Sor the coming year the post office ts faced ‘® deficit of over half a billion dollars. Wor many years the mailing costs of mag- and newspapers have been heavily ‘wubaidined. In his to Congress Presi« dent Truman said that the present rates ap- plicable to them were close to the level of ‘90 years ago. He also protested against ask- the taxpayers to continue generously mm the advertisers and others who use the mails for business. There is little question that the post of- floe will continue subsidies for magazines and to a lesser extent for books. The argu- wment that tt is in the public interest to have fmformative and cultural Hterature distrib- weed as widely as possible is too powerful to be dismissed. Nevertheless, there are in- equities in the present system that should be remedied, It is absurd, as Mr. Truman said, that the post office should be asked to distribute the digest-type magazines at the rate of 1% cents a pound. Based on simple arithmetic three copies of the average di- gest magazine weigh 1 pound, so that a sin- gle copy can be transported anywhere in the United States for half a cent, while it costs ‘more to handle a copy than it does an letter, for which the writer pays #ix times as much postage. Newspapers and magazines now are carried at a cost of $242,- 000,000 a year, though the postage paid emounts to only 42,000,000. For the year 1962 it is estimated that some 6,000,000,000 of individually addressed periodicals and mewapapers will be carried through the mails. The larger mass-circulation maga- wines carrying a great number of pages of advertising pay only a small percentago of what it costs the post office to deliver them, so that the taxpayer ia paying for ad- vertising that goes into American homes at jeag than cost. “Surely,” the President added, “advertising was not a part of the public information and education which Congress intended to subsidize 70 years ago when it established second-class mail.” In view of the huge deficit faced by the post office for the coming year book pub- Nehers can hardly expect to have the pres- ent rates reduced. But they may hope that ‘@oramon eense will dictate that the absurd @ieorimination against books will not be con- tinued by the postal rate on them until there will be little if any subsidy for books, while magazines and newspapers con- ‘tinue to cost the taxpayer four or five hun- G@reu millions a year. Our cultural past and the Knowledge and wisdom in the future will be enshrined, as it has always been, in books—-not in magazines designed for enter- tainment and for carrying vast quantities of advertising. We believe that magazines oft this nature should pay a higher postage rate than ‘the weekly, monthly, and quarterly periodicals which sre cultural and educa- tional and which cannot hope to obtain either large advertising revenues or a great mumber of subscribers. By their nature ions, Dut they are nevertheless 4 vital link in the immense process of educating, in- forming, and entertaining the pubiic. H. 8. Kenneth C. Vipond EXTENSION OF REMARKS oF HON. OLIN D. JOHNSTON OF BOUTH CAROLINA IN TRE SEKATE OF THE UNITED STATES Monday, March & (legislative day of Monday, January 29), 1951 Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have inserted in the Appendix of the Recorp an editorial appearing in last Thursday's issue of the Evening Star of this city, which pays a deserved tribute to Kenneth C. Vipond, who is retiring an Assistant Executive Director of the Civil Service Commission, after a serv- ice of 47 years with that body. There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the Rec- orp, as follows: Kennetx ©. Vironp A notable career tn the Civil Service Com- mission has come to end with the retirement of Kenneth ©. Vipond, Assistant Executive Director, who steps out after 47 years. When the young Vipond, Canadian-born, came into the Government back in 1904, the Commission itself was only a tiny agency, and the entire Federal Establishment was giving no hint of the tremendous propor- tions to which it would burgeon. As Gov- ernment grew and Commission work in- creased, 80 also did Mr. Vipond’s responsi- bilittes. He developed into a recognized au- thority on procedure and policies, and his counsel for years has been solicited from one end of the Government to the other, whenever changes were in prospect. “Ask Vipond,” became as much a part of the scene as payday. As was natural, Mr. Vipond’s name often figured in speculation when an appointment as Commissioner was in the offing, but he was happier in other fields. Some years ago he declined—with thanke—a special assign~- ment tendered by the White House. Despite his always-crowded hours, Mr, Vipond never succumbed to the in confer- ence virus which has afflicted so much of the Government brass. Any caller was always certain of an audience, even though it might be delayed. His retirement is a loss to the Federal service, Mineral Engineering School Enrollment, United States and Canada, 1950-51 EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. FRANCIS E. WALTER OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. WALTER. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Rec- orp, I include the following report by William B. Plank and Henry J. Petrie: , PRELIMINARY Report oN Minerat ENGINEERING those magazines are limited in appeal to tens « of thousands of readers rather than mil- | ScHoon ENROLLMENT, Untrmp STATES AND Camapa, 1950-61 * (By William B. Plank and Henry J. Petrie *) The following preliminary summary of the tenth biennial survey of the mineral engi- neering schools of the United States and Canada, made by the writers under the aus- pices of the mineral industries education division of the AIME, indicates that there are 12,62¢ students enrolled in these schools in the current academic year 1950-51, Fifty-nine out of the aixty-four schools in the United States and all of the eight schools in Canada are covered by this preliminary report. The former complete survey was 1A paper read before the Mineral Industry Education Division, AIME, St. Louis, Mo., February 19, 1951; to be revised. ‘Head of department of mining and met- allurgical engineering and instructor in mining, Lafayette College, Easton, Pa.; mem- ber and junior member, AIME, respectively. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD made in 1048-49 and was published in the journals of the institute in August 1949. This enrollment of 12,624 mineral engi- neers in both countries is 16 percent smaller than the enrollment of 15,028 in 1048-49, the peak year, and is about the same size as it was in 1946-47. The decrease since 1048-49 was 15 percent in the United States schools and 28 percent in the Canadian schools. The data for these comparisons are shown in table HI, In the United States 87 percent of the mineral engineering stu- dents are veterans as compared with 67 per- cent of the group in 1948-49. Thirteen women are studying to be mineral engineers in the United States but none in Canada. Since the enrollments of engineering schools being gathered by the ASEE and the United States Office of Education are not yet published, no exact figures on these can be presented here. It has been estimated by Dean 8S. C. Hollister, of Cornell University, however, that the present number of under- graduate engineering students in the United States is 130,000, or 48 percent less than in 1948 and 28 percent less than in 1949.4 By comparing these figures with those given above, it is seen that the mineral engineer- ing enrollment has fallen off only about one- third as rapidly as the whole engineering group. Considerable concern is being shown by engineering educators and industries over the engineering manpower shortage that is predicted as a result of the increasing de- mand for trained engineers not only by in- dustry but by the armed services. This is in the face of a decreasing supply, as is shown by this and other studies. Not only has the number of entering freshmen been decreasing since 1947, because of a decrease in the number of high-school graduates en- tering engineering, but the total number of high-school graduates will continue to decrease until 1958 because of the lowered birth rate during the depression years.’ Table V shows that next June there will be approximately 35,000 engineering gradu- ates, and in June 1952, there will be 26,000. These figures are from a paper by Henry H, Armsby, Associate Chief for Engineering Edu- cation of United States Office of Education Fresented at the ASEE in Seattle, June 23, 1950. In addition the esttmated 51,000 men who received their first degreea in engineer- ing last June have been absorbed by ine dustry, and all branches of engineering have been listed as critical by the Secretary of Labor. In the ight of these facts, it 1s epsy to foresee the shortage in the supply of en- gineers that is alarming Government and in- dustrial officials. Not only are engineers vitally needed by industry, but in this present national emer- gency, begun when the North Koreans crossed the thirty-eighth parallel on June 25, 1950, all branches of the armed services have been taking their toll of engineers through the Selective Service, by enlistments and by the recall of reservists. As has been pointed out by a number of educators and representa- tives of industry in the congressional hear- ings on the pending universal military train- ing bill, it seems plain that to maintain our national defense, both in industry and in the Armed Services, there should be s continuing supply of college-trained engineers. It will be to our national interest to make it possible for more 18-year olds to enter engineering colleges rather than to induct them into the armed services. If we are to graduate 60,000 engineers annually we must have at least 100,000 freshmen entering the engineering schools instead of the 30,000 men class, The 75,000 18- year olds to be allotted to the col- leges for scientific and technical education would supply only about 37,000 graduates in all branches of science and engineering. eereneenietercemetre * News release of the ASEH manpower tom- mittee, October 11, 1950, George D. Lobinger, chairman,
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD The number of freshmen to be sent to cole lege should be at least twice that contem- plated in the pending bill. The proposal of Dr. Charies Allen Thomas, Chatrman of the Scientific Manpower Advisory Committee of the National Security Resources Board, as re« ported by Dr, Howard A. Rusk in the New York Times, of February 11, 1951, for a Re- served Specialist Training Corps of 75,000 men in addition to a Reserved Officers Train- ing Corps of 76,000 men in our colleges has great merit as a possible solution of the acientific, engineering, medical, and military needs for the national defense and industry. As to a prediction of the supply of mineral engineers it is seen that the number of men receiving their first degrees in that fleld has increased 12.5 percent in 2 years as compared to a decrease of 25 percent tn the whole engi- neering group in the same period. Next June it is expected that 3,240 men will re- ceive their first or bachclor degrees in min- eral engineering but in the succeeding ¢ yeers this supply will sharply decline unless something is done to stimulate enrollment in the field. Apropos of this, it is encouraging to note the increased efforts in this direction. Es- pectally commendatary and worthy of sup- part is the proposal to be presented by the Minnesota section of the AIME at the an- nual meeting at St. Louis “to study the moans of encouraging youth to study in the mineral engineering fleld.” Of the 2,948 mineral engineers to receive thetr first degrees next June in the United States schools, 452 will be in mining, 735 in metallurgy, 855 in petroleum and natural gas, 274 in ceramics, 618 in geology, and 14 in fuels. The industrial placement officers have been on the college campuses offering jobs since before the first of the year and a gov- ernment agency is actively seeking mining engineers. One large industry announced several months ago that it would hire all en- gineers that would apply. There is an en- couraging increase in the number of gradu- ate fellowships available, especially to met= sllurgical engineers. What are needed now, however, are more undergraduate scholar- ships such as those available through the Coal Division o* the AIME, the National Coal Association, and several other industrial organizations. Taste I.—Mineral engineering student enrollment by courses, 1950-51, United States, 59 out of 64 schools} Total Canadian Fresh: | Sopho- Soni  { Craduate Course men mores | Juniors | Koniors ane og | Students Priehas ; Mining . ...22....-.-----.- Motallurgical..--..2.22-22.2. Petrolewm and naturul gas. __ 452 735 RGS 10, 206 1,429 i, 726 1In the 5 missing schools there are 2 mining, 3 metallurgical, and J Petroleum curricula, Data from tenth biennial survey by Mineral Industry Education Division, ALME, Nov, 15, 1950 TABLE II.—Minerai engineering student enrollment by courses, 1950-51, Canada, 8 schools 4 —— ee Total Canadian Fresh- | Sopho- . wr. 6j Graduate! Grand 1 Course men mores Juniors | Seniors P unde vs students | total doz Bs Mining 55 65 100 282 1 283 1s Metallurgin -- 34 40 73 197 26 222 73 Petroleum and natural gas... BB 27 26 rit 0 re) 26 Coramic.. 2... een ane enneee 1 6 10 14 0 18 10 Ucological..-....------.---+- 4) 53 78 210 78 207 80 Total.......-eeneeeeeee 149 200 287 705 104 Buy 22 'Data from 10th biennial survey by Mincral Industry Education Division, AIME, Nov. 15, 1950. Taste Ill.—Engineering student enrollment, 1940-41 to 1950-51, undergraduates and graduates, United States and Canada 1940-412 | 1944-454 1947-48! 1048-4013 ] 1949-60? | 1050-51 + Mining... 1,978 224 Motullurgical. 2, 450 472 Petroleum and natural gas. 2, 877 376 Ceramic. ..-.2--22- 22. 3 10 Geological. Puels,... Byecials. 0.22. -n nee ne ween eee newer Total mineral engincers: United States. Canada 4 Mining Engineering, May 1960, © Maning Engl , May 1050; dats ou mineral engineers from Mineral Education Division study; other enginesrs and total from Journal of Engineering Education, February 1940, 4 from Journal of Engineering Kd ht (Study of Mineral Kducation Division, AIME, 5, 934 & 3, 1%, 852 08, 137 72, 969 Fcsateeremyey mene mere tat oc | Sera rm et se ey ueation, February 1950, . Nav. 18, 10980. 4 Includes 23,404 United Btates enginvers from non-ECPD schools and 6,821 Canadian enginvers, unclassified. A1i39 Tastx IV.—Graduate atudents in minéral engineering, 1950-514 United States, £833-34 to Mining . 2... 40) 5 Metallurgical... 116) eo? Potroleum and natural gas....| 18 148 Coramue....-..-. 19 128 Geological. Fuolg .....-...-- Total........(243]285/338 18 60 22/1, 008)1, 102/41, 429 1Data from Mineral Industry Education Diviston, AIME, studics, Tasiz V.—First engineering degrees, United States and Canada AD Mineral engineers ! | cugineers / ee 4, 714 Yoar 1 Data from Journal of Engineering Education. 3 Data from AIME, Education Divislon studies. + Estimated, Tasle VI.—Teachers in mineral engineering schools, United States, 1960~51 5 mmo saseamcgnuti nets eSSOrS Associate professors Assistant tru: Mining, min, dress...) 48 | 20 | 22) 12] 138] 34 33 Metallureteal_. -| 78 | 61] 45 | 66 | 69 | 31] 45 Petroleusu and nat [1 Qt} i) 14] 32] 4] 30 Coramic. . $1} 14 | 20 7] 0, 4 Geological. Sh) 38 | 41) 361 $6) 84 SL Fuels. 2222222222. -e eee Q@} 3} 17 1] 0} 0 3 Total... acseasee 220 [136 [148 |12p 187 | 46 | 145 TaBLe VII.—Teachers in mineral engineering schools, Canada, 1960-52 2 le PEPEU E/E) «(is & lg bigk) 21218 lz Mining... c0e-nerceeee 1 5 41 3 a 7 8 Metallurgical. . ibd 47 ay 2] 4] 13 6 Petroleurn and @as._.. Oo}; @] 2] 27 171 0 1 1} 0} 0} of of 1} 2 16 6/13 4] 22 | 15 7 Total.........-+. 41} 14] 19] 0} 3 | 36] 23 Fifty-four Fatherless Children EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. ROBERT HALE OY MAINE IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 195 Mr. HALE, Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Recorp, I include the following editorial from the Maine Coast Fisherman of March 1961: Prrry-rour FavHrxiess OMILDREN Owners of fishing vessels must recognize that the unusual loss of life in the numerous
A140 ginkinge during the past 6 months fs a matter of growing public concern. The most recent tragedy—the disappearance cf the 17 men on the Gudrun—has left 34 children without fathera. Certainly fisher- men and their families—~and the public— are justified tn demanding that every pos- sible precaution be taken to make these boats seaworthy. In the past, almilar tragedies and similar demands have brought about the required Government inspection of even the low!liest public excursion poat. Yet the larger fish- ing vessele—all carrying crews of from 8 to 19 men—are not inspected for seaworthiners by any authority. Navigational equipment carried ig whatever the owner desires. And after sinkings have occurred, the occasional investigations can only be guesses at what might have happened in the reaches of the sea. Even when inquiry boards decide ou preventive measures, there is no one to enforce them. One thing the owners can and should do {a paint a'l boats and rafts international orange. The Coast Guard recommends this as a result of the inquiry into the logs of the Theresa A. International orange is the most visible of all colors and will help searchers spot anything drifting on the water, Fishermen themselves can take a step for their own safety and the future of their families by getting support for the Nichol- gon bill which was recently submitted to the House of Representatives by Congressman NicHonson, of New Bedford. This bill (H.R. 1762) will require the Coast Guard to make an annual inspection of every fishing vessel over 15 gross tons, It specifies the type of equipment to be carried, and owners will be required by law to have hulls checked by drydocking and hauling at least once a ear. , The Nicholson bill deserves your strong support. Write to your Congressman today urging {ts passage. Required annual inspec tions will help reduce the recurring deaths at sea and hold the ever-present riska of fishing to & minimum. The Cumberland and the Tennessee: Two Great Rivers as One—Report of the President's Water Resources Policy Commission ences EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. JOE L. EVINS OF TENNESSEE IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 6, 1951 Mr. EVINS. Mr. Speaker, the Presi- dent’s Water Resources Policy Commis- sion has recently issued a report of Ten Rivers in America’s Future—a volumi- nous report reflecting an exhaustive study, and particularly important at this time when power development for both domestic use and for purposes of na- tional defense are of major concern. This is the type of report which is of great interest to those who are concerned with and interested in the development and improvement of our country and the proper use and conservation of all of its vast resources. The report contains flattering, though factual, references to the accomplishments of the Tennessee Valley Authority and make further rec- ommendations with respect to the devel~ opment of the Tennessee River—one of the mentioned 10 great rivers in the country. It also takes cognizance of the development of the Cumberland River by the Corps of Engineers of the United States Army—the development to date and its future development and the inte~ gration of the Cumberland River pro- gram with the Tennessee Valley Au- thority. The integration of the Cum- berland River with the TVA has long been one of the agpirations of the people of middle Tennessee, The study and re- port of the President’s Water Resources Policy Commission should hasten this dream into a reality. I commend this report to the Mem- bers of Congress, arid also the reading of an editorial in this connection from the February 27, 1951, edition of the Nash- ville Tennessean, which under unani- mous consent, I include with my remarks. The editorial, entitled “Two Great Rivers as One,” ts as follows: Two Garat Rivers As One A powerful and perhaps decisive voice has been added to those which have long urged full development of the vast resources of the Cumberland River. It is the voice of the President's Water Re- sources Policy Commission, which has called for the integrated management of the Cum- berland and Tennessee Rivers as part of a far-reaching development program for 10 major river basins scattered over the country. In recommending that the entire program be carried out along the Tennessee Valley Authority pattern, the Oommission gave flattering but altogether natural recognition to the TVA for the sweeping transformation it has wrought in our own region. As those of us in the Tennessee Valley know so well, the TVA experiment has proved to be an astounding success, and there ts every rea- son for duplicating it in other regions so its political, social, and economic benefits may be even more wicely felt. Of especial significance to our region, how~ ever, is the fact that one of the basins the Commiasion believes particularly adaptable to a TVA-like development also Hes in our own midst, “In the Cumberland River below Nash- ville,” said the Commission’s exhaustive re- port, “there is a series of low navigation dams, inadequate for modern navigation and providing no flood protection. Accordingly the most pressing current issue relates to the method of future development of the lower portion of the river.” : Aa for this method itself, the Commission gives strong support to a high dam like that proposed by the Army engineers for con- struction near Grand Rivers, Ky. “A dam on the Cumberland near Kentucky Dam on the Tennessee and near the mouths of theee two rivers,” says the report, “affords definite possibilities of advantage in terms of the coordinated hydraulic development of the two rivera,” Carrying this idea of coordination even further, the Commission reports that “by interconnecting the two reservoirs by a canal it would be possible to use water from both rivers to greater advantage through the two powerhouses than would be possible if the rivers were treated as separate and distinct.” Nor would the advantage of such integras tion be limited to power production alone, the report continues, Navigation would be enhanced by shorter routes and lower costs for navigation structures, and “benefits for ficod control” would be derived. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD In substance, this recommendation for integrated development of the two rivers and for connecting their reservoirs with a canal Closely paraliels the course of action recently urged by the TVA in a study made for the President. Far from relying on the TVA's position, however, the Water Resouroes Policy Commission submitted some etrong arguments of tts own for tieing the two powerful rivers together. Said the report: “The close cultural, economic, and politi- cal connections between the communities of the Cumberland Basin and the communt- ties of the Tennessee Basin present advan- tages for managing the two basins in an in- tegrated manner. The fact that both the Tennessee and the Cumberland are part of & single electric power marketing area, the similarity in agricultural problems, and the presence of both basins in the same two States favor a closely coordinated operation of the two.” ‘ Finally, the report takes note of the “great need for power in the TVA power marketing area at the present time,” 8 factor which it says weighs heavily in favor of “rapid de-~ velopment of the Cumberland.” A similar observation, it will be recalled, was contained tn the TVA's recent study, which noted that the need for power is so great that it overshadows the question of what Government agency shall undertake the development necessary to produce the power. Apparently sharing this view, the Water Resources Policy Commission made no recommendation as to who should develop and manage the Cumberland. Its emphasis rather was on getting the job done and on coordinating the resources of the river with those of the Tennessee. In effect, this leaves the door open for speedy congressional authorization of de- velopment of the Cumberland by the Army Engineers, who already have undertaken pre. Mminary work on the Grand Rivers high dam. Similarly, 1t paves the way for coopera- tion between the engineers and the TVA in bringing about the integration of the two great rivers which together can lft our already rising region to even greater heights and serve the Nation well in both war and peace. Threat to Schuman Plan EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. SAMUEL W. YORTY OF CALIFORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. YORTY, Mr. Speaker, on Feb- ruary 28 I called attention of the House to the threatened collapse of the Schu- man plan. At that time I expressed my concern otcasioned by the activities of American lawyers who were intervening with our own representative in Germany on behalf of the German monopolists, This morning Mr. Walter Lippmann, in his always carefully considered and lucid column, refers to the same situation. The Washington Post also carried an ex- planation by Mr. Robert P. Patterson of his own activities as an attorney in con- nection with the Schuman plan. The only comment the explanation calls for is that the statement of the Senator from Arkansas relative to the mora) level of our Government should be broadened
