112 
‘‘(5) REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSUMER REPORTS 
BEARING ON THE CONSUMER’S CREDITWORTHINESS, 
CREDIT STANDING, OR CREDIT CAPACITY.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—A person may use a 
consumer report with respect to any consumer 
in which any information contained in the re-
port bears on the consumer’s creditworthiness, 
credit standing, or credit capacity only if— 
‘‘(i) either— 
‘‘(I) the person is required to ob-
tain the report by a Federal, State, or 
local law; or 
‘‘(II) the information contained 
in the report is being used with re-
spect to a national security investiga-
tion (as defined in paragraph (4)(D)); 
‘‘(ii) none of the cost associated with 
obtaining the consumer report will be 
passed on to the consumer to whom the re-
port relates; and 
‘‘(iii) the information contained in the 
consumer report will not be disclosed to 
any other person other than— 
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‘‘(I) in an aggregate format that 
protects a consumer’s personally iden-
tifiable information; or 
‘‘(II) as may be necessary to 
comply with any applicable Federal, 
State, or local equal employment op-
portunity law or regulation. 
‘‘(B) DISCLOSURES.—A person who pro-
cures, or causes to be procured, a consumer re-
port described in subparagraph (A) for employ-
ment purposes shall, in the disclosure made 
pursuant to paragraph (2), include— 
‘‘(i) an explanation that a consumer 
report is being obtained for employment 
purposes; 
‘‘(ii) the reasons for obtaining such a 
report; and 
‘‘(iii) the citation to the applicable 
Federal, State, or local law or regulation 
described in subparagraph (A)(i)(I). 
‘‘(C) ADVERSE ACTIONS.—In using a con-
sumer report described in subparagraph (A) for 
employment purposes and before taking an ad-
verse action based in whole or in part on the re-
port, the person intending to take such adverse 
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114 
action shall, in addition to the information de-
scribed in paragraph (3), provide to the con-
sumer to whom the report relates— 
‘‘(i) the name, address, and telephone 
number of the consumer reporting agency 
that furnished the report (including, for a 
consumer reporting agency that compiles 
and maintains files on consumers on a na-
tionwide basis, a toll-free telephone number 
established by such agency); 
‘‘(ii) the date on which the report was 
furnished; and 
‘‘(iii) the specific factors from the re-
port upon which the adverse action (as de-
fined in section 603(k)(1)(B)(ii)) was 
based. 
‘‘(D) NATIONAL
SECURITY
INVESTIGA-
TIONS.—The requirements of paragraph (4) 
shall apply to a consumer report described 
under subparagraph (A). 
‘‘(E) NON-CIRCUMVENTION.—With respect 
to a consumer report in which any information 
contained in the report bears on the consumer’s 
creditworthiness, credit standing, or credit ca-
pacity, if a person is prohibited from using the 
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115 
consumer report pursuant to subparagraph (A), 
such person may not, directly or indirectly, ei-
ther orally or in writing, require, request, sug-
gest, or cause any employee or prospective em-
ployee to submit such information to the person 
as a condition of employment. 
‘‘(F) NON-WAIVER.—A consumer may not 
waive the requirements of this paragraph with 
respect to a consumer report. 
‘‘(6) RULE
OF
CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in 
this subsection shall be construed to require a con-
sumer reporting agency to prevent a Federal, State, 
or local law enforcement agency from accessing in-
formation in a consumer report to which the law en-
forcement agency could otherwise obtain access.’’. 
(b) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—The Fair Credit Re-
porting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.) is amended by strik-
ing ‘‘section 604(b)(4)(E)(i)’’ each place such term ap-
pears and inserting ‘‘section 604(b)(4)(D)(i)’’. 
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116 
TITLE III—REHABILITATING THE 
CREDIT STANDING OF STRUG-
GLING PRIVATE EDUCATION 
LOAN BORROWERS 
SEC. 301. REMOVES ADVERSE INFORMATION FOR CERTAIN 
DEFAULTED OR DELINQUENT PRIVATE EDU-
CATION 
LOAN 
BORROWERS 
WHO 
DEM-
ONSTRATE A HISTORY OF LOAN REPAYMENT. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Fair Credit Reporting Act 
(15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.), as amended by section 405, is 
further amended by inserting after section 605D the fol-
lowing new section: 
‘‘§ 605E. Credit rehabilitation for distressed private 
education 
loan 
borrowers 
who 
dem-
onstrate a history of loan repayment 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—A consumer reporting agency 
may not furnish any consumer report containing any ad-
verse item of information relating to a delinquent or de-
faulted private education loan of a borrower if the bor-
rower has rehabilitated the borrower’s credit with respect 
to such loan by making 9 on-time monthly payments (in 
accordance with the terms and conditions of the bor-
rower’s original loan agreement or any other repayment 
agreement that antedates the original agreement) during 
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117 
a period of 10 consecutive months on such loan after the 
date on which the delinquency or default occurred. 
‘‘(b) INTERRUPTION
OF 10-MONTH PERIOD
FOR 
CERTAIN CONSUMERS FACING UNUSUAL EXTENUATING 
LIFE EVENTS.— 
‘‘(1) PERMISSIBLE INTERRUPTION OF THE 10- 
MONTH PERIOD.—A borrower may stop making con-
secutive monthly payments and be granted a grace 
period after which the 10-month period described in 
subsection (a) shall resume. Such grace period shall 
be provided under the following circumstances: 
‘‘(A) With respect to a borrower who is a 
member of the Armed Forces entitled to incen-
tive pay for the performance of hazardous duty 
under section 301 of title 37, United States 
Code, hazardous duty pay under section 351 of 
such title, or other assignment or special duty 
pay under section 352 of such title, the grace 
period shall begin on the date on which the bor-
rower begins such assignment or duty and end 
on the date that is 6 months after the comple-
tion of such assignment or duty. 
‘‘(B) With respect to a borrower who re-
sides in an area affected by a major disaster or 
emergency declared under the Robert T. Staf-
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118 
ford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance 
Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.), the grace period 
shall begin on the date on which the major dis-
aster or emergency was declared and end on the 
date that is 3 months after such date. 
‘‘(2) OTHER CIRCUMSTANCES.— 
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Bureau may 
allow a borrower demonstrating hardship to 
stop making consecutive monthly payments and 
be granted a grace period after which the 10- 
month period described in subsection (a) shall 
resume. 
‘‘(B) BORROWER DEMONSTRATING HARD-
SHIP DEFINED.—In this paragraph, the term 
‘borrower demonstrating hardship’ means a 
borrower or a class of borrowers who, as deter-
mined by the Bureau, is facing or has experi-
enced unusual extenuating life circumstances or 
events that result in severe financial or personal 
barriers such that the borrower or class or bor-
rowers does not have the capacity to comply 
with the requirements of subsection (a). 
‘‘(c) PROCEDURES.—The Bureau shall establish pro-
cedures to implement the credit rehabilitation described 
in this section, including— 
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119 
‘‘(1) the manner, content, and form for request-
ing credit rehabilitation; 
‘‘(2) the method for validating that the bor-
rower is satisfying the requirements of subsection 
(a); 
‘‘(3) the manner, content, and form for noti-
fying the private educational loan holder of— 
‘‘(A) the borrower’s participation in credit 
rehabilitation under subsection (a); 
‘‘(B) the requirements of subsection (d); 
and 
‘‘(C) the restrictions of subsection (f); 
‘‘(4) the manner, content, and form for noti-
fying a consumer reporting agency of— 
‘‘(A) the borrower’s participation in credit 
rehabilitation under subsection (a); and 
‘‘(B) the requirements of subsection (d); 
‘‘(5) the method for verifying whether a bor-
rower qualifies for the grace period described in sub-
section (b); 
‘‘(6) the manner, content, and form of notifying 
a consumer reporting agency and private educational 
loan holder that a borrower was granted a grace pe-
riod; and 
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‘‘(7) the method for a borrower to demonstrate 
that the borrower has successfully satisfied the re-
quirements under subsection (a) and for notifying a 
consumer reporting agency and private educational 
loan holder. 
‘‘(d) STANDARDIZED REPORTING CODES.—A con-
sumer reporting agency shall develop standardized report-
ing codes for use by any private educational loan holder 
to identify and report a borrower’s status of making and 
completing 9 on-time monthly payments during a period 
of 10 consecutive months on a delinquent or defaulted pri-
vate education loan, including codes specifying the grace 
period described in subsection (b) and any agreement to 
modify monthly payments. Such codes shall not appear on 
any report provided to a third party, and shall be removed 
from the consumer’s credit report upon the consumer’s 
completion of the rehabilitation period under this section. 
‘‘(e) ELIMINATING BARRIERS TO CREDIT REHABILI-
TATION.—A consumer report in which a private edu-
cational loan holder furnishes the standardized reporting 
codes described in subsection (d) to a consumer reporting 
agency, or in which a consumer reporting agency includes 
such codes, shall be deemed to comply with the require-
ments for accuracy and completeness required under sec-
tions 623(a)(1) and 630. 
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121 
‘‘(f) PROHIBITION
ON CIVIL ACTIONS
FOR CON-
SUMERS PURSUING REHABILITATION.—A private edu-
cational loan holder may not commence or proceed with 
any civil action against a borrower with respect to a delin-
quent or defaulted loan during the period of rehabilitation 
if the loan holder has been notified— 
‘‘(1) under subsection (c)(3) of a borrower’s in-
tent to participate in rehabilitation; 
‘‘(2) under subsection (c)(6) that a borrower 
was granted the grace period; or 
‘‘(3) under subsection (c)(7) that the borrower 
has successfully satisfied the requirements under 
subsection (a). 
‘‘(g) RULES OF CONSTRUCTION.— 
‘‘(1) APPLICATION TO SUBSEQUENT DEFAULT 
OR DELINQUENCY.—A borrower who satisfies the re-
quirements under subsection (a) shall be eligible for 
additional credit rehabilitation described in sub-
section (a) with respect to any subsequent default or 
delinquency of the borrower on the rehabilitated pri-
vate education loan. 
‘‘(2) INTERRUPTION
OF
THE
CONSECUTIVE 
PAYMENT PERIOD REQUIREMENT.—The grace period 
described in subsection (b)(1)(A) shall not apply if 
any regulation promulgated under section 987 of 
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122 
title 10, United States Code (commonly known as 
the Military Lending Act), or the Servicemembers 
Civil Relief Act (50 U.S.C. App. 501 et seq.) allows 
for a grace period or other interruption of the 10- 
month period described in subsection (a) and such 
grace period or other interruption is longer than the 
period described in subsection (b)(1)(A) or otherwise 
provides greater protection or benefit to the bor-
rower who is a member of the Armed Forces.’’. 
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS AMENDMENT.—The table 
of contents of the Fair Credit Reporting Act is amended 
by inserting after the item relating to section 605D (as 
added by section 405) the following new item: 
‘‘605E. Credit rehabilitation for distressed private education loan borrowers who 
demonstrate a history of loan repayment.’’. 
SEC. 302. PRIVATE EDUCATION LOAN DEFINITIONS. 
Section 603 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681a) is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing new subsection: 
‘‘(z) PRIVATE EDUCATION LOAN DEFINITIONS.— 
The terms ‘private education loan’ and ‘private edu-
cational lender’ have the meanings given such terms, re-
spectively, in section 140(a) of the Truth in Lending 
Act.’’. 
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125 
‘‘(10) Any other adverse item of information re-
lating to the collection of debt that did not arise 
from a contract or an agreement to pay by a con-
sumer, including fines, tickets, and other assess-
ments, as determined by the Bureau, excluding tax 
liability.’’; 
(2) by striking subsection (b) and redesignating 
subsections (c) through (h) as subsections (b) 
through (g), respectively; and 
(3) in subsection (b) (as so redesignated), by 
striking ‘‘7-year period referred to in paragraphs (4) 
and (6)’’ and inserting ‘‘4-year period referred to in 
paragraphs (4) and (5)’’. 
