‘‘PART I—GENERAL PROVISIONS AND 
OFFENSES 
‘‘Chapter 
Section 
‘‘1. Definitions ..............................................................................
‘‘3. Criminal responsibility ......................................................
‘‘5. Other general provisions ..................................................
‘‘10. Violent crimes against persons ....................................
101 
‘‘13. Sex crimes .............................................................................
201 
‘‘15. National security and related crimes ........................
261 
‘‘17. Drug crimes ..........................................................................
401 
‘‘19. Organized crime .................................................................
501 
‘‘21. Arson, firearms, explosives, and weapons crimes 
571 
‘‘23. Theft and related crimes ................................................
641 
‘‘25. Fraud and false statement crimes ...............................
771 
‘‘27. Crimes related to Federal Government respon-
sibilities .......................................................................
851 
‘‘29. Crimes related to protection of Government 
functions and integrity ..........................................
991 
‘‘31. International law crimes ................................................
1251 
‘‘33. Transportation related crimes .....................................
1301 
‘‘35. Regulatory crimes .............................................................
1371 
‘‘37. Privacy ...................................................................................
1481 
‘‘50. Forfeiture ..............................................................................
2501 
‘‘CHAPTER 1—DEFINITIONS 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘1.
Definitions for title. 
‘‘§ 1. Definitions for title 
‘‘In this title, the following definitions apply unless otherwise 
provided: 
‘‘The term ‘agency’ means any department, inde-
pendent establishment, commission, administration, author-
ity, board, or bureau of the United States or any corpora-
tion in which the United States has a proprietary interest 
unless the context shows that such term was intended to 
be used in a more limited sense. 
‘‘The term ‘bodily injury’ means— 
‘‘(A) a cut, abrasion, bruise, burn, or disfigurement; 
‘‘(B) physical pain; 
‘‘(C) illness; 
‘‘(D) impairment of the function of a bodily member, 
organ, or mental or sensory faculty; or 
‘‘(E) any other injury to the body, no matter how 
temporary. 
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‘‘The term ‘child’ means an individual who is less than 
18 years of age. 
‘‘The term ‘court of the United States’ includes 
the District Court of Guam, the District Court for the 
Northern Mariana Islands, and the District Court of the 
Virgin Islands. 
‘‘The term ‘crime of violence’ means— 
‘‘(A) an offense that has as an element the use, at-
tempted use, or threatened use of physical force against 
the person or property of another; or 
‘‘(B) any other offense that is a felony and that, by 
its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical 
force against the person or property of another may be 
used in the course of committing the offense. 
‘‘The term ‘department’ means one of the executive 
departments enumerated in section 1 of title 5, unless the 
context shows that such term was intended to describe the 
executive, legislative, or judicial branches of the govern-
ment. 
‘‘The term ‘facility of interstate or foreign com-
merce’ includes a means of transportation and commu-
nication in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce; 
‘‘The term ‘Federal health care offense’ means a 
violation of— 
‘‘(A) section 656, 792, 806, or 1141; 
‘‘(B) section 504, 651, 653, 772, 782, 801, 803, or 
1017 if the violation relates to a health care benefit 
program. 
‘‘The term ‘financial institution’ means— 
‘‘(A) an institution, with deposits insured by the 
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; 
‘‘(B) the Federal Reserve or a member of the Fed-
eral Reserve including any Federal Reserve Bank; 
‘‘(C) a credit union with accounts insured by the Na-
tional Credit Union Administration; 
‘‘(D) a member of the Federal home loan bank sys-
tem and any home loan bank; 
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‘‘(E) any institution of the Farm Credit System 
under the Farm Credit Act of 1971; 
‘‘(F) a broker-dealer registered with the Securities 
and Exchange Commission pursuant to section 15 of 
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; 
‘‘(G) the Securities Investor Protection Corporation; 
‘‘(H) a branch or agency of a foreign bank (as such 
terms are defined in paragraphs (1) and (3) of section 
1(b) of the International Banking Act of 1978); and 
‘‘(I) an organization operating under section 25 or 
section 25(a) of the Federal Reserve Act. 
‘‘The term ‘foreign commerce’ means commerce 
with a foreign country. 
‘‘The term ‘foreign government’except in sections 
102, 112, 121, 144, or 959, includes any government, fac-
tion, or body of insurgents within a country with which the 
United States is at peace, irrespective of recognition by the 
United States. 
‘‘The term ‘health care benefit program’ means 
any public or private plan or contract, affecting commerce, 
under which any medical benefit, item, or service is pro-
vided to any individual, and includes any individual or enti-
ty who is providing a medical benefit, item, or service for 
which payment may be made under the plan or contract. 
‘‘The term ‘interstate commerce’ means commerce 
between two States. 
‘‘The term ‘national of the United States’ has the 
meaning given in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration 
and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(22)). 
‘‘The term ‘national bank’ is synonymous with ‘na-
tional banking association’. 
‘‘The term ‘obligation or other security of any 
foreign government’ includes uncanceled stamps, 
whether or not demonetized. 
‘‘The term ‘organization’ means a person other than 
an individual. 
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‘‘The term ‘person’ and the term ‘whoever’, unless 
the context otherwise requires, include any entity capable 
of holding a legal or beneficial interest in property as well 
as an individual, and where used as a victim of an offense, 
includes a government. 
‘‘The term ‘petty offense’ means a Class B mis-
demeanor, a Class C misdemeanor, or an infraction, for 
which the maximum fine is no greater than the amount set 
forth for such an offense in section 3571(b)(6) or (7) in 
the case of an individual or section 3571(c)(6) or (7) in the 
case of an organization. 
‘‘The term ‘Postal Service’ means the United States 
Postal Service established under title 39, and every officer 
and employee of that Service, whether or not such officer 
or employee has taken the oath of office. 
‘‘The term ‘serious bodily injury’ means— 
‘‘(A) bodily injury which involves— 
‘‘(i) a substantial risk of death or unconscious-
ness; 
‘‘(ii) extreme physical pain; 
‘‘(iii) protracted and obvious disfigurement; or 
‘‘(iv) protracted loss or impairment of the func-
tion of a bodily member, organ, or mental or sen-
sory faculty; or 
‘‘(B) conduct that, had it occurred in the special 
maritime or territorial jurisdiction of the United 
States, would have violated subchapter A of chapter 13. 
‘‘The term ‘special maritime and territorial ju-
risdiction of the United States’ means the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘(A) The high seas, any other waters within the ad-
miralty and maritime jurisdiction of the United States 
and out of the jurisdiction of any particular State, and 
any vessel belonging in whole or in part to the United 
States or any citizen thereof, or to any corporation cre-
ated by or under the laws of the United States, or of 
any State, when such vessel is within the admiralty and 
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maritime jurisdiction of the United States and out of 
the jurisdiction of any particular State. 
‘‘(B) Any vessel registered, licensed, or enrolled 
under the laws of the United States, and being on a 
voyage upon the waters of any of the Great Lakes, or 
any of the waters connecting them, or upon the Saint 
Lawrence River where the same constitutes the Inter-
national Boundary Line. 
‘‘(C) Any lands reserved or acquired for the use of 
the United States, and under the exclusive or concur-
rent jurisdiction thereof, or any place purchased or oth-
erwise acquired by the United States by consent of the 
legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for 
the erection of a fort, magazine, arsenal, dockyard, or 
other needful building. 
