2778 United States continually moves on very rapidly. The longer you delay statehood the more facts he would have to support his argument. I think that is conclusive evidence that he its fundamentally opposed to statehood for Alaska, which is certainly his privilege just as it is mine to be in favor of statehood. The gentleman from North Carolina pointed out that 40 percent of the people of Alaska were opposed to statehood, or something to that effect. I should like to have him submit figures to show that 40 percent of the population of Alaska are opposed to statehood. That is just some more of this argument that is thrown in here as sheer wind, you might say. Mr. COOLEY. The gentleman from Alaska can give us that information. Mr. CRAWFORD. I ain asking the gentleman about his statement that 40 percent of the population of Alaska oppose statehood Mr. COOLEY. Forty percent of those voting in the election. Mr. CRAWFORD. That is not what Iam talking about. Mr. COOLEY. Will the gentleman agree that 40 percent of those who went to the ballot box and voted did vote against this proposition? Mr. CRAWFORD. That is not what Iam talking about. Mr.COOLEY. That is what Iam talk- ing about. Mr. CRAWFORD. Iam talking about the total population of Alaska. It ties in with another specious argu- ment made this afternoon where it was said that Alaska supplied only so many hundred people, a few hundred people, under selective service. Those who claim to be informed on the defenses of this country had better keep in mind the most extraordinary valuable defense services rendered to the people of the United States by the Aleuts and the Eski- mos of Alaska during the war, who were the smartest fellows that we have on our defense lines anywhere under the Amer- ican flag. You did not play any marches for them. They are the boys who know what happens up and down those cold waters between Alaska and Russia. They are the boys who pass the word back to the so-called big brass. But you did not say anything about the contri- bution those fellows made in your re- marks with respect to the few people who were put into the selective service. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Michigan has expired. Mr. PETERSON. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent that all debate on the bill and amendments thereto close in 20 minutes. The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Flo.ida? There was no objection. The CHAIRMAN. The Chair recor- nizes the gentleman from Pennsylvania (Mr. Ricw]. Mr. RICH. Mr. Chairman, this is an- other case where we are trying to drive something down the throats of a lot of people who do not seem to want legisla- tion of this kind. You and I know that we are interested in Alaska. We want to take care of Alaska. But if we leave CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE all the land, except 12 percent, in the hands of the Department of the Interior, then that Department is going to run Alaska, and you can just count on that. The people of Alaska are not going to have very much to say on what they do if they ever get to become a State. The Interior Department would have such influence on the people, and if, as was said, 40 percent of them do not want the Federal Government to grant them statehood, it seems to me you are doing wrong by going ahead and passing this bill today. This country is in danger. It is in terrible danger when the Presi- dent of the United States comes, as he did via his message 15 minutes ago, and asks us to seize the coal mines of the country. How soon is it going to be when he is going to ask you to seize the railroads and ask you to seize the telephone com- panies? You are going into socialism when you get to that point. Then you will have the President of the United States dealing with all these conditions which we are facing. That is just what Hitler did a few years ago. Look what happened to Germany. Are you going to start doing the same thing here? It looks that way to me. I do not want any part of 1t. The CHAIRMAN. The _ gentleman from Idaho [Mr. Wurre! is recognized. Mr. WHITE of Idaho. Mr. Chair- man the answer to the gentleman from Pennsylvania {[Mr. RicH) is that in this bill, passed out of our committee, there are four sections in every township rc- served to Alaska. That is two more sec- tions than were reserved to the Westcrn States. In the State of Idaho, sections 16 and 36 out of every township were reserved for schools. Alaska gets two more. They get four out of every town- ship. I want to say to the committee that Alaska, Finland, Norway, and Sweden are in the same latitude, almost the same kind of country, with the same kind of climate. Many years ago, before this issue ever came up, I read where the Department of Agriculture had investigatcd condi- tions in Alaska and had reported that it was just as capable of supporting a population and industries as Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. I am wondering if this opposition to statehood for Alaska would be in favor of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark being territories of the Russian Empire. They are great coun- tries. They are an inspiration to the rest of the world with their liberal laws and their independence. Why not give Alaska statehood and Ict her work out her destiny. There is everything in Alaska to make a great State. Let us use it. Let us vote for this bill. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Idaho has expired. The gentleman from Minnesota [Mr. O’Haral is recognized. Mr O’HARA of Minnesota, Mr. Chauman, it is rather painful to me to have to resist the eloquent arguments which are made for statehood for Alaska and Hawaii. I have a very high regard for both the Delegate from Alaska [Mr. BaRTLETT) and the Delegate from Hawali [Mr. FarRINGTON!, and I hope that if MARCH 3 these two Territories become States they will both go to the Senate. I took a trip through Alaska in 1944, I flew up the inside passage, through Edmonton, most of the way following the Alcan Highway to Fairbanks. From Fairbanks to Nome, and from Nome up the coast to Anchorage, and then from Anchorage down to Juneau and back the outside route. I do not pretend to be an expert on Alaska, but ~ did see a great deal of it. The amendment offered by the gentle- man from Nebraska |LMr. MILLER] is of great interest to me, because it mean: the allocation of the land they have up there. When you see that country, the really fruitful part of it 1s along the west coast. That which is inland is subject to the terrific winter temperatures of 60 and 10 below zero in the wintertime. Some of it is impassable as far as getting the timber out, because of muskeg and other conditions. A vast area of Alaska is mountainous and a wilderness prac- tacally incapable of useful production. I em wondering how Alaska, if it ever became a State, is ever going to finance itself. No matter if you double the amount of land which is to ro to Alaska under the amendment offered by the gentleman from Nebraska [Mr. MILLER], I think it would be perfectly impossible, for it to be self-supporting. Fundamentally, I am opposed to these bills, because I cannot get over the diffi- culty which I have of territory outside the limits of the United States, being transferred to statehood. I think the moment we do that we involve ourselves in a number of questions that have been developed today. I wish I could get over that handicap. Perhaps I am wrong in my thinking, but the way I feel, with all of the other problems which we have to face in this country, to take on the addi- tional problems, which, if you pass this bill, you are going to have to take on, I think is more than we should be asked to do under the present world conditions today. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Minnesota has expired. Mr. LARCADE. I was unable to com- plete my statement when I addressed you a few minutes ago making a comparison between the war machines of the United States and Russia. I poimmted out what a terrific difference there was between the armament programs of the two coun- tries. I am just wondering what the members of this Committee think Russia is building this tremendous war machine for. Their intentions certainly cannot be assumed to be peaceful. How defense- less Alaska was during the last war is indicated by statements made to our committee by the citizens of Nome who told us that when the Japanese occupied the Aleutians they fled to the hills, and all that they had to defend themselves and their families was shark spears and shotguns. Fortunately, the Japs did not advance further north. I also stated that there were other issues in this matter which had not been pointed out. Since then the gentleman from Wisconsin (Mr. Krzre] mentioned one of them. But there are others to which I wish to refer. The first refers to the obligations and precedents set when
1950 Alaska and Hawaii and other Territories were voted statehood. I was a member of both of the committees which held ex- tensive hearings and studied this ques- tion, and besides examining the situa- tion on the ground I read the hearings and debate both in the Senate and House on the legislation admitting both these areas as Territories of the United States. Every question was covered at the time they were granted Territorial status, in- cluding the question of their right even- tually to enter the Union as States, and it was admitted and understood that by giving them the status of Territories there was an obligation and precedents which established the obligation, prece- dent, right, and expectancy that both would be admitted to the Union when they met the requirements. Another issue involved is that of taxa- tion without representation, the same issue that caused the conflict of the war between this country and England. While it is admitted that both Territories have Delegates in the Congress, they do not, have any vote. The report of the committee, in my opinion, shows that the Territory of Alaska certainly is in a position in every way, economically and otherwise, to as- sume statehood. Both of these Territories pay tremen- dous amounts of taxes into our Federal Treasury, Just as other States, and, as a matter of fact, Hawaii has paid, since 1900, income taxes more than a billion dollars. Another matter to which I wish to re- fer 1s that raised by some Members with regard to the apportionment of the mem- bership in the House of Representatives. Some Members were afraid their States would lose the memberships that would be assigned to these Territories when ad- mitted as States. I remind these gentle- men, Mr. Chairman, that there have been @ number of reapportionments of this House. The membership has been in- creased from time to time. As a matter of fact, there is a forced redistribution of the membership due to changes in popu- lation. We all know that as a result of the census to be taken this year changes will be made in State representations in the Congress, especially in the cases of California and some of the other States. California will gain nine seats in the House of Representatives, and others will lose and gain membership, and certainly with the increased population of the United States, regardless of the admis- sion of Alaska and Hawaii, there will be a reapportionment in the House of Rep- resentatives, and when Alaska and Ha- waii are admitted into the Union this matter will be taken care of as it has in the past. Mr. Chairman, I would like to point out that even in the last war Alaska played an important part in the winning of the war. Its airfields and location was of strategic value. One of the best breaks we had was that just before the war there had been established a weather-report- ing station at Juneau, and as a result thousands of lives of Americans were saved and our success, in the Pacific was due to this station being eb'’e to report the weather for cur naval operations in the entire Pacific. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE Mr. Chairman, with the completion of the Alcan Highway to Alaska I predict a tourist trade to Alaska comparable to that of California and Yellowstone Park amounting to millions of dollars. Very few of our citizens have seen Alaska, and when this highway is opened it will con- tribute to thousands migrating there, and the tourist trade will add to the in- come and economy of Alaska. Mr. Chairman, in order to give the Members of the House an insight of the importance, economy, scenic beauty, re- sources, and other facts about Alaska, I wish to read from a letter addressed to me by Mr. Baker, publisher of the Ga- zette, in Wrangell, Alaska. I quote: The Territory of Alaska, which is 214 times the size of Texas and etretches across the one hundred and eightieth meridian into the Old World, is America’s last frontier Alaska, while admittedly still a land of enchanting scenery, of high, snow-cnpped mountains, Indian-made totem poles, and vast glaciers—one of them bigger than the State of Rhode Island—also is suprisingly modern, Alaskans tell us they have more refrigerators, radios, books, mngazines, and other material things of life than the average citizens of the 48 States. They have more air lines too, because the plane is the ac- ecpted way of getting around in a hurry where islands make highways impossible, and stcamers stop in only once or twice a week. Potersburg, a Norwegian fishing commu- nity just south of Juneau, claims the high- est per capita wealth under the American flag. Its population of 1,200 consists mostly of fishermen with a few fur farmers. But a halibut fisherman or even a salmon troller who doesn’t make from §5,000 to 810,000 in a year’s time is disappointed with himself. Hence Petersburg’s banker, Ed Lokken, told us his nearly $2,000,000 in deposits made his per capita wealth the highest in America. Alaska’s economy is, however, admittedly one-sided, devoted to fishing and gold min- ing with trapping and tourist trade next in importance. In the four cities and towns, citizens huve declared that the way to make jobs for returning GI’s and newcomers who have read much of Alaska since the bombing of Dutch Harbor and the Battle of Attu is to open up the forests and develop the two dozen or more known species of fish of com- mercial value that aren't being harvested at present. Also, Commissioner B. D. Stewart of the Alaska department of mines gave us recently published b- .klets on metallic and nonmetallic minerals that show a vast fleld of possible development in marbles, clays, Mmestones, granites and similar products. Even the sawing of logs for log-cabin-type homes, of which Alaska has many, would seem to offer many jobs. Southeastern Alaska is nearly all national forest land while much of the mainland or interior is public domain, good for grazing reindeer, dredging of gold and lumbering where there is timber. Out in the Aleutian Islands, where the Government recently re- turned the Aleuts, America’s only war refu- gees, from temporary camps near Juneau, the chief occupations are fishing and fur farming. The natives, only about 1,100 in number all told, live a subsistence type of existence although fox fur farming and sheep grazing show some promise. The Aleutians, of course, extend to within 650 miles of Japan's Kurile Islands and house some big army and navy bases since the Japanese tried to seize Aleutian bases early in the war. Alaska ts Interesting to visit in many ways. Its Matanuska Valley, where Uncle Sam has a farm colony, now is apparently out of the experimental stage and some farmers grow 15 to 20 tens of potatoes per acre on the best sandy loam soil, War prices bring them up 2779 to $98 per ton and 7 to 714 cents per pound for the new crop which is dug by mid-July. Like any other place, Alaska farming de- mands hard work, much building up of soil and constant experimentation to adapt crops to the short growing season. Even rainy southeastern Alaska has some successful farmers producing garden stuffs, berries, poultry, rabbits and dairy products. Alaska is the scene of many interesting developments. Major airlines are fighting for permits to fly through Alaska to Siberia, China, Japan, India and the Netherlands East Indies. Some day soon it may be pos- sible to fly around the rim of the Pacific through the Orient, Australia, New Zealand, South America and back to the States. Sev- eral lines already cover inland Alaska. The Navy is drilling for ofl in a vast area of the oil seepages where the Eskimos live along the Arctic Sea. Several paper com- panies, newspapers and magazines are study- ing pulpwood prospects in southeastern Alaska where the regional forester says there is enough spruce and hemlock to supply one- fifth of America’s prewar needs on @& per- petual yield basis. Several mining companies have fleld engineers in Alaska getting ready to resume gold mining or open up in new pioducts, some of which have been made profitable by war prices or war-caused shortages, The Territories committee has heard many appeals both for statehood in the near future for Alaska and for liberaliza- tion of the organic act which limits Alaska's legislature to certain local matters. They also want to elect their governor in the near future. There are problems of finances to be worked out but Alaskans seem ready to pet to work on these matters. They have set up a development board to help bring new settlers and new industries to Alaska. Its office is in Juneau. Alaskans are friendly to meet. They like to take you trout and grayling fishing, to show you the scenery and to discuss their problems. Most of them say that if granted statehood, Alaska can grow rapidly and absorb thousands of newcomers. But con- siderable study and research may be needed before the vast wealth of Alaska can be un- locked for the benefit of the entire Nation. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Louisiana has expired. The gentleman from Nebraska [Mr. Mi.uer! is recognized. Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. Mr. Chair- man, reference has been made to the defense of Alaska. I hope, regardless of whether this area remains a territory or becomes a State, that we will defend Alaska. I would remind my colleagues, however, that the Governor of Alaska, Mr. Gruening, within the last few months made the statement that Russia could take Alaska with just a few airborne di- visions. If we admitted Alaska as a State, it would be far more embarrassing to give up a State than it would be to give up a Territory. I do not believe that this is going to happen under any circum- stances, Mr. Chairman, I am very serious about this amendment. I am trying to give Alaska at least 50 percent of the land in order that she may conduct herself as a new State. The bill would give her about 12 percent of the land. I just do not believe that a new State can grow and prosper without sufficient land areas in which to do so. We all know that growth and wealth come from the soil. Our committee reported in 1945 that there were som2 8),0C0,000,000 board- feet of lumber in Alaska that could be
2780 removed. I want to see the new State prosper throuch the processes of home- stcading, development of land, and get- ting access to the water line, which they do not now have. Under Interior De- partment rule, it is almost impossible for any settler to gct to the water line. I beheve this amendment of mine would cure that It would give the new State enough to exis: on so that it could grow and prosper and it would not have to come to the United States for help every year. Outside of the last three States that came into the Union, all of the States did have their land granted to them s0 that they could develop and grow as homestead States. That is one reason why those States in our country became great. Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. I yicld to the gentleman from California. Mr. JOHNSON. Is it not the view of the gentleman, who has been up to Alaska, that it is so big the ordinary cost of a State government would be higher in Alaska than anywhere else? Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. Oh, yes. The cost would be much higher. It is about one-fifth the size of the United States. Most of the good land up there is along the southwestern coast, as the gentleman knows. Mr. JOHNSON. So that you would have to have more property on which to assess taxes? Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. Yes; and they must have more land or they can- not exist as a State. It is a hollow mock- ery to say, “We will maxe you a State, but we will give you only about 12 per- cent of the land to exist on.” I think that is wrong. I think we ought to give them at least half of the land, and that is what my amendment proposes to do. The CHAIRMAN. The Chair recog- nizes the gentleman from Florida [Mr. PETERSON]. Mr. PETERSON. Mr. Chairman, you have heard the debate more or less in detail. With reference to the particular amendment now before us, as I stated before, I do not feel kcenly one way or the other about it. The amendment was offered in committee and the com- mittee voted it down. It is a different rule from what was generally in effect when other States were admitted into the Union. Mr. BONNER. Mr. the gentleman yield? Mr. PETERSON. I yield to the gen- tleman from North Carolina, Mr. BONNER. I merely rise to ask what is the estimated revenue that the State of Alaska would get from its tax values? Or what are the tax values? Mr. PETERSON. We have that in the REcorp. Mr. BONNER. That is a very impor- tant question, whether the State would be able to sustain itself. Mr. PETERSON. Yes; the State will be able to sustain itself. Mr. BONNER. Well, what is the esti- mated taxable property that the State would be able to tax? Is it not true it has been stated that it is about $100.000? Chairman, will CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE Mr. PETERSON. No, it runs more than that. The Delegate from Alaska will give us the figures. Mr. BONNER. That is a very impor- tant question. Mr. BARTLETT. While a figure was quoted a while ago, that related only to municipalities. Mr. BONNER. We do not want to create a pauper State and that is evi- dently what you are doing because the State would not get sufficient taxes. Mr. PETERSON. Five million seven hundred fifty-three thousand five hun- dred and twenty-eight dollars. Mr. BONNER. Five milhon dollars. Now what tax would you raise on $5,000,000? Mr. PETERSON It is set forth in the Recorp and in the report clearly that they could step up the amount which the Territory is now raising and there is the further statement that the income tax would pay a great portion of it. Income taxes are paid on the processing that occurs in the United States on the fish pack, lumber, and so forth. Mr, BONNER. The gentleman from Florida is a very intelligent man. Now basically we have got to get down to facts. What in the world would you be able to raise in revenue on $5,000 000 worth of valuation? You could not run the State government. Mr BARTLETT. Mr Chairman, the Territory of Alaska now has a gross pro- duction annually of over $200,000,000. From that production, taxes to support the State would be raised. It is done everywhere else, of course. The last legislature appropriated about a million dollars. A State government would not be so costly there because we do not have to duplicate the uneconomic units that have been started and cannot be stopped. Mr. BONNER The State of Alaska would be kept in step with the other States. Mr. BARTLETT. We do not have to have a lot of small and expensive ccun- ties and we can avoid other mistakes that have been made. Mr. PETERSON. They can step up the taxes to support the government. Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. PETERSON. I yield to the gen- tleman from Michigan. Mr. CRAWFORD. The hearings which were held all over the Territory show from the mouth of the people who will pay these taxes that they have ample resources there, that they are ready to tax themselves whatever is necessary to pay the State budget and they even go so far as to claim they are sufficiently intelligent to design the type of govern- ment which they can themselves finance. Thank God we siill have people in the world who take that attitude. May I add, if the gentleman will yield further, the gentleman from Minnesota [Mr. O'Hsral] stood here and argued, if you please, that we should withhold full citizenship from the people of Alaska and Hawaii; that we should not permit them, for instance, to elect their Gover- nors; that they should be taxed without representative votes in the House and the Senate of the United States. That is 1812 stuff; it is no good. It is not in keeping with the vrincivles of this Gov- MarcH 8 ernment at the present time. It defies the fact that we fought two world wars to extend rights to the little people, and for me I certainly will never follow that course. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Florida has expired. All time has expired. The question is on the amendments offered by the gentleman from Nebraska [Mr MILLER]. The question was taken; and on a divi- sion (demanded by Mr. MILLER of Ne- braska) there were—ayes 30, noes 58. So the amendments were rejected. The CHAIRMAN. Under the rule, the Committee rises. Accordingly the Committee rose; and the Speaker having resumed the chair, Mr. Sixes, Chairman of the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union, reported that that Committee, having had under consideration the bill (H. R. 331) to provide for the admission of Alaska into the Union, pursuant to House Resolution 217, he reported the bill back to the House with sundry amendments adopted by the Committee of the Whole. The SPEAKER. Under the rule, the previous question is ordered. Is a separate vote demanded on any amendment? If not, the Chair will put them en gross. The amendments were agreed to. The SPEAKER. The question is on the enrrossment and third reading of the bill. The bill was ordered to be engrossed and read a third time and was read the third time. The SPEAKER. The question is on the passage of the bill. The question was taken; and on a divi- sion (demanded by Mr. JOHNSON) there were—ayes 87, noes 67. Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. Speaker, I object to the vote on the ground that a quorum is not present, and make the point of order that a quorum is not present. The SPEAKER. Evidently a quorum is not present. The Doorkeeper will close the doors, the Sergeant at Arms will notify absent Members, and the Clerk will call the roll. The question was taken; and there were—yeas 186, nays *46, not voting 100, as follows: [Roll No. 78] YEAS—186 Addonizio Carnahan Forand Albert Case, 8. Dak. Ford Allen, Calif Chelf Fugate Anderson, Calif Chesney Fulton Angell Christopher Furcolo Aspinall Cole, Kans Garmatzg Batley Combs Gordon Baring Corbett Gorski Barrett, Wyo Crawford Granger Bates, Ky. Crook Gross Beckworth Crosser Hagen Biemiller Cunningham  4Hall, Boggs, La. Davenport Edwin Arthur Bolling Davis, Ga. Havenner Bosone D'Ewart Hays, Ohio Bramblett Dingell Herlong Breen Dolliver Heselton Bryson Eberharter Hinshaw Buchanan Elliott Holifield Buckley, Il. Elston Holmes Burdick Engle, Calif. Hope Burke Evins Horan Burnside Fallon Howell Byrnes, Wis. Feighan Irving Camp Fernandes Jackson, Wash. Canfield Flood Javits
