I 
118TH CONGRESS 
2D SESSION 
H. R. 7891 
To protect the safety of children on the internet. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
APRIL 9, 2024 
Mr. BILIRAKIS (for himself, Ms. CASTOR of Florida, Mrs. HOUCHIN, Ms. 
SCHRIER, and Mr. BUCSHON) introduced the following bill; which was re-
ferred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce, and in addition to 
the Committee on Education and the Workforce, for a period to be subse-
quently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such 
provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned 
A BILL 
To protect the safety of children on the internet. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
(a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 
‘‘Kids Online Safety Act’’. 
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for 
this Act is as follows: 
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 
TITLE I—KIDS ONLINE SAFETY 
Sec. 101. Definitions. 
Sec. 102. Duty of care. 
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Sec. 103. Safeguards for minors. 
Sec. 104. Disclosure. 
Sec. 105. Transparency. 
Sec. 106. Research on social media and minors. 
Sec. 107. Market research. 
Sec. 108. Age verification study and report. 
Sec. 109. Guidance. 
Sec. 110. Enforcement. 
Sec. 111. Kids Online Safety Council. 
Sec. 112. Effective date. 
Sec. 113. Rules of construction and other matters. 
Sec. 114. Severability. 
TITLE II—FILTER BUBBLE TRANSPARENCY 
Sec. 201. Definitions. 
Sec. 202. Requirement to allow users to see unmanipulated content on internet 
platforms. 
Sec. 203. Severability. 
TITLE III—RELATIONSHIP TO STATE LAWS 
Sec. 301. Relationship to State laws. 
TITLE I—KIDS ONLINE SAFETY 
SEC. 101. DEFINITIONS. 
In this title: 
(1) CHILD.—The term ‘‘child’’ means an indi-
vidual who is under the age of 13. 
(2) COMPULSIVE USAGE.—The term ‘‘compul-
sive usage’’ means any response stimulated by exter-
nal factors that causes an individual to engage in re-
petitive behavior reasonably likely to cause a mental 
health disorder. 
(3) COVERED PLATFORM.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—The term ‘‘covered 
platform’’ means an online platform, online 
video game, messaging application, or video 
streaming service that connects to the internet 
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and that is used, or is reasonably likely to be 
used, by a minor. 
(B) EXCEPTIONS.—The term ‘‘covered 
platform’’ does not include— 
(i) an entity acting in its capacity as 
a provider of— 
(I) a common carrier service sub-
ject to the Communications Act of 
1934 (47 U.S.C. 151 et seq.) and all 
Acts amendatory thereof and supple-
mentary thereto; 
(II) a broadband internet access 
service (as such term is defined for 
purposes of section 8.1(b) of title 47, 
Code of Federal Regulations, or any 
successor regulation); 
(III) an email service; 
(IV) a teleconferencing or video 
conferencing service that allows recep-
tion and transmission of audio or 
video signals for real-time communica-
tion, provided that— 
(aa) the service is not an on-
line platform, including a social 
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media service or social network; 
and 
(bb) the real-time commu-
nication is initiated by using a 
unique link or identifier to facili-
tate access; or 
(V) a wireless messaging service, 
including such a service provided 
through short messaging service or 
multimedia messaging service proto-
cols, that is not a component of, or 
linked to, an online platform and 
where the predominant or exclusive 
function is direct messaging consisting 
of the transmission of text, photos or 
videos that are sent by electronic 
means, where messages are trans-
mitted from the sender to a recipient, 
and are not posted within an online 
platform or publicly; 
(ii) an organization not organized to 
carry on business for its own profit or that 
of its members; 
(iii) any public or private preschool, 
elementary, or secondary school, or any in-
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stitution of vocational, professional, or 
higher education; 
(iv) a library (as defined in section 
213(1) of the Library Services and Tech-
nology Act (20 U.S.C. 9122(1))); 
(v) a news or sports news and cov-
erage website or app where— 
(I) the inclusion of video content 
on the website or app is related to the 
website or app’s own gathering, re-
porting, or publishing of news content 
or sports news and coverage; and 
(II) the website or app is not 
otherwise an online platform; 
(vi) a product or service that pri-
marily functions as business-to-business 
software, a cloud storage, file sharing, or 
file collaboration service, provided that the 
product or service is not an online plat-
form; or 
(vii) a virtual private network or simi-
lar service that exists solely to route inter-
net traffic between locations. 
