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World Health Assembly outlining the danger to 
human and animal health from emerging 
zoonotic infectious diseases, with recommenda-
tions for implementing the closure of wildlife 
markets and prevention of the commercial trade 
in live wildlife for human consumption, except 
where the consumption of wildlife is necessary 
for local food security or where such actions 
would significantly disrupt a readily available 
and irreplaceable food supply; 
(B) raise awareness and build stakeholder 
engagement networks, including civil society, 
the private sector, and local and regional gov-
ernments on the dangerous potential of wildlife 
markets as a source of zoonotic diseases and re-
duce demand for the consumption of wildlife 
through evidence-based behavior change pro-
grams, while ensuring that existing wildlife 
habitat is not encroached upon or destroyed as 
part of this process; 
(C) encourage and support alternative 
forms of sustainable food production, farming, 
and shifts to sustainable sources of protein and 
nutrition instead of terrestrial wildlife, where 
able and appropriate, and reduce consumer de-
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mand for terrestrial and freshwater wildlife 
through enhanced local and national food sys-
tems, especially in areas where wildlife markets 
play a significant role in meeting subsistence 
needs while ensuring that existing wildlife habi-
tat is not encroached upon or destroyed as part 
of this process; and 
(D) strive to increase biosecurity and hygi-
enic standards implemented in farms, gathering 
centers, transport, and market systems around 
the globe, especially those specializing in the 
provision of products intended for human con-
sumption. 
SEC. 6305. PREVENTION OF FUTURE ZOONOTIC SPILLOVER 
EVENT. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of State and the 
Administrator of the United States Agency for Inter-
national Development, in consultation with the Director 
of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, the Sec-
retary of Agriculture, the Director of the Centers for Dis-
ease Control and Prevention, and the heads of other rel-
evant departments and agencies, shall work with foreign 
governments, multilateral entities, intergovernmental or-
ganizations, international partners, private sector part-
ners, and nongovernmental organizations to carry out ac-
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tivities supporting the following objectives, recognizing 
that multiple interventions will likely be necessary to make 
an impact, and that interventions will need to be tailored 
to the situation to— 
(1) pursuant to section 6302, close wildlife mar-
kets and prevent associated commercial trade in live 
wildlife, placing a priority focus on countries with 
significant markets for live wildlife for human con-
sumption, high-volume commercial trade and associ-
ated markets, trade in and across urban centers, 
and trade for luxury consumption or where there is 
no dietary necessity— 
(A) through existing treaties, conventions, 
and agreements; 
(B) by amending existing protocols or 
agreements; 
(C) by pursuing new protocols; or 
(D) by other means of international coordi-
nation; 
(2) improve regulatory oversight and reduce 
commercial trade in live wildlife and eliminate prac-
tices identified to contribute to zoonotic spillover and 
emerging pathogens; 
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(3) prevent commercial trade in live wildlife 
through programs that combat wildlife trafficking 
and poaching, including— 
(A) providing assistance to improve law en-
forcement; 
(B) detecting and deterring the illegal im-
port, transit, sale, and export of wildlife; 
(C) strengthening such programs to assist 
countries through legal reform; 
(D) improving information sharing and en-
hancing capabilities of participating foreign 
governments; 
(E) supporting efforts to change behavior 
and reduce demand for such wildlife products; 
(F) leveraging United States private sector 
technologies and expertise to scale and enhance 
enforcement responses to detect and prevent 
such trade; and 
(G) strengthening collaboration with key 
private sector entities in the transportation in-
dustry to prevent and report the transport of 
such wildlife and wildlife products; 
(4) leverage strong United States bilateral rela-
tionships to support new and existing inter-Ministe-
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rial collaborations or Task Forces that can serve as 
regional One Health models; 
(5) build local agricultural and food safety ca-
pacity by leveraging expertise from the United 
States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and in-
stitutions of higher education with agricultural or 
natural resource expertise; 
(6) work through international organizations to 
help develop a set of objective risk-based metrics 
that provide a cross-country comparable measure of 
the level of risk posed by wildlife trade and mar-
keting and can be used to track progress nations 
make in reducing risks, identify where resources 
should be focused, and potentially leverage a peer in-
fluence effect; 
(7) increase efforts to prevent the degradation 
and fragmentation of forests and other intact eco-
systems to minimize interactions between wildlife 
and human and livestock populations that could con-
tribute to spillover events and zoonotic disease trans-
mission, including by providing assistance or sup-
porting policies to, for example— 
(A) conserve, protect, and restore the in-
tegrity of such ecosystems; 
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(B) support the rights and needs of Indige-
nous People and local communities and their 
ability to continue their effective stewardship of 
their traditional lands and territories; 
(C) support the establishment and effective 
management of protected areas, prioritizing 
highly intact areas; and 
(D) prevent activities that result in the de-
struction, degradation, fragmentation, or con-
version of intact forests and other intact eco-
systems and biodiversity strongholds, including 
by governments, private sector entities, and 
multilateral development financial institutions; 
(8) offer appropriate alternative livelihood and 
worker training programs and enterprise develop-
ment to wildlife traders, wildlife breeders, and local 
communities whose members are engaged in the 
commercial trade in live wildlife for human con-
sumption; 
(9) ensure that the rights of indigenous peoples 
and local communities are respected and their au-
thority to exercise these rights is protected; 
(10) strengthen global capacity for prevention, 
prediction, and detection of novel and existing 
zoonoses with pandemic potential, including the sup-
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port of innovative technologies in coordination with 
the United States Agency for International Develop-
ment, the Centers for Disease Control and Preven-
tion, and other relevant departments and agencies; 
and 
(11) support the development of One Health 
systems at the local, regional, national, and global 
levels in coordination with the United States Agency 
for International Development, the Centers for Dis-
ease Control and Prevention, and other relevant de-
partments and agencies, particularly in emerging in-
fectious disease hotspots, through a collaborative, 
multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approach that 
recognizes the interconnections among people, ani-
mals, plants, and their shared environment to 
achieve equitable and sustainable health outcomes. 