1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE Basecer Saylor Scudder Secrest Sheliey es Simpson, Tl. Sims Spence Staggers Stigler Stockman Sullivan Talle Tauriello Thompson Tollefson Underwood Velde Vorys Wagner Walsh Welch Werdel White, Calif. White, Idaho Wickersham Wier Willis Wilson, Okla. Withiow Woodhouse Yates Young Zablocki O'Hara, Minn. Pace Patterson Philbin Phillips, Calif Pickett Poage Potter Preston Rains Rankin Reed, Ill. Reed, N Y. Rich Richards Riehlman Sadlak St George Scrivner Shafer Short Simpson, Pa. Smith, Kans. Smith, Va Smith, Wis. Stanicy Steed Stefan Sutton Taber Tackett ‘Teague Thomas Thornberry Trimble Van Zandt Weichel Wheeler Whitten Whittington Wigglesworth Williams Wilson, Ind. Winstead Wolcott Wolverton Deane Denton Dollinger Douglas Doyle Durham Eaton Ellsworth Fogarty Gary Gilmer Granahan Jenison Miles Jensen Miller, Calif. Karst Mitchell Karsten Morris Kearney Morton Kearns Multer Kee Murdock Keefe Murphy Kennedy Murray, Wis. Kerr Nixon King Norblad Kirwan Norton Kruse O'Brien, Tl, Lane O'Brien, Mich. Lanham O’Hara, Tl. Larcade O’Konski LeCompte O'Neil LeFevre O'’sullivan Lemke O'Toole Lind Passman Linehan Patman Lovre Perkins McCarthy Pcterson McCormack Phillips, Tenn McDonough Polk McGuire Poulson McKinnon Price McSweeney Priest Mack, Wash Rabaut Madden Rees Magee Ribicoff Mansfield Rodino Marsalis Rogers, Fla. Marshall Rogers, Mass Martin, Iowa Rooney Merrow Sabath Meyer Sanborn NAYS—146 Abernethy Goodwin Allen, 71 Gore Andersen, Gossett H Carl Graham Andresen, Grant August H. Hale Andrews Halleck Alends Hand Barden Harden Bates, Mass. Hardy Battle Hare Bennett, Mich. Harris Bishop Harrison Bolton, Obio Harvey Bonner Hays, Ark. Boykin Hill Brehm Hobbs Brown, Ga. Hoeven Brown, Ohio Hoffman, Mich Burleson Huber Cannon Hull Carlyle Jenkins Chipe: fleld Jennings Church Johnson Cievenger Jonas Cole, N. ¥. Jones, Ala. Colmer Jones, Mo Cooley Jones, N C. Cooper Kean Cotton Keating Cox Kilburn Curtis Kilday Dague Lodge Davis, Tenn. Lucus Davis, Wis McConnell DeGraffenried McCulloch Delaney McGregor Dondero McMillan,8 C. Donohue McMillen, Tl. Doughton Mahon Engel, Mich. Mason Fellows Michener Fenton Miller, Md Fisher Miller, Nebr. Frazier Mills Gamble Monroney Gathings Murray, Tenn. Gavin Nelson Gillette Nicholson Golden Norrell NOT VCTING—100 Abbitt Bulwinkle Allen, La. Burton Auchincloss Byrne, N. ¥. Barrett, Pa. Carroll Beall Case, N. J. Bennett, Fla. Cavalcante Bentsen Celler Blackney Chatham Blatnik Chudoff Boggs, Del. Clemente Bolton, Md. Coudert Brooks Davies, N. ¥. Buckley,N Y Duwson XCVI——175 Grecn Gregory Leonard W Regan Gwinn Lyle Rhodes Hall, Lynch Rivers Hart McGrath Roosevelt Hébert Mack, Il. Sadowski Hedrick Macy Scott, Hardie Heffernan Marcantonio Scott, Heller Martin, Mass Hugh D., Jr. Herter Morgan Sheppard Hoffman, M1. Morrison Smathers Jackson, Calif Moulder Smith, Ohio Jacobs Noland Taylor James Patten Towe Judd Pfeifer, Vinson Kelley, Pa. Joseph L. Vursell Kelly, N. Y. Pieiffer, Wadbworth Keogh William L. Walter Klein Plumley Whitaker Kunkel Powell Widnall Latham Quinn Wilson, Tex. Lesinski Ramsay Worley Lichtenwaiter Redden So the bill was passed. The Clerk announced the following pairs: On this vote: Mr. Celler for, with Mr. Martin of Massa- chusetts against. Mr = Auchincloss for, against. Mr. William L. Pfeiffer for, with Mr. Hugh D Scott, Jr., against. Mr. Ellsworth for, with Mr Widnall against. Mr. Hoffman of Illinois for, with Mr. Jack- son of California against. Mr. Carroll for, with Mr. Keogh against. Mr. Hart for, with Mr. Clemente against. Mr Denton for, with Mr. Wilson of Texas against Mr. Roosevelt for, with Mr. Macy against. M). Noland for, with Mr. Joseph L. Pfeifer against. Mr. Heller for, with Mr. Abbitt against. Mr Hébert for, with Mr. Burton against. Mr. Morrison for, with Mr. Quinn against. Mr. Leonard W Hall for, with Mr. Gary against. Mr. Deane for, with Mr. Redden arainst. Mr. Marcantonio for, with Mr. Herter against. Mr. Patten for, with Mr. Jumes against. Mr. Kelley of Pennsylvania for, with Mr. Bulwinkle against. Mr. Klein for, with Mr Chatham against. Mr. Eaton for, with Mr. Lichtenwalter against Mr. Barrett of Pennsylvania for, with Mr. Beall against. Mr. Granahan for, against. Mr. Chudoff for, with Mr. Gwinn against. Until further notice: Mr. Bentsen with Mr. Judd. Mr. Davies of New York with Mr. Kunkel. Mrs. Douglas with Mr. Plumley. Mr. Mack of Illinols with Mr. Hardie Scott. Mr. Morgan with Mr. Vursell. Mr Worley with Mr. Towe. Mr. Whitaker with Mr. Wadsworth. Mr Vinson with Mr Case of New Jersey. Mr Smathers with Mr. Boggs of Delaware. Mr. Rivers with Mr. Blackney. Mr. Green with Mr. Latham. Mr. Hedrick with Mr. Smith of Ohio. Mr. McCarrny changed his vote from “nay” to “yea.” Mr. CuHurcH changed his vote from “voa” to “nay.” The result of the vote was announced as above recorded. The doors were opened. A motion to reconsider was laid on the table. ADJOURNMENT OVER Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that when the House with Mr. Taylor with Mr. Coudert 2781 adjourns today it adjourn to meet on Monday next. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Massachusetts? Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Mr. Speaker, reserving the right to object, what can the majority leader say as to the plan for taking up the legislation pro- posed by the President to restore national coal production? Mr. McCORMACK. I announced the program earlier, in which I said that it probably would be considered under sus- pension of the rules. Mr. CASE of South Dakota. When? Mr. McCORMACK. Of course, that would have to be on Monday. I cannot make'‘a definite statement to the House. That is the strongest I can go at the present time. Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Mr. Speaker, the President in his message suid that this requires action at once. If it is to be taken at face value, I do not understand the reason why we should wait until Monday to consider it. Mr. McCORMACK. Well, I told the House that the only way the bill could be considered would be by unanimous consent. The gentleman from South Dakota knows that. Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Has the gentleman asked for unanimous consent? Mr. McCORMACK. On Monday a mo- tion to suspend the rules and pass on the bill would be in order. I stated that I had information that the Senate com- mittee might consider it this afternoon, and if they reported it out, the Senate might consider it tomorrow. Cortainly Mondsy is as early as anyone could rea- sonably expect the House to pass on the bill. Mr. CASE of South Dakota. The gen- tleman recalls that when the railroad strike was on a bill was presented here and driven through on the same day. Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr, Spcaker, will the gentleman yield? Mr. CASE of South Dakota. I yield. Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. AsIun- derstand it, the majority leader had in- formation that objection would be made and he could not get unanimous consent anyway. Mr. McCORMACK. I could not say that. I will befrank. I doubt if unani- mous consent could be obtained, but on Monday, anyway, a motion to suspend the rules will be in order. Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Yester- day I was conferring with the head of the Interstate Commerce Commission on this situation, the shortage of coal, and I was informed that there are many railroads today that have lcss than 10 days’ supply of coal on hand, and that is going to have its repercussions throughout the general economy. If that is the situation, action 3 days earlier means coal 3 days earlier, if this will produce coal. I do not know that it will, but if it will, if this is the thing to do, then this ought to be done at the earliest possible time, it seems to me, and the majority leadcr should seek to
2782 bring it up under unanimous consent. If he cannot, then of course the procedure he suggested about waiting until Monday would be in order. Under the circum- stances, until an attempt is made tomor- row, I shall be constrained to object to going over until Monday. Mr. McCORMACK. I am somewhat surprised at the statement of my friend. Nobody has really had an opportunity to examine the bill that has been intro- duced. Mr. COOLEY. Has the bill even been printed and made available to the House? Mr. McCORMACK. I think the ma- jority leader is doing everything possible for as early consideration as anybody could expect on the part of the House, when we have an opportunity to move to suspend the rules and pass the bill on Monday. If that day were 2 weeks off or 10 days off a different situation would present itself. Mr. CASE of South Dakota. When you are dealing with a coal strike? Mr. McCORMACK. Certainly. The bill has been referred to the House com- mittee. Mr. CASE of South Dakota. The House committee may meet tomorrow morning. Mr. McCORMACK. The House com- mittee is going to meet tomorrow morn- ing, I understand. There is going to be a Senate committee mccting. I do not know if they met this afternoon or not. Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Certainly I would not want to admit that the other body could consider this legislation more quickly than we. As the gentleman has suggested, the Senate is going to take it up tomorrow, and I do not know why an attempt at least should not be made to bring it up in the House tomorrow. Un- til that request is made, I will object to going over to Monday. GENERAL LEAVE TO EXTEND REMARKS Mr. PETERSON. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that all Members may have five legislative days to extend ther remarks in the Recorp on the Alaska statehood bill. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Florida? There was no objection. OLEOMARGARINE Mr. COOLEY. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that the House Com- mittee on Agriculture may have until midnight tonight to file a conference re- port and statement on the bill (H. R. 2023) to regulate oleomargarine, to re- peal certain taxes relating to oleomar- garine, and for other purposes. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from North Carolina? Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. Re- se-ving the right to object, Mr. Speaker, I am a member of the committee of con- ference, and I do not know of any mem- ber of the committee on the minority side that has had an opportunity to ex- amine the conference report or the statement of the conferces. I fecl we should at least have the opportunity to CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE examine the report before it is filed, be- cause it is 10 days since the conferees apparently agreed. Until we have a chance to see the report, I will object to filing it tonight. CONFERENCE REPORT ON S. 1008 Mr. MICHENER (on behalf of Mr. CELLER) submitted a conference report and statement on the bill S. 1008, an act to define the application of the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Act to certain pricing practices. EXTENSION OF REMARKS Mr. SHAFER asked and was given permission to extend his remarks in the RECORD. STATEHOOD FOR HAWAII Mr. PETERSON. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union for the consid- eration of the bill (H. R. 49) to enable the people of Hawaii to form a consti- tution and State government and to be admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original States. The motion was agreed to. Accordingly the House resolved itself into the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union for the consid- eration of the bill H. R. 49, with Mr. Hirpy in the chair. The Clerk read the title of the bill. By unanimous consent, the first read- ing of the bill was dispensed with. Mr. PETERSON. Mr. Chairman, I yield myself 5 minutes. Mr. Chairman, we want to make as much progress as we can toward siate- hood for Hawaii, and we thought we might utilize this time. I want to place in the Recorp certain figures for your con- sideration before we vote. You will have these figures available to you, so that you can analyze them and see just what the sitvation is. Bear in mind the fact that the Terri- tory of Hawali was annexed by the United States originally as a result of a treaty. At that time Hawaii was an independent republic. The people hoped and aspired at that time to ultimately obtain state- hood.’ They acquired Territorial status at that time and since then they have managed their financial affairs in fine shape. They paid more into the Fed- eral Treasury in 1949 than 11 other States. They paid $90,824,693. This ex- ceeds the amount paid by 11 States: Ari- zona, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Da- kota, Utah, Vermont, and Wyoming. So they have grown up financially and in addition the population consists of more than half a million people. The estimated population is 533,000 as of July 1948. In view of the fact that later on I will discuss this matter again, I shall not go into it further at this ume, but I did want to show clearly in my opening remarks that this bill was reported out of the committee with only one dissent- inz vote which was more in the nature of a resolution than it was actually a vote against it. I sincerely hope we may Marcu 8 pass this bill granting statehood to Ha-~ waul by a fine vote. Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Chairman, I yield 15 minutes to the Delegate from Hawaii {Mr. FarrincTon]. Mr. FARRINGTON. Mr. Chairman, the hour is late and I realize that all Members are anxious to conclude these proceedings and return to their offices and homes. But before you do so, I would like to introduce you briefly to some of the issues involved in the question of ad- mitting Hawaii to the Union as a State. The bill before us is almost identical with the bill passed on June 30, 1947, by a vote of 196 to 133. The only changes that have been made in it are minor, and have been made necessary by the passing of time. There is no legislation that has come before the House in recent years that has received as extensive consideration as statehood for Hawaii. There is avail- able to you hearings that cover more than 3,000 pages. More than 700 witnesses have been heard. Eighty or ninety Mem- bers of Congress have served on com- muttees which have considered this issue, and something like 50 of them have visited the Territory itself to examine the problems at first-hand. The people of the Territory of Hawaii are overwhelmingly in favor of state- hood for Hawa. A plebiscite in 1940 showed them 2 to 1 in favor of it, but a vote today would show them at least 4 or 5 to 1 in favor of statehood for Hawaii. I do not think there can be the slightest doubt about that. In addition to that, the people of the country support the admission of Hawai1 to the Union as a State. A poll of public cpinion taken in recent years was con- cluded on February 22, and it showed the people 4 to 1 in favor of statehood for Hawaii. Every patriotic organization of any consequence in the country has come out in favor of it. The Amcrican Legion Jast. fall went on record as favoring statehood for Alaska and for Hawau for defense reasons. J could cite organiza- tions in practically every field of human activity who have recorded themselves in favor of the admission of Hawaii to the Union as a State. The people of Hawaii have lived for many years in the belicf that they wcre promised statehood for Hawaii. They have been encouraged in that belief, and they feel now they have demonstrated their qualifications for it. I will not undertake to review what those qualifications are, as Many com- mittces have already found that we are qualified. The record supports that. I do not think there is anybody who will dispute it. Finally, I think there can be no ques- tion that the time has come for the coun- try to fulfill the promise of statehood for the people of Hawaii for reasons that have been very well presented to the House earlier in the day. So many of the issues involved have already been given consideration by the House that I see no point in prolonging the cacbate on this
1950 question. I believe the House fs thor- oughly informed on the issues involved, and ready to vote. I think you know that the population of Hawaii is well over 500,000. The argu- ments against Alaskan statehood on that account do not apply to Hawaii, We have been so well developed from an eco- nomic standpoint that we are able to discharge all the financial obligations of statehood. In fact, it would save the Federal Government a little money to give Hawaii statehood, in the executive and judicial branches. Mr. KEATING. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. FARRINGTON. I yield. Mr. KEATING. I voted against state- hood for Alaska, but I am particularly impressed with the argument the gen- tleman 1s now making. I feel that Hawali is in quite a different category from Alaska, and I expect to support the gen- tleman in the splendid fight he has been making to have statehood for Hawaii. Mr. FARRINGTON, I thank the gen- tleman. I have nothing further to add at this time, Mr. Chairman, and I yield back the remainder of my time. Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent to extend my re- marks at this point in the Recorp. The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Michigan? There was no objection. Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Chairman, I favor H. R. 49. Congress must grant Hawaii and Alaska statehood—now. The reasons are imperative. They are key areas of our strategic defense against Russia. They are key areas in our cold war against the world spread of communism. As Territories they are weak. As States they would be strong. Japan struck at both Territories in World War II. Hawaii and Alaska today are the prime targets under the American flag of the most powerful enemy that has ever threatened the United States. Statehood would strengthen them internally. And statehood would vastly strengthen America’s position in the ideological and economic conflict now being waged by Russia throughout the Pacific. Proof of that was given me on my recent tour of all our island possessions in the Pacific, Japan, the Philippines, Okinawa, Hong Kong, and other parts of the Orient. It substantiated completely earlier im- pressions I had gained on visits to Alaska and other Territorial possessions. The actions of our Government toward its Territories speak louder to the peo- ples of the Orient and the Pacific than all the flossy double talk emanating from our State Department. We will be on the losing end of the cold war in the Pacific as long as we limit the peoples of Hawaii and Alaska to a mere territorial status. Today Communists everywhere can and do make capital of these admittedly unfortunate facts: CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE First. Hawaii, an area with a popula- tion greater than that of 11 of our sover- eign States, has no vote in Congress and no voice in the Senate of the United States. Second. Alaska, with an area one-third as large as our entire continental United States, likewise has no vote in Congress or voice in the Senate. Third. They are excluded from even discussions of foreign relations within the appropriate committees of the House and Senate. Fourth. Their citizens contribute richly in taxes to the Federal Treasury— without representation. Fifth. Their people, their business en- terprises, and thelr investments in recent years have been denied even Federal pro- tection. As Territories, both Hawaii and Alaska have been powerless to deal with para- lyzing strikes which Harry Bridges’ Pa- cific longshoremen’s union either engi- neered or in which his union has been actively involved. Bridges is now on trial in the United States District Court in San Francisco on perjury charges that he swore falscly at a naturalization hearing in 1945 that he never was a Communist. There is voluminous testimony before that trial that he 1s or was a Communist and a Icader among Communists. As Territories, Hawaii and Alaska are helpless to deal with such types. CRUCIAL ROLE As States they could protect the in- terests of their citizens and their ccon- omy at least toa greater legrce than they can now or have been unable to during recent strangling strikes. Statehood is important to Hawaii and Alaska. It is even more important to the United States that Hawaii and Alaska become States. Theirs is a crucial role in our national destiny. They are our western bastions of de- fense. They represent to the peoples of Asia, the Orient, and the Pacific the one ex- ample of unity and equality among the three great Pacific racial groups. In their territorial activities Hawaiians and Alaskans have long demonstrated the highest qualities of citizenship and abilities for self-government under the free American system. Hawaii and Alaska are entitled to statehood and statehood will enable them to more effectively fill their vital role. Consider these roles separately. Alaska is a vast territory of very great, yet unmeasured resources. We are spending money up there as if we intended to use Alaska as a buffer be- tween the United States and Russia, which lies only across a narrow strip of water where the two countries almost touch. CANNOT CONTINUE The United States has set itself up as a buffer between Russia und the rest of the worid. 2783 Unless Alaska does serve as a strong buffer between Russia and ourselves, the United States cannot continue indefi- nitely as a buffer between Russia and the rest of the world. It is as simple as that. The United States needs Alaska as a State. It needs Alaska much more than Alas- ka needs the United States. It needs Alaska’s space, her strategic geographic pcsition, her industry, her re- sources, and her potential products. We necd everything Alaska has—fish, timber, minerals, oil—and everything that Alaska can develop and produce. We need them in relation to our in- dustrial and economic position, and in relation to the international obligations we have assumed throughout the world. NEEDS PEOPLE Alaska needs people, lots of people, in addition to its present population which today is largcr than that of a third of our States when they were ad- mitted to the Union. She needs people to develop her vast resources. Alaska needs transportation so that tonnage to build industries and defenses can move to Alaska, and the products and raw materials of Alaska can move to us. To Alaskans this means a railroad, and it should mean the same thing to us, A railroad is the only safe and eco- nomic method of transportation that can be provided. Ocean transportation to Alaska has been shut off repeatedly by maritime union strikes. POWERFUL INFLUENCE Every strike has impaired our defense program in Alaska. Russian submarines would menace our sea lanes in event of war. The Alcan Highway is a dusty road that starts far north of Edmonton and is connected with closer highways only by an unimproved dirt road constantly in bad condition. In the face of Russia’s huge submarine program and her vast construction pro- gram across the Bering Straits from Alaska, a railway to Alaska is a must. What does this have to do with state- hood? This: Alaska needs—and we need—two Alaskans in the United States Senate who can inform us about Alaska and her needs, both economic and for defense. We need their voice, their action, and their vote. Alaska needs—and we need—a Repre- sentative in the House who has a vote. BENEFIT TO ALASKA Alaska would benefit, the United States would benefit, and, I believe, our international relations in view of the obligations we have assumed to help most of the world, would benefit as well. Hawaii is in a somewhat different posi- tion, but is just as much entiticd to statchood as Alaska, although for some- what different reasons.
