I 
118TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 5160 
To require the Secretary of Agriculture to conduct research relating to meas-
urement, monitoring, reporting, and verification of greenhouse gas emis-
sions and carbon sequestration, and for other purposes. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
AUGUST 4, 2023 
Mr. SORENSEN (for himself and Mr. LAWLER) introduced the following bill; 
which was referred to the Committee on Agriculture 
A BILL 
To require the Secretary of Agriculture to conduct research 
relating to measurement, monitoring, reporting, and 
verification of greenhouse gas emissions and carbon se-
questration, and for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Advancing Research 
on Agricultural Climate Impacts Act of 2023’’. 
SEC. 2. DEFINITION OF SECRETARY. 
In this Act, the term ‘‘Secretary’’ means the Sec-
retary of Agriculture. 
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SEC. 3. STANDARD SOIL CARBON MEASUREMENT METHOD-
OLOGY. 
(a) METHODOLOGY.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—Not later than 270 days 
after the date of enactment of this Act, the Sec-
retary shall develop a standardized methodology to 
directly measure soil carbon for research and con-
servation purposes. 
(2) REVIEW.—In developing the methodology 
under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall conduct a 
review of widely used existing methodologies for di-
rect soil carbon measurement. 
(3) CONSULTATION.—In developing the meth-
odology under paragraph (1) and conducting the re-
view under paragraph (2), the Secretary shall con-
sult with— 
(A) agricultural producers, including so-
cially disadvantaged farmers and ranchers (as 
defined in section 355(e) of the Consolidated 
Farm and Rural Development Act (7 U.S.C. 
2003(e))); 
(B) soil carbon experts; 
(C) nonprofit organizations; 
(D) academic researchers; and 
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(E) other stakeholders who reflect the 
operational, geographic, and socioeconomic di-
versity of United States agricultural operations. 
(4) REQUIREMENTS.—The methodology devel-
oped under paragraph (1) shall, to the maximum ex-
tent practicable— 
(A) be usable at any location at which soil 
carbon can be directly measured; 
(B)(i) require measurement to a standard 
soil depth sufficient for measuring the core set 
of variables described in paragraph (5), deter-
mined using the best available science; or 
(ii) if measurement to the standard soil 
depth described in clause (i) is not practicable 
due to insufficient soil depth or other factors 
relating to the applicable sample site, require 
measurement in accordance with an alternate 
approach developed by the Secretary, using the 
best available science, that— 
(I) requires measurement to the max-
imum allowable depth of a sample site; and 
(II) produces data that is interoper-
able with data collected by measurement to 
the standard soil depth in accordance with 
clause (i); 
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(C) measure the core set of variables de-
scribed in paragraph (5) to produce a standard 
set of reporting metrics; 
(D) produce data that is interoperable with 
other data collected by the Department of Agri-
culture; 
(E) account for calibration differences in 
soil analysis between testing facilities; 
(F) account for differences in uncertainty 
between different measurement tools; and 
(G) be usable for voluntary reporting of 
soil carbon data under subsection (b). 
(5) CORE VARIABLES.—The methodology devel-
oped under paragraph (1) shall measure the fol-
lowing core set of variables for each sample: 
(A) Bulk density. 
(B) Organic carbon concentration. 
(C) Rock fraction volume and weight. 
(D) Other variables, as determined by the 
Secretary. 
(b) VOLUNTARY SOIL CARBON DATA REPORTING.— 
(1) TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, acting 
through the Chief of the Natural Resources 
Conservation Service, shall provide to producers 
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described in paragraph (2) technical assistance, 
including guidance, for voluntarily measuring, 
monitoring, and reporting to the Secretary soil 
carbon data using the methodology developed 
under subsection (a). 
(B) GUIDANCE.—Guidance provided under 
subparagraph (A) shall be, at a minimum— 
(i) available in multiple languages; 
and 
(ii) available to producers described in 
paragraph (2) in both digital and analog 
formats. 
