I 
118TH CONGRESS 
2D SESSION H. R. 10471 
To support marine carbon dioxide removal activities, and for other purposes. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
DECEMBER 18, 2024 
Ms. BONAMICI (for herself, Mr. TONKO, and Mrs. GONZA´LEZ-COLO´N) intro-
duced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Science, 
Space, and Technology, and in addition to the Committee on Natural Re-
sources, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in 
each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdic-
tion of the committee concerned 
A BILL 
To support marine carbon dioxide removal activities, and 
for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
(a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 
‘‘Removing and Sequestering Carbon Unleashed in the 
Environment and Oceans Act’’ or the ‘‘ReSCUE Oceans 
Act’’. 
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for 
this Act is as follows: 
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Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 
Sec. 2. Definitions. 
Sec. 3. Purposes. 
Sec. 4. Rule of construction. 
Sec. 5. Research security. 
TITLE I—MATTERS RELATING TO THE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND 
ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION 
Sec. 101. Establishment of program for advancing marine carbon dioxide re-
moval. 
Sec. 102. Monitoring of marine carbon dioxide removal. 
Sec. 103. Research areas for marine carbon dioxide removal. 
Sec. 104. Interagency working group for marine carbon dioxide removal. 
Sec. 105. Biennial report on marine carbon dioxide removal. 
Sec. 106. Authorization of appropriations. 
TITLE II—MATTERS RELATING TO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE 
FOUNDATION 
Sec. 201. Researching marine carbon dioxide removal. 
Sec. 202. Authorization of appropriations. 
TITLE III—MATTERS RELATING TO THE NATIONAL 
AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION 
Sec. 301. Measuring marine carbon dioxide removal from space. 
Sec. 302. Authorization of appropriations. 
TITLE IV—MATTERS RELATING TO THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE 
OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY 
Sec. 401. Validating marine carbon dioxide removal. 
Sec. 402. Authorization of appropriations. 
SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 
In this Act: 
(1) CARBON
REMOVAL
CREDIT.—The term 
‘‘carbon removal credit’’ means 1 metric tonne of 
carbon dioxide or equivalent (tCOe) that— 
(A) is removed through marine carbon di-
oxide removal and durably stored; 
(B) is unique, registered, and validated; 
and 
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(C) may be traded on a voluntary carbon 
market and retired after purchase. 
(2) COASTAL
WATERS.—The term ‘‘coastal 
waters’’ has the meaning given that term in section 
304 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 
(16 U.S.C. 1453). 
(3) CONTIGUOUS ZONE.—The term ‘‘contiguous 
zone’’ has the meaning given that term in section 
502 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 
U.S.C. 1362). 
(4) EXCLUSIVE
ECONOMIC
ZONE.—The term 
‘‘exclusive economic zone’’ has the meaning given 
that term in section 3532 of the Maritime Security 
and Fisheries Enforcement Act (16 U.S.C. 8001). 
(5) INDIAN.—The term ‘‘Indian’’ has the mean-
ing given that term in section 6151 of the Elemen-
tary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 
U.S.C. 7491). 
(6) INDIAN TRIBAL GOVERNMENT.—The term 
‘‘Indian tribal government’’ means the recognized 
governing body of any Indian or Alaska Native tribe, 
band, nation, pueblo, village, community, component 
band, or component reservation, individually identi-
fied (including parenthetically) in the list published 
most recently as of the date of the enactment of this 
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Act pursuant to section 104 of the Federally Recog-
nized Indian Tribe List Act of 1994 (25 U.S.C. 
5131). 
(7) INTERAGENCY WORKING GROUP.—The term 
‘‘interagency working group’’ means the interagency 
working group established under section 104. 
(8) INTERNAL
WATERS.—The term ‘‘internal 
waters’’ means the waters shoreward of the baseline 
of the territorial seas, which is normally the mean 
low water line along the coast of the United States. 
(9) MARINE CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL.—The 
term ‘‘marine carbon dioxide removal’’ means an in-
tentional intervention in the marine environment 
that results in the net removal of carbon dioxide 
from the atmosphere as measured on a life-cycle 
basis, taking into account all greenhouse gasses 
measured in carbon dioxide equivalents. 
(10) NATIONAL
SEA
GRANT
COLLEGE
PRO-
GRAM.—The term ‘‘national sea grant college pro-
gram’’ means the program maintained under section 
204(a) of the National Sea Grant College Program 
Act (33 U.S.C. 1123(a)). 
(11) NATIVE AMERICAN INDIVIDUAL OR ENTI-
TY.—The term ‘‘Native American individual or enti-
ty’’ means— 
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(A) an Indian; 
(B) a Native Hawaiian; 
(C) a Tribal organization; 
(D) the Office of Hawaiian Affairs; or 
(E) a Native Hawaiian organization. 
(12) NATIVE
HAWAIIAN.—The term ‘‘Native 
Hawaiian’’ has the meaning given that term in sec-
tion 6207 of the Elementary and Secondary Edu-
cation Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 7517). 
(13) NATIVE
HAWAIIAN
ORGANIZATION.—The 
term ‘‘Native Hawaiian organization’’ means a pri-
vate nonprofit organization that— 
(A) serves and represents the interests of 
Native Hawaiians; 
(B) has as its primary and stated purpose 
the provision of services to Native Hawaiians; 
(C) has Native Hawaiians serving in sub-
stantive policymaking positions; and 
(D) is recognized for having expertise in 
Native Hawaiian affairs. 
(14) OFFICE
OF
HAWAIIAN
AFFAIRS.—The 
term ‘‘Office of Hawaiian Affairs’’ has the meaning 
given that term in section 6207 of the Elementary 
and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 
7517). 
