structure, 
and 
properties 
during 
deconstruction; and 
‘‘(iii) improving enzymes and ap-
proaches for biomass breakdown and cel-
lulose, hemicellulose, and lignin processing. 
‘‘(D) Research activities to improve the 
feedstock conversion process for advanced biofuels 
and bioproducts, including— 
‘‘(i) developing high-throughput meth-
ods to screen or select high-performance mi-
crobial strains and communities to improve 
product formation rates, yields, and selec-
tivity; 
‘‘(ii) establishing a broad set of plat-
form microorganisms and microbial com-
munities suitable for metabolic engineering 
to produce biofuels and bioproducts, as well 
as high-throughput methods for experi-
mental validation of gene function; 
‘‘(iii) developing techniques to enhance 
microbial robustness for tolerating toxins to 
improve biofuel and bioproduct yields and 
to gain a better understanding of the cel-
lular and molecular bases of tolerance for 
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major chemical classes of inhibitors found 
in these processes; 
‘‘(iv) advancing technologies for the use 
of batch, continuous, as well as consolidated 
bioprocessing; 
‘‘(v) identifying, creating, and opti-
mizing microbial and chemical pathways to 
produce promising, atom-economical inter-
mediates and final bioproducts from bio-
mass with considerations given to environ-
mentally benign processes; 
‘‘(vi) developing high-throughput, real- 
time, in situ analytical techniques to under-
stand and characterize the pre- and post- 
bioproduct separation streams in detail; 
‘‘(vii) creating methodologies for effi-
ciently identifying viable target molecules, 
identifying high-value bioproducts in exist-
ing biomass streams, and utilizing current 
byproduct streams; 
‘‘(viii) 
identifying 
and 
improving 
plant feedstocks with enhanced extractable 
levels of desired bioproducts or bioproduct 
precursors, including lignin streams; and 
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‘‘(ix) developing integrated biological 
and 
chemical 
catalytic 
approaches 
to 
valorize and produce a diverse portfolio of 
advanced fuels and bioproducts. 
‘‘(6) INDUSTRY
PARTNERSHIPS.—Centers shall 
establish industry partnerships to translate research 
results to commercial applications. 
‘‘(7) COORDINATION.—In coordination with the 
Bioenergy Technologies Office of the Department, the 
Director shall support interdisciplinary research ac-
tivities to improve the capacity, efficiency, resilience, 
security, reliability, and affordability, of the produc-
tion and use of biofuels and bioproducts, as well as 
activities to enable positive impacts and avoid the po-
tential negative impacts that the production and use 
of biofuels and bioproducts may have on ecosystems, 
people, and historically marginalized communities.’’. 
(c) LOW-DOSE RADIATION RESEARCH PROGRAM.— 
Section 306(e)(8) of the Department of Energy Research 
and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18644(c)(8)), as redesig-
nated under subsection (a), is amended— 
(1) in subparagraph (C), by striking ‘‘and’’; 
(2) in subparagraph (D), by striking the period 
at the end and inserting a semicolon; and 
(3) by adding at the end the following: 
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‘‘(E) $40,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and 
‘‘(F) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.’’. 
(d) LOW-DOSE RADIATION AND SPACE RADIATION RE-
SEARCH PROGRAM.—Section 306(f) of the Department of 
Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18644(d)), 
as redesignated under subsection (a), is amended to read 
as follows: 
‘‘(f) LOW-DOSE RADIATION
AND SPACE RADIATION 
RESEARCH PROGRAM.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy, in 
consultation with the Administrator of the National 
Aeronautics and Space Administration shall carry 
out a basic research program on the similarities and 
differences between the effects of exposure to low-dose 
radiation on Earth, in low Earth orbit, and in the 
space environment. 
‘‘(2) PURPOSE.—The purpose of this program is 
to accelerate breakthroughs in low-dose and low dose- 
rate radiation research and development as described 
in subsection (d) and to inform the advancement of 
new tools, technologies, and advanced materials need-
ed to facilitate long-duration space exploration.’’. 
(e) CLIMATE, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, AND OTHER 
ACTIVITIES.—Section 306 of the Department of Energy Re-
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search and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18644) is further 
amended by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(g) EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS SCIENCES 
ACTIVITIES.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—As part of the activities au-
thorized under subsection (a), and in coordination 
with activities carried out under subsection (b), the 
Director shall carry out earth and environmental sys-
tems science research, in consultation with the Na-
tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and 
other relevant agencies, which may include activities 
to— 
‘‘(A) understand, observe, and model the re-
sponse of Earth’s atmosphere and biosphere to 
increased concentrations of greenhouse gas emis-
sions and any associated changes in climate, in-
cluding frequency and intensity of extreme 
weather events; 
‘‘(B) understand the coupled physical, 
chemical, and biological processes to transform, 
immobilize, remove, or move carbon, nitrogen, 
and other energy production-derived contami-
nants such as radionuclides and heavy metals, 
and understand the process of sequestration and 
transformation of these, carbon dioxide, and 
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