1950 something to which the Girl Scouts have been looking forward for a long time. You will notice from the bill that Mrs. Truman, Mrs. Woodrow Wilson, Mrs. Calvin Coolidge, Mrs. Franklin D. Roose- velt, and most of the great leaders among the women in this country are the in- eorporators. Mr. McCORMACK. Will the gentle- woman yield? Mrs. NORTON. I yield. Mr. McCORMACK. Is our good friend the gentlewoman from New Jersey in- cluded in that list? Mrs. NORTON. No. Mr. McCORMACK. She should be. While everyone whom the gentlewoman has mentioned is a great lady, there is none greater than the gentlewoman from New Jersey herself. Mrs. NORTON. I thank the majority leader and my very dear friend very much. I have so many things to thank the gentleman for, and, if he will assist me in getting a unanimous vote on this bill, my debt to him will be greatly increased. Mr. BEALL. Mr. Speaker, will the gen- tlewoman yield? Mrs. NORTON. I yield. Mr. BEALL. I wish to assure the gen- tlewoman that I do not think there will be any opposition on this side of the House. Mrs. NORTON. I sincerely thank the gentleman. This bill is really nonpoliti- cal. It is one of the few bills that will come before the House that is com- pletely nonpolitical. The Girl Scouts aid in hospitals, nurs- eries, libraries, and museums, and dur- ing the World War they did magnificent work, all of it as volunteers. The or- ganization is open to all girls from q to 17 years of age, It is one organization where questions of race or creed do not enter. So, Mr. Speaker, as so much time has been taken today in trying to bring this bill to the floor, I shall not take any further time, but I sincerely hope we will get a unanimous vote and prove to these young girls how sincerely interested the House of Representatives is in their en- deavors. Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. Speaker, will the gentlewoman yield? Mrs. NORTON. I yield. Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. The Girl Scouts have done a magnificent job in bringing the different countries to- gether. The Girl Scouts from other countries have attended conventions in Washington. It has been a great thing in building up good will among the coun- tries. Mrs. NORTON. I thank the gentle- woman for her contribution, and I en- tirely agree with her. Myr. CASE of South Dakota. Mr. Speaker, will the gentlewoman yield? Mrs. NORTON. I yield. Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Iam sure that every Member of the House who has had any experience with the Girl Scout organization either in his own family or otherwise joins me in seconding what the distinguished gentlewoman has said in tribute to the worth of this organiza- tion. I wonder if the gentlewoman in- tends to ask that all Members may ex- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE tend their remarks at this point in the RecorD? I hope she will. Mrs. NORTON. It is a pleasure to do 80. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that all Members may have permission to extend their remarks at this point in the Recorp on this bill. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentlewoman from New Jersey? There was no objection. Mr. CLEMENTE. Mr. Speaker, I am heartily in favor of granting incorpora- tion to the Girl Scouts of the United States of America. The Girl Scouts are grouped in an organization which is a character-building one, which has al- ways been for community service and productive of good citizenship and sub- stantial homemaking. The Girl Scouts place an exacting em- phasis upon loyalty and service to God and country and the inculcation of these standards makes girl scouting one of the bulwarks of the American way of life. Girl scouting provides the women of tomorrow with practical experience in making democracy work, but the bulwark of this great country is still loyalty and service to God and country. To assist in attempting to forever guarantee the ideals of girl scouting and of all loyal Americans I have today requested dis- charge of H. R. 4937, a bill to remove the limitation on the commencement of prosecutions for offenses arising from espionage, and so forth. It is imperative that the statute of limitations be lifted on crimes involving treason, espionage, treachery, sabotage, and so forth, in order that the defenses of the United States may be properly protected against perpetrators of these heinous crimes. As the law now stands, at the end of 3 years from the time that anyone has committed an act of treachery against the United States these persons can openly announce the commission of the crime and the date thereof, and nothing can be done about it—the reason being that the statute of limitations shall have run—in accordance with the law pres- ently in effect. The statute of limitations gives them a blanket of immunity. There is no statute of limitations for murder, but there is a statute of limitations for trea- son, and while murder might involve one, two, or three persons, treachery involved with the A-bomb or H-bomb concerns all of us. There should be no limitation on treasonable acts. This in itself will be some sort of deterrent to the commission of such acts. It is the full-time obligation of all citizenry to support and defend the Con- stitution against all enemies, foreign and domestic, and the passage of this bill can give the agencies of the Government the power to punish all the perpetrators of treasonable crimes. GIRL SCOUTS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DESERVE UNANIMOUS VOTE BY THIS HOUSE Mr. DOYLE. Mr. Speaker, clearly the distinguished Congresswoman from Mas- sachusetts .was correct when, a few minutes ago, she argued that the Girl Scouts of America should be put in the 1813 same legal status as are the Boy Scouts of America by the United States Con- gress. H, R. 6670, for which she so appropriately spoke, will do just that. Having been the first president of the Boy Scout Council in my home city of Long Beach, Calif., and having had clear opportunity to also observe the organ- ization of the Girl Scouts of America in my home city and also in the various Girl Scout troops of the other communi- ties in the Eighteenth Congressional District of California, which I have the honor of representing, I unhesitatingly vigorously urge that we vote for this bill 100 percent, to wit: Unanimously. The Girl Scout promise and the Girl Scout laws are as follows: THE GIRL SCOUT PROMISE On my honor, I will try: To do my duty to God and my country; to help other people at all times, to obey the Girl Scout laws. THE GIRL SCOUT LAWS I. A Girl Scout’s honor is to be trusted. II. A Girl Scout is loyal. III. A Girl Scout’s duty is to be useful and to help others. IV. A Girl Scout is a friend to all and a sister to every other Girl Scout. V. A Girl Scout is courteous. VI. A Girl Scout is a friend to animals. VII. A Girl Scout obeys orders. VIII. A Girl Scout is cheerful. IX. A Girl Scout is thrifty. X. A Girl Scout is clean in thought, word, and deed. The whole organization is nonpolitical, nonsectarian, and is open to all girls from 7 through 17 years of age who subscribe to the worthy promise and to the laws. It exists in all types of communities. And I am informed at the present time it is the largest organization of its kind in the wide world. These splendid Girl Scout troops in the Eighteenth California District teach the girls in the skills of homemaking, arts, crafts, safety, outdoor living, and health; each troop is self-governing and Scouting furnishes the girls of today, who are manifestly the women of tomor- row, with practical experience in making democratic processes operate in the American way. Mr. McMILLAN of South Carolina. Mr. Speaker, I yield 10 minutes to the gentleman from Mississippi [Mr. CoL- MER]. Mr. COLMER. Mr. Speaker—— Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield for a consent re- quest? Mr. COLMER. I yield. Mr.McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that upon the com- pletion of consideration of any bill that may be called up from the Committee on the District of Columbia today, that the further call of committees under the Cal- endar Wednesday rule be dispensed with. Mr. SUTTON. Mr. Speaker, reserving the right to object—— Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I withdraw the request; I do not wish to take my friend’s time. Mr. COLMER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to speak out of order. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Mis- sissippi? There was no objection.
1814 Mr. COLMER) Mr Speaker, I believe that my colleagues will agree that I rarely seck the attention of this House or at- tempt to stress my views except where I have deep convictions and some justi- fication for the hope that I may reason with my colleagues here. But, notwith- standing my sincere convictions, I hope that I may utter no thought nor advance any argument that will offend my col- leazucs, for whom I have always enter- tained only the kindest fecling and whose respect and confidence I have always soupht. But, Mr Speaker, there are oc- casions when a Membcr of this body charged not only with the solemn re- sponsibilhty of representing the people of his district, but, also, charged with the even more important duty of repre- senting the best interests of all of the peoples of this glorious young Repubiic, must speak his piece. We all are aware now as the result of what has just transpired here that the stage 1s set to bring up the so-called fair- employment-practices bill and to 1am it throuch this body with a minimum of debate on next Wednesday For the reason that there will be httle time for debate on next Wednesday, Iam making this humble contribution to the cause with the hope that some of my colleagues may be provoked into some. serious thoveht concerning this problem. Mr Speaker, we are all cognizant of the fact that tlus is going to be done, notwithstanding the fact that next Wed- nesday is February 22, George Washing- ton’s Birthday This will be done not- withstanding that it has been an un- broken custom for a hundred years or more that that day be set aside for the purpose of reading the Farewell Address of 1. : Father of his Country. Of course, it is not necessary to call your attention to the fact that only on the day before yesterday no business was transacted in this House, under some kind of agree- ment, oul of deference to the birthday of Abraham Lincoln, another great President of the United States. Why, I ask you, this departure from this sacred custom? The answer is obvious. It 4s for the same reason that for the first time in many years Calendar Wednesday has been resorted to for the handling of the pcople’s business. It is because we must hasten to pass this iniquitous, for- eign, and obnoxious piece of legislation called the fair-employment-practices bill. This is an election year, and the god of politics must be served. And who, I ask you, my friends, {is re- sponsible for this situation? Who is it that cracks the whip and makes the leadership of both major parties Jump through the hoop? It is the organized munorities, and who is their spokesman? The able gentleman from New York |LMr. Marcantonio}, who, back in 1942, intro- duced the first FEPC bill in this Congress. There are other Members from New York, as well as others from a few other States who are vying with the gentleman from New York [Mr. Marcantonio] for honors and for currying favor with cer- tain organized minorities; but if honor there be in such a proposal, the lion’s share must go to the gentleman from New York, who first conceived this pro- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE gram, and who has been and is today the floor manager for its enactment. Strange proceedings these, but exem- plary of the power of organized minort- ties under our democratic system. What is the FEPC? Stripped of its political glamor, what would it do? We are told that it would prevent discrimi- nation in private employment because of race, color, creed, or national origin. It is. therefore, given an appealing name— “fair employment” It sounds good. Everyone wants to be fair; therefore, this is a good bill. Most Americans are fair- minded people; therefore, the idca of fair employment is appraling to most people; but the proponents of the bill, while emphasizing its title, do not point out that it is the most flagrant proposal for regimentation of business, both big and httle, ever proposed to a congres- sional commitiee They do not point out that under this bill any employer, whether he be in New York, California, or Mississippi, can, at the whim of some irresponsible Federal agent, be hailed before a commussioner or @ commission here in Washington at his own expense on some flimsy charge of discrimination in the employment of a janitor, a factory worker, or some other employee, or, for that matter, if the employer complained of were in New York he could, under this bill, at the wishes of the Federal agent, be hauled out to California or, for that matter, to the Virgin Islands and there be required to defend himsclf at his own expense as best he could, away from his home and in a forcign atmosphere. Neither do the proponents of this legis- lation emphasize that this would set up another bureaucracy with literally hundreds of thousands of Federal em- ployees with the resultant enormous in- crease of the necessary taxes with which to further hamstring the little, as well as the big-business men of this country. Neither are you nor your constitutents told that this additional heavy burden of regimentation, with additional Fed- era] agents snooping about, is going to be equally as obnoxious to the butcher, the baker, and the candlestick maker in Ohio, as 1t is in Alabama. In fact, Iam not so sure that it is not going to prove more irritating and obnoxious to the in- dustrial East and West than it is to the agricultural South. I am wondering how my friends from these sections are going to feel when they have to explain to their people back home their vote for this iniquitous proposal when those constituents come face to face with the annoyance, irritation, and impracticability of the administration of this unwise bill. Permit me to say, in all kindness and brotherly love to my friends on the Re- publican side of this House, that I realize your problem, and I sympathize with you in your problem. As a rule, you are @ sturdy lot. You believe in the American free-enterprise system. You are opposed to regimentation of our people. You, at one time, were regarded as the party of the businessman, The ideology of this proposal does not appeal to you. It is foreign to your whole concept. On the other hand, you still have some hope of FEBRUARY 15 getting the Negro and the so-called lib- eral vote, or enough of it to retain your seats here in Congress. You dislike the idea of taking a bold, courageous stand in behalf of the free-enterprise system with as little governmental regimenta- tion of business as possible. It is a serious problem for you; but need I, in all charity, remind you that you have lost that vote, anyway? You cannot possibly hope to outbid those in charge of the Democratic Party for that vote. You either have to take a courageous stand in behalf of the principles of the free-enter- prise system and take your chance with the great unorganized masses, who, in reality, are in the majority, and make a clear line of demarkation between you and the party now in powcr, on the one hand, or, else, on the other hand, be gradually Nquidated on a me-too basis. Need I remind you of Aesop's fable of the dog who dropped his bone in the stream to grab the mirrored reflection of that bone? And now, with your permission, and agai, with charity to all, I submit the question to my Democratic colleagues of the North, East. and West, whether you are sure of your political wisdom. I real- ize that in order to capture the Nerro and so-called liberal vote you may think it, expedient to aim this bill at the South. Iam not oblivious of the fact that there are those now in charge of the Demo- cratic Party who are inclined to boast of their ability to win elections without the contribution of the so-called solid South, but I should like to call your at- tention to the possibility that there may again come a day when the vote of that great section of our common country may be not only welcome but necessary in order to win elections for the Demo- cratic Party. That there were deflec- tions from the solid South, and those de- flections came as a result of this very program in the last presidential elec- tion, is, of course, fresh in your minds. That there may be greater deflections in the future, if you persist in using the South as a “whipping boy,” is, of course, a real possibility. How long my people will continue to take this type of pun- ishment, of course, poses a real ques- tion which those in charge of the party today might well ponder. In this connection, Mr. Speaker, I should like to call the attention of my Democratic brethren to the fact that some 8 years ago, when a similar piece of legislation was under consideration, I pointed out then that the South would not always stand for such treatment at the hands of its Democratic brethren. Among other things I said then: Mr. Chairman, J never thought that I would live to see the day when the Democratic Party, the party to which my forebears, have belonged for generations—the party which has been nourished, protected, and fathered by the South—-would take the lead under its administration to force this type of action down the throat of its best friend. Since the Civil War the Democratic Party has been the beneficiary of everything the South had to offer. When the Democratic Party offered a@ candidate for President it knew that it had the support of the solid South. In that section it has been little short of treason for these many years to do other than vote the Democratic ticket.
1950 In all these years the South has asked for little, and gotten less, from that party. In fact, the only thing that it has ever gotten out of the Democratic Party when it was in power was the privilege of having representa- tives in the two branches of the Congress, which the Constitution guaranteed it Prior to the Civil War that great section of this country furnished many, if not most, of the great, outstanding political figures of the country It furmshed its Washington, its Jefferson, its Patrick Henry, its Lee, its Davis, and its George Today the caliber of its men has not decayed It still provides the Nation with much of its leadership But because of its political isolation it is denied the privilege of one of its sons becoming the nominee of its party for the exalted Office of the Presidency This is not because it does not have the men of Presidential caliber, but because that party realizes that it alrendy has the votes of that section of the solid South, and always the nominee comes from some doubtful section, When the party is in power the sweetest plums of political patronage and preference likewise go to other sections where political allegiance is not so constant The only thing the South has ever asked, and the only rea- gon it hes been so constantly and consistently loyal to the Democratic Party, has been be- cause it thought that that party offered 1t the privilege of handling its own domestic and internal affairs It might be well in this connection, in pass- ing, to point out to those beneficiaries of tho Democratic Party in other sections of the country, those of you who arc today becom- ing a purty—an unwilling party, 1 grant you, put nevertheless a paity—to forcing this leg- 4slation down our throats, that if you are going to deny our people the right to control these political and sucial matters which are so peculiarly their own, there is little, if any- thing, left to the South as grounds for a unified support of that party. Might they not well reason that if this Inst vestige of benefit which they receive from that solid support of the Democratic Party is to be re- moved by a Democratic administration, they might profitably seek another course and join the other States of the Union in trequent changes of their political aflations? Mr. McMILLAN of South Carolina, Mr. Speaker, I yield 30 minutes of my time to the gentleman from Maryland {Mr. Beaur], the ranking minority mem- ber of the committee. The gentleman from Georgia | Mr. Davis] will yield his 5 minutes to the gentleman from Missis- sippi LMr. Cotmer], which I now yield him. Mr. COLMER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that I may use that 5 minutes to speak out of order. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Mis- sissippi? There was no objection. Mr. LESINSKI. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? Mr, COLMER. I yield to the gentle- man from Michigan. Mr. LESINSKI. The gentleman knew it could not be brought up last fall be- cause we did not have sufficient Mondays to do so. We had to pass 21 legislative days before we could call up a bill. Mr. COLMER. The gentleman from Mississippi does not know anything of the kind. Now let me proceed. Mr. Speaker, this country has become the greatest, the most powerful, and the richest country in the world under the American free-enterprise system. To it all other nations look not only for lead- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE ership, but for financial assistance. The fact that this country has more than 90 percent of the steel, the radios, auto- mobiles, telephones, washing machines, and so forth, in the world is no acci- dent It is the result of the free-enter- prise system which so many in this coun- try, for political preferment, on the one hand, or because of their infatuation for some foreign ideology, on the other hand, would destroy. Regimentation of the type proposed in this legisiation is not consistent with that system. It 1s unsound. It is ill-conceived It will not work, and should be defeated. Mr Speaker, I have spoken from my heart. I am muchly concerned about the future of this great country. It 1s impossible to legislate in this fleld With the hope that I have not and will not. offend the sensibilities of any of you, my colleagues, whose respect I covet and whose friendship I enjoy, permit me to say, in conclusion, that, while we all may covet the honor of being a Member of this great Icgislative body, I am sure that we al] recognize that whether we continue as Members of this body is not important. The matter of importance for us and our children is whether or not this great country founded upon the free-enterprise system without the reg- imentation of the Federal Government is the important thing Yes, the im- portant principle involved is whether the freedom of the individual, the freedom of the American free-enterprise system, shall survive. Let there be, therefore, no Member who will, under the politica] lash of minority rroups, be a party to stulti- jying his conscience and to destroying the greatest embodiment of human fov- ernment ever conceived in the minds of men—the American Republic Mr. BEALL. Mr. Speaker, I yield such time as he may desire to the gentleman from Oregon |Mr, ANGELL], Mr. ANGELL. Mr Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my re- marks at this point in the Recorp and include extraneous matter. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Oregon? There was no objection. OREGON—THE EPIC OF THE BEAVER STATF Mr. ANGELL. Mr. Speaker, yesterday we Oregonians here in the Nation’s Cap1- tal celebrated the ninety-first birthday of the State of Oregon. Similar celebra- tions took place in Oregon and elsewhere. On September 11, 1948, the Library of Congress presented an exhibition of rare books, manuscripts, old maps and prints, newspapers, music, and photographs from its collections, together with docu- ments from the National Archives, and photographs from institutions in Ore- gon, to honor the one hundredth anni- versary of the act of Congress establish- ing the Territory of Oregon. As one of the Representatives of the State of Ore- gon I was honored to be asked to make the historical address on that occasion, The following historical data in those re- marks are of sufficient public interest, I believe, to have a place in the Concrrs- sIonaL Recorp, since the State of Ore- gon has played an important role in the 1815 development of the national life of our Republic For many ages nature werked to pre- pare the area of Oregon—380 miles east and west, 280 across north and south, and 96,000 square miles. It was stored with riches to challenge the encrgy of the pioneer The long and mighty up- heavals of gcolopy made it really two very different countries, separated by the towering backbone of the Cascade Moun- tains from the lower Columbia River to Cahfornia At the northern end the graceful snowcapped cone of Mount Hood cuts the sky like a solitary sentinel, visible over most of Oregon on a crystal day Only 30 miles from Portland, it has become a& popular winter sports area, centering in the hospitality of Timber- lune Lodge to hosts of visitors and skiers. This is only one of many winter sports areus along the Cascade Range East of the ridge hes a toreign coun- try—vast and rugeed, with slighter rain- fall. That 1s the cattle, sheep, and wheat region, with Pendleton of the world-famous round-up, and Burns and Lakeview as typical sheep towns There grows the great Ponderosa pine, pro- vidine a lumber industry for Bend and Klamath Falls Rolling stretches of wheat ripple in Umatilla, Morrow, Sher- man, Gillam, and Wusco Counties, There may be found some of Oregon's most striking scenery, which thrilled early explore:s There are hundreds of mountain lakcs and streams, and Crater Lake, the blue jewel in the former crater of a voleano, Mount Mazama_ In the northeast corner he the Wallowa Moun- tains, which rival the beauty and splen- dor of Switzeriand’s Alps It 1s great game country, where deer, mountain birds, and waterfowl] abound to tempt the sportsman, Western Oregon, with 40 annual inches of rainfall, has been called the green paradise For 120 miles below Portland stretches the rich Willamette Valley, 50 miles wide, where live a millon people, two-thirds of Oregon's inhabitants The abundant water, the fertile river bottoms, and the shelte1ing walls of the Cascades and the Coast Range, make it an 1deal home and farm country. Along the 300 miles of beauti- fully scenic coast, whitened by surf, are fine beaches, lumber towns, and pictui- esque fishing communities. Modern Oregonians have responded to this large environment, with its mild and temperate climate, and Inve much in the outdoors. It makes them want to own their homes, to be hospitable and friendly, and to be generous and progres- sive in their thoughts. It has appeared also in their native literature. For Oregon has been making an impression upon American authors, since the supposed first printing of the mame in 1778, in Jonathan Carver's Travels. The earliest local writings were personal records of explorers, seamen, traders, trappers, and homestcaders. The poet, William Cullen Bryant, might have been reading one of them about 1817, when in Thanatopsis he wrote: Or lose thyself in the continuous woods Where rolls the Oregon, and hes no sound Save its own dashings.