‘‘(D) Any aircraft belonging in whole or in part to 
the United States, or any citizen thereof, or to any cor-
poration created by or under the laws of the United 
States, or any State, while such aircraft is in flight 
over the high seas, or over any other waters within the 
admiralty and maritime jurisdiction of the United 
States and out of the jurisdiction of any particular 
State. 
‘‘(E) Any vehicle used or designed for flight or navi-
gation in space and on the registry of the United 
States pursuant to the Treaty on Principles Governing 
the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of 
Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial 
Bodies and the Convention on Registration of Objects 
Launched into Outer Space, while that vehicle is in 
flight, which is from the moment when all external 
doors are closed on Earth following embarkation until 
the moment when one such door is opened on Earth for 
disembarkation or in the case of a forced landing, until 
the competent authorities take over the responsibility 
for the vehicle and for persons and property aboard. 
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‘‘(F) Any place outside the jurisdiction of any nation 
with respect to an offense by or against a national of 
the United States. 
‘‘(G) To the extent permitted by international law, 
any foreign vessel during a voyage having a scheduled 
departure from or arrival in the United States with re-
spect to an offense committed by or against a national 
of the United States. 
‘‘(H) With respect to offenses committed by or 
against a national of the United States— 
‘‘(i) the premises of United States diplomatic, 
consular, military or other United States Govern-
ment missions or entities in foreign States, includ-
ing the buildings, parts of buildings, and land ap-
purtenant or ancillary thereto or used for purposes 
of those missions or entities, irrespective of owner-
ship; and 
‘‘(ii) residences in foreign States and the land 
appurtenant or ancillary thereto, irrespective of 
ownership, used for purposes of those missions or 
entities or used by United States personnel as-
signed to those missions or entities. 
Nothing in clause (ii) supersedes any treaty or inter-
national agreement. Clause (ii) does not apply with re-
spect to an offense committed by a person described in 
section 3261(a). 
‘‘The term ‘State’ means a State of the United States, 
the District of Columbia, or any commonwealth, territory, 
possession of the United States. 
‘‘The term ‘substantial bodily injury’ means bod-
ily injury which involves— 
‘‘(A) a temporary but substantial disfigurement; or 
‘‘(B) a temporary but substantial loss or impairment 
of the function of any bodily member, organ, or mental 
or sensory faculty. 
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‘‘The term ‘United States’, unless the context other-
wise requires, includes all places and waters, continental or 
insular, subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. 
‘‘The term ‘vessel of the United States’ means a 
vessel belonging in whole or in part to the United States, 
or any citizen thereof, or any corporation created by or 
under the laws of the United States, or of any State. 
‘‘CHAPTER 3—CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘2.
Principals. 
‘‘3.
Accessory after the fact. 
‘‘4.
Misprision of felony. 
‘‘5.
Conspiracy. 
‘‘6.
Attempt. 
‘‘7.
Solicitation to commit a crime of violence. 
‘‘§ 2. Principals 
‘‘(a) GENERALLY.—Whoever commits an offense against the 
United States or aids, abets, counsels, commands, induces, or 
procures its commission, is punishable as a principal. 
‘‘(b) FOR CONDUCT
OF OTHERS.—Whoever intentionally 
causes conduct by another that is an offense against the United 
States, is punishable as a principal for that offense. 
‘‘§ 3. Accessory after the fact 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever, knowing that an offense against 
the United States has been committed, receives, relieves, com-
forts, or assists the offender in order to hinder or prevent his 
apprehension, trial, or punishment, is an accessory after the 
fact. 
‘‘(b) PUNISHMENT.—Except as otherwise expressly provided 
by Act of Congress, an accessory after the fact shall be impris-
oned not more than one-half the maximum term of imprison-
ment or (notwithstanding section 3571) fined not more than 
one-half the maximum fine prescribed for the punishment of 
the principal, or both; or if the principal is punishable by life 
imprisonment or death, the accessory shall be imprisoned not 
more than 15 years. 
‘‘§ 4. Misprision of felony 
‘‘Whoever, having knowledge of the actual commission of a 
felony offense against the United States, conceals and does not 
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as soon as possible make known the same to some judge or 
other person in civil or military authority under the United 
States, shall be imprisoned not more than three years. 
‘‘§ 5. Conspiracy 
‘‘Unless otherwise provided by law, if two or more persons 
conspire to commit any offense against the United States, and 
one or more of such persons do any act to effect the object of 
the conspiracy, each shall be punished for the offense which is 
the object of the conspiracy. 
‘‘§ 6. Attempt 
‘‘(a) GENERAL RULE.—Unless otherwise provided by law, 
whoever attempts to commit an offense shall be punished as is 
provided for the completed offense. 
‘‘(b) EXCEPTIONS.—Subsection (a) does not apply to any 
provision that specifically exempts itself from the application of 
this section. 
‘‘§ 7. Solicitation to commit a crime of violence 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever, with intent that another person 
engage in a Federal offense that is a felony crime of violence 
and under circumstances strongly corroborative of that intent, 
solicits such other person to engage in that offense, shall be im-
prisoned not more than one-half the maximum term of impris-
onment or (notwithstanding section 3571) fined not more than 
one-half of the maximum fine prescribed for the punishment of 
the crime solicited, or both; or if the crime solicited is punish-
able by life imprisonment or death, shall be imprisoned for not 
more than 20 years. 
‘‘(b) AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE.—It is an affirmative defense 
to a prosecution under this section that, under circumstances 
manifesting a voluntary and complete renunciation of his crimi-
nal intent, the defendant prevented the commission of the 
crime solicited. A renunciation is not ‘voluntary and complete’ 
if it is motivated in whole or in part by a decision to postpone 
the commission of the crime until another time or to substitute 
another victim or another but similar objective. 
‘‘(c) LIMITATION ON DEFENSES.—It is not a defense to a 
prosecution under this section that the person solicited could 
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not be convicted of the crime because that person lacked the 
state of mind required for its commission, was incompetent or 
irresponsible, or is immune from prosecution, or not subject to, 
prosecution. 
‘‘CHAPTER 5—OTHER GENERAL PROVISIONS 
‘‘Subchapter 
Sec. 
‘‘A. Defenses ..................................................................................
‘‘B. General rules pertaining to criminal offenses .........
‘‘SUBCHAPTER A—DEFENSES 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘21.
Affirmative defenses. 
‘‘22.
Insanity defense. 
‘‘§21. Affirmative defenses 
‘‘If a provision of law provides an affirmative defense to a 
prosecution for an offense, the defendant must prove the ele-
ments of that defense by a preponderance of the evidence. 
‘‘§ 22. Insanity defense 
‘‘(a) AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE.—It is an affirmative defense 
to a prosecution under any Federal statute that, at the time 
of the commission of the acts constituting the offense, the de-
fendant, as a result of a severe mental disease or defect, was 
unable to appreciate the nature and quality or the wrongfulness 
of his acts. Mental disease or defect does not otherwise con-
stitute a defense. 
‘‘(b) BURDEN OF PROOF.—The defendant has the burden of 
proving the defense of insanity by clear and convincing evi-
dence. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER B—GENERAL RULES PERTAINING TO 
CRIMINAL OFFENSES 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘31. Non-preemption. 
‘‘§ 31. Non-preemption 
‘‘The existence of a Federal criminal offense does not pre-
clude the application of a State or local law to the conduct pro-
scribed by the offense, unless the law specifically so provides 
or the State or local law requires conduct constituting the Fed-
eral criminal offense. 
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‘‘CHAPTER 10—VIOLENT CRIMES AGAINST 
PERSONS 
‘‘Subchapter 
Sec. 
