IB 
Union Calendar No. 428 
108TH CONGRESS 
2D SESSION 
H. R. 4077 
[Report No. 108–700] 
To enhance criminal enforcement of the copyright laws, to educate the public 
about the application of copyright law to the Internet, and for other purposes. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
MARCH 31, 2004 
Mr. SMITH of Texas (for himself, Mr. BERMAN, and Mr. CONYERS) introduced 
the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary 
SEPTEMBER 24, 2004 
Additional sponsors: Mr. OTTER, Mr. HOYER, Mr. COBLE, Mrs. BONO, and 
Mr. MEEHAN 
SEPTEMBER 24, 2004 
Reported with an amendment, committed to the Committee of the Whole 
House on the State of the Union, and ordered to be printed 
[Strike out all after the enacting clause and insert the part printed in italic] 
[For text of the introduced bill, see bill as introduced on March 31, 2004] 
A BILL 
To enhance criminal enforcement of the copyright laws, to 
educate the public about the application of copyright 
law to the Internet, and for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Piracy Deterrence and 
Education Act of 2004’’. 
SEC. 2. FINDINGS. 
The Congress finds as follows: 
(1) The Internet, while changing the way our so-
ciety communicates, has also changed the nature of 
many crimes, including the theft of intellectual prop-
erty. 
(2) Trafficking in infringing copyrighted works 
through increasingly sophisticated electronic means, 
including peer-to-peer file trading networks, Internet 
chat rooms, and news groups, threatens lost jobs, lost 
income for creators, lower tax revenue, and higher 
prices for honest purchasers. 
(3) The most popular peer-to-peer file trading 
software programs have been downloaded by computer 
users over 600,000,000 times. At any one time there 
are over 3,000,000 users simultaneously using just 
one of these services. Each month, on average, over 
2,300,000,000 digital-media files are transferred 
among users of peer-to-peer systems. 
(4) Many computer users simply believe that 
they will not be caught or prosecuted for their con-
duct.
(5) The security and privacy threats posed by 
certain peer-to-peer networks extend beyond users in-
advertently enabling a hacker to access files. Millions 
of copies of one of the most popular peer-to-peer net-
works contain software that could allow an inde-
pendent company to take over portions of users’ com-
puters and Internet connections and has the capacity 
to keep track of users’ online habits. 
(6) In light of these considerations, Federal law 
enforcement agencies should actively pursue criminals 
who steal the copyrighted works of others, and prevent 
such activity through enforcement and awareness. The 
public should be educated about the security and pri-
vacy risks associated with being connected to certain 
peer-to-peer networks. 
SEC. 3. VOLUNTARY PROGRAM OF DEPARTMENT OF JUS-
TICE. 
(a) VOLUNTARY PROGRAM.—The Attorney General is 
authorized to establish a program under which the Depart-
ment of Justice, in cases where persons who are subscribers 
of Internet service providers appear to be engaging in copy-
right infringing conduct in the course of using that Internet 
service, would send to the Internet Service providers notices 
that warn such persons of the penalties for such copyright
infringement. The Internet service providers may forward 
the notices to such persons. 
(b) LIMITATIONS ON PROGRAM.— 
(1) EXTENT
AND
LENGTH
OF
PROGRAM.—The 
program under subsection (a) shall terminate at the 
end of the 18-month period beginning on the date of 
the enactment of this Act and shall be limited to not 
more than 10,000 notices. 
(2) PRIVACY PROTECTIONS.—No Internet service 
provider that receives a notice from the Department 
of Justice under subsection (a) may disclose to the 
Department any identifying information about the 
subscriber that is the subject of the notice except pur-
suant to court order or other applicable legal process 
that requires such disclosure. 
(c) REIMBURSEMENT
OF INTERNET SERVICE PRO-
VIDERS.—The Department of Justice shall reimburse Inter-
net Service providers for all reasonable costs incurred by 
such service providers in forwarding notices under sub-
section (a). 
(d) REPORTS TO CONGRESS.—The Attorney General 
shall submit to the Congress a report on the program estab-
lished under subsection (a) both at the time the program 
is initiated and at the conclusion of the program.