1816 This is said to be the first reference to Oregon in American poetry. The newspaper often was the only reading for many of the pioneers. The first native one, the Oregon Spectator, appeared in 1846, but folded up when the printer joined the host rushing to the gold fields of California. By the 1860's, Portland was becoming the literary and publishing center of the Northwest. Joaquin Miller, world-famous poet of the Pacific coast, published his earliest vol- umes there. Toward the close of the nineteenth century, memory turned to the pioneer days, and Oregonians wrote many his- torical works, and recollections of the Oregon Trail and the primitive settle- ments. Modern poets and novelists have gone native, taking their themes from local scenes and experiences—in the rich vegetation and flowers, the mountains, the feeling of the chinook wind, life on Willamette Valley farms, the old wagon trains, the fur barons and missionaries, the sage-brush and desert country, and places haunted by ancient Indian leg- ends, They are vividly aware of how long Oregon belonged to the Indian. When the early American seamen, fur trappers, explorers, miners, and settlers entered, they found Oregon inhabited by numer- ous and powerful tribes. Among them were the hard-riding Cayuses, and the Nez-Percés—Pierced Noses—of the east- ern high country—Umpqua fishermen of the lower coast—reed-gathering Kia- maths among the southern lakes—wood- carving Chinooks on the lower Colum- bia River, who gave a name to the trade language of the coast, the Chinook jar- gon, In the south dwelt the Modocs, whose last-ditch resistance to the white man caused one of the fiercest Indian wars in American history—the tragedy of the lava beds. As homesteaders flocked to Oregon over the 2,000-mile trail from Missouri, the Indians by many treaties disposed of their lands and acquired reservations. Some listened willingly to brave Catholic and Protestant missionaries. For them, Oregon’s first printer produced gram- mars and religious books, which have be- come rarities, like the Nez-Percés First Book, issued in 1839 at the Mission Press, Clearwater, now in Idaho but then in the Oregon country. Others desperately resisted the ad- vance of settlement, and within 30 years Oregon suffered the terrors of at least six Indian wars. In 1847 a band of Cayuses attacked the Presbyterian mis- sion near Walla Walla, burnt all the buildings, and killed 14 people, including Dr. Marcus Whitman and his wife. The Rogue War, 1851-56, ended in the sur- render of Chief John, who was impris- oned later in the grim fastness of Alca- traz in San Francisco Bay. The Spo- kane War raged in 1858. In 1872-73 the Modocs refused to move to the Klamath Reservation, and held out against sol- diers in the lava beds near Tule Lake on the Oregon-California border until Cap- tain Jack, their leader, was captured and hung. Five years later the Nez-Percés, led by the younger Chief Joseph, resisted removal from their beloved Wallowa Val- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE ley. Joseph gave up after a masterly retreat across Idaho and Montana, and is buried at the foot of Wallowa Lake. After the brief Paiute and Bannock out- break in eastern Oregon, in 1878, the State had no more Indian wars. The name of Oregon has been an in- triguing one for men of many nations. The adventurous Jonathan Carver first mentioned it as now spelled in his Travels, published in 1778, with a map showing the great river of the West. He heard of it from Indian tribes beyond the Great Lakes, on his journey to Wis- consin and Minnesota, in 1767-68. Other Indians spoke of the land of the beautiful river. Moncacht Apé, an in- quisitive Natchez, told the French ex- plorer Le Page du Pratz about his trip overland, up the Missouri River to the Great Water. About 1765 the famous Maj. Robert Rogers, leader of the Rangers, proposed to King George IIT an exploring expedition to the Pacific Ocean by way of the river called by the Indians Ouragon. To seamen, Oregon was part of the northern mystery. Its fogs, perilous capes and bars, and strong currents might hide the fabled “Strait of Anian,” perhaps a northeast passage to Hudson Bay. The unknown beyond Cape Blanco lured a few bold sailors as early as the sixteenth century to explore Oregon’s 300 miles of rocky, surf-beaten coast. Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, a Portuguese, in Spanish service, in 1543 explored it with his chief pilot, Bartolomé Ferrelo. It is believed that they reached 44°—but a storm probably hid the land. On his voyage around the world in the Golden Hind, 1579, Sir Francis Drake saw the forested wilderness and called it New Albion—the name it bore on maps for many years. He abandoned there his search for a northeastern passage to England. Belief in the passage died hard, and the Spaniard Sebastian Vizcaino searched for it in 1602. One of his ships, under Martin d’Aguilar, went north of 42°—the present southern boundary of Oregon. He reported the entrance of a river or strait not far from Cape Blanco, which he named. The stream could have been the Umpqua. After that venture, approaches by sea ceased for a long period, until Spain’s jealousy was aroused by the advances of Russia and England into the Northwest. Then, in quick succession, came Juan Perez, Bruno Haceta, and Bodega y Quadra. The first sailed along all or most of the present Oregon coast in 1774, Haceta did the same in 1774 and 1775, and on his second voyage noticed evi- dences of a great northern river. He sighted the Tillamook coast, and in his diary described its ruggedness. He and Quadra both sighted but did not enter the mouth of the Columbia. Between 1775 and 1800 the northern mystery began to yield to the persistent navigators, Scientific curiosity inspired the English Captain Cook’s last ill-fated voyage in 1779. Seeking a sea passage to the Atlantic, he sailed along the Oregon coast to Vancouver Island, traded with the Indians for furs, and studied their life and customs, With him were FEBRUARY 15 two Americans, Gore and Ledyard, the first to visit the Pacific Northwest. After Cook came other English captains. Barkley in 1787 named the Strait of Juan de Fuca for its supposed discoverer of 1592, who had thought it was the Strait of Anian. Next year came John Meares to search for the great river re- ported by Haceta. Entering the mouth of the Columbia, he thought it was a large bay, named it “Deception,” and the northern promontory ‘‘Cape Disappoint- ment.” The real opening of the Oregon coast was due to the commercial genius of the solid men of Boston, who sensed the possibility of fortunes in the fur trade, In 1788 Capt. Robert Gray, of Boston, with Capt. John Kendrick, made a trad- ing voyage to the Pacific. Their ships, the Columbia and the Lady Washington, were the first American vessels to visit the northwest coast. On his second voyage, May 11, 1792, Gray entered the mighty, long-sought beautiful River of the West, sailed up for several miles, traded with the Indians, and noted the country. He named the great river for his ship, the first to drop anchor in its inland waters. English and American rivalry was be- ginning. The British captain, George Vancouver, mapped the northwest coast in 1792-94. In 1795 appeared the first British map bearing the name Columbia River. In 1792 Lt. William R. Brough- ton, an English naval officer under the command of Vancouver, explored the river for nearly a hundred miles inland, reached the Cascades, sighted and named Mount Hood, and claimed the region for Great Britain, declaring that “the sub- jects of no other civilized nation or state had ever entered this river before,” even though he knew of Gray’s visit in the same year. The last of the great navigators was a famous Arctic and South Seas explorer, Capt. Charles Wilkes. In 1841 he brought an American naval squadron to the Columbia, which he thoroughly sur- veyed. His published report is one of the great sources of information about early Oregon, and is richly illustrated with sketches of the country and the primi- tive Indian life. While agents bargained with the In- dians for furs, in Chinook jargon, scien- tists charted bays and rivers, and artists sketched tall ships at anchor, and mam- moth evergreens in the vast, silent for- ests. Captains carefully kept their log books, and some of the accompanying adventurers wrote journals. In their faded ink we read one of the most excit- ing and heroic episodes in American his- tory—how seamen penetrated the mist of legend and conjecture which long hid the beauty and riches of Oregon. While navigators disclosed the coast, the interior was thoroughly explored by another Kind of adventurer—the fur- trappers and traders. Behind them schemed the business genius of the great fur companies—the Hudson’s Bay, the Northwest, and the Pacific Fur Co. of John Jacob Astor. The enterprise of that bold New York merchant is recalled by the name of Astoria. There the first fur-trading post in the Columbia region
1950 was established by members of his com- pany in 1811. Their post was located near a log fort which sheltered the Lewis and Clark overland expedition in the winter of 1805-06. One group of Astor’s company sailed from New York in the ship Tonquin around Cape Horn, and arrived at the mouth of the Columbia in March 1811. Another group came overland and ar- rived about a year later. The sea voy- agers built the post at Astoria. The story of that adventure has been immortalized by Washington Irving’s Astoria; by Ross Cox’s Adventures on the Columbia, a description of life among the trappers and traders; and by Gabriel Franchére’s Narrative of a Voyage to the Northwest Coast of America. Franchére was a clerk of the Astor company. From that time it was open war be- tween British and American fur interests, and the Oregon question became a per- ennial annoyance to statesmen of the two nations for over 30 years. When the War of 1812 broke out, British interests saw their opportunity, and in 1813 the Northwest Co. purchased Astoria and renamed it Fort George. The United States did nothing. Although Astoria was restored to American hands in 1818, by treaty, the fur trade was securely in the grasp of the Northwest Co., which in 1821 merged with its British rival, the Hudson’s Bay Co. Then began the despotic rule of the white-headed eagle, Dr. John McLough- lin. For some 20 years he was the most powerful man in Oregon. In 1824 he became chief factor of the Hudson’s Bay Co., and within a year built Fort Van- couver on the north bank of the Colum- bia, a few miles east of the mouth of the Willamette. With an iron hand he con- trolled the wild white trappers and Indians. He symbolized the despotic power of the fur barons, and for a long time succeeded in crushing all competi- tion. He used to entertain competitors at dinner in his home, which was virtu- ally the capital of the Northwest. The doctor was boss from California to Alaska, and from the Rockies to the sea. Although he feared the effect upon his fur trade, he aided American new- comers. The company forced his resig- nation in 1845 and ended his domination. An instance of his power is the notice he posted at Oregon City in 1843, requiring bond for a deed to Jands there. Some- body tore it down and wrote on the back “Dr, McLoughlin’s ukase.” He spent his declining years in a stately house which is still standing at Oregon City. He noted with alarm the increasing penetration of American fur men whose names are eminent in the epic of the Northwest frontier—‘“Jed” Smith, John Work, Peter Skene Ogden. “Jed” Smith reached Oregon from California in 1828, Indians attacked his party near the mouth of the Umpqua, killing all but Smith and three of his companions, and taking his furs. With a typical gesture, McLoughlin sent an expedition to buy the pelts, with the distinct understanding that “Jed” should keep out of Oregon. Ogden was active in the Snake River country and Oregon about 1824, Some of the fur men, in journals and diaries, left fascinating records of their CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE experiences in that brief, intense period of Oregon history. When the trade de- clined, many settled down and mingled with the incoming tide of Americans. They had become half accustomed to the new life, by acquaintance with the per- manent, fortified stations of the fur companies. The posts resembled vil- lages, with palisaded enclosures, numer- ous buildings, cultivated fields, pastures for sheep and cattle, and horse corrals. The post was a transition from the wilderness to the new Oregon, to be built by missionaries, teachers, storekeepers, miners, and homesteaders, who came in rocking wagons on the overland trail, or on crowded steamers from Panama and San Francisco. And the post of the fur trader gave to Oregon its popular name—Beaver State. Anew Oregon was foretold by the ever- increasing interest of Americans in an overland route to the Pacific. Fora long time, during the American Revolution, nobody followed the suggestions of Rogers and Carver. But the project of an expedition was discussed by the rest- less and inquisitive Thomas Jefferson, and his secretary, Meriwether Lewis. When Jefferson, as President, accom- plished the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, their dream became a reality. Lewis and William Clark, starting from St. Louis in 1804, headed the famous ex- pedition authorized by the President and Congress, “to explore the Missouri River, and such principal streams of it, as, by its course and communication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean, may offer the most direct and practicable water communication across this continent, for the purposes of commerce.” The party started up the Missouri on May 14, 1804, and reached the head- waters of the Columbia in October of the following year. They journeyed down- stream, reached Cape Disappointment in November, and passed the winter in their rude log fort, named Clatsop for a nearby Indian tribe. In the spring they re- turned, reaching St. Louis on September 23, 1806. This was the first journey by white men across the Oregon country. Accounts of it stirred widespread interest, particularly in the fur trade, and directly inspired Astor’s venture of 1811. Later overland adventurers made Ore- gon well known to wide-awake Ameri- cans. In 1812 Donald McKenzie explored the beautiful, fertile Willamette Valley destined to be the center of American oc- cupation. The way over the plains and mountains became known as the Ore- gon Trail. To most Americans the sym- bol of the trail is a picture of a covered wagon carrying a mother and her baby into the wilderness, with the father rid- ing alongside. But that was the later aspect of the road to Oregon, which challenged adventurous spirits long be- fore the great rush of miners and settlers in the 1840's. Reports of Captain Bonneville’s expe- dition of 1831-35, and of John C. Fré- mont’s in 1843, the writings of Washing- ton Iriving and Francis Parkman made the Oregon Trail a literary tradition. About the trail grew up a vast litera- ture of guide books, journals written by members of exploring parties, and remi- niscences of those who braved its dan- 1817 gers and hardships. Some, like Ezra Meeker, lived to make the journey again by auto or airplane, The British were not idle, and sent rival expeditions. Probably the most famous was the Warre-Vavasour party of the 1840’s, led by Capt. Henry James Warre. His party went through British Columbia, followed the Columbia to its mouth, and explored the attractive Wil- lamette Valley. On the way the captain drew sketches which arc among the most beautiful early illustrations of Oregon scenery. They were published at Lon- don in 1848, as lithographs, in his Sketches in North America and the Ore- gon Territory. They show what a vivid impression was made upon early comers, by Oregon’s mighty Columbia, the lovely Willamette Valley, majestic Mount Hood, old posts built by fur traders, and strange customs of northwestern Indians. Before title to Oregon had been set- tled, Americans were dreaming of a transcontinental railroad, and one from California to Willamette Valley. Agita- tion reached a peak in the 1850's, when the Federal Government sent explorers to locate possible routes. One expedi- tion penetrated Oregon from the south, following generally a well-known route of French-Canadian fur traders be- tween the Willamette Valley and Span- ish settlements in California. Entering the rugged Klamath Country of south- ern Oregon, they followed the mighty Cascade Range and traversed the Wil- lamette Valley until they came in sight of the snowy tent of Mount Hood. An- other group penetrated Oregon from eastern Washington and went down the Spokane and Columbia Rivers. Artists on the expeditions made sketches which were published as tinted lithographs in official reports. These century-old illustrations show the wild Oregon as the explorers and trappers saw it—fur-traders’ forts, In- dian camps, fisheries, and burial places; all in a setting of rocky gorges, snow- clad peaks, fertile valleys, and evergreen forests, which now attract multitudes of tourists and homemakers to one of America's scenic wonderlands. This was primitive Oregon, before the coming of railroads, sawmills, cement highways, hydroelectric power plants, and factories. Settlers had already begun to enter this beautiful land. Those who wanted Oregon to be American, perceived that permanent settlement would make pos- session 9 out of 10 points in the law. One of the earliest advocates of coloniza- tion was a Boston schoolmaster, Hall Jackson Kelley, who wrote to encourage emigration. He is often regarded as the father of Oregon. His efforts were sec- onded by men like Nathaniel J. Wyeth, who in 1832 went from Boston to the Co- lumbia to establish a salmon fishery and packing plant. He returned to the East in 1833, but came again in the next year and established Fort William on Sauvie Island. Missionaries were among the earliest to respond to publicity. Since the found. ing of New France on the St. Lawrence, French missionaries (called black robes by their converts) had been carrying Christianity to Indians. Close on the
1818 heels of trappers, they reached Oregon. Their work there is well described by the lives of a heroic Belgian priest, Father Pierre Jean de Smet, apostle to the Northwest, and of Father Francis Nor- bert Blanchet, who in 1844 became the first Archbishop of Oregon. He erected the first log church within Oregon’s pres- ent limits—St. Paul’s, Marion County— in 1836, and became its first pastor in 1838. The self-sacrifice, devotion, and hard-~- ships of Catholic fathers were rivaled by their Methodist and Presbyterian brethren. They and their wives aban- doned comfortable Eastern parishes, in response to appeals from missionary journals and societies. They wrote let- ters and books on experiences in Ore- gon, which assisted publicists, explorers, and statesmen to fasten the American grip upon the region. Jason and Daniel Lee, Methodist min- 4sters, came with Nathaniel J. Wyeth’s second company in 1834. They were the first Protestant missionaries to the Northwest to Christianize and educate Indians. In 1835 they established a Methodist mission and school at French Prairie in the Willamette Valley. In 1844 the school was absorbed by the Ore- gon Institute (now Willamette Univer- sity), organized in 1842. The Lees praised Oregon in letters to eastern friends, and so helped to encourage set- tlement, especially through Daniel Lee's book, Ten Years in Oregon, published in 1844. Soon after the Methodists came the Presbyterians. In 1836 Dr. Marcus Whit- man and the Reverend Henry Harmon Spalding arrived in Oregon and estab- shed missions in the Walla Walla and Clearwater Valleys. In the winter of 1842, Whitman made a perilous journey across the continent to present the needs of this mission, and to enlist homeseekers and secure Government aid in settling Oregon. His trip inspired a larger trek across the plains. One of his com- panions on the first trip to the North- west was the Reverend Samuel Packer, who in the 1830’s wrote an astonishingly successful book, Jo-;rnal of an Exploring Tour Beyond the Rocky Mountains. Missionaries are iinportant in the his- tory of Oregon, because they formulated rules of government for themselves and the Indians, and the American settlers accepted them as leaders. They and their brave wives were among the first people to appreciate Oregon as a future land of homes. They built schools which still flourish in the Willamette Valley. To them the Territory of Oregon owed its first books, printed on a little hand press, brought by ship from Honolulu and car- ried deep into the wilderness. The trail which they followed, across the plains end the Rockies, was soon whitened by the wagons of thousands of people, who came to Oregon to stay and build a new State. They were coming by 1839, when the Peoria party, the first overland group, left Illinois. The first considerable wagon train over the Oregon Trail made the long and trying journey in 1843. That was the beginning of a migration which brought thousands to the Colum- bia and Willamette Valleys before 1860, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE In the 1840's a flood of books on Oregon appeared in the United States and Europe. They advertised Oregon’s at- tractions, offered much-needed advice to emigrants, and details of the overland trail, or of the long sea voyages by way of Panama or Hawaii. Some of the later ones appealed to continental Europeans, especially Germans, Swedes, and Finns, who formed large communities in Oregon. American settlement had scarcely be- gun, when the people began to agitate for a local government, and for incorporation into the United States. On the first of his two trips to the Atlantic coast, in 1838, Jason Lee presented to Congress a me- morial asking for protection of American citizens. The paper, signed by 36 set- tlers, requested admission into the Union. In 1838 the Reverend David Leslie, a missionary, presented a similar memorial signed by him and about 70 others, asking for “the civil institutions of the American Republic” and “the high privilege of American citizenship.” Two years later Lee made an earnest speech in favor of an American provisional government, at a meeting of the settlers. The gathering was occasioned by the death of Ewing Young, a cattle baron of the 1830’s. He owned a great part of the Chehalem Valley, and a large herd of Spanish cattle, which he drove north from California. As he left no will or legal heirs, at his funeral the people planned to call a mass meeting of Oregonians south of the Columbia, to appoint admunistrators of his estate and to form a provisional local government, That meeting was held on February 17 and 18, 1841, at the Methodist mission in the Willamette Valley. The people elected a supreme court judge with pro- bate powers, minor court officers, and a committee to draft a constitution and a code of laws. Organization was perfected by two conventions held at the village of Cham- poeg in 1843, to organize a provisional government. The Americans feared the threat of a general Indian attack upon all American settlements in the Willa- mette Valley. At the second meeting, July 5, they adopted articles of com- pact and a detailed organic law, based largely upon the laws of Iowa. At aspe- cial election, July 25, 1845, the govern- ment was confirmed and came into ef- fect, the amended organic law was ap- proved, and George Abernethy was elected Governor. The meeting on July 6 made Oregon City the capital and es- tablished the first four districts or coun- ties—Champoeg (Marion), Clackamas, Tualaty (Washington), and Yamhill. In the meantime, petitions for occu- pation of Oregon, and for the organi- gation of a territory, poured in upon Congress. Governor Abernethy, in a jong, confidential letter, urged President Polk to take action. The champions of Oregon in Congress, particularly Sena- tors Benton and Linn and David R. Atchison, of Missouri, seconded his ef- forts in speeches and writings. Congress did not act because of the unsettled state of the perennial Oregon question, which threatened to involve the Nation in a third war with Great Britain— which few on either side really wanted, FEBRUARY 15 The difficulty arose from the vague- ness of the boundary between Canada and the United States, west of the Great Lakes. A treaty with Great Britain in 1818 defined it at 49° to the Rock- jes, and agreed to a 10-year joint oc- cupancy of the Oregon county between that line and the Columbia River, This treaty was ratified on January 19, 1819, and was renewed in 1827. In the mean- time Spain, ty the Treaty of Florida in 1819, renounced her pretensions north of 42°, the present southern boundary of Oregon. Five years later Russia gave up all interests south of 54°40’, the pres- ent southern limit of Alaska. As the American frontier pushed west- ward the situation became acute. Ex- treme American expansionists shouted “Fifty-four forty or fight” in James K. Polk’s campaign for the Presidency in 1844. Polk at first favored the idea, which became a hot political issue, fiercely and endlessly debated in Con- gress and the press, while petitions poured in from the States, demanding American occupation of Oregon. As was predicted by the astute Georgia states- man, Alexander H. Stephens, cooler counsels prevailed, and the Treaty of 1846 between the United States and Great Britain compromised on the pres- ent northern boundary at 49°. The United States gained a magnificent do- main, rich in natural resources which even yet are not fully realized. It in- cluded the present States of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, and a consider- able part of Montana. The great question having been an- swered, a bill to organize the Territory of Oregon was introduced into Congress. President Polk wanted to see a Terri- torial government out there before the end of his term. He got his wish, for after a 24-hour debate Congress passed the bill on August 14, 1848, and the Presi- dent signed it the same day. The area included all the original Oregon country, from 42° to 49° and from the Rockies to the Pacific. Within a few years Oregon was reduced to its present area by the creation of the Territories of Washing- ton and Idaho. The next step was the selection of a governor. President Polk selected Gen. Joseph Lane, of Indiana, appointing him immediately after the signing of the bill. Twelve years later Lane became Vice Presidential nominee on the Democratic ticket with John C. Breckinridge, but he lost Oregon to Abraham Lincoln. To carry the news to Lane, the Presi{- dent selected Joseph L. (Joe) Meek, ap- pointing him United States marshal for Oregon. Joe, a noted mountain man, had attained considerable prominence in Oregon. He and some of his follow- ers, adventurous spirits, went overland to the Willamette Valley and claimed free land. At the famous Champoeg meeting in May 1843, he and his Amer- ican followers opposed Father Blanchet and his French Canadians on the ques- tion of establishing a provisional Amer- {can government. According to tradl- tion, when the meeting was evenly di- vided, Joe roared for separation, and two Frenchmen sided with the Americans. To some extent, he was responsible for the first American government west of