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD somewhat to cover the activities of those who have gained great prestige by virtue of high Government position. I am ask- ing that both the Lippmann column and the newspaper account of Mr. Patter. son's explanation be included in our RECORD: [From the Washington Post] Topay aNp Tomorrow (By Walter Lippmann) A BAD SEV -BACK The position of the Western Powers has been seriously undermined in Germany as the new discussions with the Soviet Union are about to begin. It is possible that the Rubr industrialists, the masters of the coal and steel combines and cartels, have suc- ceeded in frustrating the Schuman plan. If they have done that, these great private monopolists who have so long dominated the industrial life of Europe will be able to play a principal part in any German settle- ment. The history of German-Russian relations for 150 years under the emperors, the Com- munists, and the Nazis, shows that while ermany is @ difficult country to Russify or © Sovietize, there is always a good chance that Russia can come to terms with a re- actionary Germany. This breakdown of the Schuman plan, which can be averted only by heroic measures, would mean that behind the facade of western German democracy the effective power to negotiate arrange- ments would lie in those powerful, quite un- scrupulous monopolies which have no reason to like or to be loyal to the western demo- cratic society. The Schuman plan bears the name of the French Foreign Minister, Robert Schuman, who proposed it last spring. The negotia- tions to draft a treaty to carry out the plan have been carried on since last May by dele- gates of the six governments—France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg. The principal negotiators have been M. Jean Monnet for France and Mr, Waiter Hallstein for West Germany. The object of the Schuman plan is to cre- ate in these six countries a single free and competitive market for coal and steel—a market, a8 M. Monnet has described it, where all consumers can have access to coal and steel on equal terms, without monopolistic discrimination and subject only to differen- tials in the cost of transportation. This pro- posal has had the enthusiastic, indeed the passionate, support of disinterested and in- formed men here and abroad. They believe it holds the first convincing promise of a Franco-German reconciliation and with that the promise that the dead hand of monopoly and restriction will begin to be Ufted from the industrial practices of Western Europe. By January of this year the draft of the treaty had been completed and agreed to except for the two articles which we shall come toina moment. The treaty as it stands now deals substantially with the complex political, legal, and technical questions that arise in this new and unprecedented project of a single free open market for steel and coal in Westerr. Europe. The two articles which have not been com- pleted have to do with the problem of monopoly. On these two articles the Schu- man plan may founder. For without them there would come only a giant monopoly instead of free and competitive enterprise within the wider Huropean market. One of these articles is dt signed to prevent carteliza~ tion. The other ig designed to prevent the formation of the vertical and horizontal combines which have been so characteristic of the Ruhr industries, It stands to reason that if there ia to be & single free market in the six countries, then the German monopolies of the Ruhr must be broken up—in the language of the occupa- tion statute they must be deconcentrated. Otherwise, the free market will simply mean the complete and the unopposed domination of that market by the German monopolies, The occupation statute calls for the decon« centration of the German monopolies. As a matter of law, the three occupying powers could impose the deconcentration on the Ruhr monopolies. But such an imposed solution is no longer possible or desirable, The Germans would resent it and in their resentment they would certainly refuse to vote for the Schuman plan, which cannot come into existence except by their free and equal consent. For these reasons the fulfill- ment of the deconcentration policy of the Occupation etatute has not been imposed but has been made a matter of negotiation at Duesseldorf—actually between Mr. McCloy and the Germans. The authors of the treaty for the Schuman plan have acted on the hope that the Dues- seldorf negotiations would succeed, that the Germans would be induced to agree volun- tarily to a plan of deconcentration, and that then the Schuman treaty would perpetuate as the general law of European industry the principles of a free market. What has happened is that the German industrialists have felt themselves strong enough to reject deconcentration and the creation of an open market. It may not be a mere coincidence that they have precipitated the showdown on the eve of the meeting of the four powers, In any event they have waged a violent, elaborate, and expensive campaign against the basic conception of the Schuman plan. They have won the sup- port in other countries of those vested inter= ests, of those collectivista who are so habitue ated to restrictive practices and monopolistic purposes that the very idea of a free economy seems to them intolerable. They have set in motion a wave of reaction against the kind of progressive and competitive economy which the Schuman plan envisages. This rebellion of the reactionary monopo- lists in Germany has been alded and abetted from this country. Indirectly, and no doubt unwittingly, this has been done in the first instance by the naive military men who have so foolishly believed, and so curiously per- suaded Mr. Acheson to believe, that German divisions could be raised before Germany had recovered her sovereignty—that West Ger- many could be at one and the same time a military satellite of the United States and also a loyal and willing ally. The rebellion of the Ruhr industrialists has been openly aided and abetted by a bevy of American lawyers, headed by the former Secretary of War, who—belteve it or not—has actually gone to Germany to argue their case before his own former subordinate in the War Department, the present United States High Commissioner, Mr. McCloy. The monu- mental impropriety of this performance has cast the utmdst doubt on the good faith of American policy in Germany—on the declared policy of full and enthusiastic support of the Schuman plan. For how—without @ renewed and un- equivocal restatement of our policy—are we now to persuade the people of Europe that the former Secretary of War—under whom the occupation of Germany was instituted— ia now so private a person that he can appear in Germany at this critical moment and that his appearance has no significance? {From the Washington Post] Parrerson Expianna Hos Tere Robert P, Patterson, former Secretary of War, who returned recently from a visit to Germany in the interesta of clients, the As- sociation for the Protection of German Stockholders in Steel and Coal Industries, Alli made a statement yesterday explaining his trip. He advised his clients, he satd, that the formula of Juhn J. MoCloy, United States High Commissioner, on coal holdings should be accepted. His statement follows in part: “Some months ago an association of share~ holders in German steel and caal companies * * * yequested my legal opinion in re- @ard to a decartelization law relating to those industries. That law was enacted in 1050, 3 yeara after my resignation as Secretary of War. In the legal opinion which I submitted I made it plain that I would have no share in any effort to challenge or thwart the basis Policy of decartelization, * * * I pointed out, however, that in my view the law omitted safeguards against arbitary ac- tion, * * * “I went to Germany for further discus- sion with my clients. * * * The out- standing matter on which agreement had not been arrived at was the percentages of coal requirements the steel mills might retain. With other American lawyers I conferred with Mr. McCloy on this subject. The im- portance of un agreement in promoting adoption of the Schuman plan was thor- oughly discussed. “As @ result of these conferences I advised my clients that in my opinion the formula on coal holdings proposed by Mr. McCloy be- fore my arrival in Germany should be ac- cepted. * * * They have told me that it was my recommendation that broke the deadlock on this point. “I wish to point out that I went to Ger- many simply as a lawyer representing in. vestors who were entitled to have their view- point presented, I had been out of public Office for 8 years. There were no reasonable grounds for anyone to assume that I still spoke for the United States Government,” Our Commitment in Korea EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. CECIL R. KING OF CALIFORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. KING. Mr. Speaker, many con- flicting statements are being made today by so-called authoritative personalities either interpreting this Government’s foreign policy or advocating a foreign policy of their own for adoption by the United States. These views are so con- flicting in nature so that to say that the people are confused would be minimizing the entire matter. This confusion is evident from some of the mail I am re- ceiving from a portion of my constitu- ency with particular reference to the Korean situation. Although I am not a member of either the Foreign Affairs Committee or the Armed Services Committee of the House, as a Member of the Congress, I am called upon to vote either by way of legislation implementing our foreign policy or by appropriations to effectuate that policy, In view thereof, I am, of course, obliged before voting to study and fully understand to the best of my ability our Government’s policy in join. ing with the United Nations in resisting Communist aggression in Korea, and in the determination of the United Nations to remain in Korea until such time as the
Al142 aggressors are defeated or until our mili- tary position becomes so untenable as to justify the withdrawal of United Nations from that area. YT feel it necessary, therefore, to state for the record my understanding why the United Nations intervened in Korea with the full support of the United States Government and why we are determined to see the matter through in the interest of our own safety and welfare as well world ce. en June 1960 world communism de- eided its usual methods of subversion and penetration were not meeting with success in Korea. The unprovoked and sudden attack on the Republic of Ko- rea that followed this decision repre- sented a new phase in Communist tac- tice—a resort to open aggression. This was the first occasion of open aggres- sion since the formation of the United Nations. If left unchallenged, it would have destroyed the security and way of life of the free world by embarking us on the same dismal road which Jed from Manchuria to Ethiopia, to Poland, and to Pearl Harbor. “he United Nations acted quickly and courageously in undertaking to oppose Communist aggression in Korea with force, if necessary. In carrying out this decision the United States has taken the Jeading part. The decision was taken in order to dispel immediately any Krem- lin hope that aggression would pay big rewards and go unchecked from one success to another, thus chewing up the free world piecemeal. When the United Nations forces were on the point of ac- complishing their objectives and prepar- ing the way for a unified and independ- ent Korea under United Nations aus- pices, the Chinese Communists com- pounded the aggression by open inter- vention in Korea. The Chinese Communists, by their actions, defied the authority of the United Nations and the world’s deep- rooted demand for peace. Repeated ef~ forts by the United Nations to bring about a peaceful settlement in Korea have failed. The Communist dicta- tors have thus far refused to take steps to end the fighting and bring about a peaceful settlement in accordance with the United Nations objective. On Feb- ruary 1 the General Assembly found the Chinese Communist regime guilty of aggression and expressed the determina- tion of the United Nations to continue its action in Korea to meet the ageres- sion, The United Nations and the United States cannot abandon their moral com- mitments against aggression as mani- fested in Korea. Korea is a symbol of the free world’s resistance to the forces that would make a mockery of interna- tional law and order and of the world’s hope for peace. By standing and fighting in Korea we are, in effect, defending our own land and people from the disastrous results which would surely follow upon any be- Hef in the Kremlin that the world is too weak or wuinterested in its Mberty to resist this latest effort to impose tyranny upon us all. We are staying in Korea because we and the other free nations of the world, united under the United Nations banner, must make aggression too costly a policy for any regime. The world Communist command must not be allowed to con- clude that aggression is easy and that it pays dividends. We are staying in Korea because our presence there serves as a deterrent to aggression in other places. If the Com- munists are plotting other acts of ag- gression in Asia or elsewhere in the world; they must not be given the idea that they will meet with no resistance and that they can act with impunity where and when they wish. Such an idea could only lead to greater disasters which a continuation of our present resolute action might prevent. The aggressor forces in Korea are meeting with effective resistance from the United Nations forces and are re- ceiving such heavy punishment that the Communist aggressor must face the fact that his crime will not pay. At the same time our actions in Korea are pinning down major Communist forces and may force the Kremlin to change its plans of aggression. We are staying in Korea because with- drawal from Korea would have a serious effect upon many of our friends. A withdrawal now might undermine the resistance and confidence of countries living in the shadow of militant Com- munist imperialism and result in their capitulation to the threats of the Krem- lin. Their freedom and independence and our united determination to co- operate in maintaining their freedom and independence are of great impor- tance to the free world and to the United States. We are staying in Korea because we must defend a small country to which the United Nations, under our leader- ship, has made a serious commitment. The Koreans have fought valiantly in their own defense. To abandon the Ko- rean people now would indicate that our friendship means little in the face of ad- versity. If we did abandon them we could not hope to provide a rallying point around which the spirits and energies of the free world can be mobilized to meet the world-wide threat which the Krem- lin now poses to the free world. The initial United Nations action last June in support of the principle of col- lective security to resist aggression was widely acclaimed by a large majority of the American press and public. The en- try of the Chinese Communists into the fighting does not alter the fact of aggres- sion nor does it change the basic aims. and objectives of the United Nations. It is not a question of wanting war with the Chinese people. Our traditional friend- ship for the Chinese people is a matter of record. It is a question of whether unprovoked Communist aggression shall be allowed to defy the principles of the United Nations and threaten the secu- rity of the entire free world. It is easy to understand why many Americans, not in a position to realize the enormous importance to our future of the degree of determination and per- APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD severance which the United States and the United Nations showed in Korea, should urge that we withdraw. There are sound reasons for such determina- tion on the part of the United States and the United Nations. The issue in Korea is how the free world will react to aggression, We can face it or we can run away from it. The old League of Nations ran away from it in China and Ethiopia and made World War 1 in- evitable. If we face aggression now and put it down, keeping our courage and our determination even when the going is very hard, we can have some hope that we shall not have to suffer the untold death and destruction of a world war ITI. If we give up now we will make clear that the wages of aggression is victory and another world war will be unavoid- able except by total surrender, These, I think, are the primary reasons why we went into Korea and why we are staying there. Pay Inequity Between White- and Blue- Collar Workers Criticized ener EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. GEORGE P. MILLER OF CALIFORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March &, 1951 Mr. MILLER of California. Mr. Speaker, Jerry Kluttz, whose column, the Federal Diary, appears daily in the ‘Washington Fost, recently had this to say about Congressman Ciinron McKIn- won, of California: Tue Feornat Diary (By Jerry Klutts) PAY INEQUITY BETWEEN WHITE- AND BLUE- COLLAR WORKERS CRITICIZED Representative McKinnon (Democrat, California), has put his finger on the real sore spot in the Federal salary picture—the grow- ing inequity between the pay of white-collar and blue-collar employees. He told the House that the blue-collar employee had been given a substantially larg. er increase in salary than his white-collar colleague since 1940. He then said: “In watching its (inequity) effect on the caliber of employees initially recruited over the past 10 tt is clearly indicated that there has been a gradual decline in the desire of young people to make a career of Government clerical and administrative work as compared with the blue-collar work.” McKrewon then produced an eye opening chart which compared white-collar with blue-collar salaries paid by the Navy in 8an Diego, @ city he represents. In general, the startling results would have been the game no matter what area was studied. On November 19, 1940, for example, & GS-2 clerk was paid 61,440 compared to 61,248 for a laborer. As of today the clerk gets $2,450, the laborer, $2,630, The clerk had received a 70-percent raise; the laborer 110 percent. MoKnewon suggested a 49-percent pay boost for the clerk to place his salary on an equal basis with that of the laborer. He next compared a grade € clerk with a helper, In 10940, the clerk was paid 61,800 with the helper’s $1,331. Today the clerk gets $2,875, the helper $2,801, The