‘‘A. Homicide .................................................................................
101 
‘‘B. Assault and related offenses ...........................................
111 
‘‘C. Kidnapping ............................................................................
121 
‘‘D. Threats against specially protected persons ...........
131 
‘‘E. Definitions and general provisions for sub-
chapters A through D .............................................
136 
‘‘F. Robbery, extortion, and threats ....................................
141 
‘‘G. Extortionate credit transactions ..................................
155 
‘‘H. Domestic violence ...............................................................
161 
‘‘I. Protection of unborn children ........................................
171 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER A—HOMICIDE 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘101.
Homicide. 
‘‘102.
Federally punishable homicides. 
‘‘103.
Penalties for murders punishable under section 102; attempts and 
conspiracies. 
‘‘104.
Penalties for manslaughters punishable under section 102; attempts. 
‘‘105.
Misconduct or neglect of ship officers. 
‘‘§ 101. Homicide 
‘‘Unless otherwise provided by Act of Congress, if a Federal 
law makes the killing of a human being an offense, the fol-
lowing categories shall apply with respect to that offense: 
‘‘(1) MURDER.— 
‘‘(A) ELEMENTS OF OFFENSE.—Murder is the unlawful 
killing of a human being with malice aforethought. Every 
murder perpetrated by poison, lying in wait, or any other 
kind of willful, deliberate, malicious, and premeditated kill-
ing; or committed in the perpetration of, or attempt to per-
petrate, any arson, escape, murder, kidnapping, treason, es-
pionage, sabotage, aggravated sexual abuse or sexual abuse, 
child abuse, burglary, or robbery; or perpetrated as part of 
a pattern or practice of assault or torture against a child 
or children; or perpetrated from a premeditated design un-
lawfully and maliciously to effect the death of any human 
being other than him who is killed, is murder in the first 
degree. Any other murder is murder in the second degree. 
‘‘(B) DEFINITIONS.—In this paragraph— 
‘‘(i) the term ‘assault’ means conduct that consists 
an assault as described in section 111; 
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‘‘(ii) the term ‘child’ means a child who is under the 
perpetrator’s care or control or at least six years 
younger than the perpetrator; 
‘‘(iii) the term ‘child abuse’ means intentionally caus-
ing death or serious bodily injury to a child; 
‘‘(iv) the term ‘pattern or practice of assault or tor-
ture’ means assault or torture engaged in on at least 
two occasions; and 
‘‘(v) the term ‘torture’ means conduct, whether or 
not committed under the color of law, that otherwise 
satisfies the definition of that term set forth in section 
1293. 
‘‘(2) MANSLAUGHTER.—Manslaughter is the unlawful killing 
of a human being without malice. It is of two kinds: 
‘‘(A) VOLUNTARY.—Upon a sudden quarrel or heat of 
passion. 
‘‘(B) INVOLUNTARY.—In the commission of an unlawful 
act not amounting to a felony, or in the commission in an 
unlawful manner, or without due caution and circumspec-
tion, of a lawful act which might produce death. 
‘‘§ 102. Federally punishable homicides 
‘‘In addition to any other homicides made punishable by law, 
the following are Federal offenses: 
‘‘(1) SPECIAL
MARITIME
AND
TERRITORIAL
JURISDIC-
TION.—A killing in the special maritime and territorial ju-
risdiction of the United States. 
‘‘(2) OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES AND FORMER OFFICERS 
AND EMPLOYEES OF THE UNITED STATES.—A killing of 
any officer or employee, or any former officer or employee, 
of the United States or of any agency in any branch of the 
United States Government (including any member of the 
uniformed services) while such officer or employee is en-
gaged in or on account of the performance of official du-
ties, or any individual assisting such an officer or employee 
in the performance of such duties or on account of that as-
sistance. 
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‘‘(3) FAMILY MEMBERS OF OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES 
AND FORMER OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES OF THE UNITED 
STATES.—A killing, with the intent to impede, intimidate, 
or interfere with an individual described in paragraph (2) 
while that individual is engaged in the performance of offi-
cial duties, or with intent to retaliate against such indi-
vidual on account of the performance of official duties of 
that individual, of a member of that indvidual’s family. 
‘‘(4) FOREIGN
OFFICIALS, 
OFFICIAL
GUESTS, 
AND 
INTERNATIONALLY PROTECTED PERSONS.—A killing of a 
foreign official, official guest, or internationally protected 
person. 
‘‘(5) BY NATIONAL OF THE UNITED STATES ABROAD.— 
A killing, by a national of the United States, of a national 
of the United States while the victim is outside the United 
States but within the jurisdiction of another country. 
‘‘(6) KILLINGS BY ESCAPED PRISONERS.—A killing of a 
person by an individual who has escaped from a Federal 
correctional institution where the individual was confined 
under a sentence for a term of life imprisonment. 
‘‘(7) CONGRESSIONAL, CABINET, AND SUPREME COURT 
ASSASSINATION.—A killing of an individual who is a Mem-
ber of Congress or a Member-of-Congress-elect, a member 
of the executive branch of the Government who is the head, 
or a person nominated to be head during the pendency of 
such nomination, of a department listed in section 101 of 
title 5 or the second ranking official in such department, 
the Director (or a person nominated to be Director during 
the pendency of such nomination) or Deputy Director of 
Central Intelligence, or a Justice of the United States, as 
defined in section 451 of title 28, or a person nominated 
to be a Justice of the United States, during the pendency 
of such nomination. 
‘‘(8) PRESIDENTIAL AND PRESIDENTIAL STAFF ASSAS-
SINATION.—A killing of an individual who is— 
‘‘(A) the President of the United States, the Presi-
dent-elect, the Vice President, or, if there is no Vice 
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President, the officer next in the order of succession to 
the Office of the President of the United States, the 
Vice President-elect, or any person who is acting as 
President under the Constitution and laws of the 
United States; 
‘‘(B) a major Presidential or Vice Presidential can-
didate (as defined in section 3056 of this title); or 
‘‘(C) a person appointed under section 105(a)(2)(A) 
of title 3 employed in the Executive Office of the Presi-
dent or appointed under section 106(a)(1)(A) of title 3 
employed in the Office of the Vice President. 
‘‘(9) OF NATIONAL ABROAD.—The killing of an indi-
vidual outside the United States who is a national of the 
United States. 
‘‘(10) KILLINGS BY PRISONER.—The killing of another 
by a person confined under a sentence of life imprisonment 
in a Federal correctional facility. 
‘‘§ 103. Penalties for murders punishable under 
section 102; attempts and conspiracies 
‘‘(a) MURDER.—A murder that is an offense under section 
102 is punishable by— 
‘‘(1) death or imprisonment for life for first degree mur-
der; and 
‘‘(2) imprisonment for any term of years or for life for 
second degree murder. 
‘‘(b) ATTEMPTED MURDER.— 
‘‘(1) GENERALLY.—Except as provided in paragraph (2), 
whoever attempts to commit a murder that is an offense 
under section 102 shall be imprisoned not more than 20 
years. 
‘‘(2) SPECIAL RULE RELATING TO CONGRESSIONAL, CAB-
INET, AND SUPREME COURT ASSASSINATIONS AND PRESI-
DENTIAL AND PRESIDENTIAL STAFF ASSASSINATIONS.—If 
the offense attempted is against an individual described in 
paragraph (9) or (10) of section 102 the penalty is impris-
onment for any term of years or for life. 