1950 the Rockies. He became high sheriff, and later went to Washington to report the massacre of Marcus Whitman, as “Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary from the Republic of Oregon to the Court of the United States.” He never lacked humor, Meek hastened to Indiana to inform Lane of his appointment, and the two hurried overland to Oregon. They reached Oregon City by boat, and pro- claimed the Territorial government on March 8, 1849, the day before President Polk left office. The first Territorial legislature met at Oregon City on July 16, 1849. Oregon remained a Territory only 11 years, due to the great rush of popula- tion in the 1840’s and early 1850's. As Meek and the other men of Champoeg were electing officers, the first great wagon train for Oregon was gathering on the banks of the Missouri, at Inde- pendence. “Oregon or bust,” became the cry of thousands in the East and Middle West. By 1859 the population had soared to over 53,000. The cry for statehood became in- sistent, and in August and September 1857 a convention met at Salem to draft a constitution. On November 9 it was ratifled by popular vote, which went heavily against slavery, but also barred free Negroes from Oregon. A bill to ad- mit Oregon as a State was introduced in Congress, and was signed by President James Buchanan on February 14, 1859— the eleventh anniversary of the passage of the act establishing a Territorial gov- ernment. Oregon thus became the thirty-third State. The news reached Portland on March 15, Oregon City on the following day, and the State gov- ernment was formally organized on May 16, 1859. The first State Governor, John Whitaker, was inaugurated on March 3, and the legislative assembly already had met in 1858. Within a short time, October 1860, Oregon sent to the United States Sen- ate the brilliant orator, Edward Dickin- son Baker, an old friend of Abraham Lincoln. He campaigned successfully for Lincoln in Oregon in the Presidential election of 1860, and helped to squelch the secession movement on the Pacific coast. After a short service in the Sen- ate, he joined the Union Army, made a final appearance before the Senate in a colonel’s uniform, and was killed while leading a charge at the battle of Ball's Bluff, October 21, 1861. Baker City and County were named for him. Oregon was conceived in democracy, the first government was the result of a spontaneous popular movement. That tradition of democratic procedure sur- vived the frequent turbulence of persons and factions. Oregon naturally took a leading position in the crusade for greater popular control of government, which was a feature of the progressive movement of 40 years ago, William S. U’Ren, of Portland, a leader of that agi- tation on the west coast, headed a cam- paign which resulted in Oregon’s setting an example to the Nation. The State adopted the initiative and referendum for laws in 1902, the direct primary for choosing candidates in 1904, the recall of officials in 1908. These laws CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE together became known throughout the Nation as the “Oregon system.” Al- though naturally conservative, Oregon- jans early adopted some of America’s most advanced legislation, including a gasoline tax to pay for the 52,000 miles of fine highways. Oregon has avoided the unpopular sales tax, and was among the first States to adopt an income tax. Oregon was the pioneer of public edu- cation on the west coast. One of the first acts of the provisional government, in 1845, was to provide for free public schools. The Territorial legislature passed a school law in 1849, due in part to the influence of missionaries, who had been founding schools since the 1830's. One of them, the Reverend George H. Atkinson, has even been called the father of public education in Oregon. Before they became a State, Oregonians in 1858 organized their educational association. No-7 the State’s youth has a wide choice among public higher schools: The State university of Eugene, a State college at Corvallis, and three strategically located State teachers’ colleges. There are pri- vate universities and colleges of high standing, such as Willamette, Pacific, Portland, Linfield, Reed, and Lewis and Clark. Oregon has one of the highest literacy rates in the Nation, and the in- tclligence it suggests is one of the State's perennial attractions to outsiders look- ing for a home. For Oregon has never ceased to attract people. They are still coming: the popu- letion leaped from 1,089,000 in 1940 to 1,525,000 in 1948, an increase of 40 per- cent in less than a decade. The immi- grant tide is estimated at 600 families a month, It is said that since 1940 more people have entered Oregon than in the whole century after Lewis and Clark reached the Columbia. Even with this enormous migration, there is almost no unemployment, because the State has so much to offer the newcomers. To those who think of Oregon as the State of the fir tree and the salmon, it comes as @ surprise that it is one of the leading agricultural Commonwealths, The farm income in 1947 amounted to some $385,000,000. Salem is in the heart o: the rich Willamette farming region, where are raised berries, fruit, nuts, root crops, livestock, and turkeys. The fruit industry centers in Medford, home of the Comice pear, and a tourist center. On the well-watered delta lands of Tillamook and Coos Counties grow lush natural grasses, which support some of America’s finest herds of dairy cattle. The Tilla- mook premium cheddar cheese, manu- factured in model factories, is shipped all over the world, Farming in the drier southern and eastern counties depends largely upon irrigation. The irrigated lands of Kla- math, Malheur, and Deschutes produce netted gem potatoes, melons, and fruit— sometimes 600 sacks of potatoes per acre. Hood River County apples are world famous, as are Wasco County cherries. Oregon has over 1,100,000 acres under irrigation. Around Pendleton, in Uma- tilla County’s Blue Mountain country, stretch the wheatlands, The countryside out there is a checkerboard of green and yellow, as the fields produce canning peas and wheat in alternate years. Peas re- -_ 1819 vive soil depleted by wheat, and the crop brings in almost as much money. Mining has been a leading industry from pioneer days, as Oregon has vast mineral deposits, even now but slightly developed on a commercial scale. In 1947 mines produced between nine and ten million dollars’ worth of gold, silver, copper, lead, and nonmetallic minerals. The Beaver State is the Nation’s first producer of lumber. Eugene, in the Wil- lamette Valley, alone has 350 sawmills producing annually a billion feet of lum- ber. Since 1938 the State has held first place in lumber, and last year—1947— forest-products industries brought in nearly half a billion dollars of wealth. The 30,000,000 acres of forest land still have 364,000,000,009 feet of old-growth timber, consisting of Douglas fir, west- ern hemlock, ponderosa pine, Sitka spruce, and western red and Port Orford cedars. There are millions of acres in growing younger forests. The forests supply not only lumber but also plywood and pulp- wood and give employment to 176,000 people. From the tragic experience of others, the State has learned to conserve this natural resource. Forest-manage- ment programs, including many intro- duced by private owners of timber, are working the forests under the principle of sustained yield. Several large places, like Eugene, Coos Bay, and Gardiner, are largely dependent upon the lumber in- dustry, the State’s largest single source of income. The fishing industry has been carried on by the Indians for ages and now is world famous. Oregon had one of the first fish-packing plants in the Nation, established by Nathaniel J. Wycth in 1832. The Columbia River salmon and the tuna are the delight of sea-food lovers. Astoria and North Bend are de- voted to the industry. One of the many factors drawing peo- ple to Oregon is its bright industrial fu- ture, based upon hydroelectric power de- velopment. The world-renowned Bon- neville Dam—named for an explorer of Oregon—spans the Columbia about 30 miles above Portland and supplies cheap power to the lower Columbia and Willa- mette Valleys. At the present time seven huge dams are being built on the water- shed of the Willamette, to supply power for industries, contro! floods, provide ir- rigation, and prevent erosion. Another huge power dam near Pendleton will bear the name of Oregon's great United States Senator, Charles L. McNary. A large portion of the Nation’s unutilized water-power resources are in the streams of the Beaver State. The growing capital of this economic empire is Portland with its 450,00C souls-—nearly one-third of the State’s population. It is the outlet for a huge inland empire of forests, mines, ranches, and farms, comprising eastern Oregon, eastern Washington, and Idaho. It is not only one of the leading Pacific coast ports, but also a railroad and manufac- turing center, processing the products of the forest, farm, mine, and range, for consumers all over the world. All about Portland lies scenic Oregon, whose beauties attract the State's “third largest crop’—the tourists. In 1947 they
1820 came to spend $115,000,000 along roads like the Redwood Highway, and at Med- ford, Grants Pass, The Dalles, Mount Hood, and scores of other beauty spots. They take away with them not only the wonder and awe of a glorious scenic panorama, but also the impression of a State of good managers and homestead- ers—hospitable, friendly, industrious. For they have seen Oregon, still the land of the pioneer. Mr. BEALL. Mr. Speaker, I yield such time as he may desire to the gentleman from Iowa [Mr JENSEN]. Mr. JENSEN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my re- marks in the Recorp and include a speech I made at Baltimore last night. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Iowa? There was no objection. Mr. BEALL. Mr. Speaker, I yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from Michigan (Mr. SHAFER]. Mr. SHAFER. Mr. Speaker, the na- tional legislative committee, Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States, today charged that the intention of the Con- gress with respect to national security and the unified structure of the armed services is being thwarted by executive action on the part of the President, the Secretary of Defense, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The committee cites the case of the Marine Corps to which the Congress in 1947 had assigned the primary role of amphibious operations. Notwithstand- ing this announced intention of the Con- gress, the Joint Chiefs of Staff by ma- jority vote ordered Joint Army-Navy- Air Force amphibious operations in the Caribbean during 1950 but excluded units of the Fleet Marine Force from ac- tive participation therein. In a paral- lel action the Secretary of Defense ordered the budget for the Marine Corps for the fiscal year 1951 to refiect a sharp reduction in number of battalions in the two remaining marine divisions and al- most a 60-percent reduction in the num- ber of marine aviation squadrons. The committee raises the question as to how much of this piecemeal destruction of the Marine Corps is attributed to certain elements in the armed forces who bitterly opposed the assigned role of the Marine Corps in the National Security Act of 1947. The committee also cites the case of the Air Force which had been authorized 70 groups by the Congress. Notwith- standing this law, the President and the Secretary of Defense set about reallocat- ing the appropriations for National De- fense to suit their own ideas. As a result the Air Force today is having difficulty clinging to 48 groups and has been forced to curtail its tactical air arm so vital to the support needs of the Army Ground Forces. The cancellation of the prototype of the modern naval carrier by a 2 to 1 vote of the Joint Chiefs of Staff was also cited as a further example of thwarting the intention of the Congress which had appropriated funds for the construction of this vessel. The committee views these actions of the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff as indicating ominous CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE evolutionary progress toward the crea- tion of a Prussian-type general staff which would sound the death knell of our traditional civilian control of our armed services. The committee warns the Con- gress that it must proceed in forthright manner to restore the prestige of the Congress in matters relating to national defense. The attention of the Congress is in- vited to the mandates of the fiftieth national convention of the VFW pre- serving the amphibious functions of the Marine Corps, creating a 70-group air force, encouraging the development of naval aviation, and establishment of a system of universal military training as representing the voice of more than a million overseas veterans as to what con- stitutes a well-balanced national defense program. The committee urges the Congress to look beyond the statements of the Sec- retary of Defense, who contends that economy is being accomplished without sacrifice to our national defense, lest our whole defense structure proves little more than a house of cards when the hour of need arrives. Mr. McMILLAN of South Carolina. Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 minutes to the gentleman from Texas | Mr. GossEtT]. Mr. GOSSETT. Mr. Speaker, of course I am wholeheartedly in favor of the bill we have under consideration, but it strikes me as being a bit ironical that here on the day that we are incorporating the Girl Scouts of America in an effort to preserve the morality and the character of American youth, the Washington newspapers carry in blazing advertisements and cards on the street- cars announcing the grand opening of the movie film Stromboli glorifying a couple that have incensed the decency and morality of the world. Even the ad itself insults refined sensibility in proclaiming “Raging passions.” I want to take this opportunity to commend the ministers of the churches and the Christian people of this country who are secking to ban from the theaters of the land this outrageous film. I want to commend the distinguished Italian judge, the Vatican judge, who branded this film’s major characters for what they are and their activity for what it is. I want to commend particularly the Catholic Church. It was their legion of decency some years ago that started a campaign to clean up such indecencies in the movies. Morality, after all, is the big problem of any people, and a nation that glorifies prostitution, adultery, and the social sins that are so frequently portrayed in our movies, and particu- Jarly demonstrated in this film, should take note of the direction in which it 1s going. Righteousness exalteth a nation but sin is a reproach to any people. Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? Mr. GOSSETT. I yield. Mr. JOHNSON. I commend the gen- tleman most heartily for his statement and agree with him 100 percent. Mr. GOSSETT. I think certainly all of the gentlemen would agree. Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? Mr. GOSSETT,. I yield. FEBRUARY 15 Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Does it occur to you perhaps that all this pub- licity is merely to boost the sale of tickets for the show? Mr. GOSSETT. Oh, I am sure that is true, but we are commercializing vice and it is a reflection upon the character and integrity of the American people. The premiere is being held today in the Capital City of our Nation, here in the city of Washington, and we see this thing being ballyhooed on the very day that we are seeking to promote morulity in the youth of the land. Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. I agree in the views that the gentleman has ex- pressed, but I recall very distinctly in the community in which I lived in my earlier years, if you had an egg-sucking dog, he hid the shells and did not boast about his iniquities. Mr. NICHOLSON. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? Mr. GOSSETT. I yield. Mr. NICHOLSON. I compliment the gentleman on the statement of his ideas. I agree with him heartily. But these people who are connected with this are not Americans but foreigners, so why not leave the thing alone and not try to be nationalistic about it? Mr. GOSSETT. I might say that the leading theater proprietor in the great State of Texas, Mr. Carl Hobitzelle, has banned the showing of this picture in a great many of the theaters of Texas. He is to be commended, and I have writ- ten him congratulating him on_ his action. The SPEAKER. The time of the gen- tleman from Texas has expired. Mr. McMILLAN of South Carolina. Mr. Speaker, I yield such time as he may require to the gentleman from Michigan (Mr. Rasaut]. FEDERAL FAMILY SUPPORT ACT Mr. RABAUT. Mr. Speaker, today I am depositing on the Clerk’s desk a bill known as the Federal Family Support Act, I do this to join some of my col- leagues demanding that Congress take action against these galloping pappies, these abandoning fathers, who leave their homes to toss their wives and chil- dren into destitution. This abandoning of the home is an attack upon the very unit of society, and the Nation is no stronger than its homes. More than 1,000,000 American wives and children were deserted last year by fathers walking out and crossing State lines. Every 5 minutes, at least, one scoundrel crosses a State border to avoid supporting his wife and children, leaving the family destitute and costing the tax- payers $50,000,000 annually. No one can tell how much misery is caused by these runaway fathers, increasing malnutri- tion, illness, and juvenile crime. This is a criminal act but the present laws allow these abandoning fathers to get away with their crimes. It is time to put a stop to this injustice to mothers and children. In my opinion, this disregard for the se- curity of the family, the home, and the country should be a problem for the Fed- eral Government. Until legislation is en- acted to provide for the reciprocal en- forcement of support orders, these runa- way husbands and fathers will continue
1950 to make a mockery of justice. These gal- loping pappies must be taken in tow. Mr. McMILLAN of South Carolina. Mr. Speaker, I yield such time as he may desire to the gentleman from Arkansas (Mr. TAcCKETT]. Mr. TACKETT. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my re- marks in the Appendix of the REcorp in two instances and include editorials. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Arkansas? There was no objection. Mr. McMILLAN of South Carolina. Mr. Speaker, I yield such time as he may desire to the gentleman from Cali- fornia [Mr. PHILLIPS]. Mr. PHILLIPS of California. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my remarks in the Appendix of the Recorp and include a resolution and &@ speech. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from California? There was no objection. Mr. McMILLAN of South Carolina. Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 minutes to the genileman from New York [Mr. RoosE- VELT]. Mr. ROOSEVELT. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to speak out of order. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from New York? There was no objection. Mr. ROOSEVELT. Mr. Speaker, I be- lieve that tomorrow the FEPC Dill will come before the Rules Committee. I be- lieve there will be four Democrats and two Republicans in favor of the rule. As a Member of Congress and as a long- time advocate of this measure, I humbly call upon the remaining Republican members on the Rules Committee to abide by the long-standing tradition of their party and the platform of their party, and to join with the four Demo- crats who favor this rule to bring this measure to the floor. Mr. KEATING. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? Mr. ROOSEVELT. Not now. I notice that the distinguished ma- jority leader is present, sitting on my right. I would like to take this oppor- tunity to ask the distinguished gentle- man from Massachusetts, if the Rules Committee were to vote this measure out, whether and when he would program the measure. Mr. McCORMACK. That is a very fair question, and I am glad the gentle- man asked me. If the Rules Committee reports out a rule tomorrow, and I hope they do, it is my intention to program it the early part of next week. Mr. ROOSEVELT. I thank the gen- tleman. I yield back the remainder of my time, Mr. Speaker. Mr. KEATING. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield now? Mr. ROOSEVELT. I have yielded back the remainder of my time. Mr. BEALL. Mr. Speaker, I yield such time as he may require to the gentleman from California (Mr. ANDERSON]. Mr. ANDERSON of California. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ex- xcCvI—115 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE tend my remarks in the Appendix of the ReEcorp and include two communications. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Cali- fornia? There was no objection. Mr. BEALL. Mr. Speaker, I yield such time as she may require to the gentle- woman from Massachusetts [Mrs. Rocers]. Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. Speaker, I am sure that the Norton bill for the congressional incorporation of the Girl Scouts will pass the Congress. As a member of the national advisory coun- cil, Iam particularly glad the House will support this measure today. I hope there will not be a vote against it. There are Girl Scouts all over our great United States. They are in every city, every town, and every hamlet. They are a great power for good and unselfish living. This organization is one which commands our praise and of which America is very proud. Mr. McMILLAN of South Carolina. Mr. Speaker, I yield such time as he may desire to the gentleman from California (Mr. Houir1zLp]. Mr. HOLIFIELD. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my re- marks in the Appendix of the Recorp in two instances and to include extraneous matter. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Cali- fornia? There was no objection. Mr. McMILLAN of South Carolina. Mr. Speaker, I yield such time as he may desire to the gentleman from Oklahoma {[Mr. MONRONEY]. Mr. MONRONEY. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my re- marks in the Appendix of the REcorD and include a statement by Gov. Roy J. Turner, of Oklahoma. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Okla- homa? There was no objection. Mr. McMILLAN of South Carolina. Mr. Speaker, I yield such time as he may desire to the gentleman from West Vir- ginia [Mr. BurNsIpE]. Mr. BURNSIDE. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my re- marks in the Appendix of the REcorp and include a letter from the com- mander of the American Legion of the State of Texas. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from West Virginia? There was no objection. Mr. BEALL. Mr. Speaker, I yield such time as he may desire to the gentleman from Wisconsin [Mr. Davis]. , Mr. DAVIS of Wisconsin. Mr. Speak- er, I ask unanimous consent to extend my remarks in the Appendix of the Rec- orp and include a newspaper article. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Wis- consin? There was no objection. Mr. BEALL. Mr. Speaker, I yield such time as he may desire to the gentleman from New York [Mr. KEATING]. Mr. KEATING. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my re- 1821 marks in the Appendix of the Rrcorp and include a tribute to Susan B. An- thony, a woman of consecrated purpose. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from New York? There was no objection. Mr. BEALL. Mr. Speaker, I yield such time as he may desire to the gentleman from Pennsylvania (Mr. Hueu D. Scorr, JR.1. Mr. HUGH D. SCOTT, JR. Mr. Speak- er, I ask unanimous consent to extend my remarks at this point in the REcorp and include extraneous matter. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Pennsylvania? There was no objection. Mr. HUGH D. SCOTT, JR. Mr. Speak- er, the city of Philadelphia has had a fair-employment practices commission since March 12, 1948. The ordinance has worked so well that I think it may be interesting to include at this point the report of the commission to the mayor of Philadelphia under date of June 1, 1949. It is especially to be noted that notwithstanding enforcement pro- visions in the ordinance that every com- plaint has been disposed of to date by the commission itself without resort to any of the enforcement procedures. The report follows: Crry OF PHILADELPHIA, Farr EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES CommMIsSION, Philadelphia, Pa., June 1, 1949. The Honorable Brrnarp SAMUEL, Mayor, the Members of City Counctl, City Hall, Philadelphia, Pa. GenTLEMEN’ It is now a year since the fair employment practice commission was organized and began functioning. We are submitting, therefore, a report on our activi- ties and expertence. It should be recalled that the commission operated without a budget until November 1, 1948. The situation meant that appotint- ment of a full staff and complete organiza- tion necessarily carried over into the begin- ning of 1949. We believe that considerable progress has been made, nevertheless, in correcting unfair employment practices, and that there has been an effective impact on the community through our educational pro- gram. Change in the economic climate that may lead to reduction in employment opportunt- ties will greatly add to the work load and responsibility of the commission and its staff. We feel it is our duty, however, to be ready to meet all problems that may arise in our field and to work for solutions and adjustments in keeping with the goals set up in the ordinance. Respectfully submitted. Tue Farr EMPLOYMENT PRACTICE ComMISSION, GeEraLp F. F.ioop, Chairman. Louis B. F. Raycrort, Secretary. NORMAN BLUMBERG. F. Corris Davis. TANNER G. DUCKREY. Two PHILADELPHIA STORIES Mrs. Smith worked in a shop where both white and colored power-machine operators were employed. All were sewing garments. Mrs. Smith noticed that more and more of the larger, heavier garments were being os- signed to her. They were hard to handle and slowed up her production. Since she was on a piecework basis, her pay dwindled. Tho other Negro operators had the same expe- rience. The white operators were getting
