I 
119TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 2770 
To direct the use of artificial intelligence by National Oceanic and Atmos-
pheric Administration to adapt to extreme weather, and for other pur-
poses. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
APRIL 9, 2025 
Mr. SCOTT FRANKLIN of Florida introduced the following bill; which was 
referred to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology 
A BILL 
To direct the use of artificial intelligence by National Oceanic 
and Atmospheric Administration to adapt to extreme 
weather, and for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
(a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 
‘‘Transformational Artificial intelligence to Modernize the 
Economy against Extreme Weather and Wildfires Act’’ or 
the ‘‘TAME Extreme Weather and Wildfires Act’’. 
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for 
this Act is as follows: 
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Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 
Sec. 2. Definitions. 
Sec. 3. Earth system forecasting and information delivery. 
Sec. 4. Advanced artificial intelligence applications for weather and information 
delivery. 
Sec. 5. Technical assistance on use of artificial intelligence weather models. 
Sec. 6. Fire environment modeling program. 
Sec. 7. Partnerships for transformational innovation. 
Sec. 8. Federal Government workforce expertise. 
Sec. 9. Data access. 
SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 
In this Act: 
(1) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘‘artificial in-
telligence’’ means a machine-based system that 
can, for a given set of human-defined objectives, 
make predictions, recommendations, or deci-
sions influencing real or virtual environments, 
including by using machine-based and human- 
based inputs— 
(i) to abstract such objectives into 
models through analysis in an automated 
manner; and 
(ii) to use model inferences to gen-
erate information or formulate options for 
action. 
(B) INCLUSIONS.—The term ‘‘artificial in-
telligence’’ includes machine learning, neural 
networks, and natural language processing. 
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(2) 
ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
WEATHER 
MODEL.—The term ‘‘artificial intelligence weather 
model’’ means a weather model based primarily on 
artificial intelligence to project future Earth system 
conditions based on machine learning from an Earth 
system reanalysis dataset. 
(3) CURATE.—The term ‘‘curate’’ means to col-
lect, maintain, and update periodically a dataset— 
(A) to ensure and document its quality; 
and 
(B) to provide metadata on its provenance. 
(4) NUMERICAL WEATHER MODEL.—The term 
‘‘numerical weather model’’ means a weather model 
based primarily on coupled Earth system processes 
and that uses numerical computation to forecast fu-
ture Earth system conditions. 
(5) OBSERVATIONAL DATA.—The term ‘‘obser-
vational data’’ means data from actual observations 
of environmental conditions, including remote sens-
ing and in situ platforms. 
(6) OPEN LICENSE.—The term ‘‘open license’’ 
has the meaning given that term in section 3502(21) 
of title 44, United States Code. 
(7) REFORECAST ANALYSIS.—The term ‘‘refore-
cast analysis’’ means the assessment of a numerical 
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weather model or artificial intelligence weather 
model by comparing model output and observational 
data over a period of time in the past. 
(8) SYNTHETIC
DATA.—The term ‘‘synthetic 
data’’ means data produced from a model or statis-
tical method in order to fill gaps in observational 
data. 
(9) TRAINING DATASET.—The term ‘‘training 
dataset’’ means a dataset used to train an artificial 
intelligence model. 
(10) UNDER
SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Under 
Secretary’’ means the Under Secretary of Commerce 
for Oceans and Atmosphere. 
(11) 
WEATHER
ENTERPRISE.—The 
term 
‘‘weather enterprise’’ has the meaning given such 
term in section 2 of the Weather Research and 
Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (15 U.S.C. 
8501). 
SEC. 3. EARTH SYSTEM FORECASTING AND INFORMATION 
DELIVERY. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than two years after the 
date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary, 
in consultation with the Secretary of Energy, the Adminis-
trator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion, the Director of the National Science Foundation, any 
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appropriate Federal Advisory Committee, and such other 
technical experts as the Under Secretary considers appro-
priate, shall develop and curate comprehensive weather 
forecasting training datasets with relevant Earth system 
data, quality information, and metadata necessary for 
weather forecasting dataset that develops a long-term 
record of past weather in support of the following: 
(1) Furthering the understanding of weather, 
water, and space weather modeling and data. 
(2) Advancing the science of weather fore-
casting, including seasonal and subseasonal fore-
casting. 
(3) Developing artificial intelligence weather 
forecasting applications. 
(b) USE OF EXISTING DATASETS.—In order to speed 
the development of the weather forecasting training 
dataset required under subsection (a), the Under Sec-
retary shall assess, and to the greatest extent practicable 
build on, existing weather forecasting training datasets of 
the Federal Government. 
