IV 
117TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION 
H. RES. 438 
Third Reconstruction: Fully addressing poverty and low wages from the 
bottom up. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
MAY 25, 2021 
Ms. LEE of California (for herself, Ms. NORTON, Ms. BUSH, Ms. SEWELL, Ms. 
MOORE of Wisconsin, Ms. JACOBS of California, Mr. RASKIN, Mrs. WAT-
SON COLEMAN, Mr. KAHELE, Mr. DESAULNIER, Mr. CICILLINE, Ms. 
MENG, Mr. GARCI´A of Illinois, Ms. SCHAKOWSKY, Mr. DANNY K. DAVIS 
of Illinois, Mr. LIEU, Mr. SAN NICOLAS, Mr. VARGAS, Ms. JACKSON LEE, 
Mr. RUSH, Ms. TLAIB, Mr. LOWENTHAL, Mr. JONES, Mr. GREEN of 
Texas, Mr. THOMPSON of Mississippi, Mr. CARSON, Mr. KHANNA, Ms. 
ADAMS, Ms. NEWMAN, and Mr. MCGOVERN) submitted the following res-
olution; which was referred to the Committee on Oversight and Reform 
RESOLUTION 
Third Reconstruction: Fully addressing poverty and low 
wages from the bottom up. 
Whereas there are over 140 million people who are poor, low- 
wealth, or just one emergency away from economic ruin 
in the United States; 
Whereas the injustice of poverty and low wealth is deeply en-
twined with the injustices of systemic racism, the denial 
of health care and ecological devastation, militarism, and 
the distorted moral narrative of religious nationalism that 
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seeks to blame the poor instead of addressing systems 
that cause poverty; 
Whereas there are devastating consequences to these injus-
tices, including that 250,000 die every year due to pov-
erty and inequality alone; 
Whereas our entire society suffers when over 40 percent of 
the country cannot fulfill their potential or fully partici-
pate in society; 
Whereas these widespread conditions cannot be explained by 
blaming individual behaviors, nor are they inherent to our 
economy or society, but rather they are created and sus-
tained by unjust and immoral laws, policies, systems, and 
structures; 
Whereas we need the resolve to pass moral and just laws and 
policies that fully address these interlocking injustices, 
which have only deepened during the COVID–19 pan-
demic; 
Whereas before the pandemic, 140 million people were poor, 
low-wealth, or one emergency away from economic ruin, 
including 52 percent of children (39 million), 45 percent 
of women (74 million), 60 percent of Black people (24 
million), 64 percent of Latina/o people (38 million), 40 
percent of Asian and Pacific Islander people (8 million), 
59 percent of Native and Indigenous people (2 million), 
and 33 percent of White people (66 million); 
Whereas the 140 million live in every region of the Nation, 
including 50 million in the South (Alabama, Arkansas, 
Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Mis-
sissippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, 
Texas, Virginia), over 40 million in Appalachia (Alabama, 
Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, North Caro-
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lina, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, South Carolina, 
Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia), with 8.6 million in 
New York alone, over 40 million in the Southwest/Border 
(Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, 
Texas, Utah), with 20 million in California alone, 20 mil-
lion in the Midwest deindustrialized States (Ohio, Penn-
sylvania, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin), 11 mil-
lion in the Northeast (Connecticut, Delaware, Massachu-
setts, Maryland, Maine, New Hampshire, New Jersey, 
Rhode Island, Vermont), over 7 million in the Northwest 
(Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming), nearly 7 
million in the Great Plains (Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, 
Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, 
South Dakota), nearly 700,000 in Hawaii, and 300,000 
in Washington, DC; 
Whereas systemic racism takes the form of laws and policies 
that target people of color, especially poor people of color, 
to create and deepen inequities in democracy, health, eco-
nomic security, education, housing, jobs, policing, incar-
ceration, criminalization, and immigration, which has 
contributed to the disproportionate impact of COVID–19 
on poor communities of color; 
Whereas, since 2010, at least 25 States had passed new voter 
restrictions, imposing racist gerrymandering and redis-
tricting, restricting early voting and voting hours, purg-
ing voter rolls, closing polling stations, and instituting 
onerous voter ID laws, and since the 2020 elections, 43 
States have introduced over 250 new bills that further 
these restrictions and limit mail-in voting; 
Whereas voter suppression laws disproportionately target 
poor, Black, brown, and Native people, they also pave the 
way for immoral policies that deny health care, living 
