice for the same accusation, The Bill of Rights promises you freedom from excessive bail, freedom from torture to obtain confessions, and freedom from un- usual and cruel punishment. It gives you the right to a speedy trial, to a definite writ- ten accusation if you are being tried, and it gives you the right to have counsel. The Bill of Rights promises much, but it is up to the American people to make those promises good. When people think and say what they think, this Government obeys, and the people should always have the courage to speak out, Somewhere in this country almost every day, the Bill of Rights is being violated. Its most dangerous foes are not foreign dic- tatorships, but those of us who deny demo- cratic liberties to others and do not carry out the duties that these precious liberties bring us. In a study of the Constitution, we note the system of checks and balances which kecps the power always in the hands of the people. At times, Government ‘machinery seems ponderous; {t moves slowly, and, as is true of all great democratic nations, grave mistakes are made; but, the voice of the people, through their power of the vote—their con- stitutional right—corrects these mistakes, makes their wishes known, and remains the ultimate and final authority in our great land, The voice of the people. These few words, in many respects, summarize the very es- sence and heart of the Constitution Itself, A careful study of the Constitution re- veala the tremendous wisdom and foresight of the founders of this country. They looked into the future, dreamed visions and wonders of s great land to be, and thus constructed a conception of democratic government, with its individual powers, its States powers and its Federal powers, all relegated to their prop- er places, yet each working in harmony with the other for the good of all, Even the executive, judicial, and legislative bodies are so stated that no astngle one can function alone or with too much authority. The one single control to the changes and additions to this great Government document is the voice of the people. Today, this very same freedom, guaranteed to us by our Constttution, can become a weakness if allowed to be abused as some of the internal enemies of our country are at- tempting. Hiding under the cloak of free Speech, enemies of the Constitution have taught and scattered seeds of communism