(8) the use of expert witness testimony on rape
trauma syndrome, child sexual abuse accommodation
syndrome, post-traumatic stress syndrome, and simi-
lar issues;
(9) the legitimate reasons why victims or rape,
sexual assault, domestic violence, and incest may
refuse to testify against a defendant;
(10) the nature and incidence of domestic vio-
lence;
(11) the physical, psychological, and economic
impact of domestic violence on the victim, the costs
to society, and the implications for court procedures
and sentencing;
(12) the psychology and self-presentation of
batterers and victims and the negative implications
for court proceedings and credibility of witnesses;
(13) sex stereotyping of female and male vic-
tims of domestic violence, myths about presence or
absence of domestic violence in certain racial, ethnic,
religious, or socioeconomic groups, and their impact
on the administration of justice;
(14) historical evolution of laws and attitudes
on domestic violence;
(15) proper and improper interpretations of the
defenses of self-defense and provocation, and the use
of expert witness testimony on battered woman syn-
drome;
(16) the likelihood of retaliation, recidivism,
and escalation of violence by batterers, and the po-
tential impact of incarceration and other meaningful
sanctions for acts of domestic violence including vio-
lations of orders of protection;
(17) economic, psychological, social and institu-
tional reasons for victims’ inability to leave the
batterer, to report domestic violence or to follow
through on complaints, including the influence of
lack of support from police, judges, and court per-
sonnel, and the legitimate reasons why victims of do-
mestic violence may refuse to testify against a de-
fendant and should not be held in contempt;
(18) the need for orders of protection, and the
negative implications of mutual orders of protection,
dual arrest policies, and mediation in domestic vio-
lence cases;
(19) recognition of and response to gender-mo-
tivated crimes of violence other than rape, sexual as-
sault and domestic violence, such as mass or serial
murder motivated by the gender of the victims; and
(20) current information on the impact of por-
nography on crimes against women, or data on other
activities that tend to degrade women.
SEC. 413. COOPERATION IN DEVELOPING PROGRAMS.
The State Justice Institute shall ensure that model
programs carried out pursuant to grants made under this
subtitle are developed with the participation of law en-
forcement officials, public and private nonprofit victim ad-
vocates, legal experts, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and
recognized experts on gender bias in the courts.
SEC. 414. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.
There is authorized to be appropriated for fiscal year
1994, $600,000 to carry out the purposes of this subtitle.
Of amounts appropriated under this section, the State
Justice Institute shall expend no less than 40 percent on
model programs regarding domestic violence and no less
than 40 percent on model programs regarding rape and
sexual assault.
Subtitle C—Education and Train-
ing for Judges and Court Per-
sonnel in Federal Courts
SEC. 421. AUTHORIZATIONS OF CIRCUIT STUDIES; EDU-
CATION AND TRAINING GRANTS.
(a) STUDY.—In order to gain a better understanding
of the nature and the extent of gender bias in the Federal
courts, the circuit judicial councils shall conduct studies
of the instances of gender bias in their respective circuits.
The studies may include an examination of the effects of
gender on—
(1) the treatment of litigants, witnesses, attor-
neys, jurors, and judges in the courts, including be-
fore magistrate and bankruptcy judges;
(2) the interpretation and application of the
law, both civil and criminal;
(3) treatment of defendants in criminal cases;
(4) treatment of victims of violent crimes;
(5) sentencing;
(6) sentencing alternatives, facilities for incar-
ceration, and the nature of supervision of probation
and parole;
(7) appointments to committees of the Judicial
Conference and the courts;
(8) case management and court sponsored al-
ternative dispute resolution programs;
(9) the selection, retention, promotion, and
treatment of employees;
(10) appointment of arbitrators, experts, and
special masters; and
(11) the aspects of the topics listed in section
403 that pertain to issues within the jurisdiction of
the Federal courts.
(b) CLEARINGHOUSE.—The Judicial Conference of
the United States shall designate an entity within the Ju-
dicial branch to act as a clearinghouse to disseminate any
reports and materials issued by the gender bias task forces
under subsection (a) and to respond to requests for such
reports and materials. The gender bias task forces shall
provide this entity with their reports and related material.
(c) MODEL PROGRAMS.—The Federal Judicial Cen-
ter, in carrying out section 620(b)(3) of title 28, United
States Code, shall—
(1) include in the educational programs it pre-
sents and prepares, including the training programs
for newly appointed judges, information on issues re-
lated to gender bias in the courts including such
areas as are listed in subsection (a) along with such
other topics as the Federal Judicial Center deems
appropriate;
(2) prepare materials necessary to implement
this subsection; and
(3) take into consideration the findings and rec-
ommendations of the studies conducted pursuant to
subsection (a), and to consult with individuals and
groups with relevant expertise in gender bias issues
as it prepares or revises such materials.
SEC. 422. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.
(a) IN GENERAL.—There is authorized to be appro-
priated—
(1) $600,000 to the Salaries and Expenses Ac-
count of the Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and
other Judicial Services, to carry out section 421(a),
to be available until expended through fiscal year
1994;
(2) $100,000 to the Federal Judicial Center to
carry out section 421(c) and any activities des-
ignated by the Judicial Conference under section
421(b); and
(3) such sums as are necessary to the Adminis-
trative Office of the United States Courts to carry
out any activities designated by the Judicial Con-
ference under section 421(b).
(b) THE JUDICIAL CONFERENCE OF THE UNITED
STATES.—(1) The Judicial Conference of the United
States Courts shall allocate funds to Federal circuit courts
under this subtitle that—
(A) undertake studies in their own circuits; or