‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall carry 
out a research and development program to gain un-
derstanding of the underlying biology of algal bio-
mass systems and the possible use of algal biomass 
systems as a means of carbon removal (as defined 
in section 2 of the Carbon Removal and Emissions 
Storage Technologies Act of 2022) from the air and 
aquatic sources. 
‘‘(2) REQUIREMENTS.—The program carried 
out under paragraph (1) shall— 
‘‘(A) support efforts to reduce long-term 
technical barriers for algal biomass with carbon 
capture; and 
‘‘(B) coordinate closely with the Bioenergy 
Technologies Office and the Office of Fossil En-
ergy and Carbon Management.’’. 
(b) OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEW-
ABLE ENERGY.—Section 932 of the Energy Policy Act of 
2005 (42 U.S.C. 16232) is amended— 
(1) in subsection (b)— 
(A) in paragraph (5), by striking ‘‘and’’ 
after the semicolon; 
(B) in paragraph (6), by striking the pe-
riod and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 
(C) by adding at the end the following: 
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‘‘(7) biological carbon removal (as defined in 
section 2 of the Carbon Removal and Emissions 
Storage Technologies Act of 2022).’’; and 
(2) by inserting after subsection (e) the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘(f) BIOLOGICAL CARBON REMOVAL.— 
‘‘(1) DEFINITION
OF
CARBON
REMOVAL.—In 
this subsection, the term ‘carbon removal’ has the 
meaning given the term in section 2 of the Carbon 
Removal and Emissions Storage Technologies Act of 
2022. 
‘‘(2) GOALS.—The goals of the biological car-
bon removal program under subsection (b)(7) shall 
be to develop and deploy, in partnership with indus-
try and institutions of higher education— 
‘‘(A) improved tools and understanding of 
feedstocks, supplies, and logistics with respect 
to carbon removal using biomass sources; 
‘‘(B) technologies for the optimized conver-
sion of aquatic and terrestrial biomass for car-
bon removal; 
‘‘(C) cost-competitive carbon capture tech-
nologies applied to bioenergy, including— 
‘‘(i) algal, terrestrial, and marine bio-
mass; 
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‘‘(ii) biofuels; and 
‘‘(iii) bioproducts; and 
‘‘(D) applied research on best practices in 
macroalgae cultivation and phenotype selection, 
including by carrying out aquatic pilot projects. 
‘‘(3) 
COORDINATION.—Activities 
conducted 
under this subsection shall be coordinated with the 
relevant programs of the Office of Science, the Of-
fice of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management, and 
the Department of Agriculture.’’. 
(c) OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MAN-
AGEMENT.—Section 962(b) of the Energy Policy Act of 
2005 (42 U.S.C. 16292(b)) is amended— 
(1) in paragraph (1), by striking ‘‘performance 
of’’ and all that follows through the period at the 
end and inserting the following: ‘‘performance of— 
‘‘(A) coal and natural gas use; 
‘‘(B) biomass with carbon capture for utili-
zation or permanent storage; and 
‘‘(C) manufacturing and industrial facili-
ties.’’; and 
(2) in paragraph (3)— 
(A) in subparagraph (A)— 
(i) in clause (v), by striking ‘‘and’’ 
after the semicolon; 
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(ii) in clause (vi), by striking the pe-
riod at the end and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 
(iii) by adding at the end the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘(vii) developing advanced boilers to 
enable net-negative lifecycle carbon emis-
sions through co-firing with biomass.’’; and 
(B) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(G) Developing carbon capture tech-
nologies applied to bioenergy systems that re-
sult in net-negative lifecycle carbon emissions, 
including— 
‘‘(i) biofuels production; 
‘‘(ii) bioproducts; 
‘‘(iii) biomass used in power systems 
and industrial applications; and 
‘‘(iv) fossil fuel power systems and in-
dustrial systems co-fired with biomass.’’. 
