politan planning organizations, and other interested 
parties. 
‘‘(10) FEDERAL SHARE.—The Federal share of 
the cost of a project under this subsection shall be 
determined by the Secretary.’’; and 
(2) in subsection (b)—
(A) by striking ‘‘BRIDGE RESEARCH AND 
CONSTRUCTION’’ and inserting ‘‘RESEARCH 
AND DEPLOYMENT’’ in the subsection heading; 
(B) by amending paragraphs (1) and (2) 
to read as follows: 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall estab-
lish and carry out a program to demonstrate the ap-
plication of innovative technology in surface trans-
portation 
infrastructure 
construction 
(such 
as 
bridges, pavements, and other structures) and safe-
ty. 
‘‘(2) GOALS.—The goals of the program shall 
include—
‘‘(A) the development of new, cost-effective 
innovative material for surface transportation 
infrastructure applications; 
‘‘(B) the deployment and evaluation of 
safety technologies and innovations at the State 
and local levels, and the deployment of best
practices in training, management, design, and 
planning; 
‘‘(C) the reduction of life-cycle costs of 
surface transportation infrastructure, including 
the costs of new construction, replacement, 
maintenance, and rehabilitation of deficient 
highway infrastructure; 
‘‘(D) the development and deployment of 
construction techniques to increase safety and 
reduce construction time and traffic congestion; 
‘‘(E) the development of engineering de-
sign criteria for innovative products and mate-
rials for use in surface transportation infra-
structure; 
‘‘(F) the development of cost-effective and 
innovative techniques to separate vehicle and 
pedestrian traffic from railroad traffic; 
‘‘(G) the evaluation and documentation of 
the performance and benefits of innovative tech-
nologies deployed to improve life, performance, 
cost effectiveness, safety, and customer satisfac-
tion; 
‘‘(H) the refinement of innovative tech-
nologies based on the evaluation described in 
subparagraph (G);
‘‘(I) the wide dissemination of information 
developed under subparagraph (G); 
‘‘(J) the development of surface transpor-
tation infrastructure, including alternative proc-
esses for the seismic retrofit of bridges, that 
will withstand natural disasters and terrorist 
attacks; 
‘‘(K) for pavements, the development of 
designs and materials to reduce impacts of 
storm water runoff; 
‘‘(L) 
the 
development 
of 
new 
non-
destructive 
infrastructure 
evaluation 
tech-
nologies and techniques; and 
‘‘(M) effective technology transfer and in-
formation dissemination to accelerate imple-
mentation of innovative technologies.’’; 
(C) in paragraph (5), by striking ‘‘section’’ 
and inserting ‘‘subsection’’; and 
(D) by adding at the end the following new 
subsection: 
‘‘(c) RESEARCH ON THE NONTECHNICAL BARRIERS 
TO TECHNOLOGY DEPLOYMENT.—In order to support the 
deployment goals established under subsection (a)(3), the 
Secretary shall carry out a research program addressing 
the nontechnical barriers to technology deployment, in-
cluding fragmented authority at the local and regional 
level and rigid procurement rules. The goal of this re-
search shall be to generate proposals for how to overcome 
these nontechnical barriers. 
SEC. 106. TRAINING AND EDUCATION. 
(a) 
NATIONAL
HIGHWAY
INSTITUTE.—Section 
504(a) of title 23, United States Code, is amended by 
striking paragraph (3) and inserting the following: 
‘‘(3) COURSES.—
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The Institute shall de-
velop or update existing courses in asset man-
agement, application of emerging technologies, 
including intelligent transportation systems, 
and in techniques, methods, regulations, infor-
mation technology, general management, envi-
ronmental stewardship, engineering, safety, 
transportation system management and oper-
ations, construction, maintenance, contract ad-
ministration, inspection, and finance. 
‘‘(B) ADDITIONAL COURSES.—In addition 
to the courses developed under subparagraph 
(A), the Institute, in consultation with State 
transportation departments and the American 
Association of State Highway and Transpor-
tation Officials, may develop other courses as it 
considers necessary. 
‘‘(C) REVISION OF COURSES OFFERED.—
The Institute shall periodically—
‘‘(i) review the course inventory of the 
Institute; and 
‘‘(ii) revise or cease to offer courses 
based on course content, applicability, and 
need.’’. 
(b) FEDERAL SHARE.—Section 504(b) of title 23, 
United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the 
following: 
‘‘(3) FEDERAL SHARE.—
‘‘(A) GRANTS.—The grant funds author-
ized to carry out this subsection may be used 
to cover up to 50 percent of the program costs 
relating to local technical assistance. Funds 
available for technology transfer and training 
purposes under this title and title 49 may be 
used to cover the remaining 50 percent of the 
program costs. 
‘‘(B) 
TRIBAL
TECHNICAL
ASSISTANCE 
CENTERS.—The Federal share of the cost of ac-
tivities carried out by the tribal technical assist-
ance centers under paragraph (2)(D)(ii) of this 
subsection shall be 100 percent.’’. 
(c) DEFINITIONS AND DECLARATION OF POLICY.—
Section 101(a) of title 23, United States Code, is amend-
ed—
(1) in paragraph (3), by—
(A) striking ‘‘and’’ at the end of subpara-
graph (G); 
(B) striking the period at the end of sub-
paragraph (H) and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 
(C) adding after subparagraph (H) the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘(I) surface transportation workforce de-
velopment, training, and education.’’; 
(2) by redesignating paragraphs (35) through 
(37) as paragraphs (36) through (38) respectively; 
and 
(3) by adding after paragraph (34) the fol-
lowing:
‘‘(35) SURFACE TRANSPORTATION WORKFORCE 
DEVELOPMENT, TRAINING, AND
EDUCATION.—The 
term ‘surface transportation workforce development, 
training, and education’ means activities associated 
with surface transportation career awareness, stu-
dent transportation career preparation, and training
and professional development for surface transpor-
tation workers.’’.
SEC. 107. BUREAU OF TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS. 
Section 111 of title 49, United States Code, is 
amended to read as follows: 
‘‘§ 111. Bureau of Transportation Statistics 
‘‘(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is established in the 
Department of Transportation a Bureau of Transpor-
tation Statistics to provide information to public decision-
makers, private industry, research organizations, and the 
public on the extent, use, condition, performance, and con-
sequences of the Nation’s transportation system. 
‘‘(b) DIRECTOR.—
‘‘(1) APPOINTMENT.—The Bureau shall be 
headed by a Director who shall be appointed by the 
President, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate. 
‘‘(2) QUALIFICATIONS.—The Director shall be 
appointed from among individuals who are qualified 
to serve as the Director by virtue of their training 
and experience in the collection, analysis, and use of 
transportation statistics. 
‘‘(3) REPORTING.—The Director shall report 
directly to the Secretary.
‘‘(4) TERM.—The term of the Director shall be 
5 years. The Director may continue to serve after 
the expiration of the term until a successor is ap-
pointed and confirmed. 
‘‘(c) RESPONSIBILITIES.—The Director of the Bu-
reau shall be responsible for carrying out the following du-
ties: 
‘‘(1) SECRETARY’S SENIOR ADVISOR.—Serving 
as the Secretary’s senior advisor on data and statis-
tics. 
‘‘(2) PROVIDING DATA, STATISTICS, AND ANAL-
YSIS TO TRANSPORTATION DECISIONMAKERS.—En-
suring that the statistics compiled under paragraph 
(6) support transportation decisionmaking by the 
Federal Government, State and local governments, 
metropolitan planning organizations, transportation-
related associations, private businesses (including 
the freight community), and consumers. 
‘‘(3) COORDINATING COLLECTION OF INFORMA-
TION.—Coordinating the collection of information by 
the Department of Transportation required for sta-
tistics to be compiled under paragraph (6) with re-
lated information gathering activities conducted by 
other Federal departments and agencies and col-
lecting appropriate data not elsewhere gathered.
‘‘(4) DATA
MODERNIZATION.—Implement a 
data modernization program to improve surveys and 
data collection methods to ensure that nationally col-
lected data accurately characterize all modes of 
transportation and transportation users and are use-
ful for decisionmakers throughout the transportation 
community. 
‘‘(5) ENCOURAGING DATA STANDARDIZATION.—
Encouraging standardization of data, data collection 
methods, and data management and storage tech-
nologies for data collected by the Bureau, the oper-
ating administrations of the Department of Trans-
portation, States, local governments, metropolitan 
planning organizations, and private sector entities. 
‘‘(6) COMPILING
TRANSPORTATION
STATIS-
TICS.—Compiling, analyzing, and publishing a com-
prehensive set of transportation statistics on—
‘‘(A) productivity in various parts of the 
transportation sector; 
‘‘(B) traffic flows for all modes of trans-
portation; 
‘‘(C) other elements of the Intermodal 
Transportation Database established under sub-
section (g);
‘‘(D) travel times and measures of conges-
tion; 
‘‘(E) vehicle weights and other vehicle 
characteristics; 
‘‘(F) demographic, economic, and other 
variables influencing—
‘‘(i) travel; 
‘‘(ii) 
traveling 
behavior, 
including 
choice of transportation mode; and 
‘‘(iii) goods movement; 
‘‘(G) transportation costs for passenger 
travel and goods movement; 
‘‘(H) performance and impacts of the na-
tional transportation system; 
‘‘(I) availability and use of mass transit 
(including the number of passengers served by 
each mass transit authority) and other forms of 
for-hire passenger travel; 
‘‘(J) frequency of vehicle and transpor-
tation facility repairs and other interruptions of 
transportation service; 
‘‘(K) safety and security for travelers, vehi-
cles, and transportation systems; 
‘‘(L) consequences of transportation for 
the human and natural environment;
‘‘(M) the extent, connectivity, and condi-
tion of the transportation system, including ele-
ments of the National Transportation Atlas 
Database developed under subsection (i); and 
‘‘(N) transportation-related variables that 
influence the domestic economy and global com-
petitiveness. 
‘‘(7) NATIONAL
SPATIAL
DATA
INFRASTRUC-
TURE.—Building and disseminating the transpor-
tation layer of the National Spatial Data Infrastruc-
ture, including coordinating the development of 
transportation geospatial data standards, compiling 
intermodal geospatial data, and collecting geospatial 
data that is not being collected by others. 
‘‘(8) IMPLEMENTING
LONG-TERM
DATA
COL-
LECTION
PROGRAM.—Establishing 
and 
imple-
menting, in cooperation with the heads of the oper-
ating administrations of the Department of Trans-
portation, the States, metropolitan planning organi-
zations, the national statistical organizations of the 
United States, and other Federal officials, a com-
prehensive, long-term program for the collection and 
analysis of data to support the statistics compiled, 
analyzed, and published under paragraph (6) and
other data on the performance of the transportation 
systems of the United States. Such program shall—
‘‘(A) be coordinated with efforts to meas-
ure outputs and outcomes of the Department of 
Transportation and the transportation systems 
of the United States under the Government 
Performance and Results Act of 1993 (107 
Stat. 285 et seq.) and the amendments made by 
such Act; 
‘‘(B) ensure that data is collected under 
this subsection in a manner which will maxi-
mize the ability to compare data from different 
regions and for different time periods; and 
‘‘(C) ensure that data collected under this 
subsection is controlled for accuracy, made rel-
evant to the States and metropolitan planning 
organizations, and disseminated to the States 
and other interested parties.
‘‘(9) ISSUING GUIDELINES.—Issuing guidelines 
for the collection and publication of information by 
the Department of Transportation required for sta-
tistics to be compiled under paragraph (6) in order 
to ensure that such information is accurate, reliable, 
relevant, and in a form that permits systematic anal-
ysis. The Bureau shall review and report to the Sec-
‘‘(A) identify the major data needs of the 
transportation community, including all levels 
of government, the private and nonprofit sec-
tors, and academia, through a statistically valid 
needs survey, the results of which shall be pub-
lished; 
‘‘(B) identify critical gaps, shortcomings, 
and lack of standardization in existing data col-
lection and survey methods; 
‘‘(C) identify data collection required under 
subsection (c)(6) that is not currently being 
carried out; and 
‘‘(D) recommend data modernization goals, 
specific improvements, and the estimated fund-
ing levels needed to accomplish those improve-
ments. 