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD clerk has been gtven a 60-percent boost; the helper has received 117 percent. McKinNon then expleins that a grade 6 employee and a machinist had comparable salaries in 1940. But since that time, the machinist has been given an increase of 82 percent, the grade 6 employee only 50 per- cent. A grade 12 employee was paid $4,600 in 1940, compared with $2,808 for a blue-collar foreman. Today the grade 12 gets $6,400, &@ 39-percent increase; the foreman is paid $6,245, a 122-percent boost. The California Congressman wasn't critical of the wage increases given blue-collar work- ers. He insists, however, that salaries paid white-collar people must be increased to pro- vide a proper differential between the two groups of workers, But what it all boils down to is this—Con- gress fixes the salaries paid the 1,500,000 classified and postal employees, the agencies themselves set salaries for the 600,000 blue- collar people. The agencies are required to pay their laborers, mechanics, and the like prevailing wages of private industry. Wages of per diem, or blue-collar workers have been adjusted frequently since 1940, as they should have been, to keep pace with higher living costs. But the high cost of living has hit the classified and postal worker, too, and all he can do about it is to go through the long and painful process of urging members of Con- gress to do something about it and then re~ tire to pray and hope. It has reached the point now where em- ployee leaders are seriously considering some Plan to have salaries of postal and classified employees set by local wage boards, based on living costs and salaries paid private em~ ployees in similar jobs. They believe such boards would be more alert to the pay prob- lem of these 1,500,000 postal and classified people. A look at the salary adjustments given blue-collar people proves that point. Mr. Speaker, Jerry Kluttz is one of the outstanding authorities on Federal per- sonnel] matters, He recognizes in Con- gressman McKinnon one who has the intelligence and the courage to tackle one of the most complicated and com- plex problems in Government. There Is Great Need for Reasonable Amendments to the Railroad Retire- ment Act and There Is Ample Cash Funds on Deposit To Justify Increased Payments at This Time EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. JAMES S. GOLDEN OF KENTUCKY IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. GOLDEN. Mr. Speaker, I have in my district in Kentucky a large group of very fine American and Kentucky eitizens whose life work is and has been that of railroading These men and women constitute one of the most re- spected, honorable, and dependable groups of citizens that could be found anywhere. A large percentage of them own modest homes, they have lived in their same communities mostly for many years, they are and have been a part of the community and civic life of their respective towns and counties and are, in fact, everything that could be expected of good law-abiding dependable citizens These men and women, as a class, for many years, have been contributing each month out of their earnings 2 relatively Jarge percent of their salaries in order to build up and accumulate an adequate and sufficient retirement fund for them- selves and their wives and children Practically every other Member of the Congress of the United States has in his home district a like and similar group of fine dependable citizens who are in the employment of some railroad com- pany, These railroad men and women have for many years been paying a relatively high percentage of their salaries each month into a joint fund so as to guar- antee for themselves adequate and suf- ficient retirement funds so that they and their dependents may have this security in their old age or in case of their pass- ing away and leaving dependents. Under the present rate of payments to retired railroad annuitants and their widows and children, these payments are s0 small that the very purpose of the Railroad Retirement Act is being de- feated. Those railroad employees who have retired do not have anything like an adequate sum paid to them upon which to live and those who are looking forward to retirement cannot under the present rates of payment expect any- thing like enough to support themselves upon or have enough for their widows and children to live on in case of their death, This condition has caused great un-~ rest and dissatisfaction among the ratl- road employees generally and they are looking to the Members of Congress to remedy this condition. To begin with, in order to increase the payments under the Railroad Retirement Act to the men and women who have built up this fund and who have retired and will retire in the future, it is not necessary to cost the taxpayers of America anything, The funds that are paid out were ac- cumulated under the laws of the United States over the past several years by each railroad employee paying a per- centage of his salary into this fund each month and his employer, the railroad companies, paying a similar sum and the moneys which are being and will be paid out come from this fund and they do not cost the taxpayers of this country anything. At the present time this railroad re- tirement fund is possibly the largest and strongest retirement fund ever ac- cumulated in the history of the United States by any group of employees in aay one industry. I have obtained the figures which show the amount collected into this fund each year and the amount paid out, as well as the amount remain- ing in the fund from the beginning of the Railroad Retirement Act up to and including the first day of January 1951. For the benefit of the Members of Congress who are vitally interested in amending and improving the Railroad Retirement Act for the benfit of the railroad men and women who are their constituents and live in their districts, Al143 I am setting down this table showing the tremendous growth and present cone dition of this fund: Tax colleo- Boneftt Fiscal year tions | paytnents Total through June 1938....| $150, 477, 270 | 667, 100, 151 2938-39... 100, 256, 540 | 107, 181, 438 1939-40... 120, 966, 7 114, 028, 141 1040-41... 136, 042,076 | 121, 700, 3041-42... 370, O11, NL | 126, 656, 781 1842-43... 208, 724, 892 | 130, 863, 97 1943-44... 7, 064, 593 | 138, 215, 226 144-45... 245, O87, 802 | 142, 627, 042 10945-46_. 982, 610,497 | 153, 815, 252 1946-47... {| 380,067,125 | 178, 101, 153 1947-48... 557, 000, 782 | 224, 871, 207 14R-49_, 568, 832, 734 | 233, O52, 033 1949-50... -] $50, 172, 200 | 301, 542, 273 It is very impressive to know that this great accumulated fund now contains in it a balance as of January 1, 1951, of $2,369,008,240. If these figures will be studied by the Members of Congress, it will at once become apparent that the excess each year of the amounts paid in by these men and their employers over the amounts being paid out is from 150 Million to 200 million dollars per year. There has been no increase in the per- centages of the benefits that are being paid out to the railroad men and women from this ¢und for the past few years, yet on the other hand during the past few years there has been a greater in- crease in the cost of living to these men and women than ai any time in the re- cent history of the United States. Recently our colleague, the gentleman from Pennsylvanic [Mr, Van Zann] introduced into the ConcREssSIONAL REo- orp a table showing the tremendous in- creases in the cost of living in recent years. From these figures we find that in the past 10 or 12 years the ordinary family in buying the absolute necessities had to pay 99 percent more for food, 92 percent more for clothing, 16 percent more for rent, 33 percent more for fuel, electricity and refrigeration, 87 percent more for household furnishings, and 48 percent more for a great many miscella- neous items, making an average increase of 71 percent in the cost of living and these figures only bring us up to Novem- ber, 1950. Since November 1950, there has been a considerable increase in the cost of living. While it now costs the average rail- road man and his family about 75 percent more to live during all these years, this railroad retirement fund has only been increased a very small amount, the last increase several years ago being 20 per-~ cent. In view of the change in our times and the tremendous increase in the cost of living, and in view of the universal de- mand on the part of the railroad em- ployees and taking into consideration the huge sum that has accumulated in this fund, I have introduced a reformed and amended Railroad Retirement Act in the Righty-second Congress, My bill is H. R. 2533. Briefly, my bill increases the payment of retirement benefits to these employees who have already re- tired by 25 percent, it increases the bene- fits by 25 percent to those who will retire in the future, and it provides that when a railroad employee passes away that his
A1144 widow, so long as she does not remarry, shall immediately, without regard to her age, receive 75 percent of the amount that her husband would have been en- titled to had he lived and retired. It provides full annuities to railroad employees, both male and female, after 30 years of service regardiess of age, but 4t does not require any compulsory re- tirement before the age of 70. There are other very beneficial improvements provided in this bill. I most sincerely invite the thoughtful consideration of my colleagues and espe- cially the members of the great Com- mittee on Interstate and Foreign Com- merce to the facts and figures I have cited and recited above. Ido hope that this great committee will give us a hear- ing on this effort to improve the Railroad Retirement Act and that all Members of Congress who wish to improve the lot of their railroad employees in their home districts will Join me in presenting the case of the railroaders to this commit- tee in the hope that we may get out and pass 8 good bill for them. Furthermore, I sincerely hope that the great railroad brotherhood: of America and their officials and especially their legislative representatives will become very active in assisting Members of Con- gress who believe that this act ‘should be amended in helping them to get up the facts ard figures to present in evidence before the committee and will lend every constructive legitimate aid possible to the passage of this bill. Exemption of Municipal Bonds From Federal Income Tax EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. JOHN V. BEAMER Or INDIANA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March §, 1951 Mr. BEAMER. Mr. Speaker, under unanimous consent, I include in the Ap- pendix of the Recor, Resolution 1700, adopted by the Common Council of the City of Kokomo, Ind., under date of Peb- ruary 26, 1951: Resolution 1700 Whereas interest on munictpal bonds here- tofore issued by political divisions has been exempted from Federal income tax; and Whereas it bas besn suggested that in the adoption of a new internal revenue code by the Congress of the United States, the interest from said bonds be no longer exempte ed from tax; and Whereas in the opinion of the Common Council of the City of Kokomo, Ind., the tax. ing for Federal income-tax purposes of the interest on said bonds would greatly tn- crease the amount of interest which eaid city will be compelled to pay on obligations to be sold by it and thus make it more diff. cult to Anance its obligations: Therefore be it Resolved, That the Common Counell of the City of Kokomo petition the Congrees of the United States to cause the isrterest of mu- nictpal bonds to be exempted in any new internal revenue code adopted, Adopted by the Common Council of the Otty of Kokomo, Ind., this 26th day of Feb- ruar; 1951. JaAMEs BH. McGurer, Mayor, Presiding Officer. Presented to me for approval, and ap- Proved by me this 26th day of February 1951. James BH. McGumz, Mayor, City of Kokomo. teen Puerto Rican Regiment in Korea L eenamanenneemed EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. A. FERNOS-ISERN RESIDENT COMMISSIONER FYROM PUEBTO RICO IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March &, 1951 Mr. FERNOS-ISERN. Mr. Speaker, on March 1, 1951, Mr. Frank T. Bow, the gentleman from Ohio, introduced for the consideration of the House of Repre- sentatives, House Concurrent Resolutfon 74 to commend the United States forces and units of the United Nations forces in Korea, I wish here to express my support to this deserving measure and to express my profound gratitude to the gentleman from Ohio for his kind re- marks about the outstanding perform- ance in Korea by the Sixty-fifth Infantry Regiment, composed entirely of Puerto Ricans, Puerto Rico is justly proud of these soldiers of the Sixty-fifth who ask no quarter and give none. They seem to confuse their Chinese opponents with their quasi-guerilla tactics and bold at- tacks, and they have been most effective in their contacts with the enemy. Oddly enough, although coming from the sun- bathed warmth of the Caribbean, they bear up well in the deep freeze of Korea. Puerto Ricans serving with units other than the Sixty-fifth Infantry Regiment also are attracting national attention for their heroism in Korea. One of them, Corporal Angel Gomez, is a triple am- putee at Walter Reed Hospital. Gomez, who was attached to the Seventh Cav- alry Regiment, has become, in Puerto Rico, the dual symbol of sacrifice and inspiration for total defense effort in this perilous period. In action against the Chinese Communists, “Andy,” as they call Gomez at Walter Reed, sprayed 10,000 rounds of ammunition into the enemy before his steaming machine gun betrayed bis position, He was hit by a mortar shell, Puerto Ricans have proved themselves good soldiers under all conditions. But they seem to do especially well when fighting as a unit. Perhaps this is be- cause of the heritage, customs, and Jan- guage which they share together. These seem to make for effective teamwork, integrated, coordinated, and fiuld to meet the changing conditions of battle. Puerto Ricans have also proved them- selves willing soldiers, Naturally, the selective-service laws apply equally in Puerto Rico as in the States, and there are Puerto Ricans in uniform who were ‘drafted, as well as those who volunteered, APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD But I should like to point out, as I have indicated on this floor before, that even without the selective-service laws, I be- lieve an army of 75,000 Puerto Ricans could be raised merely by permitting them to volunteer. Such is their pa- triotism and their spirit, No Congressman at Large EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON, GEORGE MEADER OF MICHIGAN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. MEADER. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Recorp, I include the following editorial from the Adrian (Mich.) Daily Telegram and Times: [From the Adrian (Mich.) Dally Telegram and Times of February 27, 1951] No Conoressman at Lancs Michigan is entitled to another Repre- sentative in Congress on the basis of the 1860 population count. The State now has 17 congressional districts. It has grown big enough to have 18. Should the boundaries of all the present 17 districts be reshuffled to come up with 18, or is there an easier way? Any way that it ts done, there prob- ebly will be an argument. Two bills for increasing the State's con- gressional delegation have been introduced in the legislature, One by Senator Nichols, of Jackson, dodges the whole thorny issue of redistricting by proposing that the new Mem- ber of the House be elected from the State at large. Senators Higgins, of Ferndale, and Reid, of Detroit, suggest that the new Eighteenth District be carved out of the present Seven- teenth. Both vote in that district which now includes Oakland County plus Detroit's twenty-second ward and Northville, Plym- outh, Livonia, and Redford townships of Wayne County. They would make Oakland County the new Eighteenth District, with the Seventeenth retaining the four Wayne County townships and Detroit's twenty- second ward, This plan involves changing the boundaries and the constituencies of only one congres- sional district. The present seventeenth dis- trict which Senators Higgins and Reid pro- pose to split up has had a remarkable popu- lation growth in the last 10 years. Oakiand County had # 189,000 growth, by far the largest of any county in the State outside of Wayne. Macomb County was closest with a 76,000 increase. Wayne County grew by 404,- 000 with a very large part of that growth outside Detroit's city mits. Oakland County with 893,467 people has a population 13,000 more than the combined total of the four counties in the second congressional district. So there is definite merit to the Higgins-Reid proposal. There ts virtually none in the Nichols plan to elect the new congressman-at-large. The Most that can be said for it te that it would assure for Michigan the added congressional representation to which the State is entitled. But the idea of electing the new Congress- man-at-large is not a good one. No ao elected would be as apt to give the multi- tudinous, and often confiicting, interests of the entire Gtate the careful attention he ‘would give to the interests of a single district. ‘Moreover, s Congressman thus elected would
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD have his responsibility ‘pread very thin: he ‘would be responstble to Michigan voters gen- erally and to no geographical area of the State in particular. But the chief obpection to the idea is that it runs counter to the constitutional concept of the House of Repre+ sentatives. Me:abers of the House are supposed to be close to the people, to have ready contact with them at all times. They are the direct representatives of the people in the national legislature. The larger a State grows in popu- lation, the more Representatives it is entitled to in the House. For thet reason the section of the Constitution setting up the House provided also that a national census be taken every 10 years. And that is why the term of office of Representatives 1s fixed at 2 years; the people can turn out an unsatisfactory Representative within 2 years. Terms for Members of the Senate are 6 years, And the Constitution provides that the terms of only one-third of the Senate expire at any 2-year interval. The Senate is a continuing body. The House reorgan- izes every 2 years, the tems of its Members expiring simultaneously. Members of the House always have been elected by the peo- ple directly. For more than 100 years Mem- bers of the Senate were elected by their respective State legislatures. A Representative at Large is a sort of Senator sitting in the House. A congres- sional district-at-large in a State with enough population to have more than one district denies that State's people the Kind of representation to which it is entitled. Such arrangements are almost always the result of reactionary partisan political think- ing. The party in power in a Stute fears that by creating a new congressional district the opposition party may be able to elect its candidate therein, So it creates a district. at-large, counting on the prevailing political sentiment of the State to elect a man from the party in power. Michigan is entitled to a new Congress- man. He should be elected from a specified district, whether that district be preponder- antly Republican or Democratic. The po- litical complexion of the district does not matter so much as that the greater number of people are better served by its creation. By all means let us avoid the dodge of elect- ing a Congressman-at-Large. Let's keep our representative government truly representa- tive. Televised Testimony EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. CLARE MAGEE OF MISSOURI IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. MAGEE. Mr. Speaker, under Jeave to extend my remarks in the REc- orp, I include an editorial from the Washington Post of March 2, on the sub- ject of televised testimony. Of course the matter has had no judi- cial determination and what the courts may finally decide is only conjecture, However, it raises many interesting ques- tions. If witnesses may be forced to tes- tify before congressional committees when the proceedings are being televised, who will do the forcing? By whom will the decision be made? Will it be by ma- jority vote of the committee or will it be by the chairman? If the decision is to be made by majority vote of the commit- tee, will an exception be made when the chairman is the only sitting member? If television is to be made lega] usage in such hearings, will the witness have the right to refuse to testify unless his tes- timony is televised? The witness may feel that he has some startling informa- tion that will contribute to the public weal; that should be given immediate and wide publicity. The manner in which he gives it might be most impor- tant. The facial expression, the tone of his voice, his enunciation and the em- phasis of proper gesticulation might be lost to the world without the television, If congressional investigations are to be televised, what about thecourts? The arguments used in favor of televised criminal investigations are equally per- suasive when applied to the trial of crim- inal cases; and perhaps more so. If a congressional committee investigating monopolies is to use television, then cer- tainly the antitrust suits should be tele- vised. Again we must know by whom the decision will be made. Will it be the judge or will it be the jury? Will it be the plaintiff or will it be the defendant? Supposing the A. & P. Co. decides it is be- ing unjustly proceeded against. Judg~ ing from letters which I received last year, this is not an unreasonable assump- tion. Would the company have the right to demand that the trial be televised, so that its position would be better under- stood than it might be if the public had to rely on sketchy news articles? Sena- tor Kerauver’s position is that one pur~ pose of the investigations is to enlighten the people and that television is a me- dium of public information as are the press and radio. If this is correct and if the A. & P. feels that it is the innocent and injured party, should it not be en- titled to make the decision rather than the trial court? There is no doubt but that the Senate Crime Investigating Committee 1s dotnr much good in exposing crime and the tie-up between organized outlaws and some of our politicians. We cannot con- done crime in any form. However, we should never let these investigations de- teriorate into forums of entertainment nor should they be used to assassinate character. The crime committee, in its report, has seen fit to make serious inferences against the attorney who appeared for the witness, James J. Carroll, These in- ferences had no basis in fact. Mr. Mor- ris Shenker is a capable, an upright, and distinguished member of the Missouri bar. He has a large and lucrative law practice. He has never been cited for violation of lega)] ethics and no bar in the union is more alert toward proceed- ing against unscrupulous lawyers than is the bar of Missouri, Mr, Shenker was well within his rights in appearing for Mr. Carroll or any other witness and his conduct was in keeping with propriety. It is not to the credit of any congres- sional committee to take advantage of its position and seek to castigate or dis- credit an attorney when he is merely fulfilling his sworn duty to his client. The witness, Carroll, offered to testify if the proceedings were neot televised. A1M5 When Senator Kuravver refused to hear his testimony, excepting under the terms dictated by the former, there arises the question of whether the Senator was most interested in getting the facts or in getting the fullest publicity. As previously suggested, there is no more reason for televising crime inves- tigations than there is in televising criminal trials. Of necessity, many of our criminal cases develop Jurid and ob- scene testimony. Some of it is unfit to put in publie print. Certainly it is unfit to go out over the alr waves. Many wit- nesses would despair at the thought of testifying when they were being viewed by television. It is bad enough for a timid witness to face a small courtroom of spectators; but it would be far worse if that person knew that he or she was being spied upon by television addicts all over the Nation. Certainly it would not be conducive to clear thought or expression. I cannot feel that the courts will ever force witnesses to sub- ject themselves to this needless pro- cedure. To me the whole idea is inane and repulsive. It would bring the Con- gress to a new low level in public esteem, The dignity of the courtroom would be- come only a memory while its sacred portals became a testing ground for the future Faye Emersons and Jimmie Durantes. I agree fully with the sentiments ex- pressed in the following editorial: TELEVISED TESTIMONY Senator Kurauver’s attempt to compel James J. Carroll, a St. Louis betting commis- sioner, to testify while the proceedings of the Benate Crime Investigating Committee were being televised raises interesting questions of public policy as well as of law. Appar~ ently the witness was willing to answer the committee's questions. But he objected to having his appearance televised on the ground that it would invade his privacy and subject him to ridicule. Senator Keravuver replied that the hearing was public, that television ts a medium of public information no less than are the press and radio, that one purpose of the investigation is to en- lighten the people, and that if the witness did not answer the questions, he would ba cited for contempt. Does the public interest in the exposure of crime demand that all witnesses before the committee, whether or not they are accused of crime, speak under the glare of television? What the cecision of the courts will be is open to wide speculation. If they follow precedent, they will be extremely reluctant to interfere with the conduct of congres- sional investigations. In any event, the larger question is whether it 1s sound policy to force testimony from witnesses under the distracting influence of television lights and microphones. We think it is not. In this instance Senator Kerauvsr may readily be absolved of headline hunting, but the regue lar use of television in committee investiga tions would certainly encourage the inquis{- tors to put on a show instead of calmly seeking information. Witnesses likewise would be tempted to resort to spectacular stunts and colorful charges. Fact-finding would almost inevitably degenerate into circus antica, No doubt this fs why Congressman Oass included in his eode of fair procedure for congressional investigating committees, now under study by the House Rules Committee, @ provision that “no photographs, moving pictures, television, or radio broadcasting of
