and private sectors to advance development pol-
icy; 
(C) best practices for and effectiveness of 
research and development in low and middle in-
come economies; and 
(D) long-term solutions to issues central to 
strategic planning for United States develop-
ment efforts; 
(2) support new and existing public-private 
partnerships by— 
(A) identifying key areas for enhanced col-
laboration and any barriers to collaboration; 
and 
(B) recommending concrete efforts that 
the private and public sectors together can take 
to promote economic development priorities and 
initiatives; and 
(3) increase awareness and action in support of 
development by soliciting public input on current 
and emerging issues in the field of global develop-
ment as well as bringing to the President’s attention 
concerns and ideas that would inform policy options. 
(e) ADMINISTRATION AND RELATED MATTERS.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The heads of executive de-
partments and agencies shall assist and provide in-
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formation to the Council, consistent with applicable 
law, as may be necessary to carry out the functions 
of the Council. 
(2) 
FUNDING
AND
ADMINISTRATIVE
SUP-
PORT.—Funding and administrative support for the 
Council shall be provided by the Agency to the ex-
tent permitted by law and within existing appropria-
tions. 
(3) EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR.—The Administrator 
shall appoint an Executive Director who shall be a 
Federal officer or employee of the Agency and serve 
as a liaison to the Administrator and the Executive 
Office of the President and consult with relevant 
Federal departments, agencies, and offices on mat-
ters and activities pertaining to the Council. 
(4) COMPENSATION; TRAVEL EXPENSES.—The 
members of the Council who are appointed from out-
side the Federal Government shall serve without 
compensation for their work on the Council. Mem-
bers of the Council may receive travel expenses, in-
cluding per diem in lieu of subsistence, in accord-
ance with applicable provisions under subchapter I 
of chapter 57 of title 5, United States Code. 
(5) To the extent as the Federal Advisory Com-
mittee Act applies to the Council, any functions of 
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the President under such Act, except functions relat-
ing to reporting to Congress, shall be performed by 
the Administrator in accordance with the guidelines 
issued by the Administrator of General Services. 
(f) TERMINATION.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in para-
graph (2), the Council shall terminate on the date 
that is 2 years after the date of the enactment of 
this Act. 
(2) EXTENSION.—The Council may be extended 
by the President for additional two-year periods. 
(3) REPORT.—Prior to exercising the authority 
under paragraph (2) to extend the Council, the 
President shall submit to the appropriate congres-
sional committees a report on the activities of the 
Council during the previous two-year period. 
SEC. 1022. DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION. 
The Administrator is authorized to use up to 
$1,000,000 of amounts made available under section 1015 
in any fiscal year to support expansion and improvement 
of United States education about global poverty, the proc-
ess and challenges of international development, and the 
interdependence of the United States and developing coun-
tries. 
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SEC. 1023. DEFINITIONS. 
In this subtitle: 
(1) AGRICULTURE.—The term ‘‘agriculture’’ 
means the science and practice of activities related 
to food, feed, livestock, or fiber production, proc-
essing, marketing, distribution, utilization, and 
trade, and encompasses the study and practice of 
family and consumer sciences, nutrition, food 
sciences, forestry, wildlife, fisheries, aquaculture, 
floraculture, livestock management, veterinary medi-
cine, and other environmental and natural resource 
sciences. 
(2) AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT.—The term 
‘‘agricultural development’’ means methods to use 
agriculture as a basis for food security, family liveli-
hood, and economic growth by— 
(A) increasing the productivity of those in-
volved in the production of food, fuel, and fiber, 
including farmers, fishers, foresters, and pas-
toralists, particularly those that operate on a 
small scale; 
(B) 
linking 
producers 
to 
consumers 
through markets, including postharvest activi-
ties such as storage, processing, transport, and 
improving market efficiency; 
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(C) supporting a legal, regulatory, and pol-
icy environment that is conducive to agricul-
tural investment and production; and 
(D) strengthening technical, financial, and 
business service providers that help food pro-
ducers grow their enterprises. 
(3) COUNTRY
SYSTEMS.—The term ‘‘country 
systems’’ means the public financial management, 
procurement, disbursement, and monitoring and 
evaluation systems of a country. 
(4) DEVELOPING COUNTRY.—The term ‘‘devel-
oping country’’ means a country or area that is on 
the List of Official Development Assistance Recipi-
ents of the Development Assistance Committee of 
the Organization for Economic Cooperation and De-
velopment. 
(5) DEVELOPMENT STAKEHOLDER.—The term 
‘‘development stakeholder’’— 
(A) means an entity directly or indirectly 
affected by the success of efforts to reduce pov-
erty and promote self-sustaining, equitable, and 
environmentally sound economic growth in a 
partner country; and 
(B) includes— 
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(i) national, regional, and local gov-
ernments and administering authorities, 
intermediate 
representative 
institutions, 
civil society organizations, and intended 
beneficiaries, 
including 
marginalized 
groups; 
(ii) Federal agencies, congressional 
committees, the Government Accountability 
Office, and private partners; and 
(iii) bilateral, multilateral, and private 
donors. 
(6) FOOD
SECURITY.—The term ‘‘food secu-
rity’’ means that all people at all times have both 
physical and economic access to sufficient food to 
meet their dietary needs for a healthy and active 
life. 
(7) RELEVANT STAKEHOLDER.—The term ‘‘rel-
evant stakeholder’’— 
(A) means a party that is— 
(i) directly or indirectly affected by a 
particular law, regulation, policy, process, 
program, project, or activity; or 
(ii) involved in the funding, design, 
implementation, 
auditing, 
or 
oversight 
thereof; and 
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(B) includes— 
(i) national, regional, and local gov-
ernments and administering authorities, 
intermediate 
representative 
institutions, 
civil society organizations, and intended 
beneficiaries, 
including 
marginalized 
groups; 
(ii) Federal agencies, congressional 
committees, the Government Accountability 
Office, and private partners; and 
(iii) bilateral, multilateral, and private 
donors. 
CHAPTER 1—ACCELERATING ECONOMIC 
GROWTH 
SEC. 1101. FINDINGS AND STATEMENT OF POLICY. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 
(1) Broad-based and sustainable economic 
growth is the most powerful engine for reducing pov-
erty, and is key to advancing human development. It 
is the surest way for countries to generate the re-
sources they need to address illiteracy, poor health, 
and other development challenges on their own. 
(2) By expanding incomes, economic growth 
helps families and individuals not only to meet their 
basic needs, but also to realize their unique capabili-
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ties, exercise greater freedom in their lives, and 
achieve their full human potential. 
(3) Economic growth enables countries to offer 
better markets for United States goods and services 
and to become more effective partners with the 
United States in working toward a more stable, 
healthy, and prosperous world. 
(4) Well-functioning, dynamic private markets 
promote economic activity and accelerate growth, 
providing increased incomes and employment. 
(5) To encourage entrepreneurship and private 
investment, developing countries must create a fa-
vorable legal, policy and regulatory environment; an 
efficient and accountable system of public financial 
management; fair, transparent and predictable en-
forcement of property rights and contracts; effective 
procedures for resolving economic disputes among 
firms and individuals; and rigorous efforts to stem 
bribery and corruption. 
(6) Even where markets are functioning well, 
differential access to education, technology, credit 
and other resources can cause economic benefits to 
be uneven. Expanding economic opportunity and ac-
cess to the tools that help citizens engage in the 
market economy enables the poor, women and other 
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marginalized groups to participate in and contribute 
to economic growth. 
(7) An abundance of young people in a country 
with a weak economy and non-responsive govern-
ment can leave individuals frustrated by the lack of 
jobs and opportunities. But youth are also key 
human resources for growth and positive change. 
When governments embrace policies that promote 
education, economic opportunities, the empowerment 
of women, and equitable access to resources, coun-
tries can capitalize on the productivity of a growing 
workforce to boost economic growth. 
(8) Expanding trade regionally and internation-
ally is critical for many of the smallest and poorest 
developing countries, where local demand is too weak 
to support large-scale expansion of production, em-
ployment, and incomes. Building trade capacity and 
removing trade barriers are essential to lasting eco-
nomic growth. 
(9) Heavy debt burdens, often accumulated 
under prior, undemocratic regimes, can undermine 
the ability of developing countries to invest in their 
people and make progress fighting poverty. 
(10) United States international trade and eco-
nomic policies are often formulated with little rec-
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ognition or consideration of their impact on devel-
oping countries. More active participation by the 
Agency in interagency decisionmaking processes can 
help achieve greater balance among competing 
United States interests, ensuring that development 
is duly considered as a priority of United States for-
eign policy. 
(b) STATEMENT OF POLICY.—It is the policy of the 
United States to work in cooperation with the inter-
national community to help partner countries achieve 
broad-based and sustainable economic growth that— 
(1) 
includes 
all 
major 
income 
groups, 
marginalized groups and women; 
(2) significantly reduces poverty; 
(3) uses natural resources responsibly; and 
(4) reduces dependence on foreign assistance. 
SEC. 1102. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES. 
(a) GOAL.—The goal of assistance under this chapter 
is to accelerate broad-based and sustainable economic 
growth. 
(b) OBJECTIVES.—In furtherance of the goal de-
scribed in subsection (a), assistance under this chapter 
shall be designed to help partner countries achieve the fol-
lowing objectives: 
(1) Increase income-generating opportunities. 
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(2) Expand access to markets, capital, credit, 
land, and other productive resources. 
(3) Enhance productivity through education 
and training. 
(4) Improve the legal, regulatory and policy en-
vironment for business and trade. 
(5) Build human and institutional capacity to 
compete in the global economy. 
SEC. 1103. GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The strategy required under sec-
tion 1019 with respect to accelerating economic growth 
shall be known as the ‘‘Global Strategy for Economic 
Growth’’. 
(b) CONTENTS.—The Global Strategy for Economic 
Growth shall include, in addition to the elements required 
under section 1019(b), plans for achieving the goal and 
objectives of section 1102. 
(c) GUIDELINES.—The Global Strategy for Economic 
Growth should— 
(1) specify the role of microfinance and micro-
enterprise development, including the resources to be 
devoted to promoting microenterprise; 
(2) identify United States policies relating to 
trade, agriculture, debt, and other matters that have 
an impact on economic growth in developing coun-
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tries, and recommend changes that would enhance 
development objectives; 
(3) plan for long-term sustainability through 
linkages to regional and international markets and 
private investment; 
(4) include mechanisms for increasing consulta-
tion, cooperation, and coordination with the private 
sector, in order to attract greater private sector par-
ticipation in development activities; 
(5) address the impact of remittances and iden-
tify ways that their development impact can be 
maximized; 
(6) recommend methods for reducing illicit out-
flows of natural resources and capital from devel-
oping countries; and 
(7) establish mechanisms for improving policy 
and program coordination among Federal agencies 
engaged in economic growth activities. 