2784 Militarily, Hawaii stands at one corner of our inner Pacific defense triangle that extends from Alaska’s mainland down to Hawali and across to our Pacific coast. Hawali also is a pivot for our outer Pacific defense triangle that extends southward to encompass the Pacific islands now under our trusteeship, 3amoa and Guam; extends westward to Dkinawa, and extends north to the tip wf the Al utians. Hawai has almost reeched the zenith xf her agricuJtural development and *eSOUI CES. LOYAL POPULATION Her population is large and relatively stable. Her people are industrious and oyal. Hawaii is American. In every vay Hawali is the equivalent of States vith similar populations—except that he is not a State. Hawaii has met all qualifications of itatehood ordinarily required by Con- ‘ress and definitely should be a State. Statehood for Hawaii would have »riceless value to the United States in the -acific and in our international relations vith the world. Only in Hawaii have the cultures of ‘ne Orient, of Micronesia and Polynesia, »ecome completelv absorbed within the American concept of huraan dignity and sovernment under law. The mere knowledge that Hawaii has xeen granted statehood would have iynamic effect throughout Oceania and he Orient. It would be the greatest blow to Stalin ind communism in the Orient that America could deliver, for it would prove his: Where Russia can only offer slavery, ‘tarvation, and loss of face, the United States has offered to a population that ncludes their racial strains full partner- hip as a State. Let us achieve this victory in the cold var in the Pacific now. Make Hawaii a State. Mr. PETERSON. Mr. Chairman, I eld such time as he may desire to the ‘entleman from Louisiana [Mr. Pass- fAN], Mr.PASSMAN. Mr. Chairman, not too ften do I come to the well of this House o speak for or against proposed legisla- ion, but to me the bill under considera- ion, which has for its purpose state- 100d for Hawaii, is one of merit. There- ore, it is a privilege for me to support I. R. 49. Unless I have been misinformed—and ‘do not believe that I have been—there Ss no sound reason or logic why Hawaii hould not be granted statehood. It vould appear to me the plain truth is hat, through neglect, the Congress of he United States is guilty of imposing axation without representation on half , million American citizens, the people f Hawaii. In considering the bill before us, if we vere to consider only facts, in all prob- sbility this bill would have the unani- nous support of this body. It is my un- erstanding that Hawaiian status has ever been that of a colony or a posses- lon; instead its people have always CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE understood that, when qualified, they were to be accorded the privileges of statehood. They feel that on the basis of their accomplishments their period of apprenticeship should have been termi- nated years ago. It has been directed to my attention that Hawali was neither purchased from a foreign government nor Was it a prize of war. In 1897, then an independent republic, Hawaii volun- tarily offered itself for annexation to the United States in much the same manner as did the Republic of Texas in 1845, Thus, in 1898, by resolutions of Con- gresses of this country and Hawaii, the island republic became an integral part of the United States. I think it would be wel: for us to con- sider Hawaii’s war record. No doubt many of you in pondering this question will recall to mind the stories about sabotage which came to us over the air and through the press that fateful Sunday in December 1941. We heard that Japanese laborers had cut huge arrows in the cane fields, pointing the direction of Pearl Harbor. You will re- call another story to the effect that other saboteurs drove trucks upon the runways of our military airfields and wrecked them, thereby preventing our fighter planes from taking off to repel the invader. These are but two of the many storics given wide circulation on and immedi- ately after December 7, 1941. How many of them were true? Well, the govern- ment departments in charge of our Nation’s safety who should Know are the Army, Navy, and the FBI. Ail three, through their spokesmen, in reporting to Congress on these stories stated that neither before, during, nor after the at- tack on Pear! Harbor was there any evi- dence of a single act of sabotage in Hawaii. Instead of their loyalty being open to question, it would probably be more accurate to say that nowhere did Americans labor as hard to win the war—and under more difficult circum- stances than did our citizens in Hawaii. Moreover, the people of Hawaii bought more war bonds, per capita, than did the people of any of the 48 mainland States. Those who were inclined to be dubious about the loyalty of part of our Ha- wailan citizens invariably have in mind that segment of 32 percent of the Is- Jands’ population which is of Japanese extraction. Perhaps the best single in- dex of the loyalty of our Americans of Japanese parentage lies in the fact that although they represent 32 percent of the population, due to their large num- ber of volunteers, their racial group sup- plied 52 percent of Hawaii’s World War II fighting men. It is difficult to grasp—even from this astounding fact—the full measure of the devotion of these men. For it should be borne in mind that because of their racial background, they vere looked upon with suspicion and were subjected to uncalled for abuse and indignities, The Navy, for example—in which I was privileged to serve—refused to accept them even as volunteers. MARCH 3 And what sort of soldiers did they make? About 13,000 of them bore arms in World War II and the bulk of these men were assigned to the 100th Infantry Battalion and the 442nd Combat Team. Except for some top officers, both of these outfits were composed entirely of Ameri- cans of Japanese ancestry, and their ex- ploits make up one of the most glorious chapters in America’s military history. In the entire course of the Italian and Furopean campaigns these men did not give up so much as one yard—only two of them were captured by the enemy, and then only after both men had been se- verely wounded. For their courage and accomplishments these superb fighting men came out of the war the most highly decorated unit in the history of the United States Army. They were awarded: Five Presidential unit citations; Fifty Army commendations; Eighty-two Division commendations; Sixty-five Distinguished Service Crosses; Two hundred ninety Silver Stars; and Seven hundred eight-two Bronze Stars. All of this was not accomplished with- out suffering and sacrifice. So many of these men were casualties that through- out Europe the 100th Infantry was known as the “Purple Heart Battalion.” Six hundred forty-eight of them made the. supreme sacrifice. Thus did those splen- did men demonstrate a fact some of us are, at times, prone to forget, namely that good Americanism is determined by what one has in his heart. If any fur- ther evidence of the quality of their citi- zenship is desired, it can be found in the records of the Hawaii Police Department, which show a lower rate of crime, per capita, among our Americans of Japa- nese ancestry than for any other racial ercup, including the Caucasian. It may surprise you, as 1t did me, to learn that the educational system of Hawaii 1s such as to invite the envy of many of us on the mainland. The record discloses that compulsory education for all children six and older became man- datory in Hawaii as early as 1835. I need not tell you that this was many, many years before it became law in some States. The salary scale and other bene- fits for Hawaii’s teachers are higher than prevail in any States except New York and Louisiana. The fact that all teach- ers, both rural and urban, are paid on the same wage scale makes it possible for rural children to be taught by teach- ers of identical qualifications to those who teach the children in Honolulu with its quarter of a million people. A con- gressional committee investigating Ha- waii’s qualifications for statehood re- ported that in 1945 rural teachers in the continental United States were paid an average annual salary of $1,018 as com- pared with 32,014 in Hawaii. Today’s compensation, of course, is even higher. Their high schools, for example, require four full years of Fnglish—incidentally, only 15 States have such a requirement. Contrary to the popular mainland conception, Hawaii's economy does not
1950 rest upon her tourist trade. It is bas- ically dependent upon her agriculture. Here is a good example of what Hawaii has accomplished in agriculture: Because the land is mostly mountain- ous, only about 7 percent is in cultivation on all crops. This total acreage in cul- tivation is, roughly, 420 square miles. Hawaii produces annually: First. Twice as much sugar as the total combined yields of Louisiana and Florida, with a value of $100,000,000; Second. Ninety percent of the world’s pack of pineapples, valued at more than $60,000,000; Third. Six and one-half million pounds of coffee; and Fourth. Diversified crops valued at about $12,000,000. Hawali has a very high annual income; yet the income is not confined to any one segment of her people. The record will disclose that even her field workers re- ceive an hourly wage in excess of 75 cents. I am sure it would interest you to learn that in 1948 Hawaii paid into the Federal Treasury more tax money than did 12 of our States. By way of example, 2,000,000 people of Mississippi paid Uncle Sam $106,000,000, or $53 per capita— the half million people of Hawaii paid Uncle Sam $108,000,000, or $216 per capita. It has been my privilege to visit Hawail and I have profound respect for and con- fidence in the loyalty, devotion, and patriotism of this segment of Americans. I might say that I spent many hours checking into Hawaii's background and economy, and I have been unable to de- velop what, in my mind, is one sound reason why Hawaii should not be granted statehood. Mr. PETERSON. Mr. Chairman, I move that the Committee do now rise. The motion was agreed to. Accordingly the Committee rose, and the Speaker having resumed the chair (Mr. Harpy], Chairman of the Commit- tee of the Whole House on the State of the Union, reported that that Commit- tee, having had under consideration the bill (H. R. 49) to enable the people of Hawaii to form a constitution and State government and to be admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original States, had come to no rcsolu- tion thereon. Mr. KEEFE. Mr. Speaker, a parlia- mentary inquiry. The SPEAKER. The gentleman will state it. Mr. KEEFE. If the House meets to- morrow will the unfinished business be further consideration of the Hawaiian statehood bill? The SPEAKER. If the House resolves itself into the Committee of the Whole House for that purpose, yes; whether or not it will, I do not know. Mr. McCORMACK. May I not state to the gentleman in all frankness so that the House will be advised, that if the House meets tomorrow it is my intention after unanimous-consent requests are made and 1-minute speeches are dis- posed of, to move that the House ad- Journ. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE Iam keeping my agreement. We have done everything we can. It is rather difficult for me to understand why the situation is not completely appreciated. The first time the House could act would be Monday under suspension. Mr. COOLEY. Mr. Speaker, does the gentleman intend to submit his request again? Mr. McCORMACK. When a gentle- man objects, unless he himself tells me he has withdrawn his objection, I will not renew a request. I simply wish to advise the membership what I intend to do so that they can govern themselves accordingly. We are doing everything we can. Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? Mr. MCCORMACK. I yield. Mr. CASE of South Dakota. The ma- jority leader is always seductive when he starts out with such flattery, and it makes it very dificult to maintain a po- sition in opposition to his views. Mr. McCORMACK. No; it is the truth; it is not flattery. Mr. CASE of South Dakota. The gen- tleman from Massachusetts states, if I understand him correctly, that he will move that the House adjourn tomorrow following consent requests and 1-minute speeches. Mr. McCORMACK. Yes; because the earlicst we can consider any coal legis- lation is Monday. Mr. CASE of South Dakota. The gen- tleman, then, is taking upon himself the responsibility of saying that the House would not consider this coal emergency tomorrow? Mr. McCORMACK. The gentleman from Massachusetts is not taking that responsibility. The gentleman from South Dakota should not take that posi- tion, because it is not fair. The gentle- man from Massachusetts takes the posi- tion that the earliest that the House can consider it is Monday. Mr. CASE of South Dakota. The House could consider it tomorrow by unanimous consent. Mr. McCORMACK. Such action is an impossibility. Mr. TACKETT. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? Mr. McCORMACK. I yield. Mr. TACKETT. It is my understand- ing that the only way in which the House could consider this legislation tomorrow would be by unanimous consent. Mr. McCORMACK. That is right. Mr. TACKETT. That is the reason why we should adjourn over until Mon- day now. If consent is asked to con- sider such legislation tomorrow I will object to its consideration. I say this hoping it may help clarify the situation. Mr. CASE of South Dakota. If the gentleman from Arkansas wishes to take the responsibility of saying it is impos- ble to consider the legislation tomorrow ecause he will object——- Mr. McCORMACK. I do not think that is fair. Mr. TACKETT, I will take it, 2785 Mr. McCORMACK. No; the gentle- man stepped in. I think the fair posi- tion is that Monday is the earliest date on which it could possibly be expected to bring up the legislation. Mr. HALLECK. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to proceed for 1 minute. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Indiana? There was no objection. Mr. HALLECK. I do this in my re- sponsibility here today on the minority side. I feel constrained to say that I discussed this matter, or rather the Speaker and the majority leader dis- cussed the matter with me as to the earliest date this coal legislation could be considered, and it was understood among us that it would very definitely appenr that the earliest time would be on Monday. It was on that basis that I inquired of the majority leader earlier this evening in my over-all question as to the program, whether or not he ex- pected to seek permission to adjourn the House over until Monday. Mr. McCORMACK. I thank the gen- tleman. I made no such observation, because it was the general opinion that Monday was the earliest that it could be considered. I stated I had received information, and it is purely informa- tion—I cannot say anything reliable— that the Senate committee might be called to consider it this afternoon and if reported out the Senate would pass it. Monday is the earliest date that any responsible Member could expect the House to act. Fortunately it is Consent Calendar Day, otherwise we would have to get unanimous consent or a special rule out of the Rules Committee making it in order. It cannot be brought up except by those two methods. The SPEAKER. The time of the gen- tleman from Indiana has expired. REQUEST FOR ADJOURNMENT FROM FRIDAY TO MONDAY Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that when the House adjourns today it adjourn to meet on Monday next, : Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Mr. Speaker, I object. EXTENSION OF REMARKS Mr. POLK asked and was given per- mission to extend his remarks in the ReEcorp and include a statement he made before the Committee on Ways and Means on the subject of revision of our tax laws, Mr. ELLIOTT asked and was given permission to extend his remarks in the Recorp and include extraneous matter. Mr. HOWELL asked and was given permission to extend his remarks in the REcorpD. Mr. TAURIELLO (at the request of Mr. HOWELL) was given permission to extend his remarks in the Recorp and in- clude extraneous matter. Mr. ENGLE of California asked and was given permission to extend his re- marks in the REcorp.,
2786 Mr. ENGLE of California asked and was given permission to extend his re- marks in the Recorp and include ex- traneous matter notwithstanding that it exceeded two pages of the Recorp and, according to the Public Printer, cost $191.24 to print. Mr. BOYKIN asked and was given per- mission to extend his remarks in the Recorp and include a statement of Louis Johnson. Mr. LANE asked and was given per- mission to extend his remarks in the Recorp and include an interesting ar- ticle appearing in the Evening Tribune, of Lawrence, Mass, Mr. MEYER asked and was given per- mission to extend his remarks in the Recorp and include a letter. Mr. STEFAN asked and was given per- mission to extend his remarks in the Recorp in four instances and include newspaper articles. Mr. JENISON asked and was given permission to extend his remarks in the Recorp and include an article. Mr. VELDE asked and was given per- mission to extend his remarks in the RECORD THIS IS AMERICA’S HOUR Mr. REES. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani- mous consent to address the House for 1 minute. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Kansas? There was no objection. Mr. REES. Mr. Speaker, I have re- quested permission to speak at this time in order to call the attention of the Members of the House to a very informa- tive and impressive sermon delivered at the National Presbyterian Church in Washington on Sunday, February 19, by Rev. Louis H. Evans, D. D., LL. D., pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in Hol- lywood, Calif. The sermon is a masterpiece. In my opinion, it should be made available in- sofar as possible to every thinking citizen in this country. I am submitting it for the Recorp in the hope that it may re- ecive the wide recognition to which I feel it is entitled. The sermon reads as follows: “Blessed is that nation, whose God ts the Lord and the people whom He hath chosen for his inheritance.” (Psalms 33: 12.) It is evident by this text that God has a philosophy of history—that He chooses what nations He will for His cosmic plan. Deity has undoubtedly smiled at the many sacred anthropomorphisms, figures, similes, and pictures that we have put together in our endeavor to describe Him and His at- tributes. We have pictured God as a Ruler upon a throne; as 4 Father which art in the heavens providing for His little brood; as the Lord of Hosts leading His forces to battle; as the Judge upon the universal bench ever doing righteously; in Genesis He is pictured as the Holy Spirit, as a Mother bending over the cradle of the universe and crooning over the young child humanity. Yet the most touching picture I have seen of God was one in which He was sitting at the table of the universe playing chess, and the nations and the men were His pawns. He was playing a great game of strategy and His aim was to build a Kingdom of Righteousness. The CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE free will of man, as He chose to give it, seemed at times to allow such moves on the part of evil men and nations as to retard His progress and thwart His victory. Yet one was conscious always that God would win in the end and that the last maps would always be made in heaven. In the moves on the chessboard of history “careless seemed the Great Avenger, yet behind the great un- known stood God keeping watch o'er His own.” As nations served His divine purpose, they remained on the chessboard of history but when they got in His way, or in the way of the good of mankind, He removed them from the board. Ninetecn civilizations had al- ready been moved from the chessboard of history, for this strategic game was played with many men A study of history has shown that nations have been His pawns and His pieces and this has been Fis strategy with knights and castles and kings and queens and bishops and pawns. Benjamin Franklin at the framing of the Constitution, when he was 81, spohe these words “IT have lived, sir, a long time; and the longer I live the more convincing proofs I see of this truth, that God governs in the affairs of men. And, if @ sparrow cannot fall to the ground without His notice, is 1t probable that an empiro can rise without His aid? We have been assured, air, in the sacred writings that ‘except the Lord build the house, they labol in vain that build it.’ I firmly believe this, and I also believe that, without His concurring aid, we shall succeed in this political building no better than the builders of Babel.” Let us glance now hastily at the way in which God has moved and used various na- tions !n the over-all strategy in this game of the spirit and the kingdom. Israel was to be used as His chosen people to convey His truth and His oracles to the nations with whom this people should come in contact But first of all Israel must be tutored—she must learn obedience to God, humility, and dependability upon Jehovah, This she must learn tn the throes of cap- tivity. Thus Babylon is raised up and a part of these people is carried captive and under Babylonian yoke God's people learned obedt- ence and a reaching out of hand and heart to Jehovah's guidance. The ministry of Babylon is done and she is soon to be re- moved from the chessboard of nations, Persia now rises to power and by the prophets Cyrus is called the “tool of Jehovah” and God maneuvers this knight of history into such position as will enable him with his armies to knock with his mailed fists on the brass gates of Babylon and Babylon falls, God is done with Persia in its might. Greece must now be born. A light of hope is soon to break. Immanuel, “God is with us,” is soon to be born in Bethlehem and such speech will be His, such magnitude of thought and hope, that somewhere must be found a language that will rightly frame this message. It must contain fine shades of philology and meaning and be a fit vehicle for the expression of this new gospel. Thus Greece is born. God sets in the fanatical mind of young Alexander the determination that the whole world will think Greek, live Greek, and speak Greek. On the emory wheel of Greek education, Paul the Apostle will polish the facets of His mind and fill up the evangelist, will receive his forensic powers. Much of the world will speak Greek and this will give God speech. Greece with her naked intellect will lack certain spiritual qualities and Greece will succumb. The Romans now will come to power and they will make two definite contributions in preparation for the Christian era. Rome will give to the world a sense of world empire MARCH 3 and kingdom sweep until the expression, “Jesus Emperator” will seem reasonable and the world will be ready for a cosmic king. Rome will also furnish means of communi- cation and the Roman roads will make way for the dispersnl of this new message to the far corners of the earth. Paul desires to “preach the gospel to them that are at Rome also,” knowing that a gospel heard at Rome would soon be heard around the world. Hav- ing made these two contributions to God’s strategy, Rome dies, as Papini, noted Italian historian and scholar says, for three reasons: “Because the temple, the bank, and the academy were against Jesus of Nazareth” Such triple inadequacy would mean the ruin and death of any nation. The Goths and Huns now come to power. Beneath the barbarian skins of these Ger- manic peoples Me the potentials of philos- ophy and spiritual insight. The German mind builds up the German university and the Christian clergy swarm to the German classroom to receive their higher degrees in Christian philosophy. Then came the decay of the German mind, in the psyche of mate- rialism. A great German philosopher, when asked why Germany collapsed so suddenly, replicd, “Germany did not collapse sud- denly, they pushed God out of the universi- ties in Germany 60 years ago and that was the beginning of the death sentence for the empire.” That could happen here. The great Germany died. Now came the Anglo-Saxons and how vital they became The Druids put aside their human eacrifices and sang hymns and Gaelic peoples held high banners with crosses on them. Britain became the greatest coloniz- ing empire in the world and with her often went the emissaries of the cross. Her most illustrious queen held in her hand a Bible and said, “England is the land of the Book ” Now someone has said that approximately only fifteen out of every hundred Britons fre active in any Christian church. We agree with Churchill that we would not wish to see the disintegration of the British Em- pire Will England pass out of the picture in our day? May these warning words of Kip- ling, one of Britain’s great sons never come to fruition within the pale of your memory and mine: “Far fiung our navies melt away, On dune and headland sinks the fire; All of our pomp of yesterday Is one with Nineveh and Tyre. Lord God of Hosts, be with us yet Lest we forget, lest we forget!” Now America is placed on the board of history—so definitely held in the hand of God. There was no question in the minds of our early fathers that the express purpose of America’s history must be to play the game in furthering this kingdom of God's right- eousness Our pilgrim fathers, by the Nght of the smoking lump on the Mayflower, before land- ing at Plymouth, inserted these words into the Mayflower Compact. “We whose names are underwritten have undertaken for the glory of God to establish in Virginia the first colony for the advance- ment of the Christian faith.” Ten years later, in 1630, other Pilgrims said in the New England Federation Compact agreement, “We all have come into these parts of America with one and the same end, namely to advance the Kingdom of the Lord Jesus Christ.” America was established as an experiment station to show what would happen to any people who cared and dared to follow Jesus Christ. We received our Constitution from the church. John Witherspoon, a clergyman who signed the Declaration of Independence, was a Presbyterian elder and a professor in Princeton University. At his fcet sat a young