the shall be , Permitted while any witness is testifying.” The courts do not subject their witnesses testifying under oath to such impediments to candor. It is aificult to see why the fact-finding commit- tees of Congress should. eI Chicago’s Forgotten Hero EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. RICHARD W. HOFFMAN OF ILLINOIS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 6, 1951 Mr, HOFFMAN of Illinois. Mr. Speak- er, under unanimous consent, I include in the Recorp the full text of an article entitled “Chicago’s Forgotten Hero” which appears in the March issue of Coronet magazine. This article describes the unrewarded heroism of Frank Bukovsky, of Chicago, who fs believed to have saved the life of Theodore Roosevelt during an at- tempted assassination in the city of Mil- waukee in 1912. I have today introduced a bill pro- posing that the Congress take appro- priate cognizance of this man’s brave deed, even though almost 40 years have elapsed. I feel that the people of Amer- ica owe this gallant immigrant belated appreciation and I trust the House will concur in my or inion. The article from Coronet follows: Cuicago's ForGotten Hero (By Milton Golin) Prank Bukovsky got no medal for his cour- age in 1912, yet he feels amply rewarded. Frank Bukoveky ran all the way up the three flights of stairs to his fiat to show his wife the newspaper headline: “Marie, look! It says, ‘T. R. in Milwaukee Auditorium Tonight.’ ” Marie had not yet learned to read English, so she could not tell what the headline meant, “T. R—that’s Teddy Roosevelt,” said Frank. He went to a rickety bureau and fished out a document. “See, the same name as on the paper I got 6 years ago when I came to America, ‘President Theodore Roose- velt.” I must go to see him tonight. I'll eat when I come back.” Marte Bukovsky put the children to bed, wondering what it was like to stand near a great man itke Theodore Roosevelt. Frank knew what it was like-—nothing at all like in native Bohemia, where scidiers with rifies guarded the emperor in the coach, Here, on the evening of October 14, 1912, the great man with the mustache who had let Prank enter this country was walking through the Milwaukee crowd as if they were ail his friends, Frank was downtown early, outside the Gilpatrick Hotel. He could almost touch the car which was to take Teddy from the hotel to the auditorium a few blocks away, where several thousand people were walting for Now-——he was coming out of the hotel, Frank cheered with the rest. The former President stepped into tho car and stood in the back seat. He grinned and waved his wide-brimmed ‘diack elouch hat to the smiling crowd. It was then that Frank Bukoveky noticed the wide-eyed man standing next to him. Suddenly the man reached tnside of his coat and pulled a revolver, The next moment he was taking alm at Roosevelt's heart-——a beart only 7 feet away. As the gun went off with a roar, Frank slammed his hand against the man's right arm. Then he knocked him to the ground so there would be no more shooting. “Kill him! Kil him!” Frank shouted in English. Then he added in Bohemian: “Kill this crazy man! He shot our great Roosevelt.” The shocked crowd understood only the American words, They thought that Frenk, the curly haired man with the foreign ac- cent, was trying to kill Roosevelt. Some of them piled onto Frank and the gunman. A policeman swung his club on Frank's head. His clothes ripped, his hat amashed, Bukov- aky tore himself away and ran home. Marie Mstened as he blurted out his amazing story. Next morning he read the newspapers. His name was not mentioned. The paper said that Elbert Martin, Roosevelt's secretary, had saved the President's life by snatching the gun from the assassin, John Fi Schrank. The paper also sald a man in the crowd had hit Schrank's arm so that the bullet, inetead of entering Roosevelt’s heart, struck him in the right side of the chest, first passing through the 100 pages of his speech. Roosevelt, shocked and bleeding, made the speech anyway. Later, at the hospital, he remarked; “It takes more than one bullet to kill a Bull Moose.” Three weeks later Frank Bukovsky voted in his first presidential electton—for Theo- dore Roosevelt, the Bull Moose candidate, He was nov perturbed when Woodrow Wilson won. That was democracy. Years went by, and Frank's family in- creased. He saved his money. His idol, Teddy Roosevelt, died. Together with his wife, his three daughters, and a son, Frank Bukovsky went to Chicago, where he bought a bakery on the southwest side. Here there were neighbors from old Bohemia. Frank often chatted with a special neigh- bor—Anton J, Cermak, mayor of Chicago, and a lover of Frank's pastries. Until this time the story of Frank's role in the Roose- velt shooting had been told only in the Bu-« kovsky family circle. But to Anton, the mayor, Frank told all. Cermak listened and smiled. Frank never could tell whether the mayor believed him, but he used to aay: “Well, I would do the same if the chance came.” One day tn 1933 the news wires crackled with the story of how Cermak stopped with his body an assassin's bullet atmed at an- other Roosevelt—F. D. R., President-elect. Dying, Mayor Cermak muttered to Roosevelt: “I'm glad it was me instead of you.” The Bukovskys lost everything tn the de- pression—the bakery, the home, the bank account—more than $40,000 saved over many years. They lost everything but their spirit and their fafth in their adopted country, “Our children must go to high school, and then to college maybe,” Frank and Marie agreed. But for a long while Frank could not find steady employment. Marie helped out by working in restaurants, kitchens, hotels--wherever she could do a job and earn some money. In 1948 Prank read in the newspapers that John Schrank had died in a Wisconcin asy~ Tum, And the story of the attempted as- sassination was revived. A newsprper re- vealed that Prank Bukovsky had been written up in an old history book as the man who really saved Theodore Roosevelt's life. The book mentioned half a dozen people who actually saw how Frank upsct Schrank's aim, But the newspaper also said that Frank cowld not be found—that he was probably dead. Prank Bukovaky turned the page. His white mustache shimmered as he mused. He ‘was not seeking ary notoriety. Today, at 68, he still works nights in Ze- man’s bakery on West Twenty-sixth Street APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD in Chicago. New friends listen to the story of what Frank did that October night 39 years ago. When he is through telling it, the friends ask: “No medal, Frank? No reward?” medal, no reward. “Not even a letter—a note from somebody in the Roosevelt family?” No; not even a letter; nothing. Then Frank points to the pictures of his four children on the wall of his Gat on South Avere Avenue: “This is Frances,” he says, “my youngest daughter. She graduated from a nurses’ school, became a train stewardess, married a conductor, and went to live in Arizona. “Here is my Marte. She went to college, the University of Illinois, graduated as a pharmacist, married, and went to live in California. “This one is Elizabeth. She became a bookkeeper, married, and also made her home in Arizona. “And here is my boy, Joseph. He went to college, married, went to war, and stayed overseas 3 years. He came back a major. “Reward, did you say? Do I need any greater reward than my four children—all of them educated, successful, happy? Me, a poor immigrant from Bohemia?” No; no Frugality in Government Advocated by Bartlesville (Okla.) Chamber of Com- merce EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. GEORGE B. SCHWABE OF OKLAHOMA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. SCHWABE. Mr. Speaker, one of the most carefully worded resolutions I have seen in recent years, and one that certainly goes straight to the heart of a situation that seriously confronts the American people today, is the following resolution adopted by the Chamber of Commerce of Bartlesville, Okla., some 2 weeks ago. This resolution humbly and emphati- cally requests the President and Con- gress, servants of the people of this great Nation, under their oaths, not to levy heavy taxes upon the people while at the same time the President and Congress are squandering the substance of the people. Frugality in government is ad- vocated by the Bartlesville (Okla.) Chamber of Commerce in this resolution, which I now quote: Whereas the Government of the United States of Amerioa is a government of the people and owes all of its just powers to the consent of the people; and Whereas there hes been a growing tend- ency on the part of those in Government of- floss of trust and profit to lose sight of the fundamental truth that our Government wag instituted for the benefit of the people; an Whereas there is evidence that at least some of the servants of the people seem to think that our people exist for the benefit of the Government; and . Whereas the President of the United States haa called upon the people to observe gcru- pulows frugality in the conduct of their private lives end to forego luxury for their common goc..; and
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Whereas the President of the United States has called upon the people to sacrifice their lives and fortunes for the common good; an Whereas the President has called upon the Congress to balance its disbursements by the levy of taxes upon the people; and Whereas the President has a right to and is bound by his solemn duty to call upon the people and its Congress as he has; and Whereas the President and Congress as servants of the people of this Nation have no right, either in morals or in law under their solemn oaths of office, to levy heavy taxes upon the people while at the same time this Government is squandering the substance of the people; and Wherens the example set by public serv. ants in spending in the coming months will inspire the people to great sacrifice if that example is one of frugality: Now, therefore, be it Resolved by the Chamber of Commerce of Bartlesville, Okla, in regular meeting as« sembled, That the Congress of the United States, as the direct representatives of the people be and they are hereby requested to eliminate all nonessential spending in gov- ernment to the end that frugality in gov- ernment will inspire the people to gladly and willingly sacrifice in this time of na- tional peril; and be it further Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be sent to the Congressman from this dis- trict and to each of the Senators from Oklahoma. (szaL] BARTLESVILLE CHAMBER OF Commence, INC., K. 8S. Apams, President. Attest: R. 8. Beprorp, Secretary. An American Political Tragedy EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. CLARENCE J. BROWN Or OHIO IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. BROWN of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, under the leave to extend my remarks in the Recorp, I include the following article from the January issue of the magazine Here in Ohio: [From Here in Ohio magazine of January 1950] AN AMERICAN POLITICAL TRAGEDY For the past decade a stark tragedy has been enacted on the American political stage—a tragedy which, tronically, stands illumined by the spotlight on Republican victories in the election of November 7, 1850, throughout the country—but most notably in Ohio. A tragedy—because of the failure of the Republican Party to offer to the people, in sufficient quality and quantity, candidates for national office who represented a clear- cut, forthright, unapologetic alférnative to the party of increasing socialization, of bureaucracy, of concentration of power in the National Government. A tragedy—because through three preal- dential elections, through too many sena- torial and congressional district elections in too many places, the Republican Party cowered timidiy, bankrupt in courage and intellectual honesty, afraid to offer clean alternatives to candidates of the hand-out state sworn to do the bidding Of special eco- nomic groups instead of standing guard over the public welfare, A tragedy—because the Republican Party became the party of cowardice, aince it was afraid it would be defeated if it said frankly that it would yank away special privileges, instill order and economy into Government, and restore a reasonable balance of power among the dominant economic groups—in- dustry, agriculture, and labor, And what was the result? Defeats, tgnominious defeats, one after another; a weakening of the two-party sya- tem to the point where many thoughtful men feared for the very existence of this bulwark of the American form of govern- ment; bungled foreign policy, and inflation that expunged the apparent financial and social gains of a large part of the population, The Republican Party sacrificed character, principle, and courage for political expedi- ency, in a vain effort to entice the voters with gangbuster personalities, glamor boys from the public utilities and slick-paper magazines, and with me-toolsm—with politi- cal sex appeal instead of political fortitude and candidates with the guts to stand up and Bay: “IT will not permit objectives that may be, in themselves, laudable, to be used as cover for the acquisition of power by those who think they possess some godlike capacity to shape the people's destiny. I will not permit government of the people to be become ruinously costly, sloppy, and inefficient, and bloated with power in the hands of a few who scheme for more power." The Republican Party, by and large, thought only of: “How can we win without saying plainly to the recipients of Govern- ment favors we will not be as generous as the New Deal and the Fair Deal?” And, of course, it didn't win; it Just kept soaking up one beating after another. Then came 1950 and Rosert A. Tart, who had in 1944—when Dewey took licking No. 1-—-won without compromising his prin- ciples. Against what has rightly been called the most formidable opposition that ever confronted a candidate for the United States Genate, Tarr won, the man whom Repub- licans nationally recognized as their fore- most exponent of statecraft, but who they said couldn't win because he was too honest and frank and he lacked political “it.” Well, Tarr won, not because he mesmer- ived the voters with his voice or drenched them in glamour, He won because he stirred the hearts and the minds of tens of thou- sands of every economic and social class by his earnestness, his industry, his intelll- gence; the deep-seated quality of his ain« cerity that emanated right across the plate form and out of the radio speaker; his will- ingness to tell the people just where he stood on every important issue; his impress upon the voters of a conviction that, even when he didn’t promise what some of them wanted, Tarr would endeavor to the utmost to fulfill the commitments he did make and not em- ploy them, cynically as Harry Truman does, as continuing issues as the basis for the next campaign. Tarr set splendid precedent in the 1950 senatorial campaign in Ohio. He demonstrat. ed 60 clearly, so vigorously, that a man who doesn't use honeyed words to gloss over hol- lowness of thought can literally captivate the people. He showed that a man of brains and courage and proven statesmanship can get people who never before exhibited any~ thing but indifference or disdain toward po- litical affairs not only to vote for him but also to get out and do conscientious, fruitful work for him. The people of Ohio, no different from the people of any other State, showed that they want a man who stands on @ high moral and intellectual plane. Given the alternative of & statesman or 4 hack politician, they choose unerringly and unequivocally, The man who couldn't win, won—Tart, who is at once a man of great independence AIM of thought and yat of deep understanding of the people's problems and their welfare; who is a leader without having a leader complex, : The man who couldn't win, won—Tart, whore almost belligerent penchant for cold- ly, analytically discussing the issues and criticizing who he thought needed criti- cizing, masks an innate shyness and « gracious personality in ordinary social in- tercourse. Not within memory of most of us have the people given such a convincing demonstra- tion of their thinking and their ability to distinguish between the real and the sham, as they did in Ohio on November 7, 1950. Here was Tart, the target of concentrated opposition by powerful forees—the New Deslera and Fair Dealers, the labor barons &fnd their political and propaganda arms, radical “liberals,” and wild-eyed interna- tionalists. The CIO and A. F. of L. leaders themselves laid down the gauge of battle; they themselves designated Roswer A. Tarr as their special and principal target. Even the proprietors of syndicated columns, as Well as national radio commentators, with @ Fair Deal slant, joined in the fight. And the man who couldn't win—the man of competence in statecraft who, they sald, couldn’t attract the voters—carried 64 of Ohio's 88 counties, including every indus- trial county in the State, The GOP would do well to ponder long and thoroughly some of the really signifi- cant issues the people of Ohio decided at the November 7 outpouring, For in the action of the Ohio electorate there's a clear in. vitatton to the Republican Party to get the lead out of its knapsack, to forget the pro- motion of glamor boys and men who have nothing to recommend them but cold, cal- culating, self-advancing qualities in admin- istration of public affairs. Let the Republican Party remain humbly conscious of the tragedy that beset it in three presidential elections. Let the party remember the disastrous, enervating consequences of its action in 1940, when it went outside its own political realm to come up with the late Wendell Willkie, GOP Presidential nominee by virtue of the activities of the internationalists and the high-powered promotion boys of the adver- tising agencies. Let the party remember that it saw a candidate for whom no genuine enthusiasm could be developed, go down to defeat once-— and then shattered precedent by choosing him again, Let the party, and the people, not be beguiled by the presumably “new” onal ity in Albany, who, though he {s the first major politician effectively to use television, and who, though he apparently won votes by kissing his wife over that medium, is still Tom Dewey—the twice defeated. Let the party remember that while Dewey was entertaining the New York electorate (or 8 television-set-owning segment of tt in the boroughs of New York), Roserr Tart was out in the hustings telling people Just where he stood, just what he intended’ to do. Let the party remember that Tarr won an historic election, even though he rebuffed the sob- sisters who would have written sympa- thetically of the Senator’s joss, through his recent campaign, of his right bower, his wife, because of the state of her health. Bos Tarr simply didn’t want sympathy to influence the voters. Let the Republican Party follow Tarr in throwing off the tag of “reactionary.” Let the party come to stand, as he does, for the common welfare as against spedial interest. Let it understand, as Tarr does, that the Clock can’t be turned back, that all which the Government does is not accialistic, and that the Federal Government can help in housing and education and medical care without unduly extending Government ine fluence in State and local affairs,
‘Al148 Tne expertence of November 7, 1950, in Ohio particularly, shows that the public will choose wisely if it is given a choice of sanity, integrity, and courage in public affairs, on the one band, and incompetence and un- wholesome commitinent to one economic group on the other. The people have lost confidence in the present administration for its incompetence im domestic and world affaira, and for the ward-heeler character of political thinking that characterizes the administration, They want—and deserve—something better. The poopie still cherish the old tried and true foundation of freedom to work, live, worship, and vote as they plesse. Unitess the Republican Party comes for- ward with a man who champions these causes, it will again go down to defeat in 1952 at the hands of a minority, because the mafgortty wilk not vote if they are deprived of the clear alternative they were so long Genied. Odio has such a man. It commends him to the Nation and it urges that men of good will, of igh principle, in the Republican Party start now to smother any efforts by the adherents of lesser men te win control of the party by the time of the GOP Na-~ tional Convention in 1952, Five Handred Million American Gift Dollars Used To Buy Critical and Strategic Metals for Marshall Plan Countries EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. DANIEL A. REED OF NEW YORK IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March §, 1951 Mr, REED of New York, Mr. Speaker, in the period from April 3, 1948, through September 36, 1960, more than $500,- 000,000 picked from the pockets of the American taxpayers has been spent by the European Cooperation Administra- tion to purchase for European countries critical and strategic nonferrous metals which now are under such stringent controls that the American consumers and businessmen who normally use these metals find that they will have to either do without or find substitutes for the most part. Besides the shipments already made to September 30, 1950, additional mil- ions of procurements have been au- thorized by the managers of our give away program under the Marshall plan, » Mr. Speaker; in behalf of the Ameri- can consumers and the small business- men of this country, I once again rise to protest against this continuing abuse of the American people, by this administra- tion. Why, Mr. Speaker, must our peo~ ple be taxed to provide things for the peoples of other countries, that they can- not buy for themselves? . &S part of my remarks, under per- mission previously given, I offer a table from the Washington News Bulletin of March 1, 1961, showing the details of the transaction under which our tax« payers paid for these critical and stra- tegic metals bought from other countries, Five Honorer>d Mrzion Asraicanw Grrr Dorzars Sprewr vor Crrrra, anp Brna- sare Nonrgrrovs Mrrats UNDER MARSHALL PLan (By Paul O. Peters) In the period from April 3, 1948, through September 30, 1950, more than $500,000,000 American gift dollars went into shipments of copper, lead, zinc, nickel, brass and bronze, and aluminum to the European nations participating in the European Co- operation Administration's programs. In Bulletin No. 43, the detatls of curement of the nonferrous metals from Paid shipments of nonferrous metals to ECA APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD United States sources of supply were shown. The total was over $100,000,000. Besides the critical and strategic non- ferrous metals purchased in the United States, an additional €293,008,000 was pro- cured from Canada, Latin America, and the participating countries. This sum together with purchases of over $109,476,000 of aluminum places the total expenditures for shipments already made to well over $500,- 000,000. As usual, the United Kingdom