(2) APPLICABILITY.—The guidance developed 
under paragraph (1) shall be applicable to— 
(A) producers that are recipients of grants 
under programs described in paragraph (3) to 
voluntarily measure, monitor, and report to the 
Secretary soil carbon outcomes under those pro-
grams; and 
(B) any other producer that elects to vol-
untarily report to the Secretary direct measure-
ments of soil carbon data. 
(3) PROGRAMS DESCRIBED.—The programs re-
ferred to in paragraph (2)(A) include— 
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(A) conservation innovation grants under 
section 1240H of the Food Security Act of 
1985 (16 U.S.C. 3839aa–8); 
(B) the sustainable agriculture research 
and education program under subtitle B of title 
XVI of the Food, Agriculture, Conservation, 
and Trade Act of 1990 (7 U.S.C. 5801 et seq.); 
(C) the organic agriculture research and 
extension initiative established under section 
1672B of that Act (7 U.S.C. 5925b); 
(D) grants under the Agriculture and Food 
Research Initiative under section 2(b) of the 
Competitive, Special, and Facilities Research 
Grant Act (7 U.S.C. 3157(b)); and 
(E) such other programs as the Secretary 
determines to be appropriate. 
(4) REQUIREMENT.—The Secretary shall seek 
to provide culturally appropriate technical assistance 
and guidance under paragraph (1) to socially dis-
advantaged farmers and ranchers (as defined in sec-
tion 355(e) of the Consolidated Farm and Rural De-
velopment Act (7 U.S.C. 2003(e))). 
(c) UPDATES.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall update 
the methodology developed under subsection (a)(1) 
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and the guidance issued under subsection (b)(1)(B) 
as needed to reflect the best-available data science. 
(2) INTEROPERABILITY.—In making any up-
dates under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall en-
sure that data collected with the updated method-
ology remains interoperable with previously collected 
measurements. 
(d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There is 
authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section 
$2,000,000 for each fiscal year. 
SEC. 4. DEVELOPMENT OF NEW MEASUREMENT TOOLS 
UNDER AFRI. 
Section 2(b)(2)(D) of the Competitive, Special, and 
Facilities Research Grant Act (7 U.S.C. 3157(b)(2)(D)) 
is amended— 
(1) in clause (vii), by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end; 
(2) in clause (viii), by striking the period at the 
end and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 
(3) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(ix) measuring, monitoring, report-
ing, and verifying greenhouse gas emis-
sions and carbon sequestration.’’. 
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SEC. 5. SOIL HEALTH AND CARBON DEMONSTRATION 
TRIALS. 
(a) 
ON-FARM
CONSERVATION
INNOVATION 
TRIALS.—Section 1240H(c) of the Food Security Act of 
1985 (16 U.S.C. 3839aa–8(c)) is amended— 
(1) in paragraph (1)(B)(i), by striking sub-
clause (III) and inserting the following: 
‘‘(III) soil health management 
systems, including— 
‘‘(aa) systems to maintain or 
increase soil carbon levels; and 
‘‘(bb) cost-effective tools to 
measure, monitor, report, and 
verify greenhouse gas emissions 
and carbon sequestration;’’; and 
(2) in paragraph (3)(D), by striking ‘‘3 years’’ 
each place it appears and inserting ‘‘5 years’’. 
(b) SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE RESEARCH
AND 
EDUCATION PROGRAM.—Section 1621(e) of the Food, Ag-
riculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990 (7 U.S.C. 
5811(e)) is amended— 
(1) by striking ‘‘The Secretary’’ and inserting 
the following: 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary’’; and 
(2) by adding at the end the following: 
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‘‘(2) SOIL
CARBON
SEQUESTRATION
DEM-
ONSTRATION PROJECTS.—In carrying out this sec-
tion, the Secretary shall conduct on-farm demonstra-
tion projects for soil carbon sequestration.’’. 
SEC. 6. SOIL CARBON INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS NET-
WORK. 
