organizations related to monitoring and detect-
ing methane super-emitters. 
(G) Recommendations regarding the activi-
ties under subparagraphs (A) through (F), as 
appropriate. 
(d) USE OF STRATEGY.—The Administrator may use 
the strategy described in subsection (a) to inform the plan-
ning of research and development activities regarding 
greenhouse gas monitoring and detection, including meth-
ane super-emitters. 
(e) REPORT.—Not later than 18 months after the date 
of the execution of the agreement between the Administrator 
and the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and 
Medicine under subsection (a), the National Academies 
shall submit to the Administrator, the Committee on 
Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representa-
tives, and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Trans-
portation of the Senate a report on the strategy described 
in subsection (a). 
(f) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 
(1) GREENHOUSE GAS MONITORING AND DETEC-
TION.—The term ‘‘greenhouse gas monitoring and de-
tection’’ means the direct observation, from space or 
in-situ, or collection of measurement data pertaining 
to, greenhouse gas emissions and levels. 
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(2) GEOCARB.—The term ‘‘GeoCarb’’ shall mean 
the Geostationary Carbon Cycle Observatory. 
SEC. 608. NASA DATA FOR AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS. 
(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 
(1) NASA has decades of experience in space- 
based scientific Earth observations and measure-
ments, including data, trends and modeling. 
(2) NASA Earth science data, which includes 
data 
on 
precipitation, 
temperature, 
evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and vegetation 
health, has been used to inform the decisionmaking of 
agricultural producers. 
(3) NASA applies its scientific data and models 
to inform and support the agricultural community 
and engages in innovative collaborations such as the 
NASA Acres and NASA Harvest agricultural con-
sortia. 
(4) NASA uses space-based Earth observations 
and science and applications to support farmers in 
efforts to conserve water and other resources, improve 
farm management and crop yield, and facilitate the 
stability of the national food supply. 
(5) NASA’s upcoming Earth System Observatory 
will benefit the agricultural community by improving 
observations critical for measuring and under-
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standing cropland conditions, water availability, 
early onset crop disease, soil moisture, and other crop 
and rangeland management indicators. 
(6) Increased engagement between NASA and the 
agricultural community can support agricultural 
producers, bolster the national food supply, and im-
prove agricultural research, science, and technology. 
(b) DATA DISSEMINATION.—NASA shall continue to 
partner with other relevant Federal agencies, as practicable, 
to disseminate water, soil, vegetation, land-use, and other 
relevant NASA Earth observation and science data, infor-
mation and tools to support American agricultural pro-
ducers. Such partnerships may include activities such as— 
(1) continuing the leverage NASA Earth science 
water data and information to enable efficient use of 
resources, inform irrigation decisions, and support 
local innovation and control of water management; 
(2) supporting agriculture decisionmaking by in-
creasing the accessibility and useability of NASA 
Earth science data, information, and tools relevant to 
the impact of disease, weather, precipitation, and 
other environmental factors on agricultural produc-
tion; or 
(3) making available, to the greatest extent prac-
ticable, NASA earth science measurements and data 
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to advance precision agricultural capabilities relevant 
to the needs and requirements of agricultural pro-
ducers. 
(c) APPLICATION OF SPACE-BASED DATA.—The Ad-
ministrator shall, in furtherance of the goal for the NASA’s 
Earth science and applications program of securing prac-
tical benefits for society, as set forth in section 60501 of 
title 51, United States Code, continue to collaborate with 
relevant Federal agencies to develop mechanisms to transi-
tion, as appropriate, relevant NASA Earth science research 
findings, data, information, models, and capabilities to 
operational governmental and private sector entities focused 
on addressing the needs of the agricultural user community. 
(d) PARTNERING.—In carrying out subsections (b) and 
(d), NASA shall, to the extent practicable and in collabora-
tion with other relevant Federal agencies, where appro-
priate, continue to engage State and local government agen-
cies, institutions of higher education, agriculture producer 
organizations, and other relevant stakeholder and user com-
munities from the public and private sectors to improve dis-
semination of NASA Earth science data, information, and 
tools relevant to the needs of agricultural producers and the 
agriculture industry, in accordance with the goal for the 
Administration’s Earth science and applications program 
set forth in section 60501 of title 51, United States Code, 
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and relevant recommendations of the most recent decadal 
survey on Earth science and applications from space. 
SEC. 609. PLANETARY SCIENCE PORTFOLIO. 
(a) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Congress 
that— 
(1) planetary science missions advance the sci-
entific understanding of the solar system and the 
place of humans in it while also advancing the design 
and operations of spacecraft and robotic engineering; 
and 
(2) Discovery, New Frontiers, and Flagship pro-
grams allow NASA to fund a range of missions that 
vary in size, cost, and complexity; maintaining bal-
ance across these mission classes allows for a broad 
scope of discoveries and scientific advances. 
(b) MISSION PRIORITIES REAFFIRMATION.—Congress 
reaffirms the direction in section 502(b)(1) of the National 
Aeronautics and Space Administration Transition Author-
ization Act of 2017 (Public Law 115–10; 51 U.S.C. 20302 
note) that— 
(1) in accordance with the priorities established 
in the most recent Planetary Science Decadal Survey, 
The Administrator shall ensure, to the greatest extent 
practicable, the completion of a balanced set of Dis-
covery, New Frontiers, and Flagship missions at the 
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cadence recommended by the most recent Planetary 
Science Decadal Survey; and 
(2) consistent with the set of missions described 
in paragraph (1), and while maintaining the con-
tinuity of scientific data and steady development of 
capabilities and technologies, the Administrator may 
seek, if necessary, adjustments to mission priorities, 
schedule, and scope in light of changing budget projec-
tions. 