SEC. 1104. ASSISTANCE FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH. 
(a) AUTHORIZATION.—The Administrator is author-
ized to use funds made available under section 1015 to 
further the goal and objectives of this chapter in partner 
countries. 
(b) ACTIVITIES.—Assistance authorized under sub-
section (a) shall include the following: 
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(1) Expanding income generating opportunities 
for the poor, including women. 
(2) Enhancing the workforce by, among other 
things, providing job training and vocational skills 
appropriate to local needs and conditions. 
(3) Improving access, particularly of women 
and the poor, to markets and productive resources, 
including credit and financial services, affordable 
and resource-conserving technologies, technical and 
market-related information, and property and inher-
itance rights. 
(4) Strengthening the legal, policy, and regu-
latory framework for broad-based and sustainable 
economic growth, including the protection of private 
property and intellectual property. 
(5) Supporting the development of cooperatives, 
credit unions, and labor unions. 
(6) Expanding local capacity and demand for 
collection and analysis of statistical information. 
(7) Promoting the development, reform or re-
structuring, as appropriate, of financial, monetary, 
fiscal and regulatory systems. 
(8) Building and strengthening institutional ca-
pacities to plan, analyze, implement, manage, mon-
itor and evaluate economic policies and programs. 
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(9) Promoting sound financial management 
practices and budgetary policies, and reducing cor-
ruption, waste, fraud and abuse. 
(10) Increasing private sector competitiveness, 
strengthening local and regional markets, building 
trade capacity, and expanding trade ties. 
(11) Promoting collaboration between public 
and private sector entities for the reduction of pov-
erty and its worst physical manifestations, and en-
couraging private sector investment in projects bene-
fitting the poor. 
(12) Facilitating the development of social safe-
ty nets, pension plans, insurance networks, and 
other mechanisms designed to improve income secu-
rity. 
(13) Protecting internationally recognized work-
er rights, especially with regard to child labor. 
(14) Developing and identifying analytical tools 
and methodologies to enable effective targeting and 
measurement of programs for women, the poor and 
very poor. 
(15) Increasing the transparency of budgets 
and procurement processes, and the effectiveness of 
oversight, monitoring, accountability and audit 
mechanisms. 
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SEC. 1105. FISCAL AND CONTRACT TRANSPARENCY. 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT
OF INTERNATIONAL STAND-
ARDS.—The United States Government should seek, in 
appropriate multilateral fora, to establish voluntary inter-
national standards of fiscal and contract transparency, 
such as the public disclosure of budget documentation, in-
cluding receipts and expenditures by ministry, and govern-
ment contracts and licenses for natural resource extrac-
tion, including bidding and concession allocation practices. 
(b) PARTNERSHIPS FOR TRANSPARENCY.—The Ad-
ministrator is authorized to use funds made available 
under this chapter to support improvements to fiscal and 
contract transparency in partner countries. 
(c) REQUIREMENT.—The Administrator shall not 
provide direct government-to-government assistance under 
this Act for any government that fails to make its national 
budget publicly available on an annual basis. 
(d) DEFINITION.—In this section, the term ‘‘govern-
ment-to-government assistance’’ means assistance for a 
project or activity that is managed directly by a partner 
government entity using its own financial management 
and procurement systems. 
Subchapter A—Microenterprise Development 
Assistance 
SEC. 1111. FINDINGS AND STATEMENT OF POLICY. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 
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(1) Access by women and the poor to financial 
and business development services is a vital factor in 
reducing poverty and promoting sustainable eco-
nomic growth in developing countries. 
(2) Microfinance and microenterprise develop-
ment programs have demonstrated high impact and 
long-term sustainability because they build capacity 
for self-help among the poor, especially women, 
thereby broadening the base for and increasing the 
inclusiveness of economic growth. 
(3) In order to ensure that microenterprise pro-
grams promote the maximum financial inclusion of 
women, gender analysis should be integrated into 
microenterprise program design, implementation, 
monitoring and evaluation. 
(4) A comprehensive approach to microenter-
prise development includes support for the provision 
of credit, savings, insurance, education and training, 
technical assistance, business development, and 
other financial services to women, poor people, and 
other marginalized groups. 
(5) Microenterprise development and micro-
finance are particularly important to enhancing the 
livelihoods of refugees, displaced persons, and those 
affected by conflict, whose routine employment op-
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portunities and access to productive resources have 
been reduced or disrupted. 
(6) Microenterprise and microfinance activities 
should be thoroughly integrated into all aspects of 
development, especially including agriculture and 
health. 
(7) United States Government support for 
microfinance 
and 
microenterprise 
development 
should complement private initiatives in this area by 
focusing on those who lack access to formal financial 
services, and on countries and sectors that have been 
underserved by private capital flows. 
(8) United States Government funds should be 
used to catalyze and attract additional resources, in-
cluding private sector funds, investment funds, and 
the savings of the poor, such as through matching 
fund opportunities and challenge grants. 
(9) United States Government-supported micro-
finance lending should accept a higher level of risk 
than private lending in order to promote innovative 
products and methodologies and serve poorer and 
harder-to-reach populations. 
(10) United States Government support for mi-
croenterprise development and microfinance should 
build the capacity of local institutions in order to en-
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able them to better meet the credit, savings, and 
training needs of microfinance and microenterprise 
clients. 
(11) Microfinance and microenterprise activi-
ties, especially those benefitting the very poor, 
should be a significant component of development 
assistance. 
(b) STATEMENT OF POLICY.—It is the policy of the 
United States to promote a global strategy of financial in-
clusion for all, and especially the very poor and women, 
through support for microfinance and microenterprise de-
velopment in partner countries. 
SEC. 1112. MICROENTERPRISE FUND. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator shall establish 
a centrally managed fund for microfinance and microen-
terprise development activities, to be known as the ‘‘Micro-
enterprise Fund’’. Assistance provided through the Micro-
enterprise Fund shall be in addition to assistance other-
wise made available for such purposes. 
(b) ACTIVITIES.—Assistance provided through the 
Microenterprise Fund shall be used to advance the policy 
described in section 1111(b), including through the fol-
lowing activities: 
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(1) Expanding the availability of credit, savings 
and other financial and nonfinancial services to 
microfinance and microenterprise clients. 
(2) Training, technical assistance and business 
development services for microenterprises. 
(3) Capacity-building for microfinance and mi-
croenterprise institutions. 
(4) Improving the legal and regulatory environ-
ment for microenterprise and for financial institu-
tions that serve the poor and very poor. 
(5) Developing new and innovative microfinance 
and microenterprise products and services. 
(6) Developing, identifying and testing tools 
that facilitate better targeting of programs to the 
very poor, women, and other disadvantaged groups. 
(7) Providing targeted core support for micro-
finance and microenterprise networks and other 
practitioners. 
(c) TARGETING OF ASSISTANCE.— 
(1) VERY POOR AND WOMEN.—At least 50 per-
cent of the assistance provided through the Microen-
terprise Fund shall be targeted to microenterprise 
clients who are very poor, and a significant propor-
tion of such assistance shall be targeted to women. 
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(2) POVERTY
ASSESSMENT
TOOLS.—In tar-
geting assistance pursuant to paragraph (1), the Ad-
ministrator shall identify, field-test, and certify for 
use no fewer than two low-cost methods to assess 
the poverty levels of incoming or prospective clients 
of microenterprise institutions, and shall require 
that all private partners use one of the certified 
methods. 
(d) 
PRIVATE
PARTNERS.—Assistance 
provided 
through the Microenterprise Fund shall emphasize the use 
of private partners who— 
(1) match such assistance, to the greatest ex-
tent practicable, with non-United States Government 
resources, including funds from other donors, com-
mercial or concessional borrowing, participant sav-
ings, and program income; 
(2) maintain low overhead and administrative 
costs; 
(3) are highly technically competitive; 
(4) design their programs to meet the needs of 
women; 
(5) target their resources at the very poor; 
(6) design their programs for maximum finan-
cial sustainability; and 
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(7) adopt robust client protection principles and 
incorporate them into their practices. 
SEC. 1113. OFFICE OF MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT. 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is established within 
the Agency an Office of Microenterprise Development 
(hereafter in this section referred to as the ‘‘Office’’), 
which shall be headed by a Director who shall be ap-
pointed by the Administrator and who should possess tech-
nical expertise and ability to offer leadership in the field 
of microenterprise development. 
(b) RESPONSIBILITIES.—The Office shall be respon-
sible for— 
(1) administering the Microenterprise Fund es-
tablished under section 1112; 
(2) developing a comprehensive and coherent 
plan, which shall be made available to the public, for 
promoting financial inclusion for all through micro-
finance and microenterprise development programs; 
(3) ensuring that such plan is integrated into 
the Global Strategy for Economic Growth described 
in section 1103 and other country and sector strate-
gies for development, as appropriate; 
(4) advising and providing technical support to 
Agency missions regarding the design and implemen-
tation of microfinance and microenterprise develop-
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ment programs, including through incorporation of 
such programs into Country Development Coopera-
tion Strategies; 
(5) setting performance goals and indicators to 
ensure that microfinance and microenterprise devel-
opment activities benefit the very poor and women; 
and 
(6) collecting and disseminating detailed data to 
document the impact of microfinance and microen-
terprise development activities on the very poor and 
women. 
SEC. 1114. DEFINITIONS. 
In this subchapter: 
(1) MICROENTERPRISE.—The term ‘‘microen-
terprise’’ means a firm of 10 or fewer employees, in-
cluding unpaid workers, which is owned and oper-
ated by someone who is poor. 
(2) MICROFINANCE.—The term ‘‘microfinance’’ 
means activities to provide, or to increase the avail-
ability of, credit, savings, insurance, and other finan-
cial services to microenterprises. 
(3) VERY POOR.—The term ‘‘very poor’’ refers 
to individuals whose incomes are— 
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(A) in the bottom 50 percent of those 
below the poverty line in their country of resi-
dence; or 
(B) below the World Bank international 
extreme poverty line. 
Subchapter B—Small and Medium Enterprise 
Development 
SEC. 1121. FINDINGS AND STATEMENT OF POLICY. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 
(1) Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are 
key drivers of competition, growth, and job creation, 
particularly in developing countries. They make up 
an estimated 90 percent of businesses and over 50 
percent of employment worldwide. 
(2) Access to financial services for SMEs re-
mains severely constrained in many emerging mar-
kets. 
(3) The global financial crisis created a financ-
ing gap that particularly affected SMEs, making it 
more difficult for these enterprises to find the cap-
ital to grow their businesses and create jobs. 
