I 
119TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 3513 
To amend title 28, United States Code, to provide for a code of conduct 
for justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, and for other 
purposes. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
MAY 20, 2025 
Mr. JOHNSON of Georgia (for himself, Ms. BROWNLEY, Mr. CARSON, Ms. 
DEAN of Pennsylvania, Mr. DOGGETT, Mr. FIELDS, Mr. FOSTER, Mr. 
FROST, Mr. GOLDMAN of New York, Ms. LEE of Pennsylvania, Mr. LIEU, 
Ms. MCCLELLAN, Mr. MIN, Mr. NADLER, Ms. NORTON, Ms. PINGREE, 
Mrs. RAMIREZ, Mr. RASKIN, Ms. ROSS, Ms. SCANLON, Ms. SHERRILL, 
Mr. STANTON, Mr. SWALWELL, Mr. THOMPSON of Mississippi, Ms. 
TOKUDA, Mr. VARGAS, Ms. CRAIG, Ms. PRESSLEY, and Mr. NEGUSE) in-
troduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on the 
Judiciary 
A BILL 
To amend title 28, United States Code, to provide for a 
code of conduct for justices of the Supreme Court of 
the United States, and for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Supreme Court Ethics, 
Recusal, and Transparency Act of 2025’’. 
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SEC. 2. CODE OF CONDUCT FOR THE SUPREME COURT OF 
THE UNITED STATES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 16 of title 28, United 
States Code, is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘§ 365. Codes of conduct 
‘‘(a) JUSTICES.—Not later than 180 days after the 
date of enactment of this section, the Supreme Court of 
the United States shall, after appropriate public notice 
and opportunity for comment in accordance with section 
2071, issue a code of conduct for the justices of the Su-
preme Court. 
‘‘(b) OTHER JUDGES.—Not later than 180 days after 
the date of enactment of this section, the Judicial Con-
ference of the United States shall, after appropriate public 
notice and opportunity for comment in accordance with 
section 2071, issue a code of conduct for the judges of 
the courts of appeals, the district courts (including bank-
ruptcy judges and magistrate judges), and the Court of 
International Trade. 
‘‘(c) MODIFICATION.—The Supreme Court of the 
United States and the Judicial Conference may modify the 
applicable codes of conduct under this section after giving 
appropriate public notice and opportunity for comment in 
accordance with section 2071. 
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‘‘§ 366. Public access to ethics rules 
‘‘The Supreme Court of the United States shall make 
available on its internet website, in a full-text, searchable, 
sortable, and downloadable format, copies of the code of 
conduct issued under section 365(a), any rules established 
by the Counselor to the Chief Justice of the United States 
under section 677 and any other related rules or resolu-
tions, as determined by the Chief Justice of the United 
States, issued by the Counselor to the Chief Justice of 
the United States or agreed to by the justices of the Su-
preme Court. 
‘‘§ 367. Complaints against justices 
‘‘(a) RECEIPT OF COMPLAINTS.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days 
after the date of enactment of this section, the Su-
preme Court of the United States shall establish 
procedures, modeled after the procedures set forth in 
sections 351 through 364, under which individuals 
may file with the Court, or the Court may identify, 
complaints alleging that a justice of the Supreme 
Court— 
‘‘(A) has violated— 
‘‘(i) the code of conduct issued pursu-
ant to section 365(a); 
‘‘(ii) section 455; or 
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‘‘(iii) any other applicable provision of 
Federal law; or 
‘‘(B) has otherwise engaged in conduct 
that undermines the integrity of the Supreme 
Court. 
‘‘(2) 
PROCEDURES.—Procedures 
established 
under this subsection shall, at minimum, contain 
provisions— 
‘‘(A) requiring that all complaints sub-
mitted under this section contain— 
‘‘(i) the signature and contact address 
of the complainant; 
‘‘(ii) a concise statement of the spe-
cific facts on which the claim of mis-
conduct is based; and 
‘‘(iii) a sworn affirmation that to the 
best of the knowledge and belief of the 
complainant, under penalty of perjury, the 
facts alleged in the complaint are true and 
form a reasonable basis to believe a justice 
has committed misconduct under this sec-
tion; and 
‘‘(B) providing for the restriction on the 
future filing of complaints with respect to com-
plainants who are shown to have filed repetitive, 
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harassing, or frivolous complaints, or have oth-
erwise abused the complaint procedure. 
‘‘(b) JUDICIAL INVESTIGATION PANEL.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Upon receipt or identifica-
tion of a complaint under subsection (a), the Su-
preme Court of the United States shall refer such 
complaint to a judicial investigation panel, which 
shall be composed of a panel of 5 judges selected 
randomly from among the chief judge of each circuit 
of the United States. 