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‘‘(c) CONSPIRACY TO MURDER.—If two or more persons con-
spire to commit an offense under section 102 and one or more 
of such persons do any overt act to effect the object of the con-
spiracy, each shall be punished by imprisonment for any term 
of years or for life, but in the case of a conspiracy to commit 
an offense against a individual described in paragraph (9) or 
(10) of section 102, if death results to the individual whose kill-
ing was the object of the conspiracy, the penalty is death or 
imprisonment for any term of years or for life. 
‘‘§ 104. Penalties for manslaughters punishable 
under section 102; attempts 
‘‘(a) PENALTY FOR MANSLAUGHTER.—A manslaughter that 
is an offense under section 102 is punishable by— 
‘‘(1) imprisonment for not more than ten years, for vol-
untary manslaughter; and 
‘‘(2) imprisonment for not more than six years, for invol-
untary manslaughter. 
‘‘(b) ATTEMPTED MANSLAUGHTER.—Whoever attempts to 
commit a manslaughter that would be punishable under section 
102 shall be imprisoned not more than 7 years. 
‘‘§ 105. Misconduct or neglect of ship officers 
‘‘(a) OFFICERS.—Every captain, engineer, pilot, or other 
person employed on any steamboat or vessel, by whose mis-
conduct, negligence, or inattention to his duties on such vessel 
the life of any person is destroyed, and every owner, charterer, 
inspector, or other public officer, through whose fraud, neglect, 
connivance, misconduct, or violation of law the life of any per-
son is destroyed, shall be imprisoned not more than ten years. 
‘‘(b) OWNERS.—When the owner or charterer of any steam-
boat or vessel is a corporation, any executive officer of such 
corporation, for the time being actually charged with the con-
trol and management of the operation, equipment, or naviga-
tion of such steamboat or vessel, who has knowingly caused or 
allowed such fraud, neglect, connivance, misconduct, or know-
ing violation of law, by which the life of any person is de-
stroyed, shall be imprisoned not more than ten years. 
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‘‘SUBCHAPTER B—ASSAULT AND RELATED 
OFFENSES 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘111.
Assault. 
‘‘112.
Individuals federally protected from assault. 
‘‘113.
Interference with Federal officers and employees. 
‘‘114.
Domestic assault by an habitual offender. 
‘‘§ 111. Assault 
‘‘Unless otherwise provided by Act of Congress, if a Federal 
law prohibits an assault against an individual, the following 
punishments shall apply with respect to that offense: 
‘‘(1) Assault with intent to commit murder, a felony 
under subchapter (A) of chapter 10, or with intent to 
maim, disfigure, or torture, by imprisonment for not more 
than 20 years. 
‘‘(2) Assault with intent to commit any felony, except 
murder or a felony under subchapter (A) of chapter 10, by 
imprisonment for not more than ten years. 
‘‘(3) Assault with a dangerous weapon, with intent to do 
bodily harm, and without just cause or excuse, by imprison-
ment for not more than ten years. 
‘‘(4) Assault resulting in serious bodily injury, by impris-
onment for not more than ten years. 
‘‘(5) Assault resulting in substantial bodily injury to an 
individual who has not attained the age of 16 years, by im-
prisonment for not more than 5 years. 
‘‘(6) Assault by striking, beating, or wounding, by im-
prisonment for not more than six months. 
‘‘(7) Simple assault, by imprisonment for not more than 
six months, or if the victim of the assault is an individual 
who has not attained the age of 16 years, by imprisonment 
for not more than 1 year. 
‘‘§ 112. Individuals federally protected from as-
sault 
‘‘It is an offense to assault any individual whose killing is 
a Federal offense under section 102. 
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‘‘§ 113. Interference with Federal officers and em-
ployees 
‘‘Whoever interferes with any officer or employee of the 
United States or of any agency in any branch of the United 
States Government (including any member of the uniformed 
services) while such officer or employee is engaged in or on ac-
count of the performance of official duties, or any individual as-
sisting such an officer or employee in the performance of such 
duties or on account of that assistance while that person is en-
gaged in, or on account of, the performance, official duties 
shall be imprisoned not more than one year. 
‘‘§ 114. Domestic assault by an habitual offender 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Whoever commits a domestic assault 
within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the 
United States or Indian country and who has a final conviction 
on at least 2 separate prior occasions in Federal, State, or In-
dian tribal court proceedings for offenses that would be, if sub-
ject to Federal jurisdiction— 
‘‘(1) any assault, sexual abuse, or serious violent felony 
against a spouse or intimate partner; or 
‘‘(2) an offense under chapter 110A, 
shall be imprisoned for a term of not more than 5 years, but 
if substantial bodily injury results from the offense under this 
section, the offender shall be imprisoned for a term of not more 
than 10 years. 
‘‘(b) DOMESTIC ASSAULT DEFINED.—In this section, the 
term ‘domestic assault’ means an assault committed by a cur-
rent or former spouse, parent, child, or guardian of the victim, 
by a person with whom the victim shares a child in common, 
by a person who is cohabitating with or has cohabitated with 
the victim as a spouse, parent, child, or guardian, or by a per-
son similarly situated to a spouse, parent, child, or guardian 
of the victim. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER C—KIDNAPPING 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘121.
Kidnapping. 
‘‘122.
Ransom money. 
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‘‘123.
Hostage taking. 
‘‘124.
International parental kidnapping. 
‘‘§ 121. Kidnapping 
‘‘(a) BASIC OFFENSE.—Except in the case of a child by the 
parent thereof, whoever, as made applicable by subsection (b), 
kidnaps an individual shall be imprisoned any term of years or 
for life and, if death results to any individual, shall be punished 
by death or life imprisonment. 
‘‘(b) CIRCUMSTANCES REQUIRED.—Subsection (a) applies 
if— 
‘‘(1) the victim or the victim’s body is transported in 
interstate or foreign commerce, regardless of whether the 
victim was alive when transported across a State boundary 
if the victim was alive when the transportation began; or 
‘‘(2) the victim is an individual whose killing is a Federal 
offense under section 102. 
‘‘(c) PRESUMPTION.—With respect to a violation of sub-
section (a), based on the circumstance described in subsection 
(b)(1), the failure to release the victim within 24 hours after 
the victim was kidnapped creates a rebuttable presumption that 
the victim has been transported in interstate or foreign com-
merce. However, the fact that the presumption under this sec-
tion has not yet taken effect does not preclude a Federal inves-
tigation of a possible violation of this section. 
‘‘(d) CONSPIRACY PENALTY.—If two or more persons con-
spire to violate subsection (a) and one or more of such persons 
do any overt act to effect the object of the conspiracy, each 
shall be punished by imprisonment for any term of years or for 
life. If the individual whose kidnapping was the object of the 
conspiracy is an individual listed in paragraph (9) or (10) of 
section 102, the death penalty may be imposed if death results. 
‘‘(e) ATTEMPTS.—Whoever attempts to violate subsection (a) 
shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than 20 years 
but if the individual whose kidnapping was attempted is de-
scribed in paragraph (9) or (10) of section 102, the offender 
shall be imprisoned for any term of years or for life. 
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‘‘(f) SPECIAL RULE FOR CERTAIN OFFENSES INVOLVING 
CHILDREN.—If the victim of an offense under this section is 
a child and the offender— 
‘‘(1) is not a child; and 
‘‘(2) is not— 
‘‘(A) a parent; 
‘‘(B) a grandparent; 
‘‘(C) a brother; 
‘‘(D) a sister; 
‘‘(E) an aunt; 
‘‘(F) an uncle; or 
‘‘(G) an individual having legal custody of the victim; 
the sentence under this section for such offense shall include 
imprisonment for not less than 20 years. 
