A774 has been so sadly discounted or misunder- atood. I have been told on several occasions in France, we only helped to replace what we destroyed. The argument about liberation leaves the average Frenchman cold. He will tell you that Germany was already defeated. Many feel that if there 1s to be another war, it is our war, not theirs. They claim they have nothing to fight for. They have lost some of their love of country, because their country has done so little for them. They recall, that the period following the Armistice ‘was not too bad. France saved lives. It had a sort of peace. It retained its colonies. No huge war debt was incurred. Oh, there were some inevitable inconveniences from the German occupation army, but on the whole it was not too hard to take. They might want to sit out another war, if they can, some of them believe, and some of them hope. One of my friends told me he housed a dozen Germans in his home in Normandy. They lived and ate with the family, drank wine along with their hosts, and conducted them- selves in a most orderly manner. When the Americans came in, they took the place over, and the wine cellar was consumed in less than 2 weeks. This is the type of incident one hears. France may not be able to stay out of war, if it comes, but they will go a long ways to avoid 1t, Their help, whatever it may be, unless it becomes organized in advance along with other nations, will be too little and too late. Sabotage and fifth col- umn damages are to be expected, and can be serious, especially in connection with factory production and transport. Some or all of these tendencies apply to many of the West- ern European bloc. It is not a happy prus- pect for us. We are only fooling ourselves if we count too strongly on European help, They want to be on the receiving end. In England the situation is somewhat dif- ferent. Here you witness an empire breaking up, under the surge of nationalism, which is evident in many thickly populated areas of the world. There has been altogether too much exploitation of the masses, for the interest and profit of absentee ownerships. England lives on international trade. It must import raw materials and food, to be liquidated by exports of manufactured goods. The Labor Government came into power be- cause the people were restless under the im- pact of postwar confusion and disappolnt- ment. Socialism pledged itself to divide ac- cumulated wealth into fair shares for all. It insisted there would be full employment regardless, something which is not entirely Teasible in any dynamic society. It began to nationalize certain industries, and an- nounced jt would carry this policy into effect until practically all large industries were state-owned and managed. Capital was squeezed until it had very little more to give. Taxes were raised to a point where there was not much incentitve to earn and create. But austerity still prevatled. The people coutinued to queue up for thelr food ra- tions, such as they were and are. After 5 years of this noble experiment, the great middle class sensed the fact that they are paying for such doles as medical services, and food subsidies; and etill their situation had not improved. In the last election the Socialist Party did not even poll a popular majority—quite a change from their man- date & years earlier. The people, however, had not surrendered all of their political freedom to the Socialista and Labor, so they could again express themselves in a free election. Any one of you who has ridden on English or continental trains has seen what happens in & noncompetitive system, Eng- land is stagnant. A fine people have lost much of their initiative under socialism, which has achieved nothing that a properly directed free economy could not provide bet- ter and cheaper. Some will argue with merit that the status of the lowest classes has im- proved. But this trend was on the way even before the war, and would have had to be carried on by any government that was in power after the war. Here, too, we do not find the will to make further sacrifices, at the expense of thelr present poor living standard. The men and women are under- standably tired of war and scarcity; they, too, do not want to fight, Until they think their homeland may be threatened you cannot ex- pect much to be done. It is no accident that England continues to ship machine tools to Russia, nor is it a mere coincidence that Shinwoll and Strachey were chosen to the two top political posts concerned with mill- tary affairs. Thoy are not the types who can be expected to prepare in anticipation of a possible emergency, nor is their ideology too far removed from the philosophy of the Com- munist principle. At that, they probably echo the thoughts of the man in the street, who wants to be left alone, and who says, “It would be good for the Yanks to be taken down a peg.” We have a right to be disturbed when we continue month after month to talk about German rearmament, knowing it is a “must” in any organized European plan for @ united defense. Informed sources no longer fear the possibility of creating another Hitler war machine. On the contrary, wo may be forced to build a defense mechanism capable of facing a military force which might make the old German Army look like @ police guard. France understands this and 1s