(4) Even as liquidity is restored to financial in-
stitutions, lending volumes remain depressed and 
SMEs still have limited access to financing. 
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(5) The lack of agribusinesses in rural areas 
has contributed to the growth of urban slums and a 
burgeoning population of disaffected youth. 
(6) Increasing access to finance for SMEs is 
best achieved by increasing the depth and breadth of 
local financial markets and boosting the competitive-
ness of the private financial sector. 
(7) Enabling growth—and ensuring that poor 
people can participate—requires an environment 
where people are able to start and grow businesses, 
as well as create more jobs. 
(b) STATEMENT OF POLICY.—It is the policy of the 
United States to encourage entrepreneurship and expand 
the formal sector in partner countries by— 
(1) building the capacity of SMEs; 
(2) increasing SME access to financial services, 
technology, training, and other resources; and 
(3) reducing the legal and bureaucratic hurdles 
to starting a business. 
SEC. 1122. ASSISTANCE FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTER-
PRISES. 
The Administrator is authorized to use funds made 
available under this chapter for programs to encourage en-
trepreneurship and strengthen small and medium enter-
prises in partner countries, including: 
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(1) Training in entrepreneurship, including 
basic business management, accounting, book-
keeping, marketing, risk management, and computer 
skills. 
(2) Agriculture entrepreneurship training, par-
ticularly to increase employment opportunities in 
rural areas. 
(3) Establishing youth entrepreneurship pro-
grams in schools or through community partnerships 
with business and youth organizations to promote 
economic skills, ethics, integrity, and healthy life 
skills among youth. 
(4) Strengthening laws, regulations, and en-
forcement mechanisms to protect national and inter-
national intellectual property rights and to protect 
the people and industries of developing countries 
against imported counterfeit goods. 
(5) Combating anti-competitive, unethical, and 
corrupt practices. 
(6) Improving the technology and information 
resources of financial institutions and small and me-
dium enterprises. 
(7) Promoting the establishment of lending pro-
grams of financial institutions for small and medium 
enterprises. 
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(8) Developing internal credit rating systems 
and credit assessment tools that improve the ability 
of financial institutions to evaluate risk. 
(9) Programs specifically targeted to small and 
medium enterprises owned by women, youth, and 
displaced persons. 
SEC. 1123. DEFINITION. 
In this subchapter, the term ‘‘small and medium en-
terprise’’ means a corporation, sole proprietorship, part-
nership, or other legal entity that— 
(1) has its principal place of business in a part-
ner country; 
(2) is owned or controlled by persons who are 
citizens of such partner country; and 
(3) has fewer than 50 employees. 
Subchapter C—Other Programs 
SEC. 1131. DEVELOPMENT CREDIT AUTHORITY. 
(a) AUTHORIZATION OF CREDIT.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—The Administrator is au-
thorized to provide direct loans, loan guarantees, 
and other investments involving the extension of 
credit to achieve any of the goals of this subtitle in 
cases in which— 
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100 
(A) the borrowers or activities are deter-
mined to be sufficiently creditworthy and do not 
otherwise have access to such credit; and 
(B) the use of credit authority is appro-
priate to the achievement of such goals. 
(2) 
DESIGNATION.—Assistance 
authorized 
under this subsection shall be known as the ‘‘Devel-
opment Credit Authority’’. 
(b) PRIORITY ACTIVITIES.—To the maximum extent 
practicable, the Administrator shall give preference to pro-
viding assistance authorized under subsection (a) to pro-
mote— 
(1) the policy described in section 1111(b); 
(2) sustainable urban and environmental activi-
ties described in chapters 5 and 6; and 
(3) policy and institutional reforms in accord-
ance with the objectives of this chapter. 
(c) DEFAULT AND COMMODITY PROVISIONS.— 
(1) DEFAULT PROVISION.—For purposes of this 
Act, the default of a private sector recipient of as-
sistance provided under this section shall not be con-
sidered to be the default of the government of the 
country in which the private sector recipient is lo-
cated. 
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101 
(2) COMMODITY
PROVISION.—Assistance may 
be provided under this section without regard to 
commodity restrictions (as such term is defined in 
section 11001). 
(d) TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF CREDIT ASSIST-
ANCE.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—Assistance provided under 
this section shall be offered on such terms and con-
ditions, including fees charged, as the Administrator 
may determine. 
(2) LIMITATION.—The principal amount of 
loans made or guaranteed under this section in any 
fiscal year, with respect to any single country or bor-
rower, may not exceed $100,000,000. 
(3) FRAUD
AND
MISREPRESENTATION.—No 
payment may be made under any guarantee issued 
under this section for any loss arising out of fraud 
or misrepresentation for which the party seeking 
payment is responsible. 
(e) FULL
FAITH
AND
CREDIT.—All guarantees 
issued under this section shall constitute obligations, in 
accordance with the terms of such guarantees, of the 
United States of America and the full faith and credit of 
the United States of America is hereby pledged for the 
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102 
full payment and performance of such obligations to the 
extent of the guarantee. 
(f) CO-FINANCING AND RISK SHARING.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—Assistance provided under 
this section shall be in the form of co-financing or 
risk sharing. 
(2) REQUIREMENT.—Credit assistance may not 
be provided to a borrower under this section unless 
the Administrator determines that there are reason-
able prospects of repayment by such borrower. 
(3) ADDITIONAL
REQUIREMENT.—The invest-
ment or risk of the United States in any one devel-
opment activity may not exceed 80 percent of the 
total outstanding investment or risk. 
(g) ELIGIBLE BORROWERS.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—In order to be eligible to re-
ceive credit assistance under this section, a borrower 
shall be sufficiently credit worthy so that the esti-
mated costs (as defined in section 502(5) of the 
Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990) of the proposed 
credit assistance for the borrower does not exceed 30 
percent of the principal amount of credit assistance 
to be received. 
(2) ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENT.— 
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103 
(A) IN GENERAL.—With respect to the eli-
gibility of a foreign government as an eligible 
borrower under this section, the Administrator 
shall make a determination that the additional 
debt of the government will not exceed the debt 
repayment capacity of the government. 
(B) CONSULTATION.—In making a deter-
mination under paragraph (A), the Adminis-
trator shall consult, as appropriate, with inter-
national financial institutions and other institu-
tions or agencies that assess debt service capac-
ity. 
(h) ASSESSMENT OF CREDIT RISK.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator shall use 
the Interagency Country Risk Assessment System 
(ICRAS) and the methodology approved by the Of-
fice of Management and Budget to assess the cost 
of risk credit assistance provided under this section 
to foreign governments. 
(2) CONSULTATION.—With respect to the provi-
sion of credit to nongovernmental organizations, the 
Administrator— 
(A) shall consult with appropriate private 
sector institutions, including large United 
States private sector debt rating agencies, prior 
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104 
to establishing the risk assessment standards 
and methodologies to be used; and 
(B) shall periodically consult with such in-
stitutions in reviewing the performance of such 
standards and methodologies. 
(3) USE OF COST AND RISK ASSESSMENT DE-
TERMINATIONS OF PRIVATE SECTOR CO-FINANCING 
ENTITIES.—In addition, if the anticipated share of 
financing attributable to public sector owned or con-
trolled entities, including the Agency, exceeds 49 
percent, the Administrator shall determine the cost 
(as defined in section 502(5) of the Federal Credit 
Reform Act of 1990) of such assistance by using the 
cost and risk assessment determinations of the pri-
vate sector co-financing entities. 
(i) RETENTION OF RECEIPTS COLLECTED.—Receipts 
collected pursuant to this section, and the Federal Credit 
Reform Act of 1990, in an amount not to exceed the 
amount appropriated for a fiscal year, shall be credited 
as offsetting collections for Development Support Funds, 
and shall be used to reduce, on a dollar-for-dollar basis, 
appropriations for that purpose. Amounts collected in a 
fiscal year in excess of obligations shall remain available 
until expended. 
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105 
SEC. 1132. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR FINANCIAL MAN-
AGEMENT. 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT OF PROGRAM.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of the Treas-
ury, in consultation with the Secretary of State and 
the Administrator, is authorized to establish a pro-
gram to provide technical assistance to foreign gov-
ernments and foreign central banks of partner coun-
tries. 
(2) ROLE OF SECRETARY OF STATE.—The Sec-
retary of State shall provide foreign policy guidance 
to the Secretary of the Treasury to ensure that the 
program established under this subsection is effec-
tively coordinated with United States foreign policy. 
(3) ROLE OF ADMINISTRATOR.—The Adminis-
trator shall provide development guidance to the 
Secretary of the Treasury to ensure that the pro-
gram established under this subsection is effectively 
coordinated with United States development policy 
and furthers the goals of this subtitle. 
(b) CONDUCT OF PROGRAM.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out the program 
established under subsection (a), the Secretary of 
the Treasury shall provide economic and financial 
technical assistance to foreign governments and for-
eign central banks of partner countries by providing 
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106 
advisers with appropriate expertise to advance the 
enactment of laws and establishment of administra-
tive procedures and institutions in such countries to 
promote financial integrity, financial inclusion, con-
sumer 
protection, 
financial 
education, 
macro-
economic and fiscal stability, efficient resource allo-
cation, transparent and market-oriented processes 
and sustainable private sector growth. 
(2) ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS.—To the ex-
tent practicable, such technical assistance shall be 
designed to establish— 
(A) tax systems that are fair, objective, 
and efficiently gather sufficient revenues for 
governmental operations; 
(B) debt issuance and management pro-
grams that rely on market forces; 
(C) budget planning and implementation 
that permits responsible fiscal policy manage-
ment; 
(D) commercial banking sector develop-
ment that efficiently intermediates between sav-
ers and investors; and 
(E) financial law development and enforce-
ment to protect the integrity of financial sys-
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107 
tems, financial institutions, and government 
programs. 
(3) EMPHASIS
ON
ANTI-CORRUPTION.—Such 
technical assistance shall include elements designed 
to combat anti-competitive, unethical, and corrupt 
activities, including protection against actions that 
may distort or inhibit transparency in market and 
trade mechanisms and, to the extent applicable, pri-
vatization procedures. 
(c) ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS.—In carrying 
out the program established under subsection (a), the Sec-
retary of the Treasury shall— 
(1) in consultation with the Secretary of State 
and the Administrator, establish a methodology for 
identifying and selecting foreign governments and 
foreign central banks to receive assistance under the 
program; 
(2) prior to selecting a foreign government or 
foreign central bank to receive assistance under the 
program, receive the concurrence of the Secretary of 
State with respect to the selection of such govern-
ment or central bank and with respect to the cost 
of the assistance to such government or central 
bank; 
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108 
(3) consult with the heads of appropriate Fed-
eral agencies and international financial institutions 
to avoid duplicative efforts with respect to those for-
eign countries for which such agencies or organiza-
tions provide similar assistance; 
(4) ensure that the program is consistent with 
the global, sector, and country strategies being im-
plemented by the Agency; and 
(5) establish and carry out a plan to monitor 
and evaluate the program, consistent with the re-
quirements of section 9201. 
