564 
(B) knowing that the monetary instrument or funds 
involved in the transportation, transmission, or transfer 
represent the proceeds of some form of unlawful activity 
and knowing that such transportation, transmission, or 
transfer is designed in whole or in part— 
(i) to conceal or disguise the nature, the location, 
the source, the ownership, or the control of the pro-
ceeds of specified unlawful activity; or 
(ii) to avoid a transaction reporting requirement 
under State or Federal law, 
shall be sentenced to a fine of not more than $500,000 or twice 
the value of the monetary instrument or funds involved in the 
transportation, transmission, or transfer, whichever is greater, 
or imprisonment for not more than twenty years, or both. For 
the purpose of the offense described in subparagraph (B), the 
defendant’s knowledge may be established by proof that a law 
enforcement officer represented the matter specified in sub-
paragraph (B) as true, and the defendant’s subsequent state-
ments or actions indicate that the defendant believed such rep-
resentations to be true. 
(3) Whoever, with the intent— 
(A) to promote the carrying on of specified unlawful 
activity; 
(B) to conceal or disguise the nature, location, source, 
ownership, or control of property believed to be the pro-
ceeds of specified unlawful activity; or 
(C) to avoid a transaction reporting requirement under 
State or Federal law, 
conducts or attempts to conduct a financial transaction involv-
ing property represented to be the proceeds of specified unlaw-
ful activity, or property used to conduct or facilitate specified 
unlawful activity, shall be imprisoned for not more than 20 
years. For purposes of this paragraph and paragraph (2), the 
term ‘‘represented’’ means any representation made by a law 
enforcement officer or by another person at the direction of, or 
with the approval of, a Federal official authorized to investigate 
or prosecute violations of this section. 
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(b) PENALTIES.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Whoever conducts or attempts to 
conduct a transaction described in subsection (a)(1) or 
(a)(3), or section 1452, or a transportation, transmission, 
or transfer described in subsection (a)(2), is liable to the 
United States for a civil penalty of not more than the 
greater of— 
(A) the value of the property, funds, or monetary 
instruments involved in the transaction; or 
(B) $10,000. 
(2) JURISDICTION
OVER
FOREIGN
PERSONS.—For 
purposes of adjudicating an action filed or enforcing a pen-
alty ordered under this section, the district courts shall 
have jurisdiction over any foreign person, including any fi-
nancial institution authorized under the laws of a foreign 
country, against whom the action is brought, if service of 
process upon the foreign person is made under the Federal 
Rules of Civil Procedure or the laws of the country in 
which the foreign person is found, and— 
(A) the foreign person commits an offense under 
subsection (a) involving a financial transaction that oc-
curs in whole or in part in the United States; 
(B) the foreign person converts, to his or her own 
use, property in which the United States has an owner-
ship interest by virtue of the entry of an order of for-
feiture by a court of the United States; or 
(C) the foreign person is a financial institution 
that maintains a bank account at a financial institution 
in the United States. 
(3) COURT AUTHORITY OVER ASSETS.—A court de-
scribed in paragraph (2) may issue a pretrial restraining 
order or take any other action necessary to ensure that any 
bank account or other property held by the defendant in 
the United States is available to satisfy a judgment under 
this section. 
(4) FEDERAL RECEIVER.— 
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(A) IN GENERAL.—A court described in paragraph 
(2) may appoint a Federal Receiver, in accordance with 
subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, to collect, mar-
shal, and take custody, control, and possession of all 
assets of the defendant, wherever located, to satisfy a 
civil judgment under this subsection, a forfeiture judg-
ment under section 981 or 982, or a criminal sentence 
under section 1957 or subsection (a) of this section, in-
cluding an order of restitution to any victim of a speci-
fied unlawful activity. 
(B) APPOINTMENT AND AUTHORITY.—A Federal 
Receiver described in subparagraph (A)— 
(i) may be appointed upon application of a 
Federal prosecutor or a Federal or State regulator, 
by the court having jurisdiction over the defendant 
in the case; 
(ii) shall be an officer of the court, and the 
powers of the Federal Receiver shall include the 
powers set out in section 754 of title 28, United 
States Code; and 
(iii) shall have standing equivalent to that of 
a Federal prosecutor for the purpose of submitting 
requests to obtain information regarding the assets 
of the defendant— 
(I) from the Financial Crimes Enforce-
ment Network of the Department of the Treas-
ury; or 
(II) from a foreign country pursuant to a 
mutual legal assistance treaty, multilateral 
agreement, or other arrangement for inter-
national law enforcement assistance, provided 
that such requests are in accordance with the 
policies and procedures of the Attorney Gen-
eral. 
