I
106TH CONGRESS
2D SESSION
H. R. 5311
To amend title 38, United States Code, to improve programs for homeless
veterans, and for other purposes.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
SEPTEMBER 27, 2000
Mr. EVANS introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee
on Veterans’ Affairs
A BILL
To amend title 38, United States Code, to improve programs
for homeless veterans, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.
(a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the
‘‘Heather French Homeless Veterans Assistance Act of
2000’’.
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for
this Act is as follows:
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Findings.
Sec. 3. National goal to end homelessness among veterans.
Sec. 4. Advisory Committee on Homeless Veterans.
Sec. 5. Annual meeting requirement for Interagency Council on Homeless.
Sec. 6. Evaluation of homeless programs.
Sec. 7. Changes in veterans equitable resource allocation methodology.
Sec. 8. Grant program for homeless veterans with special needs.
Sec. 9. Coordination of services for veterans at risk of homelessness.
Sec. 10. Centers of Excellence in Integrated Mental Health Services Delivery.
Sec. 11. Dental care.
Sec. 12. Programmatic expansions.
Sec. 13. Various authorities.
Sec. 14. Life safety code.
Sec. 15. Temporary assistance grants.
Sec. 16. Emergency homeless grants.
Sec. 17. Assistance for grant applications.
Sec. 18. Home loan program for manufactured housing.
Sec. 19. Extension of Homeless Veterans Reintegration Program.
SEC. 2. FINDINGS.
Congress makes the following findings:
(1) On the field of battle, the members of the
Armed Forces who defend the Nation are honor-
bound to leave no one behind and, likewise, the Na-
tion is honor-bound to leave no veteran behind.
(2) The Department of Veterans Affairs report
known as the Community Homeless Assessment,
Local Education, and Networking Groups for Vet-
erans (CHALENG) assessment, issued in May
2000, reports that during 1999 there were an esti-
mated 344,983 homeless veterans, an increase of 34
percent above the 1988 estimate of 256,872 home-
less veterans.
(3) Male veterans are more likely to be home-
less than their nonveteran peers, with 23 percent of
the homeless male population being veterans, where-
as veterans constitute only 13 percent of the general
male population.
(4) Homelessness among veterans is persistent
despite unprecedented economic growth and job cre-
ation and general prosperity.
(5) While there are many effective programs
that assist homeless veterans to again become pro-
ductive and self-sufficient members of society, cur-
rent resources provided to such programs and other
activities that assist homeless veterans are inad-
equate to provide all needed essential services, as-
sistance, and support to homeless veterans.
(6) If current programs to assist homeless vet-
erans are fully maintained but not expanded, vet-
erans will experience an estimated 1,200,000,000
nights of homelessness during the next decade.
(7) The CHALENG assessment referred to in
paragraph (2) reports—
(A) that Department of Veterans Affairs
and community partnerships were responsible
for establishing 4,943 total beds for homeless
veterans during 1999, including emergency,
transitional, and permanent beds; and
(B) that there is a need for more than
110,000 additional beds to meet current needs
of homeless veterans.
(8) The Congressional Budget Office forecasts
a Federal budget surplus of $268,000,000,000 for
fiscal year 2001 and budget surpluses totaling more
than $4,500,000,000,000 over the next 10 years.
(9) At least $1,000,000,000 will be required to
establish the 110,000 additional new beds now need-
ed by homeless veterans, according to an informal
Department of Veterans Affairs cost estimate.
(10) Even if 5,000 additional beds were pro-
vided annually to serve the needs of homeless vet-
erans, more than two decades would be needed to
meet the current need for additional beds to serve
homeless veterans.
(11) Nearly four decades ago, the Nation estab-
lished a goal of sending a man to the moon and re-
turning him safely to earth within a decade and ac-
complished that goal, and the Nation can do no less
to end homelessness among the Nation’s veterans.
SEC. 3. NATIONAL GOAL TO END HOMELESSNESS AMONG
VETERANS.
(a) NATIONAL GOAL.—Congress hereby declares it to
be a national goal to end homelessness among veterans
within a decade.