(b) ACTIVITIES MAY INCLUDE.— 
(1) GLOBAL COOPERATION.—The United States 
Government, working through the United Nations 
and its components, as well as international organi-
zation such as Interpol, the Food and Agriculture 
Organization of the United Nations, and the World 
Organisation for Animal Health, and in furtherance 
of the policies described in section 6304, shall— 
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(A) collaborate with other member States, 
issue declarations, statements, and commu-
niques urging countries to close wildlife mar-
kets, and prevent commercial trade in live wild-
life for human consumption; and 
(B) urge increased enforcement of existing 
laws to end wildlife trafficking. 
(2) INTERNATIONAL
COALITIONS.—The Sec-
retary of State shall seek to build new, and support 
existing, international coalitions focused on closing 
wildlife markets and preventing commercial trade in 
live wildlife for human consumption, with a focus on 
the following efforts: 
(A) Providing assistance and advice to 
other governments in the adoption of legislation 
and regulations to close wildlife markets and 
associated trade over such timeframe and in 
such manner as to minimize the increase of 
wildlife trafficking and poaching. 
(B) Creating economic and enforcement 
pressure for the immediate shut down of uncon-
trolled, unsanitary, or illicit wildlife markets 
and their supply chains to prevent their oper-
ation. 
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(C) Providing assistance and guidance to 
other governments on measures to prohibit the 
import, export, and domestic commercial trade 
in live wildlife for the purpose of human con-
sumption. 
(D) Implementing risk reduction interven-
tions and control options to address zoonotic 
spillover along the supply chain for the wildlife 
market system. 
(E) Engaging and receiving guidance from 
key stakeholders at the ministerial, local gov-
ernment, and civil society level, including Indig-
enous Peoples, in countries that will be im-
pacted by this title and where wildlife markets 
and associated wildlife trade are the predomi-
nant source of meat or protein, in order to miti-
gate the impact of any international efforts on 
food security, nutrition, local customs, conserva-
tion methods, or cultural norms. 
(c) UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL 
DEVELOPMENT.— 
(1) SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS FUNDING.— 
(A) 
AUTHORIZATION
OF
APPROPRIA-
TIONS.—In addition to any other amounts pro-
vided for such purposes, there is authorized to 
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be appropriated such sums as necessary for 
each of fiscal years 2023 through 2032 to the 
United States Agency for International Devel-
opment to reduce demand for consumption of 
wildlife from wildlife markets and support shifts 
to diversified alternative and sustainably pro-
duced sources of nutritious food and protein in 
communities that rely upon the consumption of 
wildlife for food security, while ensuring that 
existing wildlife habitat is not encroached upon 
or destroyed as part of this process, using a 
multisectoral approach and including support 
for demonstration programs. 
(B) ACTIVITIES.—The Bureau for Devel-
opment, Democracy and Innovation (DDI), the 
Bureau for Resilience and Food Security 
(RFS), and the Bureau for Global Health (GH) 
of the United States Agency for International 
Development shall, in partnership with United 
States and international institutions of higher 
education and nongovernmental organizations, 
co-develop approaches focused on safe, sustain-
able food systems that support and incentivize 
the replacement of terrestrial wildlife in diets, 
while ensuring that existing wildlife habitat is 
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not encroached upon or destroyed as part of 
this process. 