SEC. 4. DESIGNATION AND TRAINING OF AGENTS IN COM-
PUTER HACKING AND INTELLECTUAL PROP-
ERTY UNITS. 
(a) DESIGNATION OF AGENTS IN CHIPS UNITS.—The 
Attorney General shall ensure that any unit in the Depart-
ment of Justice responsible for investigating computer hack-
ing or responsible for investigating intellectual property 
crimes is assigned at least one agent to support such unit 
for the purpose of investigating crimes relating to the theft 
of intellectual property. 
(b) TRAINING.—The Attorney General shall ensure 
that each agent assigned under subsection (a) has received 
training in the investigation and enforcement of intellectual 
property crimes. 
SEC. 5. EDUCATION PROGRAM. 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—There shall be established with-
in the Office of the Associate Attorney General of the United 
States an Internet Use Education Program. 
(b) PURPOSE.—The purpose of the Internet Use Edu-
cation Program shall be to— 
(1) educate the general public concerning the 
value of copyrighted works and the effects of the theft 
of such works on those who create them; and 
(2) educate the general public concerning the pri-
vacy, security, and other risks of using the Internet 
to obtain illegal copies of copyrighted works.
(c) SECTOR SPECIFIC MATERIALS.—The Internet Use 
Educational Program shall, to the extent appropriate, de-
velop materials appropriate to Internet users in different 
sectors of the general public where criminal copyright in-
fringement is a concern. The Attorney General shall consult 
with appropriate interested parties in developing such sec-
tor-specific materials. 
(d) CONSULTATIONS.—The Attorney General shall con-
sult with the Register of Copyrights and the Secretary of 
Commerce in developing the Internet Use Education Pro-
gram under this section. 
(e) PROHIBITION ON USE OF CERTAIN FUNDS.—The 
program created under this section shall not use funds or 
resources of the Department of Justice allocated for crimi-
nal investigation or prosecution. 
(f) ADDITIONAL
PROHIBITION
ON
THE
USE
OF 
FUNDS.—The program created under this section shall not 
use any funds or resources of the Department of Justice al-
located for the Civil Rights Division of the Department, in-
cluding any funds allocated for the enforcement of civil 
rights or the Voting Rights Act of 1965. 
SEC. 6. ACTIONS BY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED 
STATES. 
Section 411(a) of title 17, United States Code, is 
amended in the first sentence by striking ‘‘Except for’’ and
inserting ‘‘Except for an action brought by the Government 
of the United States or by any agency or instrumentality 
thereof, or’’ . 
SEC. 7. AUTHORIZED APPROPRIATIONS. 
There are authorized to be appropriated to the Depart-
ment of Justice for fiscal year 2005 not less than 
$15,000,000 for the investigation and prosecution of viola-
tions of title 17, United States Code. 
SEC. 8. CRIMINAL PENALTIES FOR UNAUTHORIZED RE-
CORDING OF MOTION PICTURES IN A MOTION 
PICTURE EXHIBITION FACILITY. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 113 of title 18, United 
States Code, is amended by adding after section 2319A the 
following new section: 
‘‘§ 2319B. Unauthorized recording of motion pictures 
in a motion picture exhibition facility 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Any person who, without the author-
ization of the copyright owner, knowingly uses or attempts 
to use an audiovisual recording device to transmit or make 
a copy of a motion picture or other audiovisual work pro-
tected under title 17, or any part thereof, from a perform-
ance of such work in a motion picture exhibition facility, 
shall— 
‘‘(1) be imprisoned for not more than 3 years, 
fined under this title, or both; or
a motion picture facility where a motion picture is being 
exhibited, the authorized agent or employee of such owner 
or lessee, the licensor of the motion picture being exhibited, 
or the agent or employee of such licensor— 
‘‘(1) may detain, in a reasonable manner and 
for a reasonable time, any person suspected of com-
mitting an offense under this section for the purpose 
of questioning that person or summoning a law en-
forcement officer; and 
‘‘(2) shall not be held liable in any civil or 
criminal action by reason of a detention under para-
graph (1). 