(b) COOPERATIVE EFFORTS ENCOURAGED.—Con-
gress hereby encourages all departments and agencies of
Federal, State, and local government, quasi-governmental
organizations, private and public sector entities, including
community-based organizations, and individuals to work
cooperatively to end homelessness among veterans within
a decade.
SEC. 4. ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON HOMELESS VETERANS.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 5 of title 38, United
States Code, is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing new section:
‘‘§ 546. Advisory Committee on Homeless Veterans
‘‘(a)(1) There is in the Department the Advisory
Committee on Homeless Veterans (hereinafter in this sec-
tion referred to as the ‘Committee’).
‘‘(2) The Committee shall consist of not more than
12 members appointed by the Secretary from—
‘‘(A) veterans service organizations;
‘‘(B) advocates of homeless veterans and
other homeless individuals;
‘‘(C) community-based providers of services
to homeless individuals;
‘‘(D) previously homeless veterans; and
‘‘(E) such other organizations or groups as
the Secretary considers appropriate.
‘‘(3) The Secretary shall determine the terms of serv-
ice and pay and allowances of the members of the Com-
mittee, except that a term of service may not exceed three
years. The Secretary may reappoint any member for addi-
tional terms of service.
‘‘(b)(1) The Secretary shall, on a regular basis, con-
sult with and seek the advice of the Committee with re-
spect to the provision by the Department of benefits and
services to homeless veterans.
‘‘(2)(A) In providing advice to the Secretary under
this subsection, the Committee shall—
‘‘(i) assemble and review information relating to
the needs of homeless veterans;
‘‘(ii) provide an on-going assessment of the ef-
fectiveness of the policies, organizational structures,
and services of the Department in assisting homeless
veterans; and
‘‘(iii) provide on-going advice on the most ap-
propriate means of providing assistance to homeless
veterans.
‘‘(3) The Committee shall—
‘‘(A) review the continuum of services provided
by the Department directly or by contract in order
to define cross-cutting issues and to improve coordi-
nation of all services with the Department that are
involved in addressing the special needs of homeless
veterans;
‘‘(B) identify (through the annual assessments
under section 1774 of title 38, United States Code,
and other available resources) gaps in programs of
the Department in serving homeless veterans, in-
cluding identification of geographic areas with
unmet needs, and provide recommendations to ad-
dress those program gaps;
‘‘(C) identify barriers under existing laws and
policies to effective coordination by the Department
with other Federal agencies and with State and local
agencies addressing homeless populations;
‘‘(D) identify opportunities for increased liaison
by the Department with nongovernmental organiza-
tions and individual groups addressing homeless
populations;
‘‘(E) participate with appropriate officials of
the Department designated by the Secretary in with
the Interagency Council on the Homeless under sec-
tion 202 of the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless As-
sistance Act (42 U.S.C. 11311); and
‘‘(F) perform such other functions as the Sec-
retary may direct.
‘‘(4) In carrying out its duties under paragraph (2),
the Committee shall take into special account the needs
of veterans who have served in a theater of combat oper-
ations.
‘‘(c)(1) Not later than March 31 of each year, the
Committee shall submit to the Secretary a report on the
programs and activities of the Department that relate to
homeless veterans. Each such report shall include—
‘‘(A) an assessment of the needs of homeless
veterans;
‘‘(B) a review of the programs and activities of
the Department designed to meet such needs;
‘‘(C) a review of the activities of Committee;
and
‘‘(D) such recommendations (including rec-
ommendations for administrative and legislative ac-
tion) as the Committee considers appropriate.
‘‘(2) Not later than 90 days after the receipt of a
report under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall transmit
to the Committees on Veterans’ Affairs of the Senate and
House of Representatives a copy of the report, together
with any comments and recommendations concerning the
report that the Secretary considers appropriate.
‘‘(3) The Committee may also submit to the Sec-
retary such other reports and recommendations as the
Committee considers appropriate.
‘‘(4) The Secretary shall submit with each annual re-
port submitted to the Congress pursuant to section 529
of this title a summary of all reports and recommendations
of the Committee submitted to the Secretary since the pre-
vious annual report of the Secretary submitted pursuant
to that section.