not afraid of German rearming under any union of European nations, Commercial selfishness plays a part in the delay. Heavy industries want to make peacetime goods while there is such a large demand, rather than reconvert to defense production as long as their Governments do not seem anxious to force the issue. One would think indeed that the danger is remote rather than im- minent, Some political leaderships fear the political effect of the strain on their own economy, if they prepare for protection. As if they would have any economy to save if invasion occurred, Everyone is aware that Eastern Germany has created a large so- called police force, trained and willing to march whenever the signal is given. The situation in Germany bears all the earmarks of a possible European Korea. The Rus- sian zone 1s systematically and purposely ig- noring the steady emigration of over 9,000,000 inhabitants up to now, to the west. This increases the critical unemployment and feeding problems in the allied zones. Russia rids itself of those who are not easily induc- trinated, and is able to filter into the west spies and saboteurs at will, ready to do their lethal work when the time is ripe. I hope we have put a stop to the dismantling proc- ess, but I am not sure. Some of our funds have gone into new plants, replacing those which have heen moved out since our aid program has been operstive, and is explained away by the statement that the removals were prior commitments. Does this make sense? I think it is fair appraisal to say at this time that Europe, including England, seems more interested in trying to drive a hard bar- gain as to how much preparedness they can force us to provide and pay for, than to use the intervening time in getting that much ahead of the job. They are not even doing much to awaken public opinion as to what may be in store. For the first time, we find Americans awakened and trying to compel the Govern- ment to take urgent action. In Europe no- where ts there a sense of hurry. Business 1s too good, and free governments seldom move faster than the people. This country should stop further aid for recovery. It should get hard-boiled. If we are not going to have real partners, let us find it out now. I think it fe well to know that some of the hesitancy in Europe is due not only to in- APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD effective leadership, but also to some uncer- tainty as to how far they can depend on us. They remember we stayed out of the two world wars until our own security and welfare were threatened. They are inclined to forget it was our blood and resources which finally brought victory. If they have misused ft, we are not to blame, though a scapegoat cov- ers up a lot of mistakes. We went to Europe's rescue after the First World War, creating a false prosperity here, and ending in the de- bacle of 1929. We helped them again after the last war, and we are still doing it, yet we are consistently needled for more. We know there is a limit, but the feeling porsists we can be argued out of an unfair share now he~ cause we appear to be scared. This is not the sort of situation which makes for effective and forthright teamwork in a common cause. We need forceful statesmanship now—men who will make it crystal clear, what we have a right to exnect. Europe is in greater im- mediate jeopardy than we are but because the danger 1s mutual, there must be a fair distribution of the burdens of defense. In considering the gloomy picture in Europe, as I see it, the question of Spain ought to be touched on, briefly. It is aiffi- cult to become enthusiastic over Franco, but who can defend Tito, except that for the moment he opposes Russta? So does Franco. We play ball with one and condemn the other at the same time. This does not seem vory realistic. It is part of the fuzzy thinking that las been prevalent in the State Depart- ment. Even Congress is tired of this sort of idealism, if you wish to call it such. They passed an unprecedented law recently au- thorizing a loan to Spain, as you know. One cannot approve of this method of making foreign policy, but it does illustrate a lack of confidence which is most deplorable. I am more than ever opposed to further loans or gifts without some return commitment. ‘We have been played for suckers long enough. The cold fact remains, Spain may be the only Place we can get a toe-hold in Europe some day. If you wish to argue you cannot trust them, I should agree, but I would answer by asking a question, Whom can you trust in the game of power politics? And I would answer that question—only those whose selt- interests demand that they work with us. That is all alliances are anyway. Much has been said upon the question of & western European union. The situation in Western Europe today is analagous to what would coniront us, {f some of our States were free to act in foreign policy, on their own. Desirable as this union is, and it must come some day, it is a vision for the future, the far distant future. Many differences— in language, even a detail such as weights and measures, and muny more—make this Proposal a hard nut to crack. The real stumbling block is England, without whose cooperation ttle can be accomplished. Their opposition is not one of just being stubborn. It is 9 matter entirely of a