‘‘(3) CONSULTATION.—In developing the As-
sessment, the National Academy of Sciences shall 
consult with the Department’s Advisory Council on 
Transportation Statistics and a representative cross-
section of the transportation community, including 
business, the freight community, State and local 
governments, metropolitan planning organizations, 
transit, environmental, and community organiza-
tions, academia, and other Federal agencies, includ-
ing the Environmental Protection Agency, the De-
partment of Energy, and the Department of Hous-
ing and Urban Development. 
‘‘(e) STRATEGIC PLAN.—
‘‘(1) DEVELOPMENT AND REVISION.—The Di-
rector shall develop an integrated, multimodal data 
strategic plan within 3 years after the date of the 
enactment of the Surface Transportation Research 
and Development Act of 2003, and revise it every 3 
years thereafter. 
‘‘(2) CONTENT.—The strategic plan shall in-
clude—
‘‘(A) national goals for developing high 
quality national, State, local, and metropolitan 
transportation data; 
‘‘(B) national goals for encouraging im-
provements in non-Federal transportation data 
collection and management to improve quality, 
reliability, and comparability; 
‘‘(C) detailed strategies for—
‘‘(i) addressing the needs and gaps 
identified in the Assessment conducted 
under subsection (d);
‘‘(ii) integrating federally collected 
transportation data collection and systems, 
and coordinating data collection; and 
‘‘(iii) encouraging improvements in 
data collected by entities other than the 
Federal Government; 
‘‘(D) a plan to strengthen the Intermodal 
Transportation Data Base required under sub-
section (g) and the National Transportation Li-
brary under subsection (h); 
‘‘(E) an assessment of how data collection 
by entities other than the Federal Government 
is contributing to the achievement of the goals 
of this section; 
‘‘(F) responses to significant comments re-
ceived through the consultation required under 
subsection (d)(2); 
‘‘(G) provision for the integrated planning, 
coordination, and consultation among the oper-
ating administrations of the Department of 
Transportation, all other Federal agencies with 
responsibilities related to transportation data, 
State and local governments, metropolitan plan-
ning organizations, institutions of higher edu-
cation, industry, and other private and public
sector organizations engaged in transportation-
related data activities and decisionmaking; and 
‘‘(H) details of the Department of Trans-
portation’s data programs, including perform-
ance goals, resources needed to achieve those 
goals, and performance indicators as described 
in section 1115(a) of title 31, United States 
Code, for the next 5 years for each area data 
collection and management. 
‘‘(3) CONSULTATION.—In developing the stra-
tegic plan, the Director shall consult with the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences, the Advisory Council on 
Transportation Statistics, the Department’s oper-
ating administrations, other Federal agencies, State 
and local governments, metropolitan planning orga-
nizations, business, and the public. 
‘‘(f) REVIEW.—The Comptroller General shall assess 
the Department’s progress addressing the gaps identified 
in the Assessment required under subsection (d) and in 
preparing and implementing the strategic plan required 
under subsection (e). The assessment under this sub-
section shall be completed not later than 4 years after the 
date of the enactment of the Surface Transportation Re-
search and Development Act of 2003. 
‘‘(g) INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION DATA BASE.—
‘‘(1) IN
GENERAL.—In consultation with the 
Associate Deputy Secretary, the Assistant Secre-
taries, and the heads of the operating administra-
tions of the Department of Transportation, the Di-
rector shall establish and maintain a transportation 
data base for all modes of transportation. 
‘‘(2) USE.—The data base shall be suitable for 
analyses carried out by the Federal Government, the 
States, and metropolitan planning organizations. 
‘‘(3) CONTENTS.—The data base shall in-
clude—
‘‘(A) information on the volumes and pat-
terns of movement of goods, including local, 
interregional, and international movement, by 
all modes of transportation and intermodal 
combinations, and by relevant classification; 
‘‘(B) information on the volumes and pat-
terns of movement of people, including local, 
interregional, and international movements, by
all modes of transportation (including bicycle 
and pedestrian modes) and intermodal combina-
tions, and by relevant classification; 
‘‘(C) information on the location and 
connectivity of transportation facilities and 
services; and
‘‘(D) a national accounting of expenditures 
and capital stocks on each mode of transpor-
tation and intermodal combination. 
‘‘(h) NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION LIBRARY.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall establish 
and maintain a National Transportation Library, 
which shall contain a collection of statistical and 
other information needed for transportation decision-
making at the Federal, State, and local levels. 
‘‘(2) ACCESS.—The Director shall facilitate and 
promote access to the Library, with the goal of im-
proving the ability of the transportation community 
to share information and the ability of the Director 
to make statistics readily accessible under subsection 
(c)(10). 
‘‘(3) COORDINATION.—The Director shall work 
with other transportation libraries and other trans-
portation information providers, both public and pri-
vate, to achieve the goal specified in paragraph (2). 
‘‘(i) NATIONAL
TRANSPORTATION
ATLAS
DATA 
BASE.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall develop 
and maintain geospatial data bases that depict—
‘‘(A) transportation networks;
‘‘(B) flows of people, goods, vehicles, and 
craft over the networks; and 
‘‘(C) social, economic, and environmental 
conditions that affect or are affected by the net-
works. 
‘‘(2) INTERMODAL
NETWORK
ANALYSIS.—The 
data bases shall be able to support intermodal net-
work analysis. 
‘‘(j) 
MANDATORY
RESPONSE
AUTHORITY
FOR 
FREIGHT
DATA
COLLECTION.—Whoever, being the 
owner, official, agent, person in charge, or assistant to the 
person in charge, of any corporation, company, business, 
institution, establishment, or organization of any nature 
whatsoever, neglects or refuses, when requested by the Di-
rector or other authorized officer, employee or contractor 
of the Bureau, to answer completely and correctly to the 
best of his/her knowledge all questions relating to the cor-
poration, company, business, institution, establishment, or 
other organization, or to records or statistics in his/her 
official custody, contained in a data collection request pre-
pared and submitted under the authority of subsection 
(c)(6), shall be fined not more than $500; and if the indi-
vidual willfully gives a false answer to a question, shall 
be fined not more than $10,000.
‘‘(k) RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT GRANTS.—The 
Secretary may make grants to, or enter into cooperative 
agreements or contracts with, public and nonprofit private 
entities (including State transportation departments, met-
ropolitan planning organizations, and institutions of high-
er education) for—
‘‘(1) investigation of the subjects specified in 
subsection (c)(6) and research and development of 
new methods of data collection, standardization, 
management, integration, dissemination, interpreta-
tion, and analysis; 
‘‘(2) demonstration programs by States, local 
governments, and metropolitan planning organiza-
tions to harmonize data collection, reporting, man-
agement, storage, and archiving to simplify data 
comparisons across jurisdictions; 
‘‘(3) development of electronic clearinghouses of 
transportation data and related information, as part 
of the National Transportation Library under sub-
section (h); and 
‘‘(4) development and improvement of methods 
for sharing geographic data, in support of the na-
tional transportation atlas data base under sub-
section (i) and the National Spatial Data Infrastruc-
ture developed under Executive Order No. 12906.
‘‘(l) RESEARCH AND GUIDELINES ON STATISTICAL 
METHODS.—The Secretary shall conduct or support re-
search relating to methods of gathering or analyzing 
transportation statistics and issuing guidelines for the col-
lection of information by the Department in order to en-
sure that such information is accurate, relevant, com-
parable, accessible, and in a form that permits systematic 
analysis. 
‘‘(m) LIMITATIONS
ON
STATUTORY
CONSTRUC-
TION.—Nothing in this section shall be construed—
‘‘(1) to authorize the Bureau to require any 
other department or agency to collect data; or 
‘‘(2) to reduce the authority of any other officer 
of the Department of Transportation to collect and 
disseminate data independently. 
‘‘(n) PROHIBITION ON CERTAIN DISCLOSURES.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—An officer or employee of 
the Bureau may not—
‘‘(A) make any disclosure in which the 
data provided by an individual or organization 
under subsection (c)(8) can be identified; 
‘‘(B) use the information provided under 
subsection (c)(8) for a nonstatistical purpose; 
or
‘‘(C) permit anyone other than an indi-
vidual authorized by the Director to examine 
any individual report provided under subsection 
(c)(8). 
‘‘(2) PROHIBITION ON REQUESTS FOR CERTAIN 
DATA.—
‘‘(A) GOVERNMENT
AGENCIES.—No de-
partment, bureau, agency, officer, or employee 
of the United States (except the Director in 
carrying out this section) may require, for any 
reason, a copy of any report that has been filed 
under subsection (c)(8) with the Bureau or re-
tained by an individual respondent. 
‘‘(B) COURTS.—Any copy of a report de-
scribed in subparagraph (A) that has been re-
tained by an individual respondent or filed with 
the Bureau or any of its employees, contractors, 
or agents—
‘‘(i) shall be immune from legal proc-
ess; and 
‘‘(ii) shall not, without the consent of 
the individual concerned, be admitted as 
evidence or used for any purpose in any 
action, suit, or other judicial or adminis-
trative proceeding.
‘‘(C) 
APPLICABILITY.—This 
paragraph 
shall apply only to reports that permit informa-
tion concerning an individual or organization to 
be reasonably inferred by direct or indirect 
means. 
‘‘(3) DATA COLLECTED FOR NONSTATISTICAL 
PURPOSES.—In a case in which the Bureau is au-
thorized by statute to collect data or information for 
a nonstatistical purpose, the Director shall clearly 
distinguish the collection of the data or information, 
by rule and on the collection instrument, so as to in-
form a respondent that is requested or required to 
supply the data or information of the nonstatistical 
purpose. 
‘‘(o) TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS ANNUAL RE-
PORT.—The Director shall transmit to the President and 
Congress a Transportation Statistics Annual Report which 
shall include information on items referred to in sub-
section (c)(6), documentation of methods used to obtain 
and ensure the quality of the statistics presented in the 
report, and recommendations for improving transportation 
statistical information. 
‘‘(p) IMPLEMENTATION ANNUAL REPORT.—The Sec-
retary shall prepare an annual report summarizing the 
Department’s progress in implementing the requirements
of this section. The reports shall be submitted to Secretary 
of Transportation, to the Committee on Transportation 
and Infrastructure and the Committee on Science of the 
House of Representatives, and to Committee on Environ-
ment and Public Works of the Senate. 
‘‘(q) PROCEEDS OF DATA PRODUCT SALES.—Not-
withstanding section 3302 of title 31, United States Code, 
funds received by the Bureau from the sale of data prod-
ucts, for necessary expenses incurred, may be credited to 
the Highway Trust Fund (other than the Mass Transit 
Account) for the purpose of reimbursing the Bureau for 
the expenses. 
‘‘(r) ADVISORY COUNCIL ON TRANSPORTATION STA-
TISTICS.—
‘‘(1) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Director of the 
Bureau of Transportation Statistics shall establish 
an Advisory Council on Transportation Statistics. 
‘‘(2) FUNCTION.—It shall be the function of the 
Advisory Council established under this subsection 
to—
‘‘(A) advise the Director of the Bureau of 
Transportation Statistics on the quality, reli-
ability, consistency, objectiveness, and relevance 
of transportation statistics and analyses col-
lected, supported, or disseminated by the Bu-
reau of Transportation Statistics and the De-
partment of Transportation; 
‘‘(B) provide input to and review the De-
partment’s Assessment under subsection (d) 
and annual data strategic plan required under 
subsection (e); and 
‘‘(C) advise the Director on methods to en-
courage harmonization and interoperability of 
transportation data collected by the Bureau, the 
operating administrations of the Department of 
Transportation, States, local governments, met-
ropolitan planning organizations, and private 
sector entities. 
‘‘(3) MEMBERSHIP.—The Advisory Council es-
tablished under this subsection shall be composed of 
not less than 15 members appointed by the Director, 
who are not officers or employees of the United 
States, including—
‘‘(A) 2 members with specific expertise in 
economics; 
‘‘(B) 3 members with expertise in statis-
tics; and 
‘‘(C) additional members with expertise in 
transportation statistics, analysis, and policy.