‘‘(e) VICTIM IMPACT STATEMENT.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—During the preparation of 
the presentence report under rule 32(c) of the Federal 
Rules of Criminal Procedure, victims of an offense 
under this section shall be permitted to submit to the 
probation officer a victim impact statement that iden-
tifies the victim of the offense and the extent and 
scope of the injury and loss suffered by the victim, in-
cluding the estimated economic impact of the offense 
on that victim. 
‘‘(2) CONTENTS.—A victim impact statement 
submitted under this subsection shall include—
‘‘(A) producers and sellers of legitimate 
works affected by conduct involved in the offense; 
‘‘(B) holders of intellectual property rights 
in the works described in subparagraph (A); and 
‘‘(C) the legal representatives of such pro-
ducers, sellers, and holders. 
‘‘(f) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 
‘‘(1) AUDIOVISUAL WORK, COPY, ETC.—The terms 
‘audiovisual work’, ‘copy’, ‘copyright owner’, ‘motion 
picture’, and ‘transmit’ have, respectively, the mean-
ings given those terms in section 101 of title 17. 
‘‘(2) AUDIOVISUAL
RECORDING
DEVICE.—The 
term ‘audiovisual recording device’ means a digital or 
analog photographic or video camera, or any other 
technology or device capable of enabling the recording 
or transmission of a copyrighted motion picture or 
other audiovisual work, or any part thereof, regard-
less of whether audiovisual recording is the sole or 
primary purpose of the device. 
‘‘(3) MOTION PICTURE EXHIBITION FACILITY.— 
The term ‘motion picture exhibition facility’ means a 
movie theater, screening room, or other venue that is 
being used primarily for the exhibition of a copy-
righted motion picture, if such exhibition is open to 
the public or is made to an assembled group of view-
ers outside of a normal circle of a family and its so-
cial acquaintances. 
‘‘(g) STATE LAW NOT PREEMPTED.—Nothing in this 
section may be construed to annul or limit any rights or 
remedies under the laws of any State.’’. 
(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of sections at 
the beginning of chapter 113 of title 18, United States Code, 
is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 
2319A the following: 
‘‘2319B. Unauthorized recording of motion pictures in a motion picture exhibition 
facility.’’. 
SEC. 9. SENSE OF THE CONGRESS ON NEED TO TAKE STEPS 
TO PREVENT ILLEGAL ACTIVITY ON PEER-TO- 
PEER SERVICES. 
(a) FINDINGS.—The Congress finds as follows: 
(1) The most popular publicly accessible peer-to- 
peer file sharing software programs combined have 
been downloaded worldwide over 600,000,000 times. 
(2) The vast majority of software products, in-
cluding peer-to-peer technology, do not pose an inher-
ent risk. Responsible persons making software prod-
ucts should be encouraged and commended for the due 
diligence and reasonable care they take including by 
providing instructions, relevant information in the 
documentation, disseminating patches, updates, and 
other appropriate modifications to the software.
(3) Massive volumes of illegal activity, including 
the distribution of child pornography, viruses, and 
confidential personal information, and copyright in-
fringement occur on publicly accessible peer-to-peer 
file sharing services every day. Some publicly acces-
sible peer-to-peer file sharing services expose con-
sumers, particularly children, to serious risks, includ-
ing legal liability, loss of privacy, threats to computer 
security, and exposure to illegal and inappropriate 
material. 
(4) Several studies and reports demonstrate that 
pornography, including child pornography, is preva-
lent on publicly available peer-to-peer file sharing 
services, and children are regularly exposed to por-
nography when using such peer-to-peer file sharing 
services. 
(5) The full potential of peer-to-peer technology 
to benefit consumers has yet to be realized and will 
not be achieved until these problems are adequately 
addressed. 
(6) To date, the businesses that run publicly ac-
cessible file-sharing services have refused or failed to 
voluntarily and sufficiently address these problems.
(7) Many users of publicly available peer-to-peer 
file-sharing services are drawn to these systems by the 
lure of obtaining ‘‘free’’ music and movies. 
(8) While some users use parental controls to 
protect children from pornography available on the 
Internet and search engines, not all such controls 
work on publicly accessible peer-to-peer networks. 
