and political subdivisions resulting in at least four 
findings of Twenty-sixth Amendment violations as 
well as pending litigation demonstrate the need for 
Congress to take action to enforce the Twenty-sixth 
Amendment. 
(8) In League of Women Voters of Florida, Inc. 
v. Detzner (2018), the United States District Court 
in the Northern District of Florida found that the 
Secretary of State’s actions that prevented in-person 
early voting sites from being located on university 
property revealed a stark pattern of discrimination 
that was unexplainable on grounds other than age 
and thus violated university students’ Twenty-sixth 
Amendment rights. 
(9) In 2019, Michigan agreed to a settlement to 
enhance college-age voters’ access after a Twenty- 
sixth Amendment challenge was filed in federal 
court. The challenge prompted the removal of a 
Michigan voting law which required first time voters 
who registered by mail or through a third-party 
voter registration drive to vote in person for the first 
time, as well as the removal of another law which re-
quired the address listed on a voter’s driver license 
to match the address listed on their voter registra-
tion card. 
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(10) Youth voter suppression tactics are often 
linked to other tactics aimed at minority voters. For 
example, students at Prairie View A&M University 
(PVAMU), a historically Black university in Texas, 
have been the targets of voter suppression tactics for 
decades. Before the 2018 election, PVAMU students 
sued Waller County on the basis of both racial and 
age discrimination over the County’s failure to en-
sure equal early voting opportunities for students, 
spurring the County to reverse course and expand 
early voting access for students. 
(11) The more than 25 million United States 
citizens ages 18–24 deserve equal opportunity to 
participate in the electoral process as guaranteed by 
the Twenty-sixth Amendment. 
SEC. 3. PREVENTING AGE DISCRIMINATION IN VOTING. 
(a) RIGHT TO VOTE.—No voting qualification or pre-
requisite to voting or standard, practice, or procedure shall 
be imposed or applied by any State or political subdivision 
in a manner which results in a denial or abridgement of 
the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on 
account of age, as provided in subsection (b). 
(b) VIOLATION OF RIGHT TO VOTE.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—A violation of subsection (a) 
is established if, based on the totality of cir-
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cumstances, it is shown that the political processes 
leading to nomination or election in the State or po-
litical subdivision are not equally open to participa-
tion by members of a class of citizens protected by 
subsection (a) in that its members have less oppor-
tunity than other members of the electorate to par-
ticipate in the political process and to elect rep-
resentatives of their choice: Provided, That nothing 
in this section establishes a right to have members 
of a protected class under subsection (a) elected in 
numbers equal to their proportion in the population. 
(2) VIOLATIONS.—A violation under subsection 
(a) shall include: 
(A) Laws or requirements implemented in 
a State or political subdivision that reduce or 
abridge the ability for students who attend an 
institution of higher education and reside in the 
jurisdiction of the institution while attending 
the institution to register to vote in elections in 
that jurisdiction. 
(B) Addition of seats elected at-large in a 
State or political subdivision or conversion of 
one or more seats elected from a single member 
district to one or more at-large seats or seats 
from a multi-member district in a State or po-
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litical subdivision with a significant proportion 
of youth age voters. 
(C) Boundaries of a political subdivision 
designed to reduce the proportion of the polit-
ical subdivision’s voting-age population that is 
comprised of youth age voters in a State or po-
litical subdivision with a significant proportion 
of youth age voters. 
(D) Requirements for documentation or 
proof of identity to vote that exceed or are more 
stringent than the requirements for voting that 
are described in section 303(b) of the Help 
America Vote Act of 2002 (52 U.S.C. 
21083(b)) or any other requirements for docu-
mentation or proof of identity to vote that have 
the purpose or effect of denying or abridging 
the right to vote on account of age. 
(E) Reduction of voting materials or alter-
nation of the manner in which such materials 
are provided or distributed at institutions of 
higher education, where no similar reduction or 
alteration occurs in materials provided at other 
sites for such election. 
(F) Any reduction, consolidation, or reloca-
tion of voting locations, including early, absen-
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tee, and election day voting locations in a single 
political subdivision with a significant propor-
tion of youth age voters. 
SEC. 4. FEDERAL OBSERVERS TO PREVENT AGE DISCRIMI-
NATION. 