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.—The Fair Credit 
Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681) is amended— 
(1) in section 616(d), by striking ‘‘section 
605(g)’’ each place that term appears and inserting 
‘‘section 605(f)’’; and 
(2) in section 625(b)(5)(A), by striking ‘‘section 
605(g)’’ and inserting ‘‘section 605(f)’’. 
SEC. 402. MANDATES THE EXPEDITED REMOVAL OF FULLY 
PAID OR SETTLED DEBT FROM CONSUMER 
REPORTS. 
Section 605(a) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681c(a)), as amended by section 401(a)(1), is fur-
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126 
ther amended by adding at the end the following new para-
graph: 
‘‘(11) Any other adverse item of information re-
lated to a fully paid or settled debt that had been 
characterized as delinquent, charged off, or in collec-
tion which, from the date of payment or settlement, 
antedates the report by more than 45 calendar 
days.’’. 
SEC. 403. IMPOSES RESTRICTIONS ON THE APPEARANCE 
OF MEDICAL COLLECTIONS ON CONSUMER 
REPORTS AND REQUIRES THE EXPEDITED 
REMOVAL OF FULLY PAID OR SETTLED MED-
ICAL COLLECTIONS FROM CONSUMER RE-
PORTS. 
(a) REMOVAL OF FULLY PAID OR SETTLED MED-
ICAL DEBT FROM CONSUMER REPORTS.—Section 605(a) 
of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681c(a)), 
as amended by section 402, is further amended by adding 
at the end the following new paragraph: 
‘‘(12) Any other adverse item of information re-
lated to a fully paid or settled debt arising from the 
receipt of medical services, products, or devices that 
had been characterized as delinquent, charged off, or 
in collection which, from the date of payment or set-
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127 
tlement, antedates the report by more than 45 cal-
endar days.’’. 
(b) ESTABLISHING AN EXTENDED TIME PERIOD BE-
FORE
MEDICAL
DEBT
INFORMATION
MAY
BE
RE-
PORTED.—Section 605(a) of such Act is further amended 
by adding at the end the following new paragraph: 
‘‘(13) Any information related to a debt arising 
from the receipt of medical services, products, or de-
vices, if the date on which such debt was placed for 
collection, charged to profit or loss, or subjected to 
any similar action antedates the report by less than 
180 calendar days.’’. 
(c) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—Section 604(g)(1)(C) 
of 
the 
Fair 
Credit 
Reporting 
Act 
(15 
U.S.C. 
1681b(g)(1)(C)) is further amended by striking ‘‘devises’’ 
and inserting ‘‘devices’’. 
SEC. 404. PROVIDES CREDIT RESTORATION FOR VICTIMS 
OF PREDATORY MORTGAGE LENDING AND 
SERVICING. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Fair Credit Reporting Act 
(15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.) is amended by inserting after 
section 605B the following new section: 
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128 
‘‘§ 605C. Credit restoration for victims of predatory 
mortgage lending 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—A consumer reporting agency 
may not furnish any consumer report containing any ad-
verse item of information relating to a covered residential 
mortgage loan (including the origination and servicing of 
such a loan, any loss mitigation activities related to such 
a loan, and any foreclosure, deed in lieu of foreclosure, 
or short sale related to such a loan), if the action or inac-
tion to which the item of information relates— 
‘‘(1) resulted from an unfair, deceptive, or abu-
sive act or practice, or a fraudulent, discriminatory, 
or illegal activity of a financial institution, as deter-
mined by the Bureau or a court of competent juris-
diction; or 
‘‘(2) is related to an unfair, deceptive, or abu-
sive act, practice, or a fraudulent, discriminatory, or 
illegal activity of a financial institution that is the 
subject of a settlement agreement initiated on behalf 
of a consumer or consumers and that is between the 
financial institution and an agency or department of 
a local, State, or Federal Government, regardless of 
whether such settlement includes an admission of 
wrongdoing. 
‘‘(b) COVERED RESIDENTIAL MORTGAGE LOAN DE-
FINED.—In this section, the term ‘covered residential 
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129 
mortgage loan’ means any loan primarily for personal, 
family, or household use that is secured by a mortgage, 
deed of trust, or other equivalent consensual security in-
terest on a dwelling (as defined in section 103(w) of the 
Truth in Lending Act), including a loan in which the pro-
ceeds will be used for— 
‘‘(1) a manufactured home (as defined in sec-
tion 603 of the Housing and Community Develop-
ment Act of 1974 (42 U.S.C. 5402)); 
‘‘(2) any installment sales contract, land con-
tract, or contract for deed on a residential property; 
or 
‘‘(3) a reverse mortgage transaction (as defined 
in section 103 of the Truth in Lending Act).’’. 
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS AMENDMENT.—The table 
of contents of the Fair Credit Reporting Act is amended 
by inserting after the item relating to section 605B the 
following new item: 
‘‘605C. Credit restoration for victims of predatory mortgage lending.’’. 
(c) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by 
this section shall take effect at the end of the 18-month 
period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act. 
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130 
SEC. 405. PROVIDES CREDIT RELIEF FOR PRIVATE EDU-
CATION LOANS BORROWERS WHO WERE DE-
FRAUDED OR MISLEAD BY PROPRIETARY 
EDUCATION INSTITUTION OR CAREER EDU-
CATION PROGRAMS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Fair Credit Reporting Act 
(15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.), as amended by section 404, is 
further amended by inserting after section 605C the fol-
lowing new section: 
‘‘§ 605D. Private education loan credit restoration for 
defrauded student borrowers who attend 
certain proprietary educational institu-
tion or career education programs 
‘‘(a) PROCESS FOR CERTIFICATION AS A QUALIFYING 
PRIVATE EDUCATION LOAN BORROWER.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—A consumer, or an indi-
vidual acting on behalf of or as a personal represent-
ative of the consumer or a class of consumers, may 
submit a request to the Bureau, along with a 
defraudment claim, to be certified as a qualifying 
private education loan borrower with respect to a 
private education loan. 
‘‘(2) CERTIFICATION.—The Bureau shall certify 
a consumer described in paragraph (1) as a quali-
fying private education loan borrower with respect to 
a private education loan if the Bureau or a court of 
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131 
competent jurisdiction determines that the consumer 
has a valid defraudment claim with respect to such 
loan. 
‘‘(b) REMOVAL OF ADVERSE INFORMATION.—Upon 
receipt of a notice described in subsection (d)(5), a con-
sumer reporting agency shall remove any adverse informa-
tion relating to any private education loan with respect 
to which a consumer is a qualifying private education loan 
borrower from any consumer report within 45 calendar 
days of receipt of such notification. 
‘‘(c) DISCLOSURE.—The Bureau shall disclose the re-
sults of a certification determination in writing to the con-
sumer that provides a clear and concise explanation of the 
basis for the determination of whether such consumer or 
class of consumers is a qualifying private education loan 
borrower with respect to a private education loan and, as 
applicable, an explanation of the consumer’s right to have 
adverse information relating to such loan removed from 
their consumer report by a consumer reporting agency. 
‘‘(d) PROCEDURES.—The Bureau shall— 
‘‘(1) establish procedures for a consumer or an 
individual acting on behalf of or as a personal rep-
resentative of the consumer or a class of consumers 
to submit a request described in subsection (a); 
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132 
‘‘(2) establish procedures to efficiently review, 
accept, and process such a request; 
‘‘(3) develop ongoing outreach initiatives and 
education programs to inform consumers or a class 
of consumers of the circumstances under which such 
consumer or class may be eligible to be certified as 
a qualifying private education loan borrower with re-
spect to a private education loan; 
‘‘(4) establish procedures, including the man-
ner, form, and content of the notice informing a pri-
vate educational loan holder of the prohibition on re-
porting any adverse information relating to a private 
education loan with respect to which a consumer is 
a qualifying private education loan borrower; and 
‘‘(5) establish procedures, including the man-
ner, form, and content of the notice informing a con-
sumer reporting agency of the obligation to remove 
any adverse information as described in subsection 
(c). 
‘‘(e) STANDARDIZED REPORTING CODES.—A con-
sumer reporting agency shall develop standardized report-
ing codes for use by private education loan holders to iden-
tify and report a qualifying private education loan bor-
rower’s status of a request to remove any adverse informa-
tion relating to any private education loan with respect 
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133 
to which such consumer is a qualifying private education 
loan borrower. A consumer report in which a person fur-
nishes such codes shall be deemed to comply with the re-
quirements for accuracy and completeness required under 
sections 623(a)(1) and 630. Such codes shall not appear 
on any report provided to a third party, and shall be re-
moved from the consumer’s credit report upon the success-
ful restoration of the consumer’s credit under this section. 
‘‘(f) DEFRAUDMENT CLAIM DEFINED.—For pur-
poses of this section, the term ‘defraudment claim’ means 
a claim made with respect to a consumer who is a bor-
rower of a private education loan with respect to a propri-
etary educational institution or career education program 
in which the consumer or an individual acting on behalf 
of or as a personal representative of the consumer or a 
class of consumers alleges that— 
‘‘(1) the proprietary educational institution or 
career education program— 
‘‘(A) engaged in an unfair, deceptive, or 
abusive act or practice, or a fraudulent, dis-
criminatory, or illegal activity— 
‘‘(i) as defined by State law of the 
State in which the proprietary educational 
institution or career education program is 
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134 
headquartered or maintains or maintained 
significant operations; or 
‘‘(ii) under Federal law; 
‘‘(B) is the subject of an enforcement 
order, a settlement agreement, a memorandum 
of understanding, a suspension of tuition assist-
ance, or any other action relating to an unfair, 
deceptive, or abusive act or practice that is be-
tween the proprietary educational institution or 
career education program and an agency or de-
partment of a local, State, or Federal Govern-
ment; or 
‘‘(C) misrepresented facts to students or 
accrediting agencies or associations about grad-
uation or gainful employment rates in recog-
nized occupations or failed to provide the 
coursework necessary for students to success-
fully obtain a professional certification or de-
gree from the proprietary educational institu-
tion or career education program; or 
‘‘(2) the consumer or an individual acting on 
behalf of or as a personal representative of the con-
sumer or a class of consumers has submitted a valid 
defense to repayment claim with respect to such 
loan, as determined by the Secretary of Education.’’. 
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(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS AMENDMENT.—The table 
of contents of the Fair Credit Reporting Act is amended 
by inserting after the item relating to section 605C (as 
added by section 404) the following new item: 
‘‘605D. Private education loan credit restoration for defrauded student bor-
rowers who attend certain proprietary educational institution 
or career education programs.’’. 
SEC. 406. ESTABLISHES RIGHT FOR VICTIMS OF FINANCIAL 
ABUSE TO HAVE ADVERSE INFORMATION AS-
SOCIATED WITH AN ABUSER’S FRAUDULENT 
ACTIVITY REMOVED FROM THEIR CONSUMER 
REPORTS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Fair Credit Reporting Act 
(15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.), as amended by section 301, is 
further amended by inserting after section 605E the fol-
lowing new section: 
‘‘§ 605F. Financial abuse prevention 
‘‘For a consumer who is the victim of intentionally 
abusive or harmful financial behavior, as determined by 
a court of competent jurisdiction including a family court, 
juvenile court, or other court with personal jurisdiction, 
that was conducted by a spouse, family or household mem-
ber, caregiver, or person with whom such consumer had 
a dating relationship in a manner which resulted in the 
inclusion of an adverse item of information on the con-
sumer report of the consumer, and the consumer did not 
participate in or consent to such behavior, the consumer 
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may apply to a court of competent jurisdiction, including 
a family court, juvenile court, or other court with personal 
jurisdiction, for an order to require the removal of such 
adverse information from the consumer’s file maintained 
by any consumer reporting agency.’’. 