(9) Businesses that run publicly accessible peer- 
to-peer file sharing services have openly acknowledged, 
and numerous studies and reports have established, 
that these services facilitate and profit from massive 
amounts of copyright infringement, causing enormous 
damage to the economic well-being of the copyright 
industries whose works are being illegally ‘‘shared’’ 
and downloaded. 
(10) The legitimate digital music marketplace of-
fers consumers a wide and growing array of choices 
for obtaining music legally, without exposure to the 
risks posed by publicly accessible peer-to-peer file 
sharing services. 
(11) The Federal Trade Commission issued a 
Consumer Alert in July of 2003 warning consumers 
that some file-sharing services contain damaging vi-
ruses and worms and, without the computer user’s 
knowledge or consent, install spyware to monitor a
user’s browsing habits and send data to third parties 
or automatically open network connections. 
(12) Publicly available peer-to-peer file-sharing 
services can and should adopt reasonable business 
practices and use technology in the marketplace to ad-
dress the existing risks posed to consumers by their 
services and facilitate the legitimate use of peer-to- 
peer file sharing technology and software. 
(b) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of the Con-
gress that— 
(1) responsible software developers should be 
commended, recognized, and encouraged for their ef-
forts to protect consumers; 
(2) currently the level of ongoing and persistent 
illegal and dangerous activity on publicly accessible 
peer-to-peer file sharing services is harmful to con-
sumers, minors, and the economy; and 
(3) therefore, the Congress and the executive 
branch should consider all appropriate measures to 
protect consumers and children, and prevent such ille-
gal activity. 
SEC. 10. ENHANCEMENT OF CRIMINAL COPYRIGHT IN-
FRINGEMENT. 
(a) CRIMINAL INFRINGEMENT.—Section 506 of title 
17, United States Code, is amended—
(1) by amending subsection (a) to read as fol-
lows: 
‘‘(a) CRIMINAL INFRINGEMENT.—Any person who— 
‘‘(1) infringes a copyright willfully and for pur-
poses of commercial advantage or private financial 
gain, 
‘‘(2) infringes a copyright willfully by the repro-
duction or distribution, including by the offering for 
distribution to the public by electronic means, during 
any 180-day period, of 1 or more copies or 
phonorecords of 1 or more copyrighted works, which 
have a total retail value of more than $1,000, or 
‘‘(3) infringes a copyright by the knowing dis-
tribution, including by the offering for distribution to 
the public by electronic means, with reckless disregard 
of the risk of further infringement, during any 180- 
day period, of— 
‘‘(A) 1,000 or more copies or phonorecords 
of 1 or more copyrighted works, 
‘‘(B) 1 or more copies or phonorecords of 1 
or more copyrighted works with a total retail 
value of more than $10,000, or 
‘‘(C) 1 or more copies or phonorecords of 1 
or more copyrighted pre-release works,
shall be punished as provided under section 2319 of title 
18. For purposes of this subsection, evidence of reproduction 
or distribution of a copyrighted work, by itself, shall not 
be sufficient to establish the necessary level of intent under 
this subsection.’’; and 
(2) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(g) LIMITATION
ON LIABILITY
OF SERVICE PRO-
VIDERS.—No legal entity shall be liable for a violation of 
subsection (a)(3) by reason of performing any function de-
scribed in subsection (a), (b), (c), or (d) of section 512 if 
such legal entity would not be liable for monetary relief 
under section 512 by reason of performing such function. 
Except for purposes of determining whether an entity quali-
fies for the limitation on liability under subsection (a)(3) 
of this section, the legal conclusion of whether an entity 
qualifies for a limitation on liability under section 512 
shall not be considered in a judicial determination of wheth-
er the entity violates subsection (a) of this section. 
‘‘(h) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 
‘‘(1) PRE-RELEASE WORK.—The term ‘pre-release 
work’ refers to a work protected under this title which 
has a commercial and economic value and which, at 
the time of the act of infringement that is the basis 
for the offense under subsection (a)(3), the defendant 
knew or should have known had not yet been made
available by the copyright owner to individual mem-
bers of the general public in copies or phonorecords 
for sale, license, or rental. 