Members shall include representatives of a cross-sec-
tion of the transportation community, including 
business, the freight community, State and local 
governments, metropolitan planning organizations, 
transit, environmental, and community organiza-
tions, and academia. 
‘‘(4) TERMS OF APPOINTMENT.—Members shall 
be appointed to staggered terms not to exceed 3 
years. A member may be renominated for one addi-
tional 3-year term. 
‘‘(5) APPLICABILITY
OF
FEDERAL
ADVISORY 
COMMITTEE ACT.—The Federal Advisory Committee 
Act shall apply to the Advisory Council established 
under this subsection, except that section 14 of the 
Federal Advisory Committee Act shall not apply to 
such Advisory Council.’’. 
SEC. 108. STATE PLANNING AND RESEARCH. 
Section 505 of title 23, United States Code, is 
amended to read as follows: 
‘‘§ 505. State planning and research 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—There are authorized to be ap-
propriated $1,073,000,000 to States for each fiscal year 
for expenditure by the States, in consultation with the 
Secretary, only for the following purposes:
‘‘(1) Engineering and economic surveys and in-
vestigations. 
‘‘(2) The planning of future highway programs 
and local public transportation systems, the planning 
of the financing of such programs and systems, in-
cluding metropolitan and Statewide planning under 
sections 134 and 135, freight planning, safety plan-
ning, transportation systems management and oper-
ations planning, transportation-related land use 
planning, and transportation-related growth manage-
ment activities within these planning processes, and 
planning capacity building activities. 
‘‘(3) Studies of the economy, safety, and con-
venience of highway, local public transportation, bi-
cycle, and pedestrian systems and the desirable reg-
ulation and equitable taxation of their use. 
‘‘(4) Research, development, and technology 
transfer activities necessary in connection with the
planning, design, construction, management, mainte-
nance, regulation, and taxation of the use of high-
way, local public transportation, and intermodal 
transportation systems. 
‘‘(5) Research on the effects of design stand-
ards on intermodal coordination, such as the high-
way-rail interface, and on safe pedestrian access to 
transit on arterial roads and urban highways. 
‘‘(6) Study, research, and training on the engi-
neering standards and construction materials, in-
cluding accreditation of inspection and testing, for 
highway, local public transportation, bicycle, pedes-
trian, and intermodal transportation systems. 
‘‘(b) MINIMUM EXPENDITURES ON RESEARCH, DE-
VELOPMENT, 
AND
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
ACTIVI-
TIES.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to paragraph (2), 
not less than 25 percent of the funds appropriated 
pursuant to subsection (a) to a State for a fiscal 
year shall be expended by the State for research, de-
velopment, and technology transfer activities de-
scribed in subsection (a), relating to highway, public 
transportation, bicycle, pedestrian, and intermodal 
transportation systems. 
‘‘(2) WAIVERS.—The Secretary may waive the 
application of paragraph (1) with respect to a State 
for a fiscal year if the State certifies to the Sec-
retary for the fiscal year that the funds described in 
paragraph (1) are not needed for research, develop-
ment, and technology transfer and the Secretary ac-
cepts such certification.
‘‘(3) NONAPPLICABILITY
OF
ASSESSMENT.—
Funds expended under paragraph (1) shall not be 
considered to be part of the extramural budget of 
the agency for the purpose of section 9 of the Small 
Business Act (15 U.S.C. 638). 
‘‘(c) MINIMUM EXPENDITURES FOR IMPROVING THE 
QUALITY
OF COLLECTION
AND REPORTING
OF STRA-
TEGIC SURFACE TRANSPORTATION DATA.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to paragraph (2), 
not less than 10 percent of the funds appropriated 
pursuant to subsection (a) for a fiscal year to a 
State shall be expended by the State to improve the 
collection and reporting of strategic surface trans-
portation data to provide critical information about 
the extent, condition, use, performance, and financ-
ing of the Nation’s surface transportation system 
(including intermodal connectors) for passenger and 
freight movement. 
‘‘(2) WAIVERS.—The Secretary may waive the 
application of paragraph (1) with respect to a State 
for a fiscal year if the State certifies to the Sec-
retary for the fiscal year that the State is collecting 
and reporting strategic data consistent with quality 
assurance guidelines developed cooperatively with the 
States and the Secretary approves such certification.
‘‘(d) FEDERAL SHARE.—The Federal share of the 
cost of a project carried out using funds subject to sub-
section (a) shall be matched in accordance with section 
120(b) unless the Secretary determines that the interests 
of the surface transportation program would be best 
served without such matching.’’. 
SEC. 109. FUTURE STRATEGIC HIGHWAY RESEARCH PRO-
GRAM. 
(a) AMENDMENT.—Chapter 5 of title 23, United 
States Code, is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing new section: 
‘‘§ 509. Future strategic highway research program 
‘‘(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary, in consulta-
tion with the American Association of State Highway and 
Transportation Officials, shall enter into an arrangement 
with the National Academy of Sciences for the establish-
ment of a Future Strategic Highway Research Program. 
‘‘(b) GRANTS, COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS, AND 
CONTRACTS.—The Secretary may make grants to, and 
enter into cooperative agreements and contracts with, the 
American Association of State Highway and Transpor-
tation Officials and the National Academy of Sciences to 
carry out activities under this section. Advance payments 
may be made as necessary to carry out the program under 
this section. Although no matching funds are required for
this program, collaborative research projects with multiple 
sources of funding shall be encouraged. 
‘‘(c) PERIOD OF AVAILABILITY.—Funds set aside to 
carry out this section shall remain available for the fiscal 
year for which such funds are made available and the 
three succeeding fiscal years. 
‘‘(d) SET ASIDE.—There are authorized to be appro-
priated to the Secretary of Transportation for each of fis-
cal years 2004 through 2009, to carry out this section, 
$75,000,000. 
‘‘(e) PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION.—In carrying out 
the program under this section, the National Academy of 
Sciences shall ensure that—
‘‘(1) the selection of projects and researchers 
shall be based on the open solicitation of proposals 
and be reviewed by panels of appropriate experts; 
and 
‘‘(2) State transportation officials and other 
stakeholders, including business, local governments, 
metropolitan planning organizations, environmental 
and community organizations, academia, other rel-
evant Federal agencies, and other members of the 
transportation community are involved in the gov-
ernance of the program at the executive, the overall
program, and the technical levels, through the use of 
expert panels and committees. 
‘‘(f) CONTENTS.—The program established under 
this section shall be based on Transportation Research 
Board Special Report 260, entitled ‘Strategic Highway 
Research: Saving Lives, Reducing Congestion, Improving 
Quality of Life’. It shall include the following research 
areas: 
‘‘(1) Accelerating the renewal of America’s 
highways. 
‘‘(2) Making a significant improvement in high-
way safety. 
‘‘(3) Providing a highway system with reliable 
travel times. 
‘‘(4) Providing highway capacity in support of 
the Nation’s economic, environmental, multi-modal 
transportation, and social goals. 
‘‘(g) PROJECT EVALUATION.—The products of all re-
search grants, cooperative agreements, and contracts 
awarded under this section shall be subject to peer review. 
‘‘(h) PROGRAMMATIC EVALUATIONS.—Within 2 years 
after the first research project grants, cooperative agree-
ments, or contracts are awarded under this section, the 
Secretary shall enter into an arrangement with the Na-
tional Academy of Public Administration to review the
program under this section, and to recommend improve-
ments. The review shall—
‘‘(1) assess the degree to which projects funded 
under this section have addressed the research topics 
identified in the research agenda established in 
Transportation Research Board Special Report 260, 
including identifying those topics which have not yet 
been addressed; 
‘‘(2) assess the merit and peer review process 
for project proposals, and assess research project re-
sults; and 
‘‘(3) assess the extent of stakeholder involve-
ment in all facets of the program. 
‘‘(i) ANNUAL PROGRESS
AND PERFORMANCE RE-
PORT.—The National Academy of Sciences shall produce 
an annual progress and performance report for the pro-
gram under this section. The report shall summarize the
status, funding, and sponsors of all funded projects by the 
research areas specified in subsection (f). It shall docu-
ment the progress of each project relative to milestones 
included in the project proposal. The report shall identify 
research areas and projects remaining unfunded, and an-
ticipated funding needs for completing that research. The 
report shall be submitted to the Secretary, to the Com-
mittee on Transportation and Infrastructure and the
Committee on Science of the House of Representatives, 
and to the Committee on Environment and Public Works 
of the Senate.’’. 
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—The analysis of 
chapter 5 of title 23, United States Code, is amended by 
adding at the end the following new item:
‘‘509. Future strategic highway research program.’’.
SEC. 110. UNIVERSITY TRANSPORTATION CENTERS. 
Section 5505 of title 49, United States Code, is 
amended to read as follows: 
‘‘§ 5505. University transportation research 
‘‘(a) REGIONAL CENTERS.—The Secretary of Trans-
portation shall make grants to nonprofit institutions of 
higher learning to establish and operate 1 university 
transportation center in each of the 10 United States Gov-
ernment regions that comprise the Standard Federal Re-
gional Boundary System. 
‘‘(b) OTHER CENTERS.—The Secretary shall make 
grants to nonprofit institutions of higher learning to es-
tablish and operate university transportation centers, in 
addition to the centers receiving grants under subsection 
(a), to address transportation management and research 
and development matters, with special attention to in-
creasing the number of highly skilled individuals entering 
the field of transportation. 
‘‘(c) SELECTION OF GRANT RECIPIENTS.—
‘‘(1) APPLICATIONS.—In order to be eligible to 
receive a grant under this section, a nonprofit insti-
tution of higher learning shall submit to the Sec-
retary an application that is in such form and con-
tains such information as the Secretary may require. 
‘‘(2) SELECTION CRITERIA.—Except as other-
wise provided by this section, the Secretary shall se-
lect each recipient of a grant under this section 
through a competitive, peer-reviewed process on the 
basis of the following: 
‘‘(A) For regional centers, the location of 
the center within the Federal region to be 
served. 
‘‘(B) The demonstrated research and ex-
tension resources available to the recipient to 
carry out this section. 
‘‘(C) The capability of the recipient to pro-
vide leadership in making national and regional 
contributions to the solution of immediate and 
long-range transportation problems. 
‘‘(D) The recipient’s establishment of a 
surface transportation program encompassing 
several modes of transportation. 
‘‘(E) The recipient’s demonstrated commit-
ment of at least $200,000 in regularly budgeted
institutional amounts each year to support on-
going transportation research and education 
programs. 
‘‘(F) The recipient’s demonstrated ability 
to disseminate results of transportation re-
search and education programs through a state-
wide or regionwide continuing education pro-
gram. 
‘‘(G) The strategic plan the recipient pro-
poses to carry out under the grant. 
‘‘(d) OBJECTIVES.—Each university transportation 
center receiving a grant under this section shall conduct 
the following programs and activities: 
‘‘(1) Basic and applied research that supports 
the Department’s research agenda consistent with 
section 508 of title 23, the products of which are 
peer-reviewed by other experts in the field to ad-
vance the body of knowledge in transportation. 
‘‘(2) An education program that includes multi-
disciplinary course work, faculty and student partici-
pation in research, and an opportunity for practical 
experience. 
‘‘(3) An ongoing program of technology transfer 
that makes research results available to potential
users in a form that can be implemented, utilized, 
or otherwise applied. 