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS AMENDMENT.—The table 
of contents of the Fair Credit Reporting Act is amended 
by inserting after the item relating to section 605E (as 
added by section 301) the following new item: 
‘‘605F. Financial abuse prevention.’’. 
SEC. 407. PROHIBITS TREATMENT OF CREDIT RESTORA-
TION OR REHABILITATION AS ADVERSE IN-
FORMATION. 
The Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et 
seq.) is amended— 
(1) by adding at the end the following new sec-
tion: 
‘‘§ 630. Prohibition of certain factors related to Fed-
eral credit restoration or rehabilitation 
‘‘(a) RESTRICTION ON CREDIT SCORING MODELS.— 
A credit scoring model may not— 
‘‘(1) take into consideration, in a manner ad-
verse to a consumer’s credit score or educational 
credit score, any information in a consumer report 
concerning the consumer’s participation in credit 
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‘‘(c) ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS.—If a person 
who furnishes information to a consumer reporting agency 
requests the removal of information from a consumer re-
port or a consumer reporting agency removes information 
from a consumer report in compliance with the require-
ments under section 605C, 605D, 605E, or 605F, or such 
information was removed pursuant at section 605(a)(11), 
such report shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements 
for accuracy and completeness with respect to such infor-
mation. 
‘‘(d) PROHIBITION RELATED TO ADVERSE ACTIONS 
AND RISK-BASED PRICING DECISIONS.—No person shall 
use information related to a consumer’s participation in 
credit restoration or rehabilitation under section 605C, 
605D, 605E, or 605F in connection with any determina-
tion of— 
‘‘(1) the consumer’s eligibility or continued eli-
gibility for an extension of credit; 
‘‘(2) the terms and conditions offered to a con-
sumer regarding an extension of credit; or 
‘‘(3) an adverse action made for employment 
purposes.’’; and 
(2) in the table of contents for such Act, by 
adding at the end the following new item: 
‘‘630. Prohibition of certain factors related to Federal credit restoration or reha-
bilitation.’’. 
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TITLE V—MONITORING THE DE-
VELOPMENT 
AND 
USE 
OF 
CREDIT SCORES 
SEC. 501. ESTABLISHES CLEAR FEDERAL OVERSIGHT OF 
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CREDIT SCORING 
MODELS BY THE BUREAU. 
The Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et 
seq.), as amended by section 407, is further amended— 
(1) by adding at the end the following new sec-
tion: 
‘‘§ 631. Credit scoring models 
‘‘(a) VALIDATED CREDIT SCORING MODELS.—Not 
later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this sec-
tion, the Bureau shall issue final regulations applicable to 
a person that creates, maintains, or purchases credit scor-
ing models used in making credit decisions to establish 
standards for validating the accuracy and predictive value 
of all such credit scoring models, both before release for 
initial use and at regular intervals thereafter, for as long 
as such credit scoring models are made available for pur-
chase or use by such person. 
‘‘(b) PROHIBITION.—At least once every 2 years, the 
Bureau shall conduct a review of credit scoring models to 
determine whether the use of any particular factors, or 
the weight or consideration given to certain factors by 
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credit scoring models, is inappropriate, including if such 
factors do not enhance or contribute to the accuracy and 
predictive value of the models. Upon the conclusion of its 
review, the Bureau may prohibit a person described in 
subsection (a) from weighing, considering, or including 
certain factors in, or making available for purchase or use, 
certain credit scoring models or versions, as the Bureau 
determines appropriate. 
‘‘(c) COMPLIANCE.—The Bureau is authorized to en-
force compliance with this section by a person described 
in subsection (a).’’; and 
(2) in the table of contents for such Act, by in-
serting after the item relating to section 630 (as 
added by section 407) the following new item: 
‘‘631. Credit scoring models.’’. 
SEC. 502. MANDATES ONGOING REVIEW AND REPORTS TO 
CONGRESS BY THE FEDERAL HOUSING FI-
NANCE AGENCY ON USING ADDITIONAL, AL-
TERNATIVE, AND UPDATED CREDIT SCORING 
MODELS AS PART OF THE CRITERIA FOR 
LOANS PURCHASED BY FANNIE MAE AND 
FREDDIE MAC. 
(a) BIENNIAL REVIEW.—The Director of the Federal 
Housing Finance Agency, in consultation with the Direc-
tor of the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, shall 
review the advantages and disadvantages of implementing 
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additional, alternative, or updated credit scoring models 
(as defined in section 603 of the Fair Credit Reporting 
Act (15 U.S.C. 1681a)) used to establish the eligibility 
criteria for loans purchased by the Federal National Mort-
gage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage 
Corporation. Such review shall analyze— 
(1) the impact of using such credit scoring 
models on the accuracy and predictive value of the 
performance of loans purchased by the Federal Na-
tional Mortgage Association and the Federal Home 
Loan Mortgage Corporation; 
(2) the ability of the Federal National Mort-
gage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mort-
gage Corporation to more effectively manage credit 
risks by adopting additional, alternative, or updated 
credit scoring models; 
(3) any potential operational risks associated 
with the reliance on one single provider of credit 
scores; 
(4) the availability and affordability of covered 
residential mortgage loans, as defined in section 
605C of the Fair Credit Reporting Act; 
(5) the interests of taxpayers; and 
(6) any other factors determined relevant by 
the Director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency 
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or the Director of the Bureau of Consumer Finan-
cial Protection. 
(b) PUBLIC PARTICIPATION.—The Director of the 
Federal Housing Finance Agency shall seek public input 
about the methodology and research design of the review 
described in subsection (a), including from organizations 
and experts representing racial and ethnic minority com-
munities and populations, fair lending organizations, civil 
rights organizations, and consumer and community groups 
that represent depository institutions and credit unions 
that primarily serve traditionally underserved commu-
nities. 
(c) REPORTS.—Not later than the end of the 18- 
month period beginning on the date of the enactment of 
this Act, and every 2 years thereafter, the Director of the 
Federal Housing Finance Agency shall issue a report to 
the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Rep-
resentatives and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and 
Urban Affairs of the Senate containing all findings and 
determinations made in carrying out the review required 
under subsection (a). 
(d) IMPLEMENTATION OF FINDINGS.—If the Director 
of the Federal Housing Finance Agency determines, in 
consultation with the Bureau, that the advantages of im-
plementing additional, alternative, or updated credit scor-
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ing models outweigh the disadvantages, the Director shall 
promptly require the Federal National Mortgage Associa-
tion and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation 
to revise their seller-servicer guidelines to allow for the use 
of such additional, alternative, or updated credit scoring 
models, and any other guidelines as the Director deter-
mines appropriate, in a manner consistent with the deter-
mination of the Director. 
SEC. 503. REQUIRES A BUREAU STUDY AND REPORT TO 
CONGRESS ON THE IMPACT OF USING NON- 
TRADITIONAL DATA. 
(a) STUDY.—The Bureau of Consumer Financial 
Protection shall carry out a study to assess the impact 
(including the availability and affordability of credit and 
other noncredit decisions, the potential positive and nega-
tive impacts on a consumer’s credit scores, and any unin-
tended consequences) of using traditional modeling tech-
niques or alternative modeling techniques to analyze non- 
traditional data from a consumer report and the inclusion 
of non-traditional data on consumer reports on the fol-
lowing: 
(1) Consumers with no or minimal traditional 
credit history. 
(2) Traditionally underserved communities and 
populations. 
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(3) Consumers residing in rural areas. 
(4) Consumers residing in urban areas. 
(5) Racial and ethnic minorities and women. 
(6) Consumers across various income strata, 
particularly consumers earning below 120 percent of 
the area median income (as defined by the Secretary 
of Housing and Urban Development). 
(7) Immigrants, refugees, and non-permanent 
residents. 
(8) Minority financial institutions (as defined 
under section 308(b) of the Financial Institutions 
Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 
(12 U.S.C. 1463 note)) and community financial in-
stitutions. 
(9) Consumers residing in federally assisted 
housing, including consumer receiving Federal rental 
subsidies. 
(b) ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS.—The study re-
quired under subsection (a) shall also consider the impact 
of the inclusion of non-traditional data on a consumer re-
port and the use of traditional modeling techniques or al-
ternative modeling techniques with respect to— 
(1) the privacy, security, and confidentiality the 
consumer’s financial, medical, and personally identi-
fiable information; 
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(2) the consumer’s control over how such infor-
mation may or will be used or considered; 
(3) the consumer’s understanding of how such 
information may be used or considered and the ease 
with which the consumer could decide to restrict or 
prohibit such use or consideration; and 
(4) the potential discriminatory effect or dis-
parate outcomes the use or consideration of such in-
formation may have. 
(c) REPORT.—Not later than 1 year after the date 
of the enactment of this Act, the Bureau of Consumer Fi-
nancial Protection shall issue a report to the Committee 
on Financial Services of the House of Representatives and 
the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs 
of the Senate containing all findings and determinations, 
including any recommendations for any legislative or regu-
latory changes, made in carrying out the study required 
under subsection (a). 
(d) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 
(1) ALTERNATIVE
MODELING
TECHNIQUES.— 
The term ‘‘alternative modeling techniques’’ means 
statistical and mathematical techniques that are not 
traditional modeling techniques, including decision 
trees, random forests, artificial neutral networks, 
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nearest neighbor, genetic programming, and boost-
ing algorithms. 
(2) CONSUMER REPORT.—The term ‘‘consumer 
report’’ has the meaning given such term in section 
603 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 
1681a). 
(3) NON-TRADITIONAL DATA.—The term ‘‘non- 
traditional data’’ means data related to tele-
communications, utility payments, rent payments, 
remittances, wire transfers, data not otherwise regu-
larly included in consumer reports issued by con-
sumer reporting agencies described under section 
603(p), and such other items as the Bureau of Con-
sumer Financial Protection deems appropriate. 
(4) TRADITIONAL
MODELING
TECHNIQUES.— 
The term ‘‘traditional modeling techniques’’ means 
statistical and mathematical techniques (including 
models, algorithms, linear and logistic regression 
methods, and their outputs) that are traditionally 
used in automated underwriting processes. 
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TITLE VI—PROVIDING GREATER 
CONSUMER ACCESS TO AND 
UNDERSTANDING 
OF 
CON-
SUMER REPORTS AND CRED-
IT SCORES 
SEC. 601. CREDIT SCORE AND EDUCATIONAL CREDIT 
SCORE DEFINITIONS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 603 of the Fair Credit 
Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681a), as amended by section 
302, is further amended by adding at the end the following 
new subsection: 
‘‘(aa) CREDIT SCORE AND EDUCATIONAL CREDIT 
SCORE DEFINITIONS.— 
‘‘(1) CREDIT SCORE.—The term ‘credit score’ 
means a numerical value or a categorization derived 
from a statistical tool or modeling system used by a 
person who makes or arranges a loan or extends 
credit to predict the likelihood of certain credit be-
haviors, including default, as determined by the Bu-
reau. 
‘‘(2) EDUCATIONAL CREDIT SCORE.—The term 
‘educational credit score’ means a numerical value or 
categorization derived from a statistical tool or mod-
eling system based upon information from a con-
sumer report that assists consumers in under-
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standing how a lender or creditor may view the con-
sumer’s creditworthiness in deciding whether to 
make a loan or extend credit to that consumer. 