(c) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WEATHER MODEL.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out this section, 
the Under Secretary, in consultation with any appro-
priate Federal Advisory Committees, may develop 
and test a global weather model based on artificial 
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intelligence, to be referred to as an ‘‘artificial intel-
ligence weather model’’. 
(2) WEATHER READY NATION.—In coordination 
with the activities carried out under paragraph (1), 
the Under Secretary may explore using artificial in-
telligence to enhance the dissemination of informa-
tion and evaluation of effectiveness for improved 
public understanding, preparedness, and resilience. 
(3) REPORTS.—Not later than two years after 
the date of the enactment of this Act and not less 
frequently than annually thereafter, the Under Sec-
retary shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, 
Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the 
Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the 
House of Representatives a report on the activities 
conducted under paragraph (1). 
(d) COOPERATIVE INSTITUTES AND CONTRACTING 
AUTHORITY.—In carrying out this section, subject to the 
availability of appropriations, the Under Secretary may 
competitively award contracts and funding opportunities, 
increase the scope of existing cooperative institutes of the 
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or 
competitively award a new cooperative institute. 
(e) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT.—The Under Secretary 
shall develop and disseminate best practices to minimize 
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environmental impacts from the use of artificial intel-
ligence to carry out this section. 
(f) CONTINUED SUPPORT FOR OBSERVATIONS, BASIC 
RESEARCH, AND NUMERICAL WEATHER MODELS.—Not-
withstanding the requirements of this section, the Under 
Secretary shall continue to support and advance the activi-
ties of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-
tion carry out the following: 
(1) Collect and acquire traditional and novel ob-
servational data relevant for artificial intelligence 
and numerical weather models. 
(2) Advance research on the Earth system and 
numerical weather models. 
(3) Develop and advance numerical Earth sys-
tem modeling for predictions. 
(4) Develop weather model data post-processing 
techniques. 
(5) Improve data assimilation techniques. 
SEC. 4. ADVANCED ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICA-
TIONS FOR WEATHER AND INFORMATION DE-
LIVERY. 
The Under Secretary shall explore advanced applica-
tions of artificial intelligence to improve weather forecasts 
and information delivery, such as by carrying out the fol-
lowing: 
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(1) Improving data assimilation techniques. 
(2) Using artificial intelligence weather models 
to quickly emulate running numerical weather mod-
els to assess and improve the confidence in and reli-
ability of weather forecasts and information delivery. 
(3) Improving impact-based decision support to 
communities for greater societal benefits based on 
weather forecasts. 
SEC. 5. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ON USE OF ARTIFICIAL IN-
TELLIGENCE WEATHER MODELS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary shall regu-
larly inventory and assess major non-Federal Government 
artificial intelligence weather models in order to provide 
the following: 
(1) Technical evaluation and assistance on 
using such models. 
(2) Best practices on providing forecasts based 
on outputs from both artificial intelligence weather 
models and numerical weather models, or a combina-
tion thereof. 
(3) Support for forecasters and social scientists 
to test and evaluate the use and effectiveness of arti-
ficial intelligence models, including within National 
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration testbeds. 
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(4) Support for emergency managers to make 
operational decisions based on outputs from both ar-
tificial intelligence weather models and numerical 
weather models, or a combination thereof. 
(b) REFORECAST ANALYSIS.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary shall 
support the development of a common framework for 
the assessment of numerical weather models and ar-
tificial intelligence weather models through refore-
cast analysis and related methodologies as the 
Under Secretary considers appropriate. 
(2) BEST
PRACTICES.—In carrying out this 
subsection, the Under Secretary may develop and 
disseminate best practices in collaboration with the 
following: 
(A) The National Institute for Standards 
and Technology. 
(B) The National Aeronautics and Space 
Administration. 
(C) The National Science Foundation. 
(D) The Department of Energy. 
(E) Academic and research institutions. 
(F) The private sector. 
(3) REPORT ON USE OF ANALYSIS TO IMPROVE 
MODELS.—Not later than one year after the date of 
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the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary shall 
submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and 
Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on 
Science, Space, and Technology of the House of 
Representatives a report on the feasibility of using 
reforecast analysis techniques to improve seasonal 
and subseasonal models. 
(c) WEATHER FORECAST OFFICES.—In carrying out 
this section, the Under Secretary shall provide technical 
assistance, best practices, and support required under sub-
section (a) through weather forecast offices of the Na-
tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 
(d) INDEPENDENT STUDY ON THE IMPACTS OF ARTI-
FICIAL INTELLIGENCE WEATHER, WATER, AND SPACE 
WEATHER MODELS.—The Under Secretary may enter 
into an agreement with the National Academy of Sciences 
or any other entity determined appropriate by the Under 
Secretary to assess the impacts of artificial intelligence 
weather models on the weather enterprise and make rec-
ommendations to improve the integration of such models 
in operational forecasting. 