‘‘(d)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), the pro-
visions of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C.
App.) shall apply to the activities of the Committee under
this section.
‘‘(2) Section 14 of such Act shall not apply to the
Committee.’’.
(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of sections
at the beginning of such chapter is amended by adding
at the end the following new item:
‘‘546. Advisory Committee on Homeless Veterans.’’.
SEC. 5. ANNUAL MEETING REQUIREMENT FOR INTER-
AGENCY COUNCIL ON HOMELESS.
Section 202(c) of the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless
Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 11311(c)) is amended by strik-
ing the second sentence and inserting the following: ‘‘The
Council shall meet not less often than annually.’’.
SEC. 6. EVALUATION OF HOMELESS PROGRAMS.
(a) EVALUATION CENTERS.—The Secretary of Vet-
erans Affairs shall support the continuation within the De-
partment of Veterans Affairs of at least one center for
evaluation to monitor the structure, process, and outcome
of programs of the Department of Veterans Affairs that
address homeless veterans.
(b) ANNUAL REPORT ON HEALTH CARE.—The Sec-
retary shall submit to Congress an annual report on pro-
grams of the Department of Veterans Affairs addressing
health care needs of homeless veterans. The Secretary
shall include in each such report the following:
(1) Information about expenditures, costs, and
workload under the Department of Veterans Affairs
program known as the Health Care for Homeless
Veterans program (HCHV).
(2) Information about the veterans contacted
through that program.
(3) Information about processes under that pro-
gram.
(4) Information about program treatment out-
comes under that program.
(5) Information about supported housing pro-
grams.
(6) Information about the Department’s grant
and per diem provider program.
(7) Other information the Secretary considers
relevant in assessing the program.
(c) 
ANNUAL
PROGRAM
ASSESSMENT.—Section
1774(b) of title 38, United States Code, is amended—
(1) by inserting ‘‘annual’’ in paragraph (1)
after ‘‘to make an’’; and
(2) by adding at the end the following new
paragraph:
‘‘(6) The Secretary shall review each annual assess-
ment under this subsection and shall consolidate the find-
ings and conclusions of those assessments into an annual
report to be submitted to Congress.’’.
SEC. 7. CHANGES IN VETERANS EQUITABLE RESOURCE AL-
LOCATION METHODOLOGY.
(a) ALLOCATION CATEGORIES.—The Secretary of
Veterans Affairs shall designate the following care as
being within the resource allocation category designated
as ‘‘complex care’’ within the Veterans Equitable Resource
Allocation system:
(1) Care provided to veterans enrolled in the
Department of Veterans Affairs program for Mental
Health Intensive Community Case Management.
(2) Care provided to veterans in residential
treatment settings or domiciliaries that are provided
or sponsored by the Secretary under section 1710 of
title 38, United States Code.
(3) Care provided to veterans in therapeutic
residences under section 1772 of such title.
(4) Care provided to veterans in community res-
idential care that is coordinated by the Secretary
under section 1730 of such title.
(5) Care provided to veterans for whom the
Secretary provides funds for so-called ‘‘grant and
per diem providers’’ under sections 3 and 4 of the
Homeless Veterans Comprehensive Service Programs
Act of 1992 (38 U.S.C. 7721 note).
(6) Care provided to veterans who have been di-
agnosed both with serious chronic mental illness and
substance abuse disorders.
(b) TREATMENT OF FUNDS FOR NEW PROGRAMS
FOR HOMELESS VETERANS.—The Secretary shall ensure
that funds for any new program for homeless veterans car-
ried out through a Department health care facility are des-
ignated for the first three years of operation of that pro-
gram as a special purpose program for which funds are
not allocated through the Veterans Equitable Resource Al-
location system.
SEC. 8. GRANT PROGRAM FOR HOMELESS VETERANS WITH
SPECIAL NEEDS.
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary of Veterans
Affairs shall carry out a program of grants to health care
facilities of the Department of Veterans Affairs to encour-
age development by those facilities of programs targeted
at meeting special needs within the population of homeless
veterans.