(d) OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEW-
ABLE ENERGY.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—The Energy Independence 
and Security Act of 2007 (42 U.S.C. 17001 et seq.) 
is amended by striking section 228 (121 Stat. 1535) 
and inserting the following: 
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‘‘SEC. 228. AQUATIC BIOMASS. 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the Bioenergy 
Technologies Office shall carry out applied research on— 
‘‘(1) microalgae and macroalgae cultivation and 
phenotype selection; and 
‘‘(2) optimization of aquatic biomass conversion 
pathways. 
‘‘(b) REQUIREMENTS.—The research carried out 
under subsection (a) shall support efforts— 
‘‘(1) to develop best practices in microalgae and 
macroalgae cultivation and phenotype selection, in-
cluding by carrying out aquatic pilot projects— 
‘‘(A) on microalgae and macroalgae; and 
‘‘(B) in freshwater and seawater; and 
‘‘(2) to optimize aquatic biomass conversion 
pathways that result in carbon removal (as defined 
in section 2 of the Carbon Removal and Emissions 
Storage Technologies Act of 2022) for biopower, 
biofuels, and other uses. 
‘‘(c) FUNDING.—There are authorized to be appro-
priated to the Secretary to carry out this section— 
‘‘(1) $3,000,000 for fiscal year 2023; 
‘‘(2) $8,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and 
‘‘(3) $20,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 
through 2027.’’. 
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(2) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of con-
tents for the Energy Independence and Security Act 
of 2007 (Public Law 110–140; 121 Stat. 1493) is 
amended by striking the item relating to section 228 
and inserting the following: 
‘‘Sec. 228. Aquatic biomass.’’. 
SEC. 102. BIOLOGICAL CARBON DIOXIDE CONVERSION PRO-
GRAMS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Energy Policy Act of 2005 
is amended by inserting after section 977 (42 U.S.C. 
16317) the following: 
‘‘SEC. 977A. BIOLOGICAL CARBON DIOXIDE CONVERSION 
PROGRAMS. 
‘‘(a) 
GENETIC
MODELING
AND
TOOLS; 
BIOPROSPECTING.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the Office 
of Science shall establish a program to improve ge-
netic modeling and manipulation for carbon dioxide 
conversion. 
‘‘(2) METHODOLOGY.—The program established 
under paragraph (1) shall— 
‘‘(A) support efforts to improve carbon di-
oxide uptake and conversion through genetic 
manipulation of crops and trees, including— 
‘‘(i) soil enhancements; 
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‘‘(ii) enhanced photosynthesis, includ-
ing 
microbial 
soil 
amendments 
and 
perennialization; and 
‘‘(iii) root growth; and 
‘‘(B) support efforts to bioprospect using 
tools and high-throughput screening methods 
for organisms with unique attributes related to 
carbon dioxide conversion. 
‘‘(3) COORDINATION.—In carrying out the pro-
gram established under paragraph (1), the Director 
of the Office of Science shall coordinate with the 
National Science Foundation and the Agricultural 
Research Service. 
‘‘(b) NEW MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICA-
TION.— 
‘‘(1) DEFINITION
OF
CARBON
REMOVAL.—In 
this subsection, the term ‘carbon removal’ has the 
meaning given the term in section 2 of the Carbon 
Removal and Emissions Storage Technologies Act of 
2022. 
‘‘(2) PROGRAM.—The Assistant Secretary for 
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, in con-
sultation with the Secretary of Agriculture, shall es-
tablish a program to develop new biologically based 
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carbon dioxide utilization products and coproducts 
that result in carbon removal. 
‘‘(3) METHODOLOGY.—The program established 
under paragraph (2) shall— 
‘‘(A) support efforts to develop new carbon 
dioxide utilization products that result in car-
bon removal; 
‘‘(B) prioritize products that have the po-
tential to be deployed at a large scale; and 
‘‘(C) support efforts to develop valorization 
of coproducts for— 
‘‘(i) feed; 
‘‘(ii) fuel; and 
‘‘(iii) other uses.’’. 