(4) DESIGN FEATURE.—The term ‘‘design fea-
ture’’ means any feature or component of a covered 
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platform that will encourage or increase the fre-
quency, time spent, or activity of minors on the cov-
ered platform. Design features include, but are not 
limited to— 
(A) infinite scrolling or auto play; 
(B) rewards for time spent on the plat-
form; 
(C) notifications; 
(D) push alerts that urge a user to spend 
more time engaged with the platform when they 
are not actively using it; 
(E) badges or other visual award symbols 
based on elevated levels of engagement with the 
platform; 
(F) personalized recommendation systems; 
(G) in-game purchases; or 
(H) appearance altering filters. 
(5) HIGH
IMPACT
ONLINE
COMPANY.—The 
term ‘‘high impact online company’’ means an online 
platform or online video game that provides any 
internet-accessible platform where— 
(A) such online platform or online video 
game generates $2,500,000,000 or more in an-
nual revenue, including the revenue generated 
by any affiliate of such covered platform; or 
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(B) such online platform or online video 
game has 150,000,000 or more global monthly 
active users for not fewer than 3 of the pre-
ceding 12 months on the online product or serv-
ice of such covered platform; and 
(C) such online platform or online video 
game constitutes an online product or service 
that is primarily used by users to access or 
share, user-generated content. 
(6) KNOW; KNOWS.—The term ‘‘know’’ or 
‘‘knows’’ means— 
(A) with respect to a high impact online 
company, the platform knew or should have 
known the individual was a child or minor; 
(B) with respect to a covered platform that 
had an annual gross revenue of $200,000,000 
or more, collects the personal information of 
200,000 individuals or more, and does not meet 
the qualifications of subparagraph (A), that 
covered platform knew or acted in willful dis-
regard of the fact that the individual was a 
child or minor; and 
(C) with respect to a covered platform that 
does not meet the requirements of subpara-
graph (A) or (B), actual knowledge. 
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(7) MENTAL
HEALTH
DISORDER.—The term 
‘‘mental health disorder’’ has the meaning given the 
term ‘‘mental disorder’’ in the Diagnostic and Sta-
tistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders, 5th Edi-
tion (or the most current successor edition). 
(8) MICROTRANSACTION.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘‘microtrans-
action’’ means a purchase made in an online 
video game (including a purchase made using a 
virtual currency that is purchasable or redeem-
able using cash or credit or that is included as 
part of a paid subscription service). 
(B) INCLUSIONS.—Such term includes a 
purchase involving surprise mechanics, new 
characters, or in-game items. 
(C) EXCLUSIONS.—Such term does not in-
clude— 
(i) a purchase made in an online video 
game using a virtual currency that is 
earned through gameplay and is not other-
wise purchasable or redeemable using cash 
or credit or included as part of a paid sub-
scription service; or 
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(ii) a purchase of additional levels 
within the game or an overall expansion of 
the game. 
(9) MINOR.—The term ‘‘minor’’ means an indi-
vidual who is under the age of 17. 
(10) ONLINE PLATFORM.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘‘online plat-
form’’ means any public-facing website, online 
service, online application, or mobile application 
that predominantly provides a community 
forum for user-generated content. 
(B) INCLUSIONS.—Such term includes 
sharing videos, images, games, audio files, or 
other content, including a social media service, 
social network, or virtual reality environment. 
(C) EXCLUSIONS.—Such term does not in-
clude chats, comments, or other interactive 
functionalities of the community forum that is 
incidental to the predominant purpose of the 
website, online service, online application, or 
mobile application. 