(II) from a foreign country pursuant to a 
mutual legal assistance treaty, multilateral 
agreement, or other arrangement for inter-
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567 
national law enforcement assistance, provided 
that such requests are in accordance with the 
policies and procedures of the Attorney Gen-
eral. 
(c) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
(1) the term ‘‘knowing that the property involved in 
a financial transaction represents the proceeds of some 
form of unlawful activity’’ means that the person knew the 
property involved in the transaction represented proceeds 
from some form, though not necessarily which form, of ac-
tivity that constitutes a felony under State, Federal, or for-
eign law, regardless of whether or not such activity is speci-
fied in paragraph (7); 
(2) the term ‘‘conducts’’ includes initiating, con-
cluding, or participating in initiating, or concluding a 
transaction; 
(3) the term ‘‘transaction’’ includes a purchase, sale, 
loan, pledge, gift, transfer, delivery, or other disposition, 
and with respect to a financial institution includes a de-
posit, withdrawal, transfer between accounts, exchange of 
currency, loan, extension of credit, purchase or sale of any 
stock, bond, certificate of deposit, or other monetary instru-
ment, use of a safe deposit box, or any other payment, 
transfer, or delivery by, through, or to a financial institu-
tion, by whatever means effected; 
(4) the term ‘‘financial transaction’’ means (A) a 
transaction which in any way or degree affects interstate 
or foreign commerce (i) involving the movement of funds by 
wire or other means or (ii) involving one or more monetary 
instruments, or (iii) involving the transfer of title to any 
real property, vehicle, vessel, or aircraft, or (B) a trans-
action involving the use of a financial institution which is 
engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or 
foreign commerce in any way or degree; 
(5) the term ‘‘monetary instruments’’ means (i) coin 
or currency of the United States or of any other country, 
travelers’ checks, personal checks, bank checks, and money 
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568 
orders, or (ii) investment securities or negotiable instru-
ments, in bearer form or otherwise in such form that title 
thereto passes upon delivery; 
(6) the term ‘‘financial institution’’ means— 
(A) any financial institution, as defined in section 
5312(a)(2) of title 31, or regulations under such sec-
tion; or 
(B) any foreign bank, as defined in section 1 of 
the International Banking Act of 1978 (12 U.S.C. 
3101); 
(7) the term ‘‘specified unlawful activity’’ means— 
(C) any act or activity constituting an offense list-
ed in section 511(1) of this title except an act which 
is indictable under subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 
31; 
(D) with respect to a financial transaction occur-
ring in whole or in part in the United States, an of-
fense against a foreign nation involving— 
(i) the manufacture, importation, sale, or dis-
tribution of a controlled substance (as such term is 
defined for the purposes of the Controlled Sub-
stances Act); 
(ii) murder, kidnapping, robbery, extortion, de-
struction of property by means of explosive or fire, 
or a crime of violence; 
(iii) fraud, or any scheme or attempt to de-
fraud, by or against a foreign bank (as defined in 
paragraph 7 of section 1(b) of the International 
Banking Act of 1978)); 
(iv) bribery of a public official, or the mis-
appropriation, theft, or embezzlement of public 
funds by or for the benefit of a public official; 
(v) smuggling or export control violations in-
volving— 
(I) an item controlled on the United 
States Munitions List established under section 
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569 
38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 
2778); or 
(II) an item controlled under regulations 
under the Export Administration Regulations 
(15 C.F.R. Parts 730–774); or 
(II) an item controlled under regulations 
under the Export Administration Regulations 
(15 C.F.R. Parts 730–774); or 
(vi) an offense with respect to which the 
United States would be obligated by a multilateral 
treaty, either to extradite the alleged offender or to 
submit the case for prosecution, if the offender 
were found within the territory of the United 
States; 
(E) any act or acts constituting a continuing 
criminal enterprise, as that term is defined in section 
413; 
(F) an offense under section 1301 (relating to the 
destruction of aircraft), section 1306 (relating to vio-
lence at international airports), section 102 (relating 
murder), section 871 (relating to concealment of assets; 
false oaths and claims; bribery), section 624 (relating 
to the variola virus), section 1003 (relating to commis-
