(iii) Thermochemical water splitting 
using low-emission power sources. 
(B) Production from biomass and organic 
carbon waste conversion, which may include 
biomass-derived liquid reformation and biomass 
gasification with a focus on the following: 
(i) Optimizing processes and address-
ing challenges related to different biomass 
feedstock characteristics, including biomass 
and waste blends. 
(ii) Improvement of energy conversion 
efficiency. 
(iii) Development and optimization of 
catalysts for given feedstocks. 
(C) Production from a direct hydrogen car-
rier, such as ammonia or methanol with carbon 
capture and sequestration, and liquid organic 
hydrogen carriers. 
(D) Biological hydrogen production, which 
may include the following: 
(i) Dark or photo-assisted fermenta-
tion. 
(ii) Microbial electrolysis. 
(iii) Bio- or bio-inspired photolysis. 
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(iv) Hybrid systems combining mul-
tiple bio- or bio-inspired processes. 
(E) Production from hydrocarbons to car-
bon-free hydrogen or to hydrogen with carbon 
capture and sequestration, which may include 
the following: 
(i) Development of nonprecious and 
nontoxic metal catalysts and electrodes. 
(ii) Development of effective reactor 
design. 
(iii) Use of heat from noncombustion 
source. 
(iv) Development of advanced mate-
rials of construction for improved reactor 
performance and lifetimes and reduced 
capital costs. 
(v) Reduction of water usage. 
(vi) Development of catalytic proc-
esses to convert natural gas to carbon-free 
hydrogen and solid carbon materials. 
(vii) Development of suitable treat-
ment of waste by-products. 
(F) Production of clean hydrogen at a 
place of consumption where demand from many 
use cases can be satisfied, including airports 
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supplying air-side aircraft, support vehicles, and 
ground-side services for hydrogen electric buses, 
trucks, and cars. 
(G) Production from nuclear power and 
heat, including from advanced nuclear reactors. 
(H) Production from renewable energy 
sources. 
(I) Production of hydrogen carriers. 
(J) Production from integrated energy sys-
tems (as such term is defined in section 1310 
of the Energy Independence and Security Act 
of 2007 (42 U.S.C. 17387)). 
(2) Hydrogen storage, including the following: 
(A) Gas compression and liquefaction, in-
cluding improving liquefaction efficiency. 
(B) Chemical storage, including the fol-
lowing: 
(i) Porous materials. 
(ii) Liquid hydrogen carriers, which 
may include the following: 
(I) Liquid organic hydrogen car-
riers with needed improvement of the 
chemistry of dehydrogenation through 
catalyst development. 
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(II) Liquid ammonia with needed 
improvement 
of 
the 
fundamental 
chemistry of dehydrogenation and hy-
drogen purity after dehydrogenation. 
(C) Diverse physical storage methodologies 
for hydrogen, including liquid hydrogen, hydro-
gen carriers, and hydrogen blends in the form 
of a solid, liquid, or gas, including distribution 
tanks, on site storage, storage onboard vehicles, 
and geologic storage. 
(D) Development of advanced storage ma-
terials and systems for large-scale hydrogen 
storage, including long-duration storage, with a 
focus on low-cost, ambient-temperature, and 
high-energy density materials and systems. 
(E) Assessment of regional geology, includ-
ing seismic assessments, infrastructure require-
ments, and materials of construction for the 
storage of hydrogen in geologic formations, in-
cluding salt domes, caverns, depleted oil gas 
reservoirs, aquifers, surface porous media, and 
natural gas storage sites. 
(F) Assessment of hydrogen and hydrogen 
blend storage processes, including physical, 
chemical, and biological processes within geo-
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logical formations, that could impact the lon-
gevity and reversibility of geologic storage. 
(G) Development of advanced tools and 
technologies to convert or transform natural gas 
geologic storage sites into hydrogen storage 
sites. 
(H) Metal hydride materials, such as mag-
nesium-containing systems with a focus on the 
following: 
(i) Improvement of kinetics of hydro-
gen uptake and release. 
(ii) Decreasing working temperatures, 
to ambient or near ambient conditions. 
(3) Hydrogen transportation, delivery, and fuel-
ing infrastructure, including the following: 
(A) Improvement in energy efficiency, 
maintenance of hydrogen purity, and minimiza-
tion of potential hydrogen leakage, including 
from hydrogen carriers. 
(B) Advancing a diverse range of distribu-
tion methods, including transmission by pipe-
line, transmission of liquid hydrogen carriers, 
and transmission of hydrogen blends. 
(C) Advancing the feasibility of retrofitting 
or the modification of existing energy infra-
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structure, including existing natural gas trans-
portation infrastructure, for the purpose of 
transportation and storage of significant quan-
tities of hydrogen and hydrogen blends. 
(D) Development and improvement of hy-
drogen and hydrogen fuel specific sensor tech-
nologies to detect and mitigate potential risks. 
(4) Clean hydrogen utilization, including the 
following: 
(A) Power generation utilization, including 
the retrofit or development of hydrogen fueled 
turbines, reversible fuel cells or hybrid cycle 
fuel cells, and hydrogen blends for power appli-
cations. 
(B) Energy storage, including the develop-
ment of long-term energy storage systems for 
grid, back-up power, microgrid and other appli-
cations. 
(C) Transportation fuel utilization. 
(D) Industrial utilization, including the 
utilization of hydrogen and hydrogen blends for 
diverse applications. 
(E) Agricultural utilization. 
(F) Other applications, as determined by 
the Secretary. 
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