countries achieve food self-sufficiency and graduate
from dependency on international assistance.
(B) Development assistance, technical assist-
ance, and training from bilateral governmental and
multilateral entities, as well as nongovernmental or-
ganizations and land-grant universities, can facilitate
and encourage commercial development in Africa,
such as improving rural roads, agricultural research
and extension, and providing access to credit and
other resources.
(10)(A) Several United States private voluntary
organizations have demonstrated success in empow-
ering Africans through direct business ownership
and helping African agricultural producers more effi-
ciently and directly market their products.
(B) Rural business associations, owned and
controlled by farmer shareholders, also greatly aid
agricultural producers to increase their household in-
comes.
(11)(A) Over a decade ago, the Development
Fund for Africa (DFA) was enacted into law ‘‘to
help the poor majority of men and women in sub-
Saharan Africa to participate in a process of long-
term development through economic growth that is
equitable, participatory, environmentally sustainable,
and self-reliant.’’.
(B) In recent years, political change and eco-
nomic recovery in Africa have amplified the impor-
tance of this policy objective while generating new
opportunities for its advancement.
(C) Despite these developments, funding for the
Development Fund for Africa has declined from a
high of $811,000,000 for 1993 to approximately
$635,000,000 for 1997.
(12)(A) United States bilateral development
and humanitarian assistance to sub-Saharan Africa
is approximately one-tenth of 1 percent of the total
annual budget of the United States Government.
(B) Funding for agricultural development
worldwide by the United States Agency for Inter-
national Development has declined from 36 percent
of its total budget in 1988 to 15 percent in 1997.
(13) The United States Agency for Inter-
national Development has initiated an Africa Food
Security Initiative in an effort to improve child nu-
trition and increase agricultural income in Africa.
(b) DECLARATION OF POLICY.—It is the policy of the
United States, consistent with title XII of part I of the
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, to support governments
of sub-Saharan African countries, United States and Afri-
can nongovernmental organizations, universities, busi-
nesses, and international agencies, to help ensure the
availability of basic nutrition and economic opportunities
for individuals in sub-Saharan Africa, through sustainable
agriculture and rural development.
TITLE I—ASSISTANCE FOR SUB-
SAHARAN AFRICA
SEC. 101. AFRICA FOOD SECURITY INITIATIVE.
(a) ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS IN CARRYING OUT
THE INITIATIVE.—In providing development assistance
under the Africa Food Security Initiative, or any com-
parable or successor program, the Administrator of the
United States Agency for International Development—
(1) shall emphasize programs and projects that
improve the food security of infants, young children,
school-age children, women and food-insecure house-
holds, or that improve the agricultural productivity,
incomes, and marketing of the rural poor in Africa;
(2) shall solicit and take into consideration the
views and needs of intended beneficiaries and pro-
gram participants during the selection, planning, im-
plementation, and evaluation phases of projects; and
(3) shall ensure that programs are designed
and conducted in cooperation with African and
United States organizations and institutions, such as
private and voluntary organizations, cooperatives,
land-grant and other appropriate universities, and
local producer-owned cooperative marketing and
buying associations, that have expertise in address-
ing the needs of the poor, small-scale farmers, entre-
preneurs, and rural workers, including women.
(b) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Con-
gress that, if there is an increase in funding for sub-Saha-
ran programs, the Administrator of the United States
Agency for International Development should proportion-
ately increase resources to the Africa Food Security Initia-
tive, or any comparable or successor program, for fiscal
year 2000 and subsequent fiscal years in order to meet
the needs of the countries participating in such Initiative.
SEC. 102. MICROENTERPRISE ASSISTANCE.
(a) BILATERAL ASSISTANCE.—In providing micro-
enterprise assistance for sub-Saharan Africa, the Adminis-
trator of the United States Agency for International De-
velopment shall, to the extent practicable, use credit and
microcredit assistance to improve the capacity and effi-
ciency of agriculture production in sub-Saharan Africa of
small-scale farmers and small rural entrepreneurs. In pro-
viding assistance, the Administrator should take into con-
sideration the needs of women, and should use the applied
research and technical assistance capabilities of United
States land-grant universities.