(d) ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITIES.—The adminis-
trative authorities applicable to the Secretary of State 
with respect to funds made available under this Act shall 
also be applicable to the Secretary of the Treasury with 
respect to funds made available under this section. 
(e) ISSUANCE OF REGULATIONS.—The Secretary of 
the Treasury is authorized to issue such regulations with 
respect to personal service contractors as the Secretary de-
termines necessary to carry out this section. 
(f) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this sec-
tion shall be construed to infringe upon the powers or 
functions of the Secretary of State (including the powers 
or functions described in section 103 of the Omnibus Dip-
lomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986 (22 
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109 
U.S.C. 4802)) or of any chief of mission (including the 
powers or functions described in section 207 of the For-
eign Service Act of 1980 (22 U.S.C. 3927)). 
(g) TERMINATION OF ASSISTANCE.—The Secretary 
of the Treasury shall conclude assistance activities for a 
recipient foreign government or foreign central bank 
under the program established under subsection (a) if the 
Secretary of the Treasury, after consultation with the ap-
propriate officers of the United States, determines that 
such assistance has resulted in the enactment of laws or 
the establishment of institutions in that country that pro-
mote fiscal stability and administrative procedures, effi-
cient resource allocation, transparent and market-oriented 
processes and private sector growth in a sustainable man-
ner. 
(h) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 
(1) 
INTERNATIONAL
FINANCIAL
INSTITU-
TION.—The term ‘‘international financial institu-
tion’’ means the International Monetary Fund, the 
International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop-
ment, the International Development Association, 
the International Finance Corporation, the Multilat-
eral Investment Guarantee Agency, the Asian Devel-
opment Bank, the Asian Development Fund, the Af-
rican Development Bank, the African Development 
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110 
Fund, the Inter-American Development Bank, the 
Inter-American Investment Corporation, the Euro-
pean Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 
and the Bank for Economic Cooperation and Devel-
opment in the Middle East and North Africa. 
(2) TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE.—The term ‘‘tech-
nical assistance’’ includes— 
(A) the provision of expert advisers to as-
sist foreign governments and foreign central 
banks for the purposes described in subsection 
(b)(1); 
(B) training in the partner country, the 
United States, or elsewhere for the purposes de-
scribed in subsection (b)(1); 
(C) grants of goods, services, or funds to 
foreign governments and foreign central banks 
for the purposes described in subsection (b)(1); 
(D) grants to United States or local non-
profit organizations to provide services or prod-
ucts which contribute to the provision of advice 
to foreign governments and foreign central 
banks; and 
(E) study tours for foreign officials in the 
United States or elsewhere for the purpose of 
providing technical information to such officials. 
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111 
(3) FOREIGN PARTICIPANT.—The term ‘‘foreign 
participant’’ means a national of a partner country 
who has been designated to participate in activities 
under the program established under subsection (a). 
CHAPTER 2—PROMOTING FOOD 
SECURITY 
SEC. 1201. FINDINGS AND STATEMENT OF POLICY. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 
(1) Hunger robs the poor of a healthy and pro-
ductive life and stunts the mental and physical de-
velopment of the next generation. The persistence of 
widespread hunger and malnutrition constitutes an 
affront to shared moral values and humanitarian 
principles. 
(2) Food insecurity and chronic hunger are ex-
panding rapidly in developing countries, forcing mil-
lions of people into poverty, contributing to political 
and social instability, eroding economic growth, and 
undermining investments in basic education, health, 
environmental protection, and democratic institu-
tions. 
(3) Volatility and real increases in food prices, 
which are expected to grow as grain production fails 
to keep pace with rising demand, cause food insecu-
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112 
rity and hunger for poor people even when sufficient 
food is available on the market. 
(4) The changing global climate, as well as the 
degradation of land and water resources, threatens 
food security, livelihoods and the environment world-
wide but particularly for those already most vulner-
able: the millions of rural poor in developing coun-
tries. 
(5) The pressures on world food supplies and 
agricultural land use caused by population growth, 
rapid urbanization, energy, agricultural and trade 
policies in industrialized countries, water scarcity, 
and climate change require a global commitment to 
sustainable agriculture and the environment. 
(6) Lack of transparent regulations, incon-
sistent and unpredictable public policies in devel-
oping and developed countries, and unreliable mech-
anisms to enforce contracts between businesses serve 
to undermine development goals, deter private in-
vestment, and limit the ability of agricultural pro-
ducers and businesses to access capital. This situa-
tion reduces the incentives for agricultural producers 
to increase the quantity, quality, and value of their 
agricultural production. 
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113 
(7) Reducing chronic hunger is essential to 
build a foundation for investments in health, edu-
cation and economic growth. It is critical to the se-
curity and productivity of individuals, families, com-
munities, and nations. 
(8) Approximately three-quarters of people in 
developing countries live in rural areas, with the vast 
majority dependent on agriculture for their liveli-
hoods. Agricultural development is a proven engine 
of growth that reduces global hunger and poverty. 
(9) Women will be a pivotal force behind 
achieving a food secure world. In many developing 
countries, farming is done mostly by women. How-
ever, women only own 2 percent of land worldwide 
and often have limited access to agriculture inputs, 
loans, and opportunities to learn about improved 
techniques. When gains in income are controlled by 
women, they are more likely to be spent on food and 
children’s needs, thus amplifying the benefits of in-
vestments in women across families and generations. 
(10) The 1,000 days between a woman’s preg-
nancy and her child’s second birthday offer a unique 
window of opportunity to help families, communities, 
and countries break the cycle of poverty. Solutions 
to improve maternal and child nutrition in the 
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114 
1,000-day window are readily available, affordable, 
and cost-effective, including vitamins and minerals 
and 
good 
nutritional 
practices, 
such 
as 
breastfeeding. 
(11) A comprehensive approach to long-term 
food security should encompass improvements in— 
(A) food availability, such that sufficient 
quantities of appropriate, necessary types of 
food are consistently available to all persons; 
(B) food access, such that individuals have 
adequate incomes or other resources to consist-
ently maintain an adequate diet, and food is al-
located equitably within households; 
(C) food utilization and consumption, such 
that people have the knowledge and basic sani-
tary conditions to choose, store, prepare and 
distribute food in a way that results in good nu-
trition for all family members; 
(D) stability, such that the ability to ac-
cess and utilize food remains stable and sus-
tained over time, regardless of adverse weather 
conditions, political instability, or economic fac-
tors; and 
(E) food quality and safety, such that food 
supplies provide adequate nutritional value, are 
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115 
free of contamination, and are fit for human 
consumption. 
(12) The greatest potential for significantly ex-
panding availability of food for people in rural areas 
and augmenting world food production at relatively 
low cost lies in increasing the productivity of small 
farmers, who constitute a majority of the agricul-
tural producers in developing countries. 
(13) However, increasing the efficiency of agri-
cultural producers alone will not result in higher in-
comes and reduced hunger unless surplus harvest 
and products can be sold in well-functioning local, 
national, regional, or international markets. Develop-
ment of strong, integrated, local, national, and re-
gional agriculture and food markets will increase the 
availability of safe and nutritious food, decrease 
local prices, and expand economic growth. 
(14) The United States should emphasize poli-
cies and programs that assist developing countries to 
increase their national food security by improving 
their food policies and management and by strength-
ening national food reserves, with particular concern 
for the needs of the poor, through measures encour-
aging domestic production. 
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116 
(15) The long-term food security of developing 
countries requires that adequate legal and proce-
dural mechanisms are in place to protect local rights 
and the welfare of rural poor people who depend on 
agriculture for their livelihoods. 
(16) While the United States cannot be ex-
pected to shoulder the majority of global investments 
in ending hunger and providing food security, the 
United States can and should lead the international 
community by demonstrating a sustained commit-
ment and a comprehensive approach to meeting 
international goals and targets for reducing hunger 
and undernutrition. 
(17) Partner countries should decide their 
needs, priorities, and strategies for agricultural de-
velopment and food security through an open, 
participatory and inclusive process that takes into 
account the needs and views of poor people, women, 
and other marginalized groups. International efforts 
to improve food security and nutritional status are 
not sustainable over the long term without robust 
leadership and ownership by partner countries. 
(18) Nongovernmental organizations and co-
operatives are particularly important for combating 
food insecurity and increasing the sustainability of 
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117 
public investments. Given their close ties to local 
communities, such organizations and cooperatives 
are often effective at ensuring that people who are 
very poor and vulnerable are consulted about and 
benefit from agricultural and nutrition programs. 
(19) Educational and research institutions play 
a key role in developing the institutional capacity 
and human resources of developing countries, includ-
ing the establishment and strengthening of agricul-
tural research and extension services, the develop-
ment of networks for scientific collaboration, the dis-
semination of improved methods and technologies, 
and the training of students, teachers, researchers 
and practitioners. 
(20) With their convening authority and tech-
nical expertise, multilateral institutions play a cen-
tral role in efforts to enhance food security by pro-
viding emergency assistance, undertaking research 
and analysis, offering a platform for sector-wide in-
vestments in agriculture, and providing a significant 
portion of the external financing for investment 
projects and programs in developing countries. They 
are important not only to mobilizing and coordi-
nating donor country commitments, but also to pro-
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118 
moting global mutual accountability among donors, 
partner countries and other stakeholders. 
(21) Public sector investments alone, while im-
portant, are not sufficient to sustainably reduce pov-
erty and food insecurity. The private sector brings 
necessary financial resources, human capital, techno-
logical resources, intellectual property, market ac-
cess, cutting-edge business practices, in-country net-
works, and other relevant experience. 
(b) STATEMENT OF POLICY.—It is the policy of the 
United States to recognize the human right to food and 
to work in cooperation with the international community 
to end hunger and achieve universal food security. 
SEC. 1202. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES. 
(a) GOAL.—The goal of assistance under this chapter 
is to sustainably reduce global hunger. 
(b) OBJECTIVES.—In furtherance of the goal of sub-
section (a), assistance under this chapter shall be designed 
to help partner countries achieve the following objectives: 
(1) Accelerating inclusive agriculture sector 
growth. 
(2) Improving nutritional status, especially of 
women and children and other vulnerable popu-
lations. 
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119 
(3) Increasing resilience in vulnerable rural 
communities. 
SEC. 1203. GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR FOOD SECURITY. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The strategy required under sec-
tion 1019 with respect to food security shall be known as 
the ‘‘Global Strategy for Food Security’’. 