1950 man named James Madison with a mind keen as a rapier imbibing from his professor the principles of the church of the old coun- try—the sovereignty of God, the freedom of the individual, and the form of representa- tive government borrowed from the church of which he had been and was a part, Then, in the same era in which John Witherspoon drew up the constitution of the Presbyterian Church of the United States of America, James Madison, his pupil, was instrumental in drawing up the Constitution of the United States of AMerica which was borrowed from the idealism and representative government propounded by his professur and the church. So definite and great was this source and this contribution that Green, famous historian of the Englich people, said that the Constitu- tion of the United States was tho gift of the Presbyterian Church. Our history has been inseparable from Christianity. The Pilgrims landed in Plymouth tn the name of Christ. The Huguenots tock New England in the name of God. William Penn settled Pennsylvania in the name of the Nazarene, and the padres landed on the shores of California with a crucifix in their hand. The kiss of God has been upon our face as we have grown from national baby- hood to what we trust is but our young man- hood. Scanning history we have never expected to do anything compelling without the leader- ship of God in Christ and without the kingly guidance of the Nazarene, we seem to do nothing well. Washington is on his knees at Valley Forge and so vital is the contribution of the church in revolutionary love for lib- erty that the Revolutionary War was called a church rebellion. Lincoln rises from his knees, his eyes bloodshot with praying, and exclaims “I know that liberty is right because Christ teaches it and Christ is God, and if there is a place for me to be offered I am ready now" How often did the pew of 4 certain church find Honest Abe sitting before the challenge of the Christian emancipation? Thus from the beginning of our free s0v- ereignty we have had no human king Ours has been a nation in which every man was royal but no man cared to wear @ crown, yet conscious always that in the deeper chambers of our souls we had a king— “Our fathers’ God to Thee, author of liberty To Thee we sing. Long may our land be bright With freedom’s holy light, protect us by Thy might Great God, our King.” This is America’s hour—an hour in which the world is watching her and demanding that she answer a question, the question ts this, “Has your Hebraic Christian religion worked with you? Will your Christian ethics suffice? Is Christ sufficient? Or shall we look for another? A Swedish prince gripping me by the hand said some time ago, ‘Dr. Evans, you Americans must not let God fail within your midst. He is the only One the world has left and the world is watching you. You must not fail us.’" The world knows our background and our history has forced them to demand this. Contend as you and I will that America has never been thoroughly Christian and that there have never been 20 minutes when all Americans have followed Jesus Christ and yet they will say, “God has been there; we have seen his footprints on the pages of your history.” They will not excuse our religious inadequacy; they will permit us no feeling of irresponsibility and will grant us no sat- isfaction or excuse for spiritual inferiority. This question is hurled at us now, “What fs the result of the cross in operation?” In this hour of fluid decision the world is get- ting ready to decide. This is a world of logic CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE and the spirit of the times ia pragmatic, ex- perimental, practical, and utilitarian. Man- kind wil’ keep consistently asking, "Does it work for you?” This will be the genius of our world leadership—not what we say but what we are; it will not lie in our profession but in our performance. This is the logis- tics of the spirit—the foreign-mlissionary en- terprise abroad will depend to a grent de- gree upon the success of national missions at home Our answer as to whether or not we will use God's program will have a great deal to do with whether or not America re- mains on the chessboard of His divine strategy. Americn needs a rebirth of the spirit if she is to maintain her world leadership We could spend considerable time here re- iterating the virtues and the greatness that have made us unwilling to trade her for any other land under the sun. God bless Amer- ica, land that we love. Yet our consciousness of her inadequicies 1s not an antonym of love The doctor's alertness to his patient’s discase ts a token of his concern The nurse's sensitivity is a sign of her usefulness. The church's honest ap >raisal of a nation’s need is lovingly to the end of its cure. J.B Priestly once said: “We should behave toward our country fas Women behave toward the men they love. A loving wite will do anything for her hus- band except stop criticizing and trying to im- prove him. “We should cast the same affectionate but sharp glance at our country. We should love it, but also insist on telling it all its faults. The noisy, empty patriot, not the critic, is the dangerous citizen.” No form of national betrayal micht be worse than a blind, complete satisfaction with one’s own land Jesus loved Jerusalem, and wept over it In America we are facing a tragic malnu- trition of the spirit. The head of one of our great national missions boards said that, “More people numerically (not precentage- wisc) are without God in America now than ever before in our history,” and that “a greater number of Americans are out of touch with spirituality according to our standards than ever before in our national history.” It is estimated that there arc some 27,000,- 000 youths In America who have no definite religious instruction, and are as spiritually flliterate as though they had been born on the South Sea islands. It has been estimated that 40 percent of our grammar school children have no con- nection with any religious organization; that 80 percent of our high school studente have no definite affiliation with organized reli- gion; that 90 percent of our university stu- dents “slept in” last Sunday morning What are the results of this spiritual mal- nutrition in our land® A crime problem, which is probably the worst in all our history, with a rape in America every 52 minutes, though we have applied to this problem our finest and our keenest brains Insobriety and alcoholism strike at 3,500,000 persons annually, and 100,000 women and girls are in institutions for inebriates, 60 percent of them, the doctors say, as condemned to death as though they had cancer. Between one- third and one-fourth of our American homes are destroyed by divorce. And the news- papers reek with the records of our moral failures. This ts the hour for the church. From her hearthside have come the misstonary states- men of the world. From her cupboard comes the spiritual food by which multitudes are fed. Her tables yield the vitamins of the spirit. From her wardrobe men must be clothed with the “garments of righteousness.” Minds must be lighted by the spiritual fuel within her lamps. And the milk of her 2787 human kindness must feed a slowly starve ing flock of worldlings. America is in the grip of @ gnawing sense of ioneliness that has seized the American people. Seventy million Americans have moved their residences since the war. Stephen Laird has pictured for us these peo- ple torn from home, toll, kindred, community church and community responsibility and for the most part these ties have not heen renewed People are frustrated, not so much about tuxes, the high cost of Hving, jobs, but about friendships ‘Nobody seems to care” What has happened? America has become a nation of migrants. Going to camps, pour- ing in and out of war planta, fleeing from dust bowls, pouring into the city from the country and back into the country from the city. GI's are looking around trying to settle down, but the average veteran knows more about his bus ticket than he does about his Bible Nobody seems to care what is hap- pening to them He goes on to relate that a certain writer in New York was asked the question, “Have you written anything since I last saw you?” ‘No, I just don't seem able to sit in an apartment and write. Almost every evening I find myself walking along the streets, diopping into bars, sitting opposite a man or girl my age in a restaurant, hoping to start a conversation, to make a fricnd or meet someone worth talking to" “Any luck?” “No,” he said, ‘Everybody seems to be busy with himself 1 get so lonesome I hate to go home any more.” Thus America, with plenty on her table, goes home hungry for compantonship and God and for someone who cares. Along the crowded dogged streets, the lonely streets, men need that old hymn “What a fellowship, what a joy divine leaning on the everlasting arms." The church must invite these lonely souls to the firesides of the spirit We must pur- sue these migrants of body and soul into every hamlet, Middlesex village, farm, and metropolis, remembering that: “Across the crowded ways of life, Where sounds the cry of race and clan, Above the noise of selfish strife They need Thy voice, O Son of Man.” It is the spirit of God that we need In this hour-—the upward pull of God. Should you attempt on a pool table, with ball and cuc, to herd together in close prox- imity the other balls on the table you would probably end up with a total result of the several balls being farther away from each other than they were when you began your attempt. This horizontal effort would prove somewhat fruitiess. If, on the other hand, you would with scotch tape affix to each ball separately a strand of string, and taking these several strings in your hand exert an upward pull, you would find that automati- cally the balls would nestle together in a compact, orderly way. Our efforts at brotherhood and world fra- ternity have for the most part been unsuc- cessful because the effort has been on the horizontal. We have tried with the cue and ball of laws, treaties, wars, leagues, regi- mentation, and other mechanistic means to drive or herd men together into a fraternity. Over-all the result has been rather to sepa- rate them. If, on the other hand, we could subject individuals and groups to the upward tug of the spirit and allow God to exert the uplifting tug on the hearts of men we should find them nestling together in the collective fraternity that we all so earnestly desire. But this deeper fraternity and sorority must be of the spirit. It is quite evident that the horizontal force of war has fatled to do this A Boy Scout leader suggested thet three members of his troop who had failed to do a good deed for
2788 that day be dismissed from the Scout meet- ing for a half hour in order to go out and perform it. They came back shortly and stood before him in a state of very bad repair. One had his face scratched, another had a bloody nose and a torn neckerchief, and the third Scout had lost both his hat and his equilibrium, The Scoutmaster asked, “What in the world have you boys been doing?” “We were doing our good turn, sir, and helping an old lady across the street.” “But why all the fuss and trouble?” asked the Scoutmaster. The spokesman said with due solemnity, "Well you see, sir, she didn’t want to go.” In the spirit of true Boy Scouts, you and I might wish to do our good turn by forcing humanity across the street from hatred to love and from war to brother- hood, but if humanity does not wish to go humanity will not go, and the sum total resuit will probably be bloody noses, torn neckerchiefs, lost hats and equilibrium, chaos and war. In the realm of business, America needs the baptism of the spirit. A financial ex- pert, this one not defined as “a man who has a Tau Kappa Alpha key at one end of his chain and no watch at the other,” was asked to examine both personnel and pro- gram of a large factory to ascertain why it was going to pieces. After thorough inves- tigation he called them together from the president to the board of directors to man- agers of personnel and labor on to the last man who worked at the lathe. Calmly and decisively he said, “This factory needs con- version immediately.” The president remon- strated, ‘‘But we are in the process of con- verting our machinery.” The expert replied, “T am not talking about the conversion of machines. I am talking about the conver- sion of men. From the chairman of the board of directors to the last man who works at the lathe, you are all rotten with selfish- ness. Unless you convert the hearts of this firm from selfishness to unselfishness you will suffer nothing but disaster.” Why not get at the root of the matter—self? You and I know, in our best moments, that the pass- ing of the Taft-Hartley bill or the repealing of it will be little more than treating the pimples on the skin, when deeper down the blood stream 1s bad. Soclologically America needs a new birth It is one thing to have good building plans as the sociologists do for a new society, but where will they find the new materials? One clergyman has stated, “No clever ar- rangement of bad eggs will ever give you a good omelet.” No clever sociological col- lective arrangement of bac persons is going to give you a good society, as much as we believe in organization. The soul of im- provement will always be in the improve- ment of the soul. You cannot have a new deal with the same old people nor a fair deal with unfalr individuals. “If any man be in Christ, he is a new creature,” then come these words, “Behold all things are becoming new.” It is difficult to change things ex- ternally without changing people internally. Social reconstruction will rest upon indi- vidual regeneration. So far ns our racial differences and preju- dices are concerned, we deal here with an equilateral triangle. Our God-man rela- tionship is the altitude which determines our man-to-man relationship which is the base. It 1s an adequate sense of the father- hood of God on the perpendicular that will force us to an adequate brotherhood of man on the horizontal and it has been proven that it is difficult to have an adequate so- ciology and love for man unless you have an adequate theology and love for God. Un- til then, our Nation will be broken up into brittle little bits on the basis of blood ond ethnological conceits. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE American education needs a baptism of the spirit. When Horace Mann claimed that if we would send people to school, we would cut down crime nine-tenths, it was a hun- dred years ago in the State of Massachusetts. We have tried to experiment and greatly in- creased our educational facilities but in that time crime has increased 800 percent. It is quite evident that all our problems do not revolve around a cranium and naked intel- lect alone is not enough to see us through. Educators are not so much interested now in the size as in the sort of our pupils. Ed- ucation is no longer merely about informa- tion but about formation of character. It {s no longer merely a matter of what our young people know but, more important still, of how they feel. Speaking to one of our great American writer. an alumnus of Yale said, “You Know, sir, Yale has added another branch of re- search to its curriculum. Yale now has all the branches.” The great scholar and writer wistfully replied, “Yes, Yale has all the branches, but Yale has none of the roots.” That js an unfair thing to say about Yale. I lunched with its great professor, Willlam Lyon Phelps, shortly before his death and that conversation was along the line of a previous statement of his: “Jesus knew more about political economy than all the pro- fessors in all of the colleges of the world. He knew more about the human heart than Shakespenre. While I am not sure of many things, I am as sure as I stand here that Jesus is the greatest leader, the most abso- lutely right person the world has ever known. The leadership of Jesus Christ in our lives ought to be made constant in everything. * ¢ * But I am not out of my mind when I say that the only way the world can be saved today its by following Jesus Christ.” What the commentator on that university wished to portend and to say was probably this—that if we build up a colossal system of secular education as a gigantic tree with all the branches of research, the twigs of knowledge and a massive trunk of secular content, and fail to ground education in the roots of spiritual purpose, merciful motiva- tion, and religious aim, we shall see this thing topple over on us and crush us in @ scientific age. A great nostalgia for God is sweeping the universities of America along with the realization of the insufficiency of humanism and the mere factual. Both faculty and students are begining to realize that unless the “soul catches up with the brain” the degree B. A. will again, in the next era of chaos, stand for “Builder of Alfbis.” Our homes need saving and the sides of the triangle—husband and wife—will be best held together by the extrovert base, God and His Kingdom and their unselfish purposes. While one out of every three or four homes are broken by divorce in America, someone has stated that only one out of every 57 church homes suffer this decay. There is evidently something then in Christianity and the presence of God at the hearthside which gives the home 16 times the chance of standing and surviving with religion than it would have without its benefits. America is not leading the nations in law abidingness. We shall never attain that leadership until in the realm of law men feel the guilt more than the punishment. J. Edgar Hoover, head of the FBI, has re- minded us of how difficult it ts to reform the adult criminal and how vital it is that youth receive the teaching of the Sermon on the Mount and the Ten Commandments, He reminded us not to forget that the Sun- day school and the church were the greatest moral forces in our Nation, Until we set up in the tribunal of the human heart a love for the laws of God and soclety we shall MARCH 3 go on for another generation “making new laws for old sinners to cheat by.” America has won the war—but only on paper. We do not conquer the Japanese when we merely take the guns out of their hands. Not until we have taken wrong goals out of their hearts have we won a lasting victory. A personal friend of mine reported that MacArthur had made a request for 18,000,000 bibles for Japan and wanted 3,000 miss'onaries in order that Japan might be properly exposed to Christian teachings. He felt that this war was “a theological war” and that unless the bad theology of Ama- tarasu, the Sun goddess, loving only the slant-eyed people, could be changed to the universal fatherhood of God through Jesus Christ and that high concept, Japan would never have a sociology and a brotherhood that would enable her to make her contribu- tion to a lasting peace. As one GI said, “America with her rich spiritual heritage should remember that it will never do for her merely to give her enemies ‘a licking,’ she must also give her enemies ‘a light’.” Communism is challenging us to outlive 4t with Christianity, John Foster Dulles claims that commu- nism enters a nation as a Trojan horse. In clever disguise it enters the gates of a city or a nation and only after its entrance do people realize what lurks inside. Commu- nism thrives on the failures of others. It makes its garments out of the holes and frets in others. Communism builds its ship of state out of the driftwood of the wreck- age of other systems that lies along the shores of contemporary failures. Communism does not work. It only thrives on the supposi- tion that other ideologies have not worked. It is the question of the cross as over against the sickle. They will whisper to the Afri- can in Africa, “How do you like the way black men are treated by Christians in America?” They will say to those in Mexico, “Are you pleased with the treatment received by Mexicans in the American Southwest?” To those of China they may make the query, “Are the 28,000 Chinese of the San Fran- cisco area impressed by the Americans who live under the sign of the cross?” Of la- bor they inquire, ‘Has Christianity taken the crown of thorns from your brow?” Of those of great possessions, they do ask, “Along with your property do you possess peace?” The line 1s down now and the question is ines- capable. Will the cross out-demonstrate the sickle? Our own type of democracy at its best was born in the Christian concept and democracy will not ‘‘democ’” without Christ, as somcone contended. America will not be able to stand, any more than Rome was able to stand, if her banks—her eco- nomic system; her academy—her educational system; and her temple—her religious system are against Jesus of Nazareth. It will be difficult to match the propa- ganda of communism but we must out- match her performance. We must not only “out-promise” them, we must also “out- passion” them. We must teach our youth the concepts of the Kingdom of God with greater earnestness and thoroughness than they teach their youth of the Kremlin, The open hand of democracy must prove itself more potent than the clenched fist of com- munism, We will find it difficult to outlaw communism; we must outlive communism, And this is the hour of dynamic demonstra- tion. I am not advocating a narrow nationalism when I say, “God bless America and give us success.” In this I am pleading for a supra- nationalism. I want to see her continued on the chessboard of history because she makes her contribution to this strategic game of righteousness among the nations that God