(b) SPECIAL NEEDS.—For purposes of this section,
homeless veterans with special needs include homeless vet-
erans who are—
(1) 50 years of age or older;
(2) substance abusers;
(3) persons with post-traumatic stress disorder;
(4) terminally ill;
(5) chronically mentally ill; or
(6) women.
(c) STUDY OF OUTCOME EFFECTIVENESS.—The Sec-
retary shall conduct a study of the effectiveness of the
grant program in meeting the needs of homeless veterans.
As part of the study, the Secretary shall compare the re-
sults of programs carried out in the grant program under
this section in terms of veterans’ satisfaction, health sta-
tus, reduction in addiction severity, housing, and encour-
agement of productive activity with results for similar vet-
erans in programs of the Department designed to meet
the general needs of homeless veterans.
(d) FUNDING.—From amounts appropriated to the
Department of Veterans Affairs for medical care for each
of fiscal year 2001, 2002, and 2003, the amount of
$5,000,000 shall be available for the purposes of the pro-
gram under this section. Grants under this section to a
health care facility of the Department shall be treated in
the manner provided in section 7(b).
SEC. 9. COORDINATION OF SERVICES FOR VETERANS AT
RISK OF HOMELESSNESS.
(a) JOINT OUTREACH PROGRAM.—The Secretary of
Veterans Affairs, acting through the Under Secretary for
Health, shall provide for appropriate officials of the Men-
tal Health Service and the Readjustment Counseling Serv-
ice of the Veterans Health Administration to initiate a co-
ordinated strategy for joint outreach to veterans at risk
of homelessness, including particularly veterans who are
being discharged from institutions (including discharges
from inpatient psychiatric care, substance abuse treatment
programs, and penal institutions).
(b) MATTERS TO BE INCLUDED.—The outreach
under this section shall include the following:
(1) Mentoring programs and support networks.
(2) Family support.
(3) Referrals within the Department of Vet-
erans Affairs and within the community.
(4) Case management.
SEC. 10. CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE IN INTEGRATED MEN-
TAL HEALTH SERVICES DELIVERY.
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary of Veterans
Affairs shall establish three Centers of Excellence in Inte-
grated Mental Health Services Delivery to be located at
appropriate Department of Veterans Affairs medical cen-
ters. In designating the medical centers at which the cen-
ters shall be located, the Secretary shall consider applica-
tions that propose delivery models that integrate mental
health, substance abuse, and medical components of treat-
ment.
(b) STARTUP.—The Secretary may use up to
$1,000,000 from funds available to the Secretary for med-
ical care for startup costs for each of the following three
models for the centers:
(1) Mental Health Primary Care Teams.
(2) Patient assignment to a mental health pri-
mary care team that is linked with the patient’s
medical primary care team.
(3) Traditional patient assignment to a medical
primary care team.
(c) STUDY OF EFFECTIVENESS.—The Secretary shall
compare treatment outcomes at the different centers for
chronically mentally ill veterans provided treatment
through integrated mental health programs with treat-
ment outcomes for similar chronically mentally ill veterans
provided treatment through traditionally consultative rela-
tionships.
(d) REPORT AND DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS.—
Upon completion of the comparison under subsection (c),
the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report setting
forth the results of that comparison and such rec-
ommendations as the Secretary may have. Based upon the
Secretary’s conclusions, the Secretary shall disseminate
the best practices for treatment of mentally ill persons in
such manner as the Secretary determines appropriate on
a nationwide basis.
SEC. 11. DENTAL CARE.
(a) 
IN
GENERAL.—For 
purposes 
of 
section
1712(a)(1)(H) of title 38, United States Code, a out-
patient dental services and treatment of a dental condition
or disability of a veteran described in subsection (b) shall
be considered to be a medically necessary if—
(1) the dental services and treatment are nec-
essary for the veteran to successfully gain or regain
employment;
(2) the dental services and treatment are nec-
essary to alleviate pain; or
(3) the dental services and treatment are nec-
essary for treatment of moderate, severe, or severe
and complicated gingival and periodontal pathology.
(b) ELIGIBLE VETERANS.—Subsection (a) applies to
a veteran who is—
(1) enrolled for care under paragraph (5) of
section 1705(a) of title 38, United States Code; and
(2) who is receiving care (directly or by con-
tract) in any of the following settings:
(A) A domiciliary under section 1710 of
such title.