‘‘(e) MAINTENANCE OF EFFORT.—To be eligible to 
receive a grant under this section, an applicant shall—
‘‘(1) enter into an agreement with the Secretary 
to ensure that the applicant will maintain total ex-
penditures from all other sources to establish and 
operate a university transportation center and re-
lated educational and research activities at a level 
that is at least equal to the average level of those 
expenditures during the 2 fiscal years before the 
date on which the grant is provided; 
‘‘(2) provide the annual institutional contribu-
tion required under subsection (c)(2); 
‘‘(3) submit to the Secretary, in a timely man-
ner, for use by the Secretary in the preparation of 
the annual research report under section 508(c)(5) 
of title 23, an annual report on the projects and ac-
tivities of the university transportation center for 
which funds are made available for the fiscal year 
covered by the report, a description of—
‘‘(A) the goals of the center; 
‘‘(B) the educational activities carried out 
by the center (including a detailed summary of 
the budget for those educational activities);
‘‘(C) teaching activities of faculty at the 
center; 
‘‘(D) each research project carried out by 
the center, including—
‘‘(i) the identity and location of each 
investigator working on a research project; 
‘‘(ii) the overall funding amount for 
each 
research 
project 
(including 
the 
amounts expended for the project as of the 
date of the report); 
‘‘(iii) the current schedule for each re-
search project; and 
‘‘(iv) the results of each research 
project through the date of submission of 
the report, with particular emphasis on re-
sults for the fiscal year covered by the re-
port; and 
‘‘(E) overall technology transfer and imple-
mentation efforts of the center; 
‘‘(4) make use of National Research Council, 
Transportation Research Board, and Transportation 
Research Information Services online databases 
for—
‘‘(A) program development and strategic 
planning;
‘‘(B) reporting of activities funded under 
this section; and 
‘‘(C) input and dissemination of results 
and reports from completed research; and 
‘‘(5) recommend a representative to serve as li-
aison to the Transportation Research Board. 
‘‘(f) FEDERAL SHARE.—The Federal share of the 
costs of activities carried out using a grant made under 
subsection (a) is 80 percent of costs, and under subsection 
(b) is 50 percent of costs. The non-Federal share may in-
clude funds provided to a recipient under section 503, 
504(b), or 505 of title 23, United States Code. 
‘‘(g) PROGRAM COORDINATION.—
‘‘(1) COORDINATION.—The Secretary shall co-
ordinate the research, education, training, and tech-
nology transfer activities that grant recipients carry
out under this section, disseminate the results of the 
research, and establish and operate a clearinghouse. 
‘‘(2) ANNUAL REVIEW AND EVALUATION.—At 
least annually and consistent with the plan devel-
oped under section 508 of title 23, United States 
Code, the Secretary shall review and evaluate pro-
grams the grant recipients carry out. 
‘‘(3) FUNDING
LIMITATION.—The Secretary 
may use not more than 1 percent of amounts made
available from Government sources to carry out this 
subsection. 
‘‘(h) LIMITATION ON AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS.—
Funds made available to carry out this program shall re-
main available for obligation for a period of 2 years after 
the last day of the fiscal year for which such funds are 
authorized. 
‘‘(i) GRANTS.—The Secretary may make grants 
under this section as follows: 
‘‘(1) For grants under subsection (a)—
‘‘(A) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2004; 
‘‘(B) $3,000,000 for fiscal year 2005; 
‘‘(C) $4,000,000 for fiscal year 2006; 
‘‘(D) $4,000,000 for fiscal year 2007; 
‘‘(E) $4,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; and 
‘‘(F) $4,000,000 for fiscal year 2009. 
‘‘(2) For grants under subsection (b) to centers 
that received funding for fiscal years 2002 and 2003 
under this section—
‘‘(A) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2004; 
‘‘(B) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2005; and 
‘‘(C) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2006. 
‘‘(3) For 6 additional grants under subsection 
(b)—
‘‘(A) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2004;
‘‘(B) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2005; and 
‘‘(C) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2006. 
‘‘(4) For 16 grants under subsection (b), which 
may include grants to centers described in para-
graph (2)—
‘‘(A) $3,000,000 for fiscal year 2007; 
‘‘(B) $3,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; and 
‘‘(C) $3,000,000 for fiscal year 2009. 
‘‘(j) TRANSPORTATION EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT 
PILOT PROGRAM.—
‘‘(1) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary shall es-
tablish a program to make grants to State Depart-
ments of Transportation, who in conjunction with 
nonprofit institutions of higher education, will de-
velop and test new curricula to educate the transpor-
tation workforce. 
‘‘(2) SELECTION
OF
GRANT
RECIPIENTS.—In 
selecting applications for awards under this sub-
section, the Secretary shall consider—
‘‘(A) the degree to which the new curricula 
will address the specific workforce needs of the 
State, evaluated on the basis of a State’s devel-
opment of a strategic human resources plan 
and how the new curricula will help fulfill the 
plan;
‘‘(B) the degree to which the new curricula 
will provide expertise in areas other than engi-
neering, such as business administration, eco-
nomics, information technology, environmental 
science, and law, as determined necessary by 
the State; and 
‘‘(C) a State’s commitment to continuing 
the program beyond the pilot effort. 
‘‘(3) NUMBER AND AMOUNT OF GRANTS.—For 
fiscal years 2004, 2005, and 2006, the Secretary 
shall make 4 grants under this subsection, each in 
the amount of $1,000,000. For fiscal years 2007, 
2008, and 2009, the Secretary shall make 4 grants 
under this subsection, each in the amount of 
$500,000.’’. 
SEC. 111. INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS. 
(a) AMENDMENT.—Subtitle C of title V of the Trans-
portation Equity Act for the 21st Century is amended to 
read as follows: 
‘‘Subtitle C—Intelligent 
Transportation Systems 
‘‘SEC. 5201. SHORT TITLE. 
‘‘This subtitle may be cited as the ‘Intelligent Trans-
portation Systems Act of 2003’.
‘‘SEC. 5202. GOALS AND PURPOSES. 
‘‘(a) GOALS.—The goals of the intelligent transpor-
tation system program include—
‘‘(1) enhancement of surface transportation ef-
ficiency and facilitation of intermodalism and inter-
national trade to enable existing facilities to meet a 
significant portion of future transportation needs, 
including public access to employment, goods, and 
services, and to reduce regulatory, financial, and 
other transaction costs to public agencies and sys-
tem users; 
‘‘(2) achievement of national transportation 
safety goals, including the enhancement of safe oper-
ation of motor vehicles and nonmotorized vehicles, 
with particular emphasis on decreasing the number 
and severity of collisions; 
‘‘(3) protection and enhancement of the natural 
environment and communities affected by surface 
transportation, with particular emphasis on assisting 
State and local governments to achieve national en-
vironmental goals; 
‘‘(4) accommodation of the needs of all users of 
surface transportation systems, including operators 
of commercial vehicles, passenger vehicles, motor-
cycles, and bicycles, and including pedestrians and 
individuals with disabilities; and
‘‘(5) improvement of the Nation’s ability to re-
spond to security related or other man made emer-
gencies and natural disasters, and enhancement of 
national defense mobility. 
‘‘(b) PURPOSES.—The Secretary shall implement ac-
tivities under the intelligent transportation system pro-
gram to, at a minimum—
‘‘(1) develop and test new and emerging tech-
nologies to meet the goals described in subsection 
(a); 
‘‘(2) expedite deployment, in both metropolitan 
and rural areas, and ensure integration and inter-
operability of proven intelligent transportation sys-
tems; 
‘‘(3) ensure that Federal, State, and local 
transportation officials have adequate knowledge of 
intelligent transportation systems for full consider-
ation in the transportation planning process; 
‘‘(4) improve regional cooperation and oper-
ations planning for effective intelligent transpor-
tation system deployment; 
‘‘(5) promote the innovative use of private re-
sources;
‘‘(6) develop a workforce capable of developing, 
operating, and maintaining intelligent transportation 
systems; and 
‘‘(7) evaluate costs and benefits of intelligent 
transportation systems projects. 
‘‘SEC. 5203. GENERAL AUTHORITIES AND REQUIREMENTS. 
‘‘(a) SCOPE.—Subject to the provisions of this sub-
title, the Secretary shall conduct an ongoing intelligent 
transportation system program to research, develop, and 
operationally test intelligent transportation systems and 
advance nationwide deployment of proven systems through 
research on barriers to deployment as a component of the 
surface transportation systems of the United States. 
‘‘(b) POLICY.—Intelligent transportation system re-
search, development, operational tests, and deployment 
projects funded pursuant to this subtitle shall encourage
and not displace public-private partnerships or private sec-
tor investment in such research and development tests and 
projects. 
‘‘(c) COOPERATION WITH GOVERNMENTAL, PRI-
VATE, AND EDUCATIONAL ENTITIES.—The Secretary 
shall carry out the intelligent transportation system pro-
gram in cooperation with State and local governments and 
other public entities, the United States private sector, the 
Federal laboratories, and colleges and universities, includ-
ing historically black colleges and universities and other 
minority institutions of higher education. 
‘‘(d) CONSULTATION WITH FEDERAL OFFICIALS.—
In carrying out the intelligent transportation system pro-
gram, the Secretary, as appropriate, shall consult with the 
Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of the Treasury, the 
Secretary of Homeland Security, the Administrator of the 
Environmental Protection Agency, the Director of the Na-
tional Science Foundation, and the heads of other Federal 
departments and agencies. 
‘‘(e) TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TRAINING, AND IN-
FORMATION.—The Secretary shall provide technical as-
sistance, training, and information to State and local gov-
ernments seeking to implement, operate, maintain, or 
evaluate intelligent transportation system technologies and 
services. 
‘‘(f) TRANSPORTATION
PLANNING.—The Secretary 
may provide funding to support adequate consideration of 
transportation system management and operations, in-
cluding intelligent transportation systems, within metro-
politan and statewide transportation planning processes. 
‘‘(g) INFORMATION CLEARINGHOUSE.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall—
‘‘(A) maintain a repository for technical 
and safety data collected as a result of federally
sponsored projects carried out under this sub-
title; and 
‘‘(B) make that information (except for 
proprietary information and data) readily avail-
able to all users of the repository at an appro-
priate cost. 
‘‘(2) DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY.—
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary may 
delegate the responsibility of the Secretary 
under this subsection, with continuing oversight 
by the Secretary, to an appropriate entity not 
within the Department of Transportation. 
‘‘(B) FEDERAL ASSISTANCE.—If the Sec-
retary delegates the responsibility, the entity to 
which the responsibility is delegated shall be eli-
gible for Federal assistance under this section. 
‘‘(h) ADVISORY COMMITTEE.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall estab-
lish an Advisory Committee to advise the Secretary 
on carrying out this subtitle. 
‘‘(2) MEMBERSHIP.—The Advisory Committee 
shall have no more than 20 members and include, at 
a minimum—
‘‘(A) a representative from a State high-
way department;
‘‘(B) a representative from a local highway 
department; 
‘‘(C) a representative from a State, local, 
or regional transit agency; 
‘‘(D) a representative from a metropolitan 
planning organization; 
‘‘(E) a private sector vendor of intelligent 
transportation system technologies; 
‘‘(F) a private sector user of intelligent 
transportation system technologies; 
‘‘(G) an academic researcher who is a civil 
engineer; 
‘‘(H) an academic researcher who is a so-
cial scientist; 
‘‘(I) a representative from the Intelligent 
Transportation Society of America; 
‘‘(J) a representative from a public interest 
group concerned with safety; 
‘‘(K) a representative from a public inter-
est group concerned with community develop-
ment; and 
‘‘(L) members with expertise in planning, 
safety, and operations. 
‘‘(3) DUTIES.—The Advisory Committee shall, 
at a minimum, perform the following duties—
‘‘(A) Provide input into the development of 
the National ITS Program Plan, and the Intel-
ligent Transportation System portion of each 
strategic plan under section 508 of title 23, 
United States Code. 
‘‘(B) Review the National ITS Program 
Plan and the Intelligent Transportation System 
portion of each strategic plan under section 508 
of title 23, United States Code, and transmit 
the Advisory Committee’s views on the plans to 
Congress. 
‘‘(C) Analyze intelligent transportation sys-
tems technologies, for which a plan or budget 
proposal has recommended funding for research 
and development activities or operational tests, 
to advise the Department on—
‘‘(i) whether the intelligent transpor-
tation system technologies are likely to be 
deployed by users, and, if not, to determine 
the barriers to deployment; 
‘‘(ii) the appropriate roles for govern-
ment and the private sector in investing in 
specific intelligent transportation system 
technologies; and
‘‘(iii) whether these activities are like-
ly to advance either the state-of-the-prac-
tice or state-of-the-art in intelligent trans-
portation systems. 
‘‘(4) APPLICABILITY
OF
FEDERAL
ADVISORY 
COMMITTEE ACT.—The Advisory Committee shall be 
subject to the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 
U.S.C. App.). 