1822 the smaller, lighter garments. Their pro- duction was higher and their take-home pay was larger. It looked like discrimination. Mrs. Smith went to the Philadelphia Fair Employment Practice Commission in city hall. A field representative of the commis- sion interviewed her; then consulted the union of which she was & member; and then saw the employer. The employer said he knew nothing about the alleged practice. But on checking the work records, time cards, and pay rolis, he found that the facts bore our Mrs. Smith's story. There was a conference of the employer, a commission representative, and an official of the union. The commission's representative empha- sized that the principle of the law was equal treatment for all employees; white or col- ored, Protestant, Catholic, or Jewish, native- born or foreign-born. The fleld representa- tive found that the employer was in com- plete agreement with these provisions of the ordinance and that the firm’s employment policy was one of hiring according to quali- fications without regard to race, color, or na- tional origin. It became clear that the foreman in charge of assigning the work to the operators was responsible for the discrimination. The employer ordered the unfair practice stopped and instructed the foreman to distribute the work equitably among all workers regardless of their race, religion, or national origin. Two weeks later Mrs. Smith reported that her work assignments were satisfactory and her weekly pay had increased. The XYZ Corp. manufactures low-price consumers’ goods. They are in wide demand in Philadelphia and are distributed directly through neighborhood stores. The fair employment practice commission received a charge of unlawful discrimination in employment by the corporation. A large civic organization was interested and re- ported that rumors of such discrimination by the corporation had been widespread among its membership for some time. The staff of the commission investigated the charge. Conferences were held with offi- cials of the firm. The investigation and con- ferences disclosed people of various religious beliefs, racial strains, and national origins working harmoniously under the firm’s pol- icy of hiring and promoting on merit alone. It was clear that there was no sound basis for the charge. The officials were awaro of the rumors circulating in the community and of the harm to the firm's business, but were at a loss for a way to refute them. The commission dismissed the charge as groundless. A report was made to the execu- tives of the civic organization with a recom- mendation that their membership be in- formed of the commission’s findings. These are just 2 of the 204 cases the Phila- delphia Fair Employment Practice Commis- sion has handled during its first year of operation. PHILADELPHIA PASSES THE FAIR EMPLOYMENT PRACTICE ORDINANCE The city takes action For many years Philadelphia had been ex- periencing the same kind of stirring on be- half of civil rights that was going on in other parts of the country. A ground swell of com- munity feeling behind a fair-employment- practice law had been building up through- out the city for several years. It climaxed on January 15, 1948, when Councilmen Schwartz, Garman, Sullivan, and Armstrong introduced an ordinance to outlaw discrimination in employment because of race, religion, color, national origin, or ancestry, and to establish the fair-employment-practice commission. On February 19, 1948, a public hearing on the proposed ordinance was held. Business- men, spokesmen for labor, schools and col- leges, racial and religious groups testified to the need for and the varied popular support of a fair-employment-practice measure for Philadelphia. On March 11, 1948, the city council unanimously passed the ordinance. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE On March 12, 1948, upon the mayor’s ap- proval, it became law. What the ordinance provides Under the terms of the ordinance, em- ployers, employment agencies, and labor unions are forbidden, prior to employment, registration, or admission to membership, to make any inquiry concerning or record of the race, color, religion, national origin, or an- cestry of applicants. They are also forbid- den to establish employment or membership qualifications or quotas, or otherwise to dis- criminate against any person with respect to referral, hire, tenure, promotion, or condl- tions of employment because of the same criteria. Newspapers may not print adver- tisements specifying qualifications within these categories. No one may interfere with fair employment practices. (Federal and State agencies are not covered. Nor does the ordinance apply to fraternal, sectarian, charitable, or religious organizations, or to persons employed in personal and confiden- tial positions or in domestic service.) Employment on merit is the heart of the ordinance. The law is based on the concept that opportunity to compete freely for jobs without discrimination is a civil right; that no one may be dented the right to work because of race, color, religion, national origin, or ancestry. THE FAIR EMPLOYMENT PRACTICE ORDINANCE IN ACTION The men behind the action The commission ts the executive arm of the ordinance. It is empowered to receive, investigate, and adjust charges involving dis- crimination in employment. It may hold hearings and issue orders in support of its findings. Five commissioners are provided by the ordinance, three appointed by the mayor and two appointed by the president of city coun- ell. They serve without compensation. The chairman of the commission is Gerald F. Flood, judge of common pleas court No. 6. The secretary is Louis B. F. Raycroft, for many years in business, now coordinator for the Bureau of Veterans’ Reemployment Rights, United States Department of Labor. The other members are Norman Blumberg, vice president of the Central Labor Union of Philadelphia (AFL); F. Curtis Davis, at- torney, county adjutant of American Vet- erans of World War II; and Tanner G. Duck- rey, assistant to the board of superintendents of the Philadelphia public schools. The commission was appointed and held its first meeting on May 24, 1948. It has met regularly since that time to discuss and pass on cases and to formulate policy. Until November 1 the work of the commission office was carried on by Secretary Raycroft, with the aid only of a clerk loaned by the mayor. On October 22 city council made an appropriation of $8,500 for the commls- sion's use during the last 2 months of 1948. Later an appropriation of $49,700 was made for 1949. These appropriations made pos- sible the appointment of a staff and the development of an educational program. The commission at work Every case is handled on an individual ba- sis. A charge is made on an official form. It is promptly investigated by a staff field rep- resentative. The first step is to determine the validity of the charge. For instance, an applicant for a job feels that he has been un-~ fairly discriminated against. It must be de- termined, insofar as possible, whether the in- cident and surrounding facts are true as re- ported. This may involve checking work his- tory and qualifications of the applicant. If no probable validity for the grievance ap- pears, there is no occasion for contact with the respondent, and the charge may be dis- missed. One side having been heard, the next step is to get the story of the employer or the union, A conference is arranged, the charge is explained, and the problem 1s fully dis- FEBRUARY 15 cussed. Are there omissions in the com- plainant’s story? What is the employer's or union’s version? If discrimination has oc- curred in some department of the firm, pos- stbly the employer was not aware of it. Does he know of the existence of the fatr-employ- ment practice ordinance? Whatever the combination of factors, every effort is made to get at the truth of the matter. If no dis- crimination is indicated, and the charge 1s found to be groundless, the case will be dis- missed. When discrimination is indicated, an adjustment is attempted. The case will be closed when a satisfactory adjustment has been reached. If there is no satisfactory set- tlement, the commission can call a public hearing and make an appropriate order which is enforceable by a court. The employer sets his own hiring stand- ards, which the fair-employment practice or- dinance respects so long as these standards are not based on race, religion, or ancestry. If unlawful criteria are used, however, and there is evidence of discrimination in hiring, upgrading, or discharge from a job, a change in practice is required before a case is termi- nated satisfactorily. Our experience has shown that employment patterns can be changed without friction or personnel un- rest. The conference method Talks are carried on informally and in con- fidence. Patient efforts are made to settle all differences harmoniously, in conference, by conciliation and persuasion. Thus far, the Philadelphia commission has had the same experience as Other communities which have fair-employment practice laws; the commission has not found it necessary to call a hearing, nor to certify a case for court action. Each case presents different problems of approach and treatment. Cases are handled carefully but with dispatch. The informa- tion and statements given by all parties are held in complete confidence in accordance with the Commission's policy of not identify= ing its cases, The impact on the community The psychological reach of the Philadelphia Fair Employment Practice Commission is in- creasing. Copies of the ordinance and edue cational literature, the activities of the com- mission and its personnel are reaching more and more people. Conferences with indus- trial, labor, and other community leaders to discuss the facts and implications of the ordi- nance are under way. Furthermore, charges of discrimination afford the commission an opportunity to talk to employers, unions, and employment agencies about the ordinance and the principle of employment on merit. It should be underscored that the commis- sion does not prejudge any employer, union, or firm. The aim ts to enlist the cooperation of employers, labor unions, and employment agencies. The approach of the commission is constructive, not punitive. EDUCATION UNDER THE ORDINANCE The use of law to check discrimination The commission accepts the proposition that prejudice cannot be legislated out of existence. The commission equally accepts the often demonstrated fact that manifesta- tions of that prejudice—overt acts of dis- crimination—can be checked by a law with means of enforcement. When a charge is brought, the law becomes the occasion for explaining the goal of the ordinance—employment practices based on fairness and merit. The staff representatives of the commission have an opportunity to talk with the employer, the manager, or the labor union official. The give and take of the conference table enables the parties con- cerned to get a lot of things “off their chests.” Feelings and misconceptions are brought out into the open. As a result, the case is generally adjusted to the satisfaction of the people directly in- volved. But the gain is even greater. The
1950 likelihood that other incidents of discrimina- tion will arise in the same place is reduced, and employment opportunities are opened for others among the groups previously discrim- inated against. There are plants, firms, and organizations where discrimination because of race, re- ligion, or national origin is not the delib- erate expression of prejudice. Here, over the years, patterns of employment have grown up which exclude members of particular ra- Cial or religious groups. The desire to main- tain existing and familiar traditions and the usual resistance to change help to perpetuate the patterns. The law is the instrument which can check that practice of arbitrary exclusion. Properly applied it makes equal opportunity a4 reality for all qualified people. The use of education to reduce prejudice and fears For the employer and the worker discrimi- nation is frequently rooted in prejudice or in fear. It may be fear of loss of business, or fear of labor trouble, or fear of change. Both prejudice and these untested fears tend to evaporate when people work together and get to know each other better. Knowledge that fair-employment practices work success- fully also tends to abate such fears. The commission makes this possible through its educational program. It seeks to produce a willingness to try working side by side. It supplies the facts for Knowing and under- standing people of varying racial or religious groups or national origins. The most far-reaching provision of the fair employment practice ordinance its that which requires the commission to work out and im- plement a comprehensive educational pro- gram. Operation of the commission's educational program The commission's educational activity be- gan in June 1948 with the investigation of the first charge, because the contacts and conferences with the parties involved in charges are of educational value. The ac- tual planning and formulation of a commu- nity-wide educational program began in No- vember 1948 when the commission was able to secure an executive staff. A varied pro- gram has been developed having two main purposes. First, to inform the public about the fair employment practice law and how the commission operates under it. Second, to reach the thinking and attitudes within the community so as to eliminate and pre- vent prejudice and discrimination. Employers, labor organizations, civic groups, schools, and religious organizations are slowly becoming part of the Philadelphia fair employment educational mainstream. Requests are constantly coming in for the commissioners and staff to appear for ex- planation and clarification of the ordinance at public gatherings. Since November they have filled more than 75 such requests, ap- pearing before industrial business and labor groups, civic and fraternal organizations, in churches, synagogues, and schools. They have appeared before legislative bodies and in connection with national and patriotic celebrations. Outstanding citizens have been called upon to help spread the word about the FEPC. The community is re- sponding The commission has written to many in- dustrial and business firms, employment agencies, labor groups, and religious, civic, and educational institutions advising them of its operation and program. About 10,000 abstracts outlining the substance of the ordinance have been distributed. Five thousand posters in color are being placed in stores, plants, union offices, and institu- tions. These posters indicate that in Phila- delphia the right to employment on merit ts protected by law. A 6-page illustrated folder has been cir- culated describing the spirit and meaning CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE of the ordinance. In response to requests from employers, unions, schools, churches, and various organizations more than 100,000 copies of the folder have been distributed throughout the city. By proclamation of the mayor, the week of March 18-19 was observed as Fair Employ- ment Week. This marked the first anniver- sary of the passage of the Philadelphia Fair Employment Practice ordinance. Local radio stations cooperated by sponsoring more than 20 special programs. The commission held open house at its City Hall offices on March 15, to give Philadelphians a chance to meet and talk with commissioners and staff mem- bers. All the daily and weekly newspapers were unusually helpful in keeping the news of the fair employment practices commis- sion before the public. They carried news, feature stories, and editorials on the work of the commission. Further educational channels are being opened. Educational authorities have met with commission representatives to plan im- plementation of the commission's educa- tional program through their institutions. Meetings are also being held with industrial, labor, and other organizations to explore avenues for making the educational program effective. EFFECTS OF 1 YEAR OF OPERATION OF THE COMMISSION Results of adjustment process The commission is required to seek to ad- just all complaints of unfair employment practices forbidden by the ordinance. Dur- ing the past year it has received 204 charges of discrimination against employers, labor organizations, employment agencies, and ad- vertisers. Using the adjustment process, the commission has already closed 155 charges to the satisfaction of all the parties con- cerned. Besides eliminating the grievances, the ad- justment of these cases also had another im- mediate result. Job opportunities opened in firms and stores for people who were previ- ously not accepted because of their race, religion, or national origin. For instance, in certain of the smaller central city shops only white salespeople had been traditionally em- ployed. Then a charge was brought against one of the stores. In adjusting it, the com- mission also reached a group of the retail shops in the area. Negro salespeople were employed and openings were created among the entire group of stores. A similar result occurred in connection with membership in some unions where colored applicants found admission difficult. The adjustment process brought contact with the union officials who took steps to correct the condition. Another source of complaints that called for adjustment was the presence of discriml- natory questions on employment application forms. Both firms and employment agencies were involved. The commission's requests for correction or elimination of the unlawful items were readily complied with. Moreover, the result was frequently greater than mere correction of a printed form. From correc- tion of the application blank the discussion led to the content and manner of the pre- employment interview. The commission was asked for suggestions and materials to make the interview conform with the ordinance. Thus the adjustment process led directly to educational activity. The outcome was in the direction of the ultimate goal—elimina- tion of discrimination in employment based on race, color, religion, national origin or ancestry. The measurable influence of the adjust- ment process is far greater than simply the number of charges received and handled. Not only the complainants and respondents named in the charges are affected. In the case of some firms or unions the number of 1823 employees or members runs into the thou- sands. The contacts made by the commis- sion and its staff with the complainant and respondent affect all the employees of the firm or all the members of the union tn the case. A true measure of the commission's activities must take all of these elements into account, Employment polictes and patterns In the year that has passed since the first meeting of the commission a real Impact on the community has been made. The ordi- nance was itself the first factor. The sanc- tion of legal enactment strengthened the hands of those whose fair-employment prac- tices antedated the ordinance. The work of the commission has been greatly helped by the cooperation of many groups. The Philadelphia press as well as its advertisers were prompt in carrying out both the lotter and spirit of the ordinance. Their cooperafion has resulted in the virtual dis- appearance of “Help wanted" advertisements mentioning race, religion, or national origin. Similarly, through the cooperation of the Bell Telephone Co. of Pennsylvania, ciscrim- inatory advertising by employment agencies has been eliminated from the 1949 issue of the Philadelphia classified telephone di- rectory. Generally the inclusion of items about race, religion, or nationality on application forms has been reduced Many department stores and specialty shops now have Negro personne] !n sales po- sitions, as cashiers, and in the general cleri- cal field. Employment of colored workers in chain stores, public utilities, and in at least one large insurance company is expanding. The integration of Negroes in AFL and CIO unions has been stimulated. The employment of Negro youth has in- creased since the advent of the Philadelphia fair employment practice ordinance. This is shown by figures compiled by the employ- ment certificating service of the division of public personnel and counseling of the board of public ecucation. The percentago of Ne- gro youth to receive employment certificates has increased markedly during the first quar- ter of 1949 over the same period of 1948. Moreover their employment opportunities have improved not only in number but also in quality. During this first year the corrective and educational activities of the commission have begun to show a salutary effect. Employ- ment policies and patterns do reflect a les- sening of discrimination because of race, re- ligion, or national origin against people fre- quently referred to as minority groups. However, not only minority groups but all Philadelphians will benefit by the operation of the law. For the commission’s experience indicates the growth of a@ basic idea in the minds of Philadelphians—the idea that every individual is to be considered on the basis of his qualifications alone. Thus the law serves all citizens: white or colored, Protestant, parole, or Jewish, native-born or foreign- orn. Fatr employment 1s good business At the end of a year’s activities a number of things have become clear. The principles of equal Job opportunity and employment on merit are based on tested knowledge that dis- crimination ig uneconomic. The effect of diecrimination on the worker is reduction of his income, inability to utilize all of his training, knowledge, and skill, as well as per- sonal frustration and loss of self-esteem. Where a fair employment practice law operates the untapped skills of thousands of workers are utilized more and more. That law assures to employers an enlarged lahor market without interfering with their right to hire the best qualified persons available. For employers and for the community the practice of fair employment is good business.