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(15) PROGRAM.—The term ‘‘Program’’ means 
the program established and maintained under sec-
tion 101. 
(16) PROTOCOL.—The term ‘‘protocol’’ means a 
systematic approach for generating a carbon removal 
credit that follows a transparent and thorough 
science-based methodology— 
(A) for the development of projects to re-
move greenhouse gas emissions or sequester 
carbon; and 
(B) for demonstrating how to measure, 
monitor, report, and verify the removal of 
greenhouse gas emissions or carbon sequestra-
tion by projects described in subparagraph (A). 
(17) 
RELEVANT
CONGRESSIONAL
COMMIT-
TEES.—The term ‘‘relevant congressional commit-
tees’’ means— 
(A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, 
and Transportation of the Senate; 
(B) the Committee on Natural Resources 
of the House of Representatives; and 
(C) the Committee on Science, Space, and 
Technology of the House of Representatives. 
(18) 
SECRETARY.—The 
term 
‘‘Secretary’’ 
means the Secretary of Commerce. 
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(19) STANDARD.—The term ‘‘standard’’ means 
a broad principle or set of criteria established to en-
sure the credibility and integrity of a carbon removal 
credit or marine carbon dioxide removal by providing 
guidance on measurement, monitoring, reporting, 
and verification of greenhouse gas removals. 
(20) STATE.—The term ‘‘State’’ means any of 
the several States of the United States, the District 
of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the 
United States Virgin Islands, American Samoa, 
Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mar-
iana Islands. 
(21) TERRITORIAL
SEAS.—The term ‘‘terri-
torial seas’’ has the meaning given that term in sec-
tion 502 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act 
(33 U.S.C. 1362). 
(22) TRIBAL ORGANIZATION.—The term ‘‘Trib-
al organization’’ has the meaning given that term in 
section 4 of the Indian Self-Determination and Edu-
cation Assistance Act (25 U.S.C. 5304). 
(23) VOLUNTARY CARBON MARKET .—The term 
‘‘voluntary carbon market’’ means a voluntary mar-
ket through which carbon removal credits may be 
bought or sold. 
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SEC. 3. PURPOSES. 
The purposes of this Act are— 
(1) to support research, development, and field 
trials of safe and responsible marine carbon dioxide 
removal; 
(2) to ensure robust monitoring and protection 
of coastal and marine ecosystems; and 
(3) to coordinate Federal actions on marine 
carbon dioxide removal. 
SEC. 4. RULE OF CONSTRUCTION. 
Nothing in this Act shall be construed in derogation 
of applicable law regulating or restricting the use of the 
contiguous zone, the territorial seas, the exclusive eco-
nomic zone of the United States, or coastal waters other 
than internal waters. 
SEC. 5. RESEARCH SECURITY. 
The activities authorized under this Act shall be car-
ried out in a manner consistent with subtitle D of title 
VI of the Research and Development, Competition, and 
Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.). 
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TITLE 
I—MATTERS 
RELATING 
TO THE NATIONAL OCEANIC 
AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINIS-
TRATION 
SEC. 101. ESTABLISHMENT OF PROGRAM FOR ADVANCING 
MARINE CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, through the Na-
tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and in 
consultation with the interagency working group, shall es-
tablish, not later than 90 days after the date of the enact-
ment of this Act, and maintain a program to support and 
conduct activities to advance the science and under-
standing of marine carbon dioxide removal consistent with 
the objectives and focal areas described in subsection (b). 
(b) OBJECTIVES AND FOCAL AREAS.— 
(1) OBJECTIVES.—In carrying out the Pro-
gram, the Secretary shall seek to— 
(A) generate, through research, develop-
ment, and field trials, the necessary knowledge, 
theoretical basis, and empirical evidence to 
evaluate— 
(i) the efficacy of marine carbon diox-
ide removal, including measurability, dura-
bility, magnitude, and additionality; 
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(ii) environmental and ecosystem re-
sponses to marine carbon dioxide removal; 
and 
(iii) the social and economic impacts, 
including on public health and safety, of 
marine carbon dioxide removal to adjacent 
and associated coastal communities; and 
(B) apply the knowledge described in sub-
paragraph (A) to— 
(i) develop best practices for how ma-
rine carbon dioxide removal efficacy is 
measured, 
monitored, 
reported, 
and 
verified; 
(ii) establish a methodology for defin-
ing actionable thresholds of environmental 
and ecosystem impacts for the deployment 
of marine carbon dioxide removal; 
(iii) evaluate and recommend marine 
carbon dioxide removal approaches that 
could be safe and effective for larger-scale 
deployment for climate mitigation, consid-
ering potential positive and negative cli-
mate, environmental, and social outcomes; 
(iv) evaluate the sustainability of ma-
rine carbon dioxide removal approaches, in-
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cluding resource requirements, life-cycle ef-
ficiency of net carbon removal on a carbon 
dioxide equivalent basis, scalability, and 
potential for cost reductions; 
(v) analyze viable commercialization 
pathways and requisite enabling conditions 
for safe and effective marine carbon diox-
ide removal; and 
(vi) as necessary or appropriate, sup-
port the implementation of this Act. 
(2) FOCAL AREAS.—In carrying out the Pro-
gram, the Secretary shall support and conduct ac-
tivities to advance the science and understanding 
of— 
(A) ocean alkalinity enhancement; 
(B) 
electrochemical 
engineering 
ap-
proaches; 
(C) macroalgae cultivation; 
(D) nutrient fertilization; 
(E) artificial upwelling and downwelling; 
(F) coastal marine ecosystems as a natural 
climate solution; and 
(G) other marine carbon dioxide removal 
approaches as the Secretary considers appro-
priate. 