SEC. 610. PLANETARY DEFENSE. 
(a) Section 808 of the National Aeronautics and Space 
Administration Authorization Act of 2010 (42 U.S.C. 
18387), is amended in subsection (b) by striking ‘‘imple-
ment, before September 30, 2012,’’ and inserting ‘‘, in co-
ordination with the NASA Administrator, maintain and 
regularly update’’. 
(b) Title 51, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) in section 71103— 
(A) in the section heading, by striking ‘‘De-
veloping policy and recommending’’ 
and inserting ‘‘Policy on near-Earth ob-
jects and’’ 
(B) by striking ‘‘Within 2 years after Octo-
ber 15, 2008, the’’ and inserting ‘‘The’’; 
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(C) after ‘‘Policy shall’’, by inserting ‘‘, in 
coordination with the Administrator, maintain 
and regularly update’’; 
(D) by striking ‘‘(1) develop’’; and 
(E) in paragraph (2), by striking ‘‘(2) rec-
ommend’’ and inserting ‘‘recommendations for’’; 
and 
(2) in chapter 711— 
(A) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘§ 71105. Planetary defense coordination office 
‘‘(a) OFFICE.—As directed in section 10825 of the Na-
tional Aeronautics and Space Administration Authoriza-
tion Act of 2022 (Public Law 117–167), the Administrator 
shall maintain an office within the Planetary Science Divi-
sion of the Science Mission Directorate to be known as the 
‘Planetary Defense Coordination Office’. 
‘‘(b) RESPONSIBILITIES.—Consistent with the direc-
tion in section 10825 of the National Aeronautics and 
Space Administration Authorization Act of 2022 (Public 
Law 117–167) the Planetary Defense Coordination Office 
under subsection (a) shall— 
‘‘(1) plan, develop, and implement a program to 
survey threats posed by near-Earth objects equal to or 
grater than 140 meters in diameter, as required by 
section 321(d)(1) of the National Aeronautics and 
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Space Administration Authorization Act of 2005 
(Public Law 109–155; 119 Stat. 2922; 51 U.S.C. 
71101 note prec.); 
‘‘(2) identify, track, and characterize potentially 
hazardous near-Earth objects, issue warnings of the 
effects of potential impacts of such objects, and inves-
tigate strategies and technologies for mitigating the 
potential impacts of such objects; and 
‘‘(3) assist in coordinating government planning 
for a response to a potential impact of a near-Earth 
objects.’’; and 
(B) in the table of contents— 
(i) by adding at the end the following 
new item: 
‘‘71105. Planetary Defense Coordination Office.’’; and 
(ii) by amending the item relating to 
section 71103 to read as follows: 
‘‘71103. Policy on near-Earth objects and responsible Federal agency.’’. 
SEC. 611. LUNAR DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator may carry out, 
within the Science Mission Directorate, a program to ac-
complish science objectives for the Moon, with an organiza-
tional structure that aligns responsibility, authority, and 
accountability, as recommended by the most recent decadal 
survey for planetary science and astrobiology. 
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(b) OBJECTIVES AND REQUIREMENTS.—In carrying 
out the program in subsection (a), the Administrator shall 
direct the Science Mission Directorate, in consultation with 
the Exploration Systems Development Mission Directorate 
and the Space Technology Mission Directorate, to define 
high-priority lunar science objectives informed by decadal 
and other scientific consensus recommendations, and re-
lated requirements of an integrated Artemis science strategy 
for human and robotic missions to the Moon. 
(c) INSTRUMENTATION.—The program in subsection 
(a) should assess the need for and facilitate the development 
of instrumentation to support the scientific exploration of 
the Moon. 
SEC. 612. COMMERCIAL LUNAR PAYLOAD SERVICES. 
(a) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Congress 
that— 
(1) the Administrator’s encouragement and sup-
port for commercial services for lunar surface delivery 
capabilities and other related services serves the na-
tional interest; and 
(2) commercial providers benefit from an ap-
proach that places low-cost, noncritical instruments 
on initial deliveries using small- and medium-size 
landers before proceeding to larger landers for more 
complex payloads. 
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(b) COMMERCIAL LUNAR PAYLOAD SERVICES.—The 
Administrator is authorized to establish a Commercial 
Lunar Payload Services program for the purposes of pro-
curing, from one or more United States commercial pro-
viders, services for delivery of NASA science payloads, and 
the payloads of other NASA mission directorates, as appro-
priate and practicable, to the lunar surface. 
(c) RELATIONSHIP
TO
OTHER
MISSION
DIREC-
TORATES.—A Mission Directorate that seeks to obtain com-
mercial lunar payload services under the program estab-
lished in subsection (b) shall provide funding for— 
(1) any payload, instrument or other item spon-
sored by the Mission Directorate for delivery through 
the program; and 
(2) the cost of the commercial lunar payload 
services obtained on behalf of the Mission Directorate. 
(d) IMPLEMENTATION.—In implementing any such ac-
tivities pursuant to subsection (b), the Administrator 
shall— 
(1) conduct updated market research on the com-
mercial lunar economy and identify any changes 
since the last market analysis; 
(2) assess NASA’s needs from and role in and 
contribution to the commercial lunar delivery market; 
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