‘‘(i) PROCUREMENT METHODS.—
‘‘(1) TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE.—The Secretary 
shall develop appropriate technical assistance and 
guidance to assist State and local agencies in evalu-
ating and selecting appropriate methods of procure-
ment for intelligent transportation system projects 
carried out using funds made available from the 
Highway Trust Fund, including innovative and non-
traditional methods such as the Information Tech-
nology Omnibus Procurement. 
‘‘(2) INTELLIGENT
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM 
SOFTWARE.—To the maximum extent practicable, 
contracting officials shall use as a critical evaluation 
criterion the Software Engineering Institute’s Capa-
bility Maturity Model, or another similar recognized 
software design and development methodology, to re-
duce the cost, schedule, and performance risks asso-
ciated with the development, management, and inte-
gration of intelligent transportation system software. 
‘‘(j) EVALUATIONS.—
‘‘(1) GUIDELINES AND REQUIREMENTS.—
‘‘(A) IN
GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 
issue guidelines and requirements for the eval-
uation of operational tests and model deploy-
ment projects carried out under this subtitle. 
‘‘(B) CONTENT.—Such evaluations shall 
include specific, quantitative measures to deter-
mine whether a technology is meeting its in-
tended goal. To the maximum extent prac-
ticable, these measures shall evaluate the out-
come of the technology (such as accidents 
avoided or decreased travel times or travel time 
variability).
‘‘(C) OBJECTIVITY AND INDEPENDENCE.—
The guidelines and requirements issued under 
subparagraph (A) shall include provisions to en-
sure the objectivity and independence of the 
evaluator so as to avoid any real or apparent 
conflict of interest or potential influence on the 
outcome by parties to any such test or deploy-
ment project or by any other formal evaluation 
carried out under this subtitle.
‘‘(D) FUNDING.—The guidelines and re-
quirements issued under subparagraph (A) shall 
establish evaluation funding levels, based on the 
size and scope of each test or project, that en-
sure adequate evaluation of the results of the 
test or project. 
‘‘(E) 
DISSEMINATION.—The 
Secretary 
shall make readily available through the Inter-
net all information collected through evalua-
tions carried out under this subtitle. 
‘‘(2) SPECIAL
RULE.—Any survey, question-
naire, or interview that the Secretary considers nec-
essary to carry out the evaluation of any test, de-
ployment project, or program assessment activity 
under this subtitle shall not be subject to chapter 35 
of title 44, United States Code.
‘‘(k) USE OF RIGHTS-OF-WAY.—Intelligent transpor-
tation system projects specified in section 5117(b)(3) and 
5117(b)(6) and involving privately owned intelligent trans-
portation system components that are carried out using 
funds made available from the Highway Trust Fund shall 
not be subject to any law or regulation of a State or polit-
ical subdivision of a State prohibiting or regulating com-
mercial activities in the rights-of-way of a highway for 
which Federal-aid highway funds have been utilized for
planning, design, construction, or maintenance, if the Sec-
retary of Transportation determines that such use is in 
the public interest. Nothing in this subsection shall affect 
the authority of a State or political subdivision of a State 
to regulate highway safety. 
‘‘SEC. 5204. NATIONAL ITS PROGRAM PLAN. 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—
‘‘(1) UPDATES.—The Secretary shall publish an 
update of the ‘National Intelligent Transportation 
Systems Program Plan Five-Year Horizon’, pub-
lished in August, 2000. The Secretary shall consult 
with the Advisory Committee established under sec-
tion 5203(h) in carrying out this section. 
‘‘(2) SCOPE.—The National ITS Program Plan 
update shall—
‘‘(A) specify the goals, objectives, and mile-
stones for the research and deployment of intel-
ligent transportation systems in the context of 
major metropolitan areas, smaller metropolitan 
and rural areas, and commercial vehicle oper-
ations; 
‘‘(B) evaluate how the intelligent transpor-
tation systems program has progressed in 
achieving the goals, objectives, and milestones 
referred to in subparagraph (A);
‘‘(C) compare actual outcomes of the intel-
ligent transportation systems program over the 
last 5 years to projections from the 2000 Plan 
referred to in paragraph (1); 
‘‘(D) for each goal, objective, milestone, or 
projection found under subparagraph (B) or 
(C) not to have been achieved, document the 
barriers to achievement; 
‘‘(E) specify how specific programs and 
projects will achieve the goals, objectives, and 
milestones referred to in subparagraph (A), in 
the next 5 years; 
‘‘(F) specify necessary and realistically 
achievable timeframes and funding levels to 
conduct the programs and projects referred to 
in subparagraph (E) in order to achieve the 
goals, objectives, and milestones referred to in 
subparagraph (A); 
‘‘(G) develop a plan for addressing barriers 
documented under subparagraph (D); 
‘‘(H) identify activities that provide for the 
dynamic development of standards and proto-
cols to promote and ensure interoperability in 
the implementation of intelligent transportation
system technologies, including actions taken to 
establish critical standards; and 
‘‘(I) establish a cooperative process with 
State and local governments for determining 
desired surface transportation system perform-
ance levels and developing plans for incorpora-
tion of specific intelligent transportation system 
capabilities into surface transportation systems. 
‘‘(b) REPORTING.—The National ITS Program Plan 
shall be transmitted to the Congress not later than August 
31, 2005. 
‘‘(c) ADVISORY COMMITTEE REVIEW.—The Advisory 
Committee established under section 5203(h) shall review 
the National ITS Program Plan that is transmitted to 
Congress under this section, and shall transmit the Advi-
sory Committee’s views on the Plan to Congress. 
‘‘SEC. 5205. INFORMATION STRATEGY. 
‘‘(a) DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION.—The 
Secretary shall develop and implement a strategy to use 
information collected from intelligent transportation sys-
tem technologies (including technologies used in roadway, 
transit, and in-vehicle applications) for traffic manage-
ment and for planning, performance monitoring, program 
assessment, and policy applications. The Secretary shall 
ensure that the Bureau of Transportation Statistics plays
a significant role in the development of the strategy under 
this section. 
‘‘(b) CONSIDERATIONS.—The strategy developed 
under this section shall—
‘‘(1) consider current data sources and propose 
future data sources, as well as proposing strategies 
for both real-time use and archived use of data; 
‘‘(2) determine what data should be centralized 
nationally in support of national planning and goals, 
what information should be aggregated regionally, 
and what information should be kept locally, and for 
nationally centralized data, identify how to ensure 
that data is collected and reported consistently; 
‘‘(3) assess the need for data standards; 
‘‘(4) outline how transportation decision proc-
esses can make best use of real-time data; 
‘‘(5) outline a vision for the future linkages be-
tween intelligent transportation system technologies 
and data; 
‘‘(6) identify public and private data sources 
other than intelligent transportation system data 
sources (such as roadway characteristics inventories 
and incident information) that, combined with intel-
ligent transportation system data, would enhance the 
utility of intelligent transportation system data to
decisionmakers, and how these data sources can be 
merged; 
‘‘(7) identify how to make data most accessible 
and useful to users; and 
‘‘(8) identify what information would be useful 
to stakeholders at the local, State, regional, and na-
tional levels. 
‘‘(c) STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT.—In developing 
the strategy under this section, the Secretary shall involve 
developers and users of intelligent transportation system 
technologies, including State and local highway depart-
ments, metropolitan planning organizations, transit agen-
cies, travelers, the private sector, not-for-profit organiza-
tions, and representatives from the planning, safety, oper-
ations, and research communities.
‘‘(d) INCORPORATION
INTO NATIONAL ARCHITEC-
TURE.—The strategy developed under this section shall, 
to the extent practicable, be incorporated into the national 
architecture. 
‘‘(e) REPORT TO CONGRESS.—Not later than 1 year 
after the date of the enactment of this subsection, the Sec-
retary shall transmit to the Congress a report outlining 
the strategy developed under this section. 
‘‘SEC. 5206. NATIONAL ARCHITECTURE AND STANDARDS. 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—
‘‘(1) DEVELOPMENT, IMPLEMENTATION, AND 
MAINTENANCE.—Consistent with section 12(d) of 
the National Technology Transfer and Advancement 
Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272 note; 110 Stat. 783), 
the Secretary shall develop, implement, and maintain 
a national architecture and supporting standards 
and protocols to promote the widespread use and 
evaluation of intelligent transportation system tech-
nology as a component of the surface transportation 
systems of the United States. 
‘‘(2) GOAL.—The goal of the national architec-
ture and standards shall be to ensure interoper-
ability among, and efficiency of, intelligent transpor-
tation system technologies implemented throughout 
the United States. 
‘‘(3) USE OF STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT ORGA-
NIZATIONS.—In carrying out this section, the Sec-
retary may use the services of such standards devel-
opment organizations as the Secretary determines to 
be appropriate. 
‘‘(4) STANDARD
VALIDATION.—The Secretary 
shall ensure that new standards promulgated for in-
telligent transportation system technologies are test-
ed and validated, and shall ensure that the results
of such testing and validation are made publicly 
available. 
‘‘(b) PROVISIONAL STANDARDS.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—If the Secretary finds that 
the development or balloting of an intelligent trans-
portation system standard jeopardizes the timely 
achievement of the objectives identified in subsection 
(a)(1) and (2), the Secretary may establish a provi-
sional standard after consultation with affected par-
ties, and using, to the extent practicable, the work 
product of appropriate standards development orga-
nizations. 
‘‘(2) PERIOD
OF
EFFECTIVENESS.—A provi-
sional standard established under paragraph (1) 
shall be published in the Federal Register and re-
main in effect until the appropriate standards devel-
opment organization adopts and publishes a stand-
ard. 
‘‘(c) CONFORMITY
WITH
NATIONAL
ARCHITEC-
TURE.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in para-
graphs (2) and (3), the Secretary shall ensure that 
intelligent transportation system projects carried out 
using funds made available from the Highway Trust 
Fund, including funds made available to deploy in-
telligent transportation system technologies, conform 
to the national architecture, applicable standards or 
provisional standards, and protocols developed under 
subsection (a). 
‘‘(2) SECRETARY’S
DISCRETION.—The Sec-
retary may authorize exceptions to paragraph (1) 
for—
‘‘(A) projects designed to achieve specific 
research objectives outlined in the National ITS 
Program Plan under section 5204 or the Sur-
face Transportation Research and Development 
Strategic Plan developed under section 508 of 
title 23, United States Code; or 
‘‘(B) the upgrade or expansion of an intel-
ligent transportation system in existence on the 
date of enactment of the Transportation Equity 
Act for the 21st Century, if the Secretary de-
termines that the upgrade or expansion—
‘‘(i) would not adversely affect the 
goals or purposes of this subtitle; 
‘‘(ii) is carried out before the end of 
the useful life of such system; and 
‘‘(iii) is cost-effective as compared to 
alternatives that would meet the con-
formity requirement of paragraph (1).
‘‘(3) EXCEPTIONS.—Paragraph (1) shall not 
apply to funds used for operation or maintenance of 
an intelligent transportation system in existence on 
the date of enactment of the Transportation Equity 
Act for the 21st Century. 
‘‘SEC. 5207. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall carry out a 
comprehensive program of research, development, and 
operational tests of intelligent vehicles and intelligent in-
frastructure systems, as well as research into barriers to 
their deployment, and other similar activities that are nec-
essary to carry out this subtitle. 