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(c) GRANTS.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—In carrying out the Pro-
gram, the Secretary shall award grants, on a com-
petitive basis, to fund research in accordance with 
the objectives described in subsection (b)(1) and the 
Federal research plan described in section 104. 
(2) CODE OF CONDUCT.—The Secretary shall 
require grantees under this subsection conducting 
activities in the field to abide by the code of conduct 
established under section 104. 
(3) FUNDING
FOR
ENGAGEMENT
AND
CON-
SULTATION.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in 
subparagraph (B), not more than 15 percent of 
the value of any grant awarded under this sub-
section may be expended in support of engage-
ment and consultation activities. 
(B) EXCEPTION.—The limitation described 
in subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any 
grant awarded for a proposal the primary focus 
of which is the study of outreach, engagement, 
or social science. 
(d) ADDITIONAL AUTHORITY.—The Secretary may 
enter into contracts, public-private partnerships, coopera-
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tive agreements, or other financial agreements in further-
ance of this Act. 
(e) DATA MANAGEMENT.— 
(1) STRATEGIES.—The Secretary, in coopera-
tion with such partners as the Secretary considers 
relevant, shall develop and implement data manage-
ment strategies to ensure all non-proprietary data 
collected pursuant to this Act are— 
(A) properly stewarded for the long-term; 
and 
(B) findable, accessible, interoperable, and 
reusable. 
(2) IMPLEMENTATION; 
PRESERVATION
AND 
CURATION.—The Secretary shall— 
(A) ensure management of data collected 
under this Act is implemented in accordance 
with— 
(i) chapter 35 of title 44, United 
States Code; and 
(ii) the Foundations for Evidence- 
Based Policymaking Act of 2018 (Public 
Law 115–435; 132 Stat. 5529) and the 
amendments made by that Act; and 
(B) preserve and curate such data in ac-
cordance with chapter 31 of title 44, United 
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States Code (commonly known as the ‘‘Federal 
Records Act of 1950’’), in order to maximize 
use of such data. 
(f) INTERNATIONAL COORDINATION.—In carrying 
out this section, the Secretary shall coordinate with the 
Secretary of State and appropriate international entities. 
SEC. 102. MONITORING OF MARINE CARBON DIOXIDE RE-
MOVAL. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—For field activities conducted as 
part of the Program, the Secretary shall, as practicable, 
provide or otherwise develop the instrumentation, infra-
structure, and personnel for efficient and rigorous moni-
toring to— 
(1) understand and minimize negative eco-
system, community, and economic impacts related to 
marine carbon dioxide removal; and 
(2) maximize co-benefits of marine carbon diox-
ide removal for communities and ecosystems. 
(b) MONITORING GOALS.—In carrying out subsection 
(a), the Secretary shall— 
(1) use monitoring assets to achieve the objec-
tives described in section 101(b)(1); 
(2) support compliance with applicable environ-
mental law; 
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(3) support rigorous, science-based approaches 
for the research, development, and trialing of tech-
nologies for marine carbon dioxide removal; 
(4) develop and improve technologies for moni-
toring, modeling, analyzing, remediating, or miti-
gating impacts from marine carbon dioxide removal; 
(5) study ecosystem responses to marine carbon 
dioxide removal technology; and 
(6) collect data to inform the development of 
uniform standards and protocols for marine carbon 
dioxide removal, including— 
(A) the amount of carbon dioxide removed 
from the ocean and the atmosphere attributable 
to marine carbon dioxide removal; 
(B) the duration of carbon sequestration 
and risk of reversal of sequestration, as applica-
ble; 
(C) for marine carbon dioxide removal 
technologies that rely on an energy source, the 
amount of energy consumed by the technology; 
and 
(D) other metrics the Secretary considers 
necessary or advisable. 
(c) TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE.—To support the devel-
opment of reliable, fair, and efficient voluntary carbon 
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markets and best practices, the Secretary, in consultation 
with the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of 
Energy, may provide technical assistance to promote con-
sistency, reliability, effectiveness, efficiency, and trans-
parency, including through protocol documents and details 
relating to— 
(1) calculations; 
(2) sampling methodologies; 
(3) accounting principles; 
(4) systems for measurement, monitoring, re-
porting, and verification; and 
(5) methods to account for additionality, dura-
bility and duration of carbon storage, leakage, and, 
as appropriate, avoidance of double counting. 
(d) PUBLIC-PRIVATE-ACADEMIC PARTNERSHIPS.— 
The Secretary may examine and develop models for public- 
private-academic partnerships to efficiently monitor ma-
rine carbon dioxide removal, including with respect to— 
(1) data sharing and standardization; 
(2) cost sharing; 
(3) in-kind contributions; and 
(4) contracts and grants for third-party moni-
toring activities. 
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(e) CONTRACTS.—In carrying out this section, the 
Secretary may enter into contracts the Secretary considers 
necessary or advisable. 
(f) UNLIMITED RIGHT DATA.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—Subject to contracts pro-
tecting confidential proprietary data, the Secretary 
shall make monitoring data collected, and protocols 
created, under this section available to the public at 
no-cost and with no restrictions on copying, pub-
lishing, distributing, citing, adapting, or otherwise 
using such data or protocols. 
(2) LIMITATION.—The Secretary may enter 
into cooperative research and development agree-
ments that restrict data sharing and ensure protec-
tion of intellectual property for such users of re-
search areas designated or established under section 
103 as the Secretary considers appropriate. 