(a) FEDERAL OBSERVERS.—Whenever the Attorney 
General or an aggrieved person institutes a proceeding 
under any statute to enforce the voting guarantees of the 
Twenty-sixth Amendment in any State or political subdivi-
sion the court shall authorize the appointment of Federal 
observers by the United States Office of Personnel Man-
agement to serve for such period of time and for such po-
litical subdivisions as the court shall determine is appro-
priate to enforce the voting guarantees of the Twenty- 
sixth Amendment (1) as part of any interlocutory order 
if the court determines that the appointment of such ob-
servers is necessary to enforce such voting guarantees or 
(2) as part of any final judgment if the court finds that 
violations of the Twenty-sixth Amendment, violations of 
this Act, or violations of any Federal law that prohibits 
discrimination in voting on the basis of age, justifying eq-
uitable relief have occurred in such State or subdivision: 
Provided, That the court need not authorize the appoint-
ment of observers if any incidents of denial or abridgement 
of the right to vote on account of age, (1) have been few 
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in number and have been promptly and effectively cor-
rected by State or local action, (2) the continuing effect 
of such incidents has been eliminated, and (3) there is no 
reasonable probability of their recurrence in the future. 
(b) JURISDICTION.—If any action under any statute 
in which a party (including the Attorney General) seeks 
to enforce the voting guarantees of the Twenty-sixth 
Amendment in any State or political subdivision the court 
finds that violations of the Twenty-sixth Amendment, vio-
lations of this Act, or violations of any Federal law that 
prohibits discrimination in voting on the basis of age, jus-
tifying equitable relief have occurred within the territory 
of such State or political subdivision, the court, in addition 
to such relief as it may grant, shall retain jurisdiction for 
such period as it may deem appropriate and during such 
period no voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or 
standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting dif-
ferent from that in force or effect at the time the action 
was commenced shall be enforced unless and until the 
court finds that such qualification, prerequisite, standard, 
practice, or procedure does not have the purpose and will 
not have the effect of denying or abridging the right to 
vote on account of age: Provided, That such qualification, 
prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure may be en-
forced if the qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, 
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or procedure has been submitted by the chief legal officer 
or other appropriate official of such State or subdivision 
to the Attorney General and the Attorney General has not 
interposed an objection within sixty days after such sub-
mission, except that neither the court’s finding nor the 
Attorney General’s failure to object shall bar a subsequent 
action to enjoin enforcement of such qualification, pre-
requisite, standard, practice, or procedure. 
(c) ENFORCEMENT BY ATTORNEY GENERAL.—The 
Attorney General is authorized to monitor and enforce the 
voting guarantees of the Twenty-sixth Amendment, viola-
tions of this Act, or violations of any Federal law that 
prohibits discrimination in voting on the basis of age, 
whenever Federal observers are appointed under any pro-
vision of Federal law. 
SEC. 5. DETERMINATION OF VOTING RIGHTS VIOLATION. 
For purposes of this Act, a voting rights violation oc-
curred in a State or political subdivision if any of the fol-
lowing applies: 
(1) FINAL JUDGEMENT; VIOLATION OF TWEN-
TY-SIXTH AMENDMENT.—In a final judgment (which 
has not been reversed on appeal), any court of the 
United States has determined that a denial or 
abridgement of the right of any citizen of the United 
States to vote on account of age, in violation of the 
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Twenty-sixth Amendment, occurred anywhere within 
the State or subdivision. 
(2) FINAL JUDGEMENT; VIOLATIONS OF THIS 
ACT.—In a final judgment (which has not been re-
versed on appeal), any court of the United States 
has determined that a voting qualification or pre-
requisite to voting or standard, practice, or proce-
dure with respect to voting was imposed or applied 
or would have been imposed or applied anywhere 
within the State or subdivision in a manner that re-
sulted or would have resulted in a denial or 
abridgement of the right of any citizen of the United 
States to vote on account of age, in violation of sec-
tion 3. 
(3) FINAL JUDGEMENT; DENIAL OF DECLARA-
TORY JUDGEMENT.—In a final judgment (which has 
not been reversed on appeal), any court of the 
United States has denied the request of the State or 
subdivision for a declaratory judgment under section 
3(b), and thereby prevented a voting qualification or 
prerequisite to voting or standard, practice, or pro-
cedure with respect to voting from being enforced 
anywhere within the State or subdivision. 
(4) OBJECTION BY ATTORNEY GENERAL.—The 
Attorney General has interposed an objection under 
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section 3(b) (and the objection has not been over-
turned by a final judgment of a court or withdrawn 
by the Attorney General), and thereby prevented a 
voting qualification or prerequisite to voting or 
standard, practice, or procedure with respect to vot-
ing from being enforced anywhere within the State 
or subdivision. 