1950 is playing. I want to see her continue to be @ tool in the hand of Jehovah. This is a personal equation. U. 8. spells “us.” America fulfills her spiritual Chris- tian destiny only as God possesses our indi- vidual purses, powers, and persons. Each must do his and her part for the collective righteousness. A student at Penn State College said to me sometime ago, “Dr. Evans, I prayed a great prayer last night—the bravest I have prayed.” “What was it?” I said. He replied, “I prayed, ‘O God, may I always be honest enough never to ask Thee to do for the world collectively what I have not first allowed Thee to do for me personally’.” Let us not expect of the nations any more ready forgiveness of their enemies collectively than our forgiveness of our enemies person- ally. Let us never expect the nations of the UNO to be any less selfish than we are in our personal relationships. “We who are Americans must be too big for shame. We are the guardians of a faith from which our glory came. Ours is a splendor truly won, in us all people trust. We face this world as men who are great hearted, kind, and just. And he who fails to play his part in high or little place Shames not alone himself but brings dis- grace upon his race.” The light that shines brightest at home shines farthest abroad. The light will shine farthest when we wash the lamp chimney or cleanse the lens through which it shines, We do pray “America first’—first in use- fulness to God, First in her availability to the spiritual kingdom enterprise. First in power that she may bend over the weak and suffering. First in wealth that she may sNare it with others in mercy. First in light if she be a lamp in the darkness. First in strength that she may bear the infirmities of the weak. First in purity that others may sup from our cleansed wells. Let us couch our national concern for our Nation and our flag, in this strategic hour, in the words of G. Ashton Oldham: “America first, not only in things material, But in things of the spirit. Not merely tn science, invention, motors, skyscrapers, But also in ideals, principles, character. Not merely in the calm assertion of rights, But in the glad assumption of duties. Not flouting your strength as a giant, But bending in helpfulness over a sick and wounded world like a good Samaritan. Not in splendid isolation, But in courageous cooperation. Not in pride-arrogance, and disdain of other races and peoples, But in sympathy, love and understanding. Not in treading again the old, worn bloody Pathway Which ends inevitably in chaos and disaster, But blazing a new trail, along whitch, please God, Other nations will follow into the new Jerusalem Where war shall be no more. Someday, some nation must take that path— Unless we are to lapse into utter barba- rism— And that honor I cover for my beloved America. And so in that spirit, and with these hopes, I say with all my heart and soul, ‘America first.’”” (Mr. Rees asked and was given per- mission to revise and extend his remarks and include a sermon by Rev. Louis H. Evans.) CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE LEAVE OF ABSENCE By unanimous consent, leave of ab- sence was granted to Mr. Drang, for March 8 at 1 p. m., through Wednesday, March 8, on account of official business. ADJOURNMENT Mr. COOLEY. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House do now adjourn. The motion was agreed to; accord- ingly (at 5 o'clock and 28 minutes p. m.) the House adjourned until tomorrow, Saturday, March 4, 1950, at 12 o'clock noon, EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. Under clause 2 of rule XXIV, executive communications were taken from the Speaker's table and referred as follows: 1281. A communication from the President of the United States, transmitting a revised estimate of appropriation, involving an in- crease of 860,600, for the fiscal year 1951 for the legislative branch, Library of Congress, in the form of an amendment to the budget for said fiscal year (H. Doc. No. 493); to the Committee on Appropriations and ordered to be printed. 1282. A letter from the Comptroller Gen- eral of the United States, transmitting a report on the audit of Gorgas Memorial Lab- oratory and Gorgas Memorial Institute of Tropical and Preventive Medicine, Inc., for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1949 (H Doc, No. 494); to the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments and ordered to be printed. 1283. A letter from the director, the Amer- ican Legion, transmitting final financial statement of the American Legion up to and including December 31, 1949, pursuant to the Act of Incorporation of the American Legion, Public Law 47, Sixty-sixth Con- giess; to the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs. 1284. A letter from the Secretary of the Interior, transmitting a draft of a proposed bill entitled “A bill to authorize relief of authorized certifying officers of terminated war agencies in liquidation by the Depart- ment of the Interior’; to the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments. 1285. A letter from the Acting Attorney General, transmitting # letter relative to the case of Johannes Akk or John Ackly, file No. A-1374775 CR 26427, requesting that it be withdrawn from those before the Congress and returned to the jurisdiction of the Deo- partment of Justice; to the Committee on the Judiciary. 1286. A communication from the President of the United States, transmitting supple- mental estimates of appropriation for the fiscal year 1951 in the amount of $10,748,500 for the Department of Agriculture, in the form of amendments to the budget for said fiscal year (H. Doc. No. 495); to the Com- mittee on Appropriations and ordered to be printed. REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Under clause 2 of rule XIII, reports of committees were delivered to the Clerk for printing and reference to the proper calendar, as follows: Mr. DAWSON: Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments. 8. 1746. An act to authorize the transfer to the Attor- ney General of the United States of a portion of the Vigo ordnance plant, near Terre Haute, Ind., for use in connection with the United States Penitentiary at Terre Haute; without amendment (Rept. No. 1729). Referred to 2789 the Committee of the Whole House on the Btate of the Union. Mr. CELLER: Committee of conference. 8. 1008. An act to define the application of the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Act to certatn pricing practices (Rept. No. 1780). Ordered to be printed. PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Under clause 8 of rule XXII, public bills and resolutions were introduced and severally referred as follows: By Mr. BARRETT of Wyoming: H.R. 7544. A bill to confer jurisdiction on the State of Wyoming over offenses com- mitted on that portion of United States Highway No. 30 lying within the Francis E. Warren Air Force Base; to the Committee on Armed Services. By Mr. BOLLING: H.R. 7545. A bill to amend the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, approved June 80, 1949; to the Committee on Expenditures tn the Executive Departments. By Mr. CLEVENGER: H R 7546 A bill to protect trade and com- merce against unreasonable restraints by labor organizations; to the Committee on the Judictary. By Mr. KILDAY: H R. 7547. A bill to amend the Interstate Commerce Act, as amended, with respect to motor carriers excepted from certain provi- sions of >art II of such act ; to the Commit- tee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. By Mr. PATTERSON: H.R. 7548. A bill to exempt from tax ad- missions to moving-picture theaters, and to restore the prewar exemptions from the tax on admissions; to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr SIMPSON of Pennsylvania: H R 7549 A bill to amend section 120 of the Internal Revenue Code; to the Commit- tee on Ways and Means. By Mr CELLER: H.R. 7550. A bill to amend section 1404 of title 28, United States Code, with respect to the transfer of certain civil actions from one district to another; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr GORDON: H.R. 7551. A bill to aid the development and maintenance of American-flag shipping on the Great Lakes, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. By Mr. LESINSKI: HOR 7552 A bill to restore national coal production; to the Committee on Education and Labor. By Mr. MITCHELL: H.R 7653. A bill to stabilize income of herring Ashermen in Alaska and prices of products of the Alaska herring industry; to the Committee on Banking and Currency. By Mr. WILSON of Oklahoma: HR. 7554. A bill to create a commission to make a study of the administration of overseas activities of the Government and to meke recommendations to Congress with re- spect thereto; to the Committee on Expendi- tures of the Executive Departments. By Mr. CASE of South Dakota: H.R 7555. A bill to provide for the allot- ment of certain lands to Indian veterans of World War II who are members of tribes lo- cated on Indian reservations in the State of South Dakota, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Public Lands. By Mr. WOLCOTT: H.R. 7556. A bill to ald the development and maintenance of American-flag shipping on the Great Lakes, and for other purposes;
2790 to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. By Mr. TOLLEFSON: H. R, 7557. A bill to provide for local taxa- tion of real estate and improvements there- on owned by the United States, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Public Lands. By Mr. SPENCE: H. Res. 500. Resolution providing for the consideration of H. R. 7402, a bill to assist cooperative and other nonprofit corporations in the production of housing for moderate- income families; to amend the National Housing Act, as amended; and for other pur- poses; to the Committee on Rules. PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private bills and resolutions were introduced and severally referred as follows: By Mr. BATTLE: H. H. 7558. A bill for the relief of William W. Tant; to the Committee on the Judiciary, By Mr. BYRNE of New York: H.R. 7559. A bill for the relief of Mrs. Honora Redman; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. FARRINGTON: H.R. 7560. A bill for the relief of Mary Frances Yoshinaga; to the Committee on the Judictary. By Mr. GRANGER: w.R. 7561. A bill for the relief of Dr. George Peter Petropoulos; to the Commit- tee on the Judiciary. By Mr. LANHAM: H.R. 7562. A bill for the relief of certain employees of the Southern States Manufac- turing Co., Inc.; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. LeFEVRE: H.R. 7563. A bill for the relief of Dr. Nicola Di Palma; to the Committee on the Judiciary, PETITIONS, ETC. Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions and papers Were laid on the Clerk’s desk and referred as follows: 1950. By Mr. SHORT: Petition of Homer L. Clough and other citizens of Halltown, Mo., urging the passage of H. R. 2428; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com- merce. 1951. Also, petition of Mr. and Mrs. L. G. Patrick and many other citizens of Howell County, Mo., urging the passage of the Bryson bill, H. R. 2428; to the Committee on In- terstate and Foreign Commerce. 1952. Also, petition of Mr. and Mrs. B. R. Tatom and many other citizens of Webb City, Mo., urging the passage of H. R. 2428; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, 1953. Also, petition of Mr. and Mrs. Horace W. Cope and other citizens of Noel, Mo., urg- ing the passage of the Townsend bills, H. R. 2136 and 2136; to the Committee on Ways and Means. 1954. By the SPEAKER: Petition of Peter Frost Muller and others, Miami, Fla,, re- questing passage of House bills 2135 and 2136, known as the Townsend plan; to the Committee on Ways and Means. 1955. Also, petition of J. F. Anstett and others, Orlando, Fla., requesting passage of House bills 2185 and 2136, known as the Townsend plan; to the Committee on Ways and Means. 1956. Also, petition of B. W. Kellogg and others, St. Cloud, Fia., requesting passage of House bills 2185 and 2136, known as the Townsend plan; to the Committee on Ways and Means. 1957. Also, petition of W. F. Lewis and others, St. Petersburg, Fla., requesting pas- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—SENATE sage of House bills 2135 and 2136, known as the Townsend plan; to the Committee on Ways and Means. 1958. Aiso, petition of J. H. Richmond and others, West Palm Beach, Fla., requesting passage of House bills 2135 and 2136, known as the Townsend plan; to the Committee on Ways and Means. SENATE Saturpvay, Marcu 4, 1950 (Legislative day of Wednesday, February 22, 1950) The Senate met at 12 o’clock meridian, on the expiration of the recess. The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown Harris, D. D., offered the following prayer: Eternal God, who puttest down the mighty from their seat and exalteth the humble and the meek, look with compas- sion upon our Nation as we strive to mend its flaws and make it the fit in- strument of Thy will in these troubled days. History’s tragic pages but re- mind us that Thy providence knows no favorites, that none can bend Thy jus- tice and none can break Thy laws that shall not themselves be broken. Facing duties and decisions that far outweigh our own strength and our own wis- dom, we ask for the guidance of the Kindly Light to lead us on o’er crag and torrent till the night be passed. Help us this and every day to live more nearly as we pray. Amen. THE JOURNAL On request of Mr. Lucas, and by unani- mous consent, the reading of the Journal of the proceedings of Friday, March 3, 1950, was dispensed with. MESSAGES FROM TH: PRESIDENT Messages in writing from the Presi- dent of the United States were commu- nicated to the Senate by Mr. Miller, one of his secretaries. MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE A message from the House of Repre- sentatives, by Mr. Swanson, one of its reading clerKs, announced that the House had passed a bill (H. R, 331) to provide for the admission of Alaska into the Union, in which it requested the con- currence of the Senate. The VICE PRESIDENT. Under the unanimous-consent agreement the Sen- ator from Mississippi [Mr. EASTLAND] is entitled to the floor. ORDER FOR RECESS Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that when the Sen- ate concludes its business today it take a recess until Monday next at 12 o’clock noon. The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob- jection, it is so ordered. LEAVES OF ABSENCE Mr. ROBERTSON. Mr. President, several weeks ago the Secretary of De- fense urged all members of the Subcom- mittee on Armed Forces of the Commit- tee on Appropriations to accompany him to the Caribbean area to observe naval MarcH 4 maneuvers which, he said, would be the largest peacetime maneuvers in which the Navy had engaged. Feeling that I should acquire all the informa‘ion I could concerning our defense equipment and the skill with which it can be used, I desire to accompany the Secretary of Defense on the trip next week. There- fore, I ask unanimous consent that I may be excused from attendance on the sessions of the Senate from March 6 to March 9, inclusive. The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob- jection, the leave is granted. On his own request, and by unani- mous consent, Mr. MuNDT was excused from attendance on the sessions of the Scnate on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday of next week. EUGENIO MAISTERRENA BARRENECHE— MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate the following message from the President of the United States, which was read, and, with the accompanying bill, ordered to lie on the table: To the Senate: In compliance with the request con- tained in the resolution of the Senate (the House of Representatives concur- ring therein), I return herewith Senate bill 204, entitled “An act for the relief of Eugenio Maisterrena Barreneche.” Harry S. TRUMAN. THE WHITE House, March 4, 1950. TRANSACTION OF ROUTINE BUSINESS Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that Senators be permitted to introduce bills and joint resolutions, present petitions and memo- rials, and submit routine matters for the REcorD, without debate and without speeches, and without taking the Sena- tor from Mississippi from the floor, The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob- jection? The Chair hears none, and it is so ordered, DREDGING OF CHANNEL AND MOORING BASIN IN WELLFLEET HARBOR, MASS.— PETITION Mr. LODGE. Mr. President, on behalf of my colleague the senior Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. SALTONSTALL] and myself, I present for appropriate refer- ence, and ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Recorp a petition em- bodying a resolution adopted by the citi- zens of Wellfleet Harbor, Mass., and signed by Beatrix Faust, Martha C. Porch, and Lynne P. Townsend, favoring the enactment of legislation providing funds necessary for the dredging of a channel and mooring basin in the har- bor of Wellfleet. There being no objection, the petition was referred to the Committee on Pub- lic Works, and ordered to be printed in the ReEcorp, as follows: To the Congress of the United States: By unanimous vote of the town of Well- fleet at the regular town meeting February 13, 1950, the committee whose signatures are attached to this petition were instructed to address the following memorial to the Congress of the United States relative to an approved project for dredging a channel and mooring basin in Wellfleet Harbor. The
1950 committee was also instructed to petition the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to concur with the town of Wellfieet in presenting this petition. “To the Congress of the United States: “We, the citizens of the town of Wellficet, Mass., respectfully petition the Congress of the United States to now appropriate the funds necessary to complete the dredging of ea channel and mooring basin in Wellfieet Harbor and thus bring to completion a proj- ect to which the town has addressed itself, for which it has already provided its share of the funds, and which it believes to be essential to its welfare, to the welfare of the State, and to shipping passing through Cape Ood Bay. “Whereas the gradual filling in of Well- fleet Harbor has been and is detrimental to the town of Wellfleet and particularly to the fishermen of the town; and “Whereas this project was approved by the Army engineers in 1939 and by the Mas- sachusetts Legislature in 1941; and “Whereas the town of Wellfleet has appro- priated and set aside its share of the neces- sary funds; and “Whereas with each year that passes the cost of said project will increase because of the continual filling in of the harbor and consequent increase in dredging cost, and “Whereas the dredging of the harbor would both greatly benefit the fishermen and bring in additional revenue to the merchants of the town from sports fishermen and visiting yachts; and “Whereas the dredging of the harbor will enable the fishermen to increase production, which is important to the economy of the Commonwealth; and “Whereas Wellfieet Harbor is a natural harbor of refuge for vessels in distress in these waters: and “Whereas the rivers and harbors bit! is now under consideration in Congress: “Therefore, we, the citizens of the town of Wellfleet hereby petition the Congress of the United States to now appropriate the funds necessary to the dredging of a channel and mooring basin in the harbor of Well- fleet, and we direct that coptes of this peti- tion be sent forthwith to the President of the United States, to the Presiding Officer of each branch of Congress, and to our repre- sentatives therein from this Commonwealth. “BEATRIX FAUsT “MarTHa C. PORCH. “LYNNE P. TOWNSEND.” COMPULSORY HEALTH INSURANCE Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, the June 1949 Convention of the Wisconsin Feder- ation of Women’s Clubs adopted a fine resolution in opposition to Federal com- pulsory health insurance. Since then, it has been my pleasure to hear from many splendid women’s organizations through- out Wisconsin in endorsement of the ac- tion taken at their State convention. These women are the ones primarily re- sponsible for health in the American homes. It is they who have to look out for the wel! being of their youngsters, of their husbands, and of themselves. But these clear-sighted women realis- tically recognize that government control of medicine is not the answer to Ameri- ca’s health needs. As & matter of fact, government control of medicine will re- sult in a lowering of America’s health standards and in a further move down the road to state socialism in the United States. Government control of medi- cine will mean more national deficits be- cause uncounted billions of dollars will be squandered by bureaucrats. The people of Wisconsin, like the peo- ple of every other State in the Union, do CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—SENATE not want Federal bureaucrats to be pok- ing their noses into the private health records of individual citizens. They do not want to have to ask the approval of bureaucrats for an operation or for an examination. The people of Wisconsin and of all America want the Federal] Gov- ernment to assist our great private med- ical profession to improve our already high health standards, but this assist- ance must come in the true American way, of voluntary encouragement, rather than in the European way of dictator- ship. The State Medical Society of Wiscon- sin has been in the forefront of advanc- ing America’s medical frontiers. It has constantly pioneered for finer health services, particularly to folks in the lower and middle income brackets who cannot afford too heavy medical expenditures. I ask unanimous consent now to have printed at this point in the Rrecorp, and appropriately referred, the text of two of the many fine resolutions received from grass-roots women’s organizations in my State, in