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1965 (20 U.S.C. 6301 et seq.) to develop a policy to reduce
the incidence of school bus idling at schools while picking
up and unloading students.
(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are
authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary, working in
coordination with the Secretary of Education, $5,000,000
for each of fiscal years 2007 through 2012 for use in edu-
cating States and local education agencies about—
(1) benefits of reducing school bus idling; and
(2) ways in which school bus idling may be re-
duced.
SEC. 279. DEFINITION OF STATE.
Section 412 of the Energy Conservation and Produc-
tion Act (42 U.S.C. 6862) is amended by striking para-
graph (8) and inserting the following:
‘‘(8) STATE.—The term ‘State’ means—
‘‘(A) a State;
‘‘(B) the District of Columbia; and
‘‘(C) the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.’’.
SEC. 280. COORDINATION OF PLANNED REFINERY OUT-
AGES.
(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section:
(1) 
ADMINISTRATOR.—The 
term 
‘‘Adminis-
trator’’ means the Administrator of the Energy Infor-
mation Administration.
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(2) PLANNED REFINERY OUTAGE.—
(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘‘planned re-
finery outage’’ means a removal, scheduled before
the date on which the removal occurs, of a refin-
ery, or any unit of a refinery, from service for
maintenance, repair, or modification.
(B) EXCLUSION.—The term ‘‘planned refin-
ery outage’’ does not include any necessary and
unplanned removal of a refinery, or any unit of
a refinery, from service as a result of a compo-
nent failure, safety hazard, emergency, or action
reasonably anticipated to be necessary to prevent
such events.
(3) REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCT.—The term
‘‘refined petroleum product’’ means any gasoline, die-
sel fuel, fuel oil, lubricating oil, liquid petroleum gas,
or other petroleum distillate that is produced through
the refining or processing of crude oil or an oil de-
rived from tar sands, shale, or coal.
(4) REFINERY.—The term ‘‘refinery’’ means a
facility used in the production of a refined petroleum
product through distillation, cracking, or any other
process.
(5) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means
the Secretary of Energy.
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(b) REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF AVAILABLE INFORMA-
TION.—The Administrator shall, on an ongoing basis—
(1) review information on planned refinery out-
ages that is available from commercial reporting serv-
ices;
(2) analyze that information to determine wheth-
er the scheduling of a planned refinery outage may
nationally or regionally affect the price or supply of
any refined petroleum product by—
(A) decreasing the production of the refined
petroleum product; and
(B) causing or contributing to a retail or
wholesale supply shortage or disruption;
(3) not less frequently than twice each year, sub-
mit to the Secretary a report describing the results of
the review and analysis under paragraphs (1) and
(2); and
(4) specifically alert the Secretary of any
planned refinery outage that the Administrator deter-
mines may nationally or regionally affect the price or
supply of a refined petroleum product.
(c) ACTION BY SECRETARY.—On a determination by
the Secretary, based on a report or alert under paragraph
(3) or (4) of subsection (b), that a planned refinery outage
may affect the price or supply of a refined petroleum prod-
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uct, the Secretary shall make available to refinery operators
information on planned refinery outages to encourage re-
ductions of the quantity of refinery capacity that is out of
service at any time.
(d) LIMITATION.—Nothing in this section shall alter
any existing legal obligation or responsibility of a refinery
operator, or create any legal right of action, nor shall this
section authoirze the Secretary—
(1) to prohibit a refinery operator from con-
ducting a planned refinery outage; or
(2) to require a refinery operator to continue to
operate a refinery.
SEC. 281. TECHNICAL CRITERIA FOR CLEAN COAL POWER
INITIATIVE.
Section 402(b)(1)(B)(ii) of the Energy Policy Act of
2005 (42 U.S.C. 15962(b)(1)(B)(ii)) is amended by striking
subclause (I) and inserting the following:
‘‘(I)(aa) to remove at least 99 per-
cent of sulfur dioxide; or
‘‘(bb) to emit not more than 0.04
pound SO2 per million Btu, based on
a 30-day average;’’.