(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents 
for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109–58; 
119 Stat. 600) is amended by inserting after the item re-
lating to section 977 the following: 
‘‘Sec. 977A. Biological carbon dioxide conversion programs.’’. 
Subtitle B—Geological Carbon 
Removal 
SEC. 111. CARBON MINERALIZATION PILOT PROJECTS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Energy Policy Act of 2005 
is amended by inserting after section 963 (42 U.S.C. 
16293) the following: 
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‘‘SEC. 963A. CARBON MINERALIZATION PILOT PROJECTS. 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, in consultation 
with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and At-
mospheric Administration and the Director of the United 
States Geological Survey, shall conduct field experiments 
of ex situ and in situ carbon mineralization approaches 
for the purposes of advancing carbon removal technologies 
or approaches (as defined in section 2 of the Carbon Re-
moval and Emissions Storage Technologies Act of 2022). 
‘‘(b) ACTIVITIES.—In carrying out subsection (a), the 
Secretary shall— 
‘‘(1) conduct field experiments of ex situ carbon 
mineralization— 
‘‘(A) using desalination brine treatment; 
and 
‘‘(B) through the broadcast of reactive 
minerals on— 
‘‘(i) soils; 
‘‘(ii) beaches; and 
‘‘(iii) shallow oceans; and 
‘‘(2) conduct field experiments of in situ carbon 
mineralization, including through drilling and injec-
tion in reactive formations for— 
‘‘(A) mantle peridotite; 
‘‘(B) basalt; and 
‘‘(C) other relevant formations. 
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‘‘(c) FIELD
EXPERIMENT
GOALS
AND
OBJEC-
TIVES.—The Secretary shall develop goals and objectives 
for field experiments carried out under this section to de-
crease the energy requirements and costs to produce the 
resulting mineralized carbon. 
‘‘(d) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT.—In carrying out 
field experiments under this section, the Secretary shall 
comply with all applicable environmental laws and regula-
tions. 
‘‘(e) FUNDING.—There are authorized to be appro-
priated to the Secretary to carry out this section— 
‘‘(1) $4,000,000 for fiscal year 2023; 
‘‘(2) $9,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 
‘‘(3) $18,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and 
‘‘(4) $30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 
and 2027.’’. 
(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents 
for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109–58; 
119 Stat. 600) is amended by inserting after the item re-
lating to section 963 the following: 
‘‘Sec. 963A. Carbon mineralization pilot projects.’’. 
SEC. 112. CARBON MINERALIZATION RESOURCE ASSESS-
MENT. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of the Interior (re-
ferred to in this section as the ‘‘Secretary’’) shall complete 
a national assessment of the potential for using carbon 
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mineralization for carbon removal, in accordance with the 
methodology developed under subsection (b). 
(b) METHODOLOGY.—Not later than 2 years after 
the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary, acting 
through the Director of the United States Geological Sur-
vey, shall develop a methodology to assess geological re-
sources, mine tailings, and other alkaline industrial wastes 
to identify sustainable sources of reactive minerals suit-
able for carbon mineralization, while taking into consider-
ation minerals and mineral classes with high reactivity and 
fast kinetics. 
(c) COORDINATION.— 
(1) FEDERAL COORDINATION.—To ensure the 
maximum usefulness and success of the assessment 
under subsection (a), the Secretary shall— 
(A) consult with the Secretary of Energy 
and the Administrator of the Environmental 
Protection Agency on the format and content of 
the assessment; and 
(B) share relevant data with the Depart-
ment of Energy and the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency. 
(2) STATE
COORDINATION.—The Secretary 
shall consult with State geological surveys and other 
relevant entities to ensure, to the maximum extent 
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practicable, the usefulness and success of the assess-
ment under subsection (a). 
(d) REPORT.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days 
after the date on which the assessment under sub-
section (a) is completed, the Secretary shall submit 
to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources 
of the Senate and the Committee on Natural Re-
sources of the House of Representatives a report de-
scribing the findings under the assessment, including 
the locations and available quantities of suitable re-
active minerals. 
