individual by reason of the viola-
tion; or 
(bb) in a case in which 
wages, salary, employment bene-
fits, or other compensation have 
not been denied or lost to the in-
dividual, any actual monetary 
losses sustained by the individual 
as a direct result of the violation, 
such as the cost of providing 
care, up to a sum equal to 60 
calendar days of wages or salary 
for the individual; 
(II) the interest on the amount 
described in subclause (I) calculated 
at the prevailing rate; and 
(III) an additional amount as liq-
uidated damages equal to the sum of 
the amount described in subclause (I) 
and the interest described in sub-
clause (II), except that if a person 
who has violated paragraph (1) proves 
to the satisfaction of the court that 
the act or omission which violated 
paragraph (1) was in good faith and 
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that 
the 
person 
had 
reasonable 
grounds for believing that the act or 
omission was not a violation of para-
graph (1), such court may, in the dis-
cretion of the court, reduce the 
amount of the liability to the amount 
and interest determined under sub-
clauses (I) and (II), respectively; and 
(ii) for such equitable relief as may be 
appropriate, including employment, rein-
statement, and promotion. 
(B) RIGHT OF ACTION.—An action to re-
cover the damages or equitable relief prescribed 
in subparagraph (A) may be maintained against 
any person in any Federal or State court of 
competent jurisdiction by any individual for and 
on behalf of— 
(i) the individual; or 
(ii) the individual and other individ-
uals similarly situated. 
(C) FEES AND COSTS.—The court in such 
an action shall, in addition to any judgment 
awarded to the plaintiff, allow a reasonable at-
torney’s fee, reasonable expert witness fees, and 
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other costs of the action to be paid by the de-
fendant. 
(D) LIMITATIONS.—The right provided by 
subparagraph (B) to bring an action by or on 
behalf of any individual shall terminate— 
(i) on the filing of a complaint by the 
Commissioner in an action under para-
graph (5) in which restraint is sought of 
any further delay in the payment of the 
amount described in subparagraph (A)(I) 
to such individual by the person respon-
sible under subparagraph (A) for the pay-
ment; or 
(ii) on the filing of a complaint by the 
Commissioner in an action under para-
graph (3) in which a recovery is sought of 
the damages described in subparagraph 
(A)(I) owing to an individual by a person 
liable under subparagraph (A), 
unless the action described in clause (i) or (ii) 
is dismissed without prejudice on motion of the 
Commissioner. 
(3) ACTION BY THE COMMISSIONER.— 
(A) CIVIL
ACTION.—The Commissioner 
may bring an action in any court of competent 
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jurisdiction to recover the damages described in 
paragraph (2)(A)(I). 
(B) SUMS RECOVERED.—Any sums recov-
ered by the Commissioner pursuant to subpara-
graph (A) shall be held in a special deposit ac-
count and shall be paid, on order of the Com-
missioner, directly to each individual affected. 
Any such sums not paid to an individual be-
cause of inability to do so within a period of 3 
years shall be deposited into the Federal Family 
and Medical Leave Insurance Trust Fund. 
(4) LIMITATION.— 
(A) IN
GENERAL.—An action may be 
brought under this subsection not later than 3 
years after the date of the last event consti-
tuting the alleged violation for which the action 
is brought. 
(B) COMMENCEMENT.—An action brought 
by the Commissioner under this subsection shall 
be considered to be commenced on the date 
when the complaint is filed. 
(5) ACTION
FOR
INJUNCTION
BY
COMMIS-
SIONER.—The district courts of the United States 
shall have jurisdiction, for cause shown, in an action 
brought by the Commissioner— 
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(A) to restrain violations of paragraph (1), 
including the restraint of any withholding of 
payment of wages, salary, employment benefits, 
or other compensation, plus interest, found by 
the court to be due to an individual; or 
(B) to award such other equitable relief as 
may be appropriate, including employment, re-
instatement, and promotion. 
(i) APPLICABILITY OF CERTAIN SOCIAL SECURITY 
ACT PROVISIONS.—The provisions of sections 204, 205, 
206, and 208 of the Social Security Act shall apply to 
benefit payments authorized by and paid out pursuant to 
this section in the same way that such provisions apply 
to benefit payments authorized by and paid out pursuant 
to title II of such Act. 
(j) EFFECTIVE DATE FOR APPLICATIONS.—Applica-
tions described in this section may be filed beginning 18 
months after the date of enactment of this Act. 
SEC. 5. FUNDING FOR STATE ADMINISTRATION OPTION 
FOR LEGACY STATES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.— 
(1) PAYMENTS TO LEGACY STATES.—In each 
calendar year beginning with calendar year 2027, 
the Commissioner shall make a grant to each State 
that, for the calendar year preceding such calendar 
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year, was a legacy State and that met the data shar-
ing requirements of subsection (e), in an amount 
equal to the lesser of— 
(A) an amount, as estimated by the Com-
missioner, equal to the total amount of com-
prehensive paid leave benefits that would have 
been paid under section 4 (including the costs 
to the Commissioner to administer such bene-
fits, not to exceed (for purposes of estimating 
such total amount under this subparagraph) 7 
percent of the total amount of such benefits 
paid) to individuals who received paid family 
and medical leave benefits under a State law 
described in paragraph (1) or (3) of subsection 
(b) during the calendar year preceding such cal-
endar year if the State had not been a legacy 
State for such preceding calendar year; or 
(B) an amount equal to the total cost of 
paid family and medical leave benefits under a 
State law described in paragraph (1) or (3) of 
subsection (b) for the calendar year preceding 
such calendar year, including— 
(i) any paid family and medical leave 
benefits provided by an employer (whether 
directly, under a contract with an insurer, 
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