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suggest a continuum rather than an either/or dichotomy. The numbers of cards within each of nine cate-
gories must be 5, 8, 12, 16, 18, 16, 12, 8, 5, respectively. The first category represents those psychody-
namic elements that are least characteristic of the individual, while the last category represents those
elements most characteristic of the individual and the middle categories represent a continuum in be-
tween. The prescribed distribution is a powerful tool, in that it forces individuals into making difficult
definitive decisions about their own personalities at the extreme ends of a scale while also allowing for
some flexibility. The Q-Sort is self-administered and takes approximately 20 minutes per individual.
23 .2.1 Subject Selection
Thirty four individuals participated in the Q-Sort study.
All were a self-selected subset of individuals
who consented to participate in other AC experiments conducted by SAIC, recruited from the profession-
al and academic communities within the greater San Francisco Bay area, drawn from the student and
faculty populations of Stanford University, the Institute for Transpersonal Psychology, and other neigh-
boring educational and research institutions. The age of all participants ranged from 16 to 60.
23.2.2 Procedure
The following is a step-by-step description of the method used to collect the Q-Sort personality as-
sessments. This process is done only one time by each subject.
(1) A participant was greeted by the PI in the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory at Science Applications
International Corporation in a warm and friendly way and was shown to a comfortable, quiet loca-
tion within the laboratory.
(2)
Following a brief “get acquainted” period, the procedure was explained and (s)he was encouraged
to ask any questions about the nature of the study.
(3)
The PI provided a consent form, typed instructions, a record sheet, and a deck of 100 Q-Sort cards.
(4)
The PI left the participant alone to sort the 100 cards into the nine categories.
(5)
The record sheet, instructions, and deck of cards was then collected by the PI.
23.23 Analysis
All personality descriptions were put into a computer database for cluster analysis.
This kind of analysis
assembles Q-Sort descriptions into groups of similar profiles, and attempts to create groups that are as dif-
ferent from one another as possible. The result of such an analysis is a visual display of clusters, such as the
one in Figure 3. Thlented AC receivers are indicated by a (*) and seem cluster around the normal pro-
file. Fortunately, the two personality pathology profiles are in a cluster by themselves.
2.3.3
Results and Conclusions
The results of the cluster analysis can be seen in Figure 3. Three standard profiles; a normal personality
profile, two different types of personality pathology profiles, and a tentative AC-Profile were added to
the analysis. The AC-Profile was composed of the combined Q-Sorts of she known talented receivers
(i.e., 454, 372, 009, 389, 518, and 330). These receivers were chosen on the basis of their repeated suc-
cessful performance on AC tasks within our laboratory. From our analysis, we find that good AC receiv-
ers think of themselves as:
• Possessing a wide range of interest.
• Thinking and associating ideas in unusual ways.
• Valuing intellectual and cognitive matters.
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• Concerned with philosophical problems.
• Being verbally fluent and can express ideal well.
They also believe that they are not:
• Subtly negative and do not tend to undermine, obstruct, or sabotage.
• Guileful, deceitful, manipulative or opportunistic.
• Ego-defensive or have a small reserve of integration.
• Exploitive or create dependencies in people.
• Self-pitying or feel victimized by life.
It remains to be seen if this general statements are predictive of good AC performance. They do, how-
ever, represent a personality profile of our best receivers.
For example, in a study investigating a possible correlation between ESP and creativity using subjects
from a well-know music academy in New York City, Schlitz and Honorton (1992) suggest that subjects
who exhibit greater cognitive flexibility and elaboration produce higher AC scores.
The five Q-Sort
items most characteristic of the AC-Profile would tend to support this idea.
The advantages of using the Q-Sort method of personality description is that it is easy and inexpensive
to implement and analyze. The problems are that the results are conditioned both by the content of the
Q-Sort card set and the willingness of the sorter to give a candid and accurate description of themselves.
These results are only preliminary and little can be known until we have a much larger database of reli-
able AC viewers. In time it is hoped that the Q-Sort may prove useful in predicting where we should
begin to look in the general population to find successful AC viewers.
2.4 Improved AC Evaluation for Applications
Under this section, we were asked to provide improved AC analytical techniques that might be more
germane in an application setting. We have delivered a complete description of one such technique as a
separate document.
This technique expands our fuzzy set analysis to include adaptive learning based
upon real-time feedback.
3. Theoretical Issues
The objective was to identify models for physical mechanisms for AC and to develop protocols for test-
able experiments using select individuals. We reported our theoretical approach in an interim technical
report; however, we include it here for completeness.
3.1 Probable Futures
Since the dawn of history, mankind has been fascinated by the “what ifs” associated with the probabilis-
tic paths that form the future and form the myriad worlds of “what might have been.” Mankind’s fas-
cination with predicting the future evolved into the mathematical science of probability theory. Howev-
er, classical probability theory is a description which is overlaid on an assumed physical reality. With the
advent of quantum theory, alternative paths to the same end took on a physical reality. The very fact
that alternative paths exist change the probability of the outcome.
