I 
119TH CONGRESS 
1ST SESSION H. R. 4124 
To reform the Supreme Court of the United States, and for other purposes. 
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
JUNE 25, 2025 
Mr. CASTEN introduced the following bill; which was referred to the 
Committee on the Judiciary 
A BILL 
To reform the Supreme Court of the United States, and 
for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Restoring Judicial Sep-
aration of Powers Act’’. 
TITLE I—ORGANIZATION OF 
COURTS 
SEC. 101. DIRECT APPEALS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 1253 of title 28, United 
States Code, is amended to read as follows: 
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‘‘§ 1253. Direct appeals from decisions of three-judge 
courts 
‘‘Except as otherwise provided by law, any party may 
appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Dis-
trict of Columbia Circuit from an order granting or deny-
ing, after notice and hearing, an interlocutory or perma-
nent injunction in any civil action, suit or proceeding re-
quired by any Act of Congress to be heard and determined 
by a district court of three judges.’’. 
SEC. 102. COURTS OF APPEALS REVIEW. 
Section 1254 of title 28, United States Code, is 
amended to read as follows: 
‘‘§ 1254. Courts of appeals; certiorari; certified ques-
tions 
‘‘Cases in the courts of appeals may be reviewed by 
the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Co-
lumbia Circuit by the following methods: 
‘‘(1) By writ of certiorari granted upon the pe-
tition of any party to any civil or criminal case, be-
fore or after rendition of judgment or decree. 
‘‘(2) By certification at any time by a court of 
appeals of any question of law in any civil or crimi-
nal case as to which instructions are desired, and 
upon such certification the United States Court of 
Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit may 
give binding instructions or require the entire record 
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‘‘(A) United States Court of Appeals for 
the District of Columbia Circuit. 
‘‘(B) United States Court of Appeals for 
the First Circuit. 
‘‘(C) United States Court of Appeals for 
the Second Circuit. 
‘‘(D) United States Court of Appeals for 
the Third Circuit. 
‘‘(E) United States Court of Appeals for 
the Fourth Circuit. 
‘‘(F) United States Court of Appeals for 
the Fifth Circuit. 
‘‘(G) United States Court of Appeals for 
the Sixth Circuit. 
‘‘(H) United States Court of Appeals for 
the Seventh Circuit. 
‘‘(I) United States Court of Appeals for 
the Eighth Circuit. 
‘‘(J) United States Court of Appeals for 
the Ninth Circuit. 
‘‘(K) United States Court of Appeals for 
the Tenth Circuit. 
‘‘(L) United States Court of Appeals for 
the Eleventh Circuit. 
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‘‘(2) CHIEF
JUDGE.—The multi-circuit panel 
shall consist of 1 chief judge to be randomly selected 
from the circuit courts of appeals described in para-
graph (1). 
‘‘(b) JURISDICTION.—The chief judge of the United 
States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Cir-
cuit shall assign to the multi-circuit panel any case in 
which the United States or a Federal agency is a party, 
or a case concerning constitutional interpretation, statu-
tory interpretation of Federal law, or the function or ac-
tions of an executive order. 
‘‘(c) DURATION OF SERVICE.—Each judge of the 
multi-circuit panel shall serve on the panel during the pe-
riod beginning at 10 a.m. (Eastern Time Zone) on the 
first Monday in October and ending at 9:59 a.m. (Eastern 
Time Zone) on the first Monday in October of the fol-
lowing year. 
‘‘(d) ACTS OF CONGRESS.—A supermajority of not 
less than 70 percent of judges of the multi-circuit panel 
described in subsection (a) shall be required to affirm any 
decision which holds that any Act of Congress is, in whole 
or in part, unconstitutional, unlawful, or otherwise in-
valid.’’. 
(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of sections 
for chapter 83 of title 28, United States Code, is amended 
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by inserting after the item relating to section 1296 the 
following: 
‘‘1297. Multi-circuit panel of United States Court of Appeals for the District 
of Columbia Circuit.’’. 
SEC. 105. EFFECTIVE DATE. 
This title, and the amendments made by this title, 
shall apply in October of the year following the date of 
enactment of this Act. 
TITLE II—INJUNCTIONS AND 
COURT DOCKETS 
SEC. 201. ANTI-NATIONWIDE INJUNCTION. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 155 of title 28, United 
States Code, is amended by adding at the end the fol-
lowing: 
‘‘§ 2285. Nationwide injunction 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Whenever any action before a 
court of the United States seeks injunctive relief restrain-
ing the enforcement of any Federal statute, regulation, or 
order against a nonparty, the court shall, upon a motion 
of a party to the action made not later than 30 days after 
an initial filing requesting such relief, transfer such action 
to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of 
Columbia Circuit. 
‘‘(b) CONSOLIDATION.—The Court shall have the 
power to consolidate several cases concerning the same 
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matter into a single case under Rule 42 of the Federal 
Rules of Civil Procedure.’’. 
(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of sections 
for chapter 155 of title 28, United States Code, is amend-
ed by inserting after the item relating to section 2284 the 
following: 
‘‘2285. Nationwide injunction.’’. 
SEC. 202. SHADOW DOCKET LIMITATION; APPLICATION TO 
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR 
THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 2101 of title 28, United 
States Code, is amended— 
(1) in the section heading, by striking ‘‘Su-
preme Court; time for appeal’’ and inserting 
‘‘Time for appeal’’; 
(2) in subsection (a), by inserting ‘‘, the United 
States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia 
Circuit, or a multi-circuit panel described in section 
1297’’ after ‘‘Supreme Court’’ the first place it ap-
pears; 
(3) in subsection (b), by inserting ‘‘, the United 
States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia 
Circuit, or a multi-circuit panel described in section 
1297’’ after ‘‘Supreme Court’’; 
(4) in subsection (c)— 
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(A) by inserting ‘‘, the United States 
Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia 
Circuit, or a multi-circuit panel described in 
section 1297’’ after ‘‘Supreme Court’’ the first 
place it appears; and 
(B) by striking ‘‘A justice of the Supreme 
Court’’ and inserting ‘‘A justice or judge of the 
relevant court’’; 
(5) in subsection (e), by inserting ‘‘, the United 
States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia 
Circuit, or a multi-circuit panel described in section 
1297’’ after ‘‘Supreme Court’’; 
(6) in subsection (f)— 
(A) by inserting ‘‘, the United States 
Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia 
Circuit, or a multi-circuit panel described in 
section 1297’’ after ‘‘review by the Supreme 
Court’’; 
(B) by striking ‘‘from the Supreme Court’’ 
and inserting ‘‘from the court’’; and 
(C) by striking ‘‘in the Supreme Court’’ 
and inserting ‘‘in the court’’; and 
(7) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(h) No order reversing a decision of a court on ap-
peals before the Supreme Court, the United States Court 
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