‘‘(3) KEY
FACTORS.—The term ‘key factors’ 
means relevant elements or reasons affecting the 
credit score for the particular individual, listed in 
the order of importance based on the effect of each 
element or reason on the credit score or educational 
credit score. 
‘‘(4) CREDIT
SCORING
MODEL.—The term 
‘credit scoring model’ means a scoring algorithm, 
formula, model, program, or mechanism used to gen-
erate a credit score or an educational credit score.’’. 
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.—The Fair Credit 
Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.) is amended— 
(1) in section 605(c)(2) (as so redesignated by 
section 103), by striking ‘‘(as defined in section 
609(f)(2)(B))’’; and 
(2) in section 615— 
(A) by striking ‘‘as defined in section 
609(f)(2)(A)’’ each place that term appears; 
and 
(B) by striking ‘‘set forth in subpara-
graphs (B) through (E) of section 609(f)(1)’’ 
and inserting ‘‘with respect to a credit score de-
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scribed in section 609(f)(2), if available’’ each 
place that term appears. 
SEC. 602. EXPANDS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION GIVEN TO 
CONSUMERS ABOUT HOW SCORES ARE CAL-
CULATED. 
Section 609(f) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681g(f)) is amended to read as follows: 
‘‘(f) DISCLOSURE
OF CREDIT SCORE
AND EDU-
CATIONAL CREDIT SCORE
BY CONSUMER REPORTING 
AGENCIES.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Upon the request of a con-
sumer for a credit score or educational credit score, 
a consumer reporting agency shall supply to the con-
sumer a statement— 
‘‘(A) containing— 
‘‘(i) a current credit score at the time 
of the request generated using a commonly 
used credit scoring model to generate cred-
it scores, subject to regulations of the Bu-
reau; 
‘‘(ii) an educational credit score at the 
time of the request, if it is not practicable 
to generate such a credit score, as deter-
mined by the Bureau; or 
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‘‘(iii) an explanation that the con-
sumer’s file does not have sufficient infor-
mation from which to generate such a 
credit score or educational credit score; 
and 
‘‘(B) with respect to each previous credit 
score in the file of the consumer— 
‘‘(i) the date on which the credit score 
was generated; 
‘‘(ii) the name of any entity that the 
credit score was provided to; and 
‘‘(iii) the credit score itself. 
‘‘(2) REQUIREMENTS.—A statement provided 
under clause (i) or (ii) of paragraph (1)(A) shall in-
clude— 
‘‘(A) a minimum of 4 key factors, if avail-
able, that adversely affected the credit score or 
educational credit score, except that if one of 
the key factors consists of the number of 
enquiries made with respect to a consumer re-
port, that factor shall be provided to the con-
sumer in addition to the factors required by 
this subparagraph; 
‘‘(B) to the extent possible, specific actions 
a consumer could take with respect to each key 
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factor listed in subparagraph (A) to improve 
the consumer’s credit score or educational cred-
it score; 
‘‘(C) a minimum of 4 key factors, if avail-
able, that positively affected the credit score or 
educational credit score; 
‘‘(D) the range of possible credit scores or 
educational credit scores under the credit scor-
ing model used; 
‘‘(E) the distribution of credit scores or 
educational credit scores among consumers who 
are scored under the same credit scoring model 
by the consumer reporting agency, and using 
the same scale as that of the score that is pro-
vided to a creditor or consumers— 
‘‘(i) in the form of a bar graph con-
taining a minimum of 6 bars that illus-
trates the percentage of consumers with 
credit scores or educational credit scores 
within the range of scores represented by 
each bar; or 
‘‘(ii) by another clear and readily un-
derstandable graphical depiction, state-
ment, or illustration comparing the con-
sumer’s credit score or educational credit 
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score to the scores of other consumers, as 
determined by the Bureau; 
‘‘(F) the date on which the credit score or 
educational credit score was created; and 
‘‘(G) the name of the person that devel-
oped the credit scoring model on which the 
credit score or educational credit score was 
based. 
‘‘(3) APPLICABILITY TO CERTAIN USES.—This 
subsection shall not be construed so as to compel a 
consumer reporting agency to— 
‘‘(A) develop or disclose a credit score if 
the agency does not distribute credit scores 
used by a person who makes or arranges a loan 
or extends credit to predict the likelihood of 
certain credit behaviors; or 
‘‘(B) develop or disclose an educational 
credit score if the agency does not develop edu-
cational credit scores that assist in under-
standing the general credit behavior of a con-
sumer and predicting the future credit behavior 
of the consumer. 
‘‘(4) MAINTENANCE OF CREDIT SCORES.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—All consumer report-
ing agencies shall maintain in the consumer’s 
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153 
file credit scores relating to the consumer for a 
period of 2 years from the date on which such 
information is generated. 
‘‘(B) 
DISCLOSURE
ONLY
TO
CON-
SUMERS.—A past credit score maintained in a 
consumer’s file pursuant to subparagraph (A) 
may only be provided to the consumer to which 
the credit score relates and may not be included 
in a consumer report or used as a factor in gen-
erating a credit score or educational credit 
score. 
‘‘(C) 
REMOVAL
OF
PAST
CREDIT 
SCORES.—A past credit score maintained in a 
consumer’s file pursuant to subparagraph (A) 
shall be removed from the consumer’s file after 
the end of the 2-year period described under 
subparagraph (A).’’. 
SEC. 603. REQUIRES CONSUMER REPORTING AGENCIES TO 
DISCLOSE PROMINENTLY THE DIFFERENCES 
BETWEEN 
AND 
LIMITATIONS 
OF 
CREDIT 
SCORES AND EDUCATIONAL CREDIT SCORES 
REQUIRED PRIOR TO A CONSUMER OBTAIN-
ING SUCH SCORES. 
Section 609(f) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681g(f)), as amended by section 602, is further 
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amended by adding at the end the following new para-
graphs: 
‘‘(5) WEBSITE DISCLAIMER.—A consumer re-
porting agency that generates or provides credit 
scores or educational credit scores shall clearly and 
conspicuously display on the home page of the agen-
cy’s Internet website, and as part of any application, 
solicitation, or marketing material or media pro-
viding information related to a credit score or edu-
cational credit score, the following notice, in boldface 
type of 18-point font or larger and in a text box 
with boldface outer borders: 
‘‘ ‘CREDIT SCORE DISCLAIMER. 
‘‘ ‘There is no ‘‘one’’ credit score. There are many 
scoring formulas derived from a wide variety of models 
available to a consumer and used by lenders and creditors. 
Different lenders and creditors use different scoring for-
mulas to determine whether to extend credit or make a 
loan to you, and the terms of the credit or loan. An edu-
cational credit score is not a credit score that a person 
who makes a loan or extends credit to you is likely to use. 
Educational credit scores are merely intended to be used 
as an educational tool to help consumers understand how 
the information contained in a consumer report may affect 
the terms and conditions of a loan or extension of credit 
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that may be available to a consumer. Lenders and credi-
tors may also rely on information not contained in your 
consumer report and not reflected in the calculation of 
your credit score.’. 
‘‘(6) ADDITIONAL
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
EDU-
CATIONAL CREDIT SCORES.— 
‘‘(A) 
DISCLAIMER.—If 
an 
educational 
credit score is provided pursuant to paragraph 
(1), a consumer reporting agency shall clearly 
and conspicuously include in a prominent loca-
tion on the statement, in boldface type of 18- 
point font or larger, and in a text box with 
boldface outer borders, the following notice: 
‘‘ ‘EDUCATIONAL CREDIT SCORE DISCLAIMER. 
‘‘ ‘The educational credit score provided to you is not 
a credit score that a lender or creditor is likely to use to 
make a loan or extend credit to you. There are many dif-
ferent credit scores derived from a wide variety of models 
used by lenders and creditors. An educational credit score 
is merely an educational tool. It is intended to provide con-
sumers with a basic understanding of how the information 
contained in a consumer report may affect the terms and 
conditions of credit that are available. The credit scores 
you receive directly from different lenders and creditors 
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may not be the same as an educational credit score. There 
are a number of reasons for this: 
‘‘ ‘(1) Each company may use a different for-
mula for calculating credit scores and the differences 
in the formulas may lead to differences in your 
scores. 
‘‘ ‘(2) Companies may produce scores that give 
results on different scales. 
‘‘ ‘(3) Not all lenders or creditors report to 
every consumer reporting agency, and therefore the 
information contained in your consumer report that 
the consumer reporting agencies use to calculate 
your educational credit score may differ among 
agencies.’. 
‘‘(B) PROHIBITION ON MISLEADING REP-
RESENTATIONS.—A consumer reporting agency 
may not refer to an educational credit score as 
a credit score in any application, solicitation, 
marketing, or other informational materials or 
media. 
‘‘(7) MODIFICATION
OF
DISCLAIMERS.—The 
Bureau may modify the content, format, and man-
ner of the disclaimers required under paragraphs (5) 
and (6), if warranted, after conducting consumer 
testing or research.’’. 
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SEC. 604. PROVIDES CONSUMERS WITH FREE CREDIT 
SCORE DISCLOSURES WITH THEIR FREE AN-
NUAL CONSUMER REPORTS UPON REQUEST 
AND 
CREATES 
INSTANCES 
WHEN 
CON-
SUMERS 
AUTOMATICALLY 
RECEIVE 
FREE 
CONSUMER REPORTS AND CREDIT SCORES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 612 of the Fair Credit 
Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681j) is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a)— 
(A) in paragraph (1)— 
(i) in subparagraph (A), by inserting 
after ‘‘section 609’’ the following: ‘‘(includ-
ing the disclosure of a credit score or edu-
cational credit score under subsection (f) 
of such section)’’; and 
(ii) in subparagraph (C)— 
(I) by striking ‘‘Commission’’ 
and inserting ‘‘Bureau’’; 
(II) by inserting ‘‘, credit scores, 
and educational credit scores (as ap-
plicable)’’ after ‘‘consumer reports’’ 
each place that term appears; and 
(III) in clause (i), by inserting 
‘‘and through the Internet website es-
tablished under section 611(g)’’ after 
‘‘such requests’’; 
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158 
(B) in paragraph (2)— 
(i) by striking ‘‘15 days’’ and insert-
ing ‘‘3 business days’’; and 
(ii) by inserting ‘‘, credit score, or 
educational credit score’’ after ‘‘consumer 
report’’; 
(C) in paragraph (3), by inserting ‘‘, credit 
score, or educational credit score’’ after ‘‘con-
sumer report’’; and 
(D) in paragraph (4), by inserting ‘‘, credit 
scores, or educational credit scores’’ after ‘‘con-
sumer reports’’; 
(2) in subsection (b), by inserting ‘‘(including 
the disclosure of a credit score or educational credit 
score, as applicable, under subsection (f) of such sec-
tion)’’ after ‘‘section 609’’; 
(3) in subsection (c)— 
(A) by inserting ‘‘(including the disclosure 
of a credit score or educational credit score 
under subsection (f) of such section)’’ after 
‘‘pursuant to section 609’’; 
(B) in paragraph (2), by striking ‘‘; or’’ 
and inserting a semicolon; 
(C) in paragraph (3), by striking the pe-
riod at the end and inserting a semicolon; and 
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159 
(D) by adding at the end the following new 
paragraphs: 
‘‘(4) has disputed information, or submitted an 
appeal of an investigation or reinvestigation of such 
information, under section 611 or 623, regardless of 
whether the consumer has already received a credit 
report, credit score, or educational credit score 
under section 611 or 623; or 
‘‘(5) has had information that was previously 
deleted under section 611(a)(5) reinserted into the 
consumer’s file, regardless of whether the consumer 
has already received a credit report, credit score, or 
educational credit score under such section.’’; 
(4) in subsection (d), by inserting ‘‘(including 
the disclosure of a credit score or educational credit 
score under subsection (f) of such section)’’ after 
‘‘section 609’’; 
(5) in subsection (f)(1)— 
(A) by striking ‘‘reasonable charge’’ and 
all that follows through ‘‘section 609’’ and in-
serting ‘‘reasonable charge on a consumer for 
providing a consumer report to a consumer’’; 
(B) by striking subparagraph (B); 
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160 
(C) by redesignating clauses (i) and (ii) as 
subparagraphs (A) and (B), respectively (and 
conforming the margins accordingly); and 
(D) in subparagraph (B) (as so redesig-
nated), by striking ‘‘disclosure; and’’ and insert-
ing ‘‘disclosure.’’; and 
(6) by adding at the end the following new sub-
sections: 
‘‘(h) CENTRALIZED SOURCE FOR OBTAINING FREE 
COPY OF CONSUMER REPORT AND SCORES.— 
‘‘(1) 
NATIONWIDE
CONSUMER
REPORTING 
AGENCIES.— 
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—Not later than 180 
days after the date of enactment of this sub-
section, each consumer reporting agency de-
scribed under subsection (p) of section 603 
shall prominently display on the home page of 
the agency’s website— 
‘‘(i) a hyperlink labeled ‘Get Your 
Free Annual Credit Reports along with ei-
ther your Credit Scores or Educational 
Credit Scores provided for under Federal 
Law’ or substantially similar text, as deter-
mined by the Bureau; and 
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161 
‘‘(ii) a disclosure titled ‘Consumer’s 
Right to Free Credit Scores, Educational 
Credit Scores, and Reports under Federal 
Law’ or substantially similar text, as deter-
mined by the Bureau that includes the fol-
lowing statement: 
‘‘ ‘All consumers are entitled to obtain a free copy of 
their consumer report and credit score or educational cred-
it score annually from each of the nationwide consumer 
reporting agencies. Under Federal law, a consumer is enti-
tled to obtain additional free copies of their consumer re-
ports, along with a copy of either the consumer’s credit 
score or educational credit score (under certain cir-
cumstances), including: 
‘‘ ‘(1) When a consumer is unemployed and in-
tends to apply for employment within 60 days. 