SEC. 103. RESEARCH AREAS FOR MARINE CARBON DIOXIDE 
REMOVAL. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out the Program, the 
Secretary may— 
(1) designate federally administered oceanic, 
coastal, estuarine, riverine, or terrestrial areas for 
research related to one or more marine carbon diox-
ide removal approaches; or 
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(2) award grants to eligible entities to establish 
such areas for such research. 
(b) PURPOSE.—The purpose of the research areas 
designated or established under this section shall be to en-
able— 
(1) the basic and applied science needed to 
achieve the objectives described in section 101(b)(1), 
including through— 
(A) bench-scale, mesocosm, and wet lab ex-
periments; and 
(B) field trials, other field research, and 
demonstration projects; 
(2) coordinated permitting and compliance with 
applicable environmental law, engagement and con-
sultation with relevant stakeholders, and risk mitiga-
tion; 
(3) sensing networks that can reliably return 
accurate observations across a wide field of variables 
in support of the monitoring goals set forth in sec-
tion 102(b); 
(4) a community of practice among Federal and 
non-Federal researchers, entrepreneurs, and other 
stakeholders; 
(5) the incubation or acceleration of businesses 
that can safely deploy— 
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(A) marine carbon dioxide removal; or 
(B) technologies to measure, monitor, re-
port, or verify approaches; and 
(6) long-term community engagement and par-
ticipation in marine carbon dioxide removal activi-
ties. 
(c) INVENTORY.—Not later than 180 days after the 
date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall— 
(1) conduct an inventory of existing Federal fa-
cilities and oceanic, coastal, estuarine, riverine, or 
terrestrial areas that may be suitable for designation 
as federally administered research areas under this 
section; 
(2) submit the inventory to the interagency 
working group for review; 
(3) following submittal of the inventory under 
paragraph (2), publish the inventory to the Federal 
Register for public comment; and 
(4) use such public comments to inform the se-
lection of research areas. 
(d) GRANTS.— 
(1) ELIGIBLE
ENTITIES.—For purposes of 
grants under this section, an eligible entity is any of 
the following: 
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(A) A National Laboratory (as defined in 
section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 
U.S.C. 15801)). 
(B) An institution of higher education (as 
defined in section 101 of the Higher Education 
Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001)). 
(C) A State, local, or Indian tribal govern-
ment. 
(D) Any other private or public entity. 
(E) A consortium of entities described in 
any of subparagraphs (A) through (D). 
(2) APPLICATIONS.—An eligible entity seeking 
a grant under this section shall submit to the Sec-
retary an application at such time, in such manner, 
and containing such information as the Secretary 
may require. 
(3) PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT.—In award-
ing grants under this section, the Secretary shall 
seek to leverage private sector investment, to the ex-
tent possible. 
(e) SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall assess 
the suitability of each research area under consider-
ation for designation or establishment under this 
section. 
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(2) DATA; TOOLS; CONSIDERATIONS.—In car-
rying out paragraph (1), the Secretary— 
(A) shall use relevant scientific, social, and 
economic data, including baseline environmental 
data and any assessments of baseline environ-
mental data; and 
(B) may— 
(i) develop and employ marine spatial 
planning tools; and 
(ii) consider non-contiguous areas that 
are proximate to one another and con-
nected by ecological or oceanographic fac-
tors. 
(3) FACTORS.—In carrying out paragraph (1), 
the Secretary may assess the following: 
(A) Matters relating to oceanographic and 
ecological characteristics, including— 
(i) proximity and access to geologic 
storage formations; 
(ii) impacts to coastal and marine eco-
systems, biodiversity, protected species, 
and the habitat of such species; 
(iii) proximity and impacts to existing 
protected areas, such as marine monu-
ments and sanctuaries; and 
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(iv) bathymetry, ocean circulation, 
and carbon chemistry baselines. 
(B) Matters relating to human uses and 
communities, including— 
(i) current and possible future human 
uses of the research area and the areas in 
reasonable proximity to the research area; 
(ii) availability of existing sensor net-
works, 
technology, 
infrastructure, 
and 
land-based facilities; 
(iii) where appropriate, potential co-
location with existing infrastructure such 
as desalination plants, ships, moorings, 
and renewable energy; and 
(iv) 
potential 
socioeconomic 
or 
sociocultural impacts on adjacent coastal 
communities, including Native American 
individuals or entities. 
(C) Potential downstream impacts beyond 
the research area. 
(D) Such other factors as the Secretary 
considers appropriate, in consultation with— 
(i) States or Indian tribal govern-
ments that are in reasonable proximity to 
the research area; or 
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(ii) the interagency working group. 
(f) TERMS AND CONDITIONS.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—For each research area des-
ignated or established under this section, and sub-
ject to subsection (i), the Secretary shall develop 
terms and conditions by which all users of the re-
search area shall abide. 
(2) ELEMENTS.—At a minimum, the terms and 
conditions developed under this subsection shall in-
clude— 
(A) a requirement for any user of the re-
search area to abide by the code of conduct es-
tablished under section 104; 
(B) stewardship, management, and con-
servation measures that incorporate local and 
traditional knowledge, to the greatest extent 
practicable; 
(C) a requirement for the user to develop 
and follow a plan to— 
(i) mitigate risks and conflicts regard-
ing local ecological conditions, biological 
sensitivities, protected resources, and com-
mercial and human uses; 
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(ii) monitor ecosystem responses with-
in, and in reasonable proximity to, the re-
search area; 
(iii) address potential environmental 
degradation resulting from activities at the 
research area; and 
(iv) following the expiration of a re-
search area, remove— 
(I) 
the 
user’s 
fixtures, 
fur-
nishings, equipment; and 
(II) any improvements made to 
the research area; 
(D) clear, objective thresholds of environ-
mental harm that require the immediate ces-
sation of a user’s activities at the research area; 
(E) the user’s consent for— 
(i) remote monitoring of the user’s ac-
tivities and the impacts of those activities 
on the environment; and 
(ii) regular and unannounced inspec-
tions of the user’s activities by the advisory 
board for the research area appointed 
under subsection (j); 
(F) a requirement that the user will com-
ply with all applicable law and policies; and 
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(G) additional terms and conditions as the 
Secretary considers necessary or appropriate in 
furtherance of this Act. 