(2) PUBLIC AVAILABILITY.—Not later than 30 
days after the date on which the Secretary submits 
the report under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall 
make the report publicly available. 
SEC. 113. TAILINGS AND WASTE MINERALIZATION PRO-
GRAM. 
(a) TAILINGS AND WASTE MINERALIZATION PRO-
GRAM.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall conduct 
field experiments to examine the use of mine tailings 
and industrial wastes for the purpose of carbon min-
eralization. 
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(2) ACTIVITIES.—The field experiments using 
mine tailings and industrial wastes conducted under 
paragraph (1) shall assess— 
(A) the reusing of industrial slags and 
mine tailings in manufacturing; and 
(B) other industrial wastes that may have 
carbon mineralization properties. 
(b) STUDY ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MIN-
ERALIZATION PRODUCTS.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 3 years after 
the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary 
shall conduct, and submit to Congress a report that 
describes the results of, a study on the environ-
mental impacts of— 
(A) broadcasting materials and distrib-
uting piles of mine tailings at various scales for 
the purposes of enhanced carbon mineralization; 
and 
(B) additional mining for the purposes of 
carbon mineralization. 
(2) REQUIREMENTS.—The study under para-
graph (1) shall include an analysis of— 
(A) the relative carbon removal potential 
associated with various scales of carbon min-
eralization; 
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(B) the cost of environmental mitigation of 
the environmental impacts identified under the 
study; and 
(C) opportunities— 
(i) for remediation; 
(ii) to co-extract reactive minerals 
with conventional mining operations; and 
(iii) for the use of reactive minerals in 
mining remediation. 
Subtitle C—Aquatic Carbon 
Removal 
SEC. 121. OCEAN CARBON REMOVAL MISSION. 
Section 969D of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 
U.S.C. 16298d) is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a) by inserting ‘‘and aquatic 
sources’’ after ‘‘atmosphere’’; and 
(2) in subsection (c)— 
(A) in paragraph (5), by striking ‘‘and’’ 
after the semicolon; 
(B) in paragraph (6), by striking the pe-
riod at the end and inserting a semicolon; and 
(C) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(7) ocean carbon removal and strategies, such 
as— 
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‘‘(A) blue carbon, which is the manage-
ment of vegetated coastal habitats (including 
mangroves, tidal marshes, seagrasses, kelp for-
ests, and other tidal, freshwater, or saltwater 
wetlands) that sequester carbon (including 
autochthonous carbon and allochthonous car-
bon) from the atmosphere, accumulate carbon 
in biomass, and store the carbon in soils; 
‘‘(B) direct ocean capture (as described in 
section 122(a) of the Carbon Removal and 
Emissions Storage Technologies Act of 2022); 
‘‘(C) microalgae and macroalgae cultiva-
tion for— 
‘‘(i) biofuels; 
‘‘(ii) bioproducts; and 
‘‘(iii) carbon storage; and 
‘‘(D) ocean alkalinity enhancement; and 
‘‘(8) any combination of activities described in 
paragraphs (1) through (7) that have the potential 
for significant carbon removal (as defined in section 
2 of the Carbon Removal and Emissions Storage 
Technologies Act of 2022).’’. 
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SEC. 122. DIRECT OCEAN CAPTURE ASSESSMENT. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall conduct a 
comprehensive assessment of the potential for removing 
carbon dioxide directly from the oceans. 
(b) METHODOLOGY.—In conducting the assessment 
under subsection (a), the Secretary shall consider the po-
tential and relative merits of— 
(1) pathways, methods, and technologies that 
are able to directly remove carbon dioxide from the 
oceans through engineered or inorganic processes; 
and 
(2) technologies such as filters, membranes, 
phase change systems, chemical conversion, or other 
technological pathways. 