‘‘(g) DEFINITION FOR SECTION.—As used in this section, 
the term ‘parent’ does not include a person whose parental 
rights with respect to the victim of an offense under this sec-
tion have been terminated by a final court order. 
‘‘§ 122. Ransom money 
‘‘(a) FEDERAL.—Whoever receives, possesses, or disposes of 
any money or other property, or any portion thereof, which has 
at any time been delivered as ransom or reward in connection 
with a violation of section 121, knowing it to be such, shall be 
imprisoned not more than ten years. 
‘‘(b) STATE.—Whoever transports, transmits, or transfers in 
interstate or foreign commerce any proceeds of a kidnapping 
punishable under State law by imprisonment for more than 1 
year, or receives, possesses, conceals, or disposes of any such 
proceeds after they have crossed a State or United States 
boundary, knowing the proceeds to have been unlawfully ob-
tained, shall be imprisoned not more than 10 years. 
‘‘§ 123. Hostage taking 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Except as provided in subsection (b) of this 
section, whoever, whether inside or outside the United States, 
seizes or detains and threatens to kill, to injure, or to continue 
to detain another person in order to compel a third person or 
a governmental organization to do or abstain from doing any 
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act as an explicit or implicit condition for the release of the 
person detained shall be punished by imprisonment for any 
term of years or for life and, if the death of any person results, 
shall be punished by death or life imprisonment. 
‘‘(b) EXCLUSIONS.— 
‘‘(1) It is not an offense under this section if the conduct 
required for the offense occurred outside the United States 
unless— 
‘‘(A) the offender or the person seized or detained is 
a national of the United States; 
‘‘(B) the offender is found in the United States; or 
‘‘(C) the governmental organization sought to be 
compelled is the Government of the United States. 
‘‘(2) It is not an offense under this section if the conduct 
required for the offense occurred inside the United States, 
each alleged offender and each person seized or detained 
are nationals of the United States, and each alleged of-
fender is found in the United States, unless the govern-
mental organization sought to be compelled is the Govern-
ment of the United States. 
‘‘§ 124. International parental kidnapping 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever removes a child from the United 
States, or attempts to do so, or retains a child (who has been 
in the United States) outside the United States with intent to 
obstruct the lawful exercise of parental rights shall be impris-
oned not more than 3 years. 
‘‘(b) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
‘‘(1) the term ‘child’ means a person who has not at-
tained the age of 16 years; and 
‘‘(2) the term ‘parental rights’, with respect to a child, 
means the right to physical custody of the child— 
‘‘(A) whether joint or sole (and includes visiting 
rights); and 
‘‘(B) whether arising by operation of law, court 
order, or legally binding agreement of the parties. 
‘‘(c) AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE.—It is an affirmative defense 
under this section that— 
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‘‘(1) the defendant acted within the provisions of a valid 
court order granting the defendant legal custody or visita-
tion rights and that order was obtained pursuant to the 
Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act or the Uniform 
Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act and was 
in effect at the time of the offense; 
‘‘(2) the defendant was fleeing an incidence or pattern 
of domestic violence; or 
‘‘(3) the defendant had physical custody of the child pur-
suant to a court order granting legal custody or visitation 
rights and failed to return the child as a result of cir-
cumstances beyond the defendant’s control, and the defend-
ant notified or made reasonable attempts to notify the 
other parent or lawful custodian of the child of such cir-
cumstances within 24 hours after the visitation period had 
expired and returned the child as soon as possible. 
‘‘(d) EFFECT ON HAGUE CONVENTION.—This section does 
not limit The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of Inter-
national Parental Child Abduction, done at The Hague on Oc-
tober 25, 1980. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER D—THREATS AGAINST SPECIALLY 
PROTECTED PERSONS 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘131. Threats against officers or employees of the United States, and other 
specially protected persons. 
‘‘§ 131. Threats against officers or employees of 
the United States, and other specially pro-
tected persons 
‘‘Whoever threatens to kill, kidnap, or inflict bodily harm 
upon— 
‘‘(1) an individual described in paragraph (2) or (3) of 
section 102 on account of the performance of official du-
ties; 
‘‘(2) an individual described in paragraph (4), (7), or (8) 
of section 102; 
‘‘(3) a former President of the United States; 
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‘‘(4) a member of the immediate family of the President, 
the President-elect, the Vice President, or the Vice Presi-
dent-elect; 
‘‘(5) a major candidate for the office of President or Vice 
President, or a member of the immediate family of such 
candidate; or 
‘‘(6) a person protected by the Secret Service under sec-
tion 3056(a)(6); 
shall be imprisoned not more than 10 years. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER E—DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL 
PROVISIONS FOR SUBCHAPTERS A THROUGH D 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘136.
Definitions for subchapters A through D. 
‘‘137.
Special rules relating to offenses against certain types of victims. 
‘‘§ 136. Definitions for subchapters A through D 
‘‘Unless otherwise provided, in subchapters A through D, the 
following definitions apply: 
‘‘(1) The term ‘family’ with respect to an individual, 
means— 
‘‘(A) a spouse, parent, brother or sister, child, or 
person to whom the individual stands in loco parentis; 
or 
‘‘(B) any other person living in the individual’s 
household and related to the individual by blood or 
marriage. 
‘‘(2) The term ‘foreign government’ means the govern-
ment of a foreign country, irrespective of recognition by the 
United States. 
‘‘(3) The term ‘foreign official’ means— 
‘‘(A) a Chief of State or the political equivalent, 
President, Vice President, Prime Minister, Ambas-
sador, Foreign Minister, or other officer of Cabinet 
rank or above of a foreign government or the chief ex-
ecutive officer of an international organization, or any 
person who has previously served in such capacity, and 
any member of his family, while in the United States; 
or 
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‘‘(B) any person of a foreign nationality who is duly 
notified to the United States as an officer or employee 
of a foreign government or international organization, 
and who is in the United States on official business, 
and any member of that person’s family whose presence 
in the United States is in connection with the presence 
of such officer or employee. 
‘‘(4) The term ‘internationally protected person’ means 
an individual who is— 
‘‘(A) a Chief of State or the political equivalent, head 
of government, or Foreign Minister whenever such per-
son is in a country other than his own and any member 
of that individual’s family accompanying that indi-
vidual; or 
‘‘(B) any other representative, officer, employee, or 
agent of the United States Government, a foreign gov-
ernment, or international organization who at the time 
and place concerned is entitled pursuant to inter-
national law to special protection against attack upon 
his person, freedom, or dignity, and any member of 
that individual’s family then forming part of his house-
hold. 
‘‘(5) The term ‘international organization’ means a pub-
lic international organization designated as such pursuant 
to section 1 of the International Organizations Immunities 
Act (22 U.S.C. 288) or a public organization created pur-
suant to treaty or other agreement under international law 
as an instrument through or by which two or more foreign 
governments engage in some aspect of their conduct of 
international affairs. 
‘‘(6) The term ‘official guest’ means a citizen or national 
of a foreign country present in the United States as an of-
ficial guest of the Government of the United States pursu-
ant to designation as such by the Secretary of State. 
‘‘(7) The terms ‘President-elect’ and ‘Vice President- 
elect’ mean those persons who are the apparently successful 
candidates for the offices of President and Vice President, 
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respectively, as ascertained from the result of the general 
elections held to determine the electors of President and 
Vice President under sections 1 and 2 of title 3. 