‘‘ ‘(2) When a consumer is a recipient of public 
welfare assistance. 
‘‘ ‘(3) When a consumer has a reasonable belief 
that their report contains inaccuracies as a result of 
fraud. 
‘‘ ‘(4) When a consumer asserts in good faith a 
suspicion that the consumer has been or is about to 
become a victim of identity theft, fraud, or a related 
crime, or harmed by the unauthorized disclosure of 
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162 
the consumer’s financial or personally identifiable in-
formation. 
‘‘ ‘(5) When a consumer files a dispute or an 
appeal of the results of a dispute with a consumer 
reporting agency or a person who furnished informa-
tion to the consumer reporting agency regarding the 
accuracy or completeness of the information con-
tained on their report. 
‘‘ ‘(6) After a furnisher of information discovers 
it has furnished inaccurate or incomplete informa-
tion to a consumer reporting agency, and the fur-
nisher notifies the agency of the error. 
‘‘ ‘(7) After an adverse action is taken against 
a consumer or a consumer receives a risk-based pric-
ing notice. 
‘‘ ‘(8) When a mortgage lender, private edu-
cational lender, indirect auto lender, or motor vehicle 
lender obtains and uses a consumer’s reports or 
scores for underwriting purposes.’. 
‘‘(B) HYPERLINK
REQUIREMENTS.—The 
hyperlink described in subparagraph (A)(i) shall 
be prominently located on the top of the home 
page and should link directly to the website of 
the centralized source established pursuant to 
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163 
section 211(d) of the Fair and Accurate Credit 
Transactions Act of 2003 (15 U.S.C. 1681j(d)). 
‘‘(C) MODIFICATIONS.—The Bureau may 
modify the disclosure described in subparagraph 
(A)(ii) as necessary to include other cir-
cumstances under which a consumer has the 
right to receive a free consumer report, credit 
score, or educational credit score. 
‘‘(2) NATIONWIDE SPECIALTY CONSUMER RE-
PORTING AGENCIES.— 
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—Not later than 180 
days after the date of enactment of this sub-
section, each nationwide specialty consumer re-
porting agency shall prominently display on the 
Internet home webpage of the agency a disclo-
sure titled ‘Consumer’s Right to Free Con-
sumer Reports and Credit Score or Educational 
Credit Score (as applicable) under Federal 
Law’. Such disclosure shall include the fol-
lowing statement: 
‘‘ ‘Upon request, all consumers are entitled to obtain 
a free copy of their consumer report and credit score or 
educational credit score (as applicable) during any 12- 
month period from each of the nationwide specialty con-
sumer reporting agencies. Federal law also provides fur-
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164 
ther circumstances under which a consumer is entitled to 
obtain additional free copies of their consumer report and 
credit score or educational credit score (as applicable) in-
cluding: 
‘‘ ‘(1) When a consumer is unemployed and in-
tends to apply for employment within 60 days. 
‘‘ ‘(2) When a consumer is a recipient of public 
welfare assistance. 
‘‘ ‘(3) When a consumer has a reasonable belief 
that their report contains inaccuracies as a result of 
fraud. 
‘‘ ‘(4) When a consumer files a dispute or an 
appeal of the results of a dispute with a consumer 
reporting agency or a person who furnished informa-
tion to the consumer reporting agency regarding the 
accuracy or completeness of the information con-
tained on their report. 
‘‘ ‘(5) After a furnisher of information discovers 
it has furnished inaccurate or incomplete informa-
tion to a consumer reporting agency, and the fur-
nisher notifies the agency of the error. 
‘‘ ‘(6) After an adverse action is taken against 
a consumer or a consumer receives a risk-based pric-
ing notice. 
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165 
‘‘ ‘(7) When a mortgage lender, private edu-
cational lender, indirect auto lender, or motor vehicle 
lender obtains and uses a consumer’s reports or 
scores for underwriting purposes.’. 
‘‘(B) MODIFICATIONS.—The Bureau may 
modify the disclosure described in subparagraph 
(A) as necessary to include other circumstances 
under which a consumer has the right to receive 
a free consumer report and credit score or edu-
cational credit score (as applicable). 
‘‘(C) TOLL-FREE
TELEPHONE
ACCESS.— 
The information described in this paragraph 
shall also be made available via a toll-free tele-
phone number. Such number shall be promi-
nently displayed on the home page of the 
website of each nationwide specialty consumer 
reporting agency. Each of the circumstances 
under which a consumer may obtain a free con-
sumer report and credit score or educational 
credit score (as applicable) shall be presented in 
an easily understandable format and consumers 
shall be directed to an individual who is a cus-
tomer service representative not later than 2 
minutes after the initial phone connection is 
made by the consumer. Information provided 
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166 
through such telephone number shall comply 
with the requirements of section 633. 
‘‘(D) ONLINE
CONSUMER
REPORTS; EX-
EMPTION.—Upon receipt of a request by a con-
sumer for a consumer report, each nationwide 
specialty consumer reporting agency shall pro-
vide access to such report electronically on the 
Internet website described in section 611(g). 
‘‘(i) AUTOMATIC PROVISION OF FREE CONSUMER 
REPORTS AND CREDIT SCORES OR EDUCATIONAL CREDIT 
SCORES.—A consumer reporting agency shall provide to 
a consumer a free copy of the file and credit score or edu-
cational credit score of the consumer who— 
‘‘(1) obtains a 1-year fraud alert, 7-year fraud 
alert, active duty alert, or credit freeze as described 
in section 605A; or 
‘‘(2) has disputed information, or submitted an 
appeal of an investigation or reinvestigation of such 
information, under section 611 or 623.’’. 
(b) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—Section 615(h)(7) of 
such Act (15 U.S.C. 1681m(h)(7)) is amended by striking 
‘‘section’’ and inserting ‘‘subsection’’. 
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167 
SEC. 605. REQUIRES PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL LENDERS TO 
PROVIDE CONSUMERS WITH FREE COPIES OF 
ANY 
CONSUMER 
REPORTS 
AND 
CREDIT 
SCORES 
THAT 
THEY 
USED 
FOR 
UNDER-
WRITING BEFORE CONSUMERS SIGN LOAN 
AGREEMENTS. 
Section 609 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681g), as amended by section 702, is further 
amended by adding at the end the following new sub-
section: 
‘‘(i) DISCLOSURE
OF CONSUMER REPORTS
AND 
CREDIT SCORES BY PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL LENDERS.— 
‘‘(1) IN
GENERAL.—If a private educational 
lender obtains a copy of any consumer reports or 
credit scores and uses such reports or scores in con-
nection with an application of a consumer for a pri-
vate education loan, the private educational lender 
shall provide to the consumer, not later than 3 busi-
ness days after obtaining such reports or scores and 
before the date on which the consumer enters into 
a loan agreement with the private educational lend-
er, a copy of any such reports or scores, along with 
the statement described under subsection (f)(2). 
‘‘(2) COSTS.—None of the costs to the private 
educational lender associated with procuring con-
sumer reports or credit scores under this subsection 
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168 
may be charged, directly or indirectly, to the con-
sumer. 
‘‘(3) RULE
OF
CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in 
this subsection shall be construed to eliminate any 
requirement for creditors and lenders to provide 
credit score disclosures, including the statement de-
scribed under subsection (f)(2), to consumers as 
part of an adverse action or risk-based pricing no-
tice.’’. 
SEC. 606. REQUIRES MOTOR VEHICLE LENDERS OR INDI-
RECT AUTO LENDERS TO PROVIDE CON-
SUMERS WITH FREE COPIES OF ANY CON-
SUMER REPORTS AND CREDIT SCORES THAT 
THEY USED FOR UNDERWRITING BEFORE 
CONSUMERS SIGN LEASE OR LOAN AGREE-
MENTS. 
Section 609 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681g), as amended by section 605, is further 
amended by adding at the end the following new sub-
section: 
‘‘(j) DISCLOSURE
OF CONSUMER REPORTS
AND 
CREDIT SCORES USED BY MOTOR VEHICLE LENDERS OR 
INDIRECT AUTO LENDERS.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—If a motor vehicle lender or 
indirect auto lender obtains a copy of any consumer 
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169 
reports or credit scores and uses such reports or 
scores in connection with an application of a con-
sumer for a motor vehicle loan or lease, the motor 
vehicle lender or indirect auto lender shall provide to 
the consumer a document, separate from the con-
sumer’s lease or purchase agreement and before the 
consumer enters into a lease or purchase agreement, 
disclosing any consumer reports and credit scores, 
including the statement described in subsection 
(f)(2), used by the lender to determine whether to 
extend credit to the consumer. 
‘‘(2) COSTS.—None of the costs to the motor 
vehicle lender or indirect auto lender associated with 
procuring consumer reports or credit scores under 
this subsection may be charged, directly or indi-
rectly, to the consumer. 
‘‘(3) RULE
OF
CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in 
this subsection shall be construed to eliminate any 
requirement for creditors and lenders to provide 
credit score disclosures, including the statement de-
scribed under subsection (f)(2), to consumers as 
part of an adverse action or risk-based pricing no-
tice. 
‘‘(4) DEFINITIONS.— 
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170 
‘‘(A) INDIRECT AUTO LENDER.—The term 
‘indirect auto lender’ has the meaning given the 
term by the Bureau, and shall include a person 
extending a loan made with respect to a car, 
boat, motorcycle, recreational vehicle, or other 
similar vehicle used primarily for personal or 
household purposes. 