There
is no classical equivalent.
Suddenly the world of “what ifs” has become comingled with the worlds of “what might have been.”
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Figure 3.
Cluster Diagram
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This idea has been experimentally verified in recent experiments conducted at Rochester University.
It
has been shown that the physical outcome of a quantum mechanical experiment depends not only upon
what is being measured, but also on what could be measured, even though it wasn’t.
The implication for AC mechanisms is that precognition may be the underlying mechanism.
If, for
some yet unknown reason, humans have access to probable futures rather than actual futures, then the
perception appears not to contradict the rules of physics.
3.2 Einstein, Poldasky, Rosen Paradox (EPR)
The paradox suggest possible information transport during the collapse of a wave function.
It arises
naturally when considering two-particle correlations and the effects of measuring the state of one par-
ticle which gives rise to unambiguous knowledge of the state of the correlated particle even though it
may be very far from the measured particle at the time the measurement is made. While no one any
longer questions the validity of the predictions of quantum mechanics for correlated systems, the very
fact of their validity has caused a philosophical revolution. There is no underlying reality, no absolute
reality. There is only reality as defined by measurements made by an observer.
There is substantial anomalous mental phenomena (AMP) literature on what are called Observational
Theories (OT).
It is possible that the EPR paradox and its implications may serve as a physics base for
the Oik. There is a major problem both with the OTs and EPR as models for perception. Brain func-
tioning at room temperature appears not to be a quantum system; therefore, care must be exercised
before we can demonstrate the value of EPR for AMP mechanisms.
3.3 General Relativity
The recent resurgence of interest in Einstein’s general theoiy of relativity has lead to some startling
theoretical conclusions about the nature of space-time again bringing to the forefront the fact that sci-
ence has not unveiled all the secrets associated with time. One such piece of work is Matt Visser’s paper
on traversable wormholes (Visser, 1989). This paper predicts that it is physically possible to transport
energy (and, therefore, information) between remote space-time points without traversing the classical
distance between the space-time points.
For sometime it has been known that even according to Einstein’s special theory of relativity, it is pos-
sible to describe mathematically a fully consistent universe in which everything moves faster than the
speed of light. The particles inhabiting such a universe have been given the name tachyons while, in
contrast, the particles with which we are familiar are named tardyons. The important fact is that neither
particle can ever travel at the speed of light. Photons, of course, are common to both universes. More-
over, this is a non-quantum mechanical description. We know that in quantum theory it is possible to
violate such constraints providing that we do so for short enough periods. The question of whether a
tardyon can exist as a tachyon for a short period of time merits investigation.
From a heuristic perspective, reverse information flow (i.e., precognition) appears to describe much of
the AMP data. While Visser’s calculations are not a theoiy of precognition, at a minimum they demon-
strate that physics may allow for the macroscopic, but statistical, breach of causality. We anticipate that
a continuation of these ideas may lead to a law for causality similar to the Second Law of Thermody-
namics. That is, on the average causality must hold, but locally there may be a slight statistical reversal
that is compensated for elsewhere such that the average is correct.
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3.4 Time and Entropy
The relationship between time and entropy is once more open to question.
For nearly two hundred
years, scientists have taken the position that the entropy of a closed system can never decrease with time
and that, on the scale of the universe, entropy always increases with increasing time. Recently however,
Steven Hawking raised the possibility that macroscopic time or psychological time, the time that we
perceive, is actually determined by the change of entropy (Hawking, 1988).
Similar conclusions were
reached at about the same time by Tbny Rothman from the Center for Relativity at the University of
Tfexas (Rothman, 1987). Rothman discusses the seven arrows of time that represent the distinction be-
tween microscopic reversible time and the macroscopic time as experienced by intelligent life.
This
concept was first proposed by Szilard (1929) in the paper, “On the decrease of entropy in a thermody-
namic system by the intervention of intelligent beings.”
Given that we showed experimentally that the total change of entropy is related to the quality of AC,
this theoretical approach seems most promising (May, Spottiswoode and James, 1994).
3.5 Novel Potentials
Classical mechanics and, for the most part, quantum mechanics have treated potentials as convenient
mathematical descriptions for which there was no physical instantiation. Recently a series of clever ex-
periments have dispelled that view by showing that a potential can have an effect on a particle even
when there was no corresponding force present. The electromagnetic vector and scalar potentials or
torsion fields are examples of such novel potentials.
At this time, the existence of anomalous perturbation (AP) remains open. While there are intriguing
experiments, the database for AP is substantially less than for AC. A theoretical approach for AP using
novel potentials is probably premature; however, it may be possible that such potentials could act as a
“carrier” of AC information.
4. Applied Research
SG 1 B
The task objective was to focus on items that might lead to improved functioning through protocol mod-
ification and to provide demonstrations of potential applications. We conducted three primary activi-
ties for this tasking under the direction of physicist S. James P. Spottiswoode.
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