funda- mental conflict of interests, which both the Labor and Conservative Parties recognize. On the other hand, however, all these coun- tries, Including England, would gladly join an Atlantic union, in my judgment, in which Canada and the United States would partici- pate, provided we put up most of the money. But until this emergency passes there are more immediately practical tasks to perform. Communism and a free society cannot continue to Itve together in peace. Russia and the United States had enjoyed what had keen regarded as a traditional friend- ship over a long period. Their interests were complementary, rather than confiict- ing—until communism came into power. Their intensive campaign of hate is being directed principally against us. This is due only to the fact that the United States rep- resents the most extreme example of a free and competitive society, which has actually improved the status of all its citizens, This
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD gives the Russian rulers grave concern for their own hides. Our living standards are the envy of the whole world, even though you and I know same part of it has been based on borrowed money and Government doles in various forms. The struggle to de- termine which type of society shall ulti- mately prevail s now under way. It may bring about war, or it could continue for some time in the form of economte attri- tion—the process which Is now being forced on a free world. They have an idea that Americans cannot “take it,” that we are too soft. We are soon to be put to the real test to determine lf we will accept some austerity and forego some luxury without whimpering. We have come of age, but we wish to be treated accordingly. We want to be told the hard facts of life. We must stop, or be restrained from, living in a fool's paradise today, not tomorrow. We must demand resolute action from our political leaders, and the adjournment of politica for the duration. This is no time for such extrava- gance. We are the most misunderstood Nation in the world, even though we have always done more than we promised. I have tried to state sume of the reasons why Russian as- surances continue to appeal to so many, in spite ot the facts, which millions do not know—that all Russia has even given to the netions they have taken over are the shackles that have bound the masses into a modern form of physical and mental slavery. We have been assailed as imperialists, and many believe it. Yet we voluntarily gave up Cuba. We voted independence to the Philip- pines, and then gave them over 62,000,000,000, which they have recklessly wasted. Has Rus- sia ever released a dependency, or anything else but misery under a police state? Yet it presses on and on for more victims, more sources of production and manpower, in an endeavor to keep the Russtan people con- tented with their lot. If they succeed, that little group in the Kremlin may remain in undisputed power, while they chuckle to themselves and marvel at the sight of a world in chaos, for which their evil genius is re- sponsible. If we can make them fail, the Russian people will rebel against the yoke which binds them. We need political mis- sionaries to fight lies with self-evident facts and truths. Communism is a force of ideas— terrible ideas, but with a nostalgic appeal to under-privileged everywhere. It can only be met by the practical application of other, and more personal ideas—ideals I should like to call them—which will create a superior life under individual freedom. This is the only sure way to conquer the menace which over- hangs the world. Then we can hope to re- store the cignity of the human being in a better society to be ruled by men, freely chosen, rather than enslaved by ruthless mas- ters, whoever they may be. Who Is on America’s Side? EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. CARL T. CURTIS OF NEBRASKA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, January 8, 1951 Mr. CURTIS of Nebraska. Mr. Speak- er, the time has come for America to find out who are her friends. Britain not only has recognized the Red Govern- ment of China, but apparently she 1s using our dollars to help build up Rus- Sla’s war machine, Not only is it appropriate to ask if Britain {s on our side—we might ask are the Truman policy makers on America's side. Mr. Speaker, I wish to extend my remarks by including an article written by Fulton Lewis, Jr., in the Washington Times-Herald for January 7, 1951: WASHINGTON REPORT (By Fulton Lewis, Jr.) This will give you a bounce. President Truman is nicking us another $8,800,000,000 to supply arms and ammunition to the At- lantic Pact nations. The British arc coming in for a huge chunk of this. They'll get hundreds of trucks, tanks, mobile guns, and everything else that their army, navy, and alr force needs Untold thousands of tons of finished rub- ber goods will, of course, go tuto the weap- ons we ship to them: Tires, inner tubes, all kinds of rubber mats, buffers for radar, and other devices. To help the British along, little Mr. Big is switching from the American market all the natural rubber he can get his hands on. Under date of December 286, the National Production Administration ordered a halt on all buying and distribution of natural rub- ber so the stepped-up military demands for