I 
117TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 4436 
To improve the safety and security of the Federal judiciary. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
JULY 16, 2021 
Ms. SHERRILL (for herself and Mr. FITZPATRICK) introduced the following 
bill; which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary 
A BILL 
To improve the safety and security of the Federal judiciary. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Daniel Anderl Judicial 
Security and Privacy Act of 2021’’. 
SEC. 2. PURPOSE; RULES OF CONSTRUCTION. 
(a) PURPOSE.—The purpose of this Act is to improve 
the safety and security of Federal judges, including senior, 
recalled, or retired Federal judges, and their immediate 
family, to ensure Federal judges are able to administer 
justice fairly without fear of personal reprisal from indi-
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viduals affected by the decisions they make in the course 
of carrying out their public duties. 
(b) RULES OF CONSTRUCTION.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Nothing in this Act shall be 
construed— 
(A) to prohibit, restrain, or limit— 
(i) the lawful investigation or report-
ing by the press of any unlawful activity or 
misconduct alleged to have been committed 
by an at-risk individual or their immediate 
family; or 
(ii) the reporting on an at-risk indi-
vidual or their immediate family regarding 
matters of public concern; 
(B) to impair access to decisions and opin-
ions from a Federal judge in the course of car-
rying out their public functions; or 
(C) to limit the publication or transfer of 
personally identifiable information that the at- 
risk individual or their immediate family mem-
ber voluntarily publishes on the internet after 
the date of enactment of this Act. 
(2) PROTECTION
OF
PERSONALLY
IDENTIFI-
ABLE INFORMATION.—This Act shall be broadly con-
strued to favor the protection of the personally iden-
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tifiable information of at-risk individuals and their 
immediate family. 
SEC. 3. FINDINGS. 
Congress finds the following: 
(1) Members of the Federal judiciary perform 
the important function of interpreting our Constitu-
tion and administering justice in a fair and impartial 
manner. 
(2) In recent years, partially as a result of the 
rise in the use of social media and online access to 
information, members of the Federal judiciary have 
been exposed to an increased number of personal 
threats in connection to their role. The ease of ac-
cess to free or inexpensive sources of personally 
identifiable information has considerably lowered the 
effort required for malicious actors to discover where 
individuals live, where they spend leisure hours, and 
to find information about their family members. 
Such threats have included calling a judge a traitor 
with references to mass shootings and serial killings, 
calling for an ‘‘angry mob’’ to gather outside a 
judge’s home and, in reference to a United States 
courts of appeals judge, stating how easy it would be 
to ‘‘get them.’’ 
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(3) Between 2015 and 2019, threats and other 
inappropriate 
communications 
against 
Federal 
judges and other judiciary personnel increased from 
926 in 2015 to approximately 4,449 in 2019. 
(4) Over the past decade, several members of 
the Federal judiciary have experienced acts of vio-
lence against themselves or a family member in con-
nection to their Federal judiciary role, including the 
murder of the family of United States District 
Judge for the Northern District of Illinois Joan 
Lefkow in 2005. 
(5) On Sunday July 19, 2020, an assailant 
went to the home of Esther Salas, a judge for the 
United States District Court for the District of New 
Jersey, impersonating a package delivery driver, 
opening fire upon arrival, and killing Daniel Anderl, 
the 20-year-old only son of Judge Salas, and seri-
ously wounding Mark Anderl, her husband. 
(6) In the aftermath of the recent tragedy that 
occurred to Judge Salas and in response to the con-
tinuous rise of threats against members of the Fed-
eral judiciary, there is an immediate need for en-
hanced security procedures and increased availability 
of tools to protect Federal judges and their families. 
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SEC. 4. DEFINITIONS. 
In this Act: 
(1) AT-RISK
INDIVIDUAL.—The term ‘‘at-risk 
individual’’ means— 
(A) a Federal judge; or 
(B) a senior, recalled, or retired Federal 
judge. 
(2) DATA BROKER.— 
(A) 
IN
GENERAL.—The 
term 
‘‘data 
broker’’ means a business or commercial entity 
when it is engaged in collecting, assembling, or 
maintaining personal information concerning an 
individual who is not a customer, client, or an 
employee of that entity in order to sell the in-
formation or otherwise profit from providing 
third party access to the information. 
(B) EXCLUSION.—The following activities 
conducted by a business or commercial entity, 
and the collection and sale or licensing of per-
sonally identifiable information incidental to 
conducting these activities do not qualify the 
entity as a data broker: 
(i) 
Engaging 
in 
reporting, 
newsgathering, speaking, or other activities 
intended to inform the public on matters of 
public interest or public concern. 
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(ii) Providing 411 directory assistance 
or directory information services, including 
name, address, and telephone number, on 
behalf of or as a function of a tele-
communications carrier. 
(iii) Utilizing personal information in-
ternally, providing access to businesses 
under common ownership or affiliated by 
corporate control, or selling or providing 
data for a transaction or service requested 
by or concerning the individual whose per-
sonal information is being transferred. 
(iv) Providing publicly available infor-
mation via real-time or near-real-time alert 
services for health or safety purposes. 