(b) MULTILATERAL ASSISTANCE.—
(1) IN
GENERAL.—The Administrator of the
United States Agency for International Development
shall continue to work with other countries, inter-
national organizations (including multilateral devel-
opment institutions), and entities assisting micro-
enterprises and shall develop a comprehensive and
coordinated strategy for providing microenterprise
assistance for sub-Saharan Africa.
(2) ADDITIONAL
REQUIREMENT.—In carrying
out paragraph (1), the Administrator should encour-
age the World Bank Consultative Group to Assist
the Poorest to coordinate the strategy described in
such paragraph.
SEC. 103. SUPPORT FOR PRODUCER-OWNED COOPERATIVE
MARKETING ASSOCIATIONS.
(a) PURPOSES.—The purposes of this section are—
(1) to support producer-owned cooperative pur-
chasing and marketing associations in sub-Saharan
Africa;
(2) to strengthen the capacity of farmers in
sub-Saharan Africa to participate in national and
international private markets and to promote rural
development in sub-Saharan Africa;
(3) to encourage the efforts of farmers in sub-
Saharan Africa to increase their productivity and in-
come through improved access to farm supplies, sea-
sonal credit, technical expertise; and
(4) to support small businesses in sub-Saharan
Africa as they grow beyond microenterprises.
(b) SUPPORT FOR PRODUCER-OWNED COOPERATIVE
MARKETING ASSOCIATIONS.—
(1) ACTIVITIES.—
(A) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator of
the United States Agency for International De-
velopment is authorized to utilize relevant for-
eign assistance programs and initiatives for
sub-Saharan Africa to support private pro-
ducer-owned cooperative marketing associations
in sub-Saharan Africa, including rural business
associations that are owned and controlled by
farmer shareholders.
(B) ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS.—In car-
rying out subparagraph (A), the Adminis-
trator—
vate businesses to enhance the capacity and
technical and marketing expertise of business
associations in sub-Saharan Africa.
SEC. 104. AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT AC-
TIVITIES OF THE OVERSEAS PRIVATE IN-
VESTMENT CORPORATION.
(a) PURPOSE.—The purpose of this section is to en-
courage the Overseas Private Investment Corporation to
work with United States businesses and other United
States entities to invest in rural sub-Saharan Africa, par-
ticularly in ways that will develop the capacities of small-
scale farmers and small rural entrepreneurs, including
women, in sub-Saharan Africa.
(b) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Con-
gress that—
(1) the Overseas Private Investment Corpora-
tion should exercise its authority under law to un-
dertake an initiative to support private agricultural
and rural development in sub-Saharan Africa, in-
cluding issuing loans, guaranties, and insurance, to
support rural development in sub-Saharan Africa,
particularly to support intermediary organizations
that—
(A) directly serve the needs of small-scale
farmers, small rural entrepreneurs, and rural
producer-owned cooperative purchasing and
marketing associations;
(B) have a clear track record of support
for sound business management practices; and
(C) have demonstrated experience with
participatory development methods; and
(2) the Overseas Private Investment Corpora-
tion should utilize existing equity funds, loan and in-
surance funds, to the extent feasible and in accord-
ance with existing contractual obligations, to support
agriculture and rural development in sub-Saharan
Africa.
SEC. 105. AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND EXTENSION AC-
TIVITIES.
(a) DEVELOPMENT OF PLAN.—The Administrator of
the United States Agency for International Development,
in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture and ap-
propriate Department of Agriculture agencies, especially
the Cooperative State, Research, Education and Extension
Service (CSREES), shall develop a comprehensive plan to
coordinate and build on the research and extension activi-
ties of United States land-grant universities, international
agricultural research centers, and national agricultural re-
search and extension centers in sub-Saharan Africa.