the British and others could be met. Next will come the scrap-rubber drives, wherein you'll be asked to toss on the street corner your old hot-water bottles and used tires that are too old for retreading with syn- thetics. In short, the standard routine. Today, reposing on the docks of the Thames River near London is $10,090,000 worth of natural rubber. It will be loaded into the British steamer Stanreal It was shipped to London from Malaya and would come in handily in the United States right now !n making the tires, etc, we are going to send to Britain. But don't get the idea we are going to get It. Not a chance. The British are loading it for shipment to the Soviet port of Odessa. The Russians are stockpiling natural rub- ber for war purposes, the potential war against us, and presumably the British them- selves. But British traders are not bashful about picking up a fast ruble. To Russia goes this immense load of the all-important stuff on which modern armies move. For a new high itn gall the British Gov- ernment on December 28 asked the United States to share our stockpile of strategic metals to ease her shortage. We have been trying to stockpile rubber for 2 years. While you are jugg.ing that one let’s take 8 look at the Government's idea of mutual help in building up strong defenses against Russia—which is the key gagline in the North Atlantic Pact. Since the end of the wer British Malaya has been shipping tons of crude rubber to the Soviet Union. United States rubber authorities have protested this time and again, but consist- ently get a brush-off. The economic planners in the Truman administration, instead of using some sense, tucked British Malaya into the Marshall. plan-aid set-up and thousands of American dollars have helped restore crude rubber production in this and other British rubber- producing possessions. In fact, John L. Collyer, president of the B. F. Goodrich Rubber Co., says 80 percent of the world’s crude rubber production is either financed to a large extent by Mar- shall-plan funds direct, or by those of other American funds, indirectly, through other Marshall-plan countries, The British statement that shipments of natural rubber to Russia are O. EK since we are not at war with the Soviet Union must sound a bit discordant to British troops fighting Soviet-directed Chinese Communists AT im Korea and it certainly ls a worthy topic for a quiz program here at home. If we aren't now fighting the rim of Russia and getting ready for the main bout, how come the Blair House boss wante us to spend $8,800,000,000 shipping guns and dutter all over the globe? And how come also, those emergency rubber curtailments for continen- tal United States? These are simple questions of fact, the British decline to answer. In view of the wartime billions we sent to Britain for lend- lease, the postwar billions for economic aid and the billions for urmaments now on the way, it would seem the British owe us a little something. By choice I avaid the mora) issues involved to polnt out in the space available here that maybe farmer President Herbert Hoover had something when he said we should hold up our mén and arms for Europe until they show some signs of building up thelr own defenses and acting smart about Russia, In the United States everyone is worried about France. But at least the French Government, in November, banned the shipment of all stra- tegic goods to Russia, especially natural rubber, Backgrouad of the Twenty-eighth Division EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. EDWARD MARTIN OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Monday, January 8, 1951 Mr. MARTIN. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Rxcorp an article entitled “Background of the Twenty- eighth Division,” written by Ray Car- penter, division historian, and published in the Red Keystone for December 1950. There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the Recorp, as follows: BACKGROUND OF THE TWENTY -EIGHTH Division (By Ray Carpenter) TWENTY-EIGHTH DIVISION COMMANDERS SINCE GINGLE DIVISION REORGANIZATION OF 1878 Maj. Gen. John F. Hartranft, Maj. Gen. George R. Bnowden, Maj. Gen. Charies Mil- ler, Maj. Gen. J. P. 8. Gobin, Maj. Gen. John W. Schall, Maj. Gen, John A. Wiley, Brig. Gen. Charles B. Dougherty, Maj. Gen. Wendell P. Bowman, Maj. Gen. Charlies Dougherty, Maj. Gen, Charles M. Clement, Maj. Gen. Charles H. Muir (World War I combat), Maj. Gen. William H. Hay, Maj. Gen. William G. Price, Jr., Maj. Gen. Edward C. Shannon, Maj. Gen. Edward Martin, Maj. Gen. J. Gareache, Ord., Maj. Gen. Lloyd D. Brown (World War IT combat), Brig. Gen. James EF. Wharton (killed after commanding division several hours, One Hundred and Twelfth Infantry Head- quarters), Maj. Gen, Norman D. Cota, (World War If combat), Maj. Gen. Dantel B. Strick- ler (present commander). Nore.—Gen. George C. Marshall was an offi- cer in Twenty-elghth Division unit fn 1906. HISTORICAL BATTLE CREDITS OF THE TWENTY-~- KIGHTH INFANTRY DIVISION The Twenty-cighth Infantry Division is the oldest division in the Armed Forces of the United States. 1. War of the Spanish Succession of 1747: (a) Colonial service under the King of Eng- jand.
