443 
Chapter 223—Aircraft Emission Standards 
Sec. 
223101. Definitions. 
223102. Establishment of standards. 
223103. Enforcement of standards. 
223104. State standards and controls. 
§ 223101. Definitions 
Terms used in this chapter (other than the term Administrator) have the 
meanings given the terms in section 40102(a) of title 49. 
§ 223102. Establishment of standards 
(a) STUDY; PROPOSED STANDARDS; HEARINGS; ISSUANCE OF REGULA-
TIONS.—The Administrator shall conduct a study and investigation of emis-
sions of air pollutants from aircraft to determine— 
(1) the extent to which such emissions affect air quality in air qual-
ity control regions throughout the United States; and 
(2) the technological feasibility of controlling such emissions. 
(b) EMISSION STANDARDS.—The Administrator shall from time to time 
issue proposed emission standards applicable to the emission of any air pol-
lutant from any class of aircraft engines that, in the Administrator’s judg-
ment, causes or contributes to air pollution that may reasonably be antici-
pated to endanger public health or welfare. 
(c) CONSULTATION.—The Administrator shall consult with the Adminis-
trator of the Federal Aviation Administration on aircraft engine emission 
standards. 
(d) LIMITATION.—The Administrator shall not change the aircraft engine 
emission standards if the change would significantly increase noise and ad-
versely affect safety. 
(e) HEARINGS.—The Administrator shall hold public hearings with re-
spect to standards proposed under subsection (b). The hearings shall, to the 
extent practicable, be held in air quality control regions that are most seri-
ously affected by aircraft emissions. 
(f) FINAL REGULATIONS.—Within 90 days after the issuance of stand-
ards proposed under subsection (b), the Administrator shall issue regula-
tions with such modifications as the Administrator considers appropriate. 
The regulations may be revised from time to time. 
(g) EFFECTIVE DATE
OF REGULATIONS.—Any regulation prescribed 
under this section (and any revision thereof) shall take effect after such pe-
riod as the Administrator finds necessary (after consultation with the Sec-
retary of Transportation) to permit the development and application of the 
requisite technology, giving appropriate consideration to the cost of compli-
ance within that period. 
(h) REGULATIONS THAT CREATE HAZARDS TO AIRCRAFT SAFETY.—
Any regulation in effect under this section with respect to aircraft shall not 
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apply if disapproved by the President, after notice and opportunity for pub-
lic hearing, on the basis of a finding by the Secretary of Transportation 
that the regulation would create a hazard to aircraft safety. Any such find-
ing shall include a reasonably specific statement of the basis on which the 
finding is made. 
§ 223103. Enforcement of standards 
(a) REGULATIONS TO ENSURE COMPLIANCE WITH STANDARDS.—The 
Secretary of Transportation, after consultation with the Administrator, shall 
prescribe regulations to ensure compliance with all standards prescribed 
under section 223102 of this title by the Administrator. The regulations of 
the Secretary of Transportation shall include provisions making those stand-
ards applicable in the issuance, amendment, modification, suspension, or 
revocation of any certificate authorized by chapter 447 of title 49. 
(b) EXECUTION OF POWERS AND DUTIES.—In the execution of all powers 
and duties vested in the Secretary under this section, the Secretary of 
Transportation— 
(1) shall ensure that all necessary inspections are accomplished; and 
(2) may execute any power or duty vested in the Secretary by any 
other provision of law. 
(c) NOTICE AND APPEAL RIGHTS.—In any action to amend, modify, sus-
pend, or revoke a certificate in which violation of an emission standard pre-
scribed under section 223102 of this title or of a regulation prescribed 
under subsection (a) is at issue, the certificate holder shall have the same 
notice and appeal rights as are prescribed for such holders in chapter 461 
of title 49, except that in any appeal to the National Transportation Safety 
Board, the Board may amend, modify, or revoke the order of the Secretary 
of Transportation only if the Board finds no violation of the standard or 
regulation and that the amendment, modification, or revocation is consistent 
with safety in air transportation. 
§ 223104. State standards and controls 
No State or political subdivision thereof may adopt or attempt to enforce 
any standard respecting emissions of any air pollutant from any aircraft or 
engine thereof unless the standard is identical to a standard applicable to 
such aircraft under this chapter. 
Chapter 225—Clean Fuel Vehicles 
Sec. 
225101. Definitions. 
225102. Requirements applicable to clean-fuel vehicles. 
225103. Standards for light-duty clean-fuel vehicles. 
225104. Administration and enforcement as per California standards. 
225105. Standards for heavy-duty clean-fuel vehicles of more than 8,500 up to 26,000 pounds 
gross vehicle weight rating. 
