including recycling and reuse of carbon di-
oxide. 
‘‘(2) FIELD VALIDATION TESTING ACTIVITIES.— 
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
promote, to the maximum extent practicable, re-
gional carbon sequestration partnerships to con-
duct geologic sequestration tests involving carbon 
dioxide injection and monitoring, mitigation, 
and verification operations in a variety of can-
didate geological settings, including— 
‘‘(i) operating oil and gas fields; 
‘‘(ii) depleted oil and gas fields; 
‘‘(iii) unmineable coal seams; 
‘‘(iv) deep saline formations; 
‘‘(v) deep geologic systems that may be 
used as engineered reservoirs to extract eco-
nomical quantities of heat from geothermal 
resources of low permeability or porosity; 
‘‘(vi) deep geologic systems containing 
basalt formations; and 
‘‘(vii) high altitude terrain oil and gas 
fields. 
‘‘(B) OBJECTIVES.—The objectives of tests 
conducted under this paragraph shall be— 
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‘‘(i) to develop and validate geo-
physical tools, analysis, and modeling to 
monitor, predict, and verify carbon dioxide 
containment; 
‘‘(ii) to validate modeling of geological 
formations; 
‘‘(iii) to refine storage capacity esti-
mated for particular geological formations; 
‘‘(iv) to determine the fate of carbon 
dioxide concurrent with and following injec-
tion into geological formations; 
‘‘(v) to develop and implement best 
practices for operations relating to, and 
monitoring of, injection and storage of car-
bon dioxide in geologic formations; 
‘‘(vi) to assess and ensure the safety of 
operations related to geological storage of 
carbon dioxide; 
‘‘(vii) to allow the Secretary to pro-
mulgate policies, procedures, requirements, 
and guidance to ensure that the objectives of 
this subparagraph are met in large-scale 
testing and deployment activities for carbon 
capture and storage that are funded by the 
Department of Energy; and 
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‘‘(viii) to support Environmental Pro-
tection Agency efforts, in consultation with 
other agencies, to develop a scientifically 
sound regulatory framework to enable com-
mercial-scale sequestration operations while 
safeguarding human health and under-
ground sources of drinking water. 
‘‘(3) LARGE-SCALE
CARBON
DIOXIDE
SEQUES-
TRATION TESTING.— 
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
conduct not less than 7 initial large-volume se-
questration tests, not including the FutureGen 
project, for geological containment of carbon di-
oxide (at least 1 of which shall be international 
in scope) to validate information on the cost and 
feasibility of commercial deployment of tech-
nologies for geological containment of carbon di-
oxide. 
‘‘(B) DIVERSITY
OF
FORMATIONS
TO
BE 
STUDIED.—In selecting formations for study 
under this paragraph, the Secretary shall con-
sider a variety of geological formations across the 
United States, and require characterization and 
modeling of candidate formations, as determined 
by the Secretary. 
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