‘‘(B) 
MOTOR
VEHICLE
LENDER.—The 
term ‘motor vehicle lender’ has the meaning 
given the term by the Board of Governors of 
the Federal Reserve System, and shall include 
a person extending a loan made with respect to 
a car, boat, motorcycle, recreational vehicle, or 
other similar vehicle used primarily for personal 
or household purposes.’’. 
SEC. 607. REQUIRES RESIDENTIAL MORTGAGE LENDERS 
TO PROVIDE CONSUMERS WITH FREE COPIES 
OF ANY CONSUMER REPORTS AND CREDIT 
SCORES 
THAT 
THEY 
USED 
FOR 
UNDER-
WRITING BEFORE CONSUMERS SIGN LOAN 
AGREEMENTS. 
Section 609(g) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681g(g)) is amended— 
(1) by redesignating paragraph (2) as para-
graph (5); 
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171 
(2) in paragraph (1)— 
(A) by striking ‘‘a consumer credit score’’ 
and inserting ‘‘any consumer reports or credit 
scores’’; 
(B) by striking ‘‘, as defined in subsection 
(f),’’; 
(C) by striking ‘‘the following to the con-
sumer as soon as reasonably practicable:’’ and 
inserting ‘‘, not later than 3 business days after 
using such reports or scores, a document dis-
closing any consumer reports and credit scores 
used by the lender to determine whether to ex-
tend credit to the consumer along with the 
statement described in subsection (f)(2).’’; 
(D) by striking subparagraphs (A), (B), 
(C), (E), and (F); 
(E) by redesignating subparagraph (D) as 
paragraph (3); and 
(F) by redesignating subparagraph (G) as 
paragraph (4); 
(3) by inserting after paragraph (1) the fol-
lowing new paragraph: 
‘‘(2) RULE
OF
CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in 
this subsection shall be construed to eliminate any 
requirement for lenders to provide credit score dis-
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172 
closures, including the statement described under 
subsection (f)(2), to consumers as part of an adverse 
action or risk-based pricing notice.’’; 
(4) in paragraph (3) (as so redesignated), in 
the quoted material— 
(A) by inserting ‘‘, free of charge,’’ after 
‘‘disclose to you’’; and 
(B) by striking ‘‘affecting your credit 
scores’’ and inserting ‘‘affecting your credit 
score or scores’’; 
(5) in paragraph (5) (as so redesignated) by in-
serting ‘‘or scores’’ after ‘‘credit score’’ each place 
such term appears; and 
(6) by adding at the end the following new 
paragraphs: 
‘‘(6) ACTIONS NOT REQUIRED.—This subsection 
shall not require any person to disclose any credit 
score or related information obtained by the person 
after a loan has closed. 
‘‘(7) NO PROCUREMENT COSTS.—None of the 
costs to the creditor or lender associated with pro-
curing any consumer reports or scores under this 
subsection may be charged, directly or indirectly, to 
the consumer.’’. 
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173 
TITLE 
VII—BANNING 
MIS-
LEADING AND UNFAIR CON-
SUMER 
REPORTING 
PRAC-
TICES 
SEC. 701. PROHIBITS AUTOMATIC RENEWALS FOR CON-
SUMER REPORTING AND CREDIT SCORING 
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES OFFERED UNDER 
PROMOTIONAL TERMS. 
The Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et 
seq.), as amended by section 501, is further amended— 
(1) by adding at the end the following new sec-
tion: 
‘‘§ 632. Promotional periods 
‘‘(a) TERMINATION NOTICE.—With respect to any 
product or service related to a consumer report or a credit 
score that is provided to a consumer under promotional 
terms, the seller or provider of such product or service 
shall provide clear and conspicuous notice to the consumer 
within a reasonable period of time before the promotional 
period ends. 
‘‘(b) OPT-IN.—With respect to any such product or 
service, the seller or provider may not continue to sell or 
provide such product or service to the consumer after the 
end of the promotional period unless the consumer specifi-
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174 
cally agrees at the end of the promotional period to con-
tinue receiving the product or service.’’; and 
(2) in the table of contents for such Act, by in-
serting after the item relating to section 631 (as 
added by section 501) the following new item: 
‘‘632. Promotional periods.’’. 
SEC. 702. BANS MISLEADING AND DECEPTIVE MARKETING 
RELATED TO THE PROVISION OF CONSUMER 
REPORTING AND CREDIT SCORING PROD-
UCTS AND SERVICES. 
Section 609 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681g) is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a)— 
(A) in paragraph (1)— 
(i) by striking ‘‘request, except’’ and 
all that follows through ‘‘consumer to 
whom’’ and inserting ‘‘request, unless the 
consumer to whom’’; 
(ii) by striking ‘‘disclosure; and’’ and 
inserting ‘‘disclosure.’’; and 
(iii) by striking subparagraph (B); 
and 
(B) in paragraph (6), by inserting ‘‘or edu-
cational credit score (if applicable) under sub-
section (f) or section 612’’ before the period at 
the end; and 
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(2) by adding at the end the following new sub-
section: 
‘‘(h) DISCLOSURES ON PRODUCTS AND SERVICES.— 
The Bureau, in consultation with the Federal Trade Com-
mission, shall issue regulations within 18 months of the 
date of the enactment of this subsection requiring each 
consumer reporting agency and reseller to clearly and con-
spicuously disclose all material terms and conditions, in-
cluding any fee and pricing information associated with 
any products or services offered, advertised, marketed, or 
sold to consumers by the agency or reseller. Such disclo-
sures shall be made in all forms of communication to con-
sumers and displayed prominently on the agency or re-
seller’s website and all other locations where products or 
services are offered, advertised, marketed, or sold to con-
sumers.’’. 
SEC. 703. ENDS EXCESSIVE DIRECT-TO-CONSUMER SALES 
BY GIVING THE BUREAU AUTHORITY TO SET 
FAIR AND REASONABLE FEES ON CONSUMER 
REPORTING AND CREDIT SCORING PROD-
UCTS AND SERVICES SOLD BY CONSUMER 
REPORTING AGENCIES TO CONSUMERS. 
The Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et 
seq.), as amended by section 706, is further amended— 
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176 
(1) by adding at the end the following new sec-
tion: 
‘‘§ 635. Fair and reasonable fees for products and 
services 
‘‘The Bureau may, with respect to any product or 
service offered by a consumer reporting agency to a con-
sumer, set a fair and reasonable maximum fee that may 
be charged for such product or service, except where such 
maximum fee is otherwise provided under this title.’’; and 
(2) in the table of contents for such Act, as 
amended by section 706, by adding at the end the 
following new item: 
‘‘635. Fair and reasonable fees for products and services.’’. 
SEC. 704. PROMOTES ACCESS TO CONSUMER REPORTING 
AND CREDIT SCORING DISCLOSURES FOR 
CONSUMERS WITH LIMITED ENGLISH PRO-
FICIENCY AND VISUAL AND HEARING IM-
PAIRMENTS TO ENHANCE THEIR ABILITY TO 
EXERCISE THEIR RIGHTS. 
The Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et 
seq.), as amended by section 701, is further amended— 
(1) by adding at the end the following new sec-
tion: 
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177 
‘‘§ 633. Fair access to information for nonnative 
English speakers and the visually and 
hearing impaired 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days after 
the date of the enactment of this section, the Bureau shall 
issue a rule to require consumer reporting agencies and 
persons who furnish information to consumer reporting 
agencies under this title, to the maximum extent reason-
ably practicable— 
‘‘(1) to provide any information, disclosures, or 
other communication with consumers— 
‘‘(A) in each of the 10 most commonly spo-
ken languages, other than English, in the 
United States, as determined by the Bureau of 
the Census on an ongoing basis; and 
‘‘(B) in formats accessible to individuals 
with hearing or vision impairments; and 
‘‘(2) to ensure that— 
‘‘(A) customer service representatives, in-
cluding employees assigned to handle disputes 
or appeals under sections 611 and 623, who are 
available to assist consumers are highly familiar 
with the requirements of this title; 
‘‘(B) such representatives are available 
during regular business hours and outside of 
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178 
regular business hours, including evenings and 
weekends; and 
‘‘(C) at least one among such representa-
tives is fluent in each of the 10 most commonly 
spoken languages, other than English, in the 
United States, as determined by the Bureau of 
the Census on an ongoing basis. 
‘‘(b) BUREAU CONSULTATION.—The Bureau shall 
consult with advocates for civil rights, consumer groups, 
community groups, and organizations that serve tradition-
ally underserved communities and populations in issuing 
the rule described in subsection (a).’’; and 
(2) in the table of contents for such Act, by in-
serting after the item relating to section 632 (as 
added by section 701) the following new item: 
‘‘633. Fair access to information for nonnative English speakers and the visually 
and hearing impaired.’’. 
SEC. 705. ESTABLISHES CONSUMERS’ RIGHT TO SHOP FOR 
THE BEST DEAL ON CERTAIN LARGE DOLLAR 
LOANS WITHOUT HARMING THEIR CREDIT 
STANDING. 
Section 605 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681c) is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing new subsection: 
‘‘(h) ENCOURAGING CONSUMERS TO COMPARISON 
SHOP FOR LOANS BY TREATING GROUPED ENQUIRIES OF 
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THE SAME TYPE WITHIN A REASONABLE PERIOD AS A 
SINGLE ENQUIRY.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—With respect to multiple 
enquiries of the same type made to a consumer re-
porting agency for a consumer report or credit score 
with respect to a consumer, any credit scoring model 
shall treat such enquiries as a single enquiry if the 
enquiries are made within a 120-day period. 
‘‘(2) DEFINITION OF ENQUIRIES OF THE SAME 
TYPE.—With respect to multiple enquiries made to 
a consumer reporting agency for a consumer report 
or credit score with respect to a consumer, such 
enquiries are ‘of the same type’ if the consumer re-
porting agency has reason to believe that the 
enquiries are all made for the purpose of deter-
mining the consumer’s creditworthiness for an exten-
sion of credit described in one of the following: 
‘‘(A) A covered residential mortgage loan 
(as described in section 605C). 
‘‘(B) A motor vehicle loan or lease (as de-
scribed in section 609(j)). 
‘‘(C) A private education loan. 
‘‘(D) Any other consumer financial product 
or service, as determined by the Bureau.’’. 
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SEC. 706. ENDS CONFUSION ABOUT WHETHER ENTITIES 
ARE ENGAGED IN CONSUMER REPORTING 
PRACTICES BY CREATING A NATIONWIDE 
CONSUMER 
REPORTING 
AGENCIES 
REG-
ISTRY. 
The Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et 
seq.), as amended by section 704, is further amended— 
(1) by adding at the end the following new sec-
tion: 
‘‘§ 634. Nationwide consumer reporting agencies reg-
istry 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 1 year after the 
date of enactment of this section, the Bureau shall estab-
lish and maintain a publicly accessible registry of con-
sumer reporting agencies described in subsection (p) or 
(x) of section 603 (and any other agencies the Bureau de-
termines provide similar services to such consumer report-
ing agencies) that includes current contact information of 
each such agency, including the Internet website address 
of the Internet website described under section 611(g), 
and information on how consumers can obtain their con-
sumer report, credit scores, or educational credit scores 
(as applicable) by toll-free telephone, postal mail, or elec-
tronic means. 
‘‘(b) REGISTRY REQUIREMENTS.—The registry de-
scribed in subsection (a) shall— 
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181 
‘‘(1) identify the largest agencies and the mar-
kets and demographics covered by such agencies; 
and 
‘‘(2) disclose, with respect to each agency, 
whether the agency is subject to the supervisory au-
thority of the Bureau under this title. 