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wages, immigrant rights, women’s rights, LGBTQ+ 
rights, and more; 
Whereas nearly 50 million people are working for low wages, 
including at least 40 percent of Black and Latina/o work-
ers and approximately 30 percent of White workers, and 
a majority (59 percent) of low-wage workers are women; 
Whereas approximately 6 million essential workers are immi-
grants, including 5 million undocumented immigrants, 
and Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders are the high-
est represented subgroup among essential workers; 
Whereas more than 25 million workers have been directly 
hurt by the economic impacts of the pandemic, and more 
than half of the low-wage jobs that were lost have not re-
turned; 
Whereas women carry a disproportionate share of unpaid 
care work, which would total $1.5 trillion at the current 
minimum wage ($7.25); 
Whereas the average hourly wage that a full-time worker re-
quires to afford a modest two-bedroom apartment is over 
$23 per hour; 
Whereas there are 30 to 40 million people at risk of home-
lessness, and an estimated 25 to 50 million people are 
facing food insecurity, including a disproportionate share 
of Black, Latina/o, American Indian, Alaska Native, Na-
tive Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, and multiracial house-
holds; 
Whereas of the approximately 60 million adults with disabil-
ities in the country, 26 percent are living below the pov-
erty line, 10 percent are uninsured, and 7 million stu-
dents with disabilities are enrolled in our public schools; 
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Whereas the official poverty measure (OPM) is an inadequate 
measure that does not account for today’s cost of living, 
including child care, health insurance, and transpor-
tation, and even the supplemental poverty measure 
(SPM) does not account for all modern necessities or 
debt burdens that siphon household resources away from 
meeting basic needs; 
Whereas the average cost of living in the Nation amounts to 
more than twice the OPM and SPM, close to $60,000 for 
a household of four; 
Whereas due to these limitations in the measure of poverty, 
social welfare and antipoverty programs have been under-
funded, to the extent that only one-quarter of eligible 
families received TANF or Federal housing assistance, 
SNAP (food stamps) were reduced in 2017 to approxi-
mately $1.40 per meal, and Head Start reaches only 54 
percent of eligible 3- to 4-year-olds; 
Whereas household debt burdens have grown to over $14 tril-
lion, and half of our families are having difficulty meet-
ing usual household expenses, including approximately 
three-quarters of low-income households and Black and 
Latina/o families; 
Whereas alongside mounting poverty, low wealth, debt, and 
economic desperation, poor communities and poor com-
munities of color are hit first and worst by climate 
change, pollution, extreme weather, climate disaster, eco-
logical devastation, and related health disparities, includ-
ing during the COVID–19 pandemic; 
Whereas an expansion of oil and fossil fuel infrastructure led 
to over 5,000 significant oil and gas leaks or ruptures on 
United States pipelines, more than 2,400 oil spills in 
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United States waters, and 1,100 coal ash ponds, all of 
which are disproportionately proximate to poor commu-
nities; 
Whereas decades of residential segregation continue to ex-
pose, especially, Black communities to greater air pollu-
tion, as well as Latina/o, Asian and Pacific Islander, and 
poor and low-wealth communities; 
Whereas Native and Indigenous reservations cover just 2 per-
cent of the United States, and ancestral and sacred lands 
are at risk of being devastated by mining, extraction, and 
pollution, because of their vast mineral and natural 
wealth; 
Whereas tens of millions of Americans cannot afford access 
to clean water, 44 million people are living with water 
systems that violated the Safe Drinking Water Act, and 
approximately 540,000 households lack access to com-
plete plumbing, with Native American households more 
likely to face water access issues than other households; 
Whereas despite these threats to health, 119 rural hospitals 
have been closed in 41 States since 2010, and 87 million 
people were uninsured or underinsured leading into the 
COVID–19 pandemic; 
Whereas the United States has the worst-ranking public 
health outcomes among our peer countries, including the 
lowest life expectancy and highest infant and maternal 
mortality rates, even though we spend more than twice 
the amount per capita on health expenditures compared 
to other industrialized nations; 
Whereas rather than addressing these pressing conditions im-
pacting our health, well-being, and general welfare, 53 