(B) A therapeutic residence under section
1772 of such title.
(C) Community residential care coordi-
nated by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs
under section 1730 of such title.
(D) A setting for which the Secretary pro-
vides funds for a so-called ‘‘grant and per diem
provider’’ under sections 3 and 4 of the Home-
less Veterans Comprehensive Service Programs
Act of 1992 (38 U.S.C. 7721 note).
SEC. 12. PROGRAMMATIC EXPANSIONS.
(a) TRANSITIONAL HOUSING.—The Secretary of Vet-
erans Affairs shall carry out the transitional housing grant
program under section 3 of the Homeless Veterans Com-
prehensive Service Programs Act of 1992 (38 U.S.C. 7721
note) so as to ensure that there is at least one active tran-
sitional housing program being supported by such grant
program in each State (as such term is defined in section
101 of title 38, United States Code).
(b) COMPREHENSIVE HOMELESS SERVICES PRO-
GRAM.—(1) The Secretary shall provide for the establish-
ment of centers for the provision of comprehensive services
to homeless veterans under section 2(b) of the Homeless
Veterans Comprehensive Service Programs Act of 1992
(38 U.S.C. 7721 note) in at least each of the 20 largest
metropolitan statistical areas.
(2) Section 2(b) of the Homeless Veterans Com-
prehensive Service Programs Act of 1992 (38 U.S.C. 7721
note) is amended by striking ‘‘no more than eight dem-
onstration’’.
(c) OPIOID SUBSTITUTION THERAPY.—The Sec-
retary shall ensure that opioid substitution therapy is
available at each Department of Veterans Affairs medical
center.
(d) PROGRAM EXPIRATION EXTENSION.—Sections
1771(b) and 1773(d) of title 38, United States Code, are
amended by striking ‘‘December 31, 2001’’ and inserting
‘‘December 31, 2006’’.
SEC. 13. VARIOUS AUTHORITIES.
(a) EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMS.—The Secretary of
Veterans Affairs may authorize homeless veterans receiv-
note) is amended by striking ‘‘, but’’ and all that follows
through ‘‘in carrying out the grant’’ and inserting ‘‘and
the fire and safety standards that the Secretary of Vet-
erans Affairs uses for comparable Department facilities
and for comparable facilities with which the Secretary en-
ters into contracts’’.
SEC. 15. TEMPORARY ASSISTANCE GRANTS.
(a) ESTABLISHMENT OF PROGRAM.—The Secretary
of Veterans Affairs shall carry out a program of tem-
porary assistance grants to eligible homeless veterans in
accordance with this section.
(b) ELIGIBLE VETERANS.—A veteran is eligible for
a temporary assistance grant under this section if the
veteran—
(1) is a veteran of a period of war or, if not a
veteran of a period of war, meets the minimum serv-
ice requirements specified in section 5303A of title
38, United States Code;
(2) is being released, or within the preceding 60
days was released, from an institution, including a
homeless shelter or grant per diem program under
sections 3 and 4 of the Homeless Veterans Com-
prehensive Service Programs Act of 1992 (38 U.S.C.
7721 note) ;
(3) is a homeless veteran immediately before
the commencement of assistance under this section;
and
(4) had less than marginal income for the pre-
ceding three months.
(c) DURATION OF GRANT ASSISTANCE.—An eligible
veteran may be provided a temporary assistance grant
under this section for no more than six months during
any two-year period.
(d) AMOUNT OF GRANT.—(1) The monthly amount
of a grant provided under this section to an eligible vet-
eran shall be the sum of the following:
(A) The amount of monthly pension that would
be payable to that veteran under chapter 15 of title
38, United States Code, if the veteran had a perma-
nent and total nonservice-connected disability.
(B) An amount not to exceed the lesser of the
actual amount incurred by the veteran for child care
expenses or 25 percent of the amount under sub-
paragraph (A), if the veteran incurs child care ex-
penses during the month with respect to a child
under age 12 or a disabled child of any age in order
for the veteran to obtain health care, employment,
education, or training.