sions or gifts for procuring loans), section 102(7) (re-
lating to congressional or Cabinet officer assassina-
tion), any of sections 711 through 712 (relating to cer-
tain counterfeiting offenses), section 719 (relating to 
securities of States and private entities), section 861 
(relating to goods falsely classified), section 862 relat-
ing to entry of goods by means of false statements), 
section 863 (relating to smuggling goods into the 
United States), section 865 (relating to removing goods 
from Customs custody), section 641 (relating to public 
money, property, or records), section 644 (relating to 
theft, embezzlement, or misapplication by bank officer 
or employee), section 645 (relating to lending, credit, 
and insurance institutions), section 646 (relating to 
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570 
property mortgaged or pledged to farm credit agen-
cies), section 654 (relating to theft or bribery con-
cerning programs receiving Federal funds), section 301, 
302, or 303 (relating to espionage), section 601 (relat-
ing to prohibited transactions involving nuclear mate-
rials), section 614 (f) or (i) (relating to destruction by 
explosives or fire of Government property or property 
affecting interstate or foreign commerce), section 144 
(relating to interstate communications), section 582(1) 
(relating to the unlawful importation of firearms), sec-
tion 584(n) (relating to firearms trafficking), section 
955 (relating to conspiracy to kill, kidnap, maim, or in-
jure certain property in a foreign country), section 773 
(relating to fraudulent bank entries), section 774 (re-
lating to fraudulent Federal credit institution entries), 
section 775 (relating to Federal Deposit Insurance 
transactions), section 779 (relating to fraudulent loan 
or credit applications), section 787 (relating to com-
puter fraud and abuse), section 789 (relating to con-
cealment of assets from conservator, receiver, or liqui-
dating agent of financial institution), section 121 (re-
lating to kidnaping), section 123 (relating to hostage 
taking), section 1201 (relating to willful injury of Gov-
ernment property), section 1203 (relating to destruc-
tion of property within the special maritime and terri-
torial jurisdiction), section 847 (theft from the mail), 
section 143 (relating to bank robbery), section 1351 
(relating to violence against maritime navigation), sec-
tion 676 (relating to copyright infringement), section 
680 (relating to trafficking in counterfeit goods and 
services), section 271 (relating to use of weapons of 
mass destruction), section 273 (relating to inter-
national terrorist acts transcending national bound-
aries), section 274 (relating to missile systems designed 
to destroy aircraft), section 275 (relating to radio-
logical dispersal devices), or section 278 or 279 (relat-
ing to providing material support to terrorists) of this 
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571 
title, section 46502 of title 49, United States Code, a 
felony violation of the Chemical Diversion and Traf-
ficking Act of 1988 (relating to precursor and essential 
chemicals), section 590 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 
U.S.C. 1590) (relating to aviation smuggling), section 
422 of the Controlled Substances Act (relating to 
transportation of drug paraphernalia), section 38(c) 
(relating to criminal violations) of the Arms Export 
Control Act, section 11 (relating to violations) of the 
Export Administration Act of 1979, section 206 (relat-
ing to penalties) of the International Emergency Eco-
nomic Powers Act, section 16 (relating to offenses and 
punishment) of the Trading with the Enemy Act, any 
felony violation of section 15 of the Food Stamp Act 
of 1977 (relating to food stamp fraud) involving a 
quantity of coupons having a value of not less than 
$5,000, any violation of section 543(a)(1) of the Hous-
ing Act of 1949 (relating to equity skimming), any fel-
ony violation of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 
1938, any felony violation of the Foreign Corrupt Prac-
tices Act, or section 92 of the Atomic Energy Act of 
1954 (42 U.S.C. 2122) (relating to prohibitions gov-
erning atomic weapons) 
(E) a felony violation of the Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.), the Ocean 
Dumping Act (33 U.S.C. 1401 et seq.), the Act to Pre-
vent Pollution from Ships (33 U.S.C. 1901 et seq.), the 
Safe Drinking Water Act (42 U.S.C. 300f et seq.), or 
the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act (42 
U.S.C. 6901 et seq.); or 
(F) any act or activity constituting an offense in-
volving a Federal health care offense; 
(8) the term ‘‘State’’ includes a State of the United 
States, the District of Columbia, and any commonwealth, 
territory, or possession of the United States. 