‘‘(b) PRIORITY AREAS.—Under the program, the Sec-
retary shall give higher priority to funding projects that—
‘‘(1) reduce congestion in metropolitan regions;
‘‘(2) improve mobility and efficiency by address-
ing traffic management, incident management, tran-
sit management, toll collection, traveler information, 
or highway operations systems; 
‘‘(3) improve safety by focusing on crash-avoid-
ance and integration of in-vehicle crash protection 
technologies with other onboard safety systems, in-
cluding the interaction of air bags and safety belts; 
‘‘(4) improve security by focusing on responding 
to security-related emergencies, and preventing such
emergencies, through tracking the movement of 
goods; 
‘‘(5) incorporate human factors research, in-
cluding the science of the driving process; 
‘‘(6) improve deployment of proven technologies 
by addressing nontechnical barriers to the deploy-
ment of intelligent transportation system tech-
nologies, including institutional barriers such as 
fragmented authority at the local level, privacy con-
siderations, and rigid procurement rules, and the 
best ways to develop partnerships to successfully de-
ploy intelligent transportation system technologies; 
‘‘(7) facilitate the integration of intelligent in-
frastructure, vehicle, and control technologies, in-
cluding magnetic guidance control systems or other 
materials or magnetics research; 
‘‘(8) incorporate research on the impact of envi-
ronmental, weather, and natural conditions on intel-
ligent transportation systems, including the effects 
of cold climates; or 
‘‘(9) facilitate high-performance transportation 
systems, through methods such as congestion pric-
ing, real-time facility management, rapid emergency 
response, and just-in-time transit.
100
‘‘(c) OPERATIONAL TESTS.—Operational tests shall 
be used to evaluate promising technologies that have not 
yet been demonstrated. Operational tests conducted under 
this section shall be designed for the collection of data to 
permit objective evaluation of the results of the tests, deri-
vation of cost-benefit information that is useful to others 
contemplating deployment of similar systems, and develop-
ment and implementation of standards. 
‘‘(d) FEDERAL SHARE.—The Federal share of the 
cost of operational tests and demonstrations under sub-
section (a) shall not exceed 80 percent. 
‘‘SEC. 5208. USE OF FUNDS. 
‘‘(a) CONGESTION REDUCTION.—At least 1⁄3 of funds 
spent under section 5207 for intelligent transportation 
systems research and development shall be used to re-
search, develop, and operationally test technologies whose 
primary purpose is to reduce congestion. 
‘‘(b) OUTREACH AND PUBLIC RELATIONS LIMITA-
TION.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—For each fiscal year, not 
more than $5,000,000 of the funds made available 
to carry out this subtitle shall be used for intelligent 
transportation system outreach, public relations, dis-
plays, scholarships, tours, and brochures.
101
‘‘(2) APPLICABILITY.—Paragraph (1) shall not 
apply to intelligent transportation system training or 
the publication or distribution of research findings, 
technical guidance, or similar documents. 
‘‘(c) 
INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT.—Funds 
made available to carry out this subtitle for operational 
tests—
‘‘(1) shall be used primarily for the development 
of intelligent transportation system infrastructure; 
and 
‘‘(2) to the maximum extent practicable, shall 
not be used for the construction of physical highway 
and transit infrastructure unless the construction is 
incidental and critically necessary to the implemen-
tation of an intelligent transportation system 
project. 
‘‘(d) USE OF INNOVATIVE FINANCING.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary may use up 
to 25 percent of the funds made available to carry 
out this subtitle to make available loans, lines of 
credit, and loan guarantees for projects that are eli-
gible for assistance under this subtitle and that have 
significant intelligent transportation system ele-
ments.
102
‘‘(2) CONSISTENCY WITH OTHER LAW.—Credit 
assistance described in paragraph (1) shall be made 
available in a manner consistent with the Transpor-
tation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 
1998. 
‘‘SEC. 5209. PROGRAM EVALUATION. 
‘‘The Secretary shall enter into an arrangement with 
the National Academy of Sciences, or another independent 
institution, to evaluate the Department of Transpor-
tation’s intelligent transportation system program. The 
evaluation shall assess, at a minimum—
‘‘(1) how well the intelligent transportation sys-
tem program has achieved its goals as set forth in 
the 2000 5-year plan referred to in section 
5204(a)(1), including—
‘‘(A) 
expediting 
integrated 
intelligent 
transportation system deployment in metropoli-
tan and rural areas for both passenger and 
freight transportation; 
‘‘(B) ensuring that Federal, State, and 
local transportation officials consider intelligent 
transportation systems in the transportation 
planning process and have adequate knowledge 
to do so;
103
‘‘(C) improving regional cooperation and 
operations planning for effective intelligent 
transportation system deployment; 
‘‘(D) promoting the innovative use of pri-
vate resources; and 
‘‘(E) developing a workforce capable of de-
ploying, operating, and maintaining intelligent 
transportation systems; and 
‘‘(2) in areas where the intelligent transpor-
tation system program has not met its goals, assess 
the barriers to meeting those goals, and make rec-
ommendations for how those barriers may be over-
come. 
‘‘SEC. 5210. DEFINITIONS. 
‘‘In this subtitle, the following definitions apply: 
‘‘(1) INTELLIGENT
TRANSPORTATION
INFRA-
STRUCTURE.—The term ‘intelligent transportation 
infrastructure’ means fully integrated public sector 
intelligent transportation system components, as de-
fined by the Secretary. 
‘‘(2) 
INTELLIGENT
TRANSPORTATION
SYS-
TEM.—The term ‘intelligent transportation system’ 
means electronics, communications, or information 
processing used singly or in combination to improve
104
the efficiency or safety of a surface transportation 
system. 
‘‘(3) NATIONAL
ARCHITECTURE.—The term 
‘national architecture’ means the common frame-
work for interoperability adopted by the Secretary 
that defines—
‘‘(A) the functions associated with intel-
ligent transportation system user services; 
‘‘(B) the physical entities or subsystems 
within which the functions reside; 
‘‘(C) the data interfaces and information 
flows between physical subsystems; and 
‘‘(D) the communications requirements as-
sociated with the information flows. 
‘‘(4) NATIONAL ITS PROGRAM PLAN.—The term 
‘National ITS Program Plan’ means the plan update 
required under section 5204(a). 
‘‘(5) STANDARD.—The term ‘standard’ means a 
document that—
‘‘(A) contains technical specifications or 
other precise criteria for intelligent transpor-
tation systems that are to be used consistently 
as rules, guidelines, or definitions of character-
istics so as to ensure that materials, products,
105
processes, and services are fit for their pur-
poses; and 
‘‘(B) may support the national architecture 
and promote—
‘‘(i) the widespread use and adoption 
of intelligent transportation system tech-
nology as a component of the surface 
transportation systems of the United 
States; and 
‘‘(ii) interoperability among intelligent 
transportation system technologies imple-
mented throughout the States. 
‘‘(6) STATE.—The term ‘State’ has the mean-
ing given the term under section 101 of title 23, 
United States Code.’’. 
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS AMENDMENT.—The items 
relating to subtitle C of title V in the table of contents 
of the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century are 
amended to read as follows:
‘‘Subtitle C—Intelligent Transportation Systems 
‘‘Sec. 5201. Short title. 
‘‘Sec. 5202. Goals and purposes. 
‘‘Sec. 5203. General authorities and requirements. 
‘‘Sec. 5204. National ITS Program Plan. 
‘‘Sec. 5205. Information strategy. 
‘‘Sec. 5206. National architecture and standards. 
‘‘Sec. 5207. Research and development. 
‘‘Sec. 5208. Use of funds. 
‘‘Sec. 5209. Program evaluation. 
‘‘Sec. 5210. Definitions.’’.
106
(c) REPEAL.—The Intermodal Surface Transpor-
tation Efficiency Act of 1991 is amended by striking part 
B of title VI (23 U.S.C. 307 note; 105 Stat. 2189). 
SEC. 112. NATIONAL MULTIMODAL TRENDS POLICY RE-
SEARCH PROGRAM. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish and 
carry out a National Multimodal Trends Policy Research 
Program that systematically addresses critical short-term, 
medium-term, and long-term social science issues affecting 
and affected by the transportation system. 
(b) CONTENTS.—The program to be carried out 
under this section shall include—
(1) research on—
(A) the critical factors and major trends 
affecting the success and performance of the 
Nation’s transportation system, as well as how 
such information can be incorporated into na-
tional, State, and local decisionmaking; 
(B) the short-term, medium-term, and es-
pecially long-term economic, demographic, and 
social trends that are affecting and are affected 
by the transportation system, including topics 
such as—
(i) 
economic 
trends, 
including 
globalization and it effects on the transpor-
107
tation of people and goods, rapidly chang-
ing information technology, the growing 
importance of metropolitan economies, di-
versification of employment sites, innova-
tions in goods movement, and larger capac-
ity and faster goods movement; 
(ii) demographic trends, including 
population growth, increasing minority 
populations, increasing urbanization, and 
the aging of the population; and 
(iii) social trends and issues, including 
increasing income disparity and its impli-
cation for mobility and access to jobs, serv-
ices and health care, the unique needs of 
rural populations, and the link between 
human factors and driver behavior; 
(C) improvements in evaluation methodolo-
gies and performance measures, and the evalua-
tion of project and transportation system per-
formance relative to the goals set forth in sec-
tion 102; 
(D) how institutional factors within and 
among the public and private sectors affect the 
development and successful deployment of new 
technologies;
108
(E) links between public health and the 
transportation system; and 
(F) other critical issues identified by the 
Advisory Board established under subsection 
(e); and 
(2) research on and the development of policy 
analysis tools and methods. 
(c) ESTABLISHMENT.—Not later than 120 days after 
the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall enter 
into an arrangement with the National Academy of 
Sciences to establish an advisory board under subsection 
(e) and, except as provided in subsection (e), to support, 
administer, and manage the program. 
(d) STRATEGIC PLAN.—Not later than 2 years after 
entering into the arrangement under subsection (c) and 
upon each update thereafter, the National Academy of 
Sciences shall transmit the strategic plan developed by the 
advisory board under subsection (e) to the Secretary, to 
the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure and 
the Committee on Science of the House of Representa-
tives, and to the Committee on Environment and Public 
Works of the Senate. 
(e) ADVISORY BOARD.—
109
(1) ESTABLISHMENT.—The National Academy 
of Sciences shall establish an independent advisory 
board. 
(2) MEMBERSHIP.—
(A) IN GENERAL.—A majority of members 
of the advisory board shall be experts in—
(i) transportation social science re-
search; or 
(ii) other social science fields with im-
portant or potentially important relation-
ships to transportation, selected after con-
sultation with the Consortium of Social 
Science Associations. 
Members selected under this subparagraph 
shall, to the extent practicable, be evenly di-
vided between experts described in clause (i) 
and experts described in clause (ii). 
(B) ADDITIONAL
MEMBERS.—Additional 
members of the advisory board shall be evenly 
balanced among representatives of Federal, 
State, and local transportation agencies, other 
agencies with appropriate expertise, metropoli-
tan planning organizations, transit operating 
agencies, and environmental and other non-
profit organizations.
110
(3) RESPONSIBILITIES.—The advisory board 
shall be responsible for—
(A) the development of a strategic plan 
which shall specify at a minimum the goals, re-
search priorities, and fiscal needs of the pro-
gram, and which shall be updated periodically; 
(B) overseeing the awarding of grants and 
contracts to carry out the research strategy; 
(C) the development of the annual request 
for proposals and the solicitation of proposals 
through open competition with peer review; and 
(D) the development of project selection 
criteria, through an open and public consulta-
tion process with stakeholders. 
(4) EVALUATION
OF
RESEARCH.—Research 
contracts and grants under this section shall require 
peer review of the research results. 
(5) ELIGIBLE RESEARCH.—At least 75 percent 
of funds made available for research under this sec-
tion shall support research directed to the priorities 
in the strategic plan, and up to 25 percent of such
funds may support appropriate sponsor directed re-
search. 
(f) DISSEMINATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS.—The 
National Academy of Sciences and the Department of
111
Transportation shall disseminate research findings under 
this section to researchers, practitioners, and decision-
makers, through conferences and seminars, field dem-
onstrations, workshops, training programs, presentations, 
testimony to government officials, the Internet, and publi-
cations for the general public. 
TITLE II—MISCELLANEOUS 
SEC. 201. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 
(a) TRANSIT
RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT.—
There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary 
of Transportation to carry out sections 5312, 5313, 5314, 
5315, and 5322 of title 49, United States Code, and sec-
tion 202 of this Act, relating to research and development, 
$75,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2004 through 
2009. 
(b) HIGHWAY SAFETY RESEARCH AND DEVELOP-
MENT.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the 
Secretary of Transportation to carry out section 403 of 
title 23, United States Code, relating to research and de-
velopment, such sums as may be necessary for each of the 
fiscal years 2004 through 2009. 