‘‘(c) INFORMATION
UPDATES.—Each agency de-
scribed under subsection (a) shall submit to the Bureau 
contact information for the registry, including any updates 
to such information. The Bureau shall— 
‘‘(1) independently verify information submitted 
by each agency; and 
‘‘(2) update the registry not less frequently 
than annually.’’; and 
(2) in the table of contents for such Act, by in-
serting after the item relating to section 633 (as 
added by section 704) the following new item: 
‘‘634. Nationwide consumer reporting agencies registry.’’. 
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182 
TITLE VIII—EXPANDING ACCESS 
TO TOOLS TO PROTECT VUL-
NERABLE CONSUMERS FROM 
IDENTITY THEFT, FRAUD, OR 
A RELATED CRIME, AND PRO-
TECT 
VICTIMS 
FROM 
FUR-
THER HARM 
SEC. 801. IDENTITY THEFT REPORT DEFINITION. 
Paragraph (4) of section 603(q) of the Fair Credit 
Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681a(q)(4)) is amended to 
read as follows: 
‘‘(4) IDENTITY
THEFT
REPORT.—The term 
‘identity theft report’ has the meaning given that 
term by rule of the Bureau, and means, at a min-
imum, a report— 
‘‘(A) that is a standardized affidavit that 
alleges that a consumer has been a victim of 
identity theft, fraud, or a related crime, or has 
been harmed by the unauthorized disclosure of 
the consumer’s financial or personally identifi-
able information, that was developed and made 
available by the Bureau; or 
‘‘(B)(i) that alleges an identity theft, 
fraud, or a related crime, or alleges harm from 
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183 
the unauthorized disclosure of the consumer’s 
financial or personally identifiable information; 
‘‘(ii) that is a copy of an official, valid re-
port filed by a consumer with an appropriate 
Federal, State, or local law enforcement agency, 
including the United States Postal Inspection 
Service, or such other government agency 
deemed appropriate by the Bureau; and 
‘‘(iii) the filing of which subjects the per-
son filing the report to criminal penalties relat-
ing to the filing of false information if, in fact, 
the information in the report is false.’’. 
SEC. 802. CREDIT FREEZE DEFINITION. 
Section 603(q) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681a(q)(4)) is amended by adding at the end the 
following new paragraph: 
‘‘(6) CREDIT FREEZE.—The term ‘credit freeze’ 
means a restriction placed at the request of a con-
sumer or a personal representative of the consumer, 
on the consumer report of the consumer, that pro-
hibits a consumer reporting agency described in sec-
tion 603(p) from releasing the consumer report for 
a purpose relating to the extension of credit without 
the express authorization of the consumer. A credit 
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184 
freeze shall not apply to the use of a consumer re-
port by any of the following: 
‘‘(A) A person, or the person’s subsidiary, 
affiliate, agent, subcontractor, or assignee with 
whom the consumer has, or prior to assignment 
had, an authorized account, contract, or debtor- 
creditor relationship for the purposes of review-
ing the active account or collecting the financial 
obligation owed on the account, contract, or 
debt. 
‘‘(B) A person, or the person’s subsidiary, 
affiliate, agent, subcontractor, or assignee, to 
whom access has been granted pursuant to a 
request by the consumer described under sec-
tion 605A(i)(1)(B), for purposes of facilitating 
the extension of credit or other permissible use. 
‘‘(C) Any person acting pursuant to a 
court order, warrant, or subpoena. 
‘‘(D) A Federal, State, or local govern-
ment, or an agent or assignee thereof. 
‘‘(E) Any person for the sole purpose of 
providing a credit monitoring or identity theft 
protection service to which the consumer has 
subscribed. 
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185 
‘‘(F) Any person for the purpose of pro-
viding a consumer with a copy of the consumer 
report, credit score, or educational credit score 
of the consumer upon the consumer’s request. 
‘‘(G) Any person or entity for insurance 
purposes, including use in setting or adjusting 
a rate, adjusting a claim, or underwriting. 
‘‘(H) Any person acting pursuant to an au-
thorization from a consumer to use their con-
sumer report for employment purposes.’’. 
SEC. 803. CREDIT FREEZES FOR MINORS AND OTHER VUL-
NERABLE CONSUMERS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Fair Credit Reporting Act 
(15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.), as amended by section 406, is 
further amended by inserting after section 605F the fol-
lowing new section: 
‘‘SEC. 605G. ADDITIONAL PROTECTIONS FOR FILES AND 
CREDIT RECORDS OF VULNERABLE CON-
SUMERS. 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—A consumer reporting agency de-
scribed in section 603(p) shall, upon request by a covered 
representative of a covered consumer— 
‘‘(1) create a credit record for a verified covered 
consumer and place or remove a covered consumer 
credit freeze on such credit record; or 
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186 
‘‘(2) place or remove a covered consumer credit 
freeze on a file of a covered consumer that is main-
tained by such consumer reporting agency. 
‘‘(b) REQUIREMENTS.—The Bureau, by rule, shall es-
tablish procedures for a consumer reporting agency de-
scribed in section 603(p) to— 
‘‘(1) verify the authority and the identity of the 
requestor by determining if the requestor has sub-
mitted sufficient proof of authority and sufficient 
proof of identification to meet the requirements of a 
covered representative; and 
‘‘(2) notify the requestor when the consumer re-
porting agency has fulfilled the request. 
‘‘(c) REMOVING
COVERED
CONSUMER
CREDIT 
FREEZES
FROM
FILES
AND
DELETING
CREDIT 
RECORDS.— 
‘‘(1) IN
GENERAL.—A consumer reporting 
agency described in section 603(p) shall permanently 
remove a covered consumer credit freeze from a file 
or delete a credit record upon request by— 
‘‘(A) a covered representative; 
‘‘(B) a minor child who shows sufficient 
proof of emancipation and sufficient proof of 
identification; 
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187 
‘‘(C) a covered consumer for whom a con-
servatorship or guardianship has been termi-
nated; or 
‘‘(D) a consumer who was a minor child on 
the date the covered consumer credit freeze was 
placed, if such consumer makes the request on 
or after the date of the State-determined age of 
consent for the minor child. 
‘‘(2) ALERT STATEMENT.—An alert statement 
shall be included in a file of a minor child for which 
a covered consumer credit freeze has been removed 
pursuant to paragraph (1) if the minor child was a 
victim of fraud or identity theft before the date of 
the State-determined age of consent of the minor 
child as follows: 
‘‘(A) For a file for which a covered con-
sumer credit freeze has been removed upon re-
quest by a covered representative, for the period 
beginning on the date of the removal of the cov-
ered consumer credit freeze from the file and 
ending on the date that is 1 year after the date 
of the State-determined age of consent for the 
minor child. 
‘‘(B) For a file for which a covered con-
sumer credit freeze was removed on the date of 
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188 
the State-determined age of consent for the 
minor child, for a period of 1 year after such 
date. 
‘‘(3) DUTY OF RESELLER.—With respect to in-
formation concerning a minor child whose file con-
tains an alert statement, a reseller shall include such 
alert statement when furnishing such information. 
‘‘(d) TIMING.—With respect to a covered consumer 
credit freeze, a consumer reporting agency described in 
section 603(p) shall— 
‘‘(1) place or remove such covered consumer 
credit freeze within 30 days after receipt of a re-
quest to place or remove such covered consumer 
credit freeze; and 
‘‘(2) notify the consumer to whom the covered 
consumer credit freeze relates not later than 10 days 
after such covered consumer credit freeze has been 
placed or removed of such placement or removal. 
‘‘(e) FEES.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in para-
graph (2), a consumer reporting agency described in 
section 603(p) may only charge a fee, not to exceed 
$3 (as adjusted by the Bureau on January 1st of 
each year to reflect proportional changes in the Con-
sumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers pub-
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189 
lished by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the De-
partment of Labor, with fractional changes rounded 
to the nearest 50 cents), to create a credit record, 
place or remove a covered consumer credit freeze on 
a credit record or credit file, or place or remove an 
alert statement. 
‘‘(2) FEES PROHIBITED.—A consumer report-
ing agency described in section 603(p) may not 
charge a fee as described in paragraph (1) to a con-
sumer who has been placed in a foster care setting. 
‘‘(f) EXCEPTIONS.—No provision of this section shall 
be construed to require a consumer reporting agency de-
scribed in section 603(p) to prevent valid access to a credit 
record or file— 
‘‘(1) by a Federal, State, or local law enforce-
ment agency; 
‘‘(2) to a person who provides a covered con-
sumer or a covered representative with a copy of the 
file of the covered consumer at the request of the 
covered consumer or the covered representative; 
‘‘(3) by any child support agency acting pursu-
ant to Federal, State, or local law; 
‘‘(4) by any Federal, State, or local health care 
department or its agents or assignees acting to in-
vestigate Medicare fraud; or 
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190 
‘‘(5) by any Federal, State, or local department 
of revenue or taxes, or its agents or assignees, acting 
to investigate or collect delinquent taxes or delin-
quent court orders, or to fulfill other statutory re-
quirements. 
‘‘(g) DEFINITIONS.—In this section the following 
definitions shall apply: 
‘‘(1) ALERT
STATEMENT.—The term ‘alert 
statement’ means a statement that— 
‘‘(A) notifies all permissible users of a con-
sumer report relating to a covered consumer 
that the consumer may be a victim of fraud, in-
cluding identity theft; and 
‘‘(B) is presented in a manner that facili-
tates a clear and conspicuous view of the infor-
mation described in subparagraph (A) by any 
person requesting such consumer report. 
‘‘(2) COVERED CONSUMER.—The term ‘covered 
consumer’ means— 
‘‘(A) a minor child; 
‘‘(B) an incapacitated consumer for whom 
a guardian or conservator has been appointed; 
‘‘(C) a consumer under the jurisdiction of 
a county welfare department or county proba-
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191 
tion department who has been placed in a foster 
care setting; or 
‘‘(D) any other person or class of persons, 
as determined by the Bureau. 
‘‘(3) COVERED CONSUMER CREDIT FREEZE.— 
The term ‘covered consumer credit freeze’ means a 
credit freeze placed or removed on a credit record or 
file pursuant to this section. 
‘‘(4) COVERED
REPRESENTATIVE.—The term 
‘covered representative’— 
‘‘(A) means a person who provides to a 
consumer reporting agency sufficient proof of 
authority and sufficient proof of identification; 
‘‘(B) means, with respect to a covered con-
sumer who has been placed in a foster care set-
ting, a county welfare department or its agent 
or designee, or a county probation department 
or its agent or designee; 
‘‘(C) with respect to a covered consumer 
who has been placed in a foster care setting, 
does not mean a foster parent; and 
‘‘(D) means any other person or class of 
persons, as determined by the Bureau. 
‘‘(5) 
CREDIT
RECORD.—The 
term 
‘credit 
record’ means a compilation of information that— 
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192 
‘‘(A) identifies a covered consumer; 
‘‘(B) was created by a consumer reporting 
agency solely for the purpose of complying with 
this section; and 
‘‘(C) is not otherwise authorized to be cre-
ated or used to consider the covered consumer’s 
creditworthiness, credit standing, credit capac-
ity, character, general reputation, personal 
characteristics, or mode of living. 
‘‘(6) MINOR
CHILD.—The term ‘minor child’ 
means a consumer who has not yet attained the 
legal age of consent, as established by the State or 
jurisdiction of residence of the person. 
‘‘(7) SUFFICIENT PROOF OF AUTHORITY.—The 
term ‘sufficient proof of authority’ means docu-
mentation that shows that a covered representative 
has authority to act on behalf of a covered consumer 
in a financial matter. Such documentation may in-
clude— 
‘‘(A) a court order or relevant document 
issued by a court; 
‘‘(B) a legally sufficient and valid power of 
attorney or a durable power of attorney; 
‘‘(C) a written, notarized statement signed 
by a covered representative that expressly de-
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193 
scribes the authority of the covered representa-
tive to act on behalf of a covered consumer in 
financial matters, including as a temporary con-
servator or temporary guardian; 
‘‘(D) a written communication from a 
county welfare department or its agent or des-
ignee, or a county probation department or its 
agent or designee, certifying that the covered 
consumer is in a foster care setting under its 
jurisdiction; or 
‘‘(E) any other documentation, as deter-
mined by the Bureau. 
