datamatters24/research-document-archive huggingface dataset:
I 
111TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 1999 
To require the Secretary of Education to award grants to local governments 
that have experienced at least a 15 percent decrease in property tax 
revenues to fund certain elementary and secondary school education 
programs. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
APRIL 21, 2009 
Mr. HALL of New York introduced the following bill; which was referred to 
the Committee on Education and Labor 
A BILL 
To require the Secretary of Education to award grants to 
local governments that have experienced at least a 15 
percent decrease in property tax revenues to fund certain 
elementary and secondary school education programs. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Temporary Recession 
Aid for Schools and Taxpayers Act’’. 
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mentation specifications, and certification criteria as 
necessary and consistent with the schedule published 
under section 3003(b)(2). 
‘‘SEC. 3005. APPLICATION AND USE OF ADOPTED STAND-
ARDS 
AND 
IMPLEMENTATION 
SPECIFICA-
TIONS BY FEDERAL AGENCIES. 
‘‘For requirements relating to the application and use 
by Federal agencies of the standards and implementation 
specifications adopted under section 3004, see section 13111 
of the Health Information Technology for Economic and 
Clinical Health Act. 
‘‘SEC. 3006. VOLUNTARY APPLICATION AND USE OF ADOPT-
ED STANDARDS AND IMPLEMENTATION SPEC-
IFICATIONS BY PRIVATE ENTITIES. 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided under section 
13112 of the Health Information Technology for Economic 
and Clinical Health Act, any standard or implementation 
specification adopted under section 3004 shall be voluntary 
with respect to private entities. 
‘‘(b) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this sub-
title shall be construed to require that a private entity that 
enters into a contract with the Federal Government apply 
or use the standards and implementation specifications 
adopted under section 3004 with respect to activities not 
related to the contract.
AMDT. NO. 98 
as defined in section 502 of the Congressional Budget Act 
of 1974, to remain available until September 30, 2010, 
as follows: farm ownership loans, $17,530,000 of which 
$330,000 shall be for unsubsidized guaranteed loans and 
$17,200,000 shall be for direct loans; and operating loans, 
$24,900,000 of which $1,300,000 shall be for unsub-
sidized guaranteed loans and $23,600,000 shall be for di-
rect loans. 
Funds appropriated by this Act to the Agricultural 
Credit Insurance Fund Program Account for farm owner-
ship, operating, and emergency direct loans and unsub-
sidized guaranteed loans may be transferred among these 
programs: Provided, That the Committees on Appropria-
tions of both Houses of Congress are notified at least 15 
days in advance of any transfer. 
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 
WATERSHED AND FLOOD PREVENTION OPERATIONS 
For an additional amount for ‘‘Watershed and Flood 
Prevention Operations’’, $275,000,000, to remain avail-
able until September 30, 2010. 
WATERSHED REHABILITATION PROGRAM 
For an additional amount for the ‘‘Watershed Reha-
bilitation Program’’, $120,000,000, to remain available 
until September 30, 2010. 
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ty that employs more than 500 individuals in 
the United States. 
(E) As of the date that is 5 years after the 
date of the enactment of this Act, such require-
ment shall apply only to a person or other enti-
ty that employs more than 250 individuals in 
the United States. 
(F) As of the date that is 6 years after the 
date of the enactment of this Act, such require-
ment shall apply only to a person or other enti-
ty that employs more than 100 individuals in 
the United States. 
(G) As of the date that is 7 years after the 
date of the enactment of this Act, such require-
ment shall apply to any person or other entity 
that employs 1 or more individuals in the 
United States. 
(4) VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION OF EMPLOYERS 
NOT SUBJECT TO REQUIREMENT.—Nothing in this 
subsection shall be construed as preventing a person 
or other entity that is not subject to the requirement 
of paragraph (1) pursuant to paragraph (2) or (3) 
from voluntarily participating in the Employment 
Eligibility Verification System. 
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(d) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be 
required to carry out the Employment Eligibility 
Verification System throughout the United States 
Æ 
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116TH CONGRESS 
2D SESSION 
H. R. 1240 
AN ACT 
To preserve United States fishing heritage through a na-
tional program dedicated to training and assisting the 
next generation of commercial fishermen. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
334 
HR 1 EAS 
of Federal Regulations, unless the communication is 
made as described in subparagraph (i), (ii), or (iii) 
of paragraph (1) of the definition of marketing in sec-
tion 164.501 of such title. 