(b) CONTENTS.—The Global Strategy for Food Secu-
rity shall include, in addition to the elements required 
under section 1019(b), plans for achieving the goal and 
objectives of section 1202. 
(c) GUIDELINES.—The Global Strategy for Food Se-
curity should— 
(1) address the root causes of hunger that limit 
the potential of millions of people; 
(2) reduce gender inequality and integrate gen-
der concerns; 
(3) promote climate-resistant and environ-
mentally sustainable agricultural development; 
(4) concentrate efforts and resources on core 
countries where the Rome Principles (as defined in 
section 1208) can best be realized; 
(5) be tailored to improving the nutritional sta-
tus of women, infants and children, particularly dur-
ing the 1,000 day critical window of opportunity be-
tween a woman’s pregnancy and her child’s second 
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birthday, in which a set of proven nutrition interven-
tions can dramatically improve the child’s chances of 
surviving and living a healthy and prosperous life; 
(6) invest in country-owned plans that are de-
signed through an open, participatory, and inclusive 
process and support results-based programs and 
partnerships; 
(7) strengthen strategic coordination to mobi-
lize and align the resources of diverse partners and 
stakeholders; 
(8) ensure a comprehensive approach that ac-
celerates inclusive agricultural-led growth and im-
proves nutrition, while also bridging humanitarian 
relief and sustainable development efforts; 
(9) leverage the benefits of multilateral institu-
tions so that priorities and approaches are aligned, 
investments are coordinated, and financial and tech-
nical assistance gaps are filled; and 
(10) deliver on sustained and accountable com-
mitments, using benchmarks and targets to measure 
progress toward shared goals, and hold the United 
States and other stakeholders publicly accountable 
for achieving results. 
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SEC. 1204. ASSISTANCE FOR PROMOTING FOOD SECURITY. 
(a) AUTHORIZATION.—The Administrator is author-
ized to use funds made available under section 1015 to 
further the goal and objectives of this chapter. 
(b) ACTIVITIES.—Assistance authorized under sub-
section (a) shall include— 
(1) sustainably improving agricultural produc-
tivity by— 
(A) increasing access to agricultural in-
puts, techniques, and technologies that are af-
fordable and environmentally responsible; 
(B) developing inputs, techniques, and 
technologies that are adapted to local condi-
tions; 
(C) expanding access to knowledge through 
agricultural extension; 
(D) strengthening property rights to land 
and other productive assets; 
(E) enhancing sustainability and resilience 
of production through sound environmental and 
natural resource management; 
(F) increasing access to dependable and af-
fordable financial and risk management serv-
ices; 
(G) strengthening agricultural producer or-
ganizations; and 
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(H) strengthening regional harmonization 
and coordination; 
(2) expanding markets and trade by— 
(A) increasing the quality and availability 
of market information for producers and enter-
prise owners; 
(B) improving post-harvest market infra-
structure; 
(C) improving access to business develop-
ment and financial services; 
(D) enhancing animal, plant and food safe-
ty; 
(E) reducing the time and cost of moving 
goods across borders; 
(F) creating an enabling policy environ-
ment for agribusiness growth and private in-
vestment, including transparent regulations, 
consistent and predictable public policies, and 
reliable contract enforcement mechanisms; 
(G) expanding access to larger and better 
functioning regional markets; and 
(H) supporting regional development cor-
ridors; 
(3) raising nutritional status by— 
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(A) supporting community-based programs 
to deliver nutrition education; 
(B) improving diet quality and diversity, 
including in food assistance programs; 
(C) expanding access to clean water and 
improved sanitation and promoting good hy-
giene practices; 
(D) expanding delivery of nutrition serv-
ices; and 
(E) facilitating supplementary and thera-
peutic feeding; 
(4) increasing resilience in vulnerable rural 
communities by— 
(A) 
mitigating 
risks 
associated 
with 
drought, natural disasters, and disease; 
(B) promoting secure access to land and 
natural resources; 
(C) expanding access to financial services, 
training, and technical assistance for micro-
enterprises and small businesses; 
(D) supporting effective delivery and im-
plementation of productive safety nets and so-
cial protection systems; 
(E) building capacity to manage risk 
through early warning systems, vulnerability as-
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sessment and mapping, emergency response 
strategies, and micro-insurance; 
(F) increasing the benefits of local and re-
gional 
food 
assistance 
procurement 
to 
smallholder farmers; and 
(G) adopting and delivering extension and 
financial services and improved technologies to 
very poor communities; and 
(5) supporting a participatory and inclusive 
process for determining needs, priorities, and strate-
gies and holding stakeholders accountable for results 
by— 
(A) expanding and facilitating the inclu-
sion of women, rural poor people, and other 
marginalized groups in decisionmaking; 
(B) building the capacity of the groups de-
scribed in subparagraph (A) to participate ef-
fectively in decisionmaking; 
(C) developing and enforcing legal protec-
tions for the rights and welfare of the groups 
described in subparagraph (A); 
(D) setting meaningful benchmarks and 
selecting appropriate indicators for the chosen 
strategies; 
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(E) improving the quality and availability 
in partner countries of relevant data and anal-
ysis; and 
(F) establishing and strengthening mecha-
nisms for monitoring programs, measuring 
progress, evaluating outcomes, disseminating 
findings, and integrating best practices and les-
sons learned. 
SEC. 1205. COLLABORATIVE AGRICULTURAL AND NUTRI-
TION RESEARCH AND INNOVATION. 
(a) PROGRAMS AUTHORIZED.—The Administrator is 
authorized to use funds made available under this chapter 
for collaborative agricultural and nutrition research and 
innovation programs, including— 
(1) advancing the institutional capacity and 
human resources of developing countries, including 
the establishment and strengthening of national ag-
ricultural research and extension systems; 
(2) conducting long-term collaborative research 
support programs with institutions of higher edu-
cation in developing countries, including the training 
of students, teachers, extension specialists, nutrition-
ists, and researchers; 
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(3) developing a global network for scientific 
collaboration on agricultural development, trade, re-
search, and extension services; 
(4) broadly disseminating agricultural research 
in developing countries, in partnership with public 
and private extension systems, cooperatives, and 
other civil society organizations; 
(5) expanding learning opportunities about ag-
riculture and nutrition for students, teachers, small- 
scale food producers, school administrators, commu-
nity leaders, entrepreneurs, and the general public in 
developing countries through international intern-
ships and exchanges, graduate fellowships, faculty 
positions, and other means of education and exten-
sion, with a focus on reaching women food pro-
ducers; 
(6) incentivizing the development of new and in-
novative technology and methods to increase agricul-
tural productivity and improve nutritional status; 
(7) developing scalable and cost-effective pro-
grams for training the next generation of agricul-
tural researchers and research administrators in 
partner countries; 
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(8) advancing women’s leadership in science 
and technology through proactive recruitment, men-
toring, and targeted research support; 
(9) formulating approaches to improving agri-
cultural and nutrition education and extension that 
is relevant to agricultural producers, their needs, 
and the local environment; 
(10) creating platforms for improving national 
capacity to collect, develop, analyze, and disseminate 
agricultural, nutrition, and market data; and 
(11) developing mechanisms to hold research 
institutions accountable for delivering technologies to 
agricultural producers. 
(b) RESEARCH PRIORITIES.—In providing assistance 
for agricultural research under this section, the Adminis-
trator should give priority to research that— 
(1) is aimed at improving food security; 
(2) specifically addresses the nutritional needs 
of vulnerable populations; 
(3) is appropriate to local conditions and prac-
tices; 
(4) conserves the environment and natural re-
sources and adapts to and mitigates the impacts of 
climate change; and 
(5) builds local capacity. 
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SEC. 1206. BOARD FOR INTERNATIONAL FOOD AND AGRI-
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT. 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is established a Board 
for International Food and Agricultural Development 
(hereafter in this section referred to as the ‘‘Board’’). The 
Board shall report to the Administrator. 
(b) PURPOSE.—The purpose of the Board is to advise 
and assist the Administrator regarding the design and ad-
ministration of assistance under section 1205. 
(c) DUTIES.—The duties of the Board shall include— 
(1) participating in the formulation of criteria 
for program design and project selection; 
(2) evaluating the qualifications of interested 
institutions of higher education and the dem-
onstrated commitment of such institutions to the 
purposes of this section; 
(3) recommending appropriate focus countries 
for programs carried out under this section; 
(4) assessing the impact of programs carried 
out under this section and making recommendations 
for improving the effectiveness of such programs; 
and 
(5) advising the Administrator on such issues 
as the Administrator may request. 
(d) MEMBERSHIP.— 
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(1) NUMBER AND APPOINTMENT.—The Board 
shall be composed of at least 7 members, of whom— 
(A) not less than four members shall be 
representatives of institutions of higher edu-
cation; and 
(B) not less than three members shall be 
representatives of United States nongovern-
mental organizations or consortia of such orga-
nizations devoted to agricultural research, edu-
cation, and development. 
(2) TERMS.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—Subject to paragraph 
(2), the Administrator shall establish the term 
of membership for each member of the Board 
at the time of appointment. 
(B) LIMITATIONS.—A term of membership 
to the Board may not exceed two years and a 
member of the Board may serve not more than 
two consecutive terms during the tenure of an 
Administrator. 
(e) CHAIRPERSON AND VICE CHAIRPERSON.—The 
Chairperson and Vice Chairperson of the Board shall be 
designated by the Administrator at the time of appoint-
ment to the Board. 
(f) REPORT.— 
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(1) IN GENERAL.—The Board shall submit to 
the Administrator on an annual basis a report that 
describes the activities of the Board during the pre-
ceding year and contains any other information that 
may be required by the Administrator. 
(2) AVAILABILITY TO PUBLIC.—The Adminis-
trator shall make the report publicly available on the 
Internet website of the Agency. 
(g) MEETINGS.—The Board shall hold not less than 
3 meetings each year. 
(h) SUBORDINATE UNITS.—The Board may create 
such subordinate units as may be appropriate for the per-
formance of its duties. 
(i) EXPENSES.—The Administrator may, on a case- 
by-case basis as the Administrator determines appro-
priate, reimburse members of the Board for expenses in-
curred in the performance of their duties (including per 
diem in lieu of subsistence while away from their homes 
or regular place of business). 
SEC. 1207. ASSISTANCE TO INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL 
ORGANIZATIONS. 
The Administrator is authorized to use funds made 
available under this chapter to build the long-term capac-
ity of international, regional, and sub-regional organiza-
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tions engaged in agricultural research and development 
and food security activities, including— 
(1) the Food and Agricultural Organization; 
(2) the World Food Program; 
(3) the International Fund for Agricultural De-
velopment; 
(4) the Global Agriculture and Food Security 
Program; and 
(5) the Consultative Group on International Ag-
ricultural Research. 