‘‘(2) 
DUTIES.—The 
judicial 
investigation 
panel— 
‘‘(A) shall review and, if appropriate as de-
termined by the panel, investigate all com-
plaints submitted to the panel using procedures 
established by the panel and modeled after the 
procedures set forth in sections 351 through 
364; 
‘‘(B) shall present to the Supreme Court of 
the United States any findings and rec-
ommendations for necessary and appropriate 
action by the Supreme Court, including dis-
missal of the complaint, disciplinary actions, or 
changes to Supreme Court rules or procedures; 
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‘‘(C) if the panel does not recommend dis-
missal of the complaint, not later than 30 days 
following the presentation of any findings and 
recommendations under this paragraph, shall 
publish a report containing such findings and 
recommendations; and 
‘‘(D) if the panel recommends dismissal of 
the complaint, may publish any findings and 
recommendations if the panel determines that 
such publication would be in furtherance of the 
public interest. 
‘‘(3) POWERS.—In conducting any investigation 
under this section, the judicial investigation panel 
may hold hearings, take sworn testimony, issue sub-
poenas ad testificandum and subpoenas duces 
tecum, and make necessary and appropriate orders 
in the exercise of its authority. 
‘‘(4) ACCESS.—If the judicial investigation 
panel determines that a substantially similar com-
plaint was previously submitted under section 351, 
but that such substantially similar complaint was 
dismissed for lack of authority to review or act upon 
such complaint, the panel shall have access to any 
information gathered pursuant to this chapter in re-
lation to such substantially similar complaint. 
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‘‘(5) COMPENSATION.—The judicial investiga-
tion panel may appoint and fix the compensation of 
such staff as it deems necessary.’’. 
(b) TECHNICAL AND CONFORMING AMENDMENT.— 
The table of sections for chapter 16 of title 28, United 
States Code, is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘365. Codes of conduct. 
‘‘366. Public access to ethics rules. 
‘‘367. Complaints against justices.’’. 
SEC. 3. MINIMUM GIFT AND DISCLOSURE STANDARDS FOR 
JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT. 
Section 677 of title 28, United States Code, is 
amended by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(e) The Counselor, with the approval of the Chief 
Justice, shall establish rules governing the acceptance of 
gifts and the disclosure of all gifts, income, or reimburse-
ments, as those terms are defined in section 13101 of title 
5, received by any justice and any law clerk to a justice. 
Such rules shall, at minimum, require disclosure of any 
information concerning gifts, income, and reimbursements 
required to be disclosed under the Standing Rules of the 
Senate and the Rules of the House of Representatives, and 
restrict the acceptance of gifts, and require processes for 
written approval of certain gifts, to the same extent as 
restricted or required under the Standing Rules of the 
Senate and the Rules of the House of Representatives.’’. 
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SEC. 4. CIRCUMSTANCES REQUIRING DISQUALIFICATION. 
(a) ANTICORRUPTION
PROTECTIONS.—Subsection 
(b) of section 455 of title 28, United States Code, is 
amended by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(6) Where the justice or judge knows that a 
party to the proceeding or an affiliate of a party to 
the proceeding made any lobbying contact, as de-
fined in section 3 of the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 
1995 (2 U.S.C. 1602), or spent substantial funds in 
support of the nomination, confirmation, or appoint-
ment of the justice or judge. 
‘‘(7) Where the justice or judge, their spouse, 
their minor child, or a privately held entity owned by 
any such person received income, a gift, or reim-
bursement, as those terms are defined in section 
13101 of title 5— 
‘‘(A) from a party to the proceeding or an 
affiliate of a party to the proceeding; and 
‘‘(B) during the period beginning on the 
date that is 6 years before the date on which 
the justice or judge was assigned to the pro-
ceeding and ending on the date of final disposi-
tion of the proceeding.’’. 
(b) DUTY TO KNOW.—Subsection (c) of section 455 
of title 28, United States Code, is amended to read as 
follows: 
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‘‘(c) A justice, judge, magistrate judge, or bankruptcy 
judge of the United States shall ascertain— 
‘‘(1) the personal and fiduciary financial inter-
ests of the justice or judge; 
‘‘(2) the personal financial interests of the 
spouse and minor children residing in the household 
of the justice or judge; and 
‘‘(3) any interest of the persons described in 
paragraph (2) that could be substantially affected by 
the outcome of the proceeding.’’. 
(c) DIVESTMENT.—Subsection (f) of section 455 of 
title 28, United States Code, is amended by inserting 
‘‘under subsection (b)(4)’’ after ‘‘disqualified’’. 
(d) DUTY TO NOTIFY.—Section 455 of title 28, 
United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the 
following: 
‘‘(g) If at any time a justice, judge, magistrate judge, 
or bankruptcy judge of the United States learns of a con-
dition that could reasonably require disqualification under 
this section, the justice or judge shall immediately notify 
all parties to the proceeding.’’. 