1824 TOWARD INTEGRATION IN PHILADELPHIA The Philadelphia Fair Employment Prace tice Commission does not operate in a vac- uum. Philadelphia is fortunate in having had many individuals and organizations with &@ deep concern for better human relations. Today it 1s a commonplace for students of government to recommend strong citizens’ movements to accompany governmental pro- grams. In no field is there greater need for this type of effort than in the area of fair employment. Every institution in Philadelphia has an important part in achieving the goal of the FEPC's educational program—the elimina- tion and prevention of prejudice and dls- crimination based upon race, color, religion, national origin, or ancestry. Not only indus- try and labor organizations, but employment agencies, the press and radio, have vital roles. The same is true of our schools and colleges, our health and welfare agencies, and in par- ticular their vocational counseling services. The ultimate success of our common effort will be hastened to the degree that all of us are committed to the principle and the prac- tice of employment on merit. APPENDIX STATISTICAL BUMMARY Taple I—Number of charges, June 1, 1948, to May 31, 1949 Number closed ._..---~---------------- 155 Number under investigation.....------ 49 Total number received_-----.---- 204 TABLE II.—Analysis of charges received Porcent Number | of total A. Source: Individuals __.....-.-.-.-- 143 7 Clivie organizations... ...- 26 3 Tnitinted by vominission_._ 7 8 Labor organizations....._-- 8 4 100 B, Bas'sof alleged discrimmation / Raee or color.....--------- 116 57 Religion ...-..---- ------ a 2 National origin or ancestry ~ 2 14 Total.....--.-.2--------- 204 100 C. Type of discriminatory act - a charged> Employment refused. ..... vit) 34 Application form unlawfu.. 48 2 Upgrading refused wee 23 iH Disertminatory advertise- Went. ....------------ ees 16 & Union membership refused _ 15 8 Dismissal_-..-22..--. 0 --+ 12 6 Referral. by union hiring hall refused. __.---------- é 4 Referral by employment agency refused... ------ 5 2 Discriminatory work as- § slgnment -- weeee v5 ft 5 2 eniority sgainst luy-o' denied. anew een cee tern eee 2 1 Total. ccecsencececcee+ 204 100 Number | Number of of re- charges |spondents D Tyre of respondents: Business and trado......-- 64 62 Employment agencl Commercial. ... 26 15 Publie....------------- 4 1 Labor organizations......- 27 li Governmental] employers. . 17 9 Utilities and transporta- thon... eeeeeee ee ee nee 16 5 Construction..... 14 2 Manufacturing 12 7 Hotels and restaurants... - 5 4 4 2 2 13 13 204 137 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE Taste II.—Analysis of charges closed Pereent Number | of total Bas!s of closing: Satisfactory adjustment... _-- 97 88 No evidence of discrimination. 27 17 No Jurisdictlon._.....-..--.--- 14 9 Insufficient evidence of dis- erlmination........-... ---- 12 8 Withdrawn by complainant... 5 3 Total. - 222 e eee nen seen 165 100 Mr. BEALL. Mr. Speaker, I yield such time as he may desire to the gentleman from Oregon [Mr. Norsap). Mr. NORBLAD. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my re- marks in the Appendix of the ReEcorp and include a letter. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Oregon? There was no objection. Mr. BEALL. Mr. Speaker, I yield such time as he may desire to the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. MartTIN), Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ex- tend my remarks in the Recorp and in- clude two articles by Robert Montgomery on excise taxes. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Massachusetts? There was no objection. Mr. BEALL. Mr. Speaker, I yield such time as he may desire to the gentleman from New Jersey [Mr. CANFIELD]. Mr. CANFIELD. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my remarks in the Recorp and include an editorial. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from New Jersey? There was no objection. PROGRAM FOR THE BALANCE OF THE WEEK Mr. BEALL. Mr. Speaker, I yield such time as he may require to the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. MartTIN]. Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. Mr. Speaker, I wish to inquire of the ma- jority leader what the program is for the balance of the week. Mr. McCORMACK. There is no pro- gram for the rest of the week. I am glad that the gentleman raised the ques- tion so that I can advise the Members what they may expect and govern them- selves accordingly. I may say that after the Committee on the District of Columbia has disposed of its business today, if the House will permit—and it can be done only by unanimous consent—I hope that the gentleman from Illinois [Mr. O’HarA] may be recognized. He has an hour’s special order which he wishes to use in connection with a commemoration of the Spanish-American War. He is one of four Members of the House who, I un- derstand, served in the Spanish-Amer- ican War. In making the consent re- quest I want the House to know that it has no other objective in mind; in other words, there will be no further call of committees on the calendar after the Committee on the District of Columbia has disposed of its legislative business FEBRUARY 15 for the day. Rather than a motion to adjourn being made, I hope the gentle- man from Ilinois (Mr. O’Hara] will be permitted to proceed. Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. I yield. Mr. SMITH of Virginia. May I ask the distinguished majority leader if it is intended that Washington’s Farewell Ad- dress be read on the 22d of February? Mr. McCORMACK. I shall make that request at the proper time. Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Is it the in- tention of the leadership to take any steps to see that that is done, other than merely to submit a request? Mr, McCORMACK. In turn, may I ask the gentleman from Virginia a ques- tion which I think is very pertinent? Assuming that FEPC does not come up— and we are now merely talking over the matter of procedure—assuming it does not come up before next Wednesday, is it the intention of the gentleman from Virginia and other Members to use the reading of Washington’s Farewell Ad- dress for dilatory purposes by making points of no quorum during the reading of the address? Or will the reading be permitted to proceed without interrup- tion? Mr. SMITH of Virginia. The gentle- man has asked a very pertinent ques- tion, a very honest question, a very fair question, which I will answer with equal candor. If I may be permitted to say so, the reading of Washington’s Farewell Address has been a time-ordered prece- dent of this House, and I think it would be a terrible thing to go out to the coun- try that it would not be done this year; I think it would bring a very bad reac- tion entirely apart from any lhttle squab- ble we may have here about a matter over which we may differ. Mr. McCORMACK. I agree with the gentleman; my thoughts are the same as his in that regard. Mr. SMITH of Virginia. Accordingly I would be perfectly willing to enter into an agreement that, as far as I am con- cerned, there will be no effort to use the reading of the address for any ulterior motive. Mr. McCORMACK. I think it would be unfortunate if it were used for any other purpose, and I think that can be very easily worked out. It would be most regrettable to have the reading of Wash- ington’s Farewell Address made the basis for dilatory tactics while the message itself was being read. What might hap- pen afterward is a different proposition, but once the reading of the message starts I think we should have an under- standing that there would be no point of order raised during its reading. I hope that can be arranged for. Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts. I thank the gentleman. INCORPORATING GIRL SCOUTS Mr. BEALL. Mr. Speaker, I yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from New York (Mr. Javits). Mr. JAVITS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to revise and extend my remarks and to speak out of order,
1950 The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from New York? There was no objection. Mr. JAVITS. Mr. Speaker, we have now heard from the gentleman from Mississippi as well as the gentleman from New York on the question of the FEPC. I invite the gentlemen, who are constitu- tionalists here, and who are struggling hard—and many of the distinguished gentlemen from the South agree that it is one of the first tenets of their faith— ie sustain character and the Constitu- ion-—— Mr. NICHOLSON. Mr. Speaker, I make the point of order that the gentle- man is proceeding out of order; that he must ask for the right to do it. The SPEAKER. The gentleman made such a request, and it was granted. Mr. NICHOLSON. I did not hear it, Mr. Speaker. Mr. JAVITS. Mr. Speaker, I call attention to the first sentence on the second page of this report about incor- porating the Girl Scouts which reads as follows: The emphasis upon democratic methods and procedures and the ideals of loyalty and service to God and country, which it incul- cates, makes Girl Scouting one of the bul- warks of the American way of life. Mr. Speaker, I submit that the tension which has arisen in this Chamber is nat attributable to the debate on the merits of FEPC. That will come in due time. It is attributable only to an effort, ob- viously a well-planned effort, to keep the FEPC from being considered by the greatest deliberative body in the world— that has caused the tension and the re- sentment. An adherence to the constitutional processes upon which all Americans rely—especially minorities, and I empha- size that, for we must remember that there are not only minorities of color but there are minorities of opinion as well—dictates that this question be brought up and disposed of according to democratic procedures called for by the Constitution. Opposition to the FEPC substantively is the right of any Member, no matter how much any of the rest of us may disagree, but I think those of us who are for FEPC have a right to feel that according to the procedures of the Con- gress, the operation of which js now long overdue on the FEPC measure, it ought to be brought up now for debate and a vote. The gentleman from New York [Mr. RoosEvELT] said that he would like to see the Rules Committee vote out a rule on it. I would too. Yet I call the at- tention of my colleague to the fact that there are four ways at least in which a measure can come to the floor for con- sideration. First, by rule, and we can appeal to the individual consciences of members on the Rules Committee. But we can also appeal to the individual con- science of every Member of the House be- cause there are two discharge petitions on the Speaker’s desk. It is entirely in order to sign both of them, and signature by 218 Members would bring the meas- ure on the floor of the House for con- sideration. Then we all know we have CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE the 21-day rule under which the Speaker can recognize the chairman of the ap- propriate committee; this is in practice a matter within the Speaker’s discretion. Also we have Calendar Wednesday which if not impeded in a way to prevent the measure from coming up will bring the FEPC bill on the floor. So, Mr. Speaker, I appeal to those who believe, and I think sincerely, that they are devoted to the constitutional system and who in- voke it often, to at this time lay some of their feelings aside and let the Con- stitution operate by permitting the FEPC bill to be brought up. We will argue the merits if and when it {fs up for considera- tion. Members may then vote for or against. But the Congress will have had a constitutional opportunity to consider and vote on FEPC. That is all anyone has a right to argue about at this time. Mr. CARROLL. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? Mr. JAVITS. I yield to the gentleman from Coloradu. Mr. CARROLL. Does not the gentle- man feel that under the circumstances if a rule were granted, to emphasize the very points that the gentleman from Mississippi feels so strongly about, then we could work our will upon this im- portant legislation? If we do not do so, it comes up on Calendar Wednesday and, necessarily as a result of dilatory tactics, only for a few hours’ debate. The proper way to do it, it seems to me, is to bring out arule, The gentleman from Missis- sippi makes his own point. If we bring out this important piece of legislation by rule, we can take hours or days or weeks, if it is necessary. Mr. JAVITS. I deprecate the politi- cal undertones which arise, which nec- essarily arise, from a plea for a rule. I think we have a right to say to those on the Democratic side: ‘You should use your persuasions, even on the south- ern Democrats, to get a rule,” just as those on the Republican side must do all possible to persuade t!.e Republicans on the Rules Committee. But I do not believe that there should be the impli- cation that it is the fault of the Re- publicans or the fault of liberal Demo- crats a rule is not reported out. There- fore, I appeal here not to the conscience alone of two Republicans or four south- ern Democrats; I appeal to the con- science of every Member of the House to sign the discharge petitions, then we are sure of getting FEPC out for a vote without further appeals. Mr. BEALL. Mr. Speaker, I yield such time as he may desire to the gentleman from Michigan [Mr. SHAFER]. Mr. SHAFER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my re- marks in the Recorp in three instances, in two to include newspaper articles. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Mich- igan? There was no objection. Mr. BEALL. Mr. Speaker, I yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from Michi- gan (Mr. HorrmMan]. Mr, HOFFMAN of Michigan, Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to re- vise and extend my remarks and to pro- ceed out of order. 1825 The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Michigan? There was no objection. Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. Speaker, I notice the pending bill does not contain any provision against dis- crimination because of race, creed, color, or state of origin. I do not know why that was left out, nor why an amend- ment was not offered by the advocates of FEPC. There is more than one question in this proposed FEPC legislation. There is the fundamental question as to whether we are to have legislation pro- hibiting discrimination because of the reasons as stated in the bill, and then there is the question of how we are to prevent discrimination 1f 1t occurs. My position on FEPC was made clear 10 years ago, and I see no reason to change it. EI am against that type of legislation, and expect to hold to that opinion. But, if those who favor this kind of legislation really want it, why is it they do not follow the procedure which has given justice, equality to other groups or individuals who are wronged? We all know that our courts, our judges, our juries over the years have given us a way of getting justice, get- ting a remedy for a wrong, that is fair and beyond anything that has ever been developed in any other country, and I do not except even England. Why Is it that instead of writing a law providing that if a man be discriminated against when he sought employment be- cause of race, creed, color, state of origin—why is it that instead of writing that kind of a law and giving the indi- vidual so discriminated against a remedy in the local courts, a court where he can appear before a local judge, before a jury of his peers, have his case judged on the merits—I say, why is it that no one will listen to that kind of procedure? Several years ago a bill of that kind was introduced by me. It got no atten- tion. It is still pending—ready for adop- tion. It can be before the House any time the House wants it. Why is it we do not use the old tried adequate way of remedying a wrong? Is it because we are determined to have some new ex- pensive arbitrary Government agency? An agency biased and prejudiced—and I make that statement advisedly, as the Labor Board in the old days. As in the beginning of the administration of the Wagner law? Is it because we want some particular individuals, some individuals with a particular belief and policy, to administer the law? Well do I remember when the gentle- man from Virginia [Mr. SMITH], as chairman of a special committee of the House, conducted hearings which had to do with the manner in which the then President’s Commission on FEPC was ad- ministering the program. And, what did we find? We found that 59 percent of the jobs and 55.8 percent of the total funds of that agency were given to col- ored individuals, while that group was but then 9 percent of the population. Now, is that what the advocates of this proposed legislation want? Is_ that their goal? Is that what the advocates
1826 of this legislation want—special privi- leges, special administration through a Government agency which will give not only equality to them, but special priv- lege, special benefits, and which will put other groups—as the gentleman from Mississippi [Mr. RANKIN] once said, and I do not always agree with all he says—a group that needs protection in this coun- try, the white tax-paying Gentiles—at a disadvantage—discriminated against. I do not adopt his suggestion, but I do call your attention to the fact that that is what he said. And, if we get the wrong kind of a commission or agency who is going to be denied equality? Employers will be at the mercy of a Government agency which will exploit them—a voting minority—in favor of a voting majority. Who was denied equality under the Wagener Act? The employer was denied the right of free speech. You remember the act. No use to rehearse all the spe- cial advantages given organized labor— given labor until today it is in a position to, and does by Nation-wide strikes, threaten the public health and welfare. Is that what they want? Mr. POWELL. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Yes; I yield to the gentleman from New York, whose sincerity I admire. Mr. POWELL. If the enforcement power of the FEPC was placed in the hands of a court, as the gentleman sug- gested, would he then be for FEPC? Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. I intro- duced such a bill. Mr. POWELL. I am happy to know the record shows the gentleman is for FEPC. Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. No; that is not the situation—that the bill would give us everything good that may be in the proposed FEPC idea without its evils. That bill was introduced to give a better, more palatable remedy as so often I have had to take a dose of bitter medicine which I did not like, and al- ways I tried to sugar-coat it a little bit. I believe that kind of a bill would give all you desire and in some measure protect the rest of the people. Mr. McMILLAN of South Carolina, Mr. Speaker, I yield 1 minute to the gen- tleman from North Carolina [Mr. Dur- HAM]. Mr. DURHAM. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my re- marks in the Appendix of the RrEcorp and include an article on cigarettes. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from North Carolina? There was no objection. Mr. McMILLAN of South Carolina. Mr. Speaker, I yield the remainder of my time to the gentleman from Colorado [Mr. CARROLL]. Mr. CARROLL. Mr. Speaker, I take these remaining seconds to answer the remarks of the gentleman from New York (Mr. Javits]. I had no intention of injecting anything political into my discussion. I was merely trying to em- phasize that it seemed to me, in view of the admission of the gentleman from Misstssippi, who indicated that the time had come when we were going to meet the FEPC issue, that, not referring solely CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE to the Republican members of the Rules Committee but also to some of our south- ern Democrats, from their standpoint they would receive fairer consideration of an important piece of legislation under the rule than under the Calendar Wednesday procedure. That is the point I tried to make. Mr, BEALL. Mr. Speaker, I yield 4 minutes to the gentleman from New York |{Mr. Marcantonio]. Mr. MARCANTONIO. Mr. Speaker, I desire to address my remarks to the speech made by the gentleman from Mississippi [Mr. CoLMER]. In singling out the fact that I intro- duced the first FEPC bill in the history of the United States back in 1940, he would have the determination of the issue on just that. I think it is quite obvious that I am not important, and no individual] here is important as com- pared to the importance of the issue. It is true I have fought consistently for the enactment of FEPC for 10 years; but no individual has any right to assume for himself any credit or any glory out of this fight. May I say to the gentleman from Mississippi that the issue involved in FEPC is much older than even this Con- gress. It antedates the very establish- ment of our own Nation. It is an old struggle. It began with the establish- ment of slavery in America. FEPC is merely another form of that same old struggle. It was evidenced in the adop- tion of our Declaration of Independence. There the great principle was enunciated at an historic hour, an hour of crisis for our country, that all men are created equal and that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inahenable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. As the years went by and as it became evident to the slaveocracy of this country that slavery would be once again profit- able as the result of inventions, as a result of cotton, as a result of sugar, they started to whittle away at that principle, and it was whittled away so much that in the Dred Scott decision it was stated that no Negro had any rights that any white man must respect. Today this doctrine is the real basis of white su- premacy, utilized again for the exploite- tion of the Negro people. This is the real motivation of the opposition to FEPC. It just so happens that this week is Negro History Week. It is also the an- niversary of the birth of Abraham Lin- coln. These two occasions should recall to our minds that Americans shed their blood to wipe out that ignominous deci- sion of the Supreme Court. After vic- tory had been achieved, again there was betrayal, betrayal then just as there is betrayal now, betrayal on the part of those who pretended to be the friends of freedom, but who sold out the fruits of the people’s great victory in exchange for the winning of a dubious Presidential election. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the Presi- dent of the United States, enunciated the proposition of an emancipation proclamation in industry. There can be no freedom unless it is implemented with the economic ability to maintain free- FEBRUARY 15 dom. Freedom meant nothing to the emancipated slave unless he was given land, and the failure to give him land is the fundamental reason why this great question is still one being fought out down in the South and in the Nation. Freedom to the Negro or anyone else means noth- ing as long as he is barred from employ- ment because of the color of his skin, the church in which he worships, or the land in which he was born. FEPC is emancipation proclamation in the industrial life of the Nation. That is the basic issue involved in the FEPC. So that it is bigger than I, and bigger than anybody. I do hope from now on in discussing this issue we will address ourselves to the great fundamental prin- ciples involved in that issue. The SPEAKER, The time of the gen- tleman from New York has expired. Mr. BEALL. Mr. Speaker, I have no further requests for time. Mr. McMILLAN of South Carolina, Mr. Speaker, I move the previous ques- tion. The previous question was ordered. The SPEAKER. The question is on the engrossment and third reading of the The bill was ordered to be engrossed and read a third time, and was read the third time. The SPEAKER. The question is on the passage of the bill. Mr. NICHOLSON. Mr. Speaker, I de- mand the yeas and nays. The yeas and nays were refused. The bill was passed. A motion to reconsider was laid on the table. REQUEST TO DISPENSE WITH FURTHER CALL OF COMMITTEES Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that the further call of committees today under the Calendar Wednesday rule be dispensed with, The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Mas- sachusetts? Mr. SUTTON. Mr. Speaker, I object. EXTENSION OF REMARKS Mr. JOHNSON asked and was given permission to extend his remarks in the ReEcorpD and include extraneous matter. Mr. McSWEENEY asked and was given permission to extend his remarks in the REcorp and include a resolution which appeared in the Ohio bar report relative to a distinguished attorney in the State of Ohio, Mr. MULTER asked and was given permission to extend his remarks in the Recorp in three instances and include extraneous matter. BILL PRESENTED TO THE PRESIDENT Mrs. NORTON, from the Committee on House Administration, reported that that committee did on February 14, 1950, present to the President, for his approval, a bill of the House of the following title: H.R. 5486. An act to amend certain provi- sions of the Internal Revenue Code to permit the use of additional means, including stamp machines, for payment of tax on distilled spirits, modify loss allowances for distilled spirits, for the transfer and redistillation of spirits, and for other purposes.
