450
(IX) Section 1131(b)(1). 
(X) Section 1131(b)(2). 
(XI) Section 1131(b)(3). 
(XII) Section 1131(b)(5). 
(XIII) Section 1131(b)(6). 
(XIV) Section 1132(a)(1). 
(XV) Section 1132(a)(2). 
(ii) 
FULL
COMPLIANCE
IN
SUC-
CEEDING YEAR.—If the unimplemented re-
forms under subparagraph (A) are not im-
plemented in the year succeeding the year 
to which subparagraph (A) applies, the 
provisions of subsection (b) shall apply for 
such succeeding year. 
(b) WITHHOLDING OF UNITED STATES CONTRIBU-
TIONS TO REGULAR ASSESSED BUDGET OF THE UNITED 
NATIONS.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in para-
graph (4) and in accordance with paragraph (2), 
until such time as all certifications (or alternate cer-
tifications) are submitted in accordance with sub-
section (a), the United States shall appropriate, but 
withhold from expenditure, 50 percent of the con-
tributions of the United States to the regular as-
451
sessed budget of the United Nations for a biennial 
period. 
(2) AVAILABLE UNTIL EXPENDED.—The con-
tributions appropriated but withheld from expendi-
ture under paragraph (1) are authorized to remain 
available until expended. 
(3) APPLICATION WITH RESPECT TO SECTION 
11(B) OF THE UNITED NATION PARTICIPATION ACT 
OF 1945.—Until such time as all certifications (or al-
ternate certifications) are submitted in accordance 
with subsection (a), subsection (b) of section 11 of 
the United Nations Participation Act of 1945 (as 
amended by section 1111(c) of this title) shall be ad-
ministered as though such section reads as follows: 
‘‘The Secretary may not make a contribution to a 
regularly assessed biennial budget of the United Na-
tions in an amount greater than 11 percent of the 
amount calculable under subsection (c).’’. 
(4) SECTION 11(D)(3) OF UNITED NATIONS PAR-
TICIPATION ACT OF 1945.—
(A) SPECIAL RULE.—A certification under 
subsection (d)(3) of section 11 of the United 
Nations Participation Act of 1945 (as amended 
by section 1111(c) of this title) (relating to the 
2008–2009 biennial period and subsequent bi-
452
ennial periods) shall not be required until such 
time as the United Nations makes its formal 
budget presentation for the 2008–2009 biennial 
period. 
(B) APPLICATION.—If the Secretary does 
not submit a certification under such section, 
the 50 percent withholding described under 
paragraph (1) shall apply. 
(c) RELEASE OF FUNDS.—At such time as all certifi-
cations (or alternate certifications) are submitted in ac-
cordance with subsection (a), the United States shall 
transfer to the United Nations amounts appropriated but 
withheld from expenditure under subsection (b). 
(d) ANNUAL REVIEWS.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall conduct 
annual reviews, beginning one year after the date on 
which the Secretary submits the final certification 
(or alternate certification) in accordance with sub-
section (a), to determine if the United Nations con-
tinues to remain in compliance with all such certifi-
cations (or alternate certifications). Not later than 
30 days after the completion of each such review, 
the Secretary shall submit to the appropriate con-
gressional committees a report containing the find-
ings of each such review.
453
(2) ACTION.—If during the course of any such 
review the Secretary determines that the United Na-
tions has failed to remain in compliance with a cer-
tification (or an alternate certification) that was 
submitted in accordance with subsection (a), the 50 
percent withholding described under subsection (b) 
shall re-apply with respect to United States con-
tributions each fiscal year to the regular assessed 
budget of the United Nations beginning with the fis-
cal year immediately following such review and sub-
sequent fiscal years until such time as all certifi-
cations (or alternate certifications) under subsection 
(a) have been submitted. 
(e) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The certifications (or alter-
nate certifications) specified under subsection (a) shall be 
required with respect to United States contributions to-
wards payment of regular assessed dues of the United Na-
tions for 2007 and subsequent years. 
TITLE XIII—OPENING DOORS 
FOR FOREIGN STUDENTS 
SEC. 1301. SHORT TITLE. 
This title may be cited as the ‘‘Opening Doors for 
Foreign Students Act of 2005’’. 
SEC. 1302. FINDINGS. 
Congress finds the following:
454
(1) Opening doors to well-intentioned foreign 
students and exchange visitors has wide-ranging 
benefits to the United States. 
(2) Upon their return to their countries of ori-
gin, foreign students and exchange visitors dissemi-
nate the core values of the United States as they re-
late their positive experiences with the democratic 
form of governance, the dynamic multicultural soci-
ety, and the entrepreneurial spirit of the United 
States. 
(3) The United States earns approximately 
$13,000,000,000 a year in tuition and living ex-
penses paid by foreign students, making higher edu-
cation the United States’ fifth largest service export. 
(4) Since the terrorist attacks on America on 
September 11, 2001, the United States institutions 
of higher education and nongovernmental exchange 
sponsors have faced great challenges in retaining 
their competitive position in the market for foreign 
students. 
(A) During the 2002–2003 academic year, 
the first year after the 9/11 attacks, the growth 
of overall international student enrollment in 
the United States slowed to 0.6 percent after 
having increased by 6.4 percent in the two pre-
455
vious academic years. During the 2003–2004 
academic year, according to the Institute of 
International Education, the number of inter-
national students studying in the United States 
declined 2.4 percent to 572,509. This was the 
first overall decline in international students 
studying in the United States since the 1971–
72 school year. 
(B) Community Colleges have been par-
ticularly hard-hit by overall declines in enroll-
ments of foreign students. During the 2003–
2004 academic year, the number of foreign stu-
dents enrolled a public two-year schools fell by 
10 percent, according to the Institute of Inter-
national Education. 
(5) Some foreign students have expressed anx-
iety and alarm about the new visa processes. A sur-
vey conducted in 2004 at the University of Cali-
fornia of 1,700 foreign students found that 60 per-
cent reported that they had to endure ‘‘unreasonable 
delays’’ to obtain student visas. 
(6) Competitors in the marketplace for higher 
education, including Canada, Australia, New Zea-
land, Germany and the United Kingdom, are aggres-