this instance a message from the Rhinelander Woman’s Club, as forwarded to me by Mrs. T. E. Chaffee, and the text of a resolution by another women’s or- ganization, the Women's Civic Club of Gays Mills, Wis. There being no objection, the resolu- tions were referred to the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare and ordered to be printed in the Reconrp, as follows: RHINELANDER, WI8s., February 28, 1950. Senator ALEXANDER WILEY, Washington, D C. Dear SENATOR WILEY: As you no doubt know, the Wisconsin Federation of Women’s Clubs at its 1949 convention went on record as opposed to Government control of health services by passing the following resolution: “Whereas needed medical and health serv- ices should be placed within reach of every individual within the United States; and “Whereas we believe the most effective ap- proach to the national health problem lies in the extension and development of volun- tary health insurance; and “Whereas we believe the extent of Fed- eral grants necessary to aid the various States in providing care for the medically indigent can be determined by Nation-wide governmental supported surveys made by State agencies: Therefore, be it “Resolved, That the Wisconsin Federation of Women's Clubs in convention assembled, June 1949, goes on record against Govern- ment control of health services which would jeopardize free enterprise, establish heavy new tax burdens and unprecedented national deficits, and infringe upon the powers of the individual States; and “Resolved further, That copies of this res- olution be sent to the proper authorities and to the Members of Congress.” At its last meeting on February 14, 1960, the Rhinelander Woman's Club voted to go on record in support of the above resolution and notify our district’s Representative and Senators in Congress, and the State Medi- cal Bociety of Wisconsin, of the club’s re- affirmation of that resolution. It is the club’s desire that our Congressmen will use their every effort to prevent the enactment of compulsory heaith service legislation. Respectfully yours, (Mrs. T. E) EvizaneTH CHAFFEE, President, Rhinelander Woman’s Club. Whereas the American family has received the finest quality of medical care available in any country in the world, developed under our system of free enterprise; and 2791 Whereas compulsory health insurance, wherever tried, has caused a decline in na- tional health and deterloration of medical standards and facilities, to the detriment of family welfare; and Whereas compulsory health insurance, wherever tried, has takon away the family's right to choosing its own family physician; and Whereas invasion of family privacy and violation of the sanctity of the patient-physi- cian relationship have proved to be one of the most objectionable features of compul- sory health insurance, wherever tried: and Whereas compulsory health insurance would result immediately in a tax of 3 per- cent on the income of the American work- ingman, rising within a few years to 6 per- cent and higher, creating a new tax burden which would reduce household budgets and bring down family standards of Nving; and Whereas Government control of medical services, by gradually undermining free en- terprise and establishing heavy new tax bur- dens and unprecedented national deficits, would threaten national bankruptcy and en- courage the spread of socialism, which would endanger the rights of our children to the individual freedoms which have been the American heritage: Now, therefore, be it Resolved, That the Women's Civic Club of Gays Mills, Wis., does hereby go on record against any form of compulsory health tn- surance or any system of political medicine designed for national bureaucratic control; That a copy of this resolution be forwarded to the President of the United States, to each Senator and Representative from the State of Wisconsin, and that said Senators and Representatives be and are hereby respect- Tully requested to use every effort at their command to prevent the enactment of such legislation. Mrs JOHN YOuNG, President. Mrs. WiLL1AM Youna, Secretary. Gays Mills, Wis, dated this 28th day of February 1950. REPORT OF A COMMITTEE The following report of a committee was submitted: By Mr. McCARRAN, from the Committee on the Judiciary. H.R. 6670. A bill to incorporate the (irl Scouts of the United States of America, and for other purposes; without amendment (Rept. No. 1321). BILLS INTRODUCED Bills were introduced, read the first time, and, by unanimous consent, the second time, and referred as follows: By Mr. LANGER: 8.3182. A bill for the relief of Bairs Romba; 8.3183. A bill for the relief of Zdenek Marek; and 8.8164. A bill for the relief of Talop Bin Padoh; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr FERGUSON: 8 3185. A bill for the relief of Nouhad Ann Khoury; and 8.3186. A bill for the relief of Ann Arbor Construction Co.; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. BUTLER: 8.8187. A bill to amend the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, and the Agricultural Act of 1949, to eliminate the distinction be- tween commercial and noncommercial corn- producing areas; to the Committee on Agri- culture and Forestry. . By Mr. McCARRAN: 8.8188. A bill te amend the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Armed Services.
2792 AMENDMENT OF DISPLACED PERSONS ACT—AMENDMENTS Mr. EASTLAND submitted amend- ments intended to be proposed by him to the bill (H. R. 4567) to amend the Displaced Persons Act of 1948, which were ordered to lie on the table and to be printed. Mr. O'CONOR submitted an amend- ment intended to be proposed by him to House bill 4567, supra, which was ordered to lie on the table and to be printed. CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR OF CERTAIN PUBLIC WORKS—AMENDMENTS Mr. FERGUSON submitted an amend- ont intended to be proposed by him to the bill (H. R. 5472) authorizing the con- struction, repair, and preservation of certain public works on rivers and har- bors for navigation, flood control, and for other purposes, which was ordered to lie on the table and to be printed. Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma (for him- self and Mr. Kerr) submitted an amend- ment intended to be proposed by them, jointly, to House bill 5472, supra, which was ordered to lie on the table and to be printed. HOUSE BILL REFERRED The bill (H R. 331) to provide for the admission of Alaska into the Union, was read twice by its title, and referred to the Committee on Interior and Insular Af- fairs. ERADICATION AND CONTROL OF HALOGE- TON ON PUBLIC LANDS—CHANGE OF REFERENCE Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. Mr. Pres- ident, there is now pending before the Senate Committee on Agriculture and Forestry Senate bill 3106, to authorize appropriations for the eradication and control of halogcton on public lands, which was introduced by the junior Scn- ator from Idaho [Mr. Dworsuak)]. The junior Senator from Idaho requests that the bill be referred to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. As chair- man of the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry, I ask unanimous consent that the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry be discharged from the further consideration of the bill, and that it be referred to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob- jection to the request of the Senator from Oklahoma. The Chair hears none, and it 1s so ordered. NOTICE OF HEARING ON NOMINATION OF IRVING R. KAUFMAN TO BE UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE, SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK Mr. McCARRAN. Mr. President, on behalf of the Committee on the Judici- ary, and in accordance with the rules of the committee, I desire to give notice that a public hearing has been scheduled for Saturday, April 1, 1950, at 10:30 a. m., in room 424, Senate Office Building, upon the nomination of Hon. Irving R. Kauf- man, of New York, to be United States district judge for the southern district of New York. Judge Kaufman is now serving under a recess appointment. At the indicatcd time and place all persons CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—SENATE interested in the nomination may make such representations as may be perti- nent. The subcommittee consists of the Senator from Nevada [Mr. McCarran], chairman, the Senator from Mississippi (Mr. EastLanp], and the Senator from Missouri [Mr. DonneELL]. NOTICE OF HEARING ON NOMINATION OF GEORGE THOMAS WASHINGTON TO BE A JUDGE OF THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS, DISTRICT OF CO- LUMBIA CIRCUIT Mr. McCARRAN. Mr. President, on behalf of the Committee on the Judici- ary, and in accordance with the rules of the committee, I desire to give notice that a public hearing has been sched- uled for Saturday, April 1, 1950, at 10:30 a, m., in room 424, Senate Office Build- ing, upon the nomination of Hon. George Thomas Washington, of the District of Columbia, to be a judge of the United States Court of Appeals, for the District of Columbia Circuit. Judge Washington is now serving under a recess appoint- ment. At the indicated time and place all persons interested in the nomination may make such representations as may be pertinent. The subcommittee con- sists of the Senator from Nevada {Mr. McCarran 1, chairman, the Senator from Kentucky | Mr. WITHERS], and the Sen- ator from Michigan iMr. Fercuson]. NOTICE OF HEARING ON NOMINATION OF BURNITA SHELTON MATTHEWS TO BE UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE, DIS- TRICT OF COLUMBIA Mr McCARRAN. Mr. President, on behalf of the Comittee on the Judiciary, and in accordance with the rules of the committee, I desire to give notice that a public hearing has been scheduled for Saturday, April 1, 1950, at 10.30 a. m.,, in room 424, Senate Cflice Building, upon the nomination of Hon. Burnita Shelton Matthews, of the District of Columbia, to be United States district judge for the District of Columbia, Judge Matthews is now serving under a recess appointment. At the indicated time and place all per- sons interested in the nomination may make such representations as may be pertinent. The subcommittee consists of the Senator from Novada [Mr. McCar- RAN], chairman, the Senator from Ten- nessee |Mr. KEFAUVER!, and the Senator from Wisconsin [Mr. WiLEY]. NOTICE OF HEARING ON NOMINATION OF WILLIAM HENRY HASTIE TO BE JUDGE OF THE UNITED STATES COURT OF AP- FEALS, THIRD CIRCUIT Mr. McCARRAN. Mr. President, on behalf ot the Committee on the Judiciary, and in accordance with the rules of the committee, I desire to give notice that a public hearing has been scheduled for Saturday, April 1, 1950, at 10:30 a. m., in room 424, Senate Office Building, upon the nomination of Hon, Willfam Henry Hastie, of the Virgin Islands, to be judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Judge Hastie is now serving under a recess appointment. At the indicated time and place all per- sons interested in the nomination may mz-ke such representations as may be per- tinent. The subcommittee consists of the MARCH 4 Senator from Nevada [Mr. McCarran], chairman, the Senator from West Vir- ginia [Mr. K1iLcorE], and the Senator from North Dakota [Mr. LancER]. EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED As in executive session, The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate messages from the President of the United States submitting sundry nominations, which were referred to the appropriate committees. (For nominations this day received, see the end of Senate procecdings. ) EXECUTIVE REPORTS OF A COMMITTEE As in executive session, The following favorable reports of nominations were submitted: By Mr. McCARRAN, from the Committee on the Judiciary: Eugene Worley, of Texas, to be an associate Judge of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, vice Charles S. Hatfield, deceased; James R. Kirkland, of Delaware, to be United States district Judge for the District of Columbia; Delmes C Hill, of Kansas, to be United States district judge for the district of Kansas; J Skelly Wright, of Louisiana, to be United States district Judge for the eastern district of Louisiana; John F. X McGohey, of New York, to be United States district judge for the southern district of New York; Thomas J. Clary, of Pennsylvania, to be United States district Judge for the eastern district of Pennsylvania; and Owen McIntosh Burns, of Pennsylvania, to be United States district judge for the western district of Pennsylvania. By Mr. KEPAUVER, from the Committee on the Judiciary~ Robert L. Taylor, of Tennessee, to be United States district Judge for the eastern district of Tennessee. SPECIFICATIONS FOR A REPUBLICAN PROGRAM—ARTICLE BY £ENATOR LODGE |Mr IVES asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Recorp un article en- titled ‘“Modernize the GOP—Specificutions for a Republican Program,” written by Sen- ator Lopce, and published in the Atlantic Monthly, which appears in the Appendix | EXCISE TAX REDUCTION—STATEMENT BY SENATOR CAIN [Mr. CAIN asked and obtained lenve to have printed in the Rrecorp a statement broadcast by him on February 27, 1950, on the subject of war-created excise taxes, which appears in the Appendix.] A FRANK REVIEW OF THE HOOVER RE- PORT—ADDRESS BY JAMES A. FARLEY |Mr. GEORGE asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Recorp an address en- titled “A Frank Review of the Hoover Re- port,” delivered by former Postmaster Gen- eral James A. Farley at the convention ban- quet of the New York Press Association, held at Syracuse, N. Y, on February 10, 1960, which appears in the Appendix.] DANGER FROM SOCIALISM—ADDRESS BY JOHN TEMPLE GRAVES |Mr. BYRD askcd and obtained leave to have printed in the Recorp an address on the danger of socialism, delivered by John Temple Graves, before the National Auto- mobile Dealers’ Association, in Atlantic City, N. J., Fobruary 8, 1960, which appears in the Append.x.]
1950 JOINT COMMITTEE ON REDUCTION OF NONESSENTIAL FEDERAL EXPENDI- TURES—EDITORIAL FROM THE MINNE- APOLIS MORNING TRIBUNE [Mr. BYRD asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Recorp an editorial from the Minneapolis Morning Tribune of Feb- ruary 27, 1950, discussing recent attacks on the Joint Committee on Reduction of Non- essential Federal Expenditures, which ap- pears in the Appendix.] 1949 PROGRESS IN THE TENNESSEE VALLEY—ADDRESS BY JAMES P. POPE [Mr. KEFAUVER asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Rrecorp an address de- livered by James P. Pope, Director of the Tennessee Valley Authority, before the Athens Kiwanis Club, at Athens, Tenn., on February 15, 1950, which appears in the Appendix. ] FEDERAL UNION FOR WORLD PEACE— EDITORIAL FROM THE NASHVILLE TENNESSEAN [Mr, KEFAUVER asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Recorp an editorial entitled “The Time Has Come,” published in @ recent issuc of the Nashville Tennessean, which appears in the Appendix | VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES BY DELE- GATION FROM WORLD CONGRESS OF PARTISANS OF PEACE {[Mr. LUCAS asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Recorp a State Depart- ment release relative to the proposed visit to the United States by a delcgation from the World Congress of Partisans of Peace, which appears in the Appendix ] EXPRESSIONS OF VIEWS BY SERVICE OFFICERS—EDITORIAL FROM THE SATURDAY EVENING POST [Mr. MARTIN asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Rrcorp an editorial en- titled “Can't » General Speak to a Scnator, Even in the Strictest Confidence?” from the Saturday Evening Post, which appears in the Appendix. ] COMMUNISTS IN GOVERNMENT SERVICE— RADIO BROADCAST BY JACK BEALL [ Mr. DWORSHAK asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Rrcorp a radio broad- cast by Jack Beall, on March 2, 1950, which appears in the Appendix.] PURCHASING VALUE OF THE DOLLAR [Mr. DWORSHAK asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Rrcorp a table show- ing the purchasing value of the dollar as measured by the Consumers’ Price Index, pre- pared by the Institute of Life Insurance, which appears in the Appendix | UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST {Mr. MORSE asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Recorp & communication addressed by Mr. Matt Meehan, international representative of the International Long- shoremen's and Warehousemen’s Union, to the members of the Oregon delegation in Con- gress, relative to the unemployment situa- tion in the Pacific Northwest, which appears in the Appendix.] AMENDMENT OF MINERAL LEASING ACT OF 1920—STATEMENT OF SENATOR WATKINS Mr. WATKINS. Mr. President, I have received so many inquiries regarding the effect of S. 3124, to amend the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920, that I deemed it ad- visable to prepare a statement setting forth both the purpose and effect of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—SENATE bill. I ask unanimous consent to have this statement inserted in the Recorp at this point. There being no objection, the state- ment was ordered to be printed in the ReEcorp, as follows: STATEMENT BY SENATOR WATKINS The various public-land States are to re- ceive title in fee, that is, title to all surface and subsurface rights, to a certain number of sections—from two to four—out of each township. The income from these lands is to be used for the support of the common schools, I shall refer specifically to Utah, since that ia my home State and I am familiar with the situation there, but S. 3124 will apply equally to the advantage of all other public-land States where title to large areas of unsur- veyed land still remains with the Govern- ment. In Utah, for example, four sections out of each township of 36 sections are reserved to the State by the enabling act and by con- firmation of such act by act of Congress set forth in title 43, United States Code, section 853. Under Utah's enabling act, and by Federal statute, passed in 1902 (43 U. 8. C. 853) the State was to receive title to these afore- mentioned four sections of land, but not until the townships involved had been sur- veyed. In Utah today, there are more than 10,600,000 acres of unsurveyed land, the por- tion to which the State should receive fee title being more than 1,000,000 acres. All public-lands States are entitled to 37% percent of all income from the public do- main, whether surveyed or unsurveyed, re- ceived by the Federal Government from roy- alty, leases, or any other income on such public domain (30 U.8.C. 191). If they are er.titled to the ownership of four sections out of each township and are getting only 371, percent revenue from the entire township, they are being deprived of substantial reve- nuc because of the failure of the Government to complete the survey of the public domain, In other words they are entitled to 100 per- cent of the revenue from four sections, or one-ninth of the area, and in addition thereto, the prevailing 3744 percent of the royalties, leases, or other income from the remaining eight-ninths of the unsurveyed area. If this computation were used, Utah would receive 44 4 percent return on royalties, leases, or other income from the public domain in- stead of the present 374 percent, computed as follows: One hundred percent of revenue from one- ninth or 0.111 percent of area equals 11.1 percent revenue. Thirty-seven and five-tenths percent of revenue from eight-ninths or 0889 percent of area equals 33.3 percent revenue. Adjusted percentage is 44.4 percent from 100 percent of area. The other public-land States would like- wise benefit. It should be remembered, how- ever, that this applies only to unsurveyed lands because when surveyed, the title to these reserved sections would go to the vari- ous States anyway and they would receive al) of the revenue therefrom, All that 8. 3124 would do, therefore, is to give to the public-land States their equitable share of public-land receipts and thus carry out the directly expressed intent of Con- gress, despite the fact that the Federal-State contract tor passing title to the lands can- not be consummated until the lands are surveyed. It might be advisable at this point to men- tion that I have also introduced a bill, 8. 2489, to provide for the orderly and acceler- ated program of surveying and mapping of 2793 the unsurveyed area of not only the public- land States, but the Nation, its off-shore areas, and Territories. But until such a survey is completed, it seems only logical to me to have the intent of Congress carried out by apportioning the income from public lands to the States on the basis of the formula which I have set forth in 8. 1324. DEMOCRATIC PROCEDURE IN MUNICH, GERMANY Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have inserted in the body of the Recorp a statement which deals with democratic processes being placed in operation in Munich, Germany. The resident manager, or the American mayor, I might say, of Munich, Germany, is a very able Oregonian by the name of George Godfrey. The state- ment which I ask to have inserted in the Recorp shows, I think, very clearly, that democratic processes can be put to work in Germany. I commend the statement to the reading of the Senate, and I commend Mr. Godfrey for what I think is a fine example of American leadership in Germany. I think the Town Hall Meeting pro- gram which Mr. Godfrey has developed in Munich is a clear demonstration that democratic process can work in Ger- many, and that the German people can be led to an understanding of the values of self-government. In the fall of 1946 I visited Munich, and I was satisfied then that the people of that area of Germany were anxious to put into practice the principles of democracy, if they received from the United States the instruction, informa- tion, and leadership which they needed in order to lead them away from a Fas- cist type of government to a democratic one. Mr. Godfrey, as the American mayor of Munich, is apparently doing a grand job 1n helping democratize the governmental processes of Munich. I am sure the same results can be obtained elsewhere in Germany. There being no objection, the state- ment was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: Democratization activities in the city and county of Munich, sponsored by or partici- pated in by State Department resident off- cers, amassed an attendance total of more than 600,000 for the year just ended, ac- cording to figures compiled by George H. Godfrey, senior resident officer, who is in charge of the office for United States State Department. Actual events, such as town meetings, forums, film showings, youth meetings, dis- cussion groups, and other affairs, totaled more than 4,500 for the period. Assuming that half of this total attendance figure represents duplications, this still means that approximately one-third of the 900,000 sitizens residing in the city and county of Munich were reached by the de- mocratization program, Mr. Godfrey pointed out. The town meeting program, initiated early last year, has been amazingly successful, and can now be regarded as a permanent part of the life of the citizens. Not only have the citizens themselves taken an active interest, but members of the city council and State and county officials are enthusiastic in the support of the meetings.