(g) DURATION.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—The duration of research 
areas designated or established under this section 
shall be determined as provided in this subsection. 
(2) RESEARCH
AREAS
ADMINISTERED
BY
A 
FEDERAL AGENCY.— 
(A) REASSESSMENT.—Not less frequently 
than once every 5 years, the Secretary shall re-
assess each research area administered by a 
Federal agency to ensure that the research area 
advances the purpose set forth in subsection 
(b), the research area is suitable under sub-
section (e), and users of the research area are 
in compliance with applicable terms and condi-
tions developed under subsection (f). 
(B) TERMINATION
OF
ACTIVITIES.—If, 
pursuant to a reassessment carried out with re-
spect to a research area under subparagraph 
(A), the Secretary finds that the research area 
does not advance the purpose set forth in sub-
section (b), the research area is not suitable 
under subsection (e), or users of the research 
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area are noncompliant with applicable terms 
and conditions developed under subsection (f), 
the Federal agency administering the research 
area shall— 
(i) terminate activities at the research 
area; and 
(ii)(I) close down operations at the re-
search area pursuant to applicable terms 
and conditions; or 
(II) remediate the research area to 
comport with subsections (b), (e), and (f). 
(3) RESEARCH
AREAS
ADMINISTERED
BY
AN 
ELIGIBLE ENTITY.— 
(A) INITIAL
PERIOD.—An eligible entity 
administering a research area under this Act 
may carry out activities at the research area for 
an initial period of 5 years. 
(B) REASSESSMENT.—Before the conclu-
sion of an initial period for a research area de-
scribed in subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall 
reassess the research area to ensure that the re-
search area advances the purpose set forth in 
subsection (b), the research area is suitable 
under subsection (e), and users of the research 
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are in compliance with applicable terms and 
conditions developed under subsection (f). 
(C) ADDITIONAL PERIOD.—If, pursuant to 
a reassessment carried out with respect to a re-
search area under subparagraph (B), the Sec-
retary finds that the research area advances the 
purpose set forth in subsection (b), the research 
area is suitable under subsection (e), and users 
of the research area are in compliance with ap-
plicable terms and conditions developed under 
subsection (f), the Secretary may authorize the 
eligible entity administering the research area 
to carry out activities at the research area for 
a single, additional period of 5 years. 
(D) TERMINATION
OF
ACTIVITIES.—If, 
pursuant to a reassessment carried out with re-
spect to a research area under subparagraph 
(B), the Secretary finds that the research area 
does not advance the purpose set forth in sub-
section (b), the research area is not suitable 
under subsection (e), or users of the research 
area are noncompliant with applicable terms 
and conditions developed under subsection (f), 
the eligible entity administering the research 
area shall— 
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(i) terminate activities at the research 
area; and 
(ii)(I) close down operations at the re-
search area pursuant to applicable terms 
and conditions; or 
(II) remediate the research area to 
comport with subsections (b), (e), and (f). 
(E) 
REESTABLISHMENT.—In 
order 
to 
allow for continuity of operations, not later 
than 1 year prior to the conclusion of an addi-
tional 5-year period for a research area author-
ized under subparagraph (C), the eligible entity 
administering the research area may reapply for 
the establishment of the research area under 
this section. 
(h) COMMUNITY BENEFITS.—For each research area 
designated or established under this section, and subject 
to subsection (i), the Secretary shall develop, to the extent 
possible, opportunities to deliver benefits to communities 
with interest in the research area, such as— 
(1) community benefit agreements; 
(2) workforce development opportunities; 
(3) mitigation measures; 
(4) public education efforts; and 
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(5) other socioeconomic or educational benefit 
schemes. 
(i) ENGAGEMENT
OR CONSULTATION; PARTNER-
SHIPS.—In carrying out subsections (f) and (h), the Sec-
retary— 
(1) shall engage or consult, as appropriate, re-
garding the terms and conditions and community 
benefits described in such subsections with— 
(A) State, local, and Indian tribal govern-
ments with jurisdiction over any part of the re-
search area; 
(B) members of communities proximate to 
the research area, including relevant rec-
reational and commercial users, academic insti-
tutions, Native American individuals or entities, 
and nongovernmental organizations; and 
(C) other stakeholders as the Secretary 
considers necessary to ensure full and fair en-
gagement with potentially impacted community 
members; and 
(2) may leverage existing partnerships and as-
sets to support meaningful public participation, in-
cluding— 
(A) the national sea grant college program; 
(B) Regional Ocean Partnerships; and 
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(C) the Regional Collaboration Network. 
(j) ADVISORY BOARDS.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in para-
graph (3), the Secretary shall appoint an advisory 
board to support oversight of each research area 
designated or established under this section, con-
sisting of— 
(A) one or more representatives of each 
Federal agency participating in activities at the 
research area; 
(B) one or more representatives of each 
State, county, or Indian tribal government adja-
cent to the research area; 
(C) one or more members from each com-
munity adjacent to the research area; 
(D) one or more representatives of the 
users of the research area; and 
(E) additional members as the Secretary 
considers appropriate. 