225106. Centrally fueled fleets. 
225107. Vehicle conversions. 
225108. Federal agency fleets. 
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225109. California pilot test program. 
225110. General provisions. 
§ 225101. Definitions 
(a) IN GENERAL.—In this chapter: 
(1) BASE GASOLINE.—The term ‘‘base gasoline’’ means gasoline that 
meets the following specifications: 
Specifications of Base Gasoline Used as Basis for Reactivity Readjustment: 
API gravity ...............................................................................................
57.8 
Sulfur, ppm ..............................................................................................
317 
Color .........................................................................................................
Purple 
Benzene, vol. % ........................................................................................
1.35 
Reid vapor pressure ..................................................................................
8.7 
Drivability .................................................................................................
1195 
Antiknock index ........................................................................................
87.3 
Distillation, D–86 degrees F 
IBP ...........................................................................................................
10% ..........................................................................................................
126 
50% ..........................................................................................................
219 
90% ..........................................................................................................
327 
EP ............................................................................................................
414 
Hydrocarbon Type, Vol. % FIA: 
Aromatics .................................................................................................
30.9 
Olefins ......................................................................................................
8.2 
Saturates ..................................................................................................
60.9 
(2) CLEAN ALTERNATIVE FUEL.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘‘clean alternative fuel’’ means any 
fuel (including methanol, ethanol, or other alcohols (including any 
mixture thereof containing 85 percent or more by volume of such 
alcohol with gasoline or other fuels), reformulated gasoline, diesel, 
natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen) or power 
source (including electricity) used in a clean-fuel vehicle that com-
plies with the standards and requirements applicable to the vehicle 
under this subdivision when using that fuel or power source. 
(B) FLEXIBLE FUEL VEHICLES AND DUAL FUEL VEHICLES.— 
In the case of any flexible fuel vehicle or dual fuel vehicle, the 
term ‘‘clean alternative fuel’’ means a fuel with respect to which 
the vehicle was certified as a clean-fuel vehicle meeting the stand-
ards applicable to clean-fuel vehicles under section 225103(d)(2) 
of this title when operating on clean alternative fuel (or any Cali-
fornia Air Resources Board standards that replace those standards 
pursuant to section 225103(e) of this title). 
(3) CLEAN-FUEL VEHICLE.—The term ‘‘clean-fuel vehicle’’ means a 
vehicle in a class or category of vehicles that has been certified to meet 
for any model year the clean-fuel vehicle standards applicable under 
this chapter for that model year to clean-fuel vehicles in that class or 
category. 
(4) COVERED FLEET.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘‘covered fleet’’ means 10 or more 
motor vehicles that are owned or operated by a single person. 
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(B) DETERMINATION.—In determining the number of vehicles 
owned or operated by a single person for purposes of this para-
graph, all motor vehicles owned or operated, leased or otherwise 
controlled by the person, by any person that controls the person, 
by any person controlled by the person, and by any person under 
common control with the person shall be treated as owned by the 
person. 
(C) EXCLUSIONS.—The term ‘‘covered fleet’’ does not include— 
(i) motor vehicles held for lease or rental to the general 
public; 
(ii) motor vehicles held for sale by motor vehicle dealers 
(including demonstration vehicles); 
(iii) motor vehicles used for motor vehicle manufacturer 
product evaluations or tests; 
(iv) law enforcement and other emergency vehicles; or 
(v) nonroad vehicles (including farm and construction vehi-
cles). 
(5) COVERED FLEET VEHICLE.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘‘covered fleet vehicle’’ means a 
motor vehicle that is— 
(i) in a vehicle class for which standards are applicable 
under this chapter; and 
(ii) in a covered fleet that is centrally fueled (or capable 
of being centrally fueled). 
(B) CAPABILITY OF BEING CENTRALLY FUELED.—No vehicle 
that under normal operations is garaged at a personal residence 
at night shall be considered to be a vehicle that is capable of being 
centrally fueled within the meaning of subparagraph (A)(ii). 
(6) NONMETHANE ORGANIC GAS.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘‘nonmethane organic gas’’ means 
the sum of nonoxygenated and oxygenated hydrocarbons contained 
in a gas sample. 
(B) INCLUSIONS.—The term ‘‘nonmethane organic gas’’ in-
cludes, at a minimum— 
(i) all oxygenated organic gases containing 5 or fewer car-
bon atoms (including aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, ethers, and 
others); and 
(ii) all alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics containing 
12 or fewer carbon atoms. 
(C) DEMONSTRATION OF COMPLIANCE WITH NONMETHANE OR-
GANIC GAS STANDARD.—To demonstrate compliance with a stand-
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