(d) NONEXCLUSIVITY.—Nothing in this section shall su-
persede any provision of Federal, State, or other law imposing 
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572 
criminal penalties or affording civil remedies in addition to 
those provided for in this section. 
(e) INVESTIGATED AUTHORITY.—Violations of this section 
may be investigated by such components of the Department of 
Justice as the Attorney General may direct, and by such com-
ponents of the Department of the Treasury as the Secretary of 
the Treasury may direct, as appropriate and, with respect to 
offenses over which the United States Postal Service has juris-
diction, by the Postal Service. Such authority of the Secretary 
of the Treasury and the Postal Service shall be exercised in ac-
cordance with an agreement which shall be entered into by the 
Secretary of the Treasury, the Postal Service, and the Attorney 
General. Violations of this section involving offenses described 
in paragraph (c)(7)(E) may be investigated by such compo-
nents of the Department of Justice as the Attorney General 
may direct, and the National Enforcement Investigations Cen-
ter of the Environmental Protection Agency. 
(f) 
EXTRATERRIOTORIAL
JURISDICTION.—There 
is 
extraterritorial jurisdiction over the conduct prohibited by this 
section if— 
(1) the conduct is by a United States citizen or, in the 
case of a non-United States citizen, the conduct occurs in 
part in the United States; and 
(2) the transaction or series of related transactions in-
volves funds or monetary instruments of a value exceeding 
$10,000. 
(g) NOTICE
OF CONVICTION
OF FINANCIAL INSTITU-
TIONS.—If any financial institution or any officer, director, or 
employee of any financial institution has been found guilty of 
an offense under this section, section 1452 or 508, or section 
5322 or 5324 of title 31, the Attorney General shall provide 
written notice of such fact to the appropriate regulatory agency 
for the financial institution. 
(i) VENUE.—(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), a 
prosecution for an offense under this section or section 1452 
may be brought in— 
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573 
(A) any district in which the financial or monetary 
transaction is conducted; or 
(B) any district where a prosecution for the underlying 
specified unlawful activity could be brought, if the defend-
ant participated in the transfer of the proceeds of the spec-
ified unlawful activity from that district to the district 
where the financial or monetary transaction is conducted. 
(2) A prosecution for an attempt or conspiracy offense 
under this section or section 1957 may be brought in the dis-
trict where venue would lie for the completed offense under 
paragraph (1), or in any other district where an act in further-
ance of the attempt or conspiracy took place. 
(3) For purposes of this section, a transfer of funds from 
1 place to another, by wire or any other means, shall constitute 
a single, continuing transaction. Any person who conducts (as 
that term is defined in subsection (c)(2)) any portion of the 
transaction may be charged in any district in which the trans-
action takes place. 
§ 1452. Engaging in monetary transactions in 
property derived from specified unlawful 
activity 
(a) ELEMENTS OF OFFENSE.—Whoever, as made applica-
ble by subsection (d), knowingly engages or attempts to engage 
in a monetary transaction in criminally derived property of a 
value greater than $10,000 and is derived from specified un-
lawful activity, shall be punished as provided in subsection (b). 
(b) PUNISHMENT.—(1) Except as provided in paragraph 
(2), the punishment for an offense under this section is impris-
onment for not more than ten years. 
(2) The court may impose an alternate fine to that 
imposable under paragraph (1) of not more than twice the 
amount of the criminally derived property involved in the trans-
action. 
(c) PROOF.—In a prosecution for an offense under this 
section, the Government is not required to prove the defendant 
knew that the offense from which the criminally derived prop-
erty was derived was specified unlawful activity. 
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574 
(d) APPLICABILITY.—Subsection (a) applies if— 
(1) that the offense under this section takes place in 
the United States or in the special maritime and territorial 
jurisdiction of the United States; or 
(2) that the offense under this section takes place out-
side the United States and such special jurisdiction, but the 
defendant is a United States person (as defined in section 
3077 of this title, but excluding the class described in para-
graph (2)(D) of such section). 