(2) PAYMENT FOR CERTAIN COMMUNICATIONS.— 
A communication by a covered entity or business as-
sociate that is described in subparagraph (i), (ii), or 
(iii) of paragraph (1) of the definition of marketing 
in section 164.501 of title 45, Code of Federal Regula-
tions, shall not be considered a health care operation 
for purposes of subpart E of part 164 of title 45, Code 
of Federal Regulations if the covered entity receives or 
has received direct or indirect payment in exchange 
for making such communication, except where— 
(A) such communication describes only a 
health care item or service that has previously 
been prescribed for or administered to the recipi-
ent of the communication, or a family member 
of such recipient; 
(B) each of the following conditions apply— 
(i) the communication is made by the 
covered entity; and 
(ii) the covered entity making such 
communication obtains from the recipient 
of the communication, in accordance with
116TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 1250 
AN ACT 
To designate the facility of the United States Postal Service 
located at 11158 Highway 146 North in Hardin, Texas, 
as the ‘‘Lucas Lowe Memorial Post Office’’. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
453 
HR 1 EAS 
half kilowatt of capacity of the qualified fuel cell 
property (as defined in section 48(c)(1)) to which 
such expenditure relates.’’. 
(2) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Paragraph (4) 
of section 25D(e) is amended— 
(A) by striking all that precedes subpara-
graph (B) and inserting the following: 
‘‘(4) FUEL CELL EXPENDITURE LIMITATIONS IN 
CASE
OF
JOINT
OCCUPANCY.—In the case of any 
dwelling unit with respect to which qualified fuel cell 
property expenditures are made and which is jointly 
occupied and used during any calendar year as a res-
idence by two or more individuals the following rules 
shall apply: 
‘‘(A) MAXIMUM EXPENDITURES FOR FUEL 
CELLS.—The maximum amount of such expendi-
tures which may be taken into account under 
subsection (a) by all such individuals with re-
spect to such dwelling unit during such calendar 
year shall be $1,667 in the case of each half kilo-
watt of capacity of qualified fuel cell property 
(as defined in section 48(c)(1)) with respect to 
which such expenditures relate.’’, and 
(B) by striking subparagraph (C).
454 
HR 1 EAS 
(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by this 
section shall apply to taxable years beginning after Decem-
ber 31, 2008. 
SEC. 1123. TEMPORARY INCREASE IN CREDIT FOR ALTER-
NATIVE FUEL VEHICLE REFUELING PROP-
ERTY. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 30C(e) is amended by add-
ing at the end the following new paragraph: 
‘‘(6) SPECIAL RULE FOR PROPERTY PLACED IN 
SERVICE DURING 2009 AND 2010.—In the case of prop-
erty placed in service in taxable years beginning after 
December 31, 2008, and before January 1, 2011— 
‘‘(A) in the case of any such property which 
does not relate to hydrogen— 
‘‘(i) subsection (a) shall be applied by 
substituting ‘50 percent’ for ‘30 percent’, 
‘‘(ii) subsection (b)(1) shall be applied 
by substituting ‘$50,000’ for ‘$30,000’, and 
‘‘(iii) subsection (b)(2) shall be applied 
by substituting ‘$2,000’ for ‘$1,000’, and 
‘‘(B) in the case of any such property which 
relates to hydrogen, subsection (b)(1) shall be ap-
plied by substituting ‘$200,000’ for ‘$30,000’.’’. 
(b) ENSURING CONSUMER ACCESSIBILITY TO ALTER-
NATIVE FUEL VEHICLE REFUELING PROPERTY
IN
THE
467 
HR 1 EAS 
such credit by reason of conversion to a qualified plug-in 
electric drive motor vehicle.’’. 
(d) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by this 
section shall apply to property placed in service after De-
cember 31, 2008, in taxable years beginning after such date. 
Subtitle C—Tax Incentives for 
Business 
PART I—TEMPORARY INVESTMENT INCENTIVES 
SEC. 1201. SPECIAL ALLOWANCE FOR CERTAIN PROPERTY 
ACQUIRED DURING 2009. 
(a) EXTENSION OF SPECIAL ALLOWANCE.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—Paragraph (2) of section 
168(k) is amended— 
(A) by striking ‘‘January 1, 2010’’ and in-
serting ‘‘January 1, 2011’’, and 
(B) by striking ‘‘January 1, 2009’’ each 
place it appears and inserting ‘‘January 1, 
2010’’. 
(2) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.— 
(A) The heading for subsection (k) of section 
168 is amended by striking ‘‘JANUARY 1, 2009’’ 
and inserting ‘‘JANUARY 1, 2010’’. 