SEC. 1208. DEFINITIONS. 
In this chapter: 
(1) FOOD PRODUCERS.—The term ‘‘food pro-
ducers’’ includes farmers, pastoralists, fishers, and 
other persons who cultivate or harvest plants or 
raise animals (terrestrial or aquatic) for consump-
tion. 
(2) INSTITUTIONS
OF
HIGHER
EDUCATION.— 
The 
term 
‘‘institutions 
of 
higher 
education’’ 
means— 
(A) those colleges or universities in each 
State, territory, or possession of the United 
States, or the District of Columbia, now receiv-
ing, or which may hereafter receive, benefits 
under the Act of July 2, 1862 (known as the 
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First Morrill Act), or the Act of August 30, 
1890 (known as the Second Morrill Act), which 
are commonly known as ‘‘land-grant’’ univer-
sities; 
(B) institutions now designated or which 
may hereafter be designated as sea-grant col-
leges under the Act of October 15, 1966 
(known as the National Sea Grant College and 
Program Act), which are commonly known as 
sea-grant colleges; 
(C) Native American land-grant colleges as 
authorized under the Equity in Educational 
Land-Grant Status Act of 1994 (7 U.S.C. 301 
note); and 
(D) other United States colleges and uni-
versities which— 
(i) have demonstrable capacity in 
teaching, research, and extension (includ-
ing outreach) activities in the agricultural 
sciences; and 
(ii) can contribute effectively to the 
advancement of the goal and objectives of 
this chapter. 
(3) ROME PRINCIPLES.—The term ‘‘Rome Prin-
ciples’’ means the Rome Principles for Sustainable 
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Food Security, endorsed by 193 countries at the 
2009 World Summit on Food Security, which are as 
follows: 
(A) Invest in country-owned plans, aimed 
at channeling resources to well- designed and 
results-based programs and partnerships. 
(B) Foster strategic coordination at na-
tional, regional and global level to improve gov-
ernance, promote better allocation of resources, 
avoid duplication of efforts and identify re-
sponse-gaps. 
(C) Strive for a comprehensive twin-track 
approach to food security that consists of— 
(i) direct action to immediately tackle 
hunger for the most vulnerable, and 
(ii) medium- and long-term sustain-
able agricultural, food security, nutrition 
and rural development programs to elimi-
nate the root causes of hunger and pov-
erty, including through the progressive re-
alization of the right to adequate food. 
(D) Ensure a strong role for the multilat-
eral system by sustained improvements in effi-
ciency, responsiveness, coordination and effec-
tiveness of multilateral institutions. 
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134 
(E) Ensure sustained and substantial com-
mitment by all partners to investment in agri-
culture and food security and nutrition, with 
provision of necessary resources in a timely and 
reliable fashion, aimed at multi-year plans and 
programs. 
CHAPTER 3—ADVANCING HEALTH 
SEC. 1301. FINDINGS AND STATEMENT OF POLICY. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 
(1) Saving and enhancing lives through better 
health is a moral imperative that reflects funda-
mental humanitarian values. 
(2) Strategic investments in global health can 
spur progress in economic development, job creation, 
education, agricultural development, gender equity 
and political stability. 
(3) Because disease knows no national bounds 
and can breed hopelessness and despair, support for 
global health bolsters United States national secu-
rity. Such support also builds constructive partner-
ships with other governments, with multilateral in-
stitutions, between public and private enterprises, 
and from people to people. 
(4) United States global health programs 
should prioritize the poorest and most vulnerable 
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135 
segments of the world’s population, including 
women, newborns and children, persons with disabil-
ities, and marginalized communities, and should be 
designed with their participation wherever possible. 
(5) Research and innovation play a critical role 
in achieving health objectives worldwide, fostering 
the development and introduction of new and im-
proved health products and practices and contrib-
uting to better policies. 
(6) For maximum effectiveness, global health 
programs must be closely integrated with efforts to 
advance nutrition, improve hygiene, and expand ac-
cess to clean water, sanitation, and housing. 
(7) To make health investments sustainable 
over the long term, the United States should help 
build the capacity of— 
(A) governments of partner countries to 
plan and budget responsibly, allocate and dis-
burse funds equitably, and provide reliable and 
cost-effective health care; and 
(B) civil society to participate in decision-
making, carry out activities and monitor service 
delivery. 
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(8) In order to provide for sustainable financing 
of health care, developing countries must create 
strong economies and stable tax bases. 
(9) By setting clear goals and targets and iden-
tifying appropriate resources, a comprehensive, 
multiyear global health strategy can help to ensure 
policy focus and consistency, promote program inte-
gration, strengthen transparency and accountability, 
build congressional and public support, and accel-
erate results. 
(10) Multilateral approaches offer a vital and 
necessary complement to bilateral programs. By 
pooling their resources and harmonizing priorities, 
the United States and multilateral organizations are 
better able to meet global challenges, mobilize effec-
tive leadership and extend the reach and impact of 
programs. 
(b) STATEMENT OF POLICY.—It is the policy of the 
United States to work in cooperation with the inter-
national community to save the greatest possible number 
of lives and to help countries develop their own capacity 
to improve the health of their own people. 
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SEC. 1302. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES. 
(a) GOAL.—The goal of assistance under this chapter 
is to achieve sustained improvements in health status and 
health systems in partner countries. 
(b) OBJECTIVES.—In furtherance of the goal of sub-
section (a), assistance under this chapter shall be designed 
to help partner countries achieve the following objectives, 
including by strengthening health systems: 
(1) Saving the lives of mothers and children. 
(2) Protecting communities from disease, both 
infectious and noncommunicable. 
(3) Creating an AIDS-free generation. 
(4) Preventing unintended pregnancies and im-
proving reproductive health. 
SEC. 1303. GLOBAL HEALTH STRATEGY. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The strategy required under sec-
tion 1019 with respect to advancing health shall be known 
as the ‘‘Global Health Strategy’’. 
(b) CONTENTS.—The Global Health Strategy shall 
include, in addition to the elements required under section 
1019(b), plans for achieving the goal and objectives of sec-
tion 1302. 
(c) GUIDELINES.—The Global Health Strategy 
should— 
(1) focus on women, girls, and gender equality; 
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138 
(2) encourage country ownership and invest in 
country-led plans; 
(3) build sustainability through health systems 
strengthening; 
(4) strengthen and leverage key multilateral or-
ganizations, global health partnerships and private 
sector engagement; 
(5) increase impact through strategic coordina-
tion and integration, including with efforts in related 
areas such as nutrition, water, sanitation, and hy-
giene; 
(6) 
promote 
learning 
and 
accountability 
through monitoring and evaluation; 
(7) accelerate results through research and in-
novation; 
(8) address the health-related challenges posed 
by climate change and other environmental trends; 
and 
(9) safeguard the rights and dignity of health 
workers and patients. 
SEC. 1304. ASSISTANCE FOR HEALTH. 
(a) AUTHORIZATION.—The Administrator is author-
ized to use funds made available under section 1015 to 
further the goal and objectives of this chapter in partner 
countries. 
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(b) ACTIVITIES.—Assistance authorized under sub-
section (a) shall include— 
(1) supporting the development, implementa-
tion, monitoring and evaluation of a country’s na-
tional health strategy; 
(2) supporting the recruitment, training, man-
agement, retention, effectiveness and equitable dis-
tribution within each country of skilled health work-
ers; 
(3) facilitating the development of partnerships 
and collaboration with educational and research in-
stitutions, private corporations, nongovernmental or-
ganizations, multilateral institutions and other do-
nors, both public and private; 
(4) building the capacity of local nongovern-
mental organizations to participate effectively in the 
planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation 
of health strategies and systems; 
(5) strengthening financial management, ac-
counting, auditing and reporting systems; 
(6) establishing surveillance systems to detect, 
identify, and respond to emerging health threats, in-
cluding monitoring the spread of disease among ani-
mal and plant populations; 
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140 
(7) identifying, preparing for and responding to 
health-related threats posed by climate change, pol-
lution and other environmental factors; 
(8) improving the quality and availability of 
health facilities at the national and local level; 
(9) establishing and strengthening procurement 
and supply chain management systems to safely, ef-
ficiently, and equitably distribute medical and lab-
oratory supplies; 
(10) supporting the development and implemen-
tation of national health information systems to se-
curely track, compile and manage data, with appro-
priate privacy safeguards; 
(11) supporting evidence-based public health 
education initiatives that teach healthy habits and 
behaviors, increase health literacy, and encourage 
better utilization of the health system; 
(12) building government capacity to coordinate 
and harmonize the delivery of health services pro-
vided by various donors; 
(13) developing and improving laboratory re-
search and testing capacity; and 
(14) promoting a legal, policy and regulatory 
framework conducive to the advancement of public 
health and sustainable health care financing. 
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141 
(c) PROGRAMS.—Assistance under this chapter in-
cludes programs— 
(1) for child survival and maternal health, as 
described in subchapter A; 
(2) to combat disease, as described in sub-
chapter B; 
(3) for family planning and reproductive health, 
as described in subchapter C; and 
(4) for research, innovation and development of 
health technologies, products and practices to ad-
vance global health and the objectives of this chap-
ter. 
SEC. 1305. HEALTH PRINCIPLES AND RESTRICTIONS. 
(a) PRINCIPLES.—Funds made available to carry out 
this chapter shall be provided in accordance with the fol-
lowing principles: 
(1) Patients shall be provided with evidence- 
based, high-quality, courteous care that upholds 
internationally recognized human rights and protects 
human dignity. 
(2) Patients shall have their privacy respected 
and the confidentiality of their medical information 
protected to the maximum extent practicable, with 
free access to their own health records. 
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(3) Patients shall be provided with accurate 
health information and quality care on an equitable 
basis, without discrimination of any kind, coercion 
or violence, and in a manner that prevents and re-
duces stigma. 
(4) Patients shall have the right to make their 
own decisions about their health, and shall be pro-
vided with relevant, current, medically accurate and 
understandable information concerning preventive 
health, diagnosis, all available treatments, and prog-
nosis, including the risks and benefits of each treat-
ment and any costs involved, except in emergency 
situations where the patient lacks decisionmaking 
capacity and the need for an intervention is urgent, 
or where there is an imminent risk to public health. 
(5) Patients and individuals participating in 
biomedical research and experimental treatments 
shall do so on a strictly voluntary basis, with valid 
informed consent processes in place, and shall be 
fully advised of potential risks and benefits. 