(2) DUTIES.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—A board appointed 
under this subsection shall— 
(i) monitor the delivery of community 
benefits, compliance with the applicable 
terms and conditions, and, as necessary or 
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advisable, inspections of activities at the 
research area; 
(ii) meet regularly with the Secretary 
to provide advice and guidance for the 
management, conservation, and steward-
ship of the research area; 
(iii) provide advice and recommenda-
tions to the Secretary on whether a pro-
posed use or user of the research area 
should be allowed; and 
(iv) take other actions to support the 
safe, effective, orderly, and lawful oper-
ation of the research area at the discretion 
of the Secretary. 
(B) ADDITIONAL DUTIES.—Upon the re-
quest of a board appointed under this sub-
section, the Secretary may assign additional du-
ties to the board as the Secretary considers ap-
propriate. 
(3) SPECIAL RULE FOR REGIONAL OCEAN PART-
NERSHIPS.—At the discretion of the Secretary or 
upon the request of a State, local, or Indian tribal 
government, the Secretary may request that the Re-
gional Ocean Partnership in which the research area 
is located carry out the duties described in para-
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graph (2) instead of appointing a board as provided 
in paragraph (1). 
SEC. 104. INTERAGENCY WORKING GROUP FOR MARINE 
CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—There is established an inter-
agency working group for marine carbon dioxide removal 
under the Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Tech-
nology of the National Science and Technology Council. 
(b) MEMBERSHIP.—The interagency working group 
shall be composed of one or more representatives from 
each of the following: 
(1) The Army Corps of Engineers. 
(2) The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad-
ministration. 
(3) The National Institute of Standards and 
Technology. 
(4) The Department of Energy. 
(5) The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. 
(6) The Bureau of Safety and Environmental 
Enforcement. 
(7) The United States Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice. 
(8) The United States Geological Survey. 
(9) The Department of State. 
(10) The Environmental Protection Agency. 
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(11) The National Aeronautics and Space Ad-
ministration. 
(12) The National Science Foundation. 
(13) The Smithsonian Institution. 
(14) The Office of Naval Research. 
(15) The Department of the Navy. 
(16) The Coast Guard. 
(17) The Department of Agriculture. 
(18) The Council on Environmental Quality. 
(19) The Office of Science and Technology Pol-
icy. 
(c) CO-CHAIRS.—One or more representatives from 
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 
and one or more representatives from the Department of 
Energy shall serve as co-chairs of the interagency working 
group. 
(d) MEETINGS.—The interagency working group 
shall meet not less frequently than once each year, at the 
call of the co-chairs. 
(e) DUTIES.—The interagency working group shall— 
(1) not later than 90 days after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, establish a plan to coordinate 
Federal research on marine carbon dioxide removal 
in accordance with subsection (f); 
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(2) not later than 1 year after the date of the 
enactment of this Act— 
(A) establish a code of conduct in accord-
ance with subsection (g); and 
(B) standardize the implementation of that 
code of conduct; 
(3) coordinate efforts among Federal agencies 
to support compliance with existing law; 
(4) support research and development of safe 
and effective marine carbon dioxide removal; 
(5) coordinate Federal funding opportunities in 
a manner that avoids duplication of funding and re-
search efforts and maximizes funding for marine 
carbon dioxide removal; 
(6) as appropriate, provide recommendations 
to— 
(A) support the transition from research to 
operations of safe and effective marine carbon 
dioxide removal; and 
(B) integrate marine carbon dioxide re-
moval into voluntary carbon markets; 
(7) publish and submit the biennial report re-
quired by section 105; 
(8) not later than 90 days after the date on 
which the interagency working group receives the in-
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ventory submitted under section 103(c), review the 
inventory and provide recommendations to the Sec-
retary for the selection of research areas; 
(9) ensure the public availability of and public 
access to the results of marine carbon dioxide re-
moval research in accordance with subsection (h); 
and 
(10) take other actions, as the interagency 
working group considers necessary, to coordinate 
Federal support for safe and effective marine carbon 
dioxide removal. 
(f) FEDERAL RESEARCH PLAN.— 
(1) ADOPTION OF EXISTING PLANS.—In car-
rying out subsection (e)(1), the interagency working 
group may adopt one or more research plans pre-
pared by agencies represented on the interagency 
working group or through other interagency efforts. 
(2) UPDATES.—Not later than 5 years after the 
date on which the plan described in subsection (e)(1) 
is established, and every 5 years thereafter, the 
interagency working group shall update the plan. 
(3) REQUIREMENTS.—The plan described in 
subsection (e)(1) shall— 
(A) prioritize public engagement and eco-
system impacts; and 
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(B) further the objectives and focal areas 
described in section 101(b). 
(g) CODE OF CONDUCT.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—The interagency working 
group shall, after publication and an opportunity for 
public comment in the Federal Register, establish a 
code of conduct for research relating to marine car-
bon dioxide removal (in this subsection referred to 
as the ‘‘code of conduct’’). 
(2) ADOPTION
BY
AGENCIES.—The agencies 
represented on the interagency working group shall 
adopt the code of conduct. 
(3) APPLICABILITY.—Each grantee under this 
Act conducting activities in the field and each user 
of a research area designated or established under 
section 103 shall abide by the code of conduct. 