1950 LEAVE OF ABSENCE By unanimous consent, leave of ab- sence was granted to Mr. Brown of Ohio (at the request of Mr. Martin of Massa- chusetts) for an indefinite period, on account of official business, ADJOURNMENT Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House do now adjourn. The motion was agreed to; accordingly (at 4 o’clock and 53 minutes p. m.) the House adjourned until tomorrow, Thurs- day, February 16, 1950, at 12 o’clock noon. EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. Under clause 2 of rule XXIV, execu- tive communications were taken from the Speaker’s table and referred as fol- lows: 1282. A letter from the Chairman, War Claims Commission, transmitting a draft of @ bill entitled “A bill to amend the War Claims Act of 1948, as amended"; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com-~- merce. 1233. A letter from the Chairman, Recon- struction Finance Corporation, transmitting a report of the Reconstruction Finance Cor- poration for the calendar year ended Decem- ber 31, 1949, pursuant to Federal Tort Claims Act; to the Committee on the Judiciary. 1234. A letter from the Administrator, Vet- erans’ Administration, transmitting a report of tort claims paid by the Administration during the fiscal year ended June 830, 1949; to the Committee on the Judiciary. 1235. A letter from the Secretary of the Army, transmitting a letter from the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, dated Au- gust 19, 1949, submitting a report, together with accompanying papers and an illustra- tion, on a preliminary examination and sur- vey of East Pass from the Gulf of Mexico into Choctawhatchee Bay, Fla., authorized by the River and Harbor Act approved on March 2, 1945, to the Committee on Public Works and ordered to be printed with illustrations. REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Under clause 2 of rule XIII, reports of committees were delivered to the Clerk for printing and reference to the proper calendar, as follows: Mr. BROOKS: Committee on Armed Serv- ices. §S. 2441. An act to amend section 81 of the National Defense Act, as amended, to provide for additional) officers of the National Guard of the United States on active duty in the National Guard Bureau; with an amendment (Rept. No. 1653). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the Btate of the Union. Mr. MORRIS: Committee on Public Lands. H. R. 3843. A bill to declare that the United States holds certain lands in trust for the Stockbridge-Munsee Community, Inc., of the State of Wisconsin; with an amendment (Rept. No. 1654). Referred to the Commit- tee of the Whole House on the State of the Union, Mr. RHODES: Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. H.R. 6475. A bill to amend the Postal Rate Revision and Federal Em- ployees Salary Act of 1948 to provide for the consideration of claims for the payment of certain postal notes filed later than 1 year from the last day of the month of issue; with an amendment (Rept. No. 1655). Re- ferred to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union. Mr. SASSCER: Committee on Armed Serv- foes. H. R. 7058. A bill to amend laws re- lating to the United States Military Academy and the United States Naval Academy, and CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE for other purposes; with an amendment (Rept. No. 1656). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union. Mr. BROOKS: Committee on Armed Serv- ices. H. R. 6171. A bill to authorize com- missioned officers of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps to administer cer- tain oaths, and for other purposes; without amendment (Rept. No. 1657). Referred to the House Calendar. Mr. McMILLAN of South Carolina: Com- mittee on the District of Columbia. § 2205. An act to authorize the Commissioners of the District of Columbia to provide for the removal of sludge; with an amendment (Rept. No. 1660.) Referred to the Commit- tee of the Whole House on the State of the Union. Mr. HARRIS: Committee on the District of Columbia. H. R. 3247. A bill to amend the Alcoholic Beverage Control Act of 1934 of the District of Columbia; without amend- ment (Rept. No. 1661). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union. Mr. HARRIS: Committee on the District of Columbia. H. R. 4229. A bill to amend section 17 of the District of Columbia Alco- holic Beverage Control Act; without amend- ment (Rept. No. 1662). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union. Mr. McMILLAN of South Carolina: Com- mittee on the District of Columbia. H. R. 4788. <A bill to provide for a mutual-aid plan for fire protection by and for the Dis- trict of Columbia and certain adjacent com- munities in Maryland and Virginia, and for other purposes; without amendment (Rept. No. 1663). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union. Mr. DAVIS of Georgia: Committee on the District of Columbia. H. R. 7147. A bill to change the effective date of the act of June 19, 1948, relating to the Fire Department of the District of Columbia; without amend- ment (Rept. No. 1664). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union. REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Under clause 2 of rule XIII, reports of committees were delivered to the Clerk for printing and reference to the proper calendar, as follows: Mr. KEATING: Committee on the Judi- clary. 8.229. An act for the relief of E. W. Eaton Coal Co.; without amendment (Rept. No. 1635). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House. Mr. KEATING: Committee on the Judi- clary. 8.821. An act for the relief of Lloyd D. Lyles; without amendment (Rept No. 1636). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House. Mr. KEATING: Committee on the Judi- clary. 8. 481. An act for the reltef of the legal guardian of Clarence Herbert Hartman, @ minor; without amendment (Rept. No. 1687). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House. Mr. DENTON: Committee on the Judiciary, 8. 1916. An act for the relief of Edna A. Bauser; without amendment (Rept. No. 1638). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House. Mr. WALTER: Committee on the Judiciary. Sonate Concurrent Resolution 44. Concur- rent resolution favoring the suspension of deportation of certain aliens; with an amend- ment (Rept. No. 1639). Referred to the Com- mittee of the Whole House. Mr. WALTER: Committee on the Judiciary. Senate Concurrent Resolution 45. Concur- rent resolution favoring the suspension of de- portation of certain aliens; with an amend- 1827, ment (Rept. No. 1640). Referred to the Com- mittee of the Whole House. Mr. PRAZIER: Committee on the Judi- clary. H. R. 633. A bill for the relief of Mrs. Victor V. Greg; with an amendment (Rept. No. 1641). Referred to the Commit. tee of the Whole House. Mr. LANE: Committee on the Judiciary. H.R. 1183. A bill for the rellef of Mrs. Merle Leatherbury Pyle and Patricia M. Pyle; with- out amendment (Rept. No. 1642). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House. Mr. LANE: Committee on the Judiciary. H. R. 1606. A bill conferring jurisdiction upon the Court of Claims to hear and deter- mine the claim of Auf der Helde-Aragona, Inc., and certain of its subcontractors against the United States; without amendment (Rept. No. 1643). Referred to the Commit- tee of the Whole House. Mr. JENNINGS: Committee on the Judi- ciary. H.R.1697. A bill for the relief of Mildred Smith Butler; with an amendment (Rept. No. 1644). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House. Mr. FRAZIER: Committee on the Judi- ciary. H. R. 3080. A bill for the relief of Ear! L. Doss; with an amendment (Rept. No. 1645). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House. Mr. LANE Committee on the Judiclary, H. R. 3506. A bill for the relief of Louis P. Murphy, United States immigrant inspector, El Paso, Tex.; without amendment (Rept. No. 1646). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House. Mr. LANE: Committee on the Judiciary. H. R. 4880. A bill for the relief of Mrs. Agnes Emma Hay; without amendment (Rept. No. 1647). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House. Mr. JENNINGS: Committee on the Judi- clary. H. R. 4608. A bill for the relief of William J. Drinkwine; with an amendment (Rept No 1648) Referred to the Committee of the Whole House. Mr. LANE: Committee on the Judiciary. H. R. 4720. A bill for the relief of Stella Avner; with an amendment (Rept. No. 1649). Referred to the Committee ot the Whole House. Mr. DENTON: Committee on the Judictary. H.R. 6274. A bill for the relief of Francis A, Gunn, with an amendment (Rept. No. 1650). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House. Mr. DENTON: Committee on the Judiciary. H. R. 6523. A bill for the relief of Fred I. Massengill; without amendinent (Rept. No. 1651). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House. Mr. LANE: Committee on the Judiciary. H. R. 5753. A bill for the relief of Jean Clark; with an amendment (Rept. No. 1652). Re- ferred to the Committee of the Whole House. Mr. MORRIS: Committee on Public Lands. 8. 2620. An act to authorize the sale of cer- tain allotted devised land on the Winnebago Reservation, Nebr.; without amendment (Rept. No. 1658). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House. Mr. MORRIS: Committee on Public Lands. H. R. 6521. A bill to authorize the sale of certain land on the Pine Ridge Indian Reser- vation, 8. Dak., allotted to Lucy Arapahoe Iron Bear, without amendment (Rept. No. 1658). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House. PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Under clause 3 of rule XXII, public bills and resolutions were introduced and severally referred as follows: By Mrs. BOSONE: H R. 7299. A bill to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to accept voluntarily convey- ances of lands owned by Waccamaw Indians in North Carolina and to issue trust patents for such lands, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Public Lands.
1828 By Mr. CROOK: H.R. 7300. A bill to provide a 5-day work- week for rural mail carriers; to the Commit- tee on Post Office and Civil Service. By Mr. MULTER: H.R. 7301. A bill to amend section 10 (d) of the Administrative Procedure Act 50 as to broaden judicial relief under that section pending review of administrative action; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. PETERSON: H. R. 7302. A bill to amend the act of July 14, 1943, relating to the establishment of the George Washington Carver National Monu- ment, and for other purposes, to the Com- mittee on Public Lands By Mr. REED of New York: H.R. 7303 A bill to amend section 120 of the Internal Revenue Code; to the Commit- tee on Ways and Means. By Mr. RHODES: H.R. 7804. A bill to amend the Agricul- tural Act of 1949 so as to authorize the Com- modity Credit Corporation to sell grain to egg producers at such prices as may be neces- sary to establish an equitable egg-feed ratio; to the Committee on Agriculture. H.R.7305. A biil to provide for uniforms for employees of the United States Govern- ment; to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. By Mr. VAN ZANDT: H.R. 7306. A bill to amend the Agricul- tural Act of 1949 and authorize a stamp plan; to the Committee on Agriculture. By Mr. WHEELER (by request) : H.R 7307. A bill to establish equitable in- come limitations; to the Committee on Vet- erans’ Affairs. By Mr. BENTSEN: H R. 7308. A bill to provide for the use by the Veterans’ Administration of surplus hos- pital beds at the Corpus Christi Naval Hos- pital, Corpus Christi, Tex.; to the Committee on Armed Services. By Mr. LYLE: H.R. 7309. A bill to provide for the use by the Veterans’ Administration of surplus hos- pital beds at the Corpus Christi Naval Hos- pital, Corpus Christi, Tex ; to the Committee on Armed Services. By Mr. SHEPPARD: H R. 7310. A bill to amend the Communi- cations Act of 1934, as amended, with respect to its application to radio network organiza- tions, and for other purposes; to the Com- mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. By Mr. KEARNEY: H.R. 7311. A bill to restore insurability of service-connected disabled World War II vet- erans; to the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs. By Mr. RABAUT: H.R 7312. A bill to provide for the enforce- ment of support orders in certain State and Federal courts, and to make it a crime to move or travel in interstate and foreign com- merce to avoid compliance with such orders; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mrs. DOUGLAS: H. Res. 478. Resolution creating a select committee to conduct an investigation and study of the problems of the aging; to the Committee on Rules. By Mr. TEAGUE: H. Res 474. Resolution authorizing the creation of a select committee to investigate the education and training program under the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act; to the Committee on Rules. By Mr. SMITH of Virginia: H. Res. 475. Resolution providing for the reading of Washington's Farewell Address on February 22, 1950; to the Committee on Rules, MEMORIALS Under clause 3 of rule XXII, memorials were presented and referred as follows: By the SPEAKER: Memorial of the Legis- lature of the State of Misissippi, requesting CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—SENATE the adoption of necessary measures to put American surplus agricultural products into world trade; to the Committee on Agricul- ture. PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private bills and resolutions were introduced and severally referred as follows: By Mr. BOLTON of Maryland: H.R. 7318. A bill for the relief of Lucy Teresa Morris; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mrs. BOSONE: H R.7314 A bill for the relief of Yukie Nishimura Okubo; to the Committee on the Judiciary. H R 7315. A bill for the relief of Datjiro Yoshida; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. GOODWIN: H R. 7316. A bill to authorize the appoint- ment of John F. Rand as a permanent leu- tenant colonel in the Regular Air Force; to the Committee on Armed Services. By Mr. HAVENNER: H.R 7317. A bill for the relief of Mr and Mrs. Henry M Schafhausen, to the Commit- tee on the Judiciary. By Mr. HUBER: H.R. 7318. A bill for the relief of the Clem- mer Construction Co., Inc; to the Commit- tee on the Judiciary. H.R. 7319 A bill for the relief of the U 8S. Truck Sales Co.; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr, O’BRIEN of Michigan: H.R. 7320. A bill for the relief of Herbert Samuel Polson; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mrs ROGERS of Massachusetts: H R. 7321. A bill for the relief of Elent Katsalakou; to the Committee on the Judi- clary. By Mr. KENNEDY: H R.7322. A bill to confer jurisdiction upon the United States District Court of Massachusetts to hear, determine, and render judgment upon the claim of Benjamin Babine; to the Committee on the Judiciary. H.R. 7323. A bill for the relief of Nison Miller; to the Committee on the Judictary. PETITIONS, ETC. Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions and papers were laid on the Clerk’s desk and referred as follows: 1849. By Mr. HAGEN: Resolutions adopted by the Board of Commissioners, County of Beltrami, State of Minnesota, protesting the redefinition of “employee” under the provi- sions of sections 10 (a) and 206 (a) of H. R. 6000, an act to extend and improve the Fed- eral old-age and survivors insurance system, to amend the public assistance and child- welfare provisions of the Social Security Act, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Ways and Means. 1850. By Mr. KEARNEY: Petition of sev- eral residents of Cherry Valley and South Valley, N. Y., advocating passage of H. R. 2428, a bill to prohibit the transportation in interstate commerce of alcoholic-beverage advertising and stop its broadcasting over the radio; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. 1851. By Mr. LECOMPTE: Petition of the department of Christian social relations of the Keota (Iowa) Methodist Church, urging favorable consideration of 8, 1847 and H. R. 2428, bills to prohibit the advertising of alcoholic beverages; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. 1852. By Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts: Memorial of the General Court of Massa- chusetts, urging additional RFC funds for the Waltham Watch Co.; to the Committee on Banking and Currency. FEBRUARY 16 1853. By Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts: Memorial of the General Court of Massachu- setts, relative to securing additional finan= cial aid for the Waltham Watch Co., from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation; to the Committee on Banking and Currency. 1864. By Mr. SHAFER: Resolution of Kala- mazoo Council, No. 1616, Knights of Colum- bus, Kalamazoo, Mich., relative to certain provisions of legislation for Federal aid to education; to the Committee on Education and Labor. 1855. By Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin: Reso- lution of Frank Kresen Post, No. 24, Lake Geneva, Wis., approving of the establishment of a United States Air Force Academy in the Lake Geneva, Wis., area; to the Committee on Armed Services. 1856. Also, resolution of the Coterie Club, of Beloit, Wis., against any form of compul- sory health insurance or system of political medicine designed for national bureaucratic control; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. 1857. By the SPEAKER: Petition of Ernest L. Heim and others, Miami, Fla., requesting passage of House bills 2135 and 2136, known as the Townsend plan; to the Committee on Ways and Means 1858. Also, petition of Kenneth Harris and others, St. Petersburg, Fla, requesting pas- sage of House bills 2135 and 2136, known as the Townsend plan; to the Committee on Ways and Means. SENATE Tuurspay, Fesrvuary 16, 1950 (Legislative day of Wednesday, January 4, 1950) The Senate met at 12 o’clock meridian, on the expiration of the recess. The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown Harris, D. D., offered the following prayer: O God, high and holy, above all our thought, the path of prayer but leads us to an appalling sense of our own need and to a poignant realization of how far we have fallen short of the glory of Thy plan for us and for man- kind. Yet apart from Thee, our out- look for the future is clouded with appre- hensions that haunt us and murder sleep, our minds are plagued with ques- tions that we cannot answer as to how humanity, with the dread secrets of na- ture in its fumbling hands, can live on this planet in peace and security. Our hopes of a united world for which costly blood has been poured on the anguished ground seem ever to move into thin air from our eager grasp, like mirages of the desert. Make us such men that Thou mayest speak to us and that to this bewildered generation we may be the broadcasters of Thy voice and will. Amen. THE JOURNAL On request of Mr. Gzorce, and by unanimous consent, the reading of the Journal of the proceedings of Tuesday, February 14, 1950, was dispensed with. MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT— APPROVAL OF BILLS Messages in writing from the Presi- dent of the United States were commu- nicated to the Senate by Mr. Miller, one of his secretaries, and he announced