(e) TECHNICAL AND CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.— 
Section 455 of title 28, United States Code, as amended 
by this section, is amended— 
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(1) in the section heading, by striking ‘‘judge, 
or magistrate judge’’ and inserting ‘‘judge, 
magistrate judge, or bankruptcy judge’’; 
(2) in subsection (a), by striking ‘‘judge, or 
magistrate judge’’ and inserting ‘‘judge, magistrate 
judge, or bankruptcy judge’’; 
(3) in subsection (b)— 
(A) in paragraph (2), by striking ‘‘the 
judge or such lawyer’’ and inserting ‘‘the jus-
tice, the judge, or such lawyer’’; 
(B) in paragraph (5)(iii), by inserting 
‘‘justice or’’ before ‘‘judge’’; and 
(C) in paragraph (5)(iv), by inserting ‘‘jus-
tice’s or’’ before ‘‘judge’s’’; 
(4) in subsection (d)(4)(i), by inserting ‘‘justice 
or’’ before ‘‘judge’’; and 
(5) in subsection (e), by striking ‘‘judge, or 
magistrate judge’’ and inserting ‘‘judge, magistrate 
judge, or bankruptcy judge of the United States’’. 
(f) PUBLIC NOTICE.—The rules of each court subject 
to section 455 of title 28, United States Code, as amended 
by this section, shall be amended to require that the clerk 
shall publish timely notice on the website of the court of— 
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(1) any matter in which a justice, judge, mag-
istrate judge, or bankruptcy judge of the United 
States is disqualified under such section; 
(2) any matter in which the reviewing panel 
under section 1660 of title 28, United States Code, 
as added by section 5 of this Act, rules on a motion 
to disqualify; and 
(3) an explanation of each reason for the dis-
qualification or ruling, which shall include a specific 
identification of each circumstance that resulted in 
such disqualification or ruling, but which shall not 
include any private or sensitive information deemed 
by a majority of the reviewing panel under section 
1660 of title 28, United States Code, as added by 
section 5 of this Act, to be appropriate for redaction 
and unnecessary in order to provide the litigants and 
public a full understanding of the reasons for the 
disqualification or ruling. 
SEC. 5. REVIEW OF CERTIFIED DISQUALIFICATION MO-
TIONS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 111 of title 28, United 
States Code, is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing: 
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‘‘§ 1660. Review of certified motions to disqualify 
‘‘(a) MOTION FOR DISQUALIFICATION.—If a justice, 
judge, magistrate judge, or bankruptcy judge of the 
United States is required to be disqualified from a pro-
ceeding under any provision of Federal law, a party to 
the proceeding may file a timely motion for disqualifica-
tion, accompanied by a certificate of good faith and an 
affidavit alleging facts sufficient to show that disqualifica-
tion of the justice, judge, magistrate judge, or bankruptcy 
judge is so required. 
‘‘(b) CONSIDERATION OF MOTION.—A justice, judge, 
magistrate judge, or bankruptcy judge of the United 
States shall either grant or certify to a reviewing panel 
a timely motion filed pursuant to subsection (a) and stay 
the proceeding until a final determination is made with 
respect to the motion. 
‘‘(c) REVIEWING PANEL.— 
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—A reviewing panel to which 
a motion is certified under subsection (b) with re-
spect to a judge, magistrate judge, or bankruptcy 
judge of the United States shall be composed of 3 
judges selected at random from judges of the United 
States who do not sit on the same court— 
‘‘(A) as the judge, magistrate judge, or 
bankruptcy judge who is the subject of the mo-
tion; or 
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‘‘(B) as the other members of the review-
ing panel. 
‘‘(2) CIRCUIT LIMITATION.—Not more than 1 
member of the reviewing panel may be a judge of 
the same judicial circuit as the judge, magistrate 
judge, or bankruptcy judge who is the subject of the 
motion. 
‘‘(3) PARTICIPATION.—The reviewing panel, 
prior to its final determination with respect to a mo-
tion filed under subsection (a), shall provide the 
judge, magistrate judge, or bankruptcy judge of the 
United States who is the subject of such motion an 
opportunity to provide in writing the views of the 
judge on the motion, including the explanation of 
the judge for not granting the motion. 
‘‘(d) SUPREME
COURT
REVIEW.—The Supreme 
Court of the United States, not including the justice who 
is the subject of a motion seeking to disqualify a justice 
under subsection (a), shall be the reviewing panel for such 
motions.’’. 
(b) TECHNICAL AND CONFORMING AMENDMENT.— 
The table of sections for chapter 111 of title 28, United 
States Code, is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘1660. Review of certified motions to disqualify.’’. 
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