(11) ONLINE VIDEO GAME.—The term ‘‘online 
video game’’ means a video game, including an edu-
cational video game, that connects to the internet 
and that allows a user to— 
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(A) create and upload content other than 
content that is incidental to gameplay, such as 
character or level designs created by the user, 
preselected phrases, or short interactions with 
other users; 
(B) engage in microtransactions within the 
game; or 
(C) communicate with other users. 
(12) PARENT.—The term ‘‘parent’’ has the 
meaning given that term in section 1302 of the Chil-
dren’s Online Privacy Protection Act (15 U.S.C. 
6501). 
(13) PERSONAL
DATA.—The term ‘‘personal 
data’’ has the same meaning as the term ‘‘personal 
information’’ as defined in section 1302 of the Chil-
dren’s Online Privacy Protection Act (15 U.S.C. 
6501). 
(14) PERSONALIZED
RECOMMENDATION
SYS-
TEM.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘‘personalized 
recommendation system’’ means a fully or par-
tially automated system used to suggest, pro-
mote, rank, or recommend content, including 
other users, hashtags, or posts, based on the 
personal data of users. 
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(B) EXCLUSIONS.—The term ‘‘personal-
ized recommendation system’’ does not in-
clude— 
(i) systems that suggests, promotes, 
or ranks content based solely on the user’s 
language, city or town, or age; 
(ii) technical means that do not fully 
automate or replace human decision-mak-
ing processes; 
(iii) technical means that are designed 
to block, detect, identify, or prevent a user 
from accessing inappropriate, unlawful, or 
harmful content; or 
(iv) technical means designed to pre-
vent or detect fraud, malicious conduct or 
other illegal activity, or preserve the integ-
rity or security of systems, products, or 
services. 
(15) SEXUAL EXPLOITATION AND ABUSE.—The 
term ‘‘sexual exploitation and abuse’’ means any of 
the following: 
(A) Coercion and enticement, as described 
in section 2422 of title 18, United States Code. 
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(B) Child sexual abuse material, as de-
scribed in sections 2251, 2252, 2252A, and 
2260 of title 18, United States Code. 
(C) Trafficking for the production of im-
ages, as described in section 2251A of title 18, 
United States Code. 
(D) Sex trafficking of children, as de-
scribed in section 1591 of title 18, United 
States Code. 
(16) USER.—The term ‘‘user’’ means, with re-
spect to a covered platform, an individual who reg-
isters an account or creates a profile on the covered 
platform. 
SEC. 102. DUTY OF CARE. 
(a) PREVENTION OF HARM TO MINORS.—A high im-
pact online company shall exercise reasonable care in the 
creation and implementation of any design feature to pre-
vent and mitigate the following harms to minors: 
(1) Consistent with evidence-informed medical 
information, the following mental health disorders: 
anxiety, depression, eating disorders, substance use 
disorders, and suicidal behaviors. 
(2) Patterns of use that indicate or encourage 
compulsive usage by minors. 
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(3) Physical violence (as defined in 18 U.S.C. 
16), cyberbullying and discriminatory harassment of 
a minor. 
(4) Sexual exploitation and abuse of minors. 
(5) Promotion and marketing of narcotic drugs 
(as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Sub-
stances Act (21 U.S.C. 802)), tobacco products, 
gambling, or alcohol. 
(b) LIMITATION.—Nothing in subsection (a) shall be 
construed to require a high impact online company to pre-
vent or preclude— 
(1) any minor from deliberately and independ-
ently searching for, or specifically requesting, con-
tent; or 
(2) the high impact online company or individ-
uals on the platform from providing resources for 
the prevention or mitigation of the harms described 
in subsection (a), including evidence-informed infor-
mation and clinical resources. 
SEC. 103. SAFEGUARDS FOR MINORS. 