2794 During the year 118 town meetings were held, with a total attendance of approxi- mutcly 35,000. The attendance was often limited by the size of the meeting places, many . which were so filled that people were turned away The most promising feature of the town meeting program is the attitude of the oM- cials, it 1s pointed out. Citizens are often severe and occasionally unfair in their crit- icism, and at some of the early meetings o‘Icials would show considerable resentment. Now, they have not only learned to take it, Fut to dish it out as well. In nearly every c se when the offictal explained his side, and outlined his problems, he found the audience sympathctic and often won the enthusiastic support of the citizens. Criticism from the floor at the mectings has often led to changes and {mprovements on the part of the officials and their offices. The people have found the town meeting a@ place to get together and plan projects for the betterment of their communities. Munich, for example, planned and carried out a gigantic clean-up day in which more than 12,000 people participated. A number of home building projects were also organized, and frequently residents of districts joined together in improving their streets, parks, and schools, doing much of the work them- selves 1n thelr spare time. For the purp se of town meetings the city wus dividcd into 41 districts The county also has 29 towns’ All districts and towns held at least one town meeting during the past year The largest attendance was achieved by the film program, a project that provides frec showing» to schools, clubs, and communities. A total of 2,313 showings reached a total attendance of %75,000. These films acquaint the people with democratic activities in the United States and elsewhere. Other outstanding features of the State Department program in Munich included promotion of a youth forum, which held 46 meetings with an attendance of 1,860; junicr chamber of commerce, 16 mectings, 485 at- tendance, traffic safety bourd, composed of leading city officials and transportation exec- utives, 12 meetings, 250 attendance; other forums of various types, 56 meetings and 12,225 attendance. The Munich office also cooperated with the Munich Amerika Haus, the State Department Iniorm:tion center, in promoting forums and other events, which during the year totaled approximutely 1,700 with an attendance of more than 150,000. United States resident officers attended nearly all of the town meetings, and many of the other events. In nearly every case, however, actual organization and conduct or the mectings was left to the Germans. Americans appeared on the programs only when requested, or whe}. encouragement was needed. “Munich was the birthplace of the Nazi party, but it was also here that the Nazi re- gime was most actively opposed,” Mr. God- frey observes. “I am convinced that there is a basic desire on the part of an increas- ingly large number of citizens to seek what we term the democratic way of life. The enthusiasm which they have shown for the democratization program indicates that they are determined to make participation in their government and cooperation in community welfare a definite part of their lives in the future.” THE LOYALTY PROGRAM Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the body of the REcorp correspondence which I have had with the Department CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—SENATE of State relative to security risks and the loyalty program. There being no objection, the corre- spondence was ordcred to be printed in the REcoRD, as follows: DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Washington, March 1, 1950. The Honorable WILLIAM F. KNOWLAND, United States Senate. MY Dear MR KNOWLAND: I refer to your letter of February 20, 1950, in which you re- quest additional information and clarifica- tion of certain points in my letter of Febru- ary 16, 1950, concerning the processing of employees under the loyalty program. In answer to point (1) of your letter, a total of 27 individuals resigned and 11 were removed by administrative action, i. e., re- duction in force, completion of assignment, etc, prior to final adjudication under the President's loyalty progiam. This, of course, does not mean that these employees were dis- loyal or were security r.sks as the investiga- tions had not been completed when they left the department With regard to point (2), when an em- ployee resigns while under investigation or is removed as & result of the investigation, that information appears in the record of the employee. The Department of State 1s not in a position to prevent his employment by another Government agency. However, the security files of the Department of State are available to authorized representatives of all agencies of the executive branch of the Government, In addition to making the files available to other agencies, the Depart- ment has advised the Civil Service Commis- sion of the names of all individuals who have been investigated by the Department since September 1, 1939, and this informa- tion is on file in the Commission’s master index file which is available for checking by other Government agencies. In those cases where an individual re- signs while under investigation by the Fed- eral Bureau of Investigation for loyalty rea- sons, a determination as to his loyelty has not as yet been made The Civil Service Commission is advised of the resignation by the Department. In the event the individual is employed by another agency the Civil Service Commission loyalty review board forwards the FBI investigative reports to the employing agency for processing under the loyalty program. With reference to point 3 of your letter, our records indicate the following break- down of the 326 cases which are still in process. Since this information applies to persons who were employed by the Depart- ment prior to July 1949, they have all been pending at least 8 months: 21 pending for 8 months, 10 pending for 9 months, 18 pending for 10 months, 10 pending for 11 months, 10 pending for 12 months, 257 pending for a period of more than 1 year. The preponderance of those cases on which final results have not been achieved are those whose forms had been returned by the Federal Bureau of Investigation for clearer fingerprints, inaccuracies, and for incompleteness. It should be understood that the Depart- ment and its 291 fleld posts throughout the world initiate several thousand personnel transfers in a single year. Due to distances and time required to recontact employees, a@ considerable time lag necessarily develops between the initial submission of a loyalty form and the resubmission of a corrected form, As I pointed out in my letter to you of February 16, 1950, all persons proposed for employment in the Department and the Foreign Service are carefully investigated MARCH 4 for security and suitability prior to appoint- ment. I trust that this information will be help- ful to you Sincerely yours, Joun E, PEuriroy, Deputy Under Secretary. FEsRuARY 20, 1950. Hon JoHN E Pevuriroy, Deputy Under Secretary, Department of State, Washington, D C. Dear Mr. PeuriFoy: Your letter of Febru- ary 16 has been received in reply to mine of January 26. I wish to thank you for sending me the information and would like clarifica« tion on the following points: 1, In addition to the three hundred and twenty-six who are now receiving active at- tention, how many (a) resigned during the course of the investigation, or (b) were re- moved by administrative action? 2. When an employee resigns while under investigation or is removed as a result of the investigation, does such a notation show on his record or is he free to go to some other Government department and gain a position of responsibility without the previous facts being known to the employing agency? 3. Of the 326 cases which are receiving active attention will you please break them down to show how many of them have been pending for 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, etc., up to 1 year and how many of them have been pending for over 1 year’s time? With best personal regards, I remain, Sincerely yours, WILLIAM F KNOwLAND, JANUARY 26, 1950. Hon DEaN G ACHESON, Secretary of State, Department of State, Washington, D. C. My Dear Mr. SecreTary: On March 21, 1947, the President issued Executive Order 9835 which established a procedure for the investigation of the loyalty of Government employees. This order was issued 34 months ago and it seems reasonable to assume that @ final decision should have been rendered as to the loyalty of employees who were em- ployed by the Department of State prior to July 1949. I would appreciate it if you would advise me whether there are any individual cases where a final decision has not been made as to whether the employee is considered loyal as set out in Executive Order 9835. If @ final determination has not been made, I would appreciate knowing the total num- ber of cases not yet cleared for loyalty and the number of those who have assignments in the Far Eastern Division. I will be pleased to receive the above in- formation as soon as possible. Sincerely yours, Wituiam F. KNOWLAND, DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Washington, February 3, 1950. The Honorable WiLLI1AM F. KNOWLAND, United States Senate. My Dear SENATOR KNOWLAND: I refer to your letter of January 26, 1950, in which you request certain information with regard to the progres; of the loyalty program in the Department of State. The material requested by you is being gathered and will be forwarded to you as goon as possible. Sincerely yours, Joun E. Pevriroy, Deputy Under Secretary (For the Secretary of State).
1950 DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Washington, February 16, 1950, The Honorable WILLIAM F. KNOWLAND, United States Senate. My Dear SENATOR KNOWLAND: I refer to your letter of January 26, 1950, and to my acknowledgment of February 8, 1950, with regard to the progress of the loyalty program in the Department of State. As of June 30, 1949, the Department and the Foreign Service had a combined total of 13,917 American employees on its rolls. Of this number, all of those who are presently employed have been completely processed under Executive Order 9835, except 326 which are receiving active attention. Two of these individuals are employed in the Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs, A careful analysis of the administrative operations of the Depart- ment’s participation in the loyalty program indicates that the preponderance of those cases on whom final results have not been achioved are those whose forms had been re- turned by the Federal Bureau of Investiga- tion for clearer fingerprints, inaccuracies, and for incompleteness. The Department and its 291 field posts throughout the world initiate several thousand personnel trans- fers in a single year. Due to distances and time required to recontact employees, it has been established that a considerable time lag necessarily develops between the initial submission of a loyalty form and the resub- mission of the corrected form which is ac- ceptable to the Federal Bureau of Investiga- tion for its loyalty-checking purposes. I should like to emphasize that in addi- tion to the Department's participation in the President's loyalty program all persons pro- posed for employment in the Department and the Foreign Service are investigated for security and suitability prior to appoint- ment. During these preappointment inves- tigations available sources which would in- dicate subversive activities are checked and persons are appointed only after the Depart- ment is satisfied as to their security. Sincerely yours, JOHN E PFURIFOY, Deputy Under Secretary (For the Secretary of State). CONGRESSIONAL ACCESS TO INVESTI- GATIVE REPORTS AND FILES OF THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS Mr. ANDERSON. Mr. President—— Mr, EASTLAND. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the Senator from New Mexico be permitted to address the Senate at this time. The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob- jection, the Senator from New Mexico may address the Senate without taking the Senator from Mississippi off the floor. Mr. ANDERSON. Mr. President, I do not desire to interrupt debate on the displaced persons bill; but I should like to make a short statement, which will not take more than 5 minutes, with ref- crence to Senate Resolution 231. First, I ask unanimous consent to have in- serted in the Recorp, at this point, an opinion by the Attorney General with reference to access to executive reports and files in the possession of the execu- tive departments. There being no objection, the opinion was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: Posrrion OF THE EXecuTive DEPARTMENT REGARDING INVESTIGATIVE RePorTs It is the position of the Department of Jus- tice, restated now with the approval and at CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—SENATE the direction of the President, that all in- vestigative reports are confidential docu- ments of the executive department and that congressional or public access thereto would not be in the public interest. This accords with the conclusions reached by a long line of predecessors in the office of Attorney General and with the position taken by the President from time to time since Washington's administration, and this discretion in the executive branch has been upheld and respected by the judiciary. Apri 30, 1941, Hon. Car VINSON, Chairman, House Committee on Naval Affairs, My Dear Mr. Vinson: I have your letter of April 23, requesting that your committee be furnished with all Federal Bureau of In- vestigation reports since June 1939, together with all future reports, memoranda, and cor- respondence of the Federal Bureau of In- vestigation, or the Department of Justice, in connection with “investigations made by the Department of Justice arising out of strikes, subversive activities in connection with labor datsputes, or labor disturbances of any kind in industrial establishments which have naval contracts, either as prime contractors or subcontractors.” Your request to be furnished reports of the Federal Bureau of Investigation is one of the many made by congressional commit- tees. I have on my desk at. this time two other such requests for access to Federal Bureau of Investigation files The number of these requests would slone make com- pliance impracticable, particularly where the requests are of sv comprehensive a char- acter as those conta'ned in your letter. In view of the increasing frequency of these requests, I desire to restate our policy at some length, together with the reasons which require it. It is the position of this Department, re- stated now with the approval of and at the direction of the President, that all investiga- tive reports are confidential documents of the executive department of the Govern- ment, to aid tn the duty laid upon the Pres- ident by the Constitution to “take care that the laws be faithfully executed,” and that congressional or public access to them would not be tn the public interest. Disclosure of the reports could not do otherwise than seriously prejudice law en- forcement. Counsel for a defendant or pro- spective defendant, could have no greater help than to know how much or how little information the Government has, and what witnesses or sources of information it can rely upon. This is exactly what these re- ports are intended to contain. Disclosure of the reports at this particular time would also prejudice the national de- fense and be of ald and comfort to the very subversive elements against which you wish to protect the country. For this reason we have made extraordinary efforts to see that the results of counter-espionage activities and intelligence activities of this Depart- ment involving those elements are kept with- in the fewest possible hands. A catalog of persons under investigation or suspicion, and what we know about them, would be of estimable service to foreign agencies; and information which could be so used cannot be too closely guarded. Moreover, disclosure of the reports would be of serious prejudice to the future use- fulness of the Federal Bureau of Investi- gation. Ag you probably know, much of this information is given in confidence and can only be obtained upon pledge not to disclose its sources. <A disclosure of the sources would embarrass informants; some- times in their employment, sometimes in their social relations, and in extreme cases 2795 might even endanger their lives. We regard the keeping of faith with confidential in- formants as an indispensable condition of future efficiency. Disclosure of information contained in the reports might also be the grossest kind of injustice to innocent tndividuals. In- vestigntive reports include leads and sus- picions, and sometimes even the statements of malicious or misinformed people. Even though later and more complete reports exonerate the individuals, the use of par- ticular or selected reports might constitute the grossest injustice, and we all know that ®@ correction never catches up with an accu- sation. In concluding that the public interest does not permit general access to Federal Bureau of Investigation reports for infor- mation by the many congressional commit- tees who from time to time ask it, I am following the conclusions reached by a long line of distinguished predecessors in this of- fice who have uniformly taken the same view. Examples of this are to be found in the fol- lowing letters, among others. . Letter of Attorney General Knox to the Speaker of the House, dated April 27, 1904, declining to comply with a resolution of the House requesting the Attorney General to furnish the House with all papers and docu- ments and other information concerning the investigation of the Northern Sccurities case. Letter of Attorney General Bonaparte to the Speaker of the House, dated April 13, 1908, declining to comply with a resolution of the House requesting the Attorney Gen- eral to furnish to the House information concerning the investigation of certain cor- porations engaged in the manufacture of wood pulp for print paper. Letter of Attorney General Wickersham to the Speaker of the House, dated March 18, 1912, declining to comply with a resolution of the House directing the Attorney General to furnish to the House information con- cerning an investigation of the smelter trust. Letter of Attorney General McReynolds to the secretary to the President, dated Au- gust 28, 1914, stating that it would be in- compatible with the public intercst to send to the Senate in response to its resolution reports made to the Attorney General by his associates regarding violations of law by the Standard Oil Co. Letter of Attorney General Gregory to the President of the Senate, dated February 23, 1915, declining to comply with a resolution of the Senate requesting the Attorney Gen- eral to repurt to the Senate his findings and conclusions in the investigation of the smelting industry. Letter of Attorney General Sargent to the chairman of the House Judiciary Commit- tee, dated June 8, 1926, declining to com- ply with his request to turn over to the committee all papers in the files of the De- partment relating to the merger of certain oll companies. In taking this position my predecessors in this office have followed eminent examples. Since the beginning of the Government, the executive branch has from time to time been confronted with the unpleasant duty of declining to furnish to the Congress and to the courts information which it has ac- quired and which is necessary to it in the administration of statutes. As early as 1796, the House of Representatives request- ed President Washington to lay before the House a copy of the instructions to mints- ters of the United States who negotiated a treaty with Great Britain, together with the correspondence and other documents relat- ing to the treaty. In declining to comply with the request, President Washington said: “As it is essential to the due administra- tion of the Government that the boundaries
2796 fixed by the Constitution between the dif- ferent departments should be preserved, & just regard to the Constitution and to the duty of my office * * * forbids & com- piiance with your request.” (See Richard- son, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, vol. 1, pp. 194, 196.) In 1825, the House of Representatives re- quested President Monroe to transmit cer- tain documents relating to the conduct of the officers of the Navy of the United States on the Pacific Ocean, and of other public agents in South America. In his reply, President Monroe refused to comply with the request, stating that to do so might subject individuals to unjust criticism; that the individuals involved should not be cen- sured without just cause, which could not be ascertained until after a thorough and impartial investigation of their conduct; and that under those circumstances it was thought that communication of the docu- ments would not comport with the public interest nor with what was due to the parties concerned, (See Richardson, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, vol. 2, p. 278.) Ia 1833 the Senate requested President Jackson to communicate to that boay a copy of a paper purporting to have been read by him to the heads of the executive depart- ments, dated September 18, 1833, relating to the removal of the deposits of the public money from the Bank of the United States. President Jackson declined. (See Richard- son, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, vol. 3, p. 36.) In 1835 the Senate passed a resolution requesting President Jackson to commu- nicate copies of the charges, if any, which might have been made to him against the oficial conduct of Gideon Fitz, late sur- veyor general south of the State of Tennes- see, which caused his removal from office. In reply President Jackson again declined to comply. (See Richardson, Messagea and Papers of the Presidents, vol. 8, pp. 132, 133.) This discretion in the executive branch has been upheld and respected by the ju- diciary. The courts have repeatedly held that they will not and cannot require the Executive to produce such papers when in the opinion of the Executive their production is contrary to the public interests. The courts have also held that the question whether the production of the papers would be against the public interest is one for the Executive and not for the courts to deter- mine. (Marbury v. Madison (1 Cranch 137, 169); Totten v. United States (92 U. S. 195); Kilbourn v. Thompson (103 U. 8S. 168, 190); Vogel v. Gruaa (110 U. S. 311); In re Quarles and Butler (158 U. 8. 5382); Boske v. Comin- gore (177 U. 8. 