IV 
118TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION 
H. RES. 81 
Calling on the President to support the creation of a Special Tribunal for 
the Punishment of the Crime of Aggression against Ukraine. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
JANUARY 31, 2023 
Mr. KEATING (for himself, Mr. WILSON of South Carolina, Ms. KAPTUR, Mr. 
FITZPATRICK, Mr. QUIGLEY, and Mr. MCGOVERN) submitted the fol-
lowing resolution; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Af-
fairs 
RESOLUTION 
Calling on the President to support the creation of a Special 
Tribunal for the Punishment of the Crime of Aggression 
against Ukraine. 
Whereas on February 24, 2022, the Russian Federation initi-
ated the full scale invasion of Ukraine; 
Whereas the Russian Federation’s full-scale invasion of 
Ukraine has resulted in enormous destruction of civilian 
infrastructure in Ukraine, the displacement of millions of 
Ukrainians both inside Ukraine and abroad, mass disrup-
tion of global food supplies resulting in increased food in-
security for the world’s most vulnerable populations as 
well as the death of thousands of Ukrainians civilians 
and military personnel; 
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•HRES 81 IH 
Whereas Article 1(1) the Charter of the United Nations 
states that it is the purpose of the United Nations to 
‘‘maintain international peace and security, and to that 
end: to take effective collective measures for the preven-
tion and removal of threats to the peace, and for the sup-
pression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the 
peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in con-
formity with the principles of justice and international 
law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or 
situations which might lead to a breach of the peace’’; 
Whereas Article 2(4) of the Charter of the United Nations 
states that ‘‘All Members shall refrain in their inter-
national relations from the threat or use of force against 
the territorial integrity or political independence of any 
State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Pur-
poses of the United Nations’’; 
Whereas United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3314 
defines aggression as ‘‘the use of armed force by a State 
against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political 
independence of another State, or in any other manner 
inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations, as 
set out in this Definition’’; 
Whereas General Assembly Resolution 3314 defines the fol-
lowing acts, regardless of a declaration of war, as quali-
fying as an act of aggression: 
(1) The invasion or attack by the Armed Forces of 
a State of the territory of another State, or any military 
occupation, however temporary, resulting from such inva-
sion or attack, or any annexation by the use of force of 
the territory of another State or part thereof; 
(2) Bombardment by the Armed Forces of a State 
against the territory of another State or the use of any 
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•HRES 81 IH 
weapons by a State against the territory of another 
State; 
(3) The blockade of the ports or coasts of a State 
by the Armed Forces of another State; 
(4) An attack by the Armed Forces of a State on 
the land, sea or air forces, or marine and air fleets of an-
other State; 
(5) The use of Armed Forces of one State which are 
within the territory of another State with the agreement 
of the receiving State, in contravention of the conditions 
provided for in the agreement or any extension of their 
presence in such territory beyond the termination of the 
agreement; 
(6) The action of a State in allowing its territory, 
which it has placed at the disposal of another State, to 
be used by that other State for perpetrating an act of ag-
gression against a third State; and 
(7) The sending by or on behalf of a State of armed 
bands, groups, irregulars or mercenaries, which carry out 
acts of armed force against another State of such gravity 
as to amount to the acts listed above, or its substantial 
involvement therein; and 
Whereas the Russian Federation’s unprecedented full-scale 
invasion of Ukraine has reached a critical point requiring 
immediate and decisive action by the international com-
munity: Now, therefore, be it 
Resolved, That the House of Representatives— 
(1) condemns in the strongest terms the Rus-
sian Federation’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine; 
(2) supports the people of Ukraine in their 
fight for freedom, independence and democracy; 
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•HRES 81 IH 
(3) underscores Ukraine’s sovereignty and terri-
torial integrity within its internationally recognized 
borders; 
(4) finds that there is significant evidence to 
suggest that individual leaders of the Russian Fed-
eration are culpable of committing the crime of ag-
gression against Ukraine and this requires proper 
adjudication by the international community; 
(5) recognizes the need for the creation of a 
Special Tribunal on the Crime of Aggression against 
Ukraine; 
(6) identifies an agreement between Ukraine 
and the United Nations following a favorable United 
Nations General Assembly vote as one option to-
wards the creation of such an international tribunal; 
and 
(7) urges the President to take all available 
measures to support the creation of a Special Tri-
bunal for Crime of Aggression against Ukraine. 
Æ 
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