A76 2. French and Indian War of 1768: (a) Colonial seryice under the King of England. 8, Revolutionary War of 1775: (a) Bran- dywine; (b) Germantown; (c) New Jersey, 1775; (ad) Pennsylvania, 1778-81. 4. War of 1812: (a) Federal service before Washington. 5. Mexican War of 1846: (a) Vera Cruz; (b) Cerro Gordo. 6. Civil War of 1881: (a) Wilderness; (b) Spottsylvania; (c) Cold Harbor; (d) Peters- burg, (e) Shenandoah Valley; (g) Maryland, 1864; (bh) Peninsula; (i) Manassa; (J) An- tletam; (k) Fredericksburg; (i) Chancellors- ville; (m) Gettysburg; (nm) Virginia, 1861- 64; (0) Vicksburg; (p) Appomattox. 7. Spanish-Amertcan War of 1898: (a) Manila: (b) Malolos; (¢c) Porto Rico. 8. World War I of 1917: (a) Champagne; (b) Champnagne-Marne; (c) Aisne Marne; (d) Oise-Aisne; (e) Lorraine; (f) Meuse-Ar- gonne; (g) Ypres-Lys. 9. World War It of 1941: (a) Normandy; (b) Northern France; (c) Rhineland’ (qa) Ardennes; (e) Central Europe; (f) Central Pacific: (g) Western Pacific); (h) Eastern Mandate Islands. 10. Korean War of 1950: (a) service. UNITED STATES ARMY RECORD Listed below are the record number of nine enemy divisions that attacked the Twenty-eighth Infantry Division on a 26- mile front during the opening engagements of the Battle of the Bulge, December 16, 1944. No division in American history had ever be- fore engaged this total of enemy divisions at one time. By {ts holding actions, the Twenty-eighth Division performed one of the greatest feats in the history of the United States Army at a cost of 6,000 casualties. 1. One hundred and Sixteenth Panzer Divi- sion 2. Second Panzer Division. 8. Eleventh Panzer Division. 4, One Hundred and Thirtieth Panzer Lehr Division. 6. Five Hundred and Sixtieth Volks Gren- adier Division. 6. Twenty Sixth Volks Grenadier Division. 7. Three Hundred and Fifty-second Volks Grenadier Division 8. Two Hundred and Seventy-second Volks Grenadier Division. 9. Fifth Parachute Division. WE MET THEM ALL In the European theater of operations the German Wehrmacht launched only four ma- jor attacks and the Twenty-eighth Infantry Division had a large hand in stopping and defeating each of them. Our beloved divi- sion fought strongly on the left flank of the Thirtieth (Old Hickory) Infantry Division at the firat major German attack at Mortain when the panzers attempted to cut off Pat- ton’s Third Army by reaching the sea. The second major attack battered the Twenty- eighth in the Hurgan Forest inflicting nearly 6,000 casualties but the division retained much of the precious ground previously gained and stopped the One Hundred and Bixteenth Panzer and two German infantry divisions plus many small Kraut combat units. The Twenty-eighth was the center in the largest German attack in the Ardennes when the division set an American record by sin- gle-handedly fighting nine enemy divisions at a cost of 6,000 casualties. Precious time ‘was gained that allowed reinforcements to form behind the Twenty-eighth to eventu- ally stop the Krauts. The German fourth attack at Colmar occurred at this time, and after regrouping the Twenty-eighth, recap- tured Colmar and regained lost territory. From D-day to the end of the war, 00 Ger- man divisions made four major attacks on the western front. In ite tours of combat along the front with the United States First Federal Army, Third Army, Seventh Army, Fifteenth Army, and the First French Army, the Twenty-eighth Infantry Division fought half of the enemy divisions on the front and participated brilliantly in stopping all four German attacks. The Twenty-eighth Divi- sion says it again, “We met them all.” The 48 States EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. THOMAS J. LANE OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, January 8, 1951 Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Recorp, I wish to include herein a report contain- ing factual information of the 48 States, which was prepared by John F. Nave, national commander of the Italian- American World War Veterans of the United States, Inc., and sent out to all national, State, and local officers, posts, departments, and executive committee- men, including ladies’ auxiliary. The report follows: NATIONAL DEPARTMENT, ITALIAN-AMERICAN WORLD WAR VETERANS OF UNiTED Statss, INc., Syracuse, N. Y., January 3, 1951. Subject: Area, population, capital, flower, motto, nickname, and legislative session of the 48 States in the United States of America To: Ali national, State, and local officers, posts, departments, and executive commit- teemen, including ladies’ auxiliary: 1. Alabama (the Cotton State): Capital, Montgomery; area, 51,279 square miles; pop- ulation, 2,832,961; motto, “We dare defend our rights’; flower, goldenrod; legislative session, meets once every 2 years on even years (example, 1950, 1952, 1954, 1956, etc.). 2. Arizona (the Grand Canyon State): Capital, Phoenix; area, 113,909 square miles; population, 499,261; motto, “Ditat Deus” (God enriches); flower, saguaro cactus; leg- islntive session, meets once every 2 years on odd years (example, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1957, etc.). 3. Arkansas (the Wonder State): Capital, Little Rock; area, 53,102 square miles; popu- lation, 1,949,387; motto, “Regnat populus” (the people rule); fiower, apple blossom; legislative session, meets once every 2 years on odd years (example, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1957, etc.). 