(5) TIMING OF DETERMINATIONS.— 
(A) DETERMINATIONS OF VOTING RIGHTS 
VIOLATIONS.— 
(i) IN GENERAL.—As early as prac-
ticable during each calendar year, the At-
torney General shall make the determina-
tions required by this subsection, including 
updating the list of voting rights violations 
occurring in each State and political sub-
division for the previous calendar year. 
(ii) 
PUBLICATION.—The 
Attorney 
General shall make the list required under 
clause (i) public on the internet website of 
the Department of Justice. 
(B) FEDERAL REGISTER PUBLICATION.—A 
determination or certification of the Attorney 
General under this section shall be effective 
upon publication in the Federal Register. 
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SEC. 6. TRANSPARENCY REGARDING CHANGES TO PRO-
TECT VOTING RIGHTS. 
(a) NOTICE OF ENACTED CHANGES.— 
(1) NOTICE OF CHANGES.—If a State or polit-
ical subdivision makes any change in any pre-
requisite to voting or standard, practice, or proce-
dure with respect to voting in any election for Fed-
eral office that will result in the prerequisite, stand-
ard, practice, or procedure being different from that 
which was in effect as of 180 days before the date 
of the election for Federal office, the State or polit-
ical subdivision shall provide reasonable public notice 
in such State or political subdivision and on the 
internet, of a concise description of the change, in-
cluding the difference between the changed pre-
requisite, standard, practice, or procedure and the 
prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure which 
was previously in effect. The public notice described 
in this paragraph, in such State or political subdivi-
sion and on the internet, shall be in a format that 
is reasonably convenient and accessible to voters 
with disabilities, including voters who have low vi-
sion or are blind. 
(2) DEADLINE FOR NOTICE.—A State or polit-
ical subdivision shall provide the public notice re-
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quired under paragraph (1) not later than 48 hours 
after making the change involved. 
(b) TRANSPARENCY REGARDING POLLING PLACE 
RESOURCES.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—In order to identify any 
changes that may impact the right to vote of any 
person, prior to the 30th day before the date of an 
election for Federal office, each State or political 
subdivision with responsibility for allocating reg-
istered voters, voting machines, and official poll 
workers to particular precincts and polling places 
shall provide reasonable public notice in such State 
or political subdivision and on the internet, of the in-
formation described in paragraph (2) for precincts 
and polling places within such State or political sub-
division. The public notice described in this para-
graph, in such State or political subdivision and on 
the internet, shall be in a format that is reasonably 
convenient and accessible to voters with disabilities 
including voters who have low vision or are blind. 
(2) INFORMATION
DESCRIBED.—The informa-
tion described in this paragraph with respect to a 
precinct or polling place is each of the following: 
(A) The name or number. 
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(B) In the case of a polling place, the loca-
tion, including the street address, and whether 
such polling place is accessible to persons with 
disabilities. 
(C) The voting-age population of the area 
served by the precinct or polling place, broken 
down by demographic group if such breakdown 
is reasonably available to such State or political 
subdivision. 
(D) The number of registered voters as-
signed to the precinct or polling place, broken 
down by demographic group if such breakdown 
is reasonably available to such State or political 
subdivision. 
(E) The number of voting machines as-
signed, including the number of voting ma-
chines accessible to voters with disabilities, in-
cluding voters who have low vision or are blind. 
(F) The number of official paid poll work-
ers assigned. 
(G) The number of official volunteer poll 
workers assigned. 
(H) In the case of a polling place, the 
dates and hours of operation of such polling 
place. 
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division to ascertain the actual number of 
votes) in each subdivision-wide election 
held during the 5-year period which ends 
on the date the change involved is made. 
(4) VOLUNTARY COMPLIANCE BY SMALLER JU-
RISDICTION.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—Compliance with this 
subsection shall be voluntary for a political sub-
division of a State unless the subdivision is one 
of the following: 
(i) A county or parish. 
(ii) A municipality with a population 
greater than 10,000, as determined by the 
Bureau of the Census under the most re-
cent decennial census. 
(iii) A school district with a popu-
lation greater than 10,000, as determined 
by the Bureau of the Census under the 
most recent decennial census. 
(B) SCHOOL
DISTRICT
DEFINED.—For 
purposes of this subparagraph, the term ‘‘school 
district’’ means the geographic area under the 
jurisdiction of a local educational agency (as de-
fined in section 9101 of the Elementary and 
Secondary Education Act of 1965). 
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(d) RULES
REGARDING
FORMAT
OF
INFORMA-
TION.—The Attorney General may issue rules specifying 
a reasonably convenient and accessible format that States 
and political subdivisions shall use to provide public notice 
of information under this section. 