(B) The heading for clause (ii) of section 
168(k)(2)(B) is amended by striking ‘‘PRE-JANU-
116TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 1252 
AN ACT 
To designate the facility of the United States Postal Service 
located at 6531 Van Nuys Boulevard in Van Nuys, Cali-
fornia, as the ‘‘Marilyn Monroe Post Office’’. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
obligation subject to the public debt limit established 
under section 3101 of title 31, United States Code. 
Æ 
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509 
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(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by this 
section shall apply to bonds issued after the date of the en-
actment of this Act. 
SEC. 1302. CREDIT FOR INVESTMENT IN ADVANCED EN-
ERGY FACILITIES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 46 (relating to amount of 
credit) is amended by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end of para-
graph (3), by striking the period at the end of paragraph 
(4), and by adding at the end the following new paragraph: 
‘‘(5) the qualifying advanced energy project cred-
it.’’. 
(b) AMOUNT OF CREDIT.—Subpart E of part IV of 
subchapter A of chapter 1 (relating to rules for computing 
investment credit) is amended by inserting after section 
48B the following new section: 
‘‘SEC. 48C. QUALIFYING ADVANCED ENERGY PROJECT 
CREDIT. 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—For purposes of section 46, the 
qualifying advanced energy project credit for any taxable 
year is an amount equal to 30 percent of the qualified in-
vestment for such taxable year with respect to any quali-
fying advanced energy project of the taxpayer. 
‘‘(b) QUALIFIED INVESTMENT.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—For purposes of subsection 
(a), the qualified investment for any taxable year is
VI 
AMENDMENT NO. 570 
Purpose: In the nature of a substitute. 
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES—111th Cong., 1st Sess. 
H. R. 1 
Making supplemental appropriations for job preservation and 
creation, infrastructure investment, energy efficiency and 
science, assistance to the unemployed, and State and 
local fiscal stabilization, for the fiscal year ending Sep-
tember 30, 2009, and for other purposes. 
February 7, 2009 
Ordered to lie on the table and to be printed 
Intended to be proposed by Ms. COLLINS (for herself and 
Mr. NELSON of Nebraska) 
Viz: 
Strike out all after the enacting clause and insert the 
following: 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘American Recovery 
and Reinvestment Act of 2009’’. 
SEC. 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
The table of contents for this Act is as follows: 
DIVISION A—APPROPRIATIONS PROVISIONS 
TITLE I—AGRICULTURE, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, FOOD AND DRUG 
ADMINISTRATION, AND RELATED AGENCIES 
TITLE II—COMMERCE, JUSTICE, SCIENCE, AND RELATED AGEN-
CIES 
TITLE III—DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 
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AMDT. NO. 570 
TITLE IV—ENERGY AND WATER DEVELOPMENT 
TITLE V—FINANCIAL SERVICES AND GENERAL GOVERNMENT 
TITLE VI—DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY 
TITLE VII—INTERIOR, ENVIRONMENT, AND RELATED AGENCIES 
TITLE VIII—DEPARTMENTS OF LABOR, HEALTH AND HUMAN 
SERVICES, AND EDUCATION, AND RELATED AGEN-
CIES 
TITLE IX—LEGISLATIVE BRANCH 
TITLE X—MILITARY CONSTRUCTION AND VETERANS AFFAIRS AND 
RELATED AGENCIES 
TITLE XI—STATE, FOREIGN OPERATIONS, AND RELATED PRO-
GRAMS 
TITLE XII—TRANSPORTATION, HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOP-
MENT, AND RELATED AGENCIES 
TITLE XIII—HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 
TITLE XIV—STATE FISCAL STABILIZATION 
TITLE XV—RECOVERY ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY 
BOARD AND RECOVERY INDEPENDENT ADVISORY 
PANEL 
TITLE XVI—GENERAL PROVISIONS—THIS ACT 
DIVISION B—TAX, UNEMPLOYMENT, HEALTH, STATE FISCAL 
RELIEF, AND OTHER PROVISIONS 
TITLE I—TAX PROVISIONS 
TITLE II—ASSISTANCE FOR UNEMPLOYED WORKERS AND STRUG-
GLING FAMILIES 
TITLE III—HEALTH INSURANCE ASSISTANCE 
TITLE IV—HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 
TITLE V—STATE FISCAL RELIEF 
SEC. 3. REFERENCES. 
Except as expressly provided otherwise, any reference 
to ‘‘this Act’’ contained in any division of this Act shall 
be treated as referring only to the provisions of that divi-
sion. 