(b) ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS.—Such plan shall
seek to ensure that—
(1) research and extension activities will re-
spond to the needs of small-scale farmers while de-
veloping the potential and skills of researchers, ex-
tension agents, farmers, and agribusiness persons in
sub-Saharan Africa;
(2) sustainable agricultural methods of farming
will be considered together with new technologies in
increasing agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan
Africa; and
(3) research and extension efforts will focus on
sustainable agricultural practices and will be adapt-
ed to widely varying climates within sub-Saharan Af-
rica.
TITLE II—WORLDWIDE FOOD AS-
SISTANCE 
AND 
AGRICUL-
TURAL PROGRAMS
Subtitle A—Nonemergency Food
Assistance Programs
SEC. 201. NONEMERGENCY FOOD ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS.
(a) IN GENERAL.—In providing nonemergency assist-
ance under title II of the Agricultural Trade Development
and Assistance Act of 1954 (7 U.S.C. 1721 et seq.), the
Administrator of the United States Agency for Inter-
national Development shall ensure that—
(1) in planning, decisionmaking, and implemen-
tation in providing such assistance, the Adminis-
trator takes into consideration local input and par-
ticipation directly and through United States and in-
digenous private and voluntary organizations;
(2) each of the nonemergency activities de-
scribed in paragraphs (2) through (6) of section 201
of such Act (7 U.S.C. 1721), including programs
that provide assistance to people of any age group
who are otherwise unable to meet their basic food
needs (including feeding programs for the disabled,
orphaned, elderly, sick and dying), are carried out;
and
(3) greater flexibility is provided for program
and evaluation plans so that such assistance may be
developed to meet local needs, as provided for in sec-
tion 202(f) of such Act (7 U.S.C. 1722(f)).
(b) OTHER REQUIREMENTS.—In providing assist-
ance under the Agriculture Trade Development and As-
sistance Act of 1954, the Secretary of Agriculture and the
Administrator of United States Agency for International
Development shall ensure that commodities are provided
in a manner that is consistent with sections 403 (a) and
(b) of such Act (7 U.S.C. 1733 (a) and (b)).
Subtitle B—Bill Emerson Humani-
tarian International Food Secu-
rity Trust Act of 1998
SEC. 211. SHORT TITLE.
This subtitle may be cited as the ‘‘Bill Emerson Hu-
manitarian International Food Security Trust Act of
1998’’.
SEC. 212. BILL EMERSON HUMANITARIAN TRUST ACT.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 302 of the Agricultural
Act of 1980 (7 U.S.C. 1736f–1) is amended—
(1) in subsection (b)—
(A) in the subsection heading, by inserting
‘‘OR FUNDS’’ after ‘‘COMMODITIES’’;
(B) in paragraph (1)—
(i) in subparagraph (B), by striking
‘‘and’’ at the end;
(ii) in subparagraph (C), by striking
the period at the end and inserting ‘‘;
and’’; and
(iii) by adding at the end the follow-
ing:
‘‘(D) funds made available under para-
graph (2)(B).’’; and
(C) in paragraph (2)—
(i) in subparagraph (A), by striking
‘‘Subject to subsection (h), commodities’’
and inserting ‘‘Commodities’’; and
(ii) by striking subparagraph (B) and
inserting the following:
‘‘(B) FUNDS.—Any funds used to acquire
eligible commodities through purchases from
producers or in the market to replenish the
trust shall be derived—
‘‘(i) with respect to fiscal year 2000
and subsequent fiscal years, from funds
made available to carry out the Agricul-
tural Trade Development and Assistance
Act of 1954 (7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.) that
are used to repay or reimburse the Com-
modity Credit Corporation for the release
of eligible commodities under subsections
(c)(2) and (f)(2), except that, of such
funds, not more than $20,000,000 may be
expended for this purpose in each of the
fiscal years 2000 through 2003 and any
such funds not expended for the fiscal year
allocated shall be available for expenditure
in subsequent fiscal years; and