‘‘(2) guide research, development, acquisition, 
and deployment of applicable countermeasures, in-
cluding detection systems; 
‘‘(3) 
identify 
key 
knowledge 
gaps 
or 
vulnerabilities in the CBRN defense posture of the 
Department; 
‘‘(4) enable rebalancing and refining of invest-
ments within individual classes of threat agents as 
well as across such classes; and 
‘‘(5) support end-to-end assessments of the 
overall CBRN defense policy of the Department, 
taking into account the full spectrum of counter-
measures available, including prevention, prepared-
ness, planning, response and recovery activities, to 
better steer investments to strategies with the great-
est potential for mitigating identified risks. 
‘‘(d) RISK INFORMATION.— 
‘‘(1) CLASSES OF THREAT AGENTS.—In devel-
oping the risk analysis process under subsection (a) 
and conducting the risk assessment under subsection 
(b), the Secretary shall consider risks posed by the 
following classes of threats: 
‘‘(A) Chemical threats, including— 
‘‘(i) toxic industrial materials and 
chemicals; 
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‘‘(ii) 
traditional 
chemical 
warfare 
agents; and 
‘‘(iii) non-traditional agents, which 
are defined as novel chemical threat agents 
or toxicants requiring adapted counter-
measures. 
‘‘(B) Biological threats, including— 
‘‘(i) traditional agents listed by the 
Centers of Disease Control and Prevention 
as Category A, B, and C pathogens and 
toxins; 
‘‘(ii) enhanced agents, which are de-
fined as traditional agents that have been 
modified or selected to enhance their abil-
ity to harm human populations or cir-
cumvent current countermeasures; 
‘‘(iii) emerging agents, which are de-
fined as previously unrecognized pathogens 
that may be naturally occurring and 
present a serious risk to human popu-
lations; and 
‘‘(iv) advanced or engineered agents, 
which are defined as novel pathogens or 
other materials of biological nature that 
have been artificially engineered in the lab-
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oratory to bypass traditional counter-
measures or produce a more severe or oth-
erwise enhanced spectrum of disease. 
‘‘(C) Nuclear and radiological threats, in-
cluding fissile and other radiological material 
that could be incorporated into an improvised 
nuclear device or a radiological dispersal device 
or released into a wide geographic area by dam-
age to a nuclear reactor. 
‘‘(D) Threats to the agriculture sector and 
food and water supplies. 
‘‘(E) Other threat agents the Secretary de-
termines appropriate. 
‘‘(2) SOURCES.—The risk analysis process de-
veloped under subsection (a) shall be informed by 
findings of the intelligence and law enforcement 
communities and integrated with expert input from 
the scientific, medical, and public health commu-
nities, including from relevant components of the 
Department and other Federal agencies. 
‘‘(3) DATA QUALITY, SPECIFICITY, AND CON-
FIDENCE.—In developing the risk analysis process 
under subsection (a), the Secretary shall consider 
the degree of uncertainty and variability in the avail-
able scientific information and other information 
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about the classes of threat agents under paragraph 
(1). An external review shall be conducted to assess 
the ability of the risk analysis process developed by 
the Secretary to address areas of large degrees of 
uncertainty. 
‘‘(4) NEW INFORMATION.—The Secretary shall 
frequently and systematically update the risk assess-
ment conducted under subsection (b), as needed, to 
incorporate emerging intelligence information or 
technological changes in order to keep pace with 
evolving threats and rapid scientific advances. 
‘‘(e) METHODOLOGY.—The risk analysis process de-
veloped by the Secretary under subsection (a) shall— 
‘‘(1) consider, as variables— 
‘‘(A) threat, or the likelihood that a type 
of attack that might be attempted; 
‘‘(B) vulnerability, or the likelihood that an 
attacker would succeed; and 
‘‘(C) consequence, or the likely impact of 
an attack; 
‘‘(2) evaluate the consequence component of 
risk as it relates to mortality, morbidity, and eco-
nomic effects; 
‘‘(3) allow for changes in assumptions to evalu-
ate a full range of factors, including technological, 
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economic, and social trends, which may alter the fu-
ture security environment; 
‘‘(4) contain a well-designed sensitivity analysis 
to address high degrees of uncertainty associated 
with the risk analyses of certain CBRN agents; 
‘‘(5) utilize red teaming analysis to identify 
vulnerabilities an adversary may discover and exploit 
in technology, training, and operational procedures 
and to identify open-source information that could 
be used by those attempting to defeat the counter-
measures; and 
‘‘(6) incorporate an interactive interface that 
makes results and limitations transparent and useful 
to decision makers for identifying appropriate risk 
management activities. 
‘‘(f) COORDINATION.—The Secretary shall ensure 
that all risk analysis activities with respect to radiological 
or nuclear materials shall be conducted in coordination 
with the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office. 
‘‘(g) TIMEFRAME; REPORTS TO CONGRESS.— 
‘‘(1) INITIAL REPORT.—By not later than June 
2008, the Secretary shall complete the first formal, 
integrated, CBRN risk assessment required under 
subsection (b) and shall submit to Congress a report 
summarizing the findings of such assessment and 
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