(4) MINIMUM SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS.— 
The code of conduct shall, at minimum, require— 
(A) open access to research data, findings, 
codes of conduct, mitigation plans, and sci-
entific publications arising from the research; 
(B) that open-water testing is preceded 
and informed by laboratory, mesocosm, and 
modeling research; 
(C) public disclosure of funding sources; 
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(D) educational materials and community 
learning opportunities to increase awareness 
and literacy of proposed research activities, 
findings, risks, uncertainties, potential benefits, 
and the distribution of anticipated benefits and 
harms; 
(E) opportunities for interested stake-
holders to provide input on research design; 
(F) where applicable, solicitation and in-
corporation of local and traditional knowledge 
into research design and decisions; 
(G) reasonable efforts to deconflict re-
search with existing commercial and human 
uses; 
(H) for each experiment, a mitigation plan 
that describes— 
(i) potential ecosystem responses; 
(ii) potential social outcomes, includ-
ing to health and safety; 
(iii) any measures taken to minimize 
harm; and 
(iv) liability and guidelines for remedi-
ation of adverse impacts, including envi-
ronmental degradation, resulting from re-
search; 
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(I) compliance with all applicable domestic 
and international laws and policies; and 
(J) other requirements or best practices, as 
the interagency working group determines nec-
essary, to assess and communicate positive and 
negative social and environmental impacts and 
uncertainties. 
(5) MINIMUM ENGAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS.— 
In fulfilling the requirements described in paragraph 
(4), grantees and users described in paragraph (3) 
shall maximize participation of and consultation 
with, at minimum— 
(A) State, local, and Indian tribal govern-
ments with jurisdiction over any part of the 
area in which field research relating to marine 
carbon dioxide removal is conducted; 
(B) members of communities proximate to 
the area, including relevant recreational and 
commercial users, academic institutions, Native 
American individuals or entities, and non-
governmental organizations; and 
(C) other stakeholders as the head of the 
Federal agency providing resources for the 
grantee or user considers necessary to ensure 
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full and fair engagement with potentially im-
pacted community members. 
(6) UPDATES.—Not less frequently than once 
each year for the first 5 years following the date of 
the enactment of this Act, and once every 5 years 
thereafter, the interagency working group shall re-
view, and, as appropriate update, the code of con-
duct to ensure that it remains timely and relevant. 
(h) PUBLIC AVAILABILITY AND ACCESS.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—Subject to contracts pro-
tecting confidential proprietary data, the interagency 
working group may make research papers and other 
results generated under this Act available to the 
public at no-cost and with no restrictions on copy-
ing, publishing, distributing, citing, adapting, or oth-
erwise using such papers or results. 
(2) PORTAL.—Not later than 1 year after the 
date of the enactment of this Act, the interagency 
working group shall establish a new portal or des-
ignate an existing information portal to ensure, 
while protecting sensitive proprietary information, 
that data and information on marine carbon dioxide 
removal generated under this Act, or by other Fed-
eral programs and relevant stakeholders, is easily, 
digitally accessible, including information that would 
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be useful to policymakers, researchers, and other 
stakeholders for advancing research or evaluating 
the deployment of marine carbon dioxide removal. 
(i) MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT.—Not later than 
90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the 
members of the interagency working group shall enter into 
a memorandum of agreement to implement this Act. 
SEC. 105. BIENNIAL REPORT ON MARINE CARBON DIOXIDE 
REMOVAL. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 2 years after the 
date of the enactment of this Act, and not less frequently 
than once every 2 years thereafter, the interagency work-
ing group shall— 
(1) publish a report on marine carbon dioxide 
removal carried out pursuant to this Act, in accord-
ance with subsection (c); and 
(2) submit the report to the relevant congres-
sional committees. 
(b) ELEMENTS.—Each report required by subsection 
(a) shall include, for the period covered by the report, the 
following: 
(1) A description of progress made toward the 
objectives described in section 101(b)(1), including— 
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(A) findings generated under subparagraph 
(A) of such section and the information on 
which those findings are based; and 
(B) efforts and outcomes related to sub-
paragraph (B) of such section. 
(2) A summary of the activities conducted at all 
research areas designated or established under sec-
tion 103, including— 
(A) the number of entities and personnel 
using each research area for marine carbon di-
oxide removal; and 
(B) the specific marine carbon dioxide re-
moval approaches studied or deployed. 
(3) A summary of key findings from data col-
lection and monitoring, including— 
(A) the amount of carbon dioxide removed 
from the ocean and the atmosphere, as meas-
ured on a life-cycle basis, by each removal tech-
nology; 
(B) whether a particular removal tech-
nology results in net removals of greenhouse 
gasses from the atmosphere over its life cycle, 
and the duration of sequestration, as applicable; 
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(C) for removal technologies that rely on 
an energy source, the amount of energy con-
sumed by the technology; and 
(D) any other metrics the interagency 
working group considers necessary or advisable. 
(4) A summary of research findings, knowledge 
gaps, and future research priorities. 
(5) An assessment of the permitting regime 
regulating marine carbon dioxide removal that in-
cludes recommendations for improved efficiency or 
coordination, as applicable. 
(6) An identification of barriers in resources, 
capacity, technology, infrastructure, or expertise to 
advancing the science and application of marine car-
bon dioxide removal. 
(7) Strategic updates to the objectives described 
in section 101(b)(1). 
(8) Any additional matters the interagency 
working group considers relevant. 
(c) PUBLIC AVAILABILITY.—The interagency work-
ing group shall— 
(1) publish each report required by subsection 
(a) on a publicly accessible website; and 
(2) make each such report available to the pub-
lic at no-cost and with no restrictions on copying, 
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publishing, distributing, citing, adapting, or other-
wise using the report. 
SEC. 106. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 
There are authorized to be appropriated to the Under 
Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere to 
carry out this title— 
(1) $264,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 
(2) $263,200,000 for fiscal year 2026; 
(3) $256,400,000 for fiscal year 2027; 
(4) $256,200,000 for fiscal year 2028; 
(5) $244,400,000 for fiscal year 2029; 
(6) $149,200,000 for fiscal year 2030; 
(7) $149,200,000 for fiscal year 2031; 
(8) $149,200,000 for fiscal year 2032; 
(9) $149,200,000 for fiscal year 2033; and 
(10) $149,200,000 for fiscal year 2034. 