‘‘§ 137. Special rules relating to offenses against 
certain types of victims 
‘‘(a) EXTRATERRITORIAL JURISDICTION.— 
‘‘(1) PRESIDENTIAL
AND
CONGRESSIONAL
VICTIMS.— 
There is extraterritorial jurisdiction over an offense under 
any of subchapters A through D against a victim described 
in paragraph (9) or (10) of section 102. 
‘‘(2) INTERNATIONALLY
PROTECTED
PERSONS.—There 
is extraterritorial jurisdiction over an offense under any of 
subchapters A through D the victim of which is an inter-
nationally protected person outside the United States, if— 
‘‘(A) the victim is a representative, officer, employee, 
or agent of the United States; 
‘‘(B) an offender is a national of the United States; 
or 
‘‘(C) an offender is afterwards found in the United 
States. 
‘‘(b) USE OF MILITARY WITH RESPECT TO CERTAIN OF-
FENSES.—With respect to an offense under this chapter, or an 
attempt or conspiracy to commit such an offense, if an element 
of the offense is that the victim be individual described in para-
graph (9) or (10) of section 102, a foreign official, an inter-
nationally protected person, or an official guest, the Attorney 
General may request assistance from any Federal, State, or 
local agency, including the Army, Navy, and Air Force. 
‘‘(c) SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO OFFENSES INVOLV-
ING PRESIDENTIAL OR CONGRESSIONAL VICTIMS.—With re-
spect to an offense under paragraph (9) or (10) of section 
102— 
‘‘(1) if Federal investigative or prosecutive jurisdiction is 
asserted, that assertion suspends the exercise of jurisdic-
tion by a State or local authority, under any applicable 
State or local law, until Federal action is terminated; 
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‘‘(2) the Federal Bureau of Investigation shall have in-
vestigative authority; and 
‘‘(3) in a prosecution, the Government need not prove 
that the defendant knew that the victim of the offense was 
an individual who is protected by that paragraph. 
‘‘(d) APPROVAL REQUIRED FOR PROSECUTIONS RELATING 
TO UNITED STATES NATIONALS KILLED OVERSEAS.— 
‘‘(1) APPROVAL REQUIRED.—No prosecution may be in-
stituted against any person under section 101(a)(5) except 
upon the written approval of the Attorney General, the 
Deputy Attorney General, or an Assistant Attorney Gen-
eral, which function of approving prosecutions may not be 
delegated. No prosecution shall be approved if prosecution 
has been previously undertaken by a foreign country for the 
same conduct. 
‘‘(2) BASIS FOR APPROVAL.—No prosecution shall be ap-
proved under this subsection unless the Attorney General, 
in consultation with the Secretary of State, determines that 
the conduct took place in a country in which the person is 
no longer present, and the country lacks the ability to law-
fully secure the person’s return. A determination by the At-
torney General under this paragraph is not subject to judi-
cial review. 
‘‘(e) CERTIFICATION OF TERRORISM RELATION REQUIRED 
FOR CERTAIN PROSECUTIONS RELATING TO KILLING OR AT-
TACKING NATIONALS OF THE UNITED STATES ABROAD.—No 
prosecution for any offense described in section 102(11) or 116 
shall be undertaken by the United States except on written cer-
tification of the Attorney General or the highest ranking subor-
dinate of the Attorney General with responsibility for criminal 
prosecutions that, in the judgment of the certifying official, 
such offense was intended to coerce, intimidate, or retaliate 
against a government or a civilian population. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER F—ROBBERY, EXTORTION, AND 
RELATED THREATS 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘141.
Robbery in special maritime and territorial jurisdiction. 
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‘‘142.
Robbery of personal property of United States. 
‘‘143.
Bank robbery and incidental crimes. 
‘‘144.
Communication of ransom demands and other threatening commu-
nications in or affecting commerce. 
‘‘145.
Extortion by officers or employees of the United States. 
‘‘146.
Receiving the proceeds of extortion. 
‘‘§ 141. Robbery in special maritime and terri-
torial jurisdiction 
‘‘Whoever, within the special maritime and territorial juris-
diction of the United States, by force and violence, or by in-
timidation, takes or attempts to take from the person or pres-
ence of another anything of value, shall be imprisoned not more 
than 15 years. 
‘‘§ 142. Robbery of personal property of United 
States 
‘‘Whoever robs or attempts to rob another of any kind or de-
scription of personal property belonging to the United States, 
shall be imprisoned not more than 15 years. 
‘‘§ 143. Bank robbery and incidental crimes 
‘‘(a) AGGRAVATED OFFENSE.—Whoever— 
‘‘(1) by force and violence, or by intimidation, takes, or 
attempts to take, from the person or presence of another, 
or obtains or attempts to obtain by extortion any property 
or money or any other thing of value belonging to, or in 
the care, custody, control, management, or possession of, 
any bank, credit union, or any savings and loan association; 
or 
‘‘(2) enters or attempts to enter any bank, credit union, 
or any savings and loan association, or any building used 
in whole or in part as a bank, credit union, or as a savings 
and loan association, with intent to commit in such bank, 
credit union, or in such savings and loan association, or 
building, or part thereof, so used, any felony affecting such 
bank, credit union, or such savings and loan association 
and in violation of any statute of the United States, or any 
larceny; 
shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years. 
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‘‘(b) TAKING AND CARRYING AWAY PROPERTY OVER $1,000 
IN VALUE.—Whoever takes and carries away, with intent to 
steal or purloin any property or money or any other thing of 
value exceeding $1,000 belonging to, or in the care, custody, 
control, management, or possession of any bank, credit union, 
or any savings and loan association, shall be imprisoned not 
more than ten years. 
‘‘(c) TAKING AND CARRYING AWAY PROPERTY OF $1,000 OR 
LESS IN VALUE.—Whoever takes and carries away, with intent 
to steal or purloin, any property or money or any other thing 
of value not exceeding $1,000 belonging to, or in the care, cus-
tody, control, management, or possession of any bank, credit 
union, or any savings and loan association, shall be imprisoned 
not more than one year. 
‘‘(c) RECEIVING STOLEN BANK PROPERTY.—Whoever re-
ceives, possesses, conceals, stores, barters, sells, or disposes of, 
any property or money or other thing of value which has been 
taken or stolen from a bank, credit union, or savings and loan 
association in violation of subsection (b) or (c), knowing the 
same to be property which has been stolen shall be subject to 
the punishment provided in subsection (b) or (c) for the taker. 
‘‘(d) ASSAULTING PERSON
OR PLACING LIFE
IN JEOP-
ARDY.—Whoever, in committing, or in attempting to commit, 
any offense defined in subsections (a) through (c), assaults any 
person, or puts in jeopardy the life of any person by the use 
of a dangerous weapon or device, shall be imprisoned not more 
than 25 years. 
‘‘(e) KILLING
AND KIDNAPING.—Whoever, in committing 
any offense defined in this section, or in avoiding or attempting 
to avoid apprehension for the commission of such offense, or 
in freeing himself or attempting to free himself from arrest or 
confinement for such offense, kills any person, or forces any 
person to accompany him without the consent of such person, 
shall be imprisoned not less than ten years, or if death results 
shall be punished by death or life imprisonment. 