(2) ADDRESSING
THREATS
AND
CAUSES
OF 
ZOONOTIC
DISEASE
OUTBREAKS.—The Adminis-
trator of the United States Agency for International 
Development, in consultation with the Secretary of 
the Interior, shall increase activities in United States 
Agency for International Development programs re-
lated to conserving biodiversity, combating wildlife 
trafficking, sustainable landscapes, global health, 
food security, and resilience in order to address the 
threats and causes of zoonotic disease outbreaks, in-
cluding through— 
(A) education; 
(B) capacity building; 
(C) strengthening human, livestock, and 
wildlife health monitoring systems of pathogens 
of zoonotic origin to support early detection and 
reporting of novel and known pathogens for 
emergence of zoonotic disease and strength-
ening cross-sectoral collaboration to align risk 
reduction approaches in consultation with the 
Director of the Centers for Disease Control and 
the Secretary of Health and Human Services; 
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(D) improved domestic and wild animal 
disease monitoring and control at production 
and market levels; 
(E) development of alternative livelihood 
opportunities where possible; 
(F) preventing degradation and fragmenta-
tion of forests and other intact ecosystems and 
restoring the integrity of such ecosystems, par-
ticularly in tropical countries, to prevent the 
creation of new pathways for zoonotic pathogen 
transmission that arise from interactions among 
wildlife, humans, and livestock populations; 
(G) minimizing interactions between do-
mestic livestock and wild animals in markets 
and captive production; 
(H) supporting shifts from wildlife markets 
to diversified, safe, affordable, and accessible al-
ternative sources of protein and nutrition 
through enhanced local and national food sys-
tems while ensuring that existing wildlife habi-
tat is not encroached upon or destroyed as part 
of this process; 
(I) improving community health, forest 
management practices, and safety of livestock 
production in tropical landscapes, particularly 
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in hotspots for zoonotic spillover and emerging 
infectious diseases; 
(J) preventing degradation and fragmenta-
tion of forests and other intact ecosystems, par-
ticularly in tropical countries, to minimize inter-
actions between wildlife, human, and livestock 
populations that could contribute to spillover 
events and zoonotic disease transmission, in-
cluding by providing assistance or supporting 
policies to— 
(i) conserve, protect, and restore the 
integrity of such ecosystems; and 
(ii) support the rights of Indigenous 
People and local communities and their 
ability to continue their effective steward 
ship of their intact traditional lands and 
territories; 
(K) supporting development and use of 
multi-data sourced predictive models and deci-
sionmaking tools to identify areas of highest 
probability of zoonotic spillover and to deter-
mine cost-effective monitoring and mitigation 
approaches; and 
(L) other relevant activities described in 
this section that are within the mandate of the 
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United States Agency for International Devel-
opment. 
(d) STAFFING REQUIREMENTS.—The Administrator 
of the United States Agency for International Develop-
ment, in collaboration with the United States Fish and 
Wildlife Service, the United States Department of Agri-
culture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, the 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other 
Federal entities as appropriate, is authorized to hire addi-
tional personnel— 
(1) to undertake programs aimed at reducing 
the risks of endemic and emerging infectious dis-
eases and exposure to antimicrobial resistant patho-
gens; 
(2) to provide administrative support and re-
sources to ensure effective and efficient coordination 
of funding opportunities and sharing of expertise 
from relevant United States Agency for Inter-
national Development bureaus and programs, includ-
ing emerging pandemic threats; 
(3) to award funding to on-the-ground projects; 
(4) to provide project oversight to ensure ac-
countability and transparency in all phases of the 
award process; and 
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(5) to undertake additional activities under this 
title. 
(e) REPORTING REQUIREMENTS.— 
(1) DEPARTMENT
OF
STATE
AND
UNITED 
STATES
AGENCY
FOR
INTERNATIONAL
DEVELOP-
MENT.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 1 year 
after the date of the enactment of this Act, and 
annually thereafter until 2030, the Secretary of 
State and the Administrator of the United 
States Agency for International Development 
shall submit to the appropriate congressional 
committees a report— 
(i) describing— 
(I) the actions taken pursuant to 
this title and the provision of United 
States technical assistance; 
(II) the impact and effectiveness 
of international cooperation on shut-
ting down wildlife markets; 
(III) partnerships developed with 
other institutions of higher learning 
and nongovernmental organizations; 
and 
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(IV) the impact and effectiveness 
of international cooperation on pre-
venting the import, export, and do-
mestic commercial trade in live wild-
life for the purpose of human use as 
food or medicine, while accounting for 
the differentiated needs of vulnerable 
populations who depend upon such 
wildlife as a predominant source of 
meat or protein; 
(ii) identifying— 
(I) foreign countries that con-
tinue to enable the operation of wild-
life markets as defined by this title 
and the associated trade of wildlife 
products for human use as food or 
medicine that feeds such markets; 
(II) 
recommendations 
for 
incentivizing or enforcing compliance 
with laws and policies to close wildlife 
markets pursuant to section 6302 and 
uncontrolled, unsanitary, or illicit 
wildlife markets and end the associ-
ated commercial trade in live wildlife 
for human use as food or medicine, 
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which may include visa restrictions 
and other diplomatic or economic 
tools; and 
(III) summarizing additional per-
sonnel hired with funding authorized 
under this title, including the number 
hired in each bureau. 