(c) INCLUSION.—In conducting the assessment under 
subsection (a), the Secretary shall incorporate any infor-
mation on the results of activities conducted under section 
223 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal 
Year 2020 (10 U.S.C. 4001 note; Public Law 116–92). 
(d) REPORT.—Not later than 1 year after the date 
of enactment of this Act, the Secretary, in consultation 
with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and At-
mospheric Administration, shall submit to the Committees 
on Energy and Natural Resources and Commerce, 
Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Com-
mittee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Rep-
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resentatives a report describing the results of the assess-
ment under subsection (a). 
(e) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 
out this section— 
(1) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2023; 
(2) $4,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and 
(3) $8,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 
through 2027. 
SEC. 123. OFFSHORE CARBON STORAGE PROGRAM AND AS-
SESSMENT. 
(a) CARBON DIOXIDE IMPACTS AND FATE IN THE 
OCEAN.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Department of Energy 
Carbon Capture and Sequestration Research, Devel-
opment, and Demonstration Act of 2007 (Public 
Law 110–140; 121 Stat. 1704) is amended by add-
ing at the end the following: 
‘‘SEC. 709. CARBON DIOXIDE IMPACTS AND FATE IN THE 
OCEAN. 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish a 
program to monitor, research, and model the ecological 
impacts of ocean carbon dioxide removal and storage tech-
niques. 
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‘‘(b) COORDINATION.—In carrying out the program 
established under subsection (a), the Secretary shall co-
ordinate with the Administrator of the National Oceanic 
and Atmospheric Administration and the Administrator of 
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 
‘‘(c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 
out this section— 
‘‘(1) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2023; and 
‘‘(2) $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 
through 2027.’’. 
(2) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of con-
tents for the Energy Independence and Security Act 
of 2007 (Public Law 110–140; 121 Stat. 1496) is 
amended by inserting after the item relating to sec-
tion 708 the following: 
‘‘Sec. 709. Carbon dioxide impacts and fate in the ocean.’’. 
(b) OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF RESOURCE AS-
SESSMENT.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 1 year after 
the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary 
shall— 
(A) expand the CarbonSAFE Initiative of 
the Department of Energy to complete a na-
tional carbon mineralization assessment that ex-
amines the full range of carbon mineralization 
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storage potential for the outer Continental 
Shelf region; and 
(B) submit to the Committees on Energy 
and Natural Resources and Commerce, Science, 
and Transportation of the Senate and the Com-
mittee on Energy and Commerce of the House 
of Representatives a report describing the re-
sults of the assessment. 
(2) AUTHORIZATION
OF
APPROPRIATIONS.— 
There is authorized to be appropriated to the Sec-
retary to carry out this subsection $5,000,000 for 
each of fiscal years 2023 through 2027. 
(c) ASSESSMENT TO DETERMINE THE POTENTIAL 
FOR OFFSHORE CARBON STORAGE.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, in consulta-
tion with the Secretary of the Interior, the Adminis-
trator of the Environmental Protection Agency, and 
the Administrator of the National Oceanic and At-
mospheric Administration, shall conduct a com-
prehensive assessment of the potential for offshore 
carbon storage, including an assessment of— 
(A) the potential for offshore carbon stor-
age— 
(i) in deep offshore sub-seabed loca-
tions, such as in geological formations; 
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(ii) at the seabed, such as through 
biomass sinking; and 
(iii) within the oceans, such as liquid 
carbon dioxide storage; and 
(B) other relevant methods of offshore car-
bon storage. 
(2) INCLUSION.—The assessment under para-
graph (1) shall include recommendations of meas-
ures that the Department of Energy may take to im-
prove the ease, safety, and security of offshore car-
bon dioxide storage. 
(3) REPORTING.—Not later than 2 years after 
the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary 
shall submit to the Committees on Energy and Nat-
ural Resources and Commerce, Science, and Trans-
portation of the Senate and the Committee on En-
ergy and Commerce of the House of Representatives 
a report describing the results of the assessment 
under paragraph (1). 