SEC. 6. FIRE ENVIRONMENT MODELING PROGRAM. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than one year after the 
date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary, 
in coordination with the Secretary of the Interior, the Sec-
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retary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of Homeland Se-
curity, and in consultation with the Administrator of the 
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Sec-
retary of Energy, the Director of the National Science 
Foundation, any appropriate Federal advisory committees, 
and such other technical experts as the Under Secretary 
considers appropriate, shall develop a program to use arti-
ficial intelligence to analyze available observational data 
and synthetic data on the built and natural environments 
in order to carry out the following: 
(1) Warn at-risk communities, firefighters, and 
other responders, including by integrating social 
science informed research and development. 
(2) Predict and detect wildfires to the max-
imum extent practicable. 
(3) Forecast wildland and built environment 
fire propagation and potential impacts based on an 
analysis of the elements influencing fire behavior, 
weather conditions, terrain, and observations of the 
fire environment. 
(4) Detect, monitor, and forecast smoke and 
other hazards associated with wildfires. 
(b) TRAINING DATASET.—In carrying out this sec-
tion, the Under Secretary may acquire observational data 
and synthetic data on the built and natural environments 
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collected across the United States to develop and curate 
a related artificial intelligence-ready training dataset for 
purposes of training the artificial intelligence used in fur-
therance of this section. 
(c) DATA ACQUISITION.—In carrying out this section, 
the Under Secretary may enter into contracts to acquire 
relevant data referred to in this section. 
(d) WEATHER INTEGRATION.—In carrying out this 
section, the Under Secretary shall integrate outputs from 
weather and other environmental models and observational 
data and synthetic data referred to in subsection (a). 
(e) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT.—The Under Secretary 
shall develop and disseminate best practices to minimize 
environmental impacts from the use of artificial intel-
ligence to carry out this section. 
SEC. 7. PARTNERSHIPS FOR TRANSFORMATIONAL INNOVA-
TION. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary shall explore 
novel structures for partnerships with private entities and 
academic entities for transformative innovation in weather 
forecasting and other environmental forecasts in order to 
carry out the following: 
(1) Further the understanding of weather, 
water, wildfires, and space weather, and associated 
societal impact. 
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(2) Advance the science of weather and water 
forecasting, including seasonal and subseasonal fore-
casting. 
(3) Develop, evaluate, and transition artificial 
intelligence weather, water, and hazard forecasting 
applications for operations. 
(b) CO-INVESTMENT.—In carrying out this section, 
subject to applicable law, the Under Secretary shall con-
sider and adopt novel co-investment strategies with the 
private sector and academic sector, including the fol-
lowing: 
(1) Non-Federal Government contributions to 
resource and support high-risk, high-return research 
and development in environmental forecasting, data 
science, artificial intelligence, and related fields. 
(2) Shared rights to intellectual property from 
research and development activities under this sec-
tion. 
(3) Other approaches to sharing resources and 
results under this section. 
SEC. 8. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WORKFORCE EXPERTISE. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary, to the max-
imum extent practicable, shall develop, recruit, and sus-
tain a professional workforce for weather forecasting ap-
plications of artificial intelligence. 
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(b) COLLABORATION.—The Under Secretary shall le-
verage robust public-private partnership models to collabo-
rate with private sector experts and provide employees 
with access to training, experience, and long-term develop-
ment of workforce and infrastructure in order to utilize 
artificial intelligence to improve weather forecasts. 
SEC. 9. DATA ACCESS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary may make 
available to the public, as the Under Secretary determines 
appropriate, at no cost and with no restrictions on copy-
ing, publishing, distributing, citing, adapting, or otherwise 
using under an open license, any data or code developed 
under this Act. 
(b) ACCOMMODATIONS.—The Under Secretary may 
make such accommodations as the Under Secretary con-
siders appropriate to ensure that the public release of any 
model, information, documentation, or data pursuant to 
this Act does not jeopardize any of the following: 
(1) National security. 
(2) 
Intellectual 
property 
or 
redistribution 
rights, including under titles 17 and 35, United 
States Code. 
(3) Any trade secret or commercial or financial 
information subject to section 552(b)(4) of title 5, 
United States Code. 
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(4) Any models or data that are otherwise re-
stricted by contract or other written agreement. 
(5) The mission of the National Oceanic and 
Atmospheric Administration to protect lives and 
property. 
(c) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this Act 
may be construed to supersede any other provision of law 
governing the protection of the national security interests 
of the United States. 
Æ 
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