was the principal beneficiary of American ald, as shown by the table following, which dcetatls the shipments by country and commodity: countries from sources outside the United States jor the pertod Apr. 3, 1948, through Sept. 30, 1950 {In thousands of dollars) The shipments of aluminum for this same pertoed total $109,476,000 with $101,819,000 going to the United Eingdom and purchased with American gift dollars in Canada. Verily the pockets of the American tax- payers are being legally and scientifically picked to continue these foreign-aid pro- grams, including the purchase of critical and strategic materials which are now being dented to legitimate American consumers. Tax Preferences Unpopular—They Are Un-American EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. GEORGE B. SCHWABE OF OKLAHOMA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. SCHWABE. Mr. Speaker, in re- cent years certain preferences have been shown in matters of taxation, which have become very unpopular. I refer primarily at this time to tax exemptions or preferences, in favor of the President of the United States, the Vice President of the United States, the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Congress, and of the Members of Congress. If there is anything that the American people believe in, it is fair play. Any- thing that smacks of unfairness, pref- erences or favoritism tn a tax system de- signed to raise money for the support of our Government, causes resentment by the people. It is not so much a matter of dollars and cents, The actual amount of taxes for a given individual or a group is more or less immaterial. It is the principle that is involved. The people simply do not want the President to bave a part of his salary exempt from income taxes, while people who make the same amount of money from other sources do not have 80, 743 |" 45, 609 5, 074 a@ like amount of their taxes exempt. Similarly, they protest against the ex- emption from income taxes of a part of the salary of the Vice President, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and every Member of Congress, while they do not enjoy such exemptions. Especially is this resentment pro- nounced at this time, while the Presi- dent is asking the people to tighten their belts and telling all of us that we must be willing to be taxed and pay taxes until it hurts, They are retorting in no un- certain language that they think the Presideat, the Members of Congress, and other public officials who enjoy tax preferences should be the first to see that the preferences are abolished and that all be treated alike. Therefore, I say tax preferences are unpopular — they are un-American. They are unpopular because they are un-American, because they are not in keeping with the spirit of American ideals. Discriminations and preferences are un-American, and wherever they exist they should be: ramoved by appro- priate legislation, Let me give you a few facts. The President of the United States receives & salary of $100,000 annually. He is paid an additional $50,009 expense account, which is tax free. He is provided with. & mansion in which to live. Incidental- ly, the improvements and repairs to the White House which are being made at this time will cost more than $5,000,000, and while these repairs are being made, the President is living across the street luxuriously in Blair House, whioh has been reserved for many years for digni- taries from other lands who may be visiting here, In addition, the President has a special yacht, the Williamsburg, & luxurious airplane, a battleship, a cruiser, and 2 apecial railroad train. All of these are furnished, maintained, manned, and operated, with a multitude of servants, at great expense to the tax- payers, Another $20,000 per year in ad-
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD dition to his $100,000 salary and $50,000 tax-exempt expense account above men- tioned, is provided. The President, therefore, enjoys ea tax preference of $33,744 annually, as compared with any other person in this country similarly situated who receives a salary of $150,- 000 per year. I understand the Vice President and Speaker of the House of Representa- tives, each is paid a salary of $30,000 per year and in addition, is paid a $10,000 a year tax-free expense account. They are furnished high-priced sedans for their use, with chauffeurs at the expense of the taxpayers. This results in a tax preference in favor cf each of the men holding these offices of $4,184 per year over an ordinary or private citizen with the same income. Each Member of Congress receives a salary of $12,500 a year, and $2,500 for expenses which is tax exempt. I under- stand that the recent rulings of the Treasury Department are to the effect that the Members do not have to ac- count for the $2,500 they receive as an expense account. I have always ac- counted for mine, and incidentally, I voted against the law which allows this $2,500 tax-exempt expense account. Members of Congress, Senators and Rep- resentatives, enjoy a preference in Fed- eral income taxes of $597 over and above private citizens with an income of $15,- 000 a vear. People are saying that before the President and the Members of Congress raise taxes for private citizens to pay, we should be willing to forego our special preferences or preferences allowed by law and should pay taxes on our entire incomes. I realize that many citizens do not appreciate the fact that we, and the President, Vice President and Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the Members of Congress are called upon to incur great expense that the average private citizen who makes a comparable salary or has the same income that we do, does not have to pay. I realize also that most péople who are employed on & salary are allowed their salary net and are paid travel expenses and the ex- penses of lodging and meals and other incidentals while they are away from home, which are not furnished to the President, the Vice President, the Speak- er of the House of Representatives, and the Members of Congress as such, except as may be paid from these tax-exempt sums. It seems to me that we have gone at it the wrong way. If we had provided for the payment of expenses incurred by these officials in the conduct of their affices and work incident thereto, the same as traditionally has been provided for people engaged in private enterprise activities, the people would have had @ better understanding of the situation. Then each item of expense would have been subject to scrutiny and would be allowed and paid whenever found to be legitimate and proper. But only such items as would meet the test would be paid out of public funds—which is ex- actl, what happens in the conduct of private business, and is what the people ere accustomed to and have grown to recognize as the proper method. Therefore, I have introduced in the House of Representatives in Congress a bill which, if passed by Congress and approved by the President, as must be the case before any bill can become a law, the President’s $50,000 per year tax-exempt expense item, the $10,000 per year tax-exempt item of the Vice Presi- dent and Speaker of the House of Repre- sentatives, and the $2,500 expense ac- count for each Senator and Member of the House of Representatives of Con- gress, will immediately become subject to the payment of Federal income taxes. If these items are stricken from the favored or exempted list, by the enact- ment of my bill into law making them taxable, they will likewise become taxa- ble for State income purposes for those States which have laws providing for the payment of income taxes by indl- viduals. Again I say that tax preferences are unpopular because they are un-Ameri- can. They do not coincide with Ameri- can traditions, American practices and American ideals. In the older countries where kings, czars, emperors and others of dictatorial authority ruled, and whose will became the law, regardless of the will of the people, tax preferences and tax exemptions were the order. But not so in America. Therefore, historically, the matter of tax preferences and discriminations is un-American and the people of this country did not favor the enactment of the laws which granted these prefer- ences. Now they bitterly resent being told that they must be willing to be taxed until it hurts or pains them, and becomes a@ genuine sacrifice, while their public Officials, the President of the United States, the Vice President of the United States, the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Congress and every Member of Congress continues to enjoy tax preference in the amounts and in the order which I have outlined. Tax pref- erences are unpopular, They are un- American. The RFC Mess EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. GEORGE MEADER OF MICHIGAN IN THE HOUSH OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. MEADER. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Recozrp, I include the following editorial from the Monroe (Mich.) Evening News of February 27, 1951: Tux BFO Mrss More than enough evidence of the perver. sion of its original purpose has come to light in the Senate's Reconstruction Finance Cor- poration inquiry to Justify not only a thore oughgoing investigation but a reshaping of the agency itself. In its prosent ‘structure and personnel the RFO has forfeited public confidence and thus terminated its useful- ness, The RFC was originated by former Presl- dent Herbert Hoover, who got Congress in All49 1032 to approve a Government lending agency to help banks, railroads, and large interstate businesses with Fed-rai loans. It Was @ sound proposal for providing finances at a time when the regular sourtes for loans were incapable of lending money. Under the New Deal RFC was altered radf~ cally. Its lending powers were broadened to permit loans to any business, to Atatea, cities, and other governmental agencies. And with the war the RFC became the Fed+ eral bank for financing industrial change- over to war production, synthetic rubber, stockpiling, etc. An RFC subsidiary, the Defense Plant Cor- poration, took over the local Republic Steel plant, refitted it for aluminum press forg- ing and built Darinton Place. In 1947 Congress attempted to regain some control over RFC, which it had not had under the long regime of Jesse Jones as chairman, by restricting its use of funds and designating public interest as a requirement fo eligibility for loans. This reform, it is the purpose of the Fulbright committee to show, has not been effective. And the com- mittee is attempting to adduce evidence not only that White House influence plays a key part in the allotment of loans but that a fee system has been operated to offer that influence for sale. ‘These are grave charges. They brought an immediate reaction over the week end when RFC turned over to the White House a large file of letters intending to show that Mem- bers of Congress likewise applied their in- fluence in getting loans for constituents, Some of these letters apparently were write ten by members of the Fulbright committee. The use of Government funds for business loans 1s fraught with peril. It is a far cry from the original purpose of the RFO, which was to enable sound banks and interstate bu.inesses to continue operating after all regular sources of financing were cut off by the depression. In its operations since, RFC has lent tax- payers’ money to help establish new auto plants, to finance wildcat petroleum explora- tion, and to build lush resort hotels in such Places as Reno and Miami Beach. It poured more than 638,000,000 into a single prefabri- cated home corporation which failed. On top of this the Fulbright committee apparently is convinced that the White House had a direct influence in obtaining RFC funds for favored applicants and that payments have been made to individuals for the exercise of influence in getting loans. That is why we say the investigation not only should be pursued to the limit but that Congress, with the facta thus adduced, should rewrite the charter of the RFO. What a Mess EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. EDGAR A. JONAS oF ILLINOIS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. JONAS. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Appendix of the Recorp, I wish to include the following: More and more astounding facts are brought to light by the special Senate committee that is presently investigating and reviewing the record of the RFC, The admissions, flat contradictions, and improbable tales developed by the testi- mony definitely points to political manip- ulations and pretentions to influence
Al150 ‘those in charge of RFC operations. The testimony developed by the committee replete with contradictions, {ncrimina- tions, denials, and accusations, charges, and countercharges, are not only dis- graceful but disgusting in the extreme, In fact, the charges are of such a na- ture and character as to shock the con- acience of every honest and fair-minded citizen, The committee is serving # twofold purpose. It is developing facts and per- formances in the RFC of which the pub- lic has heretofore been ignorant and kept in the dark. The exposé in connection with the investigation can lead to but one conclusion: There must be a moral re- alinement and awakening among public officials entrusted with a public duty and official responsibility. Nothing {ts 50 wholesome to bring that about as swift and sure justice meted out to all those who would sell thefr honor and trust for “30 pteces of silver.” What cur country needs now is not a B-cent cigar, we need more two-fisted militant and courageous United States district attorneys who are ready to work jin conjunction with persevering and high-minded juries. It is apparent that nothing can be so effective in Washing- ton in cleaning up the {mmoral and des- Ppicable mess floundering around and about the RFC as a goodly number of indictments, followed by speedy trials and vigorous prosecutions, The shades of the Teapot Dome scan- dal are falling fast—or would it be more appropriate to quote Goldsmith's lines: “Til fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, where wealth accumulates and men decay.” The editorial in the Chicago Daily News as of February 26, which follows, expresses in clear and concise terms the resentment that is taking form through- out the Nation about continuing a bu- reaucracy that has become famous largely through promiscuity in disburs- ing tax funds to political favorites: Tur RFC Mres President Truman's “counteroffensive” against Senators who are investigating the RFC proves nothing except that seats at the pie counter are not reserved exclusively for the administrative branch of the Govern- ment. Nobody supposed that they were. The RFC files ylelded hundreds of letters from Congressmen urging favorable action on loan applications. The probability is that these represented the ready response to the appeal of an infuential constituent, such as Senator Dovazas’ plea for the Waltham Watch Co. A union official wanted it, to keep men at work. Mr, Tramen must have been taken aback by the reaction of the investigating Sena- tors. Par from being intimidated, they con- feased their own indiscretions, and vowed to aig deeper into the use of official influence in allocating RFC loans. A sifficiently scandalous situation has already been revealed to prove that polt- ticlans should not be trusted to play banker with public funds. Loans that require the intercession of the “right people” sre not lilesly to be in the interest of the taxpayers whe provide the monay, A favorite RFC maneuver wae for the exumiiner juvestigating the merits of a ican application to recommend that it be granted and then accept a fat-salarfed job from the successful applicant, The temptation this procedure is a0 raw that a responsible banker would have sought some means to cancel the loan arrengement, on principle, if not on evidence. ven loans which had the appearance of having a sound business basis were tinged with political considerations, The $37,000,- 000 poured into the foundering Lustron pre- fabricated housing venture is an example. Many shrewd, energetic, and well financed ct porations have tackled the prefabricated housing field. Problems of manufacture, dis- tr.bution, and erection always appeared to keep the from being a complete answer to the low-cost houaing need. Nevertheless, the pressure to show up the real-estate “ bby and the backward construc- tion industry was atrong and persistent from the New Deal-minded who belleve that the Government can do anything better. The result was a monumental failure at tax- payers’ expense. They are still eager to pour more millions into it. The Senate investigation has at least suc- ceeded in tumbling Mr. Truman from one of his more arrogant gestures of defiance. In the face of Senate criticisms, and a reocom-~- mendation that abuses could be lessened by placing the azency under a single head, the President reappointed the five RFC directors, The storm of resentment that followed was too much even for Mr. Truman's calloused hide, and he has concurred in the Senator's recommendation. As with so many other governmental follies, the defense emergency 1s now advanced as a reason for perpetuating what in normal times would have beoome unendurable. It is arguod that only the RFC can finance the plant expansion necessary to handie our production needs, This may be true. War and the prepara- tion for it call for speed and a disregard of possibile vaste that override ordi pru- dence. But if RFC is to continue, the best course would be to make it an arm of the mobilization office, with its activities limited atrictly to defense requirements. With this imitation, under a responsible head, and with the salutary effect of the present disclosures, the agency might be use- ful. But Congress should have learned enough by now never again to let it linger on as @ political grab bag after its specific purpose has been served. United States To Pay for Hoosier Boy’s Eyesight Damage EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. S. J. CRUMPACKER, JR. OF INDIANA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. CRUMPACKER. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Recorp, I include the following ar- ticle by Gene Dawson, able Washington correspondent fer the Indianapolis (Ind.) News: Uniren States To Par vor Hoosira Bor'’s DamMsoEr Waenineron, February 27.-—'The last eleo- tion may have been pretty important to Jimmy Sheliberger, Jr. Jimmy ‘fe a little over 4 years old. His father is a Michawake veterinarian who for- metly waa en Army captain. Jimmy was born January 8, 1947, at the Sixty-first Station Hospital at Legharn, Itety, during his dad's military eervies, APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD At the hospital somebody made a bad mistake, They were supposed to put the normal silver nitrate solution tn his eyes. Inetead the Senate Judiciary Committee decided yesterday, the solution they used wes either some other chemical or 4 silver nitrate solution much too strong. Whatever tt was, the solution robbed Jimmy of the sight of his left eye (it may have to be removed) and left him only 50 percent vision in his right optic. Senator Homex EB. Oarenart went to bat for Jimmy in the last seasion of Congresa. The bill he introduced to give Jimmy 850,000 damages was pushed through the Senate last December, but got bogged down in the House Judiciary Committee. Yesterday, Senator Witt E. Jenner again shoved it through the Senate com- mittee, of which he is a member, and re- ported it personally to the Senate. Jimmy's Congressman was changed last November and the new one, Representative Sueparn J. Cavmpacuer, Jr., Just happens to be e lawyer, He also happens to be a member of the House Judiciary Committee, and that’s what it takes, sometimes, to get things done for the Jimmy Shellbergers. Incredible Irresponsibility Shown in Traman Financing EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. R. WALTER RIEHLMAN OF NEW YORK IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. RIEHLMAN. Mr. Speaker, under permission to extend my remarks, I in- clude an editorial from the Syracuse Post Standard of March 1, 1951, dealing with the fiscal policies of the Truman administration. The tax burdens facing the American people are appalling. Be- fore any further tax is imposed upon us, I think it is imperative that we have full and exact information as to what the expenditures—save for an all-out con- flict—will be for the fiscal year 1962, Every nonessential program must be eliminated until the emergency is over. The American people are willing to ac- cept their responsibility if they find the Government doing its part in an honest effort to institute sound business man- agement in its programs. Government waste of the taxpayers’ money, as out- lined in the following editorial, does not lend to the public having confidence in the present administretion’s ability or interest to effect such policies. As the editorial points out, this is probably one of hundreds of such examples of gross. extravagance and the lack of wisdom in the management of affatrs by the admin- istration. The editorial follows: Iecannime Ixameronsimrry Shown mv Tauman Frcawcura The incredibie irresponsibility of the Tru- vernment property or to sal-