459); In re Huttman (70 Fed 699); In re Lamberton (124 Fed. 446); In re Valecia Condensed Milk Co. (240 Fed. 310); Elrod v. Moss (278 Fed. 128); Arnstein v. United States (296 Fed. 946); Gray v. Pent. land (2 Sergeant & Rawle’s (Pa.) 23, 28); Thompson v. German Valley R. Co. (22 N. J. Equity 111); Worthington v. Scribner (109 Mass 487); Appeal of Hartranfst (85 Pa. 433, 445); 2 Burr Trials (533-536): see also 25 Op A.G 326.) In Kilbourn v. Thompson, supra, the Court said: “It is belleved to be one of the chief merits of the American system of written constitu- tional law, that all the powers entrusted to government, whether State of National, are divided into the three grand departments— the executive, the legislative, and the ju- dicial. That the functions appropriate to each of these branches of Government shall be vested in a separate body of public serv- ants, and that the perfection of the system requires that the lines which separate and divide these dcrartments shall be broadly and clearly defined. It is also essential to CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—SENATE the successful working of this system that the persons entrusted with power in any one of these branches shall not be permitted to encroach upon the powers confided to the others, but that each shall by the law of its creation be ilmited to the exercise of the powers appropriate to its own department and no other.” In appeal of Hartranft, supra, the Court said: “We had better at the outstart recognize the fact that the executive department is a coordinate branch of the Government, with power to judge what should or should not Le done, within {ts own department, and what of its own doings and communications should or should not be kept secret, and that with it, in the exercise of these constl- tutional powers, the courts have no more right to interfere, than has the executive, under like conditions, to interfere with the courts.” The information here involved was col- lected, and is chiefly valuable, for use by the executive branch of the Government in the execution of the laws. It can be of little, if any, value in connection with the framing of legislation or the performance of any other constitutional duty of the Congress. We do not undertake to investigate strikes as to their justification or the lack of it, but confine investigation to alleged violations of law, including, of course, violation of stat- utes designed to suppress subversive activ- ity, and to general intelligence to guide ex- ecutive policy. Certainly, the evil which would necessarily flow from its untimely publication would far outweigh any possible good. I am not unmindful of your conditional sucgestion that your counsel will keep this information “inviolate until such time nas the committee determines its disposition.” I have no doubt that this pledge would he kept and that you would weigh every con- sideration before making any mattei public. Unfortunately, however, a policy cannot he made anew because of personal confidence of the Attorney General in the integrity and good faith of a particular committee chair- man. We cannot be put in the position of discriminating between committees or of attempting to judge between them, and their individual members, each of whom has ac- cess to information once placed in the hands of the committee. Of course, where the public interest has seemed to justify it, information as to par- ticular situations has been supplied to con- gressional committees by me and by formor Attorneys General. For example, I have taken the position that committees called upon to pass on the confirmation of persons recommended for appointment by the At- torney General would be afforded confiden- tial access to any information that we have— because no candidate's name is submitted without his knowledge and the Department does not intend to submit the name of any person whose entire history will not stand light. By way of further illustration, I may mention that pertinent information would be supplied in impeachment proceedings, usually instituted at the suggestion of the Department for the good of the administra- tion of justice. It is for the reasons given that I feel it my duty to decline your request, believing that in them you will find justification for my refusal. Respectfully, Rosrrt H. JAcKson. Mr. ANDERSON. Mr. President, Members of the Senate, especially Sen- ators who were members of the Com- mittee on Appropriations of the Eightieth Congress, first session, will recall that MARCH 4 on December 17, 1947, during the time I was serving as Secretary of Agricul- ture, I received from the committee a subpena directing me to produce all records in the custody or control of the Department of Agriculture for 1°46 and 1947, giving the names of traders on boards of trade. This was in connection with the hearings on speculation in com- modity markets. As I indicated at that time in my testi- mony, I believe it was the first time that a congressional committee had sought to do what Congress itself had not tried to do, and my position on the matter was in accordance with well-established precedent, So, perhaps as the only Member of the Senate who has becn served by a Senate committee with a subpena to produce records, I have read with exceptional in- terest the portion of the ConcrESsIONAL Recorp for February 21 and 22 with ref- erence to Senate Resolution 231, which was considered while I was absent from the Senate on public business. More particularly, I am interested in the pro- cedure which is to be followed under Senate Resolution 231 for the produc- tion of files and records. Had I been in the Chamber at the time the resolution was under consideration, I believe I would have joined in the discussion, which was precipitated by the majority leader when he raised a question as to how much privacy generally results from executive sessions of committees and the desirability of insuring protection to confidential information. As a member of the House Committee on Appropriations, I served as a mem- ber of the subcommittee appointed by the Speaker to consider charges made by the Dies committee against hundreds of Government employees. Five mem- bers of the Appropriations Committee heard charges on the question of whether it was desirable to continue on the pay roll of the Government a great many people against whom the charge had been made that they belonged to sub- versive organizations and were not fit persons to be on the pay roll. We inves- tigated literally hundreds of charges. It is out of that experience, Mr. Presi- dent, that I suggest to the Senate that possibly the Senate may find the Chief Executive may refuse to honor the sub- pena. I know that I found it necessary to decline a subpena of the United States Senate when it demanded that I produce a list of names. The Congress of the United States recognized the correctness of that decision by passing the supple- mentary legislation releasing me from the secrecy under which I was then oper- ating, and making it possible for me to release the names, The material which I have just in- serted in the Recorp is material which was called to my attention by the Solici- tor for the Department of Agriculture at that time, and it quite clearly indicates, I believe, that the conflict between the legislative and the executive depart- ments has been going on for a long time, and that it has never been resolved by
1950 one group trying to subpena another group, I need only to call attention to the fact that in the recent Christoffel case, on three different occasions when the judge insisted upon records being produced from a committee of the House of Repre- sentatives, the House, I think properly within its rights, refused to produce the records. At that time I did not hear a single Member of the United States Sen- ate protest against the action of the House, nor have I seen in any newspaper a protest by any Member of the Senate against the action of the House, It strikes me that if the legislative branch can refuse the subpena of the judicial branch, it confirms the view long held by the executive branch that it in turn may refuse the subpena of the legislative branch. Tam not trying to indicate what I think the duty of the President may be, or what he may do, or anything of that nature. I merely wish the Senate to realize that there are people who feel quite strongly on this question, and who believe it is well within the province of the executive branch to determine the conditions un- der which its files may be made available. I had intended, Mr. President to re- quest the insertion in my remarks of a Jetter which I wrote to the committee which had subpenaed the records from me. I find however, that it is carried in the ConcrEssIonat REcorp, in volume 93, part 9, Hightieth Congress, first session, December 18, 1947, on page 11616. But I call the attention of the Senate to a docu- ment entitled “Speculation in Commodity Markets,” which reviewed the procedure had at that time, and the discussion by the Senate committee when I was before it under subpena and under oath, In that discussion there were a great many things to which I think attention might be directed. Some suggestions were made as to the files of the FBI in subversive cases. As one who has gone carefully through the files of the FBI on a great many sub- versive cases when they were submitted to the subcommittee of the House Ap- propriations Committee on which I served, I wish to say that I do not believe the FBI will be enthusiastic about the procedure outlined before the Senate. Any time it is suggested to the FBI that their witnesses be called in one by one, A, B,C, and D, as mentioned as a possible result of Senate Resolution 231 by the distinguished Senator from Connecticut [Mr. McMaHon], and that those wit- nesses be required to reveal who they are, and whe basis upon which they are try- ing to observe the activities of other gov- ernment officials, the same thing will be done that the FBI objected to in the Cop- lon casc. When we tried, in the House, by direc- tion of the House Appropriations Com- mittee, to examine such witnesses, we did not doit in open hearings. That resulted in comment by the witnesses that they had been unfairly treated, in that they were not confronted with their accusers. I regretted that. I still be!l'ove that we treated t.7-7n fairly. I svill believe that CVI 176 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—SENATE nearly all the persons whose names were before that committee would concede to this day that we treated them fairly, but that we did not give them what many people regard, and perhaps properly so, to be their sacred right, the right to be confronted with their accusers. The reason we did not confront them with their accusers was that it would have been necessary to reveal who was em- ployed by th FBI, and who perhaps was working in a clerical capacity next to a whole group of persons, and who was in reality an FBI agent. I thought, and many others thought, that it would be unfortunate to reveal who these people were who had been long trained by the FBI, and were well directed by the FBI. While I am sure all Members of the Senate are trying now to work this mat- ter out on a proper basis, I regret my absence from the Genate at the time the debate took place. There are many matters I would have liked to comment upon. I do, however, wish to suggest that if the House of Representatives can say to the judiciary, “There are three branches of this Government, and the legislative will not surrender to the judi- ciary its files, no matter if three times subpenaed by a judge,” then by the same token it strikes me that the executive may say to the legislative, “I will not surrender my files, no matter how many times they may be subpenaed.” DISPLACED PERSONS The Senate resumed the consideration of the bill (H.R. 4567) to amend the Dis- placed Pcrsons Act of 1948. Mr. EASTLAND. Mr. President, I send to the desk an amendment to House bill 4567 and ask that it be printed and lie on the table. The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob- jection, the amendment will be received, printed, and lie on the table. Mr. EASTLAND. The amendment provides that no person shall be em- ployed by the Displaced Persons Ccm- mission who has been a member of one of the voluntary agencies whose duty it is to expedite the entry of immigrants into the United States. Mr. President, in my judgment, one of the great short- comings of the present displaced-per- sons program is that the employees of the Displaced Persons Commission are not trained immigration men. They have had no experience in that line of activity. A great part of its employees were members of voluntary agencies whose duty it was to pick up displaced persons and get them into this country. As a result, there has been a total lack of screening in the program, so far as the protection of this country is con- cerned; and in my judgment, the screen- ing in Europe has all but broken down, Mr. President, I do not want anything I have said in the past 2 days to reflect upon the honesty or the integrity of the members of the Displaced Persons Commission in the city of Washington. However, they did make a grave mistake in establishing a system by which a for- elgn agency would initiate the applica- 2797 tions of displaced persons to enter this country. I think it has resulted in a great number of persons being admitted who otherwise would not have gotten into the United States. Mr. President, I now ask unanimous consent to yield to my friend the senior Senator from North Dakota ([Mr. Lancer], with the understanding that I shall not lose the floor. The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob- jection, it is so ordered. Mr. EASTLAND. When the Senator from North Dakota has concluded, I shall yield the floor. NORTH DAKOTA STATE BONDING FUND Mr. LANGER. Mr, President, I thank the Senator from Mississippi for yielding tome. I call the attention of Senators, particularly those who wish to save some money for the Government of the United States, to the great success of the State bonding fund in the State of North Da- kota. The law providing that the State of North Dakota itself shall write all the bonds for the men and women who hold fiduciary positions with any North Da- kota municipality has been in effect in North Dakota for 30 years. Mr. President, there appeared in the February 28 issuc of the Fargo Forum, one of the leading newspapers in North Dakota, a newspaper which fought the enactment of that measure, and called it socialism, an article entitled “Bonded Unit Making Money While Giving Serv- ices Free.” I have the article before me now. I particularly regret that the Sen- ator from Missouri | Mr. Kem] is not now upon the floor, because a few days ago he made the statement that the varlous State industries in North Dakota were losing money. I hope every Member who now is on the floor o7 the Senate will listen to the reading of this article from the Fargo Forum: Bonpina UNIT MAKING Mongy WHILE GIvING Services FREE Bismarck, N. Dax.—The North Dakota State Bonding Department is making money while giving its services away. For the past 2 years the department has written bonds for State, county, and municl- pal officials which called for fees of more than $176,000. All but $292 of the fees were waived, but the department fund still has more money now than at the beginning of 1948. During the 2 years the department's fund has gained more than $55,000, almost all of it from interest on investments. The 1947 legislature passed a law providing that premiums for bonding State and local government officials could be waived as long as there was more than $1,000,000 in the fund. State Insurance Commissioner Otto Krue- ger points out that last year’s operations cost only about 24 percent of the interest earned from the department's investments. The department now carries bonds, he sald, totaling more than $33,470,000, with its assets at the end of 1949 amounting to $1,424,863. I may say, Mr, President, that 30 years ago, as attorney general of the State, I found that a bonding company which had insured my predecessor as attorney general in the sum of $5,000, after that official had embezzled $35,000, refused to
2798 pay without a lawsuit. It took the people of North Dakota a year and a half in which to collect on a $5,000 bond, follow- ine a $35,000 embezzlement. It so dis- gusted the Legislature of North Dakota and certain of the State officials that, without appropriating one thin dime, we passed a law by which the State of North Dakota automatically insured all State, county, and municipal officials. We practically said, “At the end of the year we will send bills to each municipality representing its proportionate share of the cost.” I repeat, that was 30 years ago. I want every Senator to know that for a time the amount paid by the mu- nicipalties was about one-third as much as an old-line company would have charzed for writing the same fidelity in- surance. It later decreased to approxi- mately one-tenth as much, and finally North Dakota had so much money on hand that the legislature substantially said, “Do not send out any notices as long as we have $1,000,000 on hand.” In 1947 the State legislature passed the law I have already mentioned. In the United States Government what do we find? Only a short time ago I at- tended a meeting of the so-called Five Percent Committee. I listened to testi- mony given before a committee of which the distinguished Senator from North Carolina [Mr. Hory] was chairman, which showed that one company had in- sured some ships, the premium for them amounting to over $100,000. Why should the Government of the United States have any of its officials insured by a pri- vate company and pay a big premium, when as a matter of fact it can carry its own insurance in a manner similar to that followed in the State of North Dakota? I mention this particularly because I am entirely satisfied that the Govern- ment of the United States can save hun- dreds of millions of dollars a year. Iam delighted to see sitting upon the Senate floor the senior Senator from Georgia {Mr. GeorcE!, chairman of the Finance Committee. We can save hundreds of millions of dollars a year by enacting a law similar to the one which has been in effect for 30 years in North Dakota, which has proved to be very effective, and which, as I say, has saved the taxpayers hundreds of thousands of dollars. I might add, Mr. President, that I in- tend to introduce a bill which will carry out the purposes which I have described and which may be referred to the Com- mittee on Finance. At that time I shall ask permission to appear personally in behalf of the bill. In the meantime, I suggest to the distinguished chairman of that committee that if he wants any information as to the economies which may be effected by the passage of such a measure, I shall be glad to furnish it to him, based upon 30 years’ experience of the sovereign State of North Dakota. PROGRAM FOR THE DAY—RESTORATION OF NATIONAL COAL PRODUCTION Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, the pri- mary reason why the Senate is in ses- sion today is because the President sent CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—SENATE a@ message to the Congress yesterday in- volving the acute crisis in the coal situa- tion throughout the Nation. Otherwise, the Senate would have taken a recess until Monday. Some Members of the Senate have asked me whether there will be a vote this afternoon upon any amend- ment or any part of the pending meas- sure, and I have assured them that there will not be such a vote. The Senator from Illinois hopes to have the Senate recess at approximately 4 o'clock this afternoon. While I am on my feet, I desire to com- mend members of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare for the dili- gence pursued by each and every one of them in dealing with the bill which was introduced yesterday by the distinguished Senator from Utah [Mr. THomas]. Iam advised that the committee is still work- ing on the bill and that, with the ex- ception of a few minor details, it will soon be perfected. The coal strike is virtually settled. Apparently, there re- mains now only the question of the lawyers representing the opcrators as well as those representing the union drawing up appropriate contracts. If that be true, and I have evcry reason to believe that it is, I will say to the Sen- ate that, so far as the majority is con- cerned, there will be no pressing for the emergency legislation, a draft of which was sent to the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare yesterday. I thought I should make this an- nouncement, in view of the fact that Senators have returned to the Chamber today, primarily to ascertain whether there would be any action upon that bill. I said yesterday that if the bill were re- ported and if the differences between the operators and the miners were not set- tled, we would take up the bill at the session this afternoon. I should like to read one paragraph of the President’s message with respect to the present coal situation. Among other things, he said: I am not requesting this legislation as a means of settling the issues in dispute be- tween the operators and the union. They will have to settle their differences through their own collective bargaining, just as though Government operation were not in effect. I do not propose to substitute the Government's representatives for the private operators at the bargaining table. It will not be our purpose to establish wages, hours, or working conditions which would bind either the operators or the miners upon re- sumption of private operations. When the country can be assured of suffi- cient supplies of coal, the Government will have no need to continue public operation and the mines will be promptly returned to private hands. I have stressed these essential elements in the plan for Government operation, so that there will be no misunderstanding of the legislation I am recommending. Mr. President, I am certain that that statement contributed greatly to the set- tlement which has been made between the union members and the operators in the coal industry. I wish to add a further word, which I have not been able to say heretofore; MarcH 4 and the Vice President, who now occu- pies the chair, knows that what I shall say now is true. At the White House mectings which have been held every Monday morning with the leaders of the House and the leaders of the Senate, whenever the coal situation has been dis- cussed—and that has been many, many times—the President of the United States has repeatedly said, “I have not wanted, and do not want, the Government of the United States to seize the mines.” It was only in the last extremity that he sent the seizure bill to the Congress yester- day. I simply mention that to tell the Senate and the country of the position of the President of the United States in respect to his theory regarding seizure of the mines. It was the last thing he desired to do, and he said so many times. Mr. CAPEHART. Mr. President, will the Senator yield to me? Mr. LUCAS. I yield to the Senator from Indiana. Mr. CAPEHART. Mr. President, I suspect that my State of Indiana has been hit as hard by the strike in the coal industry as any of the other States, or perhaps even harder. I urge that the United States Senate and the entire Con- gress pass legislation which will avoid any similar situation tn the future, and will put a stop, once and for all, to the kind of situation we have had in the United States during the past 30 days. I do not think we should stop now, as a result of the coal strike settlement; I think we should pass legislation giving the President of the United States, who- ever he may be in the future, the power to deal with such situations. We should go further, and pass legis- lation which will permanently avoid in the future such a situation as we have had during the last 30 days. I think we will be derelict in our duty as Senators if we do not do so. I strongly urge that within the next 60 days the Congress of the United States once and for all time put a stop to any recurrence of such situations as we have had in the United States during the past 30 days. Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, in reply to the able Scnator from Indiana, let me say that I do not think any Member of the Senate desires to see exist in this country chaotic conditions or serious trouble in any Nation-wide industry, af- fecting the health and safety of the Na- tion. I agree with the Senator from Indiana that if there can be devised some plan of legislation which will definitely have the effect of preventing a national emergency of this Kind, it certainly ought to be considered. But the best minds in the country and the best minds in the Senate have worked upon this prob- lem innumerable times. Of course, we realize that in a free country such as ours, it is rather difficult to frame legis- lation which will do the job the Senator from Indiana would like to have done. So long as we have free men and free women in this country, a person who en- joys the privileges of the Government of the United States has the right to work