I 
112TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 2665 
To phase out the use of private military contractors. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
JULY 27, 2011 
Ms. SCHAKOWSKY (for herself, Ms. WOOLSEY, Mr. HINCHEY, Ms. LEE of 
California, Ms. HIRONO, Mr. CONYERS, Mr. FILNER, Ms. MOORE, Ms. 
ESHOO, Ms. KAPTUR, Mr. POLIS, Mr. STARK, Mr. GUTIERREZ, and Mr. 
MCGOVERN) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Com-
mittee on Foreign Affairs, and in addition to the Committees on Armed 
Services and Select Intelligence (Permanent Select), for a period to be 
subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration 
of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee con-
cerned 
A BILL 
To phase out the use of private military contractors. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Stop Outsourcing Se-
curity Act’’. 
SEC. 2. FINDINGS. 
Congress finds the following: 
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(1) The United States Government is increas-
ingly relying on armed private security contractors 
to perform mission-critical and emergency essential 
functions that historically have been performed by 
United States military or Government personnel. 
(2) As of March 2011, the Department of De-
fense had approximately 155,000 contract employees 
operating in Iraq and Afghanistan, as compared to 
145,000 members of the United States Armed 
Forces operating in these two theaters of war. 
(3) As of March 2011, the Department of De-
fense had deployed 9,207 armed private security 
contractors in Iraq and 18,971 in Afghanistan, a 
change from 10,743 and 4,111, respectively, in 
March 2009. 
(4) As of April 1, 2011, the Department of 
State had over 2,500 security contractors in Iraq 
and 1,272 in Afghanistan, under the Worldwide Per-
sonal Protective Services (WPPS) contract. 
(5) In September 2009, photos were published 
showing employees of ArmorGroup North America 
(AGNA), hired by the Department of State to pro-
vide security at the United States Embassy in 
Kabul, engaging in lewd sexual hazing and harass-
ment. 
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(6) Before the September 2009 incident, the 
Department of State had issued multiple deficiency 
notices, a cure notice, and a show-cause notice ex-
pressing grave concerns about the company’s per-
formance on the contract; one State Department of-
ficial even wrote that the company’s deficiencies ‘‘en-
danger performance of the contract to such a degree 
that the security of the U.S. Embassy in Kabul is 
in jeopardy’’. 
(7) On July 7, 2011, the Department of Justice 
announced that Armor Group North America paid a 
$7.5 million settlement to resolve charges that the 
company submitted false claims for payment on a 
State Department contract; the settlement resolves 
claims that AGNA guards violated the Trafficking 
Victims Protection Act by visiting brothels in Kabul 
with the knowledge of AGNA’s management, as well 
as allegations that AGNA misrepresented the prior 
work experience of 38 third country nationals hired 
to guard the embassy. 
(8) A 2010 Senate Armed Services Committee 
investigation found that EOD Technology, the com-
pany hired to take over protection of the Kabul Em-
bassy from AGNA, was suspected of hiring local 
warlords with possible Taliban ties, and in March 
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2011 the EODT contract was terminated for de-
fault. 
(9) In May 2009, four men employed as mili-
tary trainers for Paravant LLC, a Blackwater affil-
iate, fired on a civilian vehicle in Kabul, killing one 
Afghan and wounding two others; two of the guards 
were convicted of involuntary manslaughter in 
March 2011. 
(10) On September 16, 2007, individuals hired 
by the company then known as Blackwater USA 
opened fire on Baghdad’s Nisour Square, killing 17 
Iraqis and wounding at least 20 others. 
(11) In August 2010, XE Services, LLC, the 
company formerly known as Blackwater, entered 
into a civil settlement with the State Department, 
under which the company agreed to pay a penalty of 
$42 million for 288 alleged violations of the Arms 
Export Control Act (AECA) and the International 
Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR). 
(12) In July 2010, The Washington Post 
quoted Secretary of Defense Robert Gates as saying 
‘‘This is a terrible confession . . . I can’t get a 
number on how many contractors work for the Of-
fice of the Secretary of Defense.’’. 