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD The picture is one of unbelievable waste and carelessness. It is clear that the ad- ministration did not even care, The story gathered by news reporters is one of valuable property such as boilers and etoves being carried off without let or hin- drance, of buildings allowed to fall to pteces, with the help of vandals, of an investment of millions given not the slightest protection and, in fact, completely ignored. When the Air Force decided to take the pase over in its expansion program, it was estimated that it could be put back in shape again for from $1,000,000 to $2,000,000. Now the estimate has been raised to $12,000,000 and some are convinced that from $18,000,- 000 to $20,000,000 will have been spent be- fore it is once more in shape. Twelve million dollars, even $20,000,000, may be considered peanuts by an adminis~ tration that is spending #$70,000,000,000 a year, But if this waste and irresponsibility is permitted here, in just one instance, imagine what the total must be for the whole country. It is well known, although an investiga- tion has never been permitted, that mate- rials worth hundreds of millions were stolen from Government depots in the Philippines, that equipment for 60 divisions was aban- doned in Europe, that the disposition of war surplus has been a scandal whose stench rose to high heaven. Now, with this record, we come to the present time, when the American people are giving the Government $50,000,000,00) a year to spend and going into debt for $20,000,- 000,000 more. The people, contributing so mightily for the good of their Nation, have the right to ask whether this awful carelessness, this utter disregard for fundamental supervision of activities, is to continue. Is the squandering of money and property to continue? Or are Army, Navy, and Air Force procure~ ment and maintenance to be placed on a sound, incorruptible, and lawful basis? Are the rights of the people to be safe~ guarded, so that inflation is halted with Government financing on a responsible basis @ factor in it? Is nonessential spending to be cut out, adding still more strength to a Government budget that needs strength? If the people of this country do not insist upon answers to these questions—and satis- factory answers—they will pay heavily for it. The burdens upon us are so great that the welfare of all depends upon an end to the reckless policies of the administration during the last 5 years, President Truman has called upon the people of the country to pay additional taxes of $16,600,000,000 this year, asking that an immediate imposition of 810,000,000,000 and a later law providing the additional $6,500,- 000,000. T’.e second package can be elimi- nated entirely and it is probable that a large alice could be cut out of the first total. For instance, nonessential spending has been increased by $6,000,000,000 in the last 8 years. It certainly can be dispensed with; the kind of extravagance of which Sampson is an example, plus more orderly military procurement would reduce the cost by at least $2,000,000,000 more. There is no least question that the pro- posed tax bill could be reduced substantially and the budget balanced, halting dangerous inflation, by sound financial and administra- tive methods. We cannot afford to make the mistake of underrating the importance of drastic im- provement of national financial methods, The Nation must be strong internally as well as ageinat external foes. An Obvious Rebuke Se seunenaamannenl EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. PAUL W. SHAFER OF MICHIGAN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. SHAFER. Mr. Speaker, in all of the comment, in the press and elsewhere, which followed final ratification last week of the proposed constitutional amendment limiting the length of time any one man can be President of the United States, one fact apparently has escaped notice. I refer to the significant point that, by voting to ratify the proposed amend- ment, the legislatures of nine States re- versed the position taken by their re- spective delegations in the National ZIouse of Representatives when the House approved submission of the pro- posed amendment to the States on February 6, 1947. Although House Joint Resolution 27 passed the House by a vote of 285 to 121—well over the required two-thirds majority—a majority vcte in support of the resolution was cast by the House delegations of only 38 States. The vote was a tie in 3 State delegations, while the delegations from 12 other States cast a majority vote against the proposal. Something apparently has happened since 1947 to prompt the legislatures of 9 to these 12 States to reverse the stand taken by the majority of their Repre- sentatives in the National House. It is interesting to note the list of these States and the vote of their house delegations in 1947 on submission of the proposal to the States, Here’s the record: Arkansas—~-2 to 0 against. Mississippi—5 to 2 against. New Mexico—2 to 0 against. North Carolina—é6 to 4 against, two Members not voting. Tennessee—6 to 3 against, with one Member not voting. Two of the three votes for submission were cast by the Republican Members. Texas—13 to 8 against. Virginia—5 to 3 against, with one Member not voting. The vote of the Montana and Utah delegations was, in each case, a 1 to 1 tie, with the Republican member voting for the proposal in each delegation and the Democratic member voting against t. Since that time, the legislatures of all nine States have voted to ratify the proposed constitutional amendment. Seven of these 9 States were among the 12 States which voted ratlfication since the first of this year. I believe that there is a very definite reason for this grass roots evidence of @ reversal of sentiment, It is obviously a rebuke, amounting to a “no confidence” vote, directed at the present administration in the wake of Korea, the demands for unprecedented tax increases, and claims to more and more executive powers. I believe it was Al151 80 intended even though the present occupant of the White House ts tech- nically exempted from the limitation imposed by the twenty-second amend- ment, Moreover, I believe this is also a grass roots repudiation of the “indispensable man” theory, an un-American theory waich is completely discredited now that some of the tragic fruits of the Nation’s departure from the two-term tradition have become more fully manifest, The Real Forgotten Men EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. DWIGHT L. ROGERS OY FLORIDA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. ROGERS of Florida. Mr. Speak+ er, under leave to extend my remarks, I include an editorial published in the Sun-Tattler, one of the outstanding weekly newspapers of Florida, published at Hollywood, Fla., in my district. I think this editorial has so much merit that it should have a place in the CONGRESSIONAL Record. It follows: Tue REAL ForooTtEN MEN Under the current Army pay system, the real heroes in the Korean War are drawing the least pay. They don't even get a fair share of the glory when the publicity and medals are dished out. These unsung heroes are the tnfantry- men, who form the Army's battering ram, but who are not paid as much as the tech- nical men and the pencil pushers behind the lines. The average monthly pay of a member of a rifle company is $135, as com- pared with 6226 for an Ais Force combat crewman and 6172 for a submariner. Combat infantrymén once got 810 a month bonus, but this is no longer given. Moreover, infantrymen are actually the poorest paid of all the troops in the Army. Ordnance, signal corps, armored force, quar- termaster, artillery, and everyone else does better financially. And the tronical part of it is that all the other troops are, basically, simply the infantry's support, They exist for the sole purpose of aiding the infantry in its grim task of closing with and capturing or destroying the enemy. If the infantry falls to do that, the cause fs alwaya doomed, Relatively little stress was placed on the infantry in the so-called “new army" we heard so much about a year or so ago. This was to be pretty much the mechanized army, the push button army, in which almost every- one would be a technician of some kind. The Korean war changed that concept, and with a vengeance, It was infantry, the poor, bloody infantry of legend, that fought the delaying actions in the dreadful early weeks. At times the situation became so desperate that service troops had to be given rifles, oan- teens, ahd bandoliers of ammunition, and sent into the line as infantrymen. And, finally, it was infantry, Army and Marine, which accomplished the brilliant later suc- cesses. Infantry takes the beating in war, It suffered 70 percent of the casualties in World War II, perhaps a higher percentage in Korea, Yet, in World War IZ it got only 11.6 percent of the medals. And, as noted before, it is way down the line at the pay table,
z 152 Tt can be argued that mere money Js a etnall recompense for asking a man to risk his life in war and, at best, live miserably, But it is the only recompense possible, no way exists to make the infantryman’s lot an easy, Pleasant one. Tt is certainly a rea- sonable assumption that the footslogger with @ rifle in his hands deserves a better break than he’s now getting. Charles Broughton Day Ceremonies EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. WILLIAM K. VAN PELT Oy WISCONSIN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. VAN PELT. Mr. Speaker, during the month of February we honer the memory of many great American states- men and many times overlook those who are still with us. In the Sixth Wisconsin Congressional District there are many who have served their country and fel- Jowmen in many outstanding ways. In- eluded in that group of distinguished citizens {s one we all know as Charlie Broughton, president and editor of the Bheboygan Press, an outstanding Wis- consin daily newspaper. Politically Charlie and I are not always in agree- ment, but aside from that we have many, many areas of agreement. So, because of his outstanding record in community activities as well as the State and the Nation, I want to have printed in the Recorp excerpts from a speech made by Attorney Gerard M, Ungaro, legal coun- sel for the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, on February 22, 1951, in pre- senting a plaque to Charlies E. Brough- ton, who served on the board of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago for 18 years and 22 years as the board chair- man. The excerpts follow: Dear friends, with all due respect to George Washington, whose birthday we honor on this date, it is fitting and proper that this meeting of the Federal Home Loan bank has been set aside in honor of our good friend, Onarlie Broughton. Tt am certain that all of us deeply regret his announced retirement from the bank and as its chairman. You know, no matter where he goes, he is always referred to as just Charlie, I believe the only time that he was ever called Mr. Broughton was at his very first meeting and even then, before the session was over he ‘was called Charlie, Seriously, Charlie is an outetanding man and truly {t can be said of him, he was a public interest member of the Chicago bank. He was willing to give of his time and ener- gies and efforts in attacking and solving problems not having direct relationship to his own business. He personally had noth- ing to gain, He became a member of the board of dtrectors some 15 years ago and was chair man for almost ae long a period of time. Hig nature and his character are indicative of the many facets of community life, local, State, and national, in which he has partici- pated over the span of years. : AN ACTIVA 32AN Charlie is an active man and al his many activities belie the number of years that he has been around, I'll let you in on a secret. Not too tong ago he celebrated his eixty-fifth year in the printing office. We here in this association are privileged and we think that Sheboyan can b~ most proud of Charles EB. Broughton. He 1g an outstanding man among the Elks and served as the grand exalted ruler, His main interest here was in the Federal home-loan bank. He has been an ideal chairman and could always be counted upon to exhaust every phase of any topic or prob- lem placed before the board of directors, end whenever he believed that a discus- sion had gone long enough or became too involved, he would alwaya manage to steer to a vote or go around it. Since it becomes his choice to retire after long and faithful service, tt is, I believe, Otting and proper that he does it at the same moment when the Chicago Federal Home Loan Bank returns from public to private ownership. I would like to quote a bit of an editorial which appoare ~ in his newapaper in the year 1016. At that time he had well indicated that he was fearless in policy and strong in adherence to the system of fair play. His editorial went something like this: “Friends, you cannot compromise while there is an issue involving the welfare of your city, State, or country, but this does not mean you cannot be fair. You can fight on a high plane or you can aurrender. If right is on your side, there can be no sure render. “The writer would rather go down waging & fight than win financial guin by compro- mising with wrong.” VALIANT FIGHTER’ T think that his life's work can be marked by his editorial which in effect said that you cannot surrender, I believe there is a great analogy between Charlie and the presi- dent of our bank, A. R. Gardner. Both are vallant fighters and they always have fought fairly in your behalf. Charlie, you have served us well and have earned a rest, In all sincerity and as one who cherishes your friendship, it give me great pleasure and privilege to present this plaque as our expression of the esteem in which you are held. Overloaded Trucks ene, EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. THOMAS H. WERDEL OF CALIFORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. WERDEL. Mr. Speaker, under unanimous consent to extend my re- marks in the Rzcorp, I include the fol- lowing editorial from the Sacramento Baloo, Sacramento, Calif., of February OvmrLoantp Tav0xs Highway truckers are not treating Oali- fornia highways lightly, In 1941, a total of 118 individual trucking APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD They come from everywhere. Of the 18,118 overloaders arrested in California in 1949, out-of-state leensea were borne by 1,759, nearly 10 percent of the arrests. There were 440 registered from Texas, 38 from Florida, 32 from Kansas, 22 from Min- nesota. Violators came from 81 different States and from Britieh Columbia. These overloaders carried nearly every- thing. There were 168 illegal truckloads of beer, 352 of cement, 362 of gasoline, 501 of crude ofi, 1,714 of logs, 1,543 of lumber, 254 of meat, 268 of potatoes, 72 of wine. One truckload of beans with a Texas reg- istry was 16,900 pounds overweight. Butter, in an Idaho truck was 14,400 pounds over- weight; Mquor in a Texas truck weighed 14,370 pounds too much; potatoes, in an Arkansas truck, 19,900 pounds overwelght; shrimps on a Texes truck 16,450 pounds overweight, and so on. An overloaded truck is not a safe truck. Brakes are not designed to handle the bur- den imposed on them by overloads. Your safety as a motorist is jeopardized when an emergency stop is forced on an overloaded vehicle, The American Automobile Association has reported: “Billions of dollars’ worth of the Nation's finest highways are being pounded to pleces by overweight and overloaded com- mercial vehicles.” Representative John Sullivan EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. EUGENE J. KEOGH OF NEW YORK IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, February 26,1951 Mr. KEOGH. Mr. Speaker, John Sul- livan, that distinguished son of Mis- souri, that superb gentleman of St. Louis, has passed from among us, and our sor- row is real. Our colleague’s friendship was to be prized. He was an innately friendly man. He was, too, a man of genuine dignity—-one whose respect for the trust play qd in him by the good people of the Eleventh Congressional District of Missouri served as a bright example to all of us. It was my privilege ard pleasure to serve with John Sullivan on the great Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. He made a major contribu- tion to the deliberetions of the commit. tee, and his conscientious attention to the problems at hand was an inspiration in the consideration of legislation which often had highly technical aspects. Mr, Sullivan took a broad view of every legislative decision. He strove always to shape his determination of the issues in the interest of the Nation as a whole. In the process, however, he remembered al- ‘ways the particular applicability of each proposal to his beloved State of Missouri and the city of St. Louis. His district and his State recelved painstaking repre- sentation from him, and the entire United States share in the results of his careful study of all measures entrusted to the committee. We have heard today of John Sullf- van’s Geyotion to his God. He was rev- erent. He accepted willingly the re- sponsibilities of hisfaith. All who shared
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD in his bountiful store of friendship knew from the first stages of their pleasant and rewarding association that the Master had been welcomed to his right- ful place in the life of this humble man. Quietly, but with uncommon diligence, he served his church. With this spirit of religious service, he combined a true tolerance. I am certain that no Mem- ber of this House—or, indeed, anyone privileged to share John Sullivan's friendship—ever heard him utter a syl- lable of disparagement toward any other creed, race, or nationality. He repre- sented all classes of humanity, and no class had a priority on his attention, or on his high competence. We shall miss John Sullivan deeply in this House. On many days, we shall stand in dire need of his strength, his encouraging example. As we mourn him today, our thoughts must turn to Mrs. Sullivan, the active partner tn his public service through the years. We can only hope that her pain will be eased by the realization of the esteem in which he was held by all who knew him—and by the knowledge that he passed to his reward as he certainly would have wished—while in the dis- charge of the public trust he so truly re- spected, World War II Amputees Show Ways of Life to Korea Wounded EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. EDITH NOURSE ROGERS OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE HOUBE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my re- marks in the Recorp, I include the fol- lowing article by Wallace E. Clayton from the Washington Sunday Star of March 4, 1951: Worn> War Il Ampurees Stow Ways or larn TO Kosza WounDED (By Wallace BE. Olayton) Twenty-five successful World War I vet- erans went out to Walter Reed Hospital yes- terday to talk about a subject on which they are experta. It wasn’t job advice they gave the Korean War veterans they visited. They offered no generalities about making a better world when the war was over. Their discussions added up to one thing; practical application of the “keep-your-chin-up” theory. The visitors were men who lost limbs in the last war, and overcame their handicaps to get jobs, start businesses, get married, have families, They spent moet of the day chatting with patients in the hospital's am- putes ward. “You've got to take it in your stride or you're lost,” Branley Zybort, 31, a teacher, of Maplewood, N. J., toid Sgt. Raymond Duffy, 4, of Weat Warwick, R. I, Mr. Zybart, who lost bis left leg in & German prison camp, added that “if you're solf-conscious, you have two strikes against you. Mr. Zyhort, typical of the from the New Jersey tation Chapter of the Disabled American Yeterszis, told of an inci- dent in a streetcar. XCVO—App-——73 “A lady stepped on my foot—the artificial one,” hesaid. “She.a; but I assured her I couldn't feel it, When she found out I had lost the leg, she was much more em- barrassed than I was. "You'll find you won't mind about things lixe that,” he said. Henry Preckajio, 29, of Newark, N. J. boosted himself up on the bed of Pfc Law- rence Jantz, 20, of Shutesbury, Mass. He lost both his lege after being wounded in the China-Burma-India theater. “You just have to recognize your lmita- tions,” he told Pfc. Jantz, who lost his left leg i. fighting near Hamhung, Korea. “After you get used to your artificial leg, you've just got to realize there are some things you can’t do anymore. Once you’ve made your mind up to that, you'll be O. K. “Some things you can do better” said Mr. Peeckajlo. “I'm a better swimmer now than I was before. And I never could float. You should see me now.” Mr. Preckajlo is a dispatcher at a garage. “Must be doing pretty good, too,” he said. “I've had two raises in a year.” Of being confined to a wheelchair, he told Pic Jantz: “I figure you can chase a woman faster in it than running.” Pic. Harry Carter, 21, of Bridgeton, N. J,, who Friday underwent an operation on the stump of his left arm, sald he would be satis- fied if he could get a job selling insurance when he got home. He was reassured by Moe Goldberg, 35, of Hillside, N. J. “Look at me,” Mr, Goldberg said. “A truck driver before the war. Then I lost this arm. I had a long time to think !t over, and de- cided I wanted to do more than drive a truck, avyway. “Some people—good Samaritan types— offered me sympathy jobs. Not for me. I didn't want to go into the Government, either. They don't even want you to go out for coffee, “So I knocked on office doors till I found what I wanted. Now I'ma food broker. I’m doing all right. “And if I can, sO can you, kid.” Sam Masor, 33, an accountant of Hillside, N. J., @ triple amputee, summed up the thoughts of the visitors. “These boys here will be o.k.,"he sald. “Maybe our visit cheered them up a bit, and showed them what they can do—showed them they aren't ertpples at all. But with the spirit they have, there’s nothing to worry about.” Let Us Alone Club EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. GEORGE B. SCHWABE OF OKLAMOMA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March &, 1951 Mr. SCHWABE. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Rrc- orp, I include the following editorial from the Joplin Globe of March 3, 1951: Let Us Avonn Crus Down in Mississippi they have recently announced the tion of a new club, Membership, it ts stated, is “small, exclusive, and anonymous.” There are no dues and no officers. At the first meeting a statement of ples wes drawn up, as follows: “We don’t want no pensions, . “We don’t want no minimum wages. Myers don’t went no Government houses to “We don't want no Government loans. *We dont want no subsidies. A1153 “We don't want no bureauorsts telling ws how to make a living. , , “We don’t want no socialized medicine or no socialized nothing. “We don't want to have to pay no poll tax, but as long as we do have to, we don"t want nobody paying it for us. : “We just want to be left alone to make our own way as best we can and as long as we can.” At last accounts the membership was un- decided as to a name for their organisation. Some stood out for “Let Us Alone,” but some others thought “We Don't Want Nothin’” would be better. Anyway, the name isn't important with an organization which has such refreshing objectives, The Boxcar Shortage EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. CARL T. CURTIS OF NEBRASKA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. CURTIS of Nebraska. Mr. Speaker, the shortage of boxcars is cre- ating a hardship throughout the agri- cultural Middle West, This is especially so in my own State of Nebraska. It is reported that there are 1,600 blocked ele- vators in our grain-producing areas, This is an unusual and bad situation, especially for this time of the year. It has been pointed out by the senior Senator from Nebraska, the honorable HucH Butter that the beginning of 1949 the number of boxcars suitable for transporting grain was 729,687 and that at the beginning of 1951 it was only 710,350, ‘We need more boxcars, The cut-back by the National Production Authority in the boxzar production was ill-advised and a mistake. We also need to investi- gate the use and distribution of the cars that we have. Recently the secretary of the Nebraska Grain and Feed Dealers Association wrote me as follows: You are undoubtedly familiar with Ne- braska's problem of moving grain during the current boxcar shortage. The situation is now very critical, and Mebraska producers of corn and wheat are in danger of taking a terrific loss. The only answer to the prob- jem of moving grein is boxcars; never in recent years has the situation been so acute, ‘We have in the State of Nebraska millions of bushels of grain that is and wi go out of conditton uniess it is handled immedi- ately. Much corn ts still on the ground and much that is in the cribs carries from 17 to 92 percent moisture. This will spoil as soon as warm weather arrives. The car shortage is now preposterous. Former claims of the railroads that they could not be expected to move a whole crop in a few weeks is entirely meaningless. Many, many of our elevators are blocked and have been so since the first part of November. "They will soon receive shipping orders from COC which will complicate the problem. Failure to supply this area with suffloient numbers of cars will mean a great loss to this country both industrially and agriculturally. We nesd immediate alleviation of the short« age and then a definite program to provide the railroads with an adequate boxcar butid- ing program.