(v) A consumer reporting agency to 
the extent that it is covered by the Federal 
Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 
1681 et seq.). 
(vi) A financial institution to the ex-
tent that it is covered by the Gramm- 
Leach-Bliley Act (Public Law 106–102) 
and implementing regulations. 
(vii) An entity to the extent that it is 
covered by the Health Insurance Port-
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ability and Accountability Act (Public Law 
104–191). 
(3) FEDERAL
JUDGE.—The term ‘‘Federal 
judge’’ means— 
(A) a justice or judge of the United States, 
as those terms are defined in section 451 of 
title 28, United States Code; 
(B) a bankruptcy judge appointed under 
section 152 of title 28, United States Code; 
(C) a United States magistrate judge ap-
pointed under section 631 of title 28, United 
States Code; 
(D) a judge confirmed by the United 
States Senate and empowered by statute in any 
commonwealth, territory, or possession to per-
form the duties of a Federal judge; and 
(E) a judge of the United States Court of 
Federal Claims appointed under section 171 of 
title 28, United States Code. 
(4) GOVERNMENT AGENCY.—The term ‘‘Gov-
ernment agency’’ means any department enumerated 
in section 1 of title 5 of the United States Code, 
independent establishment, commission, administra-
tion, authority, board or bureau of the United States 
or any corporation in which the United States has 
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a proprietary interest. The term includes all such in-
stitutions, offices, and any other bodies politic and 
corporate of the United States Government created 
by the constitution or statute, whether in the execu-
tive, judicial, or legislative branch; all units and cor-
porate outgrowths created by Executive order of the 
President or any constitutional officer, by the Su-
preme Court of the United States, or by resolution 
of the United States Congress. 
(5) IMMEDIATE FAMILY.—The term ‘‘immediate 
family’’ means a spouse, child, parent, or any other 
familial relative of an at-risk individual whose per-
manent residence is the same as the at-risk indi-
vidual. 
(6) 
PERSONALLY
IDENTIFIABLE
INFORMA-
TION.—The term ‘‘personally identifiable informa-
tion’’ means— 
(A) a home address, including primary res-
idence or secondary residences; 
(B) a home or personal mobile telephone 
number, or the direct telephone number of a 
government-issued cell phone or private exten-
sion in the chambers of an at-risk individual; 
(C) a personal email address; 
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(D) the social security number, driver’s li-
cense number, or home address displayed on 
voter registration information; 
(E) a bank account or credit or debit card 
information; 
(F) home or other address displayed on 
property tax records or held by a Federal, 
State, or local government agency of an at-risk 
individual, including a secondary residence and 
any investment property at which an at-risk in-
dividual resides for part of a year; 
(G) license plate number or home address 
displayed on vehicle registration information; 
(H) identification of children of an at-risk 
individual under the age of 18; 
(I) full date of birth; 
(J) a photograph of any vehicle that legibly 
displays the license plate or a photograph of a 
residence that legibly displays the residence ad-
dress; 
(K) the name and address of a school or 
day care facility attended by immediate family; 
or 
(L) the name and address of an employer 
of immediate family. 
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(7) SOCIAL MEDIA.—The term ‘‘social media’’ 
means any online electronic medium, a live-chat sys-
tem, or an electronic dating service— 
(A) that primarily serves as a medium for 
users to interact with content generated by 
other third-party users of the medium; 
(B) that enables users to create accounts 
or profiles specific to the medium or to import 
profiles from another medium; and 
(C) that enables one or more users to gen-
erate content that can be viewed by other third- 
party users of the medium. 
(8) TRANSFER.—The term ‘‘transfer’’ means to 
sell, license, trade, or exchange for consideration the 
personally identifiable information of an at-risk indi-
vidual or immediate family. 
SEC. 5. PROTECTING PERSONALLY IDENTIFIABLE INFOR-
MATION IN PUBLIC RECORDS. 
(a) GOVERNMENT AGENCIES.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—Each at-risk individual 
may— 
(A) file written notice of the status of the 
individual as an at-risk individual, for them-
selves and immediate family, to each Govern-
ment agency; and 
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(B) ask each Government agency described 
in subparagraph (A) to mark as private their 
personally identifiable information and that of 
their immediate family. 
(2) NO PUBLIC POSTING.—Government agen-
cies shall not publicly post or display publicly avail-
able content that includes personally identifiable in-
formation of an at-risk individual or immediate fam-
ily. Government agencies, upon receipt of a written 
request in accordance with subsection (a)(1)(A) of 
this section, shall remove the personally identifiable 
information of the at-risk individual or immediate 
family from publicly available content within 72 
hours. 
(3) EXCEPTIONS.—Nothing in this section shall 
prohibit a government agency from providing access 
to records containing judges’ personally identifiable 
information to a third party if the third party pos-
sesses a signed release from the judge or a court 
order, the entity is already subject to the require-
ments of title V of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (15 
U.S.C. 6801 et seq.), or the third party executes a 
confidentiality agreement with the government agen-
cy. 
