I 
119TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 3544 
To amend title 28, United States Code, to provide for the duration of 
active service of justices of the Supreme Court, and for other purposes. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
MAY 21, 2025 
Mr. JOHNSON of Georgia (for himself, Mr. RASKIN, Mr. AUCHINCLOSS, Ms. 
BALINT, Ms. BARRAGA´N, Mr. CARSON, Mr. CASAR, Ms. CHU, Ms. 
CLARKE of New York, Mr. CLEAVER, Ms. CROCKETT, Mr. DAVIS of Illi-
nois, Ms. DEAN of Pennsylvania, Ms. DELAURO, Ms. DELBENE, Mr. 
DELUZIO, Mr. EVANS of Pennsylvania, Mrs. FOUSHEE, Mr. FROST, Mr. 
GARCI´A of Illinois, Mr. GOLDMAN of New York, Mr. HIMES, Mr. 
HUFFMAN, Ms. JAYAPAL, Mr. KHANNA, Mr. KRISHNAMOORTHI, Mr. 
LANDSMAN, Ms. LEE of Pennsylvania, Mr. LEVIN, Mr. LIEU, Mr. 
MFUME, Mr. MULLIN, Mr. NADLER, Ms. NORTON, Ms. OCASIO-CORTEZ, 
Ms. OMAR, Ms. PINGREE, Ms. PRESSLEY, Mrs. RAMIREZ, Mr. RYAN, Ms. 
SALINAS, Ms. SCANLON, Ms. SCHAKOWSKY, Mr. SMITH of Washington, 
Ms. STANSBURY, Mr. TAKANO, Mr. THANEDAR, and Ms. TLAIB) intro-
duced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on the Ju-
diciary 
A BILL 
To amend title 28, United States Code, to provide for the 
duration of active service of justices of the Supreme 
Court, and for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
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SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Supreme Court Tenure 
Establishment and Retirement Modernization Act of 
2025’’. 
SEC. 2. SUPREME COURT TERMS OF OFFICE. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 1 of title 28, United 
States Code, is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘§ 7. Appointment 
‘‘(a) REGULAR APPOINTMENT OF JUSTICES.—The 
President shall, during the first and third years after a 
year in which there is a Presidential election, nominate, 
and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
appoint one justice of the Supreme Court. 
‘‘(b) EXCLUSIVE METHOD OF APPOINTMENT.—The 
President shall not appoint any justice of the Supreme 
Court except as provided in this section. 
‘‘(c) LIMITATION ON REPEAT APPOINTMENTS.—An 
individual, once confirmed by the Senate, may only serve 
one 18-year term as a Supreme Court Justice. 
‘‘(d) SENATE CONFIRMATION.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Senate shall exercise 
its authority to provide advice and consent on nomi-
nations made under subsection (a) not later than 90 
days after the date on which the individual is nomi-
nated by the President. 
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‘‘(2) WITHDRAWAL
OR
DISAPPROVAL.—If the 
President withdraws a nomination under subsection 
(a) or the Senate disapproves such a nomination, the 
President shall make another nomination under sub-
section (a). The Senate shall exercise its authority to 
provide advice and consent on such a subsequent 
nomination not later than 120 days after the date 
on which the individual is nominated by the Presi-
dent. 
‘‘§ 8. Duration of active service 
‘‘(a) NEW JUSTICES.—Each justice shall serve in 
regular active service for 18 years beginning on the date 
on which the justice is sworn in, after which the justice 
shall be deemed to have retired from regular active service 
under section 371. 
‘‘(b) CURRENT JUSTICES.—Each justice who was ap-
pointed before the date of enactment of this section and 
who is serving as a justice on the date of enactment of 
this section shall, notwithstanding the period of service of 
the justice, in order of duration of service beginning with 
the justice who has served on the Supreme Court for the 
longest period of time, be deemed to have retired from reg-
ular active service under section 371(b) upon the date of 
commission of each new justice as they are appointed 
under section 7.’’. 
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(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of sections 
for chapter 1 of title 28, United States Code, is amended 
by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘7. Appointment. 
‘‘8. Duration of active service.’’. 
SEC. 3. SENIOR JUSTICES. 
Section 294 of title 28, United States Code, is 
amended— 
(1) in subsection (d), by striking the period at 
the end and inserting ‘‘except as provided by sub-
section (e).’’; 
(2) by redesignating subsection (e) as sub-
section (f); and 
(3) by inserting after subsection (d) the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘(e) In the event that the number of justices of the 
Supreme Court falls below that provided in section 1 due 
to vacancy, disability, or disqualification, a justice of the 
Supreme Court who has retired from regular active service 
under section 371 but retained their office shall be chosen 
by the Chief Justice through a publicly transparent and 
randomized process to serve as an associate justice until 
the number of justices who have not retired from regular 
active service equals that provided in section 1.’’. 
Æ 
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