TITLE II—MATTERS RELATING 
TO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE 
FOUNDATION 
SEC. 201. RESEARCHING MARINE CARBON DIOXIDE RE-
MOVAL. 
(a) RESEARCH.—The Director of the National 
Science Foundation shall award grants to support the 
Federal research plan described in section 104, including 
research related to— 
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(1) the efficacy of marine carbon dioxide re-
moval, including measurability, magnitude of green-
house gas removal, durability, and additionality; 
(2) ecosystem responses to and social dimen-
sions of marine carbon dioxide removal; 
(3) tools and technologies to support under-
standing and measurement of the efficacy and envi-
ronmental impacts of marine carbon dioxide re-
moval; and 
(4) other relevant research areas, as determined 
by the Director of the National Science Foundation. 
(b) COORDINATION.—In carrying out subsection (a), 
the Director of the National Science Foundation shall co-
ordinate with the heads of appropriate Federal agencies, 
including the Secretary. 
(c) SCIENCE WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT.—The Di-
rector of the National Science Foundation shall leverage, 
as appropriate, the existing scientific training, workforce 
development programs, and networks of the National 
Science Foundation to build and expand scientific capacity 
and expertise related to marine carbon dioxide removal. 
SEC. 202. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 
There are authorized to be appropriated to Director 
of the National Science Foundation to carry out this 
title— 
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(1) $49,500,000 for fiscal year 2025; 
(2) $49,300,000 for fiscal year 2026; 
(3) $48,100,000 for fiscal year 2027; 
(4) $48,000,000 for fiscal year 2028; 
(5) $45,800,000 for fiscal year 2029; 
(6) $28,000,000 for fiscal year 2030; 
(7) $28,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; 
(8) $28,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; 
(9) $28,000,000 for fiscal year 2033; and 
(10) $28,000,000 for fiscal year 2034. 
TITLE III—MATTERS RELATING 
TO 
THE 
NATIONAL 
AERO-
NAUTICS AND SPACE ADMIN-
ISTRATION 
SEC. 301. MEASURING MARINE CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL 
FROM SPACE. 
(a) MARINE CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL ACTIVI-
TIES.—To the extent practicable, the Administrator of the 
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (referred 
to in this title as the ‘‘Administrator’’) shall ensure that 
the capabilities and assets of the National Aeronautics and 
Space Administration are used to advance understanding 
of the efficacy and impacts of marine carbon dioxide re-
moval and to support the Federal research plan described 
in section 104, including by— 
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(1) leveraging the research portfolio of the Na-
tional Aeronautics and Space Administration; 
(2) enhancing the monitoring and modeling pro-
grams of the National Aeronautics and Space Ad-
ministration to incorporate relevant data for marine 
carbon dioxide removal; 
(3) leveraging and aligning the Mission Direc-
torates of the National Aeronautics and Space Ad-
ministration; and 
(4) carrying out any other relevant activity, as 
determined by the Administrator. 
(b) COORDINATION AND PROGRAM CONSISTENCY.— 
In carrying out the activities described in subsection (a), 
the Administrator shall coordinate with the head of any 
appropriate Federal agency, including the Under Sec-
retary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere, to ensure 
that the research activities of the National Aeronautics 
and Space Administration are carried out in cooperation 
with the efforts of such agency. 
SEC. 302. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 
There are authorized to be appropriated to Adminis-
trator to carry out this title— 
(1) $4,900,000 for fiscal year 2025; 
(2) $4,900,000 for fiscal year 2026; 
(3) $4,800,000 for fiscal year 2027; 
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(4) $4,800,000 for fiscal year 2028; 
(5) $4,600,000 for fiscal year 2029; 
(6) $2,800,000 for fiscal year 2030; 
(7) $2,800,000 for fiscal year 2031; 
(8) $2,800,000 for fiscal year 2032; 
(9) $2,800,000 for fiscal year 2033; and 
(10) $2,800,000 for fiscal year 2034. 
TITLE IV—MATTERS RELATING 
TO THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE 
OF STANDARDS AND TECH-
NOLOGY 
SEC. 401. VALIDATING MARINE CARBON DIOXIDE RE-
MOVAL. 
(a) MARINE CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL INITIA-
TIVE.—The Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards 
and Technology shall carry out an initiative to develop and 
standardize benchmark materials, measurements, data, 
and models to accelerate innovation in and validate per-
formance of materials and technologies for marine carbon 
dioxide removal. 
(b) COORDINATION.—In carrying out the activities 
described in subsection (a), the Under Secretary of Com-
merce for Standards and Technology shall coordinate with 
the heads of such Federal agencies as the Under Secretary 
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considers appropriate, including the Under Secretary of 
Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere. 
(c) INTERNATIONAL
ENGAGEMENT.—The Under 
Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology, in 
coordination with the Secretary of State, shall engage 
international bodies to promote global adoption of the 
standards referred to in subsection (a). 
SEC. 402. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 
There are authorized to be appropriated to the Under 
Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology to 
carry out this title— 
(1) $11,500,000 for fiscal year 2025; 
(2) $11,500,000 for fiscal year 2026; 
(3) $11,200,000 for fiscal year 2027; 
(4) $11,200,000 for fiscal year 2028; 
(5) $10,700,000 for fiscal year 2029; 
(6) $6,500,000 for fiscal year 2030; 
(7) $6,500,000 for fiscal year 2031; 
(8) $6,500,000 for fiscal year 2032; 
(9) $6,500,000 for fiscal year 2033; and 
(10) $6,500,000 for fiscal year 2034. 
Æ 
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