(e) INVESTIGATIVE AUTHORITY.—Violations of this section 
may be investigated by such components of the Department of 
Justice as the Attorney General may direct, and by such com-
ponents of the Department of the Treasury as the Secretary of 
the Treasury may direct, as appropriate and, with respect to 
offenses over which the United States Postal Service has juris-
diction, by the Postal Service. Such authority of the Secretary 
of the Treasury and the Postal Service shall be exercised in ac-
cordance with an agreement which shall be entered into by the 
Secretary of the Treasury, the Postal Service, and the Attorney 
General. 
(f) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
(1) the term ‘‘monetary transaction’’ means the de-
posit, withdrawal, transfer, or exchange, in or affecting 
interstate or foreign commerce, of funds or a monetary in-
strument (as defined in section 1451(c)(5) of this title) by, 
through, or to a financial institution (as defined in section 
1451 of this title), including any transaction that would be 
a financial transaction under section 1451(c)(4)(B) of this 
title, but such term does not include any transaction nec-
essary to preserve a person’s right to representation as 
guaranteed by the sixth amendment to the Constitution; 
(2) the term ‘‘criminally derived property’’ means any 
property constituting, or derived from, proceeds obtained 
from a criminal offense; and 
(3) the term ‘‘specified unlawful activity’’ has the 
meaning given that term in section 1451 of this title. 
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575 
§ 1453. Structuring transactions to evade report-
ing requirement prohibited 
(a) DOMESTIC COIN AND CURRENCY TRANSACTIONS IN-
VOLVING FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.—No person shall, for the 
purpose of evading the reporting requirements of section 
5313(a) or 5325 of title 31 or any regulation prescribed under 
any such section, the reporting or recordkeeping requirements 
imposed by any order issued under section 5326 of that title, 
or the recordkeeping requirements imposed by any regulation 
prescribed under section 21 of the Federal Deposit Insurance 
Act or section 123 of Public Law 91–508— 
(1) cause or attempt to cause a domestic financial in-
stitution to fail to file a report required under section 
5313(a) or 5325 of title 31 or any regulation prescribed 
under any such section, to file a report or to maintain a 
record required by an order issued under section 5326 of 
title 31, or to maintain a record required pursuant to any 
regulation prescribed under section 21 of the Federal De-
posit Insurance Act or section 123 of Public Law 91–508; 
(2) cause or attempt to cause a domestic financial in-
stitution to file a report required under section 5313(a) or 
5325 of title 31 or any regulation prescribed under any 
such section, to file a report or to maintain a record re-
quired by any order issued under section 5326 of title 31, 
or to maintain a record required pursuant to any regulation 
prescribed under section 5326 of title 31, or to maintain 
a record required pursuant to any regulation prescribed 
under section 21 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act or 
section 123 of Public Law 91–508, that contains a material 
omission or misstatement of fact; or 
(3) structure or assist in structuring, or attempt to 
structure or assist in structuring, any transaction with one 
or more domestic financial institutions. 
(b) DOMESTIC COIN AND CURRENCY TRANSACTIONS IN-
VOLVING NONFINANCIAL TRADES OR BUSINESSES.—No person 
shall, for the purpose of evading the report requirements of sec-
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576 
tion 5331 of title 31 or any regulation prescribed under such 
section— 
(1) cause or attempt to cause a nonfinancial trade or 
business to fail to file a report required under section 5331 
of title 31 or any regulation prescribed under such section; 
(2) cause or attempt to cause a nonfinancial trade or 
business to file a report required under section 5331 of 
title 31 or any regulation prescribed under such section 
that contains a material omission or misstatement of fact; 
or 
(3) structure or assist in structuring, or attempt to 
structure or assist in structuring, any transaction with 1 
or more nonfinancial trades or businesses. 
(c) INTERNATIONAL
MONETARY
INSTRUMENT
TRANS-
ACTIONS.—No person shall, for the purpose of evading the re-
porting requirements of section 5316 of title 31— 
(1) fail to file a report required by section 5316 of 
title 31, or cause or attempt to cause a person to fail to 
file such a report; 
(2) file or cause or attempt to cause a person to file 
a report required under section 5316 of title 31 that con-
tains a material omission or misstatement of fact; or 
(3) structure or assist in structuring, or attempt to 
structure or assist in structuring, any importation or expor-
tation of monetary instruments. 