(a) SAFEGUARDS FOR MINORS.— 
(1) SAFEGUARDS.—A covered platform shall 
provide a user or visitor that the covered platform 
knows is a minor with readily accessible and easy- 
to-use safeguards to, as applicable— 
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(A) limit the ability of other users or visi-
tors to communicate with the minor; 
(B) limit design features that encourage or 
increase the frequency, time spent, or activity of 
minors on the covered platform, such as infinite 
scrolling, auto playing, rewards for time spent 
on the platform, notifications, badges, push 
alerts, and other interactive elements that re-
sult in compulsive usage of the covered platform 
by the minor; and 
(C) control personalized recommendation 
systems, including the ability for a minor to 
have— 
(i) the option of opting out of such 
personalized 
recommendation 
systems, 
while still allowing the display of content 
based on a chronological format; 
(ii) the option of limiting types or cat-
egories of recommendations from such sys-
tems; or 
(iii) both such options. 
(2) OPTIONS.—A covered platform shall provide 
a user that the covered platform knows is a minor 
with readily accessible and easy-to-use options to 
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limit the amount of time spent by the minor on the 
covered platform. 
(3) DEFAULT SAFEGUARD SETTINGS FOR MI-
NORS.—A covered platform shall provide that, in the 
case of a user or visitor that the platform knows is 
a minor, the default setting for any safeguard de-
scribed under paragraph (1) shall be the option 
available on the platform that provides the most pro-
tective level of control that is offered by the platform 
over safety for that user or visitor, unless otherwise 
enabled by the parent. 
(b) PARENTAL TOOLS.— 
(1) TOOLS.—A covered platform shall provide 
readily accessible and easy-to-use settings for par-
ents to support a user that the platform knows is a 
minor with respect to the user’s use of the platform. 
(2) REQUIREMENTS.—The parental tools pro-
vided by a covered platform shall include— 
(A) the ability to manage a minor’s ac-
count settings, including the safeguards and op-
tions established under subsection (a), in a 
manner that allows parents to— 
(i) view the account settings; and 
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(ii) in the case of a user that the plat-
form knows is a child, change and control 
the account settings; 
(B) the ability to restrict purchases and fi-
nancial transactions by the minor, where appli-
cable; and 
(C) the ability to view metrics of total time 
spent on the covered platform and restrict time 
spent on the covered platform by the minor. 
(3) NOTICE TO MINORS.—A covered platform 
shall provide clear and conspicuous notice to a user 
when the tools described in this subsection are in ef-
fect and what settings or controls have been applied. 
(4) DEFAULT TOOLS.—A covered platform shall 
provide that, in the case of a user that the platform 
knows is a child, the tools required under paragraph 
(1) shall be enabled by default. 
(5) APPLICATION TO EXISTING ACCOUNTS.—If, 
prior to the effective date of this subsection, a cov-
ered platform provided a parent of a user that the 
platform knows is a child with notice and the ability 
to enable the parental tools described under this 
subsection in a manner that would otherwise comply 
with this subsection, and the parent opted out of en-
abling such tools, the covered platform is not re-
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quired to enable such tools with respect to such user 
by default when this subsection takes effect. 
(c) REPORTING MECHANISM.— 
(1) REPORTS
SUBMITTED
BY
PARENTS, MI-
NORS, AND SCHOOLS.—A covered platform shall pro-
vide— 
(A) a readily accessible and easy-to-use 
means to submit reports to the covered plat-
form of harms to a minor; 
(B) an electronic point of contact specific 
to matters involving harms to a minor; and 
(C) confirmation of the receipt of such a 
report and, within the applicable time period 
described in paragraph (2), a substantive re-
sponse to the individual that submitted the re-
port. 