(B) INITIAL
REPORT.—The first report 
submitted under subparagraph (A) shall in-
clude, in addition to the elements described in 
such subparagraph, a summary of existing re-
search and findings related to the risk live wild-
life markets pose to human health through the 
emergence or reemergence of pathogens and ac-
tivities to reduce the risk of zoonotic spillover. 
(C) FORM.—The report required under 
this paragraph shall be submitted in unclassi-
fied form, but may include a classified annex. 
SEC. 6306. LAW ENFORCEMENT ATTACHE DEPLOYMENT. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of the Interior, act-
ing through the Director of the United States Fish and 
Wildlife Service, and in consultation with the Secretary 
of State, shall require the Chief of Law Enforcement of 
the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to hire, train, 
and deploy not fewer than 50 new United States Fish and 
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Wildlife Service law enforcement attaches, and appro-
priate additional support staff, at 1 or more United States 
embassies, consulates, commands, or other facilities— 
(1) in 1 or more countries designated as a focus 
country or a country of concern in the most recent 
report submitted under section 201 of the Eliminate, 
Neutralize, and Disrupt Wildlife Trafficking Act of 
2016 (16 U.S.C. 7621); and 
(2) in such additional countries or regions, as 
determined by the Secretary of the Interior, that are 
known or suspected to be a source of illegal trade of 
species listed— 
(A) as a threatened species or an endan-
gered species under the Endangered Species 
Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.); or 
(B) under appendix I of the Convention on 
International Trade in Endangered Species of 
Wild Fauna and Flora, done at Washington 
March 3, 1973 (27 UST 1087; TIAS 8249). 
(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There is 
authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section 
$150,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2023 through 2032. 
SEC. 6307. RESERVATION OF RIGHTS. 
Nothing in this title shall restrict or otherwise pro-
hibit— 
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(1) legal and regulated hunting, fishing, or 
trapping activities for subsistence, sport, or recre-
ation; or 
(2) the lawful domestic and international trans-
port of legally harvested fish or wildlife trophies. 
TITLE 
LXIV—PROHIBITION 
OF 
ARMS SALES TO COUNTRIES 
COMMITTING GENOCIDE OR 
WAR CRIMES AND RELATED 
MATTERS 
SEC. 6401. PROHIBITION OF ARMS SALES TO COUNTRIES 
COMMITTING GENOCIDE OR WAR CRIMES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—No sale, export, or transfer of de-
fense articles or defense services may occur to any country 
if the Secretary of State has credible information that the 
government of such country has committed or is commit-
ting genocide or violations of international humanitarian 
law after the date of the enactment of this Act. 
(b) EXCEPTION.—The restriction under subsection 
(a) shall not apply if the Secretary of State certifies to 
the appropriate congressional committees that— 
(1) the government has adequately punished the 
persons directly or indirectly responsible for such 
acts through a credible, transparent, and effective 
judicial process; 
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(2) appropriate measures have been instituted 
to ensure that such acts will not recur; and 
(3) other appropriate compensation or appro-
priate compensatory measures have been or are 
being provided to the persons harmed by such acts. 
SEC. 6402. CONSIDERATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND DE-
MOCRATIZATION IN ARMS EXPORTS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—In considering the sale, export, or 
transfer of defense articles and defense services to foreign 
countries, the Secretary of State shall— 
(1) also consider the extent to which the gov-
ernment of the foreign country protects human 
rights and supports democratic institutions, includ-
ing an independent judiciary; and 
(2) ensure that the views and expertise of the 
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor of 
the Department of State in connection with any sale, 
export, or transfer are fully taken into account. 
(b) INSPECTOR GENERAL OVERSIGHT.—Not later 
than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, 
and annually thereafter for four years, the Inspector Gen-
eral of the Department of State shall submit to the appro-
priate congressional committees a report on the implemen-
tation of the requirement under subsection (a) during the 
preceding year. 