‘‘(f) DEFINITIONS.— As used in this section— 
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‘‘(1) the term ‘bank’ means any member bank of the 
Federal Reserve System, and any bank, banking associa-
tion, trust company, savings bank, or other banking institu-
tion organized or operating under the laws of the United 
States, including a branch or agency of a foreign bank (as 
such terms are defined in paragraphs (1) and (3) of section 
1(b) of the International Banking Act of 1978), and any 
institution the deposits of which are insured by the Federal 
Deposit Insurance Corporation; 
‘‘(2) the term ‘credit union’ means any Federal credit 
union and any State-chartered credit union the accounts of 
which are insured by the National Credit Union Adminis-
tration Board, and any ‘Federal credit union’ as defined in 
section 2 of the Federal Credit Union Act; 
‘‘(3) the term ‘State-chartered credit union’ includes a 
credit union chartered under the laws of a State; and 
‘‘(4) the term ‘savings and loan association’ means— 
‘‘(A) a Federal savings association or State savings 
association (as defined in section 3(b) of the Federal 
Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 1813(b))) having ac-
counts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Cor-
poration; and 
‘‘(B) a corporation described in section 3(b)(1)(C) of 
the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 
1813(b)(1)(C)) that is operating under the laws of the 
United States. 
‘‘§ 144. Communication of ransom demands and 
other threatening communications in or 
affecting commerce 
‘‘(a) KIDNAP RANSOM.—Whoever knowingly transmits, in or 
affecting interstate or foreign commerce, any communication 
containing any demand or request for a ransom or reward for 
the release of any kidnapped person shall be imprisoned not 
more than 20 years. 
‘‘(b) THREATS TO KIDNAP OR INJURE.—Whoever, with in-
tent to extort from any person any money or other thing of 
value, knowingly transmits, in or affecting interstate commerce, 
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any communication containing any threat to kidnap any person 
or any threat to injure the person of another, shall be impris-
oned not more than 20 years. 
‘‘(d) THREATS TO PROPERTY OR REPUTATION WITH IN-
TENT TO EXTORT.—Whoever, with intent to extort from any 
person any money or other thing of value, knowingly transmits, 
in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, any communica-
tion containing any threat— 
‘‘(1) to injure the property or reputation of another or 
the reputation of a deceased person; or 
‘‘(2) to accuse another of a crime; 
shall be or imprisoned not more than 10 years. 
‘‘§ 145. Extortion by officers or employees of the 
United States 
‘‘Whoever, being an officer, or employee of the United States 
or any department or agency thereof, or representing oneself to 
be or assuming to act as such, under color or pretense of office 
or employment commits or attempts an act of extortion, shall 
be imprisoned not more than three years; but if the amount so 
extorted or demanded does not exceed $1,000, the offender 
shall be imprisoned not more than one year. 
‘‘§ 146. Receiving the proceeds of extortion 
‘‘Whoever receives, possesses, conceals, or disposes of any 
money or other property which was obtained from the commis-
sion of any offense under this subchapter that is punishable by 
imprisonment for more than 1 year, knowing the same to have 
been unlawfully obtained, shall be imprisoned not more than 3 
years. 
‘‘SUBCHAPTER G—EXTORTIONATE CREDIT 
TRANSACTIONS 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘155.
Making extortionate extensions of credit. 
‘‘156.
Financing extortionate extensions of credit. 
‘‘157.
Collection of extensions of credit by extortionate means. 
‘‘158.
Effect on State laws. 
‘‘159.
Definitions and rules of construction. 
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‘‘§ 155. Making extortionate extensions of credit 
‘‘(a) OFFENSE.—Whoever makes any extortionate extension 
of credit shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years. 
‘‘(b) PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF EXTORTIONATE TRANS-
ACTION.—In any prosecution under this section, if it is shown 
that all of the following factors were present in connection with 
the extension of credit in question, there is prima facie evidence 
that the extension of credit was extortionate: 
‘‘(1) The repayment of the extension of credit, or the 
performance of any promise given in consideration thereof, 
would be unenforceable, through civil judicial processes 
against the debtor— 
‘‘(A) in the jurisdiction within which the debtor, if 
a natural person, resided; or 
‘‘(B) in every jurisdiction within which the debtor, if 
other than a natural person, was incorporated or quali-
fied to do business at the time the extension of credit 
was made. 
‘‘(2) The extension of credit was made at a rate of inter-
est in excess of an annual rate of 45 per centum calculated 
according to the actuarial method of allocating payments 
made on a debt between principal and interest, pursuant to 
which a payment is applied first to the accumulated inter-
est and the balance is applied to the unpaid principal. 
‘‘(3) At the time the extension of credit was made, the 
debtor reasonably believed that either— 
‘‘(A) one or more extensions of credit by the creditor 
had been collected or attempted to be collected by ex-
tortionate means, or the nonrepayment thereof had 
been punished by extortionate means; or 
‘‘(B) the creditor had a reputation for the use of ex-
tortionate means to collect extensions of credit or to 
punish the nonrepayment thereof. 
‘‘(4) Upon the making of the extension of credit, the 
total of the extensions of credit by the creditor to the debt-
or then outstanding, including any unpaid interest or simi-
lar charges, exceeded $100. 
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‘‘(c) REPUTATION EVIDENCE.—In any prosecution under 
this section, if evidence is introduced tending to show the exist-
ence of any of the circumstances described in subsection (b)(1) 
or (b)(2), and direct evidence of the actual belief of the debtor 
as to the creditor’s collection practices is not available, then for 
the purpose of showing the understanding of the debtor and the 
creditor at the time the extension of credit was made, the court 
may in its discretion allow evidence to be introduced tending 
to show the reputation as to collection practices of the creditor 
in any community of which the debtor was a member at the 
time of the extension. 
‘‘§ 156. Financing extortionate extensions of credit 
‘‘Whoever knowingly advances money or property, whether as 
a gift, as a loan, as an investment, pursuant to a partnership 
or profit-sharing agreement, or otherwise, to any person, with 
reason to believe that it is the intention of that person to use 
the money or property so advanced directly or indirectly for the 
purpose of making extortionate extensions of credit, shall be 
imprisoned not more than 20 years. 
‘‘§ 157. Collection of extensions of credit by extor-
tionate means 
‘‘Whoever knowingly uses any extortionate means— 
‘‘(1) to collect or attempt to collect any extension of 
credit; or 
‘‘(2) to punish any person for nonrepayment of an exten-
sion of credit; 
shall be imprisoned not more than 20 years. 
‘‘§ 158. Effect on State laws 
‘‘This subchapter does not preempt State law that would be 
permissible in the absence of this subchapter. 
‘‘§ 159. Definitions and rules of construction 
‘‘As used in this subchapter: 
‘‘(1) To extend credit means to make or renew any loan, 
or to enter into any agreement, tacit or express, whereby 
the repayment or satisfaction of any debt or claim, whether 
acknowledged or disputed, valid or invalid, and however 
arising, may or will be deferred. 
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‘‘(2) The term ‘creditor’, with reference to any given ex-
tension of credit, refers to any person making that exten-
sion of credit, or to any person claiming by, under, or 
through any person making that extension of credit. 
‘‘(3) The term ‘debtor’, with reference to any given ex-
tension of credit, refers to any person to whom that exten-
sion of credit is made, or to any person who guarantees the 
repayment of that extension of credit, or in any manner un-
dertakes to indemnify the creditor against loss resulting 
from the failure of any person to whom that extension of 
credit is made to repay the same. 
‘‘(4) The repayment of any extension of credit includes 
the repayment, satisfaction, or discharge in whole or in 
part of any debt or claim, acknowledged or disputed, valid 
or invalid, resulting from or in connection with that exten-
sion of credit. 
‘‘(5) To collect an extension of credit means to induce 
in any way any person to make repayment thereof. 