cents of every Federal discretionary dollar go to the Pen-
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tagon, while only 15 cents go toward antipoverty pro-
grams; 
Whereas experts have identified up to $350 billion in defense 
spending cuts that would both save resources and keep 
the country safe and secure; 
Whereas the United States wars since 2001 have killed more 
than 800,000 people and displaced 37 million more; 
Whereas local and State law enforcement agencies have re-
ceived over $7.4 billion worth of equipment from the De-
partment of Defense since 1990; 
Whereas of the 19 million veterans in the Nation, 5.4 million 
are on disability, nearly 38,000 are homeless, and 7 to 
18 percent of military families and veterans are on food 
assistance; 
Whereas the United States is home to less than 5 percent of 
the world’s population, but accounts for 20 percent of the 
world’s incarcerated people, most of whom are poor and 
the poorest of whom are women and people of color, and 
74 percent of those held in jail have not been convicted 
of any crime, but are too poor to be free before trial; 
Whereas there have been over 1,000 police killings every year 
since 2013, with Black, Native, and Indigenous people 
more likely to be killed by police, yet 98 percent of police 
killings since 2013 have not resulted in a criminal 
charge; 
Whereas nearly every American will know a gun violence vic-
tim in their lifetimes; 
Whereas our strength as a Nation is greater when we wel-
come newcomers and immigrants, and immigrant families 
are vital members of our communities, yet our broken im-
migration system is harmful to immigrants and our soci-
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ety as a whole, it is plagued by backlogs, processing 
delays, and overly complex policies, it criminalizes migra-
tion and prioritizes detention, deportation, and the eco-
nomic and political exclusion of immigrants, and it relies 
on a largely for-profit detention system that detains tens 
of thousands of people and separates families; 
Whereas although immigrants, regardless of status, pay more 
than $490 billion in taxes, they are virtually excluded 
from all safety net programs; 
Whereas White supremacist and far-right extremist groups 
have been recognized by the Federal Government as a 
predominant domestic security threat, however, every 
year we spend over $1 trillion in endless wars, mass in-
carceration, policing, immigration, and border enforce-
ment, none of which make us safer; 
Whereas billionaires have added more than $1.3 trillion to 
their collective wealth from March 2020 to February 
2021; 
Whereas these interlocking injustices are precipitating the 
deconstruction of our democracy and imposing unbear-
able costs to our economy, including that $1 trillion is 
lost every year to the costs of child poverty, $1.9 trillion 
of government revenue was lost by lowering the corporate 
tax rate in 2017, $6.4 trillion has been lost in endless 
wars over the past two decades, the costs of the pandemic 
are estimated to be at least $16 trillion, and inaction on 
climate change threatens the loss of life itself; 
Whereas there was record turnout among the 64 million poor 
and low-income eligible voters in the 2020 elections, who 
did not vote for a return to ‘‘normal’’; 
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Whereas moral policy that prioritizes the 140 million can lift 
this Nation from the bottom up, rather than waiting for 
wealth to trickle down; and 
Whereas drawing on the transformational history of the first 
Reconstruction after the Civil War and the second Recon-
struction of the civil rights struggles in the 20th century, 
this moment demands a third Reconstruction to revive 
our political commitment to implement moral laws and 
policies that can heal and transform the Nation: Now, 
therefore, be it 
Resolved, That— 
(1) it is the sense of Congress to— 
(A) recognize that— 
(i) this country is founded on the 
moral commitment to establish justice, en-
sure domestic tranquility, provide for the 
common defense, promote the general wel-
fare and secure the blessings of liberty; 
(ii) equal protection under the law is 
nonnegotiable; and 
(iii) it is a moral abomination that 
there are more than 140 million people in 
this country who are poor, low-wealth, or 
one emergency away from economic ruin; 
(B) recognize that the United States Fed-
eral budget is a moral document that exposes 
the priorities and values of our Nation, how-
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ever, addressing poverty has not been a top leg-
islative or budget priority; and 
(C) recognize that these times require 
moral policies aimed at fully addressing the 
interlocking injustices of systemic racism, pov-
erty, the denial of health care and ecological 