(e) NO DENIAL OF RIGHT TO VOTE.—The right to 
vote of any person shall not be denied or abridged because 
the person failed to comply with any change made by a 
State or political subdivision to a voting qualification, 
standard, practice, or procedure if the State or political 
subdivision involved did not meet the applicable require-
ments of this section with respect to the change. 
SEC. 7. VOTING OFFENSES. 
(a) PERMISSION TO VOTE.—No person acting under 
color of law shall fail or refuse to permit any person to 
vote who is entitled to vote under any provision of this 
Act or is otherwise qualified to vote, or willfully fail or 
refuse to tabulate, count and report such person’s vote. 
(b) INTIMIDATION.—No person, whether acting 
under color of law or otherwise, shall intimidate, threaten, 
or coerce, or attempt to intimidate, threaten, or coerce any 
person for voting or attempting to vote, or intimidate, 
threaten, or coerce, or attempt to intimidate, threaten, or 
coerce any person for urging or aiding any person to vote 
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or attempt to vote, or intimidate, threaten, or coerce any 
person for exercising the right to vote. 
(c) FALSE INFORMATION.—Whoever knowingly or 
willfully give false information as to their name, address, 
or period of residence in the voting district for the purpose 
of establishing his eligibility to register or vote, or con-
spires with another individual for the purpose of encour-
aging his false registration to vote or illegal voting, or pays 
or offers to pay or accepts payment either for registration 
to vote or for voting shall be fined not more than $5,000 
or imprisoned not more than five years, or both: Provided, 
however, That this provision shall be applicable only to a 
general, special, or primary elections held solely or in part 
for the purpose of selecting or electing any candidate for 
the office of President, Vice President, presidential elector, 
Member of the United States Senate, Member of the 
United States House of Representatives, Delegate from 
the District of Columbia, Guam, Northern Mariana Is-
lands, American Samoa, or the Virgin Islands, or Resident 
Commissioner of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. 
(d) DUPLICATIVE VOTING.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—Whoever votes more than 
once in an election referred to in paragraph (2) shall 
be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not 
more than five years, or both. 
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(2) APPLICABLE ELECTIONS.—The prohibition 
of this subsection applies with respect to any gen-
eral, special, or primary election held solely or in 
part for the purpose of selecting or electing any can-
didate for the office of President, Vice President, 
presidential elector, Member of the United States 
Senate, Member of the United States House of Rep-
resentatives, Delegate from the District of Columbia, 
Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, American Samoa, 
or the Virgin Islands, or Resident Commissioner of 
the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. 
(3) VOTES MORE THAN ONCE DEFINED.—As 
used in this subsection, the term ‘‘votes more than 
once’’ does not include the casting of an additional 
ballot if all prior ballots of that voter were in vali-
dated, nor does it include the voting in two jurisdic-
tions under section 202 of the Voting Rights Act of 
1965 (52 U.S.C. 10502), to the extent two ballots 
are not cast for an election to the same candidacy 
or office. 
SEC. 8. VOTING OFFENSES AND RELIEF. 
(a) OFFENSE FOR DEPRIVING VOTING RIGHTS.— 
Whoever shall deprive or attempt to deprive any person 
of any right secured by the Twenty-sixth Amendment, this 
Act, or any Federal voting rights law that prohibits dis-
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crimination on the basis of age, shall be fined not more 
than $5,000, or imprisoned not more than five years, or 
both. 
(b) OFFENSE FOR MANIPULATION OF BALLOTS.— 
Whoever, within a year following an election in a political 
subdivision in which an observer has been assigned (1) de-
stroys, defaces, mutilates, or otherwise alters the marking 
of a paper ballot which has been cast in such election, or 
(2) alters any official record of voting in such election tab-
ulated from a voting machine or otherwise, shall be fined 
not more than $5,000, or imprisoned not more than five 
years, or both. 
(c) CONSPIRACY.—Whoever conspires to violate the 
provisions of subsection (a) or (b) of this section, or inter-
feres with any right secured by the Twenty-sixth Amend-
ment, this Act, or any Federal voting rights law that pro-
hibits discrimination on the basis of age shall be fined not 
more than $5,000, or imprisoned not more than five years, 
or both. 
(d) PREVENTATIVE RELIEF.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Whenever any person has 
engaged or there are reasonable grounds to believe 
that any person is about to engage in any act or 
practice prohibited by the Twenty-sixth Amendment, 
this Act, or any Federal voting rights law that pro-
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