DIVISION A—APPROPRIATIONS 
PROVISIONS 
That the following sums are appropriated, out of any 
money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the 
fiscal year ending September 30, 2009, and for other pur-
poses, namely: 
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I 
116TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 1254 
To amend title 5, United States Code, to achieve parity between the cost 
of living adjustment with respect to an annuity under the Federal Em-
ployees Retirement System and an annuity under the Civil Service Retire-
ment System, and for other purposes. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
FEBRUARY 14, 2019 
Mr. CONNOLLY introduced the following bill; which was referred to the 
Committee on Oversight and Reform 
A BILL 
To amend title 5, United States Code, to achieve parity 
between the cost of living adjustment with respect to 
an annuity under the Federal Employees Retirement 
System and an annuity under the Civil Service Retire-
ment System, and for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Equal COLA Act’’. 
VerDate Sep 11 2014 
04:34 Feb 28, 2019
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116TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 1261 
AN ACT 
To establish a national program to identify and reduce losses 
from landslide hazards, to establish a national 3D Ele-
vation Program, and for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
IV 
111TH CONGRESS 
2D SESSION 
H. RES. 1529 
Commending Bob Sheppard for his long and respected career as the public- 
address announcer for the New York Yankees and the New York Giants. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
JULY 15, 2010 
Mrs. MCCARTHY of New York (for herself, Mr. WEINER, Mr. MURPHY of New 
York, Mr. HALL of New York, Mr. PALLONE, Mr. NADLER of New York, 
Mr. SERRANO, Mr. MEEKS of New York, and Mr. PASCRELL) submitted 
the following resolution; which was referred to the Committee on Over-
sight and Government Reform 
RESOLUTION 
Commending Bob Sheppard for his long and respected career 
as the public-address announcer for the New York Yan-
kees and the New York Giants. 
Whereas Bob Sheppard served as the public-address an-
nouncer for the New York Yankees from opening day in 
1951 through 2007; 
Whereas Bob Sheppard served as the public-address an-
nouncer for the New York Giants from 1956 through 
2005; 
Whereas Bob Sheppard announced at 62 World Series 
games, 2 All-Star Games, and introduced more than 72 
Hall of Famers throughout his career, with his often- 
VerDate Mar 15 2010 
00:52 Jul 16, 2010
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IV 
111TH CONGRESS 
2D SESSION 
H. RES. 1531 
Expressing support for designation of 2011 as ‘‘World Veterinary Year’’ 
to bring attention to and show appreciation for the veterinary profession 
on its 250th anniversary. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
JULY 15, 2010 
Mr. SCHRADER submitted the following resolution; which was referred to the 
Committee on Oversight and Government Reform 
RESOLUTION 
Expressing support for designation of 2011 as ‘‘World Vet-
erinary Year’’ to bring attention to and show apprecia-
tion for the veterinary profession on its 250th anniver-
sary. 
Whereas the world’s first veterinary school was founded in 
Lyon, France, in 1761; 
Whereas 2011 will mark the 250th anniversary of veterinary 
education; 
Whereas 2011 will mark the 250th anniversary of the found-
ing of the veterinary medical profession; 
Whereas 2011 will mark the beginnings of comparative bio-
pathology, a basic tenet of the ‘‘one health’’ concept; 
VerDate Mar 15 2010 
02:27 Jul 16, 2010
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HR 1 EAS 
the basis of eligible property placed in service by the 
taxpayer during such taxable year which is part of 
a qualifying advanced energy project— 
‘‘(A)(i) the construction, reconstruction, or 
erection of which is completed by the taxpayer 
after October 31, 2008, or 
‘‘(ii) which is acquired by the taxpayer if 
the original use of such eligible property com-
mences with the taxpayer after October 31, 2008, 
and 
‘‘(B) with respect to which depreciation (or 
amortization in lieu of depreciation) is allow-
able. 
‘‘(2) CERTAIN QUALIFIED PROGRESS EXPENDI-
TURES RULES MADE APPLICABLE.—Rules similar to 
the rules of subsections (c)(4) and (d) of section 46 (as 
in effect on the day before the enactment of the Rev-
enue Reconciliation Act of 1990) shall apply for pur-
poses of this section. 
‘‘(3) LIMITATION.—The amount which is treated 
for all taxable years with respect to any qualifying 
advanced energy project shall not exceed the amount 
designated by the Secretary as eligible for the credit 
under this section. 
‘‘(c) DEFINITIONS.—
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘National Landslide 
Preparedness Act’’. 
SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 
In this Act: 
(1) 3D.—The term ‘‘3D’’ means 3-dimensional. 