devastation, militarism, and the distorted moral 
narrative of religious nationalism, as a third 
Reconstruction to build an equitable, thriving, 
and resilient economy from the bottom up; and 
(2) Congress commits to heal the Nation, begin-
ning over the next two years, by— 
(A) prioritizing and centering the needs of 
the 140 million in laws and legislation, includ-
ing in infrastructure development, by— 
(i) updating the poverty measure to 
reflect what it takes to have a decent 
standard of living in the United States 
today and to establish a new standard for 
social welfare programs that permanently 
expand welfare benefits, provide cash as-
sistance programs, and guarantee adequate 
incomes; 
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(ii) raising the minimum wage to a 
living wage and guaranteeing the right to 
form and join unions for all workers; 
(iii) expanding unemployment insur-
ance and ensuring paid family and medical 
leave for all workers; 
(iv) implementing a Federal jobs 
guarantee to increase public investments 
and infrastructure in poor and low-income 
communities that prioritize green and so-
cially beneficial industries, public health, 
public education, care work, public transit 
and roads, public utilities, broadband, sani-
tation and water services, climate resil-
ience, sustainable food production and dis-
tribution, libraries, fire stations, and cul-
tural work; 
(v) guaranteeing safe and quality 
housing for all by ending all evictions, can-
celling past due rent and mortgage pay-
ments and expanding the stock of afford-
able and public housing, as well as public 
housing and rental assistance, rather than 
expanding the shelter system; 
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(vi) guaranteeing the right to water 
by ending water and utility shut offs and 
making clean water and sanitation services 
accessible to all; 
(vii) guaranteeing accessible, diverse, 
safe, high-quality, equitable public edu-
cation and accessible education infrastruc-
ture from pre-K–12 for all children, ensur-
ing that higher education is free to every-
one who wants to attend, and protecting 
and expanding public resources for stu-
dents with disabilities; 
(viii) guaranteeing quality health care 
for all, enacting a universal single payer 
national health care program that puts 
people ahead of profits, expanding our 
public health infrastructure to better ad-
dress social determinants of health, invest-
ing in Native American health through 
fully funding the Indian Health Service 
and social support for Native Americans, 
and investing critical resources for health 
care services and infrastructure in urban 
and rural underserved communities; 
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(ix) enacting relief from student debt, 
housing debt, utilities debt, medical debt, 
and other household and personal debt 
that cannot be paid; and 
(x) ensuring that State, local, and 
Tribal governments are adequately funded 
so as to avoid bankruptcy or fiscal crisis; 
(B) expanding and protecting the right to 
vote, including by— 
(i) restoring the full power of the Vot-
ing 
Rights 
Act 
by 
updating 
the 
preclearance formula to cover all States 
and political subdivisions with deep-rooted 
histories of voter suppression and any and 
all jurisdictions that recently passed voter 
suppression laws or utilized voter suppres-
sion policies or tactics; 
(ii) making election day a national 
holiday; 
(iii) establishing a fair redistricting 
process that eliminates all forms of racist 
and political gerrymandering, allows public 
input, and guarantees that every vote 
counts the same; 
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(iv) increasing polling locations so all 
eligible voters have equitable access to the 
polls; 
(v) implementing no-excuse mail-in 
voting in every State and requiring all 
States to offer early voting to extend equi-
table timeframes and polling locations; 
(vi) modernizing voter registration by 
instituting online, same day, and automatic 
voter registration; and 
(vii) ensuring the right to vote for for-
merly and currently incarcerated people; 
(C) complementing existing efforts and leg-
islation to eliminate persistent racial inequities 
in education, health care, housing, jobs, wages, 
Social Security and veteran benefits, land own-
ership, financial assistance, food security, vot-
ing rights, and the justice system that are root-
ed in our Nation’s history of violence and dis-
possession of Native and Indigenous peoples, 
250 years of chattel slavery, systemic racism, 
and unjust immigration policies at the expense 
of Black, Latina/o, Asian American and Pac-
ifier Islander, and Native Hawaiian peoples, in-
cluding through— 
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(i) a national commission to study 