Chapter 5 of subtitle D of title XII of the Food Secu-
rity Act of 1985 is amended by inserting after section 
1240M (16 U.S.C. 3839bb) the following: 
‘‘SEC. 1240N. SOIL CARBON INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS NET-
WORK. 
‘‘(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 
‘‘(1) CONSERVATION
ACTIVITIES.—The term 
‘conservation activities’ has the meaning given the 
term in section 1240I. 
‘‘(2) ELIGIBLE LAND.—The term ‘eligible land’ 
means public and private cropland, rangeland, 
pastureland, and wetlands in the United States. 
‘‘(3) PROGRAM.—The term ‘program’ means 
the program established under subsection (b)(1). 
‘‘(4) REGIONAL
RESOURCE
AREA.—The term 
‘regional resource area’ means a contiguous area of 
eligible land that has similar resource characteris-
tics. 
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‘‘(5) RESOURCE CHARACTERISTICS.—The term 
‘resource characteristics’ means— 
‘‘(A) geographic, climate, natural resource, 
and soil type characteristics; and 
‘‘(B) any other characteristics that the 
Secretary determines to be appropriate for the 
purpose of carrying out the program. 
‘‘(6) SECRETARY.—The term ‘Secretary’ means 
the Secretary, acting jointly through the Chief of the 
Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Ad-
ministrator of the Agricultural Research Service. 
‘‘(b) ESTABLISHMENT.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall estab-
lish a program to inventory, monitor, and analyze 
soil carbon changes on eligible land in the United 
States. 
‘‘(2) PURPOSES.—The purposes of the program 
are— 
‘‘(A) to analyze soil properties, including 
soil organic carbon, across space, time, and 
depth; 
‘‘(B) to analyze the impacts of land man-
agement strategies, including conservation ac-
tivities, on soil carbon sequestration; and 
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‘‘(C) to inform any tools of the Secretary 
designed to predict the impacts of different land 
management practices, including implementing 
conservation activities, on greenhouse gas emis-
sions and soil carbon sequestration across the 
United States. 
‘‘(3) CONSULTATION.—In carrying out the pro-
gram, the Secretary shall consult with the Director 
of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, 
the Chief of the Forest Service, the Chief Data Offi-
cer, the Administrator of the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, the Secretary of Energy, and the head 
of any other department or agency that the Sec-
retary determines to be appropriate. 
‘‘(c) SAMPLING.— 
‘‘(1) SAMPLE SITES.—The Secretary shall select 
sample sites under the program by taking into con-
sideration— 
‘‘(A) the accessibility of sites; 
‘‘(B) the ease of collecting repeated meas-
urements over time; and 
‘‘(C) such other factors as the Secretary 
determines to be appropriate. 
‘‘(2) PREFERENCE.—In selecting sample sites 
under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall give pref-
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erence to sites that have been used for soil testing 
previously. 
‘‘(3) NUMBER
OF
SAMPLE
SITES.—The Sec-
retary shall select sufficient sample sites under para-
graph (1) to analyze changes in soil carbon across 
regional resource areas, as determined by the Sec-
retary, over time, taking into account the geo-
graphical size and heterogeneity of each regional re-
source area. 
‘‘(d) INVENTORY.— 
‘‘(1) IN
GENERAL.—Every 5 years, the Sec-
retary shall prepare an inventory of soil carbon 
stocks on eligible land, under which the Secretary 
shall collect measurements at each sample site se-
lected under subsection (c). 
‘‘(2) METHODOLOGY.—The Secretary shall en-
sure that the methodology developed under section 
3(a) of the Advancing Research on Agricultural Cli-
mate Impacts Act of 2023 is used for purposes of 
conducting measurements at each sample site under 
the program. 
‘‘(3) MINIMUM
NUMBER
OF
SAMPLES.—The 
Secretary shall measure a sufficient number of sam-
ples to analyze changes in soil carbon at each sample 
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site selected under subsection (c) for each inventory 
under paragraph (1). 