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SEC. 6403. ENHANCEMENT OF CONGRESSIONAL OVER-
SIGHT OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN ARMS EXPORTS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—It is the sense of Congress that 
any letter of offer to sell, or any application for a license 
to export or transfer, defense articles or defense services 
controlled for export, regardless of monetary value, should 
take into account as part of its evaluation whether the 
Secretary of State has credible information, with respect 
to a country to which the defense articles or defense serv-
ices are proposed to be sold, exported, or transferred, 
that— 
(1) the government of such country on or after 
the date of enactment of this Act has been deposed 
by a coup d’etat or decree in which the military 
played a decisive role, and a democratically elected 
government has not taken office subsequent to the 
coup or decree; or 
(2) a unit of the security forces of the govern-
ment of such country— 
(A) has violated international humani-
tarian law and has not been credibly inves-
tigated and subjected to a credible and trans-
parent judicial process addressing such allega-
tion; or 
(B) has committed a gross violation of 
human rights, and has not been credibly inves-
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tigated and subjected to a credible and trans-
parent judicial process addressing such allega-
tion, including, inter alia— 
(i) torture; 
(ii) rape or sexual assault; 
(iii) ethnic cleansing of civilians; 
(iv) recruitment or use of child sol-
diers; 
(v) unjust or wrongful detention; 
(vi) the operation of, or effective con-
trol or direction over, secret detention fa-
cilities; or 
(vii) extrajudicial killings or enforced 
disappearances, whether by military, police, 
or other security forces. 
(b) INCLUSION OF INFORMATION IN HUMAN RIGHTS 
REPORT.—The Secretary of State shall also provide to the 
appropriate congressional committees the report described 
in section 502B(c) of the Foreign Assistance Act (22 
U.S.C. 2304(c)) biannually for the period of time specified 
in subsection (c) of this section regarding any country cov-
ered under subsection (a). 
(c) MODIFICATION
OF PRIOR NOTIFICATION
OF 
SHIPMENT OF ARMS.—Section 36(i) of the Arms Export 
Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2776(i)) is amended by striking 
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‘‘subject to the requirements of subsection (b) at the joint 
request of the Chairman and Ranking Member’’ and in-
serting ‘‘subject to the requirements of this section at the 
request of the Chairman or Ranking Member’’. 
SEC. 6404. END USE MONITORING OF MISUSE OF ARMS IN 
HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES. 
(a) END USE MONITORING.—Section 40A(a)(2)(B) 
of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2785) is 
amended— 
(1) in clause (i), by striking ‘‘; and’’ and insert-
ing a semicolon; 
(2) in clause (ii), by striking the period at the 
end and inserting ‘‘and;’’; and 
(3) by adding at the end the following new 
clause: 
‘‘(iii) such articles and services are 
not being used to violate international hu-
manitarian law or internationally recog-
nized human rights.’’. 
(b) REPORT.—The Secretary shall report to the ap-
propriate congressional committees on the measures that 
will be taken, including any additional resources needed, 
to conduct an effective end-use monitoring program to ful-
fill the requirement of clause (iii) of section 40A(a)(2)(B) 
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of the Arms Export Control Act, as added by subsection 
(a)(3). 
SEC. 6405. DEFINITIONS. 
In this title: 
(1) The term ‘‘appropriate congressional com-
mittees’’ means— 
(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations 
and the Committee on Appropriations of the 
Senate; and 
(B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and 
the Committee on Appropriations of the House 
of Representatives. 
(2) The terms ‘‘defense article’’ and ‘‘defense 
service’’ have the same meanings given the terms in 
section 47 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 
U.S.C. 2794). 
TITLE LXV—BURMA ACT OF 2022 
SEC. 6501. SHORT TITLE. 
This title may be cited as the ‘‘Burma Unified 
through Rigorous Military Accountability Act of 2022’’ or 
the ‘‘BURMA Act of 2022’’. 
SEC. 6502. DEFINITIONS. 
In this title: 
(1) BURMESE MILITARY.—The term ‘‘Burmese 
military’’— 
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(A) means the Armed Forces of Burma, 
including the army, navy, and air force; and 
(B) includes security services under the 
control of the Armed Forces of Burma such as 
the police and border guards. 
(2) CRIMES
AGAINST
HUMANITY.—The term 
‘‘crimes against humanity’’ includes the following, 
when committed as part of a widespread or system-
atic attack directed against any civilian population, 
with knowledge of the attack: 
(A) Murder. 
(B) Forced transfer of population. 
(C) Torture. 
(D) Extermination. 
(E) Enslavement. 
(F) Rape, sexual slavery, or any other 
form of sexual violence of comparable severity. 
(G) Enforced disappearance of persons. 
(H) Persecution against any identifiable 
group or collectivity on political, racial, na-
tional, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender, or 
other grounds that are universally recognized as 
impermissible under international law. 
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(I) Imprisonment or other severe depriva-
tion of physical liberty in violation of funda-
mental rules of international law. 
(3) EXECUTIVE ORDER 14014.—The term ‘‘Ex-
ecutive Order 14014’’ means Executive Order 14014 
(86 Fed. Reg. 9429; relating to blocking property 
with respect to the situation in Burma). 