‘‘(6) An extortionate extension of credit is any extension 
of credit with respect to which it is the understanding of 
the creditor and the debtor at the time it is made that 
delay in making repayment or failure to make repayment 
could result in the use of violence or other criminal means 
to cause harm to the person, reputation, or property of any 
person. 
‘‘(7) An extortionate means is any means which involves 
the use, or an express or implicit threat of use, of violence 
or other criminal means to cause harm to the person, rep-
utation, or property of any person. 
‘‘(8) State law, including conflict of laws rules, governing 
the enforceability through civil judicial processes of repay-
ment of any extension of credit or the performance of any 
promise given in consideration thereof shall be judicially 
noticed. This paragraph does not impair any authority 
which any court would otherwise have to take judicial no-
tice of any matter of State law. 
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‘‘SUBCHAPTER H—DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 
‘‘Sec. 
‘‘161.
Interstate domestic violence; interstate stalking; interstate violations 
of custody orders. 
‘‘162.
Pretrial release of defendant. 
‘‘163.
Full faith and credit given to protection orders. 
‘‘164.
Definitions. 
‘‘165.
Repeat offenders. 
‘‘§ 161. Interstate domestic violence; interstate 
stalking; interstate violations of custody 
orders 
‘‘(a) OFFENSES.—Whoever— 
‘‘(1) travels in interstate or foreign commerce or enters 
or leaves Indian country or within the special maritime and 
territorial jurisdiction of the United States with the intent 
to kill, injure, harass, or intimidate a spouse, intimate part-
ner, or dating partner, and who, in the course of or as a 
result of such travel, commits or attempts to commit a 
crime of violence against that spouse, intimate partner, or 
dating partner; 
‘‘(2) causes a spouse, intimate partner, or dating partner 
to travel in interstate or foreign commerce or to enter or 
leave Indian country or within the special maritime and 
territorial jurisdiction of the United States by force, coer-
cion, duress, or fraud, and who, in the course of, as a re-
sult of, or to facilitate such conduct or travel, commits or 
attempts to commit a crime of violence against that spouse, 
intimate partner, or dating partner; 
‘‘(3) travels in interstate or foreign commerce or within 
the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the 
United States, or enters or leaves Indian country, with the 
intent to kill, injure, harass, or place under surveillance 
with intent to kill, injure, harass, or intimidate another 
person, and in the course of, or as a result of, such travel 
places that person in reasonable fear of the death of, or se-
rious bodily injury to, or causes substantial emotional dis-
tress to that person, a member of the immediate family (as 
defined in section 115) of that person, or the spouse or in-
timate partner of that person; or 
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‘‘(4) with the intent— 
‘‘(A) to kill, injure, harass, or place under surveil-
lance with intent to kill, injure, harass, or intimidate, 
or cause substantial emotional distress to a person in 
another State or tribal jurisdiction or within the special 
maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United 
States; or 
‘‘(B) to place a person in another State or tribal ju-
risdiction, or within the special maritime and territorial 
jurisdiction of the United States, in reasonable fear of 
the death of, or serious bodily injury to— 
‘‘(i) that person; 
‘‘(ii) a member of the immediate family (as de-
fined in section 115 of that person; or 
‘‘(iii) a spouse or intimate partner of that per-
son; 
uses the mail, any interactive computer service, or any fa-
cility of interstate or foreign commerce to engage in a 
course of conduct that causes substantial emotional distress 
to that person or places that person in reasonable fear of 
the death of, or serious bodily injury to, any of the persons 
described in clauses (i) through (iii) of subparagraph (B); 
‘‘(5) travels in interstate or foreign commerce, or enters 
or leaves Indian country, with the intent to engage in con-
duct that violates the portion of a protection order that 
prohibits or provides protection against violence, threats, or 
harassment against, contact or communication with, or 
physical proximity to, another person, or that would violate 
such a portion of a protection order in the jurisdiction in 
which the order was issued, and subsequently engages in 
such conduct; or 
‘‘(6) causes another person to travel in interstate or for-
eign commerce or to enter or leave Indian country by force, 
coercion, duress, or fraud, and in the course of, as a result 
of, or to facilitate such conduct or travel engages in con-
duct that violates the portion of a protection order that 
prohibits or provides protection against violence, threats, or 
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harassment against, contact or communication with, or 
physical proximity to, another person, or that would violate 
such a portion of a protection order in the jurisdiction in 
which the order was issued; 
shall be punished as provided in subsection (b). 
‘‘(b) PUNISHMENT.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Whoever violates subsection (a) shall 
be imprisoned— 
‘‘(A) for life or any term of years, if death of the vic-
tim results; 
‘‘(B) for not more than 20 years if permanent dis-
figurement or life threatening bodily injury to the vic-
tim results; 
‘‘(C) for not more than 10 years, if serious bodily in-
jury to the victim results or if the offender uses a dan-
gerous weapon during the offense; 
‘‘(D) as provided for the applicable conduct under 
subchapter A of chapter 13 if the offense would con-
stitute an offense under that subchapter (without re-
gard to whether the offense was committed in the spe-
cial maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United 
States or in a Federal prison); and 
‘‘(E) for not more than 5 years, in any other case. 
‘‘(2) SPECIAL RULE.—Whoever violates paragraph (3) or 
(4) of subsection (a) in violation of a temporary or perma-
nent civil or criminal injunction, restraining order, no-con-
tact order, or other order described in section 164 shall be 
punished by imprisonment for not less than 1 year. 
‘‘§ 162. Pretrial release of defendant 
‘‘In any proceeding pursuant to section 3142 for the purpose 
of determining whether a defendant charged under this sub-
chapter shall be released pending trial, or for the purpose of 
determining conditions of such release, the alleged victim shall 
be given an opportunity to be heard regarding the danger posed 
by the defendant. 
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‘‘§ 163. Full faith and credit given to protection or-
ders 
‘‘(a) FULL FAITH
AND CREDIT.—Any protection order 
issued that is consistent with subsection (b) of this section by 
the court of one State or Indian tribe (the issuing State or In-
dian tribe) shall be accorded full faith and credit by the court 
of another State or Indian tribe, (the enforcing State or Indian 
tribe) and enforced by the court and law enforcement personnel 
of the other State or Indian tribe as if it were the order of the 
enforcing State or Indian tribe. 
‘‘(b) PROTECTION ORDER.—A protection order issued by a 
State, tribal, or territorial court is consistent with this sub-
section if— 
‘‘(1) such court has jurisdiction over the parties and 
matter under the law of such State or Indian tribe; and 
‘‘(2) reasonable notice and opportunity to be heard is 
given to the person against whom the order is sought suffi-
cient to protect that person’s right to due process; and in 
the case of ex parte orders, notice and opportunity to be 
heard must be provided within the time required by State, 
tribal, or territorial law, and in any event within a reason-
able time after the order is issued, sufficient to protect the 
respondent’s due process rights. 
‘‘(c) CROSS
OR COUNTER PETITION.—A protection order 
issued by a State, tribal, or territorial court against one who 
has petitioned, filed a complaint, or otherwise filed a written 
pleading for protection against abuse by a spouse or intimate 
partner is not entitled to full faith and credit if— 
‘‘(1) no cross or counter petition, complaint, or other 
written pleading was filed seeking such a protection order; 
or 
‘‘(2) a cross or counter petition has been filed and the 
court did not make specific findings that each party was 
entitled to such an order. 
‘‘(d) NOTIFICATION AND REGISTRATION.— 
‘‘(1) NOTIFICATION.—A State or Indian tribe according 
full faith and credit to an order by a court of another State 
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