(C) An amount not to exceed 30 percent of the
amount under subparagraph (A) to the extent that
the housing costs (including heating, cooling, and
utility costs) of the veteran for that month exceed
30 percent of the veteran’s income for that month
(including the amount under subparagraph (A)).
(2) In the case of a veteran who is employed during
any month, the first $100 of gross income and one half
of the remainder of the veteran’s income for that month
shall be excluded in determining the income of the veteran
for purposes of eligibility for a grant under this section
and the amount of such a grant.
(e) COORDINATION WITH OTHER BENEFITS.—If ret-
roactive benefits from the Department of Veterans Affairs
are payable to a veteran with respect to a month for which
the veteran received a temporary assistance grant under
this section, the amount of such retroactive benefit pay-
able for such month shall be reduced (but not below zero)
by the amount of the temporary assistance grant paid for
that month. No reduction may be made by the Secretary
of Veterans Affairs from an amount otherwise due a vet-
eran for any month to offset an amount paid under this
section for a previous month.
(f) DEFINITIONS.—For purposes of this section:
(1) The term ‘‘veteran’’ means a person who
served in the active military, naval, or air service (as
defined in section 101 of title 38, United States
Code) and who was discharged or released from any
such period of service under conditions other than
dishonorable.
(2) The term ‘‘marginal income’’, with respect
to a veteran, means income below the poverty stand-
ard (as determined by the Bureau of the Census) for
a family of the size of the veteran’s family.
SEC. 16. EMERGENCY HOMELESS GRANTS.
(a) ESTABLISHMENT OF PROGRAM.—The Secretary
of Veterans Affairs shall carry out a program to provide
emergency housing grants to eligible veterans in accord-
ance with this section. Under the program the Secretary
may make a grant to assist with the emergency housing
expenses of an eligible veteran who has a housing emer-
gency.
(b) HOUSING EMERGENCY.—For the purposes of this
section, the term ‘‘housing emergency’’, with respect to
any month, means the inability to pay any of the following
expenses in order to secure or maintain safe and afford-
able housing:
(1) The preceding month’s rent, the so-called
‘‘last month’s rent’’, and any required security de-
posit, utility deposit, or cleaning deposit.
(2) Rental arrearages.
(3) Mortgage arrearages.
(4) Utility arrearages.
(c) ELIGIBLE VETERANS.—A veteran is eligible for
an emergency homeless grant under this section if the
veteran—
(1) is a veteran of a period of war or, if not a
veteran of a period of war, meets the minimum serv-
ice requirements specified in section 5303A of title
38, United States Code;
(2) as determined by the Secretary, has a hous-
ing emergency or is at risk of homelessness due to
a housing emergency; and
(3) had less than marginal income for the pre-
ceding three months or has incurred a loss of income
which will reduce the veteran’s income below mar-
ginal income for the current month.
(d) AMOUNT OF GRANT.—The amount of an emer-
gency housing grant under this section for a month is the
lesser of the veteran’s actual housing expenses for that
month plus arrearages or the amount equal to four times
the amount of pension that would be payable to the vet-
eran for that month under chapter 15 of title 38, United
States Code, if the veteran had a permanent and total
nonservice-connected disability, assuming the veteran has
no dependents.
(e) DURATION OF GRANT.—An emergency housing
grant may be made to a veteran under this section once
during any 24-month period.
(f) DEFINITIONS.—For purposes of this section:
(1) The term ‘‘veteran’’ means a person who
served in the active military, naval, or air service (as
defined in section 101 of title 38, United States
Code) and who was discharged or released from any
such period of service under conditions other than
dishonorable.
(2) The term ‘‘marginal income’’, with respect
to a veteran, means income below the poverty stand-
ard (as determined by the Bureau of the Census) for
a family of the size of the veteran’s family.
SEC. 17. ASSISTANCE FOR GRANT APPLICATIONS.
(a) GRANT PROGRAM.—The Secretary of Veterans
Affairs shall carry out a program to make technical assist-
ance grants to nonprofit community-based groups with ex-
perience in providing assistance to homeless veterans in
order to assist such groups in applying for grants relating
to addressing problems of homeless veterans.