(2) 3D ELEVATION DATA.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The term ‘‘3D ele-
vation data’’ means 3D, high-resolution data 
obtained using LiDAR, IfSAR, or other meth-
ods over the United States (including territories 
and freely associated states). 
(B) INCLUSIONS.—The term ‘‘3D elevation 
data’’ includes terrestrial and bathymetric ele-
vation data. 
(3) 3D ELEVATION PROGRAM.—The term ‘‘3D 
Elevation Program’’ means the 3D Elevation Pro-
gram established under section 5(a). 
(4) FREELY ASSOCIATED STATES.—The term 
‘‘freely associated states’’ means— 
(A) the Federated States of Micronesia; 
(B) the Republic of the Marshall Islands; 
and 
(C) the Republic of Palau. 
(5) 
IFSAR.—The 
term 
‘‘IfSAR’’ 
means 
interferometric synthetic aperture radar.
116TH CONGRESS 
2D SESSION 
H. R. 1289 
AN ACT 
To amend the Communications Act of 1934 to provide for 
a moratorium on number reassignment after a disaster 
declaration, and for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
116TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION 
H. R. 128 
AN ACT 
To clarify the primary functions and duties of the Office 
of Advocacy of the Small Business Administration, and 
for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
153 
HR 1 EAS 
from funds made available for allotment by the Sec-
retary for comparative clinical effectiveness research 
in this Act. 
(2) ANNUAL REPORT.—The Council shall submit 
to the President and Congress an annual report re-
garding its activities and recommendations con-
cerning the infrastructure needs, appropriate organi-
zational expenditures and opportunities for better co-
ordination of comparative clinical effectiveness re-
search by relevant Federal departments and agencies. 
(e) STAFFING; SUPPORT.—From funds made available 
for allotment by the Secretary for comparative clinical effec-
tiveness research in this Act, the Secretary shall make avail-
able not more than 1 percent to the Council for staff and 
administrative support. 
(TRANSFER OF FUNDS) 
SEC. 803. (a) Not more than 1 percent of the funds 
made available to the Department of Labor in this title may 
be transferred by the Secretary of Labor to ‘‘Employment 
and Training Administration—Program Administration’’, 
‘‘Employment Standards Administration—Salaries and 
Expenses’’, ‘‘Occupational Safety and Health Administra-
tion—Salaries and Expenses’’ and ‘‘Departmental Manage-
ment—Salaries and Expenses’’ for expenses necessary to 
administer and coordinate funds made available to the De-
HR 1 EAS 
retary (in the discretion of the Secretary) for 
participation in disaster programs under section 
5(h) of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 (7 
U.S.C. 2014(h)); and 
(B) 25 percent of the amounts available for 
each fiscal year shall be allocated to States based 
on the increase in the number of households that 
participate in the supplemental nutrition assist-
ance program as reported to the Department of 
Agriculture over the most recent 12-month period 
for which data are available, adjusted by the 
Secretary (in the discretion of the Secretary) for 
participation in disaster programs under section 
5(h) of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 (7 
U.S.C. 2014(h)). 
(4) REDISTRIBUTION.—The Secretary shall de-
termine an appropriate procedure for redistribution 
of amounts allocated to States that would otherwise be 
provided allocations under paragraph (3) for a fiscal 
year but that do not meet the requirements of para-
graph (5). 
(5) MAINTENANCE OF EFFORT.— 
(A) DEFINITION OF SPECIFIED STATE AD-
MINISTRATIVE COSTS.—In this paragraph:
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Small Business Advo-
cacy Improvements Act of 2019’’. 
SEC. 2. AMENDMENT TO PRIMARY FUNCTIONS AND DUTIES 
OF THE OFFICE OF ADVOCACY OF THE SMALL 
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION. 
(a) PRIMARY FUNCTIONS.—Section 202 of Public 
Law 94–305 (15 U.S.C. 634b) is amended— 
(1) in paragraph (1), by inserting ‘‘and the 
international economy’’ after ‘‘economy’’; 
(2) in paragraph (9), by striking ‘‘complete’’ 
and inserting ‘‘compete’’; and 
(3) in paragraph (12), by striking ‘‘serviced-dis-
abled’’ and inserting ‘‘service-disabled’’. 
(b) DUTIES.—Section 203(a) of Public Law 94–305 
(15 U.S.C. 634c) is amended— 
(1) in paragraph (5), by striking ‘‘and’’ at the 
end; 
(2) in paragraph (6), by striking the period at 
the end and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 
(3) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(7) represent the views and interests of small 
businesses before foreign governments and inter-
national entities for the purpose of contributing to