4. California (the Golden State): Capital, Sacramento; area, 156,803 square miles; pop- ulation, 9,300,000; motto, "Eureka” (I have found it); flower, golden poppy; legislative session, meets once every year (example, 1951, 1952, 1053, 1954, etc.). 5. Colorado (the Centennial State): Capi- tal, Denver; area, 104,247 square miles; popu- lation, 1,159,102; motto, “Nil sine numine” (nothing without the Deity); flower, blue columbine; legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (example, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1957, etc.). 6. Connecticut (the Constitution State): Capital, Hartford; area, 5,004 square miles; population, 1,995,268; motto, “Qui transtulit austinet” (he who transplanted still sus- tains); flower, mountain laurel; legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (example, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1957, etc.). 7, Delaware (the Diamond State): Captal, Dover; ares, 2,399.2 square miles; population, 266,505; motto, “Liberty and independence”; flower, peach blossom; legislative session APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD meets once every 2 years on odd years (eXx- ample; 1951, 1958, 1055, 1957, etc.). 8, Florida (the Sunshine State): Capital, Tallahassee; area, 64,861 square miles; popu- Jation, 2,250,061; motto, “In God we trust”; flower, orange blossom; legislative session meets once every 2 years on even years (eX- ample: 1950, 1952, 1954, 1956, etc.). 9. Georgia (Empire State of the South): Capital, Atlanta; area, 58,876 square miles; population, 3,123,723; motto, “Wisdom, jJus- tice, and moderation”; flower, Cherokee rose; legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (example: 1951, 1053, 1955, 1957, etc.), 10. Idaho (the Gem State): Capital, Boise; area, 83,354 squares miles; population, 550,- 000; motto, “Esto perpetua’” (mayest thou endure forever); flower, syringa; legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (example: 1951, 1953, 1855, 1957, etc.). 11. Tuinois (the Sucker State): Capital, Springfield, area, 65,947 square miles; popu- lation, 7,897,241; motto, “State soverelgnty— national union”; flower, native violet; legis- lative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (example, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1957, ete ). 12. Indiana (the Hoosier State): Capital, Indianapolis; area, 36,291 square miles; popu- lation, 3,427,796; motto, “The crossroads of America”; flower, “zinnia; legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (ex- ample, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1957, etc ). 13. Iowa (the Hawkeye State): Capital, Des Moines; area, 55,586 square miles; popu- lation, 2,538,268; motto, “Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain”; flower, wild rose; legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (example, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1957, etc ). 14. Kansas (Jayhawker): Capital, Topeka; area, 82,158 square miles; population, 1,774,- 447; motto, “Ad astra per aspera (to the stars through difficulty)"; flower, native sunflower; legislative session meets Once every 2 years on odd years (example, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1957, etc.). 15. Kentucky (the Blue Grass State) : Cap- ital, Frankfort; area, 40,100 square miles; population, 2,845,627; motto, “United we stand, divided we fall”; flower, goldenrod; legislative session meets once every 2 years on sven years (example, 1950, 1952, 1954, 1956, etc.). 16. Louisiana (the Pelican State) : Capital, Baton Rouge: area, 45,409 square miles; population, 2,363,880; motto, “Union, justice, and confidence”; flower, magnolia; legisla- tive session meets once every 2 years on even years (example, 1950, 1952, 1954, 1956, etc.). 17. Maine (the Pine Tree State): Capital, Augusta; area, 26,998 square miles; popula- tion, 847,226; motto, “Dirigo” (I direct or guide); flower, pine cone and tassel; legisla- tive session meets once every 2 years on odd years (example, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1957, etc.). 18. Maryland (the Old Line State): Capl.» tal, Annapolis; area, 12,327 square miles; population, 1,821,244; motto, “Scuto bonae voluntatis tuae coronasti nos” (with the shield of thy good will thou hast covered us); flower, black-eyed susan; legislative session meets once every year (examplo, 1961, 1952, 1953, 1954, etc.). 19. Massachusetts (the Bay State): Capi- tal, Boston; area, 7,838.7 square miles; pop- ulation, 4,493,281; motto, ‘“Ense petit placi- dum sub libertate quietem” (by the sword we seek peace, but peace only under liberty); flower, mayfiower; legislative session meets once every year (example, 1951, 1952, 1958, 1054, etc.). 20. Michigan (the Wolverine State); Cap- ital, Lansing; area, 96,770 square miles; pope ulation, 5,256,106; motto, “Si quaeris penin- sulam amoenam circumspice” (If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look about you); flower, apple blossom; legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (example, 1951, 1968, 1955, 1967, etc.).