(b) STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS.— 
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(1) GRANT PROGRAM TO PREVENT DISCLOSURE 
OF PERSONAL INFORMATION OF AT-RISK INDIVID-
UALS OR IMMEDIATE FAMILY.— 
(A) AUTHORIZATION.—The Attorney Gen-
eral shall make grants to prevent the release of 
personally identifiable information of at-risk in-
dividuals and immediate family (in this sub-
section referred to as ‘‘judges’ personally identi-
fiable information’’) to the detriment of such 
individuals or their families to an entity that— 
(i) is— 
(I) a State or unit of local gov-
ernment (as such terms are defined in 
section 901 of the Omnibus Crime 
Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 
(34 U.S.C. 10251)); or 
(II) an agency of a State or unit 
of local government; and 
(ii) operates a State or local database 
or registry that contains personally identi-
fiable information. 
(B) APPLICATION.—An eligible entity seek-
ing a grant under this section shall submit to 
the Attorney General an application at such 
time, in such manner, and containing such in-
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formation as the Attorney General may reason-
ably require. 
(2) AUTHORIZATION
OF
APPROPRIATIONS.— 
There is authorized to be appropriated such sums as 
may be necessary to provide grants to entities de-
scribed in paragraph (1) to create or expand pro-
grams designed to protect judges’ personally identifi-
able information, including through— 
(A) the creation of programs to redact or 
remove judges’ personally identifiable informa-
tion, upon the request of an at-risk individual, 
from public records in state agencies; these ef-
forts may include but are not limited to hiring 
a third party to redact or remove judges’ per-
sonally identifiable information from public 
records; 
(B) the expansion of existing programs 
that the State may have enacted in an effort to 
protect judges’ personally identifiable informa-
tion; 
(C) the development or improvement of 
protocols, procedures, and policies to prevent 
the release of judges’ personally identifiable in-
formation; 
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(D) the defrayment of costs of modifying 
or improving existing databases and registries 
to ensure that judges’ personally identifiable in-
formation is protected from release; and 
(E) the development of confidential opt out 
systems that will enable at-risk individuals to 
make a single request to keep judges’ personally 
identifiable information out of multiple data-
bases or registries. 
(3) REPORT.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 1 year 
after the date of enactment of this Act, and bi-
ennially thereafter, the Comptroller General of 
the United States, shall submit to the Com-
mittee on the Judiciary of the Senate and the 
Committee on the Judiciary of the House of 
Representatives an annual report that in-
cludes— 
(i) a detailed amount spent by States 
and local governments on protection of 
judges’ personally identifiable information; 
and 
(ii) where the judges’ personally iden-
tifiable information was found. 
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(B) STATES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS.— 
States and local governments that receive funds 
under this section shall submit to the Comp-
troller General a report on data described in 
clauses (i) and (ii) of subparagraph (A) to be 
included in the report required under that sub-
paragraph. 
(c) DATA BROKERS AND OTHER BUSINESSES.— 
(1) PROHIBITION.— 
(A) DATA BROKERS.—It shall be unlawful 
for a data broker to knowingly sell, license, 
trade for consideration, or purchase personally 
identifiable information of an at-risk individual 
or immediate family. 
(B) OTHER
BUSINESSES.—No person, 
business, or association shall publicly post or 
publicly display on the internet personally iden-
tifiable information of an at-risk individual or 
immediate family if the at-risk individual has 
made a written request of that person, business, 
or association to not disclose the personally 
identifiable information of the at-risk individual 
or immediate family. 
(C) EXCEPTIONS.—The restriction in sub-
paragraph (B) shall not apply to— 
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(i) the display on the internet of the 
personally identifiable information of an 
at-risk individual or immediate family if 
the information is relevant to and dis-
played as part of a news story, com-
mentary, editorial, or other speech on a 
matter of public concern; 
(ii) personally identifiable information 
that the at-risk individual voluntarily pub-
lishes on the internet after the date of en-
actment of this Act; or 
(iii) personally identifiable information 
received from a Federal Government 
source (or from an employee or agent of 
the Federal Government). 
(2) REQUIRED CONDUCT.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—After a person, busi-
ness, or association has received a written re-
quest from an at-risk individual to protect per-
sonally identifiable information of the at-risk in-
dividual or immediate family, that person, busi-
ness, or association shall— 
(i) remove within 72 hours the per-
sonally identifiable information from the 
internet and ensure that the information is 
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not made available on any website or sub-
sidiary website controlled by that person, 
business, or association; and 
(ii) ensure that the personally identifi-
able information of the at-risk individual 
or immediate family is not made available 
on any website or subsidiary website con-
trolled by that person, business, or associa-
tion. 
(B) TRANSFER.—After receiving an at-risk 
individual’s written request, no person, busi-
ness, or association shall transfer the personally 
identifiable information of the at-risk individual 
or immediate family to any other person, busi-
ness, or association through any medium, ex-
cept where the at-risk individual’s or immediate 
family member’s personally identifiable informa-
tion is relevant to and displayed as part of a 
news story, commentary, editorial, or other 
speech on a matter of public concern. The re-
striction on transfer shall also not apply to per-
sonally identifiable information that the at-risk 
individual or immediate family voluntarily pub-
lishes on the internet after the date of enact-
ment of this Act. 
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