All54 My. Speaker, I have introduced a res~ olution which is a companion to the res- olution introduced in the Senate by the Nebraska senior Senator calling for an Eiveenensite. That resolution is as fol- OWS: Resolved, That the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, or any duly authorized subcommittee thereof, is au- thorized and directed to make a full and com- plete study and investigation with respect to Insuring an adequate supply of materials nec- essary for the production of 120,000 railroad cars during the calendar year 1951. Suc. 3. The committee shall report to the House at the earliest practicable date the re- sults of its investigation, together with such recommendations as to necessary legislation as it may deem desirable for the purpose of securing such production, Mr. Speaker, I hope that speedy ac- tion can be had on this resolution. Resolution of Oklahoma City Retail Grocers Association EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. GEORGE B. SCHWABE OF OKLAHOMA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. SCHWABE. Mr. Speaker, the Oklahoma City, Okla., retail grocers have resolved and, in so doing, have ex~ pressed themselves vividly on the sub- jects of price controls and rationing, war-emergency sales taxes, and inflation. Copies of their resolutions have been sent to me. Their sentiments are ex- pressed in the following resolutions, which I quote: Resolution on price controls and rationing ‘Whereas price controls have been enacted by the Government of the United States as & measure to curb further inflation and to prevent war-time profiteering and inequi- table distribution; and Whereas foods constitute a major item in controls; and Whereas a hardship may be imposed on the retailer unless controls include contrals at all levels; Be tt Resolved, That the Oklahoma City Retall Grocers Association here assembled on this sixth day of February 1951, endorses the code of rules submitted to the ESA by the board of directors of the National Association of Retail Grocers; 1, That the Government eliminate all non- essential apending and waste of food and other materials; 2. That price controls and rationing be used only to meet the existing state of emergency; 3. That price controls be established from _ production through distribution; 4. That fatr and equitable price controls must include controla on raw products, transportation, supplies, wages, and all costs that go into the product; 8. That special provisions be made for services such as credit and delivery or other services and functions performed by the _ retailer; 6. That rationing not be considered on any item except as the supply indicates neces- atty for rationing to equitably distribute the basic or important food; %. That penalties be invoked only agatnst persistent and flagrant violators; and 8. That the Government remove these con- trols as soon ag they have served their purpose. Resolution on war emergency sales taxes Whereas the Congress of the United States has been asked to increase taxes materially for defense purposes; and Whereas a luxury tax, national sales tax, and other taxes are likely to be imposed which affect the small merchants; and Whereas the collection of such taxes would requires a lot of time in making collections, keeping records, étc.; and Whereas thousands of merchants would be affected by it: Be it Resolved, That the Oklahoma City Retail Grocers Association here assembled on Feb- ruary 6, 1951, go on record as recommending that such taxes be imposed at the manu- facturing source, thus confining the collect- ing and record keeping to a minimum num. ber, relieving the thousands of small mer- chants of these burdens and at the same time alleviating the work required by the Revenue Bureau; and be it further Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be sent to all the Oklahoma Members of Con- gress in Washington, D. C. Resolution on inflation Whereas inflation is an acknowledged and deadly enemy of any free enterprise system and to our economic American way of life: Therefore be it Resolved, That the Oklahoma City Retail Grocers Association here assembled on this the 6th day of February 1951, pledge their full support to the officials in charge with the duty of preventing inflation in the United States of America. cae en inne oneneenenmemmmmenndill To the Unknown Soldier EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON, JOHN E. LYLE, JR. OF TEXAS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. LYLE. Mr. Speaker, each year representatives of my home city place a wreath on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier as a tribute to the war dead and the ceremony is known as Corpus Christi Day in Arlington Cemetery. This year, Miss Mary Toomey To:pkins, a mem- ber of the By-Liners Club, has written @ poem in commemoration of that oc- casion and under leave to extend my re- marks I include it in the ConarzssionaL Recor: To TrHx UnxNown So.pier To you, sleeping in this hallowed tomb as symbol of our soldier-dead, We bring our wreath of remembrance. We offer it in special tribute to our coura- geous buddies Who perished on the icy battlefields of orea. They met a double foe—not only the human enemy but bitter, relentless cold. Humbly we gather at this national shrine to] honor them and do homage to their valor. And, in this memorial place sanctified by the blood of heroes, We bow with reverence and appreciation. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL: RECORD Gold Ster mothers, holding precious mem- ories in each tear-stained heart, Have sent the star of flowers. Our flag, there, symbolizes the peace-loving Union of free people Who belfeve in Mberty and justice for all. In defense of these noble ideals brave men have sacrificed their lives throughout the years. This let us never forget. As long as we re- member, they are with us yet— For “they are not dead who live in the hearts they leave behind.” —Mary Toomey Tompkins. FrsRuary 22, 1951. Shipment of Strategic Materials to Great Britain EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. CLIFF CLEVENGER OF OHIO IN THE HOUSE OF PEPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. CLEVENGER. Mr. Speaker, I have often wondered what became of our stockpiling of strategic materials. Three times have we voted hundreds of millions for that purpose. Perhaps this news item from the Sunday, March 4, Chicago Tribune gives us a key to the mystery: Srven BritisH Ports Prrxep HicH WitH UNITED States Girr METALS—BiacEst HaNnpD-Ovuts ARRIVE AS ECA EXPires (By Arthur Veysey) Lonpon, March 3.—The biggest gift ship- ments of metals in many weeks are being unloaded in British ports, the Marshall-plan Office announced. At seven ports, ships are discharging 4,857 tons of aluminum, 1,440 tons of copper, 1,416 tons of steel, 900 tons of zinc, and 600 tons of lead. Other shipments, paid for by the American taxpayer and sent to Britain as a gift, include 13 tons of carbon black for tires and 4,285 tons of milo starch. The Marshall-plan office said that although its hand-out program is officially over as far as Britain is concerned, gift cargoes will con- tinue to arrive here for several months. Metals shipped to Britain under the Mar- shall-aid program already have cost 8$311,- 000,000, and Marshall-plan officers estimate gifts costing another $100,000,000, most of it in metals or machinery, are still to come, INCREASE METAL GIFTS Gift metal shipments to Britain have in- creased in recent months as the metals have become scarce and as metal prices have mul- tiplied, At British ports, the metals are turned over to the British Government wh'ch sells them to British industrial users. Much of the copper goes to electrical manufacturers who are turning out generators and other goods which the British Government uses as barter with Russia in exchange for timber and grain. The money the British Government re- celves from British manufacturers for the gift metals ts used to pay off the British debt, During the Marshall plan program, the British debt las gone down at the fastest rate in British history. At the same time the American Government's debt has gone ‘up. Eres Uniren Staresa Srocurne Enctanp, March 3.—High " Bastsounns, Gaitekell, Britain's economic chief, has em-
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD phasized Britain's need for some of the raw materials the United States is stockpiling, They ate needed, he said, to stave off an economic orisis in this country. Without these critical raw materials, said the chancellor of the exchequer, Britain's expoet drive, the key support in her own de. fense program, would collapse. Speaking to a convention of more than 600 of Britain's doliar export manufacturers, he gaid the Government attaches ‘enormous ” to the satisfactory outcome of Giscussions now under way in Washington by International commodity committees. These groups are studying ways of renllocating raw materials. TLLUBORY ASSET Gaitakell sald: “We really must remember that we are rearming in peace time, and that if peaceful trade and economic stability were gravely weakened for lack of raw matertals, then the heaping up of unused materials in stockplies would, even in a military sense, be an fllusory asset.” He estimated that Britain's increase in production this year would be 4 percent over 1950, Then he added: "But if the 4 percent increase were not achieved—and it certainly could not be if raw material supplies fell seriously short of requirementa—then the economic cutlook would, of course, be far worse.” Security Secrets Cloak Bungling EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. GERALD R. FORD, JR. OF MICHIGAN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. FORD. Mr. Speaker, in the March 1 issue of the Holland Sentinel, the daily newspaper in Holland, Mich,, a chal- lenging article appeared by one of Wash- ington’s most reliable and astute cor- respondents, Juntus B, Wood. The fundamental question raised by Mr. Wood must be answered if the citl- gens of this Nation are to make the necessary effort in this critical period, I join him in urging that some of the plans and programs be revealed, at least the blueprints for the future, so that ZLmerica will know the long-range bene- fits to be derived from the proposed burdens of nearly overwhelming magni- tude. Mr. Wood's remarks follow: Secustry Secasts Ctoax Bundimd (By Junius B. Wood) “Our Nation has won two wars and twice lost the peace,” the Senator said. He was from an Eastern State. It was one of those off-the-record talks so popular in the Na- tional Capital, where an official edifies a amal! audience with startling statements but does not accept responaibiilty for any of aahington has senurity secrets, A glaesy-eyed owl may be wise or it mey have nothing in its head. Officia! Washington is the same. The Sen- ator talked freely on party policies. Joked about other officials and touched on passing sensations but did not express an opinion on the vital question—the future of our Nation. That ts typical of Washington. Anyone who reads knows the National Capital ts a bedlam of talk. He sees a modern version of the Biblical tower of Babel—warring po- litical parties, officials scrambling like ants, one idea today and a new one tomorrow, fighting for the spotlight, grinding out statements, sounding off for the public and, more appalling, each one competing with all the others. From a President and Cabinet with other cabinets pyramided on top, down to hundreds of Corgreasmen and lesser offi- cialis, each has his own act. The man on the flying trapeze stays up in the air as long as he attracts attention and applause from the juggting act in another ring. The public doean’t know where the country is going or why but it ia on the way. The citizen whose pert in public affairs is limited to a vote on election day and pay- ing taxes every day wants to know. That is his right in a democracy, but he waits in vain for Washington to let him in on the secret, Instead, his attention ta diverted—investi- gations of elections, of city crime, of missing miljions and of loyalty, new projects and new proposals, debates over wages and prices, feuding between President and Congress, at~ guments, personalities, and wisecracks— whipping up emergencies but never a prom- ise of what our world will be when the next emergency enda. Official confusion spreads across the coun- try. Business does not know what is ahead and humble households are helpless. deserve more than the owlish alibi security secret, They answer the country’s call in lives and taxes, The young and the aged, the city workers and farmers, the business- man and every other taxpayer can ask: “And what are we to have after the fighting ends? “Another war may be in the making. Why not tell the people now what we will get out of 1t?” was the big question which the Sen- ator did not answer. Stalin was looking ahead in the last war as we've found out. But the world’s troubles today are due to the lack of planning by others who sat in those big conferences. Their slogans were good. The new ones are today. Slogans disappear Uke paper posters after an election, In wars, a few get profitable contracts, Federal funds are spread in favored districts and colonels become generals, the dollars of others melt faster than they are earned, and thousands of our young people never return. Everybody knows that. Washing- ton, now sounding a third call to war, might tell the people what they can expect after paying such a terrific price. Merlin Casterlia, Political Leader of Sincerity and Influence t aepeentiienmennd EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. EDWIN ARTHUR HALL OF NEW YORK IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March §, 1951 Mr. EDWIN ARTHUR HALL. Mr. Speaker, I wish to take this opportunity to praise the New York State leader of the Townsend movement, Mr. Merlin forthright eapousal to the cause of America, Ever sinee I have served the people of ary district in Congress, I have been the Alls5 target of some of the -most unprincipled attacks in local political history. At all times, I have been supported by Mr. Casterlin’s never failing words ringing true in my defense. At times, the gunfire from the mouths of enemy cannon has been so terrific, that men less courageous have been si- jeneed or subdued. Mr. Casterlin has never hesitated to spring to my aid, when the lions became so out of hand, I could not handle them alone. I appreciate friendship of this kind. It is easy, when the smoke of the con- flict has cleared, and one emerges the victor to receive the accolades of praise from fair-weather sailors. But when the chips are down, it is a simple thing for us to cross over to the other side of the street to conveniently avoid having to take up the cudgel for a friend in need. Down through the years, Merlin Case, tertin's defense of your Congressman en the home front bas, on many occasions, beld back the hosts of demons who would destroy him. I am grateful to my friends and, as one of the foremost among them I am grateful to this unselfish, civic minded, public-spirited friend, not only of the old folks, but to all the people. That man is Merlin Casterlin and with a hundred stout-hearted men like him we could go on to the White House within the next few years. Platform of Thirty-second Annual Con- vention of the Mississippi Valley Asso- ciation Smemmemenenel EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. BEN F. JENSEN or IOWA IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES Monday, February 26, 1951 Mr. JENSEN. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Rec- orp, I include the following platform adopted at the thirty-second annual convention of the Mississippi Valley As- sociation, St. Louis, Mo., February 13, 1951- 1061 Patrons ‘The Mississtpp! Valley Association is dedi- cated to the full use for beneficial purposes of the controlled waters of the Mississippi Basin through the development of naviga- tion, irrigation, flood contral, power develop- ment, soil conservation, wildlife conserva~ tion, reforestation, and recreation. This re- gion, which comprises a major part of 28 Btates, is the section to which the Nation must look if ft ts to continus to grow and . We dedicate ourselves anew and Pledge our continued support and effort to the achievement of these objectives. PUBLIC EXPENDITURES Because of the magnitude of the public debt, we recommend that Congress confines Yederal appropriations as far as possible to the construction of projects which will con- tribute to the national defense, and which will create new and additional economic op- portunities for the people.
INLAND WATERWAYS SYSTEMS ‘We consider the development of the au- thoriged injand waterway system of the United States to the point where it can carry tonnages required for a national war effort to be of immediate urgency. We call spe- cific attention to the need for improvements of the connections of this inland waterway aystem to the Gulf of Mexico and to the Great Lakes; and for the earliest possible completion of the Missouri River ohannel gnd the great reservoirs required to main- tain channel depths through perlods of low stream flow. Specifically, we recommend that work be expedited on the Garrison, Oahe, and Fort Randall Reservoira, and that work be started at once on the Gavins Point Reservoir, which is required for the regulation of channel depths below Fort Randall. We recommend that Congress authorize and appropriate for construction of projects embraced in the Kansas River report of the Corps of Engi- neers. We recommend that work on the au- thorized stabilization works to Sioux City, ,lowa, be prosecuted vigorously. MERCHANT MARINE The grave international situation, our tn- creased mobilisation, and our participation in the Korean conflict reemphasize the neces- aity for keeping strong and well-balanced our fourth arm of national defense, the American merchant marine. The United States faces a deficiency of fast passenger vessels speedily convertible to troop transports. Also needed is a more specific national maritime policy. To rem- edy these deficiencies we urge and recom- mend that a long-range legislative program be enacted immediately to— (a) Encourage private enterprise to build, operate, and maintain fast passenger-carry~ ing vessels for both our commercial and de- fense needs; (b) Guarantee an orderly replacement pro- gram for all types of American merchant vessels by adequate trade-in and building provisions; and (c) Clarify the 1936 Merchant Marine Act so that Government agencies mandated by the Congress to promote and encourage an adequate privately owned and operated mer- chant marine will be able to speedily and efficiently administer the law. That in the Hght of world conditions our reliance not be placed solely upon foreign shipping for our national security, but upon the American merchant marine, and that to encourage such a fleet the Armed Forces make the fullest use of American shipping services, That we support the policy of our Govern. ment in granting financial aid for the opera tion and maintenance of regularly estab- lished United States-flag liner cargo and pas- seriger service. To carry out this policy there should be no restrictive or limiting provisions in appropriation bills, other than the actual amount of money made available for such purposes. That in event of total mobilization the merchant matine be placed under jurisdic- ‘tion of a National Shipping Authority and that officials of United States steamship lines, with their experience and knowledge, participate in the operation of such an authority. Further, that priorities for ship yepaire abd maintenance and deferments from military service for personne! in critical martime occupations be provided through such an euthority, That policies expressed in any peace treaties with Japan and Germany which bear upon their merchant shipping should be based upon polictes governing the Amerie can Merchant marine, ‘We pledge our active support to the pro- Motion and maintenance of a strong, well- balanced, privately owned and operated United States merchant marine to provide the shipping services essential to our busi- ness and agriculture, and thereby be imme- diately available for our national security. FLOOD CONTROL We consider protection of the lives and property of the people of our valley against the hazards of floods and droughts to be part of the national-defense effort, To that end we recommend that flood-control proj- ects be prosecuted to completion as vigor~ ously as possible with particular efforts to expedite those projects which not only will provide protection from floods and droughts, but will contribute to the development of navigation, the security of municlpal and industrial water supplies, irrigation, and the incidental generation of hydroelectric power. We believe the solution of our water-control and utilization problems will be found in the 1936 Flood Control Act and continuing directives of the Congress, addressed to the Corps of Engineers, the Soil Conservation Service, and the Bureau of Reclamation. We further recommend the continuance of congressional policies of appropriating flood~ contro] funds usable any place over the United States, not exceeding $100,000 an- nually, for any one small stream watershed not sufficient in size for an individual flood- control program, We also recommend the continuance of congressional policies of making adequate appropriations for erer- gency repairs to all flood-control structures, BOIL CONSERVATION One of the great heeds in the United States is @ Bound land-use policy. This policy should— 1. Provide for the permanent conservation, improvement, and development of the Na- tion’s agricultural land and water resources, 2. Recognize that research, education, on- site technical assistance, together with ma~ terial and financial aid are obligations of the Federal Government {n cooperation with subdivisions of Government and other local agencies and individuals, 3. Consolidate all activities of the Federal Government in the fleld of sot! and upland water conservation and Jand management into one Federal agency within the Dopart- ment of Agriculture, This agency should have no other duties than those pertaining to the administration of the aoil and upland water conservation program, and should co- ordinate its activities with the program for flood control and for irrigation in charge of the United States Army engineers and Bureau of Reclamation. 4. Place in the hands of the Federal and Btate agricultural extension services the authority and the responsibility for the necessary educational programs. §. Make technical assistance available to all soll-conservation districts organized under State laws and to all other organized groups recognized by the Secretary of Agri- culture as capable of efficiently using téch- nical assistance. 6. Greatly expand the program of research, and in cooperation with the States, speed up the mapping of the physical land re- sources, and determine accurately the loca- tion, extent, and quality of the Nation's productive lands and their capability for ‘use, 7, Completely separate any economic sta- bilization program from soil and water cone servation programs, REGIONAL VALLEY AUTHORITIES AND ADMINISTRATIONS There is a continuing effort on the part of certain elements in Government to extend regional valley authority plans for the de- velopment and control of the valleys of the United States. These authorities and administrations become superstates very quickly.. The powers of existing authorities and admtnistrattons have to a certain extent been delegated to them by the Congress. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD To a much greater extent, however, they have been assumed by the authority or ad- ministration itself, or have been obtained through a bureaucratic directive issued with- out congressional approval. These author- ities now transcend State and local govern- ments, and ordinarily are not even subject to further control of the Congress or proper regulatory and auditing branches of the Fed- eral Government. We strongly oppose the expansion of the regional valley authority or administration plan of valley control. We urge upon the Congress that necessary legislation be passed providing for valley control and development by existing agencies of the Government, such as the Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Rec- lamation, and others, which are fully equipped to design and construct necessary flood control, navigation, and reclamation projects, and to operate and coordinate them upon their completion. Such a plan will re- sult in more efficient operation of projects, the saving of millions upon millions of dol- lars of American taxpayers’ money, and the protection of our private enterprise system against encroachment by subsidized Goy- ernment-in-business operations. We further urge that Congress amend or strengthen existing laws to prevent authori- ties or administrations from circumventing the will and intent of the Congress in order to achieve their bureaucratic alms and plans, It is our sincere conviction based on the Outstanding progress being made in the Mis- sour! Basin, that all legitimate objectives of land and water conservation and use can be achieved faster and more efficiently under the coordinated direction of existing Federal agencies without the threat of state social- jsm inherent in the regional authority pro- gram, no matter under what guise it is offered, FORESTRY ‘We recommend a systematic and scientific program of reforestation, forest conservation, at.d forest-flre prevention, We specifically urge that the Congress ex- pedite the Nation-wide forest survey, con- ducted by the United States Forest Service, as authorized in 1980 by the McNary-Mc- Sweeny Act. We recommend cooperation between the States and Yederal Governments to stop needless forest destruction and to keep forest lands, both publicly and privately owned, in @ state of productivity. We favor adequate appropriations for (a) Federal-State cooperation in forest-fire protection on State and private forest land; {b) production and distribution of forest Planting stock to private land owners; (c) farm forestry extension work; and (da) tech- nical services and assistance to private forest land owners and to processors of primary forest products, ‘We also recommend that the various State governments, through their forest service de- partments, cooperate to hasten the potential development of a comprehensive reforesta- tion program throughout the United States. WATER RESOURCES We recommend continuing studies of all matters affecting our water resources, such as drainage, precipitation, evaporation, ine filtration, surface runoff, underground move- ment, quality of water and water tables, to- gether with the protection of underground and surface waters from pollution and waste. We particularly endorse the work along these lines being carried on by the United States Geological Survey, Department of the In- terior, in cooperation with States and other agencies, and recommend to the Congress and State legislatures adequate appropria- ‘tions for the carrying on of these activities. Continuing development of our water re- sourvexs for ficod control, irrigation, naviga- tion, recreation, and other possible benefits ds of prime importance.