‘‘(4) CHARACTERISTICS.—In preparing the in-
ventory under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall 
document the following characteristics for each sam-
ple site selected under subsection (c): 
‘‘(A) Soil type and texture. 
‘‘(B) Land use history, including conserva-
tion activities. 
‘‘(C) Environmental characteristics, such 
as temperature and precipitation. 
‘‘(D) Other characteristics, as determined 
by the Secretary. 
‘‘(e) INDIVIDUAL PROTECTIONS.— 
‘‘(1) PROTECTION
OF
PRIVATE
PROPERTY 
RIGHTS.—Before selecting a sample site under sub-
section (c) or conducting any measurement under 
subsection (d)(1), the Secretary shall obtain author-
ization from the owner of the eligible land. 
‘‘(2) 
VOLUNTARINESS
REQUIREMENT.—The 
Secretary may not require authorization under para-
graph (1) or any other participation in any activity 
under this section as a condition on receipt of any 
benefit under a program administered by the Sec-
retary. 
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‘‘(3) DATA PRIVACY PROTECTION.—In carrying 
out the program, the Secretary shall ensure that 
data is collected and analyzed while respecting rel-
evant privacy safeguards and does not include any 
identifiable, proprietary, or personal information of 
individual land owners or operators. 
‘‘(f) DATA CENTER.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Data collected under the 
program shall be maintained in a data center oper-
ated by the Secretary. 
‘‘(2) PARTNERSHIPS.—The data center de-
scribed in paragraph (1) may be operated in part-
nership with 1 or more of the following entities, if 
the entity complies with paragraph (4): 
‘‘(A) An 1862 Institution (as defined in 
section 2 of the Agricultural Research, Exten-
sion, and Education Reform Act of 1998 (7 
U.S.C. 7601)). 
‘‘(B) An 1890 Institution (as defined in 
that section). 
‘‘(C) A 1994 Institution (as defined in sec-
tion 532 of the Equity in Educational Land- 
Grant Status Act of 1994 (7 U.S.C. 301 note; 
Public Law 103–382)). 
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‘‘(D) Institutions of higher education with 
expertise in predictive modeling, large-scale 
data collection, soil carbon research, or agricul-
tural land management to mitigate climate 
change. 
‘‘(E) Federal research centers. 
‘‘(3) APPLICATIONS.—An entity described in 
any of subparagraphs (A) through (E) of paragraph 
(2) seeking to enter into a partnership to manage 
the data center described in paragraph (1) shall sub-
mit to the Secretary an application at such time, in 
such manner, and containing such information as 
the Secretary may require. 
‘‘(4) REQUIREMENTS.—The data center de-
scribed in paragraph (1) shall— 
‘‘(A) use the industry standard protocols 
to protect identifiable, proprietary, or personal 
information of individual land owners or opera-
tors; 
‘‘(B) ensure that individual producer data 
is not sold through the center; and 
‘‘(C) comply with all applicable privacy re-
quirements, including— 
‘‘(i) section 1770 of the Food Security 
Act of 1985 (7 U.S.C. 2276); 
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‘‘(ii) section 1619 of the Food, Con-
servation, and Energy Act of 2008 (7 
U.S.C. 8791); 
‘‘(iii) section 502(c) of the Federal 
Crop Insurance Act (7 U.S.C. 1502(c)); 
and 
‘‘(iv) section 552 of title 5, United 
States Code. 
‘‘(5) LIMITED
RELEASE
OF
INFORMATION.— 
The Secretary may release or disclose information 
maintained in the data center described in para-
graph (1) pursuant to section 1619(b)(3)(A)(i) of 
the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (7 
U.S.C. 8791(b)(3)(A)(i)) to researchers for the pur-
poses of statistically analyzing the information. 
‘‘(g) PUBLIC AVAILABILITY.—On completion of each 
inventory under subsection (d)(1), the Secretary shall 
make publicly available— 
‘‘(1) the statistical or aggregated form of data 
collected from measurements under that subsection; 
‘‘(2) information regarding the methodology 
used to collect that data; and 
‘‘(3) any analysis made of the measurements 
described in paragraph (1). 