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD 21. Minnesota (the Gopher State): Cap!- tal, St. Paul; area, 84,266.58 equare miles; population, 2,792,300; motto, “L’Etoile du nord” (Star of the north); flower, moccasin flower; legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (example, 1951, 1953, 1985, 1957, etc.). 22, Miasissipp! (the Magnolia State): Cap- ital, Jackson; area, 47,716 square miles; pop- ulation, 2,180,905; motto, “Virtute et armis” (By valor and arms); flower, magnolia; leg- islative session meets once every 2 years on ote) years (example: 1950, 1962, 1964, 1956, etc.). 23, Missouri (the Show Me State) : Capital, Jefferson City; area, 69,270 square miles; pop- ulation, 3,784,664; motto, “Salus populi su- prema les esto” (the welfare of the people shall be the supreme law); flower, haw- thorne; legislative session, meets once every 2 years on odd years (example, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1957, etc.). 24. Montana (the Treasure State) : Capital, Helena; area, 146,316 square miles; popula- tion, 569,456; motto, “Ora y plata” (gold and silver); flower, bitterroot; legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (ex- amples, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1957, etc.). 26. Nebraska (the Cornhusker State): Capital, Lincoln; area, 76,653 square miles; population, 1,315,834; motto, equality before the law; flower, goldenrod; legisiative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (ex- ample, 1951, 1958, 1955, 1957, etc.). 26. Nevada (the Sagebrush State) : Capital, Carson City; area, 110,623 square miles; population, 156,445; motto, all for our coun- try; flower, sagebrush; legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (ex- ample, 1951, 1053, 1955, 1957, etc.). 27. New Hampshire (the Granite State): Capital, Concord; area, 9,024 square miles; population, 491,624; motto, live free—or die; flower, purple lilac; legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (example, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1967, etc.). 28. New Jersey (the Garden State): Cap- ital, Trenton; area, 8,204.37 square miles; population, 4,160,165; motto, liberty and prosperity; flower, violet; legislative session meets once every year (example, 1961, 1952, 1958, 1954, etc). 20. New Mexico (the Sunshine State— Land of Enchantment): Capital, Santa Fe; area, 121,666 square miles; population, 581,- 818; motto, “Crescit Eundo” (it grows as it goes); flower, yucca; legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (example, 1951, 1968, 1955, 1957, etc.). 30. New York (the Empire State) : Capital, Albany; area, 49,576 square miles; popula- tion, 13,479,142; motto, “Excelsior” (higher) ; flower, rose; legislative session meets once every year (example, 1951, 1952, 1053, 1954, etc.). 81. North Carolina (the Tar Heel State): Capital, Raleigh; area, 52,712 square miles; population, 3,571,623; motto, “Esse quam videre” (to be, rather than to seem); flower, dogwood: legislative seasion meets once every 2 years on odd years (example, 1951, 1963, 1985, 1057, etc.). $2, North Dakota (the Sioux State) : Capi- tal, Bismarck; area, 70,837 square miles; population, 520,035; motto, “Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable," flower, wild prairie rose; legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (ex- ample, 1951, 1953, 1956, 1957, etc.). 83, Ohio (the Buckeye State): Capital, Columbus; area, 41,122 square miles; popu- lation, 6,907,612; motto, none; flower, scarlet carnation; legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (example, 1951, 1088, 1955, 1967, etc.). 34. Okiahoma (the Sooner State): Capital, Oklahoma City; area, 69,414 square miles; population, 2,236,084; motto, “Labor omnia vinett” (labor conquers all things); flower, mistletoe; legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (example, 1951, 1053, 1958, 1957, etc.). 85. Oregon (the Beaver State): Capital, Balem; ares, 06,981 square miles; population, 1,089,684; motto, “The Union”; flower, Ore- gon grape; legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (example, 1951, 1958, 1955, 1957, etc.). 86. Pennsylvania (the Keystone State): Capital, Harrisburg; aren, 45,045 square miles; population, 9,900,180; motto “Virtue, liberty, and independence”; flower, moun- tain laurel; legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (example, 1951, 1953, 1956, 1057, etc.). 87. Rhode Island (Little Rhody): Capital, Providence; area, 1,214, square miles; popu- lation, 713,346; motto, “Hope”; flower, violet; legislative session meets once every year (example, 1961, 1952, 1953, 1964, etc.). 88. South Carolina (the Palmetto State): Capital, Columbia; area, 30,495 square miles; population, 1,809,804; motto, “Animus opi- busque parati” (prepared in spirit and wealth); flower, yellow jessamine; legisla- tive session meets once every year (example, 1951, 1052, 1958, 1954, etc.). 89. South Dakota (the Coyote State): Capital, Pierre; area, 77,616 square miles; population, 589,920; motto, “Under God the people rule”; flower, Pasque flower; legisla- tive session meets once every 2 years on odd years (example, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1957, etc.). 40. ‘lennessee (the Volunteer State): Capital, Nashville; area, 42,246 square miles; population, 2,015,841; motto, “Agriculture, commerce"; flower, iris; legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (ex- ample, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1957, etc.). 