1950 that the President had approved and signed the following acts: On February 14, 1950: 8.736. An act for the reimbursement of Puget Sound Bridge & Dredging Co.; 8.753. An act for the relief of Sisters Antoinette Cometti, Mary Gibin, Angela Pelosin, Emma Ghisleni, Elisabetta De Ca- terin, and Onorina Fransina; 8.16534. An act for the relief of Harry Comber; 6.1702. An act for the relief of Riyoko Bato; 8.1915. An act for the relief of Viktor A. Kraychenko; 8.1924. An act for the relief of the estate of William Walter See; S.2100. An act for the relief of Penelope Corolyn Cox; 8, 2114, An Shigeno; 5.2119. An act for the relief of the Alamo Irrigation Co.; and 8.2319. An act to provide economic assist- ance to certain areas of the Far East. On February 15, 1950: 8 777. An act for the relief of Calvin D. Lynch & 6So0n; W. Thomas Lockerman; Sudlersville Supply Co.; George C. Moore and H. A. Moore; J. McKenny Willis & Son, Inc.; Hobbs & Jarman; C. 8. Thomas; and Royse R. Spring; 8.1019. An act conferring jurisdiction upon the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington to hear, determine, and render Judgment upon any claim arising out of personal injuries sus- tained by Carl J. Freund and Pauline H. Freund, his wife, of Seattle, Wash; 5. 1048. An act for the relief of Saul Phil- lips; S. 1054. An act for the relief of Northwest Missour! Fair Association, of Bethany, Har- rison County, Mo.; 8. 1088. An act for the relief of Milton Buechler; 8.1166. An act for the relief of Toriko Tateuchi; and §. 1446. An act for the relief of James Hung Loo. MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE A message from the House of Repre- sentatives, by Mr. Swanson, one of its reading clerks, announced that the House had passed a bill (H. R. 6670) to incorporate the Girl Scouts of the United States of America, and for other purposes, in which it requested the con- currence of the Senate. LEAVES OF ABSENCE On request of Mr. WuHeErRRy, and by unanimous consent, Mr. YOUNG was ex- cused from attendance on the sessions of the Senate today and tomorrow. On request of Mr. WHerry, and by unanimous consent, Mr. KNOWLAND was excused from attendance on the session of the Senate today. MEETINGS OF COMMITTEES DURING SENATE SESSION On request of Mr. Magnuson, and by unanimous consent, the Merchant Ma- rine Subcommittee of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce was authorized to meet today and tomorrow during the sessions of the Senate. On request of Mr. DonneLi, and by unanimous consent, a subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary was au- thorized to meet this afternoon during the session of the Senate, ect for the rellef of Mitsue CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—SENATE CALL OF THE ROLL Mr. GEORGE. I suggest the absence of a quorum. The VICE PRESIDENT, The Secre- tary will call the roll. The roll was called, and the following Senators answered to their names: Aiken Gurney Martin Anderson Hayden Maybank Benton Hendrickson Morse Bricker Hill Mundt Byrd Hoey Murray Chapman Holland Myers Chavez Hunt O'Conor Connally Ives O’Mahoney Cordon Jenner Robertson Darby Johnson, Colo. Russell Donnell Johnson, Tex. Saltonstall Douglas Johnston, §.C. Smith, N. J. Downey Kefauver Sparkman Dworshak Kerr Stennis Eastland Kilgore Taft Ecton Lehman Taylor Ellonder Lodge Thomas, Okla, Ferguson Lucas Thomas, Utah Frear McCarran Tydings Pulbright McClellan Wherry George McFarland Wiley Gillette McKellar Williams Graham McMahon Withers Green Magnuson Mr. MYERS. I announce that the Senator from Minnesota (Mr. Hum- PHREY], the Senator from Louisiana [Mr. Lona], the Senator from West Virginia [Mr. Neety], and the Senator from Flor- ida {Mr. Pepper] are absent on public business. The Senator from Rhode Island (Mr. LEauyY] is necessarily absent. Mr. SALTONSTALL. I announce that the Senator from New Hampshire (Mr. Brivces), the Senator from Indiana [Mr. CaPrHart], the Senator from Vermont (Mr. Fuianpers], the Senator from Iowa [Mr. HICKENLOOPER], the Senator from California [Mr. KNow.Lanp], the Senator from North Dakota [Mr. LANGER], the Senator from Colorado [Mr. Mi.ur«rm], the Senator from Kansas |Mr. ScHOEP- PEL], the Senator from Minnesota [Mr. Tuye], the Senator from New Hamp- shire [Mr. Tosry], and the Senator from North Dakota [Mr. YouNnG] are absent by leave of the Senate. The Senator from Nebraska [Mr. But- LER], the Senator from Washington [Mr. Carn], the Senator from Missouri [Mr. Kem], the Senator from Nevada [Mr. MALoneE], the Senator from Wisconsin (Mr. McCartuy], the Senator from Maine (Mrs. SMITH], and the Senator from Utah (Mr. Watkins] are absent on official business. The Senator from Maine [Mr. Brew- sTER] and the Senator from Michigan [Mr. VANDENBERG) are necessarily absent, The VICE PRESIDENT. A quorum is present. TRANSACTION OF ROUTINE BUSINESS Mr, LUCAS. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that Members of the Senate be permitted to submit petitions and memorials, introduce bills and joint resolutions, and present routine matters for the Recorp and for printing in the Appendix, without debate and without speeches. The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob- Jection, it is so ordered. EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate the following communications 1829 and letters, which were referred as indi- cated: REVISED SUPPLEMENTAL EsTIMATE, DEPARTMENT or tHe Interior (8. Doc. No. 135) A communication from the President of the United States, transmitting a revised supplemental estimate of appropriation, De- partment of the Interior, in the amount of 100,000, fiscal year 1950 (with an accom- panying paper); to the Committee on Ap~ propriations and ordered to be printed. SUPPLEMENTAL ESTIMATE, DEPARTMENT OF Lazor (8. Doc. No. 136) A communication from the President of the United States, transmitting a supple- mental estimate of appropriation, in the amount of $168,000, Department of Labor, fiscal year 1950 (with an accompanying pa- per); to the Committee on Appropriations and ordered to be printed. GEORGE WASHINGTON CARVER NATIONAL MoNUMENT A letter from the Secretary of the Interior, transmitting a draft of proposed legislation to amend the act of July 14, 1943, relating to the establishment of the George Washington Carver National Monument, and for other purposes (with an accompanying paper); to the Committee on Interior and Insular Af- ‘airs. Laws ENACTED sy LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY AND MUNICIPAL CoUNCILS o¥ ST. CROIX AND Sr. THOMAS AND ST. JOHN, V. I. A letter from the Secretary of the Interior, transmitting, pursuant to law, copies of laws enacted by the Legislative Assembly and Mu- nicipal Councils of St. Croix and St. Thomas and St. John, V. I. (with accompanying pa- pers); to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Report ON TorRT CLAIMS Pain BY VETERANS’ ADMINISTRATION A letter from the Administrator of the Vet- erans’ Administration, transmitting, pur- suant to law, a report on tort claims paid by the Administration under the Federal Tort Claims Act, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1949 (with an accompanying report); to the Committee on the Judiciary. Rerort on Tort CLAIMS PAID BY RECONSTRUC= TION FINANCE CORPORATION A letter from the Chairman of the Recon- struction Finance Corporation, reporting, pursuant to law, on tort claims paid by the Corporation, for the calendar year ended December 31, 1949; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Report ON ADMINISTRATION OF ADVANCE PLANNING PROGRAM A letter from the Administrator of General Services Administration, Washington, D. C., transmitting, pursuant to law, a report on the administration of the Advance Planning Program of Non-Federal Public Works (with an accompanying report); to the Committee on Public Works. PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS Petitions, etc., were laid before the Senate or presented, and referred as indicated: By the VICE PRESIDENT: A resolution adopted at the annual meet- ing of the Polish American Club, Inc., at Tampe, Fla., relating to surplus agricultural commodities and the so-called Brannan plan; to the Committee on Agriculture and For- estry. Telegrams and letters in the nature of petitions from auxiliary to Post No. 209, Mis- soula, Mo.; New Kensington (Pa.) Post, No. 82; Amiens Post, No. 1740, of South Wilming- ton, and Baker-Ladd Post, No. 1667, of Herrin, both in the State of Illinois; Post No. 5159, of Hot Springs; Post No. 1551, Harlowton;
1830 Cataract Post, 3648, of Basin; the ladies aux- illary to Lieutenant Harold Joyce Post, No. 1116, of Helena; and Fort Peck Post, No. 3107, of Glasgow, all in the State of Montana, all Veterans of Foreign Wars, praying for the enactment of House bill 4617, to lberalize the requirement for payment of pension in crrtain cases to veterans and their widows and children; to the Committee on Finance. A resolution adopted by the executive board of the Rhode Island State Industrial Union Council, CIO, of Providence, R. I., protesting against the continuation of the partitioning of Ireland; to the Committee on Foreign Relations. A letter in the nature of a memorial from Juan G. Maniago, Manila, Philippine Islands, for and on behalf of 50,000 tenants or farm hands of Luzon, Philippine Islands, remon- strating against the decision of the United States Philippine War Damage Commiss.on relating to holders of sugar-marketing allot- ments by tenants or farm hands of Luzon, Philippine Islands (with accompanying pa- pers); to the Committee on Foreign Rela- tions. A cablegram in the nature of a petition from the Hawaii Farm Bureau, of Honolulu, T. H., praying for the confirmation of the nomination of Ingram M. Stainback as Gov- ernor of Hawaii; to the Committee on Inte- rior and Insular Affairs. A resolution adopted by the board of direc- tors of the New Orleans (La ) Board of Trade, Ltd., relating to toll rates for commercial vessels using the Panama Canal; to the Com- mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Resolutions adopted by the Lane County District Dental Society, of Eugene, Oreg.; the Utah State Dental Association; the South Side Virginia Dental Society, and the Kanawha Valley Dental Society, of Charles- ton, W. Va., protesting against the enactment of legislation providing compulsory health insurance; to the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. A letter in the nature of a petition, signed by T. Cassara, vice president and chairman of educational committee, United Automo- bile, Aircraft, Agricultural Implement Work- ers of America (UAW-CIO), of Detroit, Mich., praying for the enactment of Senate bill 110, the so-called Labor Extension Service bill; to the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. A resolution adopted by Bendix (Ind.) Local, No. 9, UAW-CIO, favoring the enact- ment of Senate bill 110, the so-called Labor Extension Service bill; to the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. A telegram from the chief clerk of the House of Representatives of Texas, embody- ing a resolution adopted by the House of Representatives of Texas; to the Committee on Finance: AusTIN, TEex., February 15, 1950. Hon. ALBEN W. BARKLEY, Vice President, United States, Washington, D. C.: “Whereas the Congress is considering a measure which would repeal or reduce the depletion allowance of 2712 cents made in connection with income taxes on producers of natural resources; and “Whereas the economy of the State of Texas to a great degree is tled up with the production of natural resources; and “Whereas these industries furnish a large portion of the revenue for the support of the Btate government, including its public- school system and its welfare and other programs; and “Whereas prospecting for new reserves is e@ hazardous and expensive operation; and “Whereas the elimination or reduction of the present allowance for depletion would tend to create unemployment and would seriously cripple these industries, and par- ticularly the smaller units and independents who have been the backbone of these indus- tries, and further would seriously retard the search for and devclopment of new sources CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—SENATE of supply vitally necessary to this country, particularly in case of war: Now, therefore, be it “Resolved by the House of Representatives of the State of Texas, That the Congress of these United States be and is urged, respect- fully, to defeat this attempt to eliminate or reduce the depletion allowance and there- by to preserve the economy of the various States and assist in preparing this country to defend herself if necessary.” Read and adopted February 15, 1950. CLARENCE JONES. Chtef Clerk, House of Representatives, FINANCIAL AID FOR WALTHAM WATCH CO. Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, on behalf of myself and my colleague, the junior Senator from Massachusetts (Mr. Lopcr], I present for appropriate reference and ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Recorp, resolutions adopted by the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and the City Council of Waltham, Mass., favoring additional financial aid for the Waltham Watch Co., from the Recon- struction Finance Corporation. There being no objection, the resolu- tions were referred to the Committee on Banking and Currency, and ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: Resolutions relative to securing additional financial aid for the Waltham Watch Co., from the Reconstruction Finance Corpora- tion Whereas the Waltham Watch Co., for many years outstanding in American indus- try as a watch and precision instruments firm, employing thousands of skilled Amerti- can workmen, is now confronted with the necessity for additional working capital to enable it to operate at a profit, and to keep its doors open; and Whereas the refusal of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to grant the request of said company for additional capital has re- sulted in the termination of employment of 1,231 workers with but 3 hours’ notice, thus inflicting great hardship on these skilled men and women, most of whom have spent the greater part of their lives in the watch in- dustry, and their families, and seriously im- pairing the economy of the city of Waltham: Therefore be it Resolved, That the General Court of Massa- chusetts does hereby petition and urge the President of the United States to take such action as he may deem necessary and ad- visable to effect an immediate agreement be- tween the Reconstruction Finance Corpora- tion and the Waltham Watch Co., whercby said company may be reorganized and addi- tional investing capital advanced thereto for its continued operation, thereby saving this industry, so vitally important to our national economy, and securing the employment of thousands of skilled American workmen; and be it further Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be transmitted forthwith by the secretary of the Commonwealth to the President of the United States and to each Member of Congress from this Commonwealth. In senate, adopted, February 7, 1950. Irvine N. HAYDEN, Clerk. In house of representatives, adopted, in concurrence, February 8, 1950. LAWRENCE R. Grove, Clerk, A true copy. Attest: Epwarp J. CRONIN, Secretary of the Commonwealth. RESOLUTION Whereas the 100-year-old Waltham Watch Co. is one of the major industries of this city, and at least one-fifth of the city’s popu- FEBRUARY 16 lation is affected, either directly or indirect- ly, by its closing; and ‘Whereas it has come to the attention of the City Council of the City of Waltham that the Waltham Watch Co. has on the Nation’s market at present watches that com- pare favorably with any watches in the world, and the prospects for this company’s con- tinuance as a going concern were better at this time than they have been for some time in the past; and Whereas the Waltham Watch Co. is one of the three companies in the United States capable of providing this country with tim- ing devices and other war implements in time of national emergency, and is, therefore an industry vital to the Nation’s defense; and Whereas it appears that the closing of the company at this time was wholly unneces- sary, and that the Reconstruction Finance Corporation gave the employees of this com- pany less than 3 hours’ notice before locking the doors of the plant, and these employees are entitled to, as Americans, more notice than that; and Whereas it is vital to the interests in this city, the commonwealth, and to the Nation that this American industry be preserved: Therefore, be it Resolved, That the City Council of the City of Waltham does hereby resolve that it will take all steps possible as a governmental body to help preserve the Waltham Watch Co. as a going concern in the city of Wal- tham:; and be it further Resolved, That the City Council of the City of Waltham censures the Reconstruc- tion Finance Corporation for its hasty action in closing the Waltham Watch Co at a time when the prospects of its success were bright; and be it further Resolved, That the President of the United States be memorialized to take all steps nec- essary to aid this American industry so es- sential to national defense. G Chauncey Cousens, Mayor; Councilor Linwood I Locke; Councilor Louis B. Connors; Councilor George M. Mac- Donald; Councillor David A. Hansen; Councilor Thomas M. Flaherty; Coun- cilor Martin J. Cavanaugh; Councilor Martin J. Hansberry; Councilor Joseph D. McCarthy; Councilor Robert A, Grimes; Councilor Thomas J. Flan- nery. Read and adopted February 6, 1950. Attest: WILLIAM J. LANAGAN, City Clerk. PLACING OF SURPLUS AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES IN WORLD TRADE— CONCURRENT RESOLUTION OF MISSIS- SIPPI LEGISLATURE Mr. STENNIS. Mr. President, I pre- sent for appropriate reference and print- ing in the Recorp a concurrent resolution adopted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the State of Missis- sippi urging the Congress to take im- mediate steps that may be necessary to put our surplus agricultural products into world trade, to the end that needy nations may buy and sell in our markets through the use of dollar exchange and further respectfully suggesting that measures introduced by the senior Sena- tor from Mississippi [Mr. EastLanp] offer a solution to such problem. The concurrent resolution was referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry, as follows: . House Concurrent Resolution 31 A concurrent resolution memortalizing the Congress of the United States to adopt the necessary measures to put American sur- plus agricultural products into world trade Whereas it is a matter of sound common sense that all the wealth of the world con-
1950 sista of the rav materials of agriculture, plus the latent resources of the earth, such as oil and gas, minerals, etc.; and Whereas agriculture is the only process through which the human race is fed and clothed and is the foundation of all earthly existence; and Whereas the failure to distribute our sur- plus agricultural products in world trade, and for the benefit of the people of the world, is nothing short of # crime against civiliza- tion; and Whereas our national income averages about seven times our agricultural income, and is about five times our combined total raw material income, through processing, transportation and distribution; and Whereas a reduction in the production of agricultural wealth would reduce our na- tional income and our standard of living about seven times in proportion to such re- duction, a fact well proved by our expertences of the great depression during the early thirties: Therefore, be it Resolved by the House of Representatives of the State of Mississippt (the senate con- curring therein), That the Congress of the United States is urged and requested to take immediately whatever steps may be neces- sary to put our surplus agricultural products into world trade, to the end that needy na- tions may buy and sell in our markets, with- out import-tax penalties, through the use of dollar exchange, with which to purchase our surplus agricultural products. It is esti- mated, and we accept it as a fact, that less than 1 percent of our national income from foreign trade, without import-tax penalties, would be sufficient to remove our agricultural surpluses and thereby maintain our national economy on a sound and stable basis. The national wealth and economy being at stake, the Congress 1s earnestly urged to take such prompt and economically sound remedial action as will provide the dollar exchanges necessary to produce the results go universally needed and desired, and to that end it is respectfully suggested that the two measures dealing with this subject and introduced in the United States Senate by Senator James O. EASTLAND from Mississippi, offer a solution to the problem herein stated. That copies hereof be sent to the Secretary of the Senate and the Clerk of the House of Representatives of the Congress, with the re- quest that they be referred to the proper committee of each House respectively, to the two Senators and Members of the House of Representatives from Mississippi, and to the press. Adopted by the house of representatives February 7, 1950. Watter SILEES, Speaker of the House of Representatives. Adopted by the senate February 8, 1950. Sam LuMPKIN, President of the Senate. (The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate a concurrent resolution of the Legis- lature of the State of Mississippi, identical with the foregoing, which was referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry.) TAX RELIEF FOR SMALL BUSINESS— RESOLUTION OF MERRILL (WIS.) CHAMBER OF COMMERCE Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I send to the desk a resolution which I have re- ceived from the National Affairs Com- mittee of the Merrill (Wis.) Chamber of Commerce on the important issue of tax relief for small business. I ask unani- mous consent that the text of the resolu- tion be appropriately referred and printed at this point in the body of the REcorD. There being no objection, the resolu- tion was referred to the Committee on CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—SENATE Finance and ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: Meeri_t CHAMMER OF COMMERCE, Merrill, Wis., February 13, 1950. Hon. ALExanprr WILEY, United States Senator, Washington, D.C. Dear SENATOR Wiurr: At a recent meeting of the national affairs committee the follow- ing resolution was adopted and passed on to the board of directors for action; they also adopted said resolution. Here is the resolu- tion: “Resolved, That all wartime excise-profit taxes should be repealed and that the method of taxing small corporations up to $25,000 income be increased to 850,000 on 8 similar basts or approximately as follows: “First $5,000, 20 percent normal and surtax. “Next 815,000, 25 percent. “Next 615,000, 30 percent. “Next $15,000, 35 percent.” We would recommend all corporations be allowed to compute their tax on the above basis up to $50,000, and that above that the rate be adjusted to meet the absolute mini- mum requirement. Depending on you, Jor P. MULVIHILL, Executive Secretary. COTTON AND PEANUT ACREAGE ALLOT- MENTS—REPORT OF A COMMITTEE Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. Mr. President, the so-called potato amend- ment has been added to the cotton re- allocation joint resolution. On behalf of the Committee on Agriculture and For- estry, I report favorably to the Senate for the calendar House Joint Resolution 398, relating to cotton and peanut acre- age allotments and marketing quotas under the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, as amended, containing the pulato amendment, and I submit a report (No. 1276) thereon. Inasmuch as the provisions of the joint resolution are of vast benefit to the cotton planters, and probably likewise to the potato planters, I ask that the joint resolution, as pro- posed to be amended by the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry, be printed in full at this point in the Recorp. The VICE PRESIDENT. The report will be received, and the joint resolution will be placed on the calendar, and, with- out objection, the joint resolution, as proposed to be amended, will be printed in the Recorp. The Chair hears no ob- jection. The joint resolution, as amended, is as follows: Joint resolution relating to cotton and pea- nut acreage allotments and marketing quotas under the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, as amended Resolved, etc., That section 344 (f) of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, as amended, is amended by adding at the end thereof the following: “(4) Any part of the acreage allotted to individual farms in any county under the provisions of this sectlon which will not be planted to cotton in the year for which allotted and which is voluntarily surrendered to the county committee shall be deducted from the allotments to such farms and may be reapportioned within the State in amounts determined by the Secretary to be fair and reasonable, preference being given to other farms in the same county receiving allot- ments which the Secretary determines are inadequate and not representative in view of their past production of cotton. Any trans- fer