‘‘(2) RETAIL
VALUE.—The ‘retail value’ of a 
copyrighted work is the retail price of that work in 
the market in which it is sold. In the case of an in-
fringement of a copyright by distribution, if the retail 
price does not adequately reflect the economic value of 
the infringement, then the retail value may be deter-
mined using other factors, including but not limited 
to suggested retail price, wholesale price, replacement 
cost of the item, licensing, or distribution-related 
fees.’’. 
(b) PENALTIES.—Section 2319 of title 18, United 
States Code, is amended— 
(1) by redesignating subsections (d) and (e) as 
subsections (e) and (f), respectively; 
(2) by inserting after subsection (c) the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘(d) Any person who commits an offense under section 
506(a)(3) of title 17— 
‘‘(1) shall be imprisoned not more than 3 years, 
or fined in the amount set forth in this title, or both, 
or, if the offense was committed for purposes of com-
mercial advantage or private financial gain, impris-
oned for not more than 5 years, or fined in the 
amount set forth in this title, or both; and 
‘‘(2) shall, if the offense is a second or subsequent 
offense under paragraph (1), be imprisoned not more 
than 6 years, or fined in the amount set forth in this 
title, or both, or, if the offense was committed for pur-
poses of commercial advantage or private financial 
gain, imprisoned for not more than 10 years, or fined 
in the amount set forth in this title, or both.’’; and 
(3) in subsection (f), as so redesignated— 
(A) in paragraph (1), by striking ‘‘and’’ 
after the semicolon; 
(B) in paragraph (2), by striking the period 
and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 
(C) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(3) the term ‘financial gain’ has the meaning 
given that term in section 101 (relating to defini-
tions) of title 17.’’. 
(c) CIVIL REMEDIES FOR INFRINGEMENT OF A COM-
MERCIAL PRE-RELEASE COPYRIGHTED WORK.—Section 
504(b) of title 17, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) by striking ‘‘The copyright owner’’ and in-
serting the following: 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The copyright owner’’; and 
(2) by adding at the end the following:
‘‘(2) DAMAGES
FOR
PRE-RELEASE
INFRINGE-
MENT.— 
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—In the case of any pre- 
release work, actual damages shall be presumed 
conclusively to be no less than $10,000 per in-
fringement, if a person— 
‘‘(i) distributes such work by making it 
available on a computer network accessible 
to members of the public; and 
‘‘(ii) knew or should have known that 
the work was intended for commercial dis-
tribution. 
‘‘(B) DEFINITION.—For purposes of this 
subsection, the term ‘pre-release work’ has the 
meaning given that term in section 506(h).’’. 
SEC. 11. AMENDMENT OF FEDERAL SENTENCING GUIDE-
LINES REGARDING THE INFRINGEMENT OF 
COPYRIGHTED WORKS AND RELATED CRIMES. 
(a) AMENDMENT TO THE SENTENCING GUIDELINES.— 
Pursuant to its authority under section 994 of title 28, 
United States Code, and in accordance with this section, 
the United States Sentencing Commission shall review and, 
if appropriate, amend the sentencing guidelines and policy 
statements applicable to persons convicted of intellectual 
property rights crimes, including sections 2318, 2319,
2319A, 2319B, 2320 of title 18, United States Code, and 
sections 506, 1201, and 1202 of title 17, United States Code. 
(b) FACTORS.—In carrying out this section, the Sen-
tencing Commission shall— 
(1) take all appropriate measures to ensure that 
the sentencing guidelines and policy statements appli-
cable to the offenses described in subsection (a) are 
sufficiently stringent to deter and adequately reflect 
the nature of such offenses; 
(2) consider whether to provide a sentencing en-
hancement for those convicted of the offenses described 
in subsection (a) when the conduct involves the dis-
play, performance, publication, reproduction, or dis-
tribution of a copyrighted work before the time when 
the copyright owner has authorized the display, per-
formance, publication, reproduction, or distribution of 
the original work, whether in the media format used 
by the infringing good or in any other media format; 
(3) 
consider 
whether 
the 
definition 
of 
‘‘uploading’’ contained in Application Note 3 to 
Guideline 2B5.3 is adequate to address the loss attrib-
utable to people broadly distributing copyrighted 
works over the Internet without authorization; and 
(4) consider whether the sentencing guidelines 
and policy statements applicable to the offenses de-
scribed in subsection (a) adequately reflect any harm 
to victims from infringement in circumstances where 
law enforcement cannot determine how many times 
copyrighted material is reproduced or distributed. 