(2) TIMING.—A covered platform shall establish 
an internal process to receive and substantively re-
spond to such reports in a reasonable and timely 
manner, but in no case later than— 
(A) 10 days after the receipt of a report, 
if, for the most recent calendar year, the plat-
form averaged more than 10,000,000 active 
users on a monthly basis in the United States; 
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(B) 21 days after the receipt of a report, 
if, for the most recent calendar year, the plat-
form averaged less than 10,000,000 active 
users on a monthly basis in the United States; 
and 
(C) notwithstanding subparagraphs (A) 
and (B), if the report involves an imminent 
threat to the safety of a minor, as promptly as 
needed to address the reported threat to safety. 
(d) ADVERTISING OF ILLEGAL PRODUCTS.—A cov-
ered platform shall not facilitate the advertising of nar-
cotic drugs (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled 
Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 802)), tobacco products, gam-
bling, or alcohol to an individual that the covered platform 
knows is a minor. 
(e) RULES OF APPLICATION.— 
(1) ACCESSIBILITY.—With respect to safe-
guards and parental tools described under sub-
sections (a) and (b), a covered platform shall pro-
vide— 
(A) information and control options in a 
clear and conspicuous manner that takes into 
consideration the differing ages, capacities, and 
developmental needs of the minors most likely 
to access the covered platform and does not en-
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courage minors or parents to weaken or disable 
safeguards or parental tools; 
(B) readily accessible and easy-to-use con-
trols to enable or disable safeguards or parental 
tools, as appropriate; and 
(C) information and control options in the 
same language, form, and manner as the cov-
ered platform provides the product or service 
used by minors and their parents. 
(2) DARK PATTERNS PROHIBITION.—It shall be 
unlawful for any covered platform to design, embed, 
modify, or manipulate a user interface of a covered 
platform with the purpose or substantial effect of 
obscuring, subverting, or impairing user autonomy, 
decision making, or choice with respect to safe-
guards or parental tools required under this section. 
(3) TIMING CONSIDERATIONS.— 
(A) NO INTERRUPTION TO GAMEPLAY.— 
Subsections (a)(1)(C) and (b)(3) shall not re-
quire an online video game to interrupt the nat-
ural sequence of game play, such as progressing 
through game levels or finishing a competition. 
(B) APPLICATION OF CHANGES TO OFF-
LINE DEVICES OR ACCOUNTS.—If a user’s de-
vice or user account does not have access to the 
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internet at the time of a change to parental 
tools, a covered platform shall apply changes 
the next time the device or user is connected to 
the internet. 
(4) RULES
OF
CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in 
this section shall be construed to— 
(A) prevent a covered platform from taking 
reasonable measures to— 
(i) block, detect, or prevent the dis-
tribution of unlawful, obscene, or other 
harmful material to minors as described in 
section 102(a); or 
(ii) block or filter spam, prevent 
criminal activity, or protect the security of 
a platform or service; 
(B) require the disclosure of a minor’s 
browsing behavior, search history, messages, 
contact list, or other content or metadata of 
their communications; 
(C) prevent a covered platform from using 
a personalized recommendation system to dis-
play content to a minor if the system only uses 
information on— 
(i) the language spoken by the minor; 
(ii) the city the minor is located in; or 
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(iii) the minor’s age; or 
(D) prevent an online video game from dis-
closing a username or other user identification 
for the purpose of competitive gameplay or to 
allow for the reporting of users. 
(f) DEVICE OR CONSOLE CONTROLS.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Nothing in this section shall 
be construed to prohibit a covered platform from in-
tegrating its products or service with, or duplicate 
controls or tools provided by, third-party systems, 
including operating systems or gaming consoles, to 
meet the requirements imposed under subsections 
(a) and (b) relating to safeguards for minors and 
parental tools, provided that— 
(A) the controls or tools meet such require-
ments; and 
(B) the minor or parent is provided suffi-
cient notice of the integration and use of the 
parental tools. 
(2) PRESERVATION OF PROTECTIONS.—In the 
event of a conflict between the controls or tools of 
a third-party system, including operating systems or 
gaming consoles, and a covered platform, the cov-
ered platform is not required to override the controls 
or tools of a third-party system if it would under-
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