of allotment under this paragraph in any 1831 year shall not operate to reduce the allot- ment for any subsequent year for the farm from which acreage is transferred; except in accordance with paragraph (1) (B) and the proviso in paragraph (2) of this subsection: Provided, That any part of any farm acreage allotment may be permanently released in writing to the county committee by the owner and operator of the farm and may he reapportioned in the manner set forth above. “(5) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section and without reducing any farm-acreage allotment determined pursuant to the foregoing provisions of this subsection, each farm-acreage allotment for 1950 shall be increased by such amount as may be nec- essary to provide an allotment equal to 60 percent of the average acreage planted to cotton (or regarded as having been planted to cotton under the provisions of Public Law 12, 79th Cong.) on the farm in 1946, 1947, and 1948: but no such allotment shall be increased by reason of this provision to an acrenge in excess of 40 percent of the acre- age on the farm which is tilled annually or in regular rotation, determined in the same manner and with the same exclusions as provided for by paragraph (2). Determina- tion of the average acreage planted or re- garded as planted on any farm in 1946, 1947, and 1948 shall be made by the county com- mittee after consideration of such evidence as may be submitted by the owner or oper- ator, and shall be subject to review by the Btate committee. An increase in any 1950 farm-acreage allotment shall be made pur- suant to this paragraph only upon applica- tion in writing by the owner or operator of the farm within such time as may be pre- scribed by the Secretary, and the amount of any such increase shall not exceed the amount requested in such application. The acreage allotment computed in accordance with paragraphs (1), (2), (3), and (4) of this subsection (f) for each year subsequent to 1950 for each farm receiving an increase in its 1960 acreage allotment pursuant to this paragraph shall be increased by such amount as may be necessary to provide an allotment equal to its allotment for the preceding year increased or dc-reased, re- spectively, in the same proportion that the county acreage allotment is greater or less than the county acreage allotment for the preceding year; but no allotment shall be increased by reason of this provision to an acreage in excess of the largest acreage planted (or regarded as planted under Pub- lic Law 12, 798th Cong) to cotton on such farm during any of the preceding 3 years. To the maximum extent possible, the Secre- tary, and State, and county committees shall carry out the provisions of this paragraph in 1951 and subsequent years by use of the acre- age reserved under sections 344 (e) and 344 (f) (8) and by reallocated acreage under paragraph (4) of this subsection. The addi- tional acreage required to be allotted to farms under this paragraph shall be In addl- tion to the county, State, and National acre- age allotments and the production from such acreage shall be in addition to the national marketing quota.” Src. 2. No price support shall be made available for any Irish potatoes planted after the enactment of this joint resolution unless marketing quotas are in effect with respect to such potatoes. Amend the title so as to read: “Joint reso- lution relating to farm-acreage allotments for cotton under the Agricultural Adjust- ment Act of 1938 and to price support for potatoes.” REPORTS ON DISPOSITION OF EXECUTIVE PAPERS Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina, from the Joint Select Committee on the Disposition of Executive Papers, to which were referred for examination and
1832 recommendation three lists of records transmitted to the Senate by the Archi- vist of the United States that appeared to have no permanent value or historical inteiest, submitted reports thereon pur- suant to law. EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED As in executive session, The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate messages from the President of the United States submitting sundry nominations, which were referred to the appropriate committees. (For nominations this day received, see the end of Senate proceedings.) BILLS INTRODUCED Bills were introduced, read the first time, and, by unanimous consent, the second time, and referred as follows: By Mr LODGE’ § 3035. A bill for the relief of George A. Efron and his wife, Anna; to the Committce on the Judiciary By Mr. MARTIN: S. 3036. A bill to permit enlisted personnel to retain their duffel bags upon discharge from active service; to the Committee on Armed Services. S 3037 A bill for the reltef of Nicholas YVialourls (also known as Nicholas Gialouris or Nicclaos Gialouris or Nick Yialouris; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr MURRAY S 3038 A bill to establish and maintain in the Bureau of Land Management a record of title to all lands held by the Federal Gov- ernment, to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affalis. By Mr HOLLAND: 8 2039 A bill for the relief of Eugene F. Edwards, to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. DOWNEY 8 3040 A bill to relinquish the mineral rights of the United States under certain lands in the county of Santa Barbara, Calil.; to the Committee on Armed Services, 8.3041 A bill for the relief of Shigematsu Takeyasu; S 3042 A bill for the rellef of Alexander Lashkareff and his wife, Victoria, S 3043 A bill for the relief of Isolde Karnold, and 8.3044. A bill for the relief of Berniece Josephine Lazaga, to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr TAYLOR: 8 3045. A bill to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to make provision for public roads in connection with the construction of Federal reclamation projects involving new public lands, to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs §.3046 A bill for the rellef of Fidel Arcini- ega Rasterrecheu, to the Committee on the Judiciary (Mr. TAYLOR also introduced Senate bill 8047, to provide for the hours of service by amending the act entitled “An act to re- classify the salaries of postmasters, officers, and employees of the postal service, approved July 6, 1846, and for other purposes, as amended,” which was referred to the Com- mittee on Post Office and Civil Service, and appears under a separate heading.) (Mr. TAYLOR also introduced Senate bill 8048, to provide time and a half for com- pensatory time by amending the act entitled “An act to reclassify the salaries of post- masters, Officers, and employees of the postal service, approved July 6, 1946, and for other purposes, as amended,” which was referred to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, and appears under a_ separate heading.) (Mr. LUCAS introduced Senate bill 3049, to amend the Agricuitural Adjustment Act CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—SENATE of 1938, as amended, and for other purposes, which was referred to the Committee on Agri- culture and Forestry, and appears under & separate heading.) By Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina: 8 3050. A bill to amend Public Law 3659, chapter 287, Seventy-eighth Congress, second session; to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. By Mr. SMITH of New Jersey: S 3051. A bill authorizing the Housing and Home Finance Administrator to convey cer- tain land to the housing authority of the town of Phillipsburg, N J; to the Committee on Banking and Currency. By Mr. MURRAY (for Mr. PEPPER) * § 3052 A bill to prohibit an individual from traveling in interstate or torclgn com- merce with intent to abandon his dependent child; to the Committee on the Judiciary. S 3053 A bill to raise the total annual earning restrictions on unmarried veterans in connection with payment of pensions and payments of compensation; and S.3054. A bill to provide national service life insurance for certain persons who evi- denced an intention to secure such insurance, but through no fault of their own failed to do s, to the Committec on Finance PAY AND WORKING CONDITIONS OF POSTAL EMPLOYEES Mr. TAYLOR. Mr. President, I intro- duce for appropriate reference two bills relating to pay and working conditions of postal employees, and I ask unanl- mous consent that they be printed in the REcorD, together with a brief explana- tory stutement by me The VICE PRESIDENT. The bills will be received and appropriately referred, and, without objection, the bills and ex- planatory statement will be printed in the RECorD. The bill (S 3047) to provide for the hours of service by amending the act entitled “An act to reclassify the salaries of postmasters, officers, and employees of the postal service, approved July 6, 1946, and for oiher purposes, as amend- ed,” introduced by Mr. TAYLOR, was read twice by its title, referred to the Commit- tee on Post Office and Civil Service, and ordered to be printed in the RECorD, as follows: Be tt enacted, etc., That section 2 1s amended to read as follows “The 8 hours of service shall not extend over a longer per- jod than nine consecutive hours, and the schedules of duty of the employees shall be regulated accordingly.” The bill (S. 3048) to provide time and a half for compensatory time by amend- ing the act entitled “An act to reclassify the salaries of postmasters, officers, and employees of the postal service, approved July 6, 1946, and for other purposes, as amended,” introduced by Mr. TAYLor, was read twice by its title, referred to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, and ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: Be it enacted, etc., That Public Law 134, approved on July 6, 1946, as amended, shall be amended to provide that all work per- formed on Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays shall be repaid by compensatory time and that such compensatory time shall be at the rate of 90 minutes for every 60 minutes em- ployed, and that every period of work in ex- cess of even hours equaling 31 minutes, but less than 60 minutes, shall be counted as 60 minutes. FEBRUARY 16 The explanatory statement presented by Mr. TaY.or is as follows: EXPLAITATORY STATEMENT BY SENATOR TAYLOR Mr. President, I have introduced two bills concerned primarily with the working con- ditions of postal employees. The object of both bills is to improve the working condi- tions of all postal employees. My first bill has for its purpose providing by law that all schedules must be on an 8-within-9-hour basis. Practically all post offices are now on such a schedule. The Postmaster General in his instructions has advised postmusters to put such a schedule into operation. Unfortunately, however, there are a few posimasters who stubbornly refuse to modernize the hours of work. This creates an extreme hardship, particularly in the larger cities. In some post Offices, employees ure compelled to take a 2-hour lunch period. With the population of the country moving more and more to urban centers, and with the metropolitan limits of every one of our g.eater cities stretching miles out into the country, it takes some employees an hour cach way to go to and from their work. If, in addition to their 8 hours per day, they are required to take 2 hours for lunch, you can readily see that their work day is spread over an abnormally long period To my mind, this creates an eatieme hardship upon these employees and I hope that the Members of the fenate will cooperate with me and see this this bill is speedily enacted into law The second bill that I have introduced teday has to do with something that is pecu- Har to Government operation This is what is commonly known as compensatory time. If an employee works on a Saturday, Sun- day, or holiday in private industry, he is compensated by receiving overtime, usually at a double rate We do not have compene satory time in private industry Theoretically, the Post Office Department ts operated on a 40-hour week It is necessary, however, to furnish service over 6 days If an employee works on a Saturduy during the month of December, when normal sub- stitute replacement is not available, he re- ceives overtime pay at the rate of time and one-half, However, if he is compelled to work on a similar basis during the rest of the year, he receives what is known as com- pensatory time, which is merely time ofl on an hour-for-hour basis If the time of this employee is worth time and one-half when it comes to overtime, 1t appears to me that, if he is to be paid in time off, the time that he takes away from his family during a normally free period is certainly entitled to like consideration. My bill provides that when an employee is given compensatory time, it shall be on the basis of 90 minutes for every 60 minutes worked. I think that this legislation is just, fair and equitable, and long past due. STANDING COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS—AMENDMENTS Mr. WHERRY and Mr. HOLLAND each submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by them, respectively, to the resolution (S. Res. 58) amending the Senate rules by creating a standing Com- mittee on Small Business, which were ordered to lie on the table and to be printed. COLORADO RIVER DAM AT BRIDCE CANYON—AMENDMENTS Mr. DOWNEY (for himself and Mr. KNow.anpD) submitted 15 amendments intended to be proposed by them, jointly, to the bill (S. 75) authorizing the construction, operation, and main- tenance of a dam and incidental works in the main stream of the Colorado
1950 River at Bridge Canyon, together with certain appurtenant dams and canals, and for other purposes, which were or- dered to lie on the table and to be printed. CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR OF CERTAIN PUBLIC WORKS—AMENDMENT Mr. MARTIN submitted an amend- ment intended to be proposed by him to the bill (H. R. 5472) authorizing the construction, repair, and preservation of certain public works on rivers and har- bors for navigation, flood control, and for other purposes, which was ordered to lie on the table and to be printed. HOUSE BILL REFERRED The bill (H. R. 6670) to incorporate the Girl Scouts of the United States of Amer- ica, and for other purposcs, was read twice by its title, and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS AT THE LAW ENFORCEMENT CONFERENCE [Mr. KEFAUVER asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Rrecorp the address delivered by the President of the United States at the Law Enforcement Officers’ Con- ference in Washington on February 14, which appears in the Appendix ] WASHINGTON REPORT—ADDRESS BY SENATOR SMITH OF NEW JERSEY [Mr. SMITH of New Jersey asked and ob- tained leave to have printed in the Rrecorp an address entitled “Washington Report,” delivered by him over radio station WMTR, at Morristown, New Jersey, on February 12, 1959, which appears in the Appendix.] LINCOLN DAY ADDRESS BY SENATOR SALTONSTALL [Mr. SALTONSTALL asked and obtained Jeave to have printed in the Rrcorp an ad- dress delivered by him on February 12, 1950, in Knoxville, Tenn, at a dinner cclebrating the one hundred and forty-first anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln, which ap- pears in the Appendix ] JINCOLN DAY ADDRESS BY SENATOR MARTIN [Mr. MARTIN asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Recorp an address de- livered by him at a Lincoln Day dinner spon- sored by the Summit County (Ohio) Repub- lican Central and Executive Committees, at Akron, Ohio, on February 11, 1950, which ap- pears in the Appendix.] AMENDMENT OF THE ANTITRUST LAWS— STATEMENT BY SENATOR ROBERTSON [Mr. ROBERTSON asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Recorp a state- ment in reference to Senate bill 2912, to amend the antitrust laws, made by him be- fore a subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee on February 16, 1950, which ap- pears in the Appendix.] MINIMUM-WAGE BILL—STATEMENT BY SENATOR TAFT [Mr. TAFT asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Recorp a stutement pze- pared by him with reference to the mini- mum-wage bill, which appears in the Ap- pendix | CRITICISM OF FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION [Mr IVES asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Recorp a telegram addressed to the President of the United States by the Society of Former Special Agents of the Fed- eral Bureau of Investigation, Inc., and reply thereto from Peyton Ford, Assistant to the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—SENATE Attorney General, which appear in the Ap- pendix.] SUMMARY OF PROVISIONS OF SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION 2, ABOLISHING THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE {Mr. LODGE asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Recorp a summary pre- pared by him of the provisions of Senate Joint Resolution 2, which appears in the Appendix.] CLOSING OF WALTHAM WATCH CO.— EDITORIAL FROM THE WALTHAM NEWS-TRIBUNE [Mr. LODGE asked and obtained leave to have printed in the REcorp an editorial en- titled “Say It Isn't So,” published in the Waltham News-Tribune for February 11, 1950, which appears in the Appendix } ASIA'S CHALLENGE TO US—ARTICLE BY RAYMOND B. FOSDICK [Mr. LODGE asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Recorp an article en- titled “Asia’s Challenge to Us—Ideas, Not Guns.” by Raymond B. Fosdick, published in the New York Times magazine for Sunday, February 12, 1950, which appears in the Ap- pendix ] LINCOLN DAY ADDRESS BY MR. TALMAGE WILCHER [Mr. TAFT asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Recorp a radio address delivered by Mr Talmage Wilcher, State Re- publican committeeman from Arlington, Va, on February 12, 1950, which appears in the Appendix ] STATEMENT BY REPRESENTATIVE LEON- ARD W. HALL RELATING TO EDWARD LAMB [Mr. TAFT asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Recorp a statement by Representative Ltonarpn W. Hau, of New York, regarding Mr. Edward Lamb and Presi- dent Truman's trip to Ohio, which appears in the Appendix ] AMERICAN INDUSTRY—ADDRESS OF VICE ADM. HAROLD G. BOWEN, UNITED STATES NAVY, REITRED [Mr SMITH of New Jersey asked and ob- tained leave to have printed in the Rrcorp an address entitled “American Industry,” delivered by Vice Adm. Harold G. Bowen, United States Nuvy (retired), on January 18, 1950, which appears in the Appendix.| REESTABLISHMENT OF MAINTENANCE OF FREE AND COMPETITIVE ENTERPRISE— RESOLUTION OF AMERICAN NATIONAL LIVESTOCK ASSOCIATION {Mr DARBY asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Record a resolution adopted by the American National Livestock Association at its fifty-third annual conven- tion at Miami, Fla, on January 5, 1950, which appears in the Appendix.] THE FULBRIGHT PROGRAM—ARTICLE BY JAMES W. SILVER | Mr. FULBRIGHT asked and obtuined leave to have printed tn the Rrcorn an article en- titled ‘Fulbright Program Is One Good Thing That Grew Out of War, State Man Avows,” written by James W Silver, chairman of the history department, University of Mississippi, and published in the Clarion-Ledger, of Jack- son, Miss., for December 20, 1949, which ap- pears in the Appendix.] SENATOR McMAHON AND HIS PROPOSAL TO NEUTRALIZE THE BOMB {Mr. KERR asked and obtained leave to have printed in the ReEcorp an article en- titled “McManon, Senator and Atomic Spe- cialist,” written by Wiliam 8. White, and published in the New York Times magazine 1833 of February 12, 1950, which appears in the Appendix.] ALTERNATIVE TO ATOMIC CHAOS—EDI- TORIAL FROM THE CHRISTIAN CEN- TURY [Mr. KERR asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Recorp an editorial en- titled “Alternative to Atomic Chaos,” from the Christian Century of February 15, 1950, which appears in the Appendix.| IS THE A. & P. SUIT IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST? [Mr KEFAUVER asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Recorp a discussion entitled “Is the A. & P. Suit in the Public Interest?” recently presented on the Amer- ican Forum of the Air, and participated in by Senator O'MAHONEY, which appears in the Appendix J A NOVEL PLAN TO RAISE REVENUE~ ARTICLE BY ARTHUR KROCK {[Mr. KILGORE asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Recorp an article entitled “A Novel Plan To Raise Revenue,” written by Arthur Krock and published in the New York Times of February 10, 1950, which appears In the Appendix | EDUCATIONAL ADVANCEMENT IN MISSIS- SIPPI {Mr. STENNIS asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Recorp a news item pub- lished in the Memphis Press-Scimitar of February 11, 1950, relative to the progress being made by Mississippi in solving educa- tional problems and indicating the good ree lationship prevailing between the races in that State, which appears in the Appendix J WHAT IS PROSPERITY ?—EDITORIAL FROM THE WASHINGTON (PA) OBSERVER {Mr MARTIN asked and obtained leave to have printed in the REcorp an editorial en- titled “What Is Prosperity?’ published in the Washington (Pa) Observer, which ap- pears in the Appendix. ] NO SECURITY WITHOUT NATIONAL SECU- RITY—EDITORIAL FROM THE WASH- INGTON (PA.) OBSERVER [Mr. MARTIN asked and obtained leave to have printed in the Recorp an editorial en- titled “No Security Without National Secu- rity,” published in the Washington (Pa.) Observer, which appears in the Appendix | A LESSON FOR TRUMAN TO LEARN—EDI- TORIAL FROM THE WILLIAMSPORT SUN [Mr MARTIN asked and obtained lenve to have printed in the Recorp an editorial en- titled “A Lesson for Truman To Learn," pub- lished in the Williamsport Sun for Febiuary 13, 1950, which appears in the Appendix ] TENTH ANNIVERSARY OF OPENING OF SENATE RADIO AND TELEVISION GAL- LERY Mr. GILLETTE. Mr. President, yes- terday marked the tenth anniversary of the formal opening of the Senate Radio and Television Gallery. In that connec- tion, I submit some historical data which I ask unanimous consent to have printed at this point in the REcorp, as a part of my remarks. There being no objection, the state- ment was ordered to be printed in the RecorpD, as follows: Yesterday, February 15, marked the tenth anniversary of the formal opening of the Senate Radio and Television Gallery. On February 15, 1940, D Harold McGrath, who had been secretary to Senator Lewis B. Schwellenbach, of Washington State, became