(4) GENOCIDE.—The term ‘‘genocide’’ means 
any offense described in section 1091(a) of title 18, 
United States Code. 
(5) TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE.—The term ‘‘tran-
sitional justice’’ means the range of judicial, non-
judicial, formal, informal, retributive, and restorative 
measures employed by countries transitioning out of 
armed conflict or repressive regimes, or employed by 
the international community through international 
justice mechanisms, to redress past or ongoing 
atrocities and to promote long-term, sustainable 
peace. 
(6) WAR CRIME.—The term ‘‘war crime’’ has 
the meaning given the term in section 2441(c) of 
title 18, United States Code. 
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Subtitle A—Matters Relating to the 
Conflict in Burma 
SEC. 6511. FINDINGS. 
Congress makes the following findings: 
(1) Since 1988, the United States policy of 
principled engagement has fostered positive demo-
cratic reforms in Burma, with elections in 2010, 
2015, and 2020, helping to bring about the partial 
transition to civilian rule and with the latter 2 elec-
tions resulting in resounding electoral victories for 
the National League for Democracy. 
(2) That democratic transition remained incom-
plete, with the military retaining significant power 
and independence from civilian control following the 
2015 elections, including through control of 25 per-
cent of parliamentary seats, a de facto veto over con-
stitutional reform, authority over multiple govern-
ment ministries, and the ability to operate with im-
punity and no civilian oversight. 
(3) Despite some improvements with respect for 
human rights and fundamental freedoms beginning 
in 2010, and the establishment of a quasi-civilian 
government following credible elections in 2015, 
Burma’s military leaders have, since 2016, overseen 
an increase in restrictions to freedom of expression 
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(including for members of the press), freedom of 
peaceful assembly, freedom of association, and free-
dom of religion or belief. 
(4) On August 25, 2017, Burmese military and 
security forces launched a genocidal military cam-
paign against Rohingya, resulting in a mass exodus 
of some 750,000 Rohingya from Burma’s Rakhine 
State into Bangladesh, where they remain. The mili-
tary has since taken no steps to improve conditions 
for Rohingya still in Rakhine State, who remain at 
high risk of genocide and other atrocities, or to cre-
ate conditions conducive to the voluntary return of 
Rohingya refugees and other internally displaced 
persons (IDPs). 
(5) The Burmese military has also engaged in 
renewed violence with other ethnic minority groups 
across the country. The military has continued to 
commit atrocities in Chin, Kachin, Kayah, and 
Shan. Fighting in northern Burma has forced more 
than 100,000 people from their homes and into 
camps for internally displaced persons. The Burmese 
military continues to heavily proscribe humanitarian 
and media access to conflict-affected populations 
across the country. 
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(6) With more nearly $470,000,000 in humani-
tarian assistance in response to the crisis in fiscal 
year 2021, the United States is the largest humani-
tarian donor to populations in need as a result of 
conflicts in Burma. In May 2021, the United States 
announced nearly $155,000,000 in additional hu-
manitarian assistance to meet the urgent needs of 
Rohingya refugees and host communities in Ban-
gladesh and people affected by ongoing violence in 
Burma’s Rakhine, Kachin, Shan, and Chin states. 
In September 2021, the United States provided 
nearly $180,000,000 in additional critical humani-
tarian assistance to the people of Burma, bringing 
the 
total 
fiscal 
year 
2021 
to 
more 
than 
$434,000,000. 
(7) Both government- and military-initiated in-
vestigations into human rights abuses in Burma in-
volving violence between ethnic minorities and Bur-
mese security forces have failed to yield credible re-
sults or hold perpetrators accountable. 
(8) In its report dated September 17, 2018, the 
United Nations Independent International Fact- 
Finding Mission on Myanmar concluded, on reason-
able grounds, that the factors allowing inference of 
‘‘genocidal intent’’ are present with respect to the 
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attacks against Rohingya in Rakhine State, and acts 
by Burmese security forces against Rohingya in 
Rakhine State and other ethnic minorities in Kachin 
and Shan States amount to ‘‘crimes against human-
ity’’ and ‘‘war crimes’’. The Independent Inter-
national Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar estab-
lished by the United Nations Human Rights Council 
recommended that the United Nations Security 
Council ‘‘should ensure accountability for crimes 
under international law committed in Myanmar, 
preferably by referring the situation to the Inter-
national Criminal Court or alternatively by creating 
an ad hoc international criminal tribunal’’. The Mis-
sion also recommended the imposition of targeted 
economic sanctions, including an arms embargo on 
Burma. 