‘‘(8) SUFFICIENT PROOF OF IDENTIFICATION.— 
The term ‘sufficient proof of identification’ means 
information or documentation that identifies a cov-
ered consumer or a covered representative. Such in-
formation or documentation may include— 
‘‘(A) a Social Security number or a copy of 
a Social Security card; 
‘‘(B) an official or certified copy of a birth 
certificate; 
‘‘(C) a copy of a driver’s license or similar 
document issued for the purpose of identifica-
tion by a State; 
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194 
‘‘(D) a copy of a bill for telephone, sewer, 
septic tank, water, electric, oil, or natural gas 
services that lists the name and home address 
of the covered consumer or covered representa-
tive; 
‘‘(E) a written communication from a 
county welfare department or its agent or des-
ignee, or a county probation department or its 
agent or designee, certifying that the covered 
consumer is in a foster care setting under its 
jurisdiction; or 
‘‘(F) any other information or documenta-
tion, as determined by the Bureau.’’. 
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS AMENDMENT.—The table 
of contents of the Fair Credit Reporting Act is amended 
by inserting after the item relating to section 605F (as 
added by section 406) the following new item: 
‘‘605G. Additional protections for files and credit records of vulnerable con-
sumers.’’. 
(c) AMENDMENT TO DEFINITION OF ‘‘FILE’’.—Sec-
tion 603(g) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 
1681a(g)) is amended by inserting ‘‘, except that such 
term excludes a credit record created pursuant to section 
605G’’ after ‘‘stored’’. 
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195 
SEC. 804. ENHANCES FRAUD ALERT PROTECTIONS. 
Section 605A of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681c–1) is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a)— 
(A) in the subsection heading, by striking 
‘‘ONE-CALL’’ and inserting ‘‘ONE-YEAR’’; 
(B) in paragraph (1)— 
(i) in the paragraph heading, by strik-
ing ‘‘INITIAL ALERTS’’ and inserting ‘‘IN 
GENERAL’’; 
(ii) by inserting ‘‘or harmed by the 
unauthorized disclosure of the consumer’s 
financial or personally identifiable informa-
tion,’’ after ‘‘identity theft,’’; 
(iii) in subparagraph (A)— 
(I) by striking ‘‘90 days’’ and in-
serting ‘‘1 year’’; and 
(II) by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end; 
(iv) in subparagraph (B)— 
(I) by inserting ‘‘1-year’’ before 
‘‘fraud alert’’; and 
(II) by striking the period at the 
end and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 
(v) by adding at the end the following 
new subparagraph: 
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‘‘(C) upon the expiration of the 1-year pe-
riod described in subparagraph (A) or a subse-
quent 1-year period, and in response to a direct 
request by the consumer or such representative, 
continue the fraud alert for a period of 1 addi-
tional year if the information asserted in this 
paragraph remains applicable.’’; and 
(C) in paragraph (2)— 
(i) in the paragraph heading, by in-
serting ‘‘AND
CREDIT
OR
EDUCATIONAL 
CREDIT SCORES’’ after ‘‘REPORTS’’; 
(ii) by inserting ‘‘1-year’’ before 
‘‘fraud alert’’; 
(iii) in subparagraph (A), by inserting 
‘‘and credit score or educational credit 
score’’ after ‘‘file’’; and 
(iv) in subparagraph (B), by striking 
‘‘any request described in subparagraph 
(A)’’ and inserting ‘‘the consumer report-
ing agency includes the 1-year fraud alert 
in the file of a consumer’’; 
(2) in subsection (b)— 
(A) in the subsection heading, by striking 
‘‘EXTENDED’’ and inserting ‘‘SEVEN-YEAR’’; 
(B) in paragraph (1)— 
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(i) in subparagraph (B)— 
(I) by striking ‘‘5-year period be-
ginning on the date of such request’’ 
and inserting ‘‘such 7-year period’’; 
and 
(II) by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end; 
(ii) in subparagraph (C)— 
(I) by striking ‘‘extended’’ and 
inserting ‘‘7-year’’; and 
(II) by striking the period at the 
end and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 
(iii) by adding at the end the fol-
lowing new subparagraph: 
‘‘(D) upon the expiration of such 7-year 
period or a subsequent 7-year period, and in re-
sponse to a direct request by the consumer or 
such representative, continue the fraud alert for 
a period of 7 additional years if the consumer 
or such representative submits an updated iden-
tity theft report.’’; and 
(C) in paragraph (2)— 
(i) in the paragraph heading, by in-
serting ‘‘AND
CREDIT
OR
EDUCATIONAL 
CREDIT SCORES’’ after ‘‘REPORTS’’; and 
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198 
(ii) by amending subparagraph (A) to 
read as follows: 
‘‘(A) disclose to the consumer that the con-
sumer may request a free copy of the file and 
credit score or educational credit score of the 
consumer pursuant to section 612(d) during 
each 12-month period beginning on the date on 
which the 7-year fraud alert was included in the 
file and ending on the date of the last day that 
the 7-year fraud alert applies to the consumer’s 
file; and’’; 
(3) in subsection (c)— 
(A) in paragraph (1), by inserting ‘‘or edu-
cational credit score’’ after ‘‘credit score’’; 
(B) by redesignating paragraphs (1), (2), 
and (3), as subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C), 
respectively (and conforming the margins ac-
cordingly); 
(C) by striking ‘‘Upon the direct request’’ 
and inserting 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Upon the direct request’’; 
and 
(D) by adding at the end the following new 
paragraph: 
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‘‘(2) ACCESS TO FREE REPORTS AND CREDIT 
OR EDUCATIONAL CREDIT SCORES.—If a consumer 
reporting agency includes an active duty alert in the 
file of an active duty military consumer, the con-
sumer reporting agency shall— 
‘‘(A) disclose to the active duty military 
consumer that the active duty military con-
sumer may request a free copy of the file and 
credit score or educational credit score of the 
active duty military consumer pursuant to sec-
tion 612(d), during each 12-month period be-
ginning on the date that the activity duty mili-
tary alert is requested and ending on the date 
of the last day the active duty alert applies to 
the file of the active duty military consumer; 
and 
‘‘(B) provide to the active duty military 
consumer all disclosures required to be made 
under section 609, without charge to the con-
sumer, not later than 3 business days after any 
request described in subparagraph (A).’’; 
(4) by amending subsection (d) to read as fol-
lows: 
‘‘(d) PROCEDURES.—Each consumer reporting agen-
cy described in section 603(p) shall establish and make 
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available to the public on the agency’s Internet website 
policies and procedures to comply with this section, includ-
ing policies and procedures— 
‘‘(1) that inform consumers of the availability 
of 1-year fraud alerts, 7-year fraud alerts, active 
duty alerts, and credit freezes (as applicable); 
‘‘(2) that allow consumers to request 1-year 
fraud alerts, 7-year fraud alerts, and active duty 
alerts (as applicable) and to place, temporarily lift, 
or fully remove a credit freeze in a simple and easy 
manner; and 
‘‘(3) for asserting in good faith a suspicion that 
the consumer has been or is about to become a vic-
tim of identity theft, fraud, or a related crime, or 
harmed by the unauthorized disclosure of the con-
sumer’s financial or personally identifiable informa-
tion, for a consumer seeking a 1-year fraud alert or 
credit freeze.’’; 
(5) in subsection (e), by inserting ‘‘1-year or 7- 
year’’ before ‘‘fraud alert’’; 
(6) in subsection (f), by striking ‘‘or active duty 
alert’’ and inserting ‘‘active duty alert, or credit 
freeze (as applicable)’’; 
(7) in subsection (g)— 
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(A) by inserting ‘‘or has been harmed by 
the unauthorized disclosure of the consumer’s 
financial or personally identifiable information, 
or to inform such agency of the consumer’s par-
ticipation in credit restoration or rehabilitation 
under section 605C, 605D, or 605E,’’ after 
‘‘identity theft,’’; and 
(B) by inserting ‘‘or credit freezes’’ after 
‘‘request alerts’’; and 
(8) in subsection (h)— 
(A) in paragraph (1)— 
(i) in the paragraph heading, by strik-
ing ‘‘INITIAL’’ and inserting ‘‘1-YEAR’’; and 
(ii) by striking ‘‘initial’’ and inserting 
‘‘1-year’’ each place such term appears; 
and 
(B) in paragraph (2)— 
(i) in the paragraph heading, by strik-
ing ‘‘EXTENDED’’ and inserting ‘‘7-YEAR’’; 
and 
(ii) by striking ‘‘extended’’ and insert-
ing ‘‘7-year’’ each place such term appears. 
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SEC. 805. ENHANCES ACCESS TO CREDIT FREEZES, LIMITS 
THE COST OF SUCH FREEZES, AND PROVIDES 
ACCESS TO FREE CREDIT FREEZES FOR VUL-
NERABLE CONSUMERS. 
Section 605A of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 
U.S.C. 1681c–1) is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘(i) CREDIT FREEZES.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Upon the direct request of 
a consumer, or individual acting on behalf of or as 
a personal representative of a consumer, a consumer 
reporting agency described in section 603(p) that 
maintains a file on the consumer and has received 
appropriate proof of the identity of the requester (as 
described in section 1022.123 of title 12, Code of 
Federal Regulations) shall— 
‘‘(A) place a credit freeze on the file of the 
consumer not later than 1 business day after 
receiving such request sent by postal mail, toll- 
free telephone, or secure electronic means as es-
tablished by the agency and— 
‘‘(i) not later than 5 business days 
after placing the credit freeze, provide the 
consumer with written confirmation of the 
credit freeze and a unique personal identi-
fication number or password (other than 
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the consumer’s social security number) for 
use to authorize the release of the con-
sumer’s report for a specific period of 
time; and 
‘‘(ii) disclose all relevant information 
to the consumer relating to the procedures 
for temporarily lifting and fully removing a 
credit freeze, including a statement about 
the maximum amount of time given to an 
agency to conduct such actions; 
‘‘(B) for a consumer who provides a cor-
rect personal identification number or pass-
word, temporarily lift an existing credit freeze 
from the consumer’s file for a period of time 
specified by the consumer for a specific user or 
category of users, as determined by the con-
sumer— 
‘‘(i) not later than 1 business day 
after receiving the request by postal mail; 
or 
‘‘(ii) not later than 15 minutes after 
receiving the request by toll-free telephone 
number or secure electronic means estab-
lished by the agency, if such request is re-
ceived during regular business hours, ex-
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cept if the consumer reporting agency’s 
ability to temporarily lift the credit freeze 
is prevented by— 
‘‘(I) an act of God, including 
earthquakes, hurricanes, storms, or 
similar 
natural 
disaster 
or 
phe-
nomenon, or fire; 
‘‘(II) unauthorized or illegal acts 
by a third party including terrorism, 
sabotage, riot, vandalism, labor strikes 
or disputes disrupting operations, or a 
similar occurrence; 
‘‘(III) an operational interrup-
tion, including electrical failure, unan-
ticipated delay in equipment or re-
placement part delivery, computer 
hardware or software failures inhib-
iting response time, or a similar dis-
ruption; 
‘‘(IV) governmental action, in-
cluding emergency orders or regula-
tions, judicial or law enforcement ac-
tion, or a similar directive; 
‘‘(V) regularly scheduled mainte-
nance or updates to the consumer re-
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