41. Texas (the Lone Star State): Capital, Austin; area 267,339 square miles; popula- tion, 7,500,000; motto, “Friendship"; flower, bluebonnet; legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (example, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1957, etc.). 42. Utah (the Bechive State): Capital Salt Lake City; area, 84,900 square miles; population, 550,310; motto, ‘Industry’; flower, sego ily; legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (example, 1951, 1958, 1955, 1957, etc.). 43. Vermont (the Green Mountain State) : Capital, Montpelier; area, 9,528 square miles; population, 359,231; motto, “Freedom and unity”; flower, red clover, legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (ex- ample, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1957, etc.). 44. Virginia (the Old Dominion): Capital, Richmond; area, 39,899 square miles; popula- tion, 2,677,773; motto, “Bic semper tyrannis (thus ever to tyrants)”; flower, American dogwood (cornus Florida); legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (ex- ample, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1957, etc.). 45. Washington (the Evergreen State): Capital, Olympia; area, 66,977 square miles; population, 2,088,574; motto, “Alki” (bye and bye); flower, western rhododendron; legisla- tive session meets once every 2 years on odd years (example, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1957, etc.). 46. West Virginia (the Panhandle State): Capital, Charleston; area, 24,282 square miles; population, 1,901,974; motto, “Mon- tani semper Mberti” (mountaineers are al- ways free); flower, big rhododendron; legtis- lative session meets once every 2 years on odds years (example, 1961, 1953, 1955, 1957, etc.). 47. Wisconsin (the Badger State): Capl- tal, Madison; area, 54,715 square milles; pop- ulation, 3,137,887; motto, “Forward”; flower, violet; legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd yeara (example, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1957, etc.). 48. Wyoming (the Equality State): Capi- tal, Cheyenne; area, 97,914 square miles; population, 245,000; motto, “Cecant arma togae” (let arms yield to the grown); flow- er, Indian paint brush; legislative session meets once every 2 years on odd years (ex- ample, 1951, 1953, 1955, 19657, etc.). Yours in comradeship, JOHN F. Nave, National Commander, 1950-51. AT7 Year of Responsibility and Opportunity EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. EDWARD H. REES OF KANSAS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, January 8, 1951 Mr, REES of Kansas. Mr. Speaker, under consent accorded me by the House, I am including herewith a New Year’s letter to the personnel in the Soil Con- servation Service, Department of Agri- culture, from Mr, H, H. Bennett, who is the head of that agency. It is entitled “Year of Responsibility and Oppor- tunity.” Mr. Bennett has spent a number of years in the Soil Conservation Service. He is highly respected in that position, The letter calls upon employees to join with him in doing a better and finer job in the coming year. Mr. Bennett has set an example that could well be followed by the heads of other agencies in our Government. I think the membership of the House will be interested in reading the letter, which follows: Unrren STaTEs DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Sou. CONSERVATION GERVICE, Washington, D. C., Janewary 1, 1951. Memorandum to all Soil Conservation Serv- ice personnel. From: H. H. Bennett. Bubject: Year of responsibility and oppor- tunity. This is New Year’s Day. Just a few years ago we all celebrated the victorious ending of a war. All of us hoped that it might be the last fighting between na- tions. We fought to preserve our liberty against the ambitions of men in other na- tions who wanted to impose absolute dicta- torship over our thoughts, our actions, and our aspirations. We fought, as thousands of Americans had fought before—since colonial days—to preserve our right to govern our- selves as the majority of us saw fit without coercion, reprisals, or acts of violence to our- selves and our families. Now our country is faced with another emergency. An alien syatem—one that ts completely opposed to self-government and the freedom of the tndividual—is in action against us. You know what is happening in Korea and at the meetings of the United Na- tions, You know that General Eisenhower has had to return to uniform. You have heard or read what the President and our leaders in Congress have said about the gravity of the present situation. Once again we are confronted with the im- perative need to defend ourselves, our Mb- erty, and everything that Americans hold dear. This is no time for debate. American men are in action now, as they were yesterday and will be tomorrow. No one knows how long the present emer- gency may last or what proportions it may reach. But we do know that we must pre- pare ourselves for any development. To meet the increased requirements of ourselves and our allies we are golng to need greater production of food, fiber, vegetable fats and ofls, and wood products—all of which come from the soil. The surest way of increasing jon and holding it at the necessary high levels year after year for as long as may be required is by sound conservation farming over wide areas. Along with the ting farmers in soil conservation districts all over the country we in the Soll Conservation