(c) MOTOR CARRIER RESEARCH
AND DEVELOP-
MENT.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the 
Secretary of Transportation to carry out section 31108 
of title 49, United States Code, relating to research and
112
development, such sums as may be necessary for each of 
the fiscal years 2004 through 2009. 
SEC. 202. TRANSIT RESEARCH. 
(a) AMENDMENT.—Chapter 5 of title 23, United 
States Code, as amended by this Act, is further amended 
by adding at the end the following new section: 
‘‘§ 510. Innovative Practices and Technologies Dem-
onstration and Deployment Program 
‘‘(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary shall estab-
lish an Innovative Practices and Technologies Demonstra-
tion and Deployment Program. 
‘‘(b) PROGRAM GOALS.—The goals of the program 
are to—
‘‘(1) demonstrate promising new transit prac-
tices and technologies, including new business mod-
els for managing and operating transit systems, that 
may increase ridership, increase accessibility, reduce 
cost, improve customer satisfaction, and improve 
safety; 
‘‘(2) evaluate, refine, and document the per-
formance, benefits, and costs of innovative practices 
and technologies; and 
‘‘(3) effectively disseminate information to ac-
celerate deployment of innovative practices and tech-
nologies.
113
‘‘(c) GRANTS, COOPERATIVE
AGREEMENTS, AND 
CONTRACTS.—The Secretary may make grants to, or 
enter into cooperative agreements or contracts with, tran-
sit agencies, States, other Federal agencies, universities 
and colleges, private sector entities, and nonprofit organi-
zations to pay the Federal share of the cost of demonstra-
tion and deployment projects concerning innovative prac-
tices and technologies. 
‘‘(d) APPLICATIONS.—To receive a grant, cooperative 
agreement, or contract under this section, an entity de-
scribed in subsection (c) shall submit an application to the 
Secretary. The application shall be in such form and con-
tain such information as the Secretary may require. The 
Secretary shall select and approve the applications based 
on the following criteria: 
‘‘(1) Whether the project meets the goals of the 
program. 
‘‘(2) Merit review. 
‘‘(3) The likelihood that the project will result 
in more widespread deployment of the practice or 
technology being proposed. 
‘‘(4) Preference shall be given to an application 
that represents a public-private partnership. 
‘‘(e) TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATION TRANSFER.—
The Secretary shall ensure that information about innova-
114
tive practices and technologies supported under this sec-
tion is made available to transit agencies, State and local 
transportation departments, and other interested parties. 
Information disseminated under this subsection shall in-
clude both the costs and benefits of deploying an innova-
tive practice or technology, and shall document—
‘‘(1) best practices for adopting successful prac-
tices or technologies; and 
‘‘(2) the transferability of these practices and 
technologies. 
‘‘(f) FEDERAL SHARE.—The Federal share of the 
cost of a project under this section shall be determined 
by the Secretary.’’. 
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—The analysis of 
chapter 5 of title 23, United States Code, as amended by 
this Act, is further amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing new item:
‘‘510. Innovative Practices and Technologies Demonstration and Deployment 
Program.’’.
SEC. 203. NATIONAL TRANSIT INSTITUTE. 
Section 5315 is amended—
(1) in subsection (a)—
(A) by striking ‘‘public mass transpor-
tation’’ and inserting ‘‘public transportation’’ 
each place it appears;
115
(B) by striking ‘‘mass’’ after ‘‘Govern-
ment-aid’’ and inserting ‘‘public’’; and 
(C) in paragraphs (1), (6), (7), and (10) 
by striking ‘‘mass’’ each place it appears before 
‘‘transportation’’ and inserting ‘‘public’’; and 
(2) in subsection (d) by striking ‘‘mass’’ each 
place it appears. 
SEC. 204. HUMAN RESOURCE PROGRAMS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 5322 is amended—
(1) by inserting ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—’’ before 
the beginning of the first sentence of the section; 
and 
(2) by adding the following at the end: 
‘‘(b) GRANTS
TO
HIGHER
LEARNING
INSTITU-
TIONS.—
‘‘(1) The Secretary (or the Secretary of Hous-
ing and Urban Development when required by sec-
tion 5334(i) of this title) may make grants to non-
profit institutions of higher learning— 
‘‘(A) to conduct competent research and 
investigations into the theoretical or practical 
problems of urban transportation; and 
‘‘(B) to train individuals to conduct fur-
ther research or obtain employment in an orga-
116
nization that plans, builds, operates, or man-
ages an urban transportation system. 
‘‘(2) Research and investigations under this 
subsection include— 
‘‘(A) the design and use of urban public 
transportation systems and urban roads and 
highways; 
‘‘(B) the interrelationship between various 
modes of urban and interurban transportation; 
‘‘(C) the role of transportation planning in 
overall urban planning; 
‘‘(D) public preferences in transportation; 
‘‘(E) the economic allocation of transpor-
tation resources; and 
‘‘(F) the legal, financial, engineering, and 
esthetic aspects of urban transportation. 
‘‘(3) When making a grant under this sub-
section, the Secretary shall give preference to an in-
stitution that brings together knowledge and exper-
tise in the various social science and technical dis-
ciplines related to urban transportation problems. 
‘‘(c) FELLOWSHIPS.—
‘‘(1) The Secretary may make grants to States, 
local governmental authorities, and operators of pub-
lic transportation systems to provide fellowships to
117
train personnel employed in managerial, technical, 
and professional positions in the mass transportation 
field. 
‘‘(2) A fellowship under this subsection may be 
for not more than one year of training in an institu-
tion that offers a program applicable to the public 
transportation industry. The recipient of the grant 
shall select an individual on the basis of dem-
onstrated ability and for the contribution the indi-
vidual reasonably can be expected to make to an ef-
ficient public transportation operation. A grant for 
a fellowship may not be more than the lesser of 
$65,000 or 75 percent of—
‘‘(A) tuition and other charges to the fel-
lowship recipient; 
‘‘(B) additional costs incurred by the train-
ing institution and billed to the grant recipient; 
and 
‘‘(C) the regular salary of the fellowship 
recipient for the period of the fellowship to the 
extent the salary is actually paid or reimbursed 
by the grant recipient. 
‘‘(d) OTHER GRANTS.—The Secretary may make 
grants to State and local governmental authorities for
118
projects that will use innovative techniques and methods 
in managing and providing public transportation.’’. 
SEC. 205. HIGHWAY SAFETY RESEARCH AND DEVELOP-
MENT. 
Section 403(a) (Authority of the Secretary) of title 
23, United States Code, is amended by adding the fol-
lowing paragraphs at the end: 
‘‘(4) EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES.—In ad-
dition to the authority provided under this sub-
section, the Secretary is authorized to use funds ap-
propriated to carry out this section to enhance co-
ordination among Federal agencies involved with 
State, local, tribal, and community-based emergency 
medical services. In exercising this authority, the 
Secretary may coordinate with State and local gov-
ernments, the Bureau of Indian Affairs on behalf of 
Indian tribes, private industry, and other interested 
parties; collect and exchange emergency medical 
services data and information; examine emergency 
medical services needs, best practices, and related 
technology; and develop emergency medical services 
standards and guidelines, and plans for the assess-
ment of emergency medical services systems. 
‘‘(5) INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION.—In addi-
tion to the authority provided under this subsection,
119
the Secretary is authorized to use funds appro-
priated to carry out this section to participate and 
cooperate in international activities to enhance high-
way safety by such means as exchanging safety in-
formation; conducting safety research; and exam-
ining safety needs, best practices, and new tech-
nology. 
‘‘(6) NATIONAL MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH CAUSA-
TION
SURVEY.—In addition to the authority pro-
vided under this subsection, the Secretary is author-
ized to use funds appropriated to carry out this sec-
tion to develop and conduct a nationally representa-
tive survey to collect on-scene motor vehicle crash 
causation data.’’. 
SEC. 206. MOTOR CARRIER RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 
PROGRAM. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Title 49, United States Code, is 
amended by repealing section 31108 and inserting the fol-
lowing new section, to read as follows: 
‘‘§ 31108. Motor carrier research and technology pro-
gram 
‘‘(a) RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY 
TRANSFER ACTIVITIES.—
‘‘(1) The Secretary of Transportation shall es-
tablish and carry out a motor carrier research and
120
technology program. The Secretary may carry out 
research, development, technology, and technology 
transfer activities with respect to—
‘‘(A) the causes of accidents, injuries and 
fatalities involving commercial motor vehicles; 
and 
‘‘(B) means of reducing the number and 
severity of accidents, injuries and fatalities in-
volving commercial motor vehicles. 
‘‘(2) The Secretary may test, develop, or assist 
in testing and developing any material, invention, 
patented article, or process related to the research 
and technology program. 
‘‘(3) The Secretary may use the funds appro-
priated to carry out this section for training or edu-
cation of commercial motor vehicle safety personnel, 
including, but not limited to, training in accident re-
construction and detection of controlled substances 
or other contraband, and stolen cargo or vehicles.
‘‘(4) The Secretary may carry out this sec-
tion—
‘‘(A) independently; 
‘‘(B) in cooperation with other Federal de-
partments, agencies, and instrumentalities and 
Federal laboratories; or
121
‘‘(C) by making grants to, or entering into 
contracts or cooperative agreements with, any 
Federal laboratory, State agency, authority, as-
sociation, institution, for-profit or non-profit 
corporation, organization, foreign country, or 
person. 
‘‘(5) The Secretary shall use funds made avail-
able to carry out this section to develop, administer, 
communicate, and promote the use of products of re-
search, technology, and technology transfer pro-
grams under this section. 
‘‘(b) COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH
AND DEVELOP-
MENT.—
‘‘(1) To advance innovative solutions to prob-
lems involving commercial motor vehicle and motor 
carrier safety, security, and efficiency, and to stimu-
late the deployment of emerging technology, the Sec-
retary may carry out, on a cost-shared basis, col-
laborative research and development with—
‘‘(A) non-Federal entities, including State 
and local governments, foreign governments, 
colleges and universities, corporations, institu-
tions, partnerships, and sole proprietorships 
that are incorporated or established under the 
laws of any State; and
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‘‘(B) Federal laboratories. 
‘‘(2) In carrying out this subsection, the Sec-
retary may enter into cooperative research and de-
velopment agreements (as defined in section 12 of 
the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 
1980 (15 U.S.C. 3710a)). 
‘‘(3)(A) The Federal share of the cost of activi-
ties carried out under a cooperative research and de-
velopment agreement entered into under this sub-
section shall not exceed 50 percent, except that if 
there is substantial public interest or benefit, the 
Secretary may approve a greater Federal share. 
‘‘(B) All costs directly incurred by the non-Fed-
eral partners, including personnel, travel, and hard-
ware or software development costs, shall be credited 
toward the non-Federal share of the cost of the ac-
tivities described in subparagraph (A). 
‘‘(4) The research, development, or use of a 
technology under a cooperative research and develop-
ment agreement entered into under this subsection, 
including the terms under which the technology may 
be licensed and the resulting royalties may be dis-
tributed, shall be subject to the Stevenson-Wydler 
Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3701 
et seq.).
123
‘‘(5) Section 3705 of title 41, United States 
Code, shall not apply to a contract or agreement en-
tered into under this section.’’. 
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—The table of sec-
tions at the beginning of chapter 311 of title 49, United 
States Code, is amended by revising the item relating to 
section 31108 to read as follows:
‘‘31108. Motor carrier research and technology program.’’.
SEC. 207. TRANSPORTATION, ENERGY, AND ENVIRONMENT. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—As part of the National Climate 
Change Technology Initiative and the Climate Change Re-
search Initiative, the Secretary shall establish and carry 
out a multimodal energy and climate change program to 
study the relationship of transportation, energy, and cli-
mate change. 
(b) CONTENTS.—The program to be carried out 
under this section shall include, but not be limited to, re-
search designed to—
(1) identify, develop and evaluate strategies to 
improve energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas 
emissions from transportation sources; and 
(2) identify and evaluate the potential effects of 
climate changes on the nation’s transportation sys-
tems, and strategies to address these effects. 