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(13) On October 18, 2007, Secretary Gates 
stated that the work of many contractors in Iraq is 
‘‘at cross-purposes to our larger mission in Iraq,’’ 
and that ‘‘right now those missions are in conflict’’. 
(14) In 2007, the Committee on Oversight and 
Government Reform of the House of Representatives 
investigated Blackwater’s employment practices and 
found that the company’s classification of its secu-
rity guards may have allowed the firm to avoid pay-
ing Social Security, Medicare, and Federal income 
and employment taxes. 
(15) On Christmas Eve 2006, Blackwater con-
tractor Andrew Moonen, while drunk, shot and killed 
a guard to Iraqi Vice President Adil Abd-al-Mahdi 
in the Green Zone, and though Mr. Moonen lost his 
job with Blackwater as a result of this incident, he 
was promptly hired by Combat Support Associates, 
another Department of Defense contractor, and sent 
to work in Kuwait. 
(16) In the wake of the 2004 killing of four 
Blackwater contractors in Fallujah, the families of 
the men killed filed a civil suit against the company, 
alleging that Blackwater failed to properly equip and 
man its armored vehicles; after nearly seven years in 
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court, the case was thrown out when the families 
could reportedly no longer pay the court costs. 
(17) XE Services, LLC, the company formerly 
known as Blackwater, has also faced allegations of 
weapons smuggling and improperly licensing fire-
arms; in April 2010, five former Blackwater employ-
ees, including former president Gary Jackson, were 
indicted on charges including conspiring to violate 
Federal firearm laws, possession of unregistered fire-
arms, and obstruction of justice. 
(18) In response to a request from the Com-
mittee on Oversight and Government Reform of the 
House of Representatives, the Inspector General of 
the Small Business Administration investigated 
Blackwater in 2008 and found that the company 
may have misrepresented its small business status, 
enabling it to qualify for $110,000,000 in govern-
ment contracts set aside specifically for small busi-
nesses. 
(19) Signed affidavits were filed in a civil law-
suit against Blackwater that company founder Erik 
Prince views himself ‘‘as a Christian crusader tasked 
with eliminating Muslims and the Islamic faith from 
the globe’’, that he knowingly deployed ‘‘demon-
strably unfit men’’ to Iraq, and that he used illegal 
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ammunition, including a bullet designed to explode 
after entering the human body, among other 
charges. 
(20) In November 2007, a contractor employed 
by DynCorp International, LLC, reportedly shot and 
killed an unarmed taxi driver who, according to wit-
nesses, posed no threat to the DynCorp convoy. 
(21) A January 2007 report by the Special In-
spector General for Iraq Reconstruction stated that 
DynCorp billed the United States for millions of dol-
lars of work that was never authorized. 
(22) In October 2007, an audit report issued by 
the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruc-
tion stated that the Department of State ‘‘does not 
know specifically what it received for most of the 
$1,200,000,000 in expenditures under its DynCorp 
Contract for the Iraqi Police Training Program’’. 
(23) Congress does not have complete access to 
information about all security contracts, the number 
of armed private security contractors working in 
Iraq, Afghanistan, and other combat zones, the 
number of contractors who have died, and any dis-
ciplinary actions taken against contract personnel or 
companies. 
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SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. 
In this Act: 
(1) MISSION CRITICAL OR EMERGENCY ESSEN-
TIAL
FUNCTIONS.—The term ‘‘mission critical or 
emergency essential functions’’— 
(A) means— 
(i) activities for which continued per-
formance is considered essential to support 
combat systems and operational activities; 
or 
(ii) activities whose delay, absence, or 
failure of performance would significantly 
affect the broader success or failure of a 
military operation; and 
(B) includes— 
(i) the provision of protective services, 
including diplomatic security services; 
(ii) the provision of security advice 
and planning; 
(iii) military and police training; 
(iv) prison administration; 
(v) interrogation; and 
(vi) intelligence. 
(2) 
CONTINGENCY
OPERATION.—The 
term 
‘‘contingency operation’’ has the meaning provided 
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