(b) RESTRICTIONS.—None of the funds made avail-
able to carry out this title may be used— 
(1) for the performance of abortion as a method 
of family planning; 
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143 
(2) to coerce any person to undergo an abor-
tion; 
(3) for the performance of involuntary steriliza-
tion as a method of family planning; 
(4) to coerce any person to undergo steriliza-
tion; or 
(5) for any biomedical research which relates, 
in whole or in part, to methods of, or the perform-
ance of, abortion or involuntary sterilization as a 
method of family planning. 
(c) DEFINITIONS.—In this section— 
(1) the term ‘‘abortion as a method of family 
planning’’ does not include— 
(A) abortions provided in the case of rape 
or incest or to protect the life or health of a 
woman; or 
(B) treatment for the complications of in-
duced, spontaneous, or unsafely performed 
abortions. 
(2) the term ‘‘all available treatments’’ means 
all treatments that are legally available in the part-
ner country; and 
(3) the term ‘‘patients’’ includes the legal 
guardians of minors and persons who are incapaci-
tated. 
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144 
Subchapter A—Child Survival and Maternal 
Health 
SEC. 1311. CHILD SURVIVAL. 
The Administrator is authorized, notwithstanding 
any other provision of law except for this chapter, to use 
funds made available under this chapter for programs to 
reduce child mortality, including the following: 
(1) Increasing access to and utilization of ap-
propriate interventions to treat life-threatening 
childhood illnesses, such as polio, measles, diarrhea, 
and respiratory infections. 
(2) Improving child and maternal nutrition, in-
cluding the delivery of iron, folic acid, zinc, vitamin 
A, iodine, and other key micronutrients and 
macronutrients. 
(3) Preventing the spread of childhood disease 
and improving child nutrition by expanding access to 
clean water, improving sanitation, and promoting 
good hygiene practices. 
(4) Reducing household dangers, including ex-
posure to environmental toxins and indoor smoke 
from cooking fires. 
(5) Strengthening early childhood development, 
including through early nutrition, parenting pro-
grams and early education. 
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145 
(6) Enhancing the quality, availability and sus-
tainability of key child health interventions by im-
proving health care systems, building local capacity, 
and promoting positive health policies. 
SEC. 1312. MATERNAL AND NEWBORN HEALTH. 
The Administrator is authorized, notwithstanding 
any other provision of law except for this chapter, to use 
funds made available under this chapter for programs to 
reduce the mortality of, and improve the health of, moth-
ers and newborns, including the following: 
(1) Strengthening preparation for childbirth 
through education, antenatal care, access to skilled 
birth attendants, preventing, detecting, and treating 
infections, and planning for transport. 
(2) Improving maternal and child nutritional 
status through dietary improvements, nutrition edu-
cation and appropriate micronutrient interventions. 
(3) Actively discouraging, preventing and re-
sponding to harmful behaviors, such as gender-based 
violence, child marriage and female genital cutting. 
(4) Promoting safe delivery, birth spacing, and 
postpartum care, including recognition, referral, and 
treatment of maternal and newborn complications. 
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(5) Promoting healthy practices such as 
breastfeeding, proper rest, good hygiene, and nutri-
tion. 
(6) Preventing and responding to long-term dis-
ability as a result of pregnancy and birth, including 
obstetric fistula and anemia. 
(7) Improving long-term capacity and systems 
of local institutions to provide quality maternal 
health care. 
SEC. 1313. ASSISTANCE FOR ORPHANS AND OTHER VUL-
NERABLE CHILDREN. 
The Administrator is authorized to use funds made 
available under this chapter to provide basic care and serv-
ices for orphans and other vulnerable children, including: 
(1) Enabling community-based organizations to 
provide basic care for orphans and other vulnerable 
children. 
(2) Providing school feeding, including the pur-
chase of local or regional foodstuffs where appro-
priate. 
(3) 
Increasing 
primary 
school 
enrollment 
through the elimination of school fees, where appro-
priate, or other barriers to education while ensuring 
that adequate resources exist for teacher training 
and infrastructure. 
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147 
(4) Providing employment training and related 
services for orphans and other vulnerable children 
who are of legal working age. 
(5) Protecting and promoting the legal and in-
heritance rights of orphans, other vulnerable chil-
dren, and widows, and addressing discrimination 
they often face. 
(6) Providing culturally appropriate psycho-
social support to orphans and other vulnerable chil-
dren. 
(7) Treating orphans and other vulnerable chil-
dren with HIV/AIDS through the provision of phar-
maceuticals, the recruitment and training of individ-
uals to provide pediatric treatment, and the pur-
chase of pediatric-specific technologies. 
(8) Improving the capacity of foreign govern-
ment agencies and nongovernmental organizations to 
prevent child abandonment and provide permanent 
homes through family reunification, guardianship 
and adoptions, consistent with the Hague Conven-
tion on the Protection of Children and Co-operation 
in Respect of Inter-Country Adoption. 
(9) Increasing access to adequate housing and 
reliable, safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene 
education and supplies. 
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148 
(10) Integrating gender to ensure the unique 
needs of girl and boy orphans and vulnerable chil-
dren are met. 
Subchapter B—Combating Disease 
SEC. 1321. ASSISTANCE TO COMBAT HIV/AIDS, TUBER-
CULOSIS, AND MALARIA. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds that— 
(1) the global HIV/AIDS pandemic poses a hu-
manitarian, economic and security crisis of unprece-
dented magnitude that requires urgent and sus-
tained attention; 
(2) worldwide, women of childbearing age ac-
count for more than half of people living with HIV/ 
AIDS; 
(3) tuberculosis is the leading killer of people 
with HIV/AIDS, and the spread of drug resistant 
tuberculosis presents a persistent public health 
threat to the United States; 
(4) malaria imposes an enormous burden on the 
social and economic development of poor countries, 
can be prevented through cost-effective means, and 
can be cured if promptly diagnosed and adequately 
treated; 
(5) the creation of the United States Presi-
dent’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) 
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149 
in 2003 was the largest commitment by any nation 
to combat a single disease, establishing and expand-
ing the infrastructure necessary to deliver preven-
tion, care, and treatment services in low-resource 
settings; 
(6) due to PEPFAR and multilateral initiatives 
such as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuber-
culosis and Malaria, significant strides have been 
made in preventing new cases of disease, treating af-
fected persons, training health care workers, and 
educating families and communities; and 
(7) to be most sustainable and have the great-
est positive impact, programs to combat HIV/AIDS, 
tuberculosis and malaria should be coordinated and 
integrated with other global health and health-re-
lated programs, including maternal and child health, 
family planning and reproductive health, nutrition, 
and water, sanitation, and hygiene. 
(b) AUTHORIZATION.—The President is authorized to 
use funds made available under this chapter to— 
(1) carry out the United States Leadership 
Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act 
of 2003 (Public Law 108–25), as amended by this 
Act, and other related laws, including the Tom Lan-
tos and Henry J. Hyde United States Global Lead-
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150 
ership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Ma-
laria Reauthorization Act of 2008 (Public Law 110– 
293), the Global AIDS and Tuberculosis Relief Act 
of 2000 (Public Law 106–264), and the Inter-
national Malaria Control Act of 2000 (Public Law 
106–570); and 
(2) contribute to the Global Fund to Fight 
AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and the GAVI Alli-
ance. 
(c) OTHER LAWS SUPERSEDED.—The President may 
exercise the authority of subsection (b) notwithstanding 
any other provision of law, except the United States Lead-
ership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act 
of 2003 (Public Law 108–25), as amended by this Act. 
(d) COORDINATION.—Assistance provided under the 
authorities of this section or the United States Leadership 
Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 
2003 (Public Law 108–25) shall be coordinated with all 
other health-related programs under this chapter and 
chapter 6, and shall be included in the Global Health 
Strategy required under section 1303. 
SEC. 1322. ASSISTANCE TO COMBAT NEGLECTED TROPICAL 
DISEASES. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds that— 
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(1) more than 1,000,000,000 people worldwide 
suffer from one or more painful, debilitating tropical 
diseases, which disproportionately impact poor and 
rural populations, cause severe sickness and dis-
ability, compromise mental and physical develop-
ment, contribute to childhood malnutrition, reduce 
school enrollment, and hinder economic productivity; 
(2) many of these neglected tropical diseases 
(NTDs) can be controlled and treated by providing 
safe and effective drug treatments, improving access 
to clean water and improved sanitation, and pro-
moting good hygiene practices for individuals in af-
fected communities; and 
(3) an integrated approach to controlling NTDs 
will address a root cause of poverty that affects a 
significant proportion of the world’s population. 
(b) AUTHORIZATION.—The Administrator is author-
ized to use funds made available under this chapter for 
the prevention, treatment, control, and elimination of, and 
research on, neglected tropical diseases. 
SEC. 1323. ASSISTANCE FOR DISEASE PREVENTION, CON-
TROL, AND TREATMENT. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds that— 
(1) infectious diseases such as avian and pan-
demic influenza not only cause death and debili-
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152 
tating illness in the countries where new strains 
originate, but can quickly spread around the world; 
(2) the development and spread of antimicrobial 
resistance threatens to undermine global efforts to 
control tuberculosis and other bacterial diseases; 
(3) developing countries are undergoing a rapid 
epidemiological transition from infectious diseases 
such as diarrhea and pneumonia to noncommu-
nicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, can-
cer and diabetes, which threatens to overwhelm their 
strapped health systems and cripple their fragile 
economies; 
(4) mental health is an important but fre-
quently overlooked or stigmatized aspect of health 
that requires effective and compassionate treatment 
and care; 
(5) improvement in the capacity of developing 
countries to obtain and use good quality data for 
surveillance and effective response to emerging 
health threats helps to protect the health of United 
States citizens as well as that of local populations; 
and 
(6) disease-focused interventions are most effec-
tive when they— 
(A) reflect an evidence-based approach; 
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153 
(B) are integrated across health programs 
through a common delivery platform; and 
(C) support increased collaboration and co-
ordination among country-level stakeholders, in-
cluding partner country governments, other 
public and private donors, and international 
and nongovernmental organizations. 
(b) AUTHORIZATION.—The Administrator is author-
ized to use funds made available under this chapter to pro-
vide assistance for the prevention, treatment, control, and 
elimination of, and research on, infectious and noncommu-
nicable diseases in partner countries. 