(c) PROMULGATION.—The Commission may promul-
gate the guidelines or amendments under this section in ac-
cordance with the procedures set forth in section 21(a) of 
the Sentencing Act of 1987, as though the authority under 
that Act had not expired. 
SEC. 12. EXEMPTION FROM INFRINGEMENT FOR SKIPPING 
AUDIO CONTENT IN MOTION PICTURES. 
(a) SHORT TITLE.—This section may be cited as the 
‘‘Family Movie Act of 2004’’. 
(b) EXEMPTION FROM COPYRIGHT AND TRADEMARK 
INFRINGEMENT FOR SKIPPING OF AUDIO OR VIDEO CON-
TENT
OF MOTION PICTURES.—Section 110 of title 17, 
United States Code, is amended— 
(1) in paragraph (9), by striking ‘‘and’’ after the 
semicolon at the end; 
(2) in paragraph (10), by striking the period at 
the end and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 
(3) by inserting after paragraph (10) the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘(11)(A) the making of limited portions of audio 
or video content of a motion picture imperceptible by
or for the owner or other lawful possessor of an au-
thorized copy of that motion picture in the course of 
viewing of that work for private use in a household, 
by means of consumer equipment or services that— 
‘‘(i) are operated by an individual in that 
household; 
‘‘(ii) serve only such household; and 
‘‘(iii) do not create a fixed copy of the al-
tered version; and 
‘‘(B) the use of technology to make such audio or 
video content imperceptible, that does not create a 
fixed copy of the altered version.’’. 
(c) EXEMPTION FROM TRADEMARK INFRINGEMENT.— 
Section 32 of the Trademark Act of 1946 (15 U.S.C. 1114) 
is amended by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(3)(A) Any person who engages in the conduct de-
scribed in paragraph (11) of section 110 of title 17, United 
States Code, and who complies with the requirements set 
forth in that paragraph is not liable on account of such 
conduct for a violation of any right under this Act. 
‘‘(B) A manufacturer, licensee, or licensor of tech-
nology that enables the making of limited portions of audio 
or video content of a motion picture imperceptible that is 
authorized under subparagraph (A) is not liable on account 
of such manufacture or license for a violation of any right
under this Act, if such manufacturer, licensee, or licensor 
ensures that the technology provides a clear and con-
spicuous notice that the performance of the motion picture 
is altered from the performance intended by the director or 
copyright holder of the motion picture. 
‘‘(C) Any manufacturer, licensee, or licensor of tech-
nology described in subparagraph (B) who fails to comply 
with the requirement under subparagraph (B) to provide 
notice with respect to a motion picture shall be liable in 
a civil action brought by the copyright owner of the motion 
picture that is modified by the technology in an amount 
not to exceed $1,000 for each such motion picture. 
‘‘(D) The requirement under subparagraph (B) to pro-
vide notice, and the provisions of subparagraph (C), shall 
apply only with respect to technology manufactured after 
the end of the 180-day period beginning on the date of the 
enactment of the Family Movie Act of 2004.’’. 
(d) DEFINITION.—In this section, the term ‘‘Trade-
mark Act of 1946’’ means the Act entitled ‘‘An Act to pro-
vide for the registration and protection of trademarks used 
in commerce, to carry out the provisions of certain inter-
national conventions, and for other purposes’’, approved 
July 5, 1946 (15 U.S.C. 1051 et seq.).
Union Calendar No. 428 
108TH CONGRESS 
2D SESSION 
H. R. 4077 
[Report No. 108–700] 
A BILL 
To enhance criminal enforcement of the copyright 
laws, to educate the public about the application 
of copyright law to the Internet, and for other 
purposes. 
SEPTEMBER 24, 2004 
Reported with an amendment, committed to the Com-
mittee of the Whole House on the State of the Union, 
and ordered to be printed