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SEC. 282. ADMINISTRATION.
Section 106 of the Alaska Natural Gas Pipeline Act
(15 U.S.C. 720d) is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing:
‘‘(h) ADMINISTRATION.—
‘‘(1) PERSONNEL APPOINTMENTS.—
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Federal Coordi-
nator may appoint and terminate such personnel
as the Federal Coordinator determines to be ap-
propriate.
‘‘(B) AUTHORITY
OF
FEDERAL
COORDI-
NATOR.—Personnel appointed by the Federal Co-
ordinator under subparagraph (A) shall be ap-
pointed without regard to the provisions of title
5, United States Code, governing appointments
in the competitive service.
‘‘(2) COMPENSATION.—
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—Subject to subpara-
graph (B), personnel appointed by the Federal
Coordinator under paragraph (1)(A) shall be
paid without regard to the provisions of chapter
51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5,
United States Code (relating to classification
and General Schedule pay rates).
‘‘(B) MAXIMUM
LEVEL
OF
COMPENSA-
TION.—The rate of pay for personnel appointed
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by the Federal Coordinator under paragraph
(1)(A) shall not exceed the maximum level of rate
payable for level III of the Executive Schedule.
‘‘(C) APPLICABILITY
OF
SECTION
5941.—
Section 5941 of title 5, United States Code, shall
apply to personnel appointed by the Federal Co-
ordinator under paragraph (1)(A).
‘‘(3) TEMPORARY SERVICES.—
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Federal Coordi-
nator may procure temporary and intermittent
services in accordance with section 3109(b) of
title 5, United States Code.
‘‘(B) MAXIMUM
LEVEL
OF
COMPENSA-
TION.—The level of compensation of an indi-
vidual employed on a temporary or intermittent
basis under subparagraph (A) shall not exceed
the maximum level of rate payable for level III
of the Executive Schedule.
‘‘(4) FEES, CHARGES, AND COMMISSIONS.—
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Federal Coordi-
nator shall have the authority to establish,
change, and abolish reasonable filing and service
fees, charges, and commissions, require deposits
of payments, and provide refunds as provided to
the Secretary of the Interior in section 304 of the
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Federal Land Policy and Management Act of
1976 (43 U.S.C. 1734), except that the authority
shall be with respect to the duties of the Federal
Coordinator, as delineated in the Alaska Natural
Gas Pipeline Act (15 U.S.C. 720 et seq.), as
amended.
‘‘(B) AUTHORITY OF SECRETARY OF THE
INTERIOR.—Subparagraph (A) shall not affect
the authority of the Secretary of the Interior to
establish, change, and abolish reasonable filing
and service fees, charges, and commissions, re-
quire deposits of payments, and provide refunds
under section 304 of the Federal Land Policy
and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1734).
‘‘(C) USE OF FUNDS.—The Federal Coordi-
nator is authorized to use, without further ap-
propriation, amounts collected under subpara-
graph (A) to carry out this section.’’.
SEC. 283. OFFSHORE RENEWABLE ENERGY.
(a) LEASES, EASEMENTS, OR RIGHTS-OF-WAY FOR
ENERGY AND RELATED PURPOSES.—Section 8(p) of the
Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (43 U.S.C. 1337(p)) is
amended—
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(1) by inserting after ‘‘Secretary of the Depart-
ment in which the Coast Guard is operating’’ the fol-
lowing: ‘‘, the Secretary of Commerce,’’;
(2) by striking paragraph (3) and inserting the
following:
‘‘(3) COMPETITIVE OR NONCOMPETITIVE BASIS.—
Any lease, easement, or right-of-way under paragraph
(1) shall be issued on a competitive basis, unless—
‘‘(A) the lease, easement, or right-of-way re-
lates to a project that meets the criteria estab-
lished under section 388(d) of the Energy Policy
Act of 2005 (43 U.S.C. 1337 note; Public Law
109–58);
‘‘(B) the lease, easement, or right-of-way—
‘‘(i) is for the placement and operation
of a meteorological or marine data collec-
tion facility; and
‘‘(ii) has a term of not more than 5
years; or
‘‘(C) the Secretary determines, after pro-
viding public notice of a proposed lease, ease-
ment, or right-of-way, that no competitive inter-
est exists.’’; and
(3) by adding at the end the following:
‘‘(11) CLARIFICATION.—
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‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—Subject to subpara-
graph (B), the Federal Energy Regulatory Com-
mission shall not have authority to approve or
license a wave or current energy project on the
outer Continental Shelf under part I of the Fed-
eral Power Act (16 U.S.C. 792 et seq.)