Subchapter C—Family Planning and 
Reproductive Health 
SEC. 1331. ASSISTANCE FOR FAMILY PLANNING AND RE-
PRODUCTIVE HEALTH. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds that— 
(1) reproductive health care is essential to re-
ducing poverty, improving living standards and pro-
tecting human dignity; 
(2) throughout much of the world, the lack of 
access by women, particularly poor women, to repro-
ductive health care contributes to death and suf-
fering, limits women’s ability to make decisions that 
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154 
affect their lives, and undermines the efforts of fam-
ilies to lift themselves out of poverty; 
(3) access to reproductive health care, including 
voluntary family planning, has a direct and impor-
tant impact on child mortality, especially infant mor-
tality; 
(4) closely spaced and ill-timed pregnancies and 
births contribute to high infant mortality rates, and 
when mothers die as a result of giving birth, their 
surviving infants have a greater risk of mortality 
and poor health status; 
(5) in many developing countries where there 
are few hospitals, few doctors, and poor transpor-
tation systems, and where women are not highly val-
ued, complications of labor often result in death of 
the mother; 
(6) lack of availability of emergency obstetric 
care, along with delays in seeking medical attention, 
in reaching a medical facility, and in receiving med-
ical care once arriving at a facility, contribute to the 
development of obstetric fistula, increasing the risk 
of death for both mother and child; 
(7) voluntary family planning allows women and 
couples to freely choose the number, timing and 
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155 
spacing of pregnancies, giving families and individ-
uals greater control over their lives; 
(8) young people are particularly at risk of en-
gaging in unsafe sexual practices, and should be pro-
vided with clear and evidence-based information to 
help them make informed decisions about their sex-
ual and reproductive health and human rights, in-
cluding their right to be free from all forms of vio-
lence, coercion and discrimination; 
(9) practices such as child marriage and female 
genital cutting can harm the health of young people 
and deprive them of their dignity and human rights. 
Reproductive health care can play an important role 
in educating people about the dangers of these prac-
tices, and is often the entry point for identification 
of gender-based violence and sexual abuse; 
(10) integrating reproductive health care, in-
cluding voluntary family planning, with HIV preven-
tion programs is critical to combating HIV/AIDS, 
and can assist in decreasing the stigma associated 
with a seropositive HIV status; 
(11) integration of reproductive health care 
with other health-care and related social services in-
creases the effectiveness and efficiency of the health 
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156 
system and meets people’s needs for accessible, ac-
ceptable, convenient, client-centered care; 
(12) international goals and targets for reduc-
ing poverty and improving maternal health require a 
significant investment in family planning and repro-
ductive health care; 
(13) international partnerships are required to 
provide adequate financing for family planning and 
reproductive health care; 
(14) cooperating with multilateral and bilateral 
donors and the private sector can make commodities 
such as antiretrovirals, maternal health equipment, 
and contraceptive supplies more accessible for hard- 
to-reach populations; and 
(15) by investing in reproductive health care, 
including voluntary family planning, the United 
States can improve maternal and child health, lower 
HIV infection rates, reduce poverty and hunger, ad-
vance girls’ education, promote gender equality, 
broaden civic participation in the development proc-
ess, and slow the depletion of natural resources. 
(b) AUTHORIZATION.—The Administrator is author-
ized to use funds made available under this chapter for 
reproductive health care programs, including voluntary 
family planning, in partner countries. 
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157 
SEC. 
1332. 
REPRODUCTIVE 
HEALTH 
CARE 
IN 
EMER-
GENCIES. 
The Administrator is authorized to use funds made 
available under this subchapter and under subtitle B for 
programs to provide reproductive health care during hu-
manitarian emergencies and complex crises, including: 
(1) Life-saving priority activities set out in the 
Sphere Project’s Humanitarian Charter and Min-
imum Standards in Disaster Response. 
(2) Preventing sexual violence and providing 
medical care and psychosocial services to survivors 
of sexual violence. 
(3) Voluntary family planning for the duration 
of displacement. 
CHAPTER 4—EXPANDING QUALITY 
EDUCATION 
SEC. 1401. FINDINGS AND STATEMENT OF POLICY. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 
(1) Education is a basic human right, indispen-
sable for human capacity development and poverty 
eradication. 
(2) Basic education is fundamental to develop-
ment. No country has reached sustained economic 
growth without achieving near universal primary 
education. 
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158 
(3) Quality education reduces poverty and in-
equity, lays the foundation for sound governance, 
civic participation, and strong institutions, and 
equips people with the knowledge, skills, and self-re-
liance they need to increase income and expand op-
portunities for employment. 
(4) While developing countries bear the ulti-
mate responsibility for educating their children, the 
United States and others donors can and should do 
more to help developing countries address their edu-
cation needs. 
(5) Investing in girls’ education delivers sub-
stantial returns not only in educational attainment 
but also in increasing women’s and household in-
comes, delaying the start of sexual activity, reducing 
infant mortality, increasing women’s political partici-
pation, spurring economic growth, and delaying mar-
riage. 
(6) Lack of access to adequate housing, safe 
drinking water close to home, and to private latrines 
near home and at school significantly impact girls’ 
attendance and retention at school. 
(7) Education can help to protect children in 
conflict situations from physical harm, exploitation, 
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219 
(d) MEMBERSHIP.— 
(1) NUMBER AND APPOINTMENT.—The Advi-
sory Committee shall be composed of 8 individuals 
appointed by the Secretary and 7 individuals ap-
pointed by the Administrator who are experts in var-
ious aspects of the field of international democracy, 
human rights, and good governance. 
(2) TERMS.—Members of the Advisory Com-
mittee shall serve a term of 2 years, and may be ap-
pointed to consecutive terms. 
(3) INDIVIDUAL
CAPACITY.—Members of the 
Advisory Committee shall serve in an individual, not 
a representative, capacity. 
(4) CHAIRPERSON AND VICE CHAIRPERSON.— 
The Chairperson of the Advisory Committee shall be 
designated by the Secretary, and the Vice Chair-
person of the Advisory Committee shall be des-
ignated by the Administrator, at the time of their 
appointment to the Advisory Committee. 
(e) REPORT.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—The Advisory Committee 
shall submit to the Secretary and the Administrator 
on an annual basis a report that describes the activi-
ties of the Advisory Committee during the preceding 
year. 
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332 
cash grant transfers, the amounts and kinds of budgetary 
and balance-of-payments support provided, and the 
amounts and kinds of project assistance provided with 
funds made available under this subtitle. 
(e) NON-MILITARY
PURPOSES.—Amounts made 
available to carry out this subtitle may not be used for 
military or paramilitary purposes and may not be carried 
out by military forces. 
(f) AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS.—Amounts made avail-
able to carry out this subtitle are authorized to remain 
available until expended. 
SEC. 4104. CASH TRANSFER ASSISTANCE. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary is authorized to 
provide foreign assistance under this subtitle in the form 
of cash grant transfers, balance-of-payments support, or 
other non-project assistance only to the extent and in the 
amounts justified in the annual congressional budget jus-
tification required under section 9302 or as subsequently 
notified to Congress pursuant to section 9401. 
(b) SEPARATE ACCOUNTS.—A country or organiza-
tion receiving foreign assistance in the form of cash trans-
fers or non-project sector assistance shall be required to 
maintain such funds in a separate account and not com-
mingle them with any other funds. 
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362 
(2) FULL COSTS DESCRIBED.—The full costs of 
the cooperative project includes overhead costs, ad-
ministrative costs, and costs of claims. 
(3) CONTRIBUTION OF FUNDS OR DEFENSE AR-
TICLES AND DEFENSE SERVICES.—A party to the 
cooperative project agreement described in sub-
section (a) may contribute its equitable share of the 
full cost of the cooperative project in funds or in de-
fense articles or defense services needed for the co-
operative project. 
(4) LIMITATION
ON
ASSISTANCE.—Assistance 
provided under this Act to a foreign country may 
not be used by the foreign country to provide its eq-
uitable share of the full costs of the cooperative 
project under this section. 
(5) LIMITATION
ON
WORKSHARING, ETC.—A 
cooperative project agreement described in sub-
section (a) may not impose a requirement on any 
party to the agreement for worksharing or other in-
dustrial or commercial compensation that is not 
specified in the terms of the agreement. 
SEC. 4282. COSTS. 
The President may enter into contracts or incur other 
obligations for a cooperative project described in section 
4281 on behalf of the other parties to the cooperative 
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project agreement described in section 4281, without 
charge to any appropriation or contract authorization, if 
each of the other parties to the cooperative project agree-
ment agrees— 
(1) to pay its equitable share of the contract or 
other obligation; and 
(2) to make such funds available in such 
amounts and at such times as may be required by 
the contract or other obligation and to pay any dam-
ages and costs that may accrue from the perform-
ance of or cancellation of the contract or other obli-
gation in advance of the time such payments, dam-
ages, or costs are due. 
SEC. 4283. CHARGES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The President may reduce or 
waive the charge or charges that would otherwise be con-
sidered appropriate under section 4314 in connection with 
sales under sections 4311 and 4312 if— 
(1) such sales are made as part of a cooperative 
project described in section 4281; and 
(2) the other parties to the cooperative project 
agreement described in section 4281 agree to reduce 
or waive corresponding charges. 
(b) ADMINISTRATIVE
SURCHARGES; REIMBURSE-
MENT.—Notwithstanding 
sections 
4314(a)(1) 
and 
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364 
4402(b), administrative surcharges shall not be increased 
on other sales made under this title in order to compensate 
for reductions or waivers of such surcharges under this 
section. Funds received pursuant to such other sales shall 
not be available to reimburse the costs incurred by the 
United States Government for which reduction or waiver 
is approved by the President under this section. 
SEC. 4284. CERTIFICATION. 
Not less than 30 days before a cooperative project 
agreement described in section 4281 is signed on behalf 
of the United States, the President shall transmit to the 
appropriate congressional committees and the Committee 
on Armed Services of the House of Representatives and 
the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate, a num-
bered certification with respect to such proposed agree-
ment, setting forth— 
(1) a detailed description of the cooperative 
project with respect to which the certification is 
made; 
(2) an estimate of the quantity of the defense 
articles expected to be produced in furtherance of 
such cooperative project; 
(3) an estimate of the full cost of the coopera-
tive project, with an estimate of the part of the full 
cost to be incurred by the United States Govern-
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ment, including an estimate of the costs as a result 
of waivers of sections 4314(a)(1) and 4402(b), for 
its participation in such cooperative project and an 
estimate of that part of the full costs to be incurred 
by the other participants; 
(4) an estimate of the dollar value of the funds 
to be contributed by the United States and each of 
the other participants on behalf of such cooperative 
project; 
(5) a description of the defense articles and de-
fense services expected to be contributed by the 
United States and each of the other participants on 
behalf of such cooperative project; 
(6) a statement of the foreign policy and na-
tional security benefits anticipated to be derived 
from such cooperative project; and 
(7) to the extent known, whether it is likely 
that prime contracts will be awarded to particular 
prime contractors or that subcontracts will be 
awarded to particular subcontractors to comply with 
the proposed agreement. 
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