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‘‘(h) REPORTS.—On completion of each inventory 
under subsection (d)(1), the Secretary shall prepare, pub-
lish, and make available to the public a report that— 
‘‘(1) contains a description of soil carbon 
trends, including by incorporating measurements 
conducted under subsection (d) during the 5 years 
covered by the report; 
‘‘(2) contains an analysis of the impact of dif-
ferent land management practices, including imple-
menting 1 or more conservation activities, on soil 
carbon levels; 
‘‘(3) contains an analysis of the effect of weath-
er and climate variability on the observed trends; 
‘‘(4) contains an analysis of how land manage-
ment practices, including conservation activities, 
that influence soil carbon sequestration may affect 
the rate of emissions of other greenhouse gases in 
the agricultural sector, including methane and ni-
trous oxide; and 
‘‘(5) establishes a benchmark for the baseline 
soil carbon absent additional conservation activities. 
‘‘(i) STRATEGIC PLAN.—Not later than 1 year after 
the date of enactment of the Advancing Research on Agri-
cultural Climate Impacts Act of 2023, the Secretary shall 
prepare and submit to Congress a strategic plan to imple-
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ment and carry out this section, which shall describe in 
detail— 
‘‘(1) the organization and procedures necessary 
to implement and carry out this section; 
‘‘(2) the plan for measurements in each re-
gional resource area under subsection (d)(1) for the 
first 5-year interval, including the schedule and the 
number of samples collected from each sample site 
selected under subsection (c). 
‘‘(j) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section 
$17,500,000 for each fiscal year.’’. 
SEC. 7. PREDICTIVE MODELS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall develop and 
maintain a modeling tool (or combination of tools) that 
shall predict the impacts of different land management 
practices, including implementing conservation activities, 
on greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon sequestration 
across the United States. 
(b) CONSULTATION.—In developing the modeling tool 
or tools under subsection (a), the Secretary shall consult 
with— 
(1) the Secretary of Energy; 
(2) the Administrator of the Environmental 
Protection Agency; 
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(3) agricultural producers, including socially 
disadvantaged farmers and ranchers (as defined in 
section 355(e) of the Consolidated Farm and Rural 
Development Act (7 U.S.C. 2003(e))); 
(4) soil carbon experts; 
(5) nonprofit organizations; 
(6) academic researchers; 
(7) private companies with expertise in soil car-
bon sequestration or greenhouse gas monitoring for 
agricultural operations; and 
(8) other stakeholders, including the heads of 
other appropriate Federal agencies or non-Federal 
entities, who reflect the operational, geographic, and 
socioeconomic diversity of United States agricultural 
operations. 
(c) REQUIREMENTS.—The modeling tool or tools de-
scribed in subsection (a) shall— 
(1) be anchored in direct measurements of land, 
including soil sampling, such as under the program 
established under section 1240N of the Food Secu-
rity Act of 1985 and the programs described in sec-
tion 3(b)(3); 
(2) account for differences that could impact 
land management outcomes, including— 
(A) soil type; 
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(B) type of land use; 
(C) type of crop; 
(D) geography and local climate; 
(E) geographic size of the land-use oper-
ation; 
(F) ongoing or existing conservation activi-
ties; and 
(G) such other items as the Secretary de-
termines to be appropriate; 
(3) allow a user of the tool to estimate the 
changes in greenhouse gas emissions or soil carbon 
sequestration, and the uncertainty of those esti-
mated changes, that occur as a result of imple-
menting 1 or more conservation activities; and 
(4) be user-friendly and accessible— 
(A) to producers and researchers; and 
(B) in multiple languages. 
(d) REVIEWS AND UPDATES.— 
(1) REVIEWS.—Not less frequently than annu-
ally, the modeling tool or tools described in sub-
section (a) shall be reviewed to determine if an up-
date is required to reflect the best available data and 
science. 
(2) UPDATES.—If it is determined that an up-
date is required under paragraph (1), the update 
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