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ‘We realine that water ts a vital natural @nd promote We know that the public receives many in- tangible benefitae from water conservation Corpse of Army Engineers and other agencies perate to give an economic valua- credit bo included in computing the coat benefit ratio in all projects involving water conservation. HYDROELECTRIC POWER It fe recognined that in a comprehensive plan for the development of our valleys to provide for flood control, navigation, and irrigation, in many localities dams can be constructed of the so-called multtple-purpose type without serious impairment of the purposes for which the dams are constructed. It is urged that, wherever such conditions exist and multiple-purpose dams can be economically justified, Congress pro- ceed as quickly as possible with the authori- gation and appropriation of the construction of such multiple-purpose dams. Dus to the nature of the stream flow fn the Mississippi Valley area, power and energy generated from any such multiple-purpose dams fn the area will vary materially with rainfali, Therefore the production of power must be purely incidental to the primary purposes for which the dams are designed. For this reason, and in order to protect the pimary purposes of the dams, it ts urged— 1. That the tneidental power and energy produced at such multiple-purpose dams be sold at the bus bar or from high voltage lines constructed by government agencies to exist- ing agencies, both public and. private, en- gaged in production and distribution of electric power and energy in the contiguous areas, for resale by them to their customers without discrimination or preference; 2. That wholesale rates for such sales be set by the Federal Power Commission; 8. That sale and accounting for such in- eidental power and energy should be made and carried on by the existing agencies of the Federal Government designing and build~- ing and operating such multiple-purpose dams, i. e., the Corps of Engineers, Depart~ ment of the Army, o¢ the Bureau of Reclama- tion; 4. Purchasers of wholesale power should pay to the Government as a minimum the actual cost thereof including, in addition to ordinary operating expenses, interest ut aver- age rate on tal borrowings and emortizetion of the cost of the project allo~ cated to the power production over nat to exceed a 80-year period; and 6. Any and all savings or profits accruing eration of power for commercial resale puts the Federal Government into the power business in direct competition with ite citi- gens and is not a function of government. We particularly oppose the use of money from continuing funds by the Department of Interior for the purpose of inducing rural electrification tives to butld steam plants and high-voltage transmission lines for direct sale or lease to the Department of Interior. Such loans avoid the clearly ex- pressed intent of Congress to control the operations of these two departments of gov- ernment through annual appropriation bille, We emphatically oppose the Federal Gov- ernment, its authorities, administrations or agencies, constructing steam-generating plants for the production of power for resale. USE OF EXISTING AGENCIES The Missisaippi Valley Association en- dorses the excellent work of the existing Federal agencies ble for the develop- ment of land and water resources of the Mississippi River Basin. These agencies in- clude the Corpse of Engineers, Department of the Army; the Soil Conseryation Service, Department of Agriculture; the Federal Power Commission; and the Bureau of Reclamation and the Geological Survey, De- partment of Interior. We oppose the crea- tion of any public works department of Government for consolidating the work and duties of these agencies Jong expert in their respective fields, or for any other purpose that would interfere with, or interrupt, the progress now being effected by these agencies. . We specifically insist that no organization plan of the Congress shall provide for any reorganization affecting any civil function of the Corps of Engineers of the United States Army, or of its head. No reorganiza- tion contained in any reorganization plan should take effect if the reorganization plan is in violation of this statement, The elim- ination of the civil functions of the Corps of Engineers would destroy one of the most valuable and efficient operating agencies in the Federal Government. With virtually the etroke of a pen such a recommendation, if not disapproved by the Congress, would eliminate all the experience gained by this single agency over the last 100 years, would scatter ita trained personnel, and would de- stroy the esprit de corps that has made tts ‘work outstanding throughout the world. To transfer this function from the Department of the Army to 4 civillan agency would take away from the Army e valuable peacetime training activity, which bas proved tts worth on the battiefiexis of the world, where our troops have fought and now fight for free- dom of all mankind. RECLAMATION Next to the consumptive use of water for municipal and domestic purposes, we con- sider the development of arid and semlarid lands by trrigation as the highest beneficial use of water in the 17 Western States. We therefore endorse the construction program of the Bureau of Reclamation and ask Oon- gress to provide adequate construction funds to complete the reclamation programm. Reclamation by controlled dratmage could add many millions of acres of highly produc- tive lands to the agricultural assets of the country. We recommend that the Federal Government make adequate investigations of this most important matter, SNAQGING AND CHANNEL CLEARING There is now allocated to the chief of en- nually for this ' ing could be properly expended in 1 - We recommend that Public Law v= enty-ninth Congrese—be amended so that “Cleaning and grubbing” snay be interpreted te allow complete and full removal of stumps and trees in interior drainage work, We recommend and urge that drs die~ tricts, In which the previously dug ditches have filled and grown up to a polit that drainage ts totally inadequate be tneluded in the scope of streams participating in this fund—(notably such drainage districts where the Commissioners have not levied any taxes in 8 years or more, having practically "gone out of business"), We urge the importance of including those abandoned drainage dis- tricts. VEDERAL BARGE LINES We endorse the action of the board of di- rectors in its approval of the recommende- tions of the special committee made in Feb- ruary of 1949 conoerning the future of the Federal barge lines. We request the board of directors to continue thia committee to advise with and keep the board of directors informed as to proposals for the disposition of the Federal barge lines. WORK STOPPAGE We believe work stoppages in industry jeoperdize the health, safety, and economy of this Nation. We believe that the right to strike must be curtailed short of the right to injure the public welfare. To this end we urge Congress to amend the antitrust jaws in @ manner that will make them ap- plicable to lebor organizations to the ex- tent necessary to restrain, and make illegal, monopolistic practices. WORLD TRADE One of the primary objectives and alms of the Missiasippi Valley Association is to further and increase the world trade of the Mississippi Valley area of the United States, It is recognized that imports play a vital part in the maintenance and increase of such trade, and certain other organizations have signified their intention to embark on @ coordinated program to stimulate imports into the United States, We hereby signify our desire and intention of participating in this movement and jotn- ing with the International House of New Or- Jeana, New Orleans Chamber of Commerpe, Memphis International Center, National Cotton Council, Mid-Continent World Trade Council, and other organizations in this ac- tivity. We authorize our president or duly au- thorized officers to take such steps as may be necessary to catry out the purposes of this resolution. INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANAPORT Our international air traneport, like our merchant merine, ts a vital link in the Na- tion's transport system. BEficleat air trans- port services overseas, operating on depend- able schedules, and backed by a sound aire craft construction industry at home, are Vi- tal to our national defense. The aasocia- tion urges that all necessary measures be taken to assure proper place for United States flag services on the world's air routes. , SUBMERGED LANDS AND WATER RIGHTS Whereas the United States, under recent court decistons, may raise the claim to the ports and the beds of the navigable streams as well as to other submerged lands; and Whereas the Department of the Interior and the Bureau of Reclamation have asserted in Federal courts that there can be no pri- vate rights In the waters of a navigable stream: Therefore be it Resotved, That this association wee that the Congress promptly adopt legislation reo- ~ognirhag or venting int the several States, and those who hold title from said States, the abeolute tithe to the submerged lands within the respective State boundaries, We re- affirm our policy to recognize all water rights veated under State law.
A1158 | Ghitay LARES-sT, LAWRENCE SEAWAY “We again disapprove the Great Lakes-St. Jawrence seawsy for these reasons: <4, There never bas been an economic sur- vey made of the project by the Corps of Army Engineers. 2. The charging of tolls would probably result in the imposition of tolls on all the navigable channels in the United Btates, thus ending the free use of them. 8. The seaway would further handicap the American merchant marine. Son John Now a Leading Candidate in His Own Mind EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. EDWIN ARTHUR HALL OF NEW YORK IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 5, 1951 Mr. EDWIN ARTHUR HALL. Mr. Speaker, one of the great frustrations I have with the deliberate stalling on congressional reapportionment in New York State is being uncertain whether or not that mighty and patriotic American county of Madison is to leave my district. Buffice it to say, some of the finest friends I ever knew to my de- fense in Madison last year when I was challenged by the ghastly crew. Brave citizens took up the cry for freedom against the anti-Hall gang and rallied a powerful opposition to the punk powers that be up there. Por a moment, I am stymied for ob- vious reasons, but Madison's leading smear sheet, the Oneida Daily Dispatch, has already started to beat the drums of war. Time was when the policy of the Dis- patch was dictated by a worthy father of the unworthy son, now in command. Unfortunately, the “Young Turk” ele« ment has taken over. God help the Dispatch. The Dispatch editorial, probably writ- ten by “my son John,” smears your Congressman as usual but goes further in exhorting those “who voted against Haut should be giving some thought to replacing him with a good man.” As though just about all the boys were not. What John really means is that he considers himself congressional timber and is itching for his friends to start slapping him on the back and start tell- ing him he is the man. While I was campaigning in Madi- on last summer, I made special inquiries among those who know what goes on d the scenes up there. One man spilled a lot to me, In an- swer to my question about what had made the Dispatch go so haywire, he re- plied: . “Public relations were grand until the young fella come home and took over. ‘Then he made everybody there goose step and tried to do the same thing in Oneida. “For a lohg time young Tuthill has hankered to run for Congress but hasn't got up nerve. That’s the reason he hates you so, because you stand in his way.” Well, I certainly would not stand in John’s way. I think it is about time he tried his wings. He has been s0 anxious to smear me from his ivory tower, Let him come forth now and do battle like @& man. Let the rank and file of our people, whose Representative he derides and taunts, get a good look at the bounder. Most Courageous Comeback in History EXTENSION OF REMARKS HON. HENRY CABOT LODGE, JR. OF MASSACHUSETTS IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Monday, March 5 (legislative day of Monday, January 29), 1951 Mr. LODGE. Mr. President, in the Eightieth Congress, many wise measures were taken in the field of foreign affairs. In particular, the aid which was ex- tended Greece and Turkey has paid rich dividends in terms of national security and the performance of the Greek and Turkish troops in Korea has been an inspiration. But, certainly, none of the many wise and far-seeing measures which were enacted during the Hightieth Congress have paid richer dividends than the Marshall plan. Without it, most of the western world would have been seriously, if not fatally, weakened hy communism, Thanks to it, all these nations are now in a position to develop some real strength for human freedom so that we will not need to carry the whole burden alone. I am particularly proud of the part which members of my own party took in the development of that legislation, I am also proud of the extraordinarily able administration of the Marshall plan by Paul Hoffman with- out which this success would not have been so great. ‘ We are now entering a new phase in Europe in which the Marshall plan will be modified so as to fit the needs of an increased emphasis on building military power, which, as I just said to the Sena- tor from Utah, should have come much sooner. It seems, therefore, that this is a fitting time for Senators to sum up in their own minds what the Marshall plan accomplished, For this reason, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Appendix of the Recorp an article in a recent issue of Life magazine by Paul Hoffman which is a summation of what has been accomplished, I have asked the Public Printer to esti- mate the length of the speech if printed in the Recorp. He says it will cover 3% pages in the CONGRESSIONAL Recorp at @ cost of $300.68. I ask unanimous con- sent that although the printing of the article will take up more than the usual length of such speeches, that it be printed in the Appendix of the Rzcorp, There being no objection, the speech was ordered to be printed in the Ruicory, as follows: APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Most Covracsous ComMzpAck IN Hisrory— Tae Year Evrorg's Farms AND Factories Anz Propucinc More THAN BYErorr THE ‘War-—-ECA's ForMER DIRECTOR ASSESSES THE Great RESURGENCE aND Irs LussONS FoR Pourure (By Paul Hoffman) (In April 1948 Paul Hoffman took over the unprecedénted job of directing the Marshall plan program to bring Europe back from the verge of collapse, Four months ago he re- signed after an unprecedented success to which the figures on page 107 attest. As a result, even if war should come in Europe, the West is, economically at least, strong and healthy. Mr. Hoffman has written a book which reports on the first years of ECA and makes recommendations for the future. From the book, which Doubleday will publish April 19, under the title Waging the Peace, comes the article which follows.) In one very real sense the contest between freedom and despotism is a contest between the American aesembly line and the Commu- nist Party line. In this arena the Economic Cooperation Administration is America's boldest experiment in waging the peace. In order to support its activities, the American people, through their Congress, have already appropriated more than §$12,000,000,000 for European recovery, $556,000,000 for Korea, end $276,000,000 for other Asiatic countries. ECA is also the story of the most meaning- ful 2% years in my own life. The story be- gan on a bright April day in 1948 when we started operations in room W-900 in Wash- ington’s Statler Hotel. The year 1948 was a fateful one for Western Europe, menaced by Kremlin conspiracies. No less an authority then British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin had said that Western Europe was on the verge of collapse. There ‘was ample ground for this pessimism. Al- ready the Red wave had moved west from its own frontiers. It had swept over the once- independent states of Poland, Hungary, Bul- garia, Rumania, and Czechoslovakia. Fifth columnists were hard at work in France, Italy, and Germany. In all these countries the Communiets were busy exploiting the hunger and the hopelessness and the lack of of jobs among tens of millions of people. Broken factories were operating only fitfully. Farmers raised little more than enough to feed themselves. The transport system was in too sad a state of disrepair to carry even the slight food surpluses to undernourished city dwellers. To compound all these trou- bles, Western Europe found itself host to mil- lions of refugees and displaced persons who had fied the Kremlin’s terror in Eastern Europe. Facing all these problems, the nations of Western Europe were shackled by their own destructive economic practices. When I made my first visit to Europe as ECA ad- ministrator back in July 1948, I saw that Western Europe's economy then was like a crazy quilt whose varicolored squares had been cut out but not sewn together. For &O years, indeed, Western Europe had been moving in the direction of economic na- tionalism, Countries competed with each other in intensifying trade restrictions, in raising tariffs and in imposing import quotas and exchange controls to “protect” home industries. The harm done by trade barriers among the European nations is best illustrated by comparative production figures hetween Eu- rope and the United States. In 1900 the per capita output of the European worker and the United States worker was virtually the same, Both lived on about the same scale, Yet in 1960 the United States, with a popula- tion of 151,000,000, turned out a gross na- tional product of $389,000,000,000 in con- trast to Western Europe which, with 274,- 000,000 people, turned out a gross national
APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Of only 6170,000,000,000. If, how- , European per capita output had been @ par with ours, its gross natéonal prod- would have been around $507,000,000,- Of course Europe lacks both the raw and the horsepower for this rate production, and ite progress was bedly back by a war that increased our out- t. Ite application of the industrial arts will lag behind ours for an indefinite time. Yet a free-trading European market, un- hampered by tariffs and controls, might well have given Western Europe $100,000,- 000,000 more production. That extra $100,- 000,000,000 would have made it far easier for Kurope to move both toward higher pros- perity and faster rearmament. Such was life in Western Europe in 1948. Tt is enough to say that today—-2% years lJater—Western Europe's industrial produc- tion has been lifted, not merely to pre- war levels, but 27 percent above them. The output of crude steel has been increased 24 percent, motor vehicles about 90 percent, and textile yarns about 25 percent. Farmers in 1960 had bumper crops, and production of livestock products reached the prewar stand- ard. Production of electric power has gone Up more than 80 percent. Currencies are stabilined. People are eating regularty and working hard; let no one tell you that they arenot. And, tn the broadest sense, the vices of economic nationalism, though not wholly erased, have in part been removed; the wiser temper of the new times reflects itself in schemes like the Schuman plan for pooling the coal and tron resources of Western Eu- rope. This change-—this comeback-——has been called “the most courageous in his- tory.” I that verdict. Prom the record of this comeback I wish to draw some important lessons that must become the signposts of the future. The first of these is the principle: We can help only those who help themselves. Even during those rushed early days of planning and in the dificult months of put- ting the program across, we at ECA never hed the slightest disagreement on one vital matter—the basic concept of the job itself. General Marsha}! had said at Harvard: “Tho role of this country should consist of friendly aid in the drafting of a European program and of later stuipport of such a program 80 far as it may be practical for us to do so.” These words, then, became our text: Only the Europeans themselves can save Europe, BOCA has never departed from that idea. In putting that idea into action we were immensely aided by the remarkable “counter- part” clause that Congress had written into KOA legislation. I can say, flatly, that it made the difference between success and fatlure for the Marshall plan in every nation that had a sheky government, and it helped mightily with those that had strong ones. DOUBLE“DUTY DOLLARS In briefest outline the counterpart are rangement requires all governments recelv- ing outright grants to match every doller with its equivalent in their own currency in francs, pounds, Ure, or whatever. Of this foreign currency 5 percent is turned over to the United States Government. It is used for such p au running ECA missions to individual countries and the purchase and stock-piling of strategic materials. The re- maining 96 percent is then put into a fund avatlable to the Marshali-plan governments projects approved by ECA. Thus America's dollars do double duty. They pro- vide the Marshall-plan nations with foreign exchange for vital commodities, and they 323 i 238 to use the coun is currency actual: the sale of those com~- modittee—far buildiag up economies. _ TS. this sounds like fiscal fantasy, let's 100k at the process in action. The French had made @ valiant comeback in their cotton industry, restoring some 80 percent of prewar capacity. Raw materials ran out. The mill owners had plenty of francs, but the Amer- tean cotton grower couldn't use them. Then the Marshall plan came along. The mill owners took their francs to the Prench ex- change control, traded them for dollars (after their requests were approved by French offi- cials and ECA), bought the needed cotton with the dollars and kept thetr mills going. What about the milf owners’ francs? They went into the recovery fund and became counterpart—to be used for some such worthwhile project as butiding a highway or creating new farm land by draining 8 awemp. Thus the same dollars that kept the French mills active and thousands of French workers at their jobs also provided the French Government with a sackful of francs for recovery projects. , In thus helping those who help themsel! we tearned tn ECA a second tmperative prin- ctple: We must guide our dollars, The ECA tegislation iteelf was based upon some of the most protracted hearings tn con- gressiona) htstory—the testimony filled five volumes and contained 6,584 pages. When the law finally emerged from these hun- dreds of necessary but wearisome hearings and conferences, it included among its pro- visions a directive that the Huropean na- tions (1) submit a detailed program of their needs, (2) digcuss with the ECA admintstra- tion the trade and fiscal policies they would follow, and (8) allow ECA to make end-use checks to determine that American ald was spent as agreed. These provisions are ac~ tually nothing more than'the realistic lend- ing polictes of your local banker transferred to the international stage. A short case history of Itallan recovery offers a prime example of the “guided dollar” principle. At war's end Italy was struggling under more burdens than John Bunyan’s famous hero. Fortunately an interim program of United States atd had been made available, end it did much to save Italy from going Communtst in the elections held in April 1948. When ECA’s James Zellerhach and his special mission to Italy arrived that sum- mer, they required no long series of confer- ences to verify the continuing urgency of Italy's need for help. For two decades the nation had grhausted itself in effarta to ful- fill Mussolim’s mad ambition to be the first of the new Roman emperors. The results were plain on the gaunt faces of the Ital- fans——in their exhaustion and in thelr cold homes and apartments. They neede@ food and warmth. We shipped wheat and coal. They needed raw matertals for the factories that still stood. ‘We shipped cotton and steel and copper, At the same time work was begun on the more far-reaching plans to revive and rebuild the Nation. After exhaustive study ECA and the Italian Government agreed upon an over-all recovery that emphasized (1) ma- chines for gutted factories, (2) power to run the machines, and (3) more land and im- proved land cultivation, UNDERGROUND BOULZRS A good exampie of the first was the Fiat plant at Turin, which had been 75 percent destroyed during the war, But Plat obteined ,000 loan and new American equip- ment. Now Fiat is productng more than 100,000 passenger cars a year, in addition to ‘All150: gorges of the north. This made good sense and new generating equipment wae ordered. But even the Alps have occasional years of light snows, and the Itallaris wanted a hedge against that Kind of failure, Avdordixgly the Italian investment and import programe have placed heavy emphasis on projects for thermal-generating plants to insure and to safeguard production against threat of elec~ tricity shortages. In a remote section of Tuscany, about 40 miles south of Florence, they found their insurance: “geothermic power.” There, for years, huge jets of steam, the product of water seeping through semi- porous rock to deep-lying lava beds, had erupted into the alr. Even before the war Italian engineers had drilled through those underground boilers and harnessed the pent-up steam pressure to produce electric- ity, Then the retreating Germans had blasted thelr work to rubble. By the time CA arrived on the scene Italian engineers were hard at work rebuilding but in desper- ate need of new piping and turbines. ECA not only provided these but encouraged the Italians to enlarge greatly their geothermic power plants by drilling new wells, By the end of 1951 the plants will be productng 2,000,000,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity a year, accounting for one-twelfth of Italy's total power production. The land problem ts more complex. ECA has helped raise soll yields. Farm mechani- gation has been encouraged, modern fertilis- ers introduced and experts sent to show Italian farmers how to control peats and paresites. But land ts a social, political, and mathematical conundrum. Along with the question of absentee landlords ie the prob- lem of tens of thousands of small farmers who are trying to eke out @ living on two or three acres, or even tinier parcels. Italy has faced the needs not onty of breaking up large estates but also of consolidating small ones, At the same time steps must be taken to see that the land acquired by the peasants— often neglected or unfarmed over many years by its previous owners—is developed to the point that it cen be productively tilled. This requires large-scale public works in ir- rigation, drainage, reclamation, and roads, as well as making available to new owners the tools and credit to improve their own plots. To meet this double challenge of land im- provement and land reform, ECA is using one of the most potent weapons in its eco- nomic arsena]—its influence over counter- part funds—and now as more than 200 projects in the works. These extend from Sardinia (where a cooperative ECA-Rocke- feller Foundation program is ridding the fsland of its centuries-old scourge of malaria) to the fertile plains of the Po to the rocky toe of Calabria, It was here, in the Sila area of Calabria, that the ceremonies marking Italy’s first land division took place in the fall of 1950. Four hundred peasants, whose na-nes had been drawn by lot from a box, took on of 9-acre plota—the firat bit of land most of them had ever owned. With tears in his eyes, their leader voiced their thanks: “Since the world began, we never thought to see so luminous a day.” From all this it is easy to see how quickly the economio functions of ECA mesh with political and social tssues—and how widely and deeply they affect the life of any nation receiving American ald, Here, I believe, is the supreme political significance of the ECA: It has developed techniques of col- laboration under which # powerful nation like the United States could estarlish an ef- fective working ip with a less powerful nation, without exacting from the latter any surrender of the right to rule it- eetf. The ECA ts, therefore, the first major experiment in the history of world politics ‘where a strong power, while participating in the internal affaire of a weaker one, has hot only refused to infringe upon freedom of