‘‘(B) TRANSMISSION OF POWER.—Subpara-
graph (A) shall not affect any authority of the
Commission with respect to the transmission of
power generated from a project described in sub-
paragraph (A).’’.
(b) CONSIDERATION OF CERTAIN REQUESTS FOR AU-
THORIZATION.—In considering a request for authorization
of a project pending before the Commission on the outer
Continental Shelf as of the date of enactment of this Act,
the Secretary of the Interior shall rely, to the maximum
extent practicable, on the materials submitted to the Com-
mission before that date.
(c) SAVINGS PROVISION.—Nothing in this section or
an amendment made by this section requires the resubmis-
sion of any document that was previously submitted, or the
reauthorization of any action that was previously author-
ized, with respect to a project on the outer Continental
Shelf, for which a preliminary permit was issued by the
Commission before the date of enactment of this Act.
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Subtitle 
G—Marine 
and
Hydrokinetic Renewable Energy
Promotion
SEC. 291. DEFINITION OF MARINE AND HYDROKINETIC RE-
NEWABLE ENERGY.
(a) IN GENERAL.—In this subtitle, the term ‘‘marine
and hydrokinetic renewable energy’’ means electrical energy
from—
(1) waves, tides, and currents in oceans, estu-
aries, and tidal areas;
(2) free flowing water in rivers, lakes, and
streams;
(3) free flowing water in man-made channels,
including projects that utilize nonmechanical struc-
tures to accelerate the flow of water for electric power
production purposes; and
(4) differentials in ocean temperature (ocean
thermal energy conversion).
(b) EXCLUSION.—Except as provided in subsection
(a)(3), the term ‘‘marine and hydrokinetic renewable en-
ergy’’ does not include energy from any source that uses
a dam, diversionary structure, or impoundment for electric
power purposes.
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SEC. 292. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.
(a) PROGRAM.—The Secretary, in consultation with
the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of the Inte-
rior, shall establish a program of marine and hydrokinetic
renewable energy research, including—
(1) developing and demonstrating marine and
hydrokinetic renewable energy technologies;
(2) reducing the manufacturing and operation
costs of marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy
technologies;
(3) increasing the reliability and survivability of
marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy facilities;
(4) integrating marine and hydrokinetic renew-
able energy into electric grids;
(5) identifying opportunities for cross fertiliza-
tion and development of economies of scale between
offshore wind and marine and hydrokinetic renewable
energy sources;
(6) identifying, in conjunction with the Sec-
retary of Commerce and the Secretary of the Interior,
the potential environmental impacts of marine and
hydrokinetic renewable energy technologies and meas-
ures to minimize or prevent adverse impacts, and
technologies and other means available for monitoring
and determining environmental impacts;
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(7) identifying, in conjunction with the Com-
mandant of the United States Coast Guard, the po-
tential 
navigational 
impacts 
of 
marine 
and
hydrokinetic renewable energy technologies and meas-
ures to minimize or prevent adverse impacts;
(8) standards development, demonstration, and
technology transfer for advanced systems engineering
and system integration methods to identify critical
interfaces; and
(9) providing public information and oppor-
tunity for public comment concerning all technologies.