(d) CRIMINAL PENALTY.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Whoever violates this section shall 
be imprisoned for not more than 5 years. 
(2) ENHANCED PENALTY FOR AGGRAVATED CASES.— 
Whoever violates this section while violating another law of 
the United States or as part of a pattern of any illegal ac-
tivity involving more than $100,000 in a 12-month period 
shall be imprisoned for not more than 10 years. 
§ 1454. Bulk cash smuggling into or out of the 
United States 
(a) CRIMINAL OFFENSE.— 
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577 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Whoever, with the intent to evade 
a currency reporting requirement under section 5316 of 
title 31, knowingly conceals more than $10,000 in currency 
or other monetary instruments on the person of such indi-
vidual or in any conveyance, article of luggage, merchan-
dise, or other container, and transports or transfers or at-
tempts to transport or transfer such currency or monetary 
instruments from a place within the United States to a 
place outside of the United States, or from a place outside 
the United States to a place within the United States, shall 
be guilty of a currency smuggling offense and subject to 
punishment pursuant to subsection (b). 
(2) CONCEALMENT ON PERSON.—For purposes of this 
section, the concealment of currency on the person of any 
individual includes concealment in any article of clothing 
worn by the individual or in any luggage, backpack, or 
other container worn or carried by such individual. 
(b) PENALTY.— 
(1) TERM OF IMPRISONMENT.—A person convicted of 
a currency smuggling offense under subsection (a), or a 
conspiracy to commit such offense, shall be imprisoned for 
not more than 5 years. 
(2) FORFEITURE.—In addition, the court, in imposing 
sentence under paragraph (1), shall order that the defend-
ant forfeit to the United States, any property, real or per-
sonal, involved in the offense, and any property traceable 
to such property, subject to subsection (c) of this section. 
(3) PROCEDURE.—The seizure, restraint, and for-
feiture of property under this section shall be governed by 
section 413 of the Controlled Substances Act. 
(4) PERSONAL MONEY JUDGMENT.—If the property 
subject to forfeiture under paragraph (2) is unavailable, 
and the defendant has insufficient substitute property that 
may be forfeited under section 2561, the court shall enter 
a personal money judgment against the defendant for the 
amount that would be subject to forfeiture. 
(c) CIVIL FORFEITURE.— 
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(1) IN GENERAL.—Any property involved in a violation 
of subsection (a), or a conspiracy to commit such violation, 
and any property traceable to such violation or conspiracy, 
may be seized and forfeited to the United States. 
(2) TREATMENT OF CERTAIN PROPERTY AS INVOLVED 
IN THE OFFENSE.—For purposes of this subsection and 
subsection (b), any currency or other monetary instrument 
that is concealed or intended to be concealed in violation 
of subsection (a), any article, container, or conveyance 
used, or intended to be used, to conceal or transport the 
currency or other monetary instrument, and any other 
property used, or intended to be used, to facilitate the of-
fense, shall be considered property involved in the offense. 
CHAPTER 37—PRIVACY 
Subchapter 
Sec. 
A. Privacy ......................................................................................
1481 
B. Wire and electronic communications interception 
and interception of oral communications ......
1491 
C. Stored wire and electronic communications and 
transactional records access ...............................
1521 
D. Prohibition on release and use of certain personal 
information 
from 
state 
motor 
vehicle 
records .........................................................................
1541 
E. Identity theft ...........................................................................
1551 
SUBCHAPTER A—PRIVACY 
Sec. 
1481.
Video voyeurism. 
§ 1481. Video voyeurism 
(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever, in the special maritime and ter-
ritorial jurisdiction of the United States, has the intent to cap-
ture an image of a private area of an individual without their 
consent, and knowingly does so under circumstances in which 
the individual has a reasonable expectation of privacy, shall be 
imprisoned not more than one year. 
(b) DEFINITIONS
FOR SECTION.—As used in this sec-
tion— 
(1) the term ‘‘capture’’, with respect to an image, 
means to videotape, photograph, film, record by any means, 
or broadcast; 
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