(9) On December 13, 2018, the United States 
House of Representatives passed House Resolution 
1091 (115th Congress), which expressed the sense of 
the House that ‘‘the atrocities committed against the 
Rohingya by the Burmese military and security 
forces since August 2017 constitute crimes against 
humanity and genocide’’ and called upon the Sec-
retary of State to review the available evidence and 
make a similar determination. 
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(10) In a subsequent report dated August 5, 
2019, the United Nations Independent International 
Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar found that the 
Burmese military’s economic interests ‘‘enable its 
conduct’’ and that it benefits from and supports ex-
tractive industry businesses operating in conflict-af-
fected areas in northern Burma, including natural 
resources, particularly oil and gas, minerals and 
gems and argued that ‘‘through controlling its own 
business empire, the Tatmadaw can evade the ac-
countability and oversight that normally arise from 
civilian oversight of military budgets’’. The report 
called for the United Nations and individual govern-
ments to place targeted sanctions on all senior offi-
cials in the Burmese military as well as their eco-
nomic interests, especially Myanma Economic Hold-
ings Limited and Myanmar Economic Corporation. 
(11) Burma’s November 2020 election resulted 
in a landslide victory for the National League of De-
mocracy, with the National League for Democracy 
winning a large majority of seats in Burma’s na-
tional parliament. The elections were judged to be 
credible, and marked an important step in the coun-
try’s democratic transition. 
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(12) On February 1, 2021, the Burmese mili-
tary conducted a coup d’e´tat, declaring a year-long 
state of emergency and detaining State Counsellor 
Aung San Suu Kyi, President Win Myint, and doz-
ens of other government officials and elected mem-
bers of parliament, thus derailing Burma’s transi-
tion to democracy and disregarding the will of the 
people of Burma as expressed in the November 2020 
general elections, which were determined to be cred-
ible by international and national observers. 
(13) Following the coup, some ousted members 
of parliament established the Committee Rep-
resenting the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (CRPH), which 
subsequently established the National Unity Consult-
ative Council in March of 2021. The National Unity 
Consultative Council includes representatives from a 
broad spectrum of stakeholders in Burma opposed to 
the military and the coup: elected representatives 
from the CRPH, representatives from the ethnic 
armed organizations, members of Burma’s civil dis-
obedience movement, and other anti-coup forces. 
(14) The CRPH subsequently released the Fed-
eral Democracy Charter in March 2021 and estab-
lished the National Unity Government in April 2021. 
The National Unity Government includes represent-
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atives from ethnic minority groups, civil society or-
ganizations, women’s groups, leaders of the civil dis-
obedience movement, and others. 
(15) Since the coup on February 1, 2021, the 
Burmese military has— 
(A) used lethal force on peaceful protestors 
on multiple occasions, killing more than 2,000 
people, including more than 142 children; 
(B) detained more than 10,000 peaceful 
protestors, participants in the Civil Disobe-
dience Movement, labor leaders, government of-
ficials and elected members of parliament, 
members of the media, and others, according to 
the Assistance Association for Political Pris-
oners; 
(C) issued laws and directives used to fur-
ther impede fundamental freedoms, including 
freedom of expression (including for members 
of the press), freedom of peaceful assembly, and 
freedom of association; and 
(D) imposed restrictions on the internet 
and telecommunications. 
(16) According to the UNHCR, more than 
758,000 people have been internally displaced since 
the coup, while an estimated 40,000 have sought ref-
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uge in neighboring countries. Nevertheless, the Bur-
mese military continues to block humanitarian as-
sistance to populations in need. According to the 
World Health Organization, the military has carried 
out more than 286 attacks on health care entities 
since the coup and killed at least 30 health workers. 
Dozens more have been arbitrarily detained, and 
hundreds have warrants out for their arrest. The 
military continued such attacks even as they inhib-
ited efforts to combat a devastating third wave of 
COVID–19. The brutality of the Burmese military 
was on full display on March 27, 2021, Armed 
Forces Day, when, after threatening on state tele-
vision to shoot protesters in the head, security forces 
killed more than 150 people. 
(17) The coup represents a continuation of a 
long pattern of violent and anti-democratic behavior 
by the military that stretches back decades, with the 
military having previously taken over Burma in 
coups d’e´tat in 1962 and 1988, and having ignored 
the results of the 1990 elections, and a long history 
of violently repressing protest movements, including 
killing and imprisoning thousands of peaceful 
protestors during pro-democracy demonstrations in 
1988 and 2007. 
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(18) On February 11, 2021, President Biden 
issued Executive Order 14014 in response to the 
coup d’e´tat, authorizing sanctions against the Bur-
mese military, its economic interests, and other per-
petrators of the coup. 