(b) REPORT.—Not later than 18 months after the date
of enactment of this Act, the Secretary, in consultation with
the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of the Inte-
rior, shall provide to the appropriate committees of Con-
gress a report that addresses—
(1) the potential environmental impacts of
hydrokinetic renewable energy technologies in free-
flowing water in rivers, lakes, and streams;
(2) the means by which to minimize or prevent
any adverse environmental impacts;
(3) the potential role of monitoring and adaptive
management in addressing any adverse environ-
mental impacts; and
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(4) the necessary components of such an adaptive
management program.
(c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are
authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out
this section $50,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008
through 2017.
SEC. 293. NATIONAL OCEAN ENERGY RESEARCH CENTERS.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Subject to the availability of appro-
priations under subsection (e), the Secretary shall establish
not less than 1, and not more than 6, national ocean energy
research centers at institutions of higher education for the
purpose of conducting research, development, demonstra-
tion, and testing of ocean energy technologies and associated
equipment.
(b) EVALUATIONS.—Each Center shall (in consultation
with developers, utilities, and manufacturers) conduct eval-
uations of technologies and equipment described in sub-
section (a).
(c) LOCATION.—In establishing centers under this sec-
tion, the Secretary shall locate the centers in coastal regions
of the United State in a manner that, to the maximum ex-
tent practicable, is geographically dispersed.
(d) COORDINATION.—Prior to carrying out any activ-
ity under this section in waters subject to the jurisdiction
of the United States, the Secretary shall identify, in con-
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junction with the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary
of Interior, the potential environmental impacts of such ac-
tivity and measures to minimize or prevent adverse im-
pacts.
(e) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are
authorized to be appropriate such sums as are necessary
to carry out this section.
TITLE 
III—CARBON 
CAPTURE
AND STORAGE RESEARCH, DE-
VELOPMENT, 
AND 
DEM-
ONSTRATION
SEC. 301. SHORT TITLE.
This title may be cited as the ‘‘Carbon Capture and
Sequestration Act of 2007’’.
SEC. 302. CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE RESEARCH, DE-
VELOPMENT, 
AND 
DEMONSTRATION 
PRO-
GRAM.
Section 963 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42
U.S.C. 16293) is amended—
(1) in the section heading, by striking ‘‘RE-
SEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT’’ and inserting
‘‘AND
STORAGE
RESEARCH, 
DEVELOPMENT,
AND DEMONSTRATION’’;
(2) in subsection (a)—
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(A) by striking ‘‘research and development’’
and inserting ‘‘and storage research, develop-
ment, and demonstration’’; and
(B) by striking ‘‘capture technologies on
combustion-based systems’’ and inserting ‘‘cap-
ture and storage technologies related to energy
systems’’;
(3) in subsection (b)—
(A) in paragraph (3), by striking ‘‘and’’ at
the end;
(B) in paragraph (4), by striking the period
at the end and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and
(C) by adding at the end the following:
‘‘(5) to expedite and carry out large-scale testing
of carbon sequestration systems in a range of geologi-
cal formations that will provide information on the
cost and feasibility of deployment of sequestration
technologies.’’; and
(4) by striking subsection (c) and inserting the
following:
‘‘(c) PROGRAMMATIC ACTIVITIES.—
‘‘(1) ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT UN-
DERLYING
CARBON
CAPTURE
AND
STORAGE
TECH-
NOLOGIES AND CARBON USE ACTIVITIES.—
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‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall
carry out fundamental science and engineering
research (including laboratory-scale experiments,
numeric modeling, and simulations) to develop
and document the performance of new ap-
proaches to capture and store, recycle, or reuse
carbon dioxide.