Subtitle D—Atmospheric Carbon 
Removal 
SEC. 131. DIRECT AIR CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY MANUFAC-
TURING RESEARCH PROGRAM. 
(a) INITIATIVE.— 
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(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish 
a program for the research, development, and dem-
onstration of manufacturing techniques for direct air 
capture technologies (referred to in this section as 
the ‘‘program’’). 
(2) COORDINATION.—In carrying out the pro-
gram, the Secretary shall leverage expertise and re-
sources from— 
(A) the Office of Science; 
(B) the Office of Energy Efficiency and 
Renewable Energy; and 
(C) the Office of Fossil Energy and Car-
bon Management. 
(b) CONTACTOR DESIGN.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out the program, 
the Secretary shall conduct research on applied tech-
nology development of air contactor design. 
(2) REQUIREMENTS.—The research under para-
graph (1) shall support efforts to improve air 
contactors with— 
(A) low pressure drop; 
(B) high surface area; and 
(C) high longevity. 
(c) MANUFACTURING IMPROVEMENT.— 
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(1) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out the program, 
the Secretary shall conduct research scaling-up man-
ufacturing of direct air capture components. 
(2) REQUIREMENTS.—The research under para-
graph (1) shall— 
(A) support efforts to improve techniques 
for low-cost manufacturing of direct air capture 
components and materials; and 
(B) be coordinated with private industry 
and universities. 
(d) AUTHORIZATION
OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 
are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary— 
(1) to carry out subsection (b)— 
(A) $3,000,000 for fiscal year 2023; 
(B) $7,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and 
(C) $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 
2025 through 2027; and 
(2) to carry out subsection (c)— 
(A) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2023; 
(B) $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and 
(C) $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 
2025 through 2027. 
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Subtitle E—Carbon Removal 
Quantification 
SEC. 141. CARBON REMOVAL QUANTIFICATION. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Title V of the Energy Act of 2020 
(42 U.S.C. 16298e et seq.) is amended by adding at the 
end the following: 
‘‘SEC. 5003. QUANTIFYING THE BENEFITS OF CARBON RE-
MOVAL. 
‘‘(a) PURPOSES.—The purposes of this section are— 
‘‘(1) to quantify the net carbon removed 
through atmospheric and aquatic carbon removal 
pathways; 
‘‘(2) to determine the current and projected 
carbon removal capacity of atmospheric and aquatic 
carbon removal pathways; 
‘‘(3) to determine the current and likely future 
technical readiness of carbon removal technologies or 
approaches for large-scale carbon removal deploy-
ment; and 
‘‘(4) to aid in the commercialization of carbon 
removal technologies or approaches. 
‘‘(b) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 
‘‘(1) CARBON
REMOVAL; CARBON
REMOVAL 
TECHNOLOGY OR APPROACH.—The terms ‘carbon re-
moval’ and ‘carbon removal technology or approach’ 
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have the meanings given the terms in section 2 of 
the Carbon Removal and Emissions Storage Tech-
nologies Act of 2022. 
‘‘(2) ELIGIBLE ENTITY.—The term ‘eligible en-
tity’ means any of the following entities: 
‘‘(A) An institution of higher education. 
‘‘(B) A National Laboratory. 
‘‘(C) A Federal research agency. 
‘‘(D) A State research agency. 
‘‘(E) A nonprofit research organization. 
‘‘(F) An industrial entity. 
‘‘(G) A consortium of 2 or more entities 
described in subparagraphs (A) through (F). 
‘‘(3) SECRETARY.—The term ‘Secretary’ means 
the Secretary of Energy. 
‘‘(c) CARBON REMOVAL FOOTPRINT PROGRAM.— 
‘‘(1) ESTABLISHMENT.—Not later than 1 year 
after the date of enactment of this section, the Sec-
retary shall establish a program to carry out the 
purposes described in subsection (a), including by 
providing financial assistance to eligible entities to 
examine the technological, economic, and environ-
mental impacts of carbon removal pathways and 
technologies. 
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