(19) Since the issuance of Executive Order 
14014, President Biden has taken several steps to 
impose costs on the Burmese military and its leader-
ship, including by designating or otherwise imposing 
targeted sanctions with respect to— 
(A) multiple high-ranking individuals and 
their family members, including the Com-
mander-in-Chief of the Burmese military, Min 
Aung Hlaing, Burma’s Chief of Police, Than 
Hlaing, and the Bureau of Special Operations 
commander, Lieutenant General Aung Soe, and 
over 35 other individuals; 
(B) state-owned and military controlled 
companies, including Myanma Economic Hold-
ings Public Company, Ltd., Myanmar Economic 
Corporation, Ltd., Myanmar Economic Hold-
ings Ltd., Myanmar Ruby Enterprise, Myanmar 
Imperial Jade Co., Ltd., and Myanma Gems 
Enterprise; and 
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(C) other corporate entities, Burmese mili-
tary units, and Burmese military entities, in-
cluding the military regime’s State Administra-
tive Council. 
(20) The United States has also implemented 
new restrictions on exports and reexports to Burma 
pursuant to Executive Order 14014; and 
(21) On April 24, 2021, the Association of 
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) agreed to a five- 
point consensus which called for an ‘‘immediate ces-
sation of violence’’, ‘‘constructive dialogue among all 
parties’’, the appointment of an ASEAN special 
envoy, the provision of humanitarian assistance 
through ASEAN’s AHA Centre, and a visit by the 
ASEAN special envoy to Burma. Except for the ap-
pointment of the Special Envoy in August 2021, the 
other elements of the ASEAN consensus remain 
unimplemented due to obstruction by the Burmese 
military. 
(22) In June 2021, the National Unity Govern-
ment included ethnic minorities and women among 
its cabinet and released a policy paper outlining 
pledges to Rohingya and calling for ‘‘justice and rep-
arations’’ for the community. The statement affirms 
the Rohingya right to citizenship in Burma, a sig-
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nificant break from past Burmese government poli-
cies. 
(23) On March 21, 2022, Secretary of State 
Antony Blinken announced that the United States 
had concluded that ‘‘members of the Burmese mili-
tary committed genocide and crimes against human-
ity against Rohingya’’. 
SEC. 6512. STATEMENT OF POLICY. 
It is the policy of the United States— 
(1) to support genuine democracy, peace, and 
national reconciliation in Burma; 
(2) to pursue a strategy of calibrated engage-
ment, which is essential to support the establishment 
of a peaceful, prosperous, and democratic Burma 
that includes respect for the human rights of all in-
dividuals regardless of ethnicity and religion; 
(3) to seek the restoration to power of a civilian 
government that reflects the will of the people of 
Burma; 
(4) to support constitutional reforms that en-
sure civilian governance and oversight over the mili-
tary; 
(5) to assist in the establishment of a fully 
democratic, civilian-led, inclusive, and representative 
political system that includes free, fair, credible, and 
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(A) IN GENERAL.—An alien who the Sec-
retary of State or the Secretary of Homeland 
Security (or a designee of one of such Secre-
taries) knows, or has reason to believe, is de-
scribed in subsection (a) is— 
(i) inadmissible to the United States; 
(ii) ineligible for a visa or other docu-
mentation to enter the United States; and 
(iii) otherwise ineligible to be admitted 
or paroled into the United States or to re-
ceive any other benefit under the Immigra-
tion and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et 
seq.). 
(B) CURRENT VISAS REVOKED.— 
(i) IN
GENERAL.—The issuing con-
sular officer, the Secretary of State, or the 
Secretary of Homeland Security (or a des-
ignee of one of such Secretaries) shall, in 
accordance with section 221(i) of the Im-
migration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 
1201(i)), revoke any visa or other entry 
documentation issued to an alien described 
in clause (i) regardless of when the visa or 
other entry documentation is issued. 
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case may be, as well as the subject office, component, or 
directorate of the Department. For each such ongoing 
audit, inspection, or evaluation such narrative description 
shall include the following: 
‘‘(1) Information relating to the source of each 
such audit, inspection, or evaluation. 
‘‘(2) Information regarding whether each such 
audit, inspection, or evaluation is being conducted 
independently, jointly, concurrently, or in some other 
manner. 
‘‘(3) In the event each such audit, inspection, or 
evaluation was initiated due to a referral, the date 
on which the Inspector General notified the origi-
nator of a referral of the Inspector General’s inten-
tion to carry out such audit, inspection, or evalua-
tion. 
‘‘(4) Information relating to the dates on 
which— 
‘‘(A) each such audit, inspection, or eval-
uation was initiated; 
‘‘(B) a draft report relating to each such 
audit, inspection, or evaluation is scheduled to 
be submitted to the Secretary for review; and 
‘‘(C) a final report relating to each such 
audit, inspection, or evaluation is scheduled to 
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