‘‘(B) PROGRAM
INTEGRATION.—The Sec-
retary shall ensure that fundamental research
carried out under this paragraph is appro-
priately applied to energy technology develop-
ment activities, the field testing of carbon seques-
tration, and carbon use activities, including—
‘‘(i) development of new or improved
technologies for the capture and storage of
carbon dioxide;
‘‘(ii) development of new or improved
technologies that reduce the cost and in-
crease the efficacy of advanced compression
of carbon dioxide required for the storage of
carbon dioxide;
‘‘(iii) modeling and simulation of geo-
logical sequestration field demonstrations;
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‘‘(iv) quantitative assessment of risks
relating to specific field sites for testing of
sequestration technologies;
‘‘(v) research and development of new
and improved technologies for—
‘‘(I) carbon use, including recy-
cling and reuse of carbon dioxide; and
‘‘(II) the containment of carbon
dioxide in the form of solid materials
or products derived from a gasification
technology that does not involve geo-
logic containment or injection; and
‘‘(vi) research and development of new
and improved technologies for oxygen sepa-
ration from air.
‘‘(2) FIELD VALIDATION TESTING ACTIVITIES.—
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall
promote, to the maximum extent practicable, re-
gional carbon sequestration partnerships to con-
duct geologic sequestration tests involving carbon
dioxide injection and monitoring, mitigation,
and verification operations in a variety of can-
didate geological settings, including—
‘‘(i) operating oil and gas fields;
‘‘(ii) depleted oil and gas fields;
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‘‘(iii) unmineable coal seams;
‘‘(iv) deep saline formations;
‘‘(v) deep geological systems that may
be used as engineered reservoirs to extract
economical quantities of heat from geo-
thermal resources of low permeability or po-
rosity;
‘‘(vi) deep geologic systems containing
basalt formations; and
‘‘(vii) coal-bed methane recovery.
‘‘(B) OBJECTIVES.—The objectives of tests
conducted under this paragraph shall be—
‘‘(i) to develop and validate geo-
physical tools, analysis, and modeling to
monitor, predict, and verify carbon dioxide
containment;
‘‘(ii) to validate modeling of geological
formations;
‘‘(iii) to refine storage capacity esti-
mated for particular geological formations;
‘‘(iv) to determine the fate of carbon
dioxide concurrent with and following injec-
tion into geological formations;
‘‘(v) to develop and implement best
practices for operations relating to, and
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monitoring of, injection and storage of car-
bon dioxide in geologic formations;
‘‘(vi) to assess and ensure the safety of
operations related to geological storage of
carbon dioxide; and
‘‘(vii) to allow the Secretary to pro-
mulgate policies, procedures, requirements,
and guidance to ensure that the objectives of
this subparagraph are met in large-scale
testing and deployment activities for carbon
capture and storage that are funded by the
Department of Energy.
‘‘(3) 
LARGE-SCALE
TESTING
AND
DEPLOY-
MENT.—
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall
conduct not less than 7 initial large-volume se-
questration tests involving at least 1,000,000
tons of carbon dioxide per year for geological
containment of carbon dioxide (at least 1 of
which shall be international in scope) to collect
and validate information on the cost and feasi-
bility of commercial deployment of technologies
for geological containment of carbon dioxide.
‘‘(B) DIVERSITY
OF
FORMATIONS
TO
BE
STUDIED.—In selecting formations for study
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under this paragraph, the Secretary shall con-
sider a variety of geological formations across the
United States, and require characterization and
modeling of candidate formations, as determined
by the Secretary.
‘‘(4) PREFERENCE IN PROJECT SELECTION FROM
MERITORIOUS
PROPOSALS.—In making competitive
awards under this subsection, subject to the require-
ments of section 989, the Secretary shall give pref-
erence to proposals from partnerships among indus-
trial, academic, and government entities.
‘‘(5) COST SHARING.—Activities under this sub-
section shall be considered research and development
activities that are subject to the cost-sharing require-
ments of section 988(b).
‘‘(6) PROGRAM REVIEW AND REPORT.—During
fiscal year 2011, the Secretary shall—
‘‘(A) conduct a review of programmatic ac-
tivities carried out under this subsection; and
‘‘(B) make recommendations with respect to
continuation of the activities.
‘‘(d) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There
are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this
section—
‘‘(1) $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2008;