(c) PROJECT SELECTION.—Activities to be under-
taken in this program will be determined by an internal
124
steering committee established by the Secretary of Trans-
portation. This intermodal committee shall include rep-
resentatives from the Office of the Secretary and oper-
ating administrations within the Department of Transpor-
tation as designated by the Secretary. 
(d) GRANTS, COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS AND CON-
TRACTS.—The Secretary may carry out this program inde-
pendently or by making grants to, or entering into con-
tracts and cooperative agreements with, a Federal agency, 
State agency, local agency, authority, association, non-
profit or for-profit corporation, or institution of higher 
education.
SEC. 208. NATIONAL COOPERATIVE FREIGHT TRANSPOR-
TATION RESEARCH PROGRAM. 
(a) AUTHORIZATION.—To carry out a national coop-
erative freight transportation research program, there is 
authorized the following sums: 
(1) $8,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2004 
and 2005. 
(2) $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2006 
and 2007. 
(3) $12,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2008 
and 2009.
125
(b) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 5 of title 23, United 
States Code, is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘§ 509. National Cooperative Freight Transportation 
Research Program 
‘‘(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary shall estab-
lish and support a national cooperative freight transpor-
tation research program. 
‘‘(b) AGREEMENT.—The Secretary shall enter into an 
agreement with the National Academy of Sciences to sup-
port and carry out administrative and management activi-
ties relating to the governance of the national cooperative 
freight transportation research program. 
‘‘(c) ADVISORY COMMITTEE.—The National Acad-
emy of Sciences shall select an advisory committee con-
sisting of a representative cross-section of freight stake-
holders, including the Department of Transportation, 
other Federal agencies, State transportation departments, 
local governments, the American Association of State 
Highway and Transportation Officials and other nonprofit 
entities (including environmental groups), academia, and 
the private sector. 
‘‘(d) 
GOVERNANCE.—The 
national 
cooperative 
freight transportation research program established under
126
this section shall include the following administrative and 
management elements: 
‘‘(1) NATIONAL RESEARCH AGENDA.—The advi-
sory committee, in consultation with stakeholders, 
shall recommend a national research agenda for the 
national cooperative freight transportation research 
program. The national research agenda shall include 
a multi-year strategic plan. 
‘‘(2) 
STAKEHOLDER
INVOLVEMENT.—Stake-
holders may—
‘‘(A) submit research proposals to the advi-
sory committee; 
‘‘(B) participate in merit reviews of re-
search proposals and peer reviews of research 
products; and 
‘‘(C) receive research results. 
‘‘(3) OPEN COMPETITION AND PEER REVIEW OF 
RESEARCH PROPOSALS.—The National Academy of 
Sciences shall award research contracts and grants
through open competition and merit review con-
ducted on a regular basis. 
‘‘(4) EVALUATION OF RESEARCH.—
‘‘(A) PEER REVIEW.—Research contracts 
and grants shall allow peer review of the re-
search results.
127
‘‘(B) PROGRAMMATIC EVALUATIONS.—The 
National Academy of Sciences may conduct 
periodic programmatic evaluations on a regular 
basis. 
‘‘(5) DISSEMINATION
OF
RESEARCH
FIND-
INGS.—The National Academy of Sciences shall dis-
seminate research findings to researchers, practi-
tioners, and decision-makers, through conferences 
and seminars, field demonstrations, workshops, 
training programs, presentations, testimony to gov-
ernment officials, world wide web, publications for 
the general public, and other appropriate means. 
‘‘(e) CONTENTS.—The national research agenda for 
the national cooperative freight transportation research 
program required under subsection (d)(1) shall include re-
search in the following areas: 
‘‘(1) Techniques for estimating and quantifying 
public benefits derived from freight transportation 
projects. 
‘‘(2) Alternative approaches to calculating the 
contribution of truck traffic to congestion on specific 
highway segments. 
‘‘(3) The feasibility of freight villages as a 
means of consolidating origins and destinations for 
freight movement.
128
‘‘(4) Methods for incorporating estimates of 
international trade into landside transportation plan-
ning. 
‘‘(5) The use of technology applications to in-
crease capacity of highway lanes dedicated to truck-
only traffic. 
‘‘(6) Development of physical and policy alter-
natives for separating car and truck traffic. 
‘‘(7) Ways to synchronize infrastructure im-
provements with freight transportation demand. 
‘‘(8) The effect of changing patterns of freight 
movement on transportation planning decisions re-
lating to rest areas. 
‘‘(9) Additional priorities to identify and ad-
dress the emerging and future research needs re-
lated to freight transportation. 
‘‘(f) FUNDING.—
‘‘(1) FEDERAL SHARE.—The Federal share of 
the cost of an activity carried out using such funds 
shall be up to 100 percent, and such funds shall re-
main available until expended. 
‘‘(2) USE OF NON-FEDERAL FUNDS.—In addi-
tion to using funds authorized for this section, the 
National Academy of Sciences may seek and accept 
additional funding sources from public and private
129
entities capable of accepting funding from the 
United States Department of Transportation (Fed-
eral Highway Administration, Federal Transit Ad-
ministration, Federal Railroad Administration, Re-
search and Special Programs Administration, and 
the National Highway Traffic Safety Administra-
tion), states, local governments, nonprofit founda-
tions, and the private sector.’’. 
(c) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—The analysis for 
chapter 5 of title 23, United States Code, is amended by 
redesignating section 509 as follows:
‘‘509. National cooperative freight transportation research program.’’.
SEC. 209. NEXT GENERATION NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION 
POLICY STUDY COMMISSION. 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT
OF
COMMISSION.—(1) The 
President shall established a Commission to be known as 
the Next Generation National Transportation Policy 
Study Commission, in this section referred to as the 
‘‘Commission’’. 
(2) The Commission shall make a full and complete 
investigation and study of the transportation needs and 
of the resources, requirements, and policies of the United 
States to meet such expected needs. It shall take into con-
sideration all reports on national transportation policy 
which have been submitted to Congress in the last decade, 
including all reports referenced in the Intermodal Surface
130
Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 and the Transpor-
tation Equity Act of the 21st Century. It shall also take 
into consideration the changes in global trade and its im-
pact on the Nation’s economy. It shall evaluate the relative 
merits of all modes of transportation in meeting our Na-
tion’s transportation needs. It shall take into account the 
link between transportation and the natural environment. 
Based on such study, it shall recommend changes to exist-
ing policies and any new policies that are most likely to 
ensure that adequate multimodal transportation systems 
are in place which will meet the needs for a safe and effi-
cient movement of people and goods and also support and 
grow the national economy. 
(b) MEMBERSHIP.—The Commission shall be com-
prised of 16 members appointed by the President from 
among individuals who are knowledgeable in transpor-
tation activities, including individuals representing State 
and local governments, metropolitan planning organiza-
tions, transportation-related industries, academic and 
technical institutions, and public interest organizations in-
volved with scientific, regulatory, economic, and environ-
mental transportation activities. The membership of the 
Commission shall be balanced geographically to the extent 
consistent with maintaining the highest level of expertise
131
on the Commission. Members shall be appointed for the 
life of the Commission as follows: 
(1) 4 shall be appointed from a list of 8 individ-
uals who shall be recommended by the majority lead-
er of the Senate in consultation with the Chairman 
of the Committee on Environment and Public 
Works, and the Chairman of the Committee on 
Commerce, Science and Transportation, and the 
Chairman of the Committee on Banking, Housing 
and Urban Affairs of the Senate. 
(2) 4 shall be appointed from a list of 8 individ-
uals who shall be recommended by the minority lead-
er of the Senate in consultation with the ranking 
member of the Committee on Environment and Pub-
lic Works, the ranking member of the Committee on 
Commerce, Science and Transportation, and the 
ranking member of the Committee on Banking, 
Housing and Urban Affairs of the Senate. 
(3) 4 shall be appointed from a list of 8 individ-
uals who shall be recommended by the Speaker of 
the House of Representatives in consultation with 
the Chairman of the Committee on Transportation 
and Infrastructure, the Chairman of the Committee 
on Energy and Commerce, and the Chairman of the
132
Committee on Science of the House of Representa-
tives. 
(4) 4 shall be appointed from a list of 8 individ-
uals who shall be recommended by the minority lead-
er of the House of Representatives in consultation 
with the ranking member of the Committee on 
Transportation and Infrastructure, the ranking 
member of the Committee on Energy and Com-
merce, and the ranking member of the Committee 
on Science of the House of Representatives. 
(5) Any vacancy which may occur on the Com-
mission shall not affect its powers or functions but 
shall be filled in the same manner in which the origi-
nal appointment was made. 
(c) FINAL REPORT.—The Commission shall not later 
than December 31, 2005, submit to the President and 
Congress its final report including its findings and rec-
ommendations. The Commission shall cease to exist six 
months after submission of such report. All records and
papers of the Commission shall thereupon be delivered to 
the Administrator of General Services for deposit in the 
Archives of the United States. 
(d) FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.—The final 
report shall include the Commission’s findings and rec-
ommendations with respect to the following:
133
(1) The Nation’s transportation needs, both na-
tional and regional, through the year 2025. 
(2) The ability of our current transportation 
systems to meet the projected needs. 
(3) The proper mix of transportation modes 
and necessary linkages between modes to meet an-
ticipated needs. 
(4) Necessary measures and policies to ensure 
enhancement and protection of the natural environ-
ment in transportation decisionmaking. 
(5) Short-term, medium-term, and long-term 
research, development, and deployment to meet ex-
pected needs. 
(6) The roles of the public and private sectors 
relative to each mode and the balance between public 
and private investment. 
(7) The existing policies and programs of the 
Federal Government which affect the development of 
our national transportation system. 
(8) The new policies required to develop a bal-
anced national transportation system which meets 
projected needs, accommodates international trade 
and supports the national economy.
134
(9) The adequacy of existing methods to fi-
nance transportation and alternative new methods of 
financing. 
(e) SPECIFIC FACTORS TO CONSIDER.—In devel-
oping its findings and recommendations, the Commission 
shall address the following specific factors: 
(1) The role of transportation as a critical link 
to the global economy and trade. 
(2) A balance between the transportation of 
people and goods. 
(3) Improving operations and management of 
the transportation system to improve efficiency, in-
cluding asset and information management. 
(4) The need to address aging infrastructure. 
(5) The need to address the enhancement and 
protection of the natural environment. 
(6) The need to address congestion in all 
modes. 
(7) The need to improve environmental deci-
sionmaking. 
(8) A balance between the demand for transpor-
tation reliability with new threats to security. 
(9) Ways to eliminate barriers to transportation 
investment created by the current modal structure of 
transportation funding.
135
(10) Existing barriers to private investment in 
transportation facilities including tax inequities be-
tween modes. 
(11) The adequacy of the Federal transpor-
tation trust funds to finance future transportation 
needs. 
(12) Appropriate measures of transportation 
need. 
(13) The adequacy of integration among Fed-
eral programs affecting transportation. 
(14) The relationship between land use and 
transportation infrastructure investment. 
(15) The role that transportation plays in pro-
moting economic growth, improving the environment 
and sustaining the quality of life. 
(f) RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE ROLES OF GOVERN-
MENT.—The Commission shall also make recommenda-
tions on the roles of the Federal and State governments 
in—
(1) environmental review of transportation 
projects; 
(2) the provision of intercity passenger rail 
services; 
(3) financing transportation at international 
border crossings;
142
velopment, information collection and dissemination, 
and technical assistance. The Secretary may use 
these funds independently or make grants to, or 
enter into contracts and cooperative agreements 
with, a Federal agency, State agency, local agency, 
federally recognized Indian tribal government or 
tribal consortium, authority, association, nonprofit 
or for-profit corporation, or institution of higher 
education, to carry out the purposes of this sub-
section. 
‘‘(4) FEDERAL SHARE.—The Federal share of 
the cost of an activity carried out using such funds 
shall be up to 100 percent, and such funds shall re-
main available until expended. 
‘‘(5) ADMINISTRATION.—This initiative shall be 
administered by the Federal Highway Administra-
tion in cooperation with the Federal Transit Admin-
istration.’’.
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