and develop proposals on reparations for 
African Americans; and 
(ii) a national truth, racial healing 
and transformation commission, which can 
include recommendations for restorative 
processes and reparations for Indigenous 
and other dispossessed people; 
(D) protecting the constitutional rights of 
assembly and free speech, including from crit-
ical 
infrastructure 
legislation 
and 
other 
antiprotest legislation, including by— 
(i) removing criminal penalties, fines, 
or other costs for protest activities; 
(ii) protecting all constitutional activ-
ity that occurs in the course of a protest; 
and 
(iii) retaining liability for public or 
private actors for causing harm to pro-
testers; 
(E) enacting comprehensive and just immi-
gration reform, including by— 
(i) demilitarizing the southern border 
and immigration enforcement, closing Im-
migration 
and 
Customs 
Enforcement 
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(ICE) Enforcement and Removal Oper-
ations, and limiting staff and authority of 
the Border Patrol; 
(ii) repealing and redressing manda-
tory detentions, deportations, child deten-
tions and family separations and reuniting 
families; 
(iii) ensuring regular and timely ac-
cess to legal documentation and residency; 
and 
(iv) making public welfare programs 
available and accessible to all immigrants, 
regardless of legal status; 
(F) ensuring all the rights of Native and 
Indigenous peoples and Tribal nations, includ-
ing by honoring treaties, guaranteeing the right 
to the free expression of their religion, the right 
to Native and sacred lands, and otherwise pro-
tecting against legislation or land transfers that 
violate these sacred rights; 
(G) embracing a bold agenda to transform 
the economy away from climate chaos to a 
green renewable energy economy that prioritizes 
poor and low-wealth frontline communities and 
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builds up publicly owned and controlled green 
energy infrastructure, including by— 
(i) investing in a green infrastructure 
package that provides for equitable public 
transit, fixes roads and bridges, ensures 
equitable and affordable housing, edu-
cation, and care work and access to 
broadband, electricity, water, sanitation, 
and other public utilities, expands public 
health infrastructure, sustainable food pro-
duction and distribution, and community- 
based institutions like libraries, fire sta-
tions, and recreation facilities; 
(ii) dramatically curtailing air, water, 
land, and climate pollution; and 
(iii) creating resilient jobs to help 
communities prepare for and respond to 
climate-related disasters and promoting a 
just worker transition; 
(H) demilitarizing United States foreign 
policy, borders, and policing, including by— 
(i) cutting the military budget by at 
least 10 percent and providing for a just 
transition for workers in militarized indus-
tries; 
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(ii) ending the forever wars, repealing 
existing Authorizations for the Use of Mili-
tary Force, and restoring Congress’s war 
powers, including over limited uses of force 
such as airstrikes and drone attacks; 
(iii) recognizing the three pillars of 
foreign policy (diplomacy, development, 
and defense) and pursuing diplomacy over 
war, including reconsidering forward mili-
tary deployments, instituting a nuclear no- 
first-use commitment, and moving toward 
nuclear disarmament and curtailing the 
use of broad economic sanctions that cre-
ate mass suffering; 
(iv) repealing programs like the 1033 
program that provides military equipment 
and training to domestic law enforcement 
agencies; and 
(v) ending mass incarceration and vio-
lent policing, based on the demands of 
grassroots organizations and communities 
who are most egregiously impacted by 
these injustices; 
(I) enacting fair taxes on corporations, 
Wall Street, and the wealthy, including by— 
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(i) repealing the 2017 tax cuts that 
reduced the corporate tax rate and the top 
marginal tax rate; 
(ii) repealing tax breaks on fossil 
fuels; 
(iii) repealing tax breaks for pass- 
through income; 
(iv) instituting a financial transaction 
tax on Wall Street; 
(v) instituting a wealth tax; 
(vi) taxing investment income the 
same as income from work; and 
(vii) otherwise making the tax code 
less punitive for poor and low-income peo-
ple; 
(J) alongside cuts to the Pentagon budget 
and fair taxation, using deficit spending to meet 
these pressing needs so as to end systemic rac-
ism, poverty, ecological devastation, and mili-
tarism and address the distorted moral nar-
rative of religious nationalism; and 
(K) encouraging States and cities to enact 
policies that follow the direction provided by 
this resolution. 
Æ 
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