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then using
this
theory
and method
to process
and have
a clear knowledge
of
the
corresponding realities
of
the results.
This type
of methodology may also be
considered
an advancement
for somatic science.
However,
if
we
are determined
to use
these methods
of
processing simple giant-systems
to process
an
open,
complex giant-scale system
-
the human
body,
the results
will
not
be
successful.
This
is because
this theoretical method
is restricted
and
has
applicable limits,
and
cannot
be copied mechanically
in disregard
of
specific
conditions.
In addition,
there have also been some people who promptly elevated the
complex giant-scale system
to philosophical heights,
saying without
any basis
that
the activities
of
a
system are determined by
the subsystems,
that
the
macroscopic
is determined
by
the microscopic,
and
so on.
Some people,
without
noting
that we do not
yet have
a complete knowledge and grasp of
subsystems,
insist
on
the "theory
of
universal
holistic unity,
a part contains
all
information concerning
the whole",
and
"the part
is
the whole,
and
the whole
is
the part,
the
two are absolutely one and_the„same,"
thus using incomplete
knowledge
to theorize about what
they do not
know.
Such biased so-called
scientific methods cannot
be successful.
The only method
that can currently be used
to process
an open,
complex
giant-scale system
is that which has
been, refined,
generalized and abstracted
on the basis
of actual practice by the JShinese system science
. workers
ttnder the
guidance
of
Comrade Qian Xuelin
.
This
is the comprehensive integrated method
which combines qualitative and quantitative methods.
This method takes
the
knowledge and experience
(usually qualitative)
gleaned
by
all
the specialists
concerning
systems,
available data and scientific
theory
to calculate
the
mathematical
model
of
the many parameters
of
a giant-scale system and
to
repeatedly compare
the results with
the final
theories
formed.
This type
of
conclusion
is
the best possible conclusion
at our current stage
of
knowledge
of
objective matters,
it elevates quantitative knowledge
to
the level
of
qualitative knowledge.
The study
of
the structure of
the open,
complex giant-scale system of
the
human body,
its functions
and behavior,
and the patterns
of
the various control
factors
for switching between
the various
functional states must use the
composite integrated method which combines qualitative and quantitative
methods.
This
is another major advancement
in the path of
advancement
of
somatic science.
Now we will discuss necessary condition s to use this method
to study the
overall
functional
state
of
the open,
complex giant-scale system
of
the human
body.
First,
collect
and store the parameters of the human body while
it
is
in
various functional
states/
to include^parameters of
the normal states and
pathological
states
,
macroscopic and microscopic parameters,
and parameters
of
biological
and biochemical
changes.
For example,
the blood pressure,
urine and
stool parameters
of
the normal
state and the change
in parameters
for the
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different pathological
states.
Collect these somatic parameters required
for
the advancement modern scientific
to set up data banks
for somatic medicine
(Chinese and Western medicine)
and clinical medicine.
Second,
collect parameters
on
the changes
resulting
from the physical
and
ecological
environment
in which man
exists;
such parameters
as how high
temperatures
lead
to increased pulse rate and perspiration should
all
be
collected
and
stored,
to set up an environmental medicine data bank.
Third,
compile specialty
systems
for scientific theories and empirical
knowledge
of
each
of
the specialties such
as basal
and clinical
Chinese
medicine and Western medicine.
This
is especially important
for the question
of
application
of
the empirical
knowledge
of
the various specialties.
Actually,
this
is important
knowledge engineering,
and
is
an expression
of
empirical
knowledge and knowledge processing.
It
is
a reasonable way
to
organize and utilize knowledge engineering.
Work. in_this area
is still
far
removed
from actual
use,
and
requires
a
great
deal
of
effort by specialists.
At the
present,
time,
this empirical taowledqe- still
. cannot be computerized.
Fourth,
measure
the somatic parameters and
the physical
parameters
of
the
human body
- environment
-
target object ‘systems during experiments on
the
different functional
states
of
the
hjuman_.body_t.o. collect
a great„deal
of
parameters
and data.
At
the present
time,
many changes
of
the human body still
cannot be measured,
and non-destructive measurement
of
mi crospopj c„. changes
a
very difficult.
With advancements
in technology,__we believe that there will be
relatively rapid developments
in
this area.
Also,
when doing
resea rcft^in^
^
somatic science,
it
is necessary to introduce the parameters
of ..the _e£f ect
of
consciousness.
Thisisyery important,
but
it
is also very difficult.
At_the
present
time,
there
is
still
no objective which can be used
to express
the
consciousness parameters.
It
is only possible to study
the description
of
subjective feelings.
When these basic conditions are met,
it will
be possible
for the open,
complex giant-scale. syste_m_oL.the_human body to be
comprehensively analyzed according
to thismethod ,_an^_fhe results
repeatedly
discussed with specialists in Chinese and Western Medicine,
environmental
specialists,
specialists
in physics,
and other related specialists
as well as
those with paranormal
abilities and Qigong masters
to finally be able to
determine
the functional
states
of
the human body.
This method can be used to
study
the characteristics of
the structure,
function and behavior of
the open
,
complex giant-scale system
of
the human body,
grasp the various factors
that,
affect
the functional
states,
uncover the laws governing theswitching
of
the
functional
states.
Viewing the developments of
the methodology of
science
historically,
in the 17th century during the renaissance,
moden]i_scie_ntif ic
methodology was born,
beginning with Galileo to Newton.
All subjective
elements were discarded
and science was founded entirely on experiments. _It
was believed that
this was
the only scientific method .
However , wehayerun up
against major difficulties,
for example,
it does not work .for ..the study
of
human thought.
Because the study
of
thought must
rely on mans subjective
thinking and
reflections,
and
it
is impossible to use the scientific methods
to
study thought.
Newton's
is
a quantitative method,
and subjective thinking and
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reflective methods
are qualitative methods.
In
the materialistic society,
scientists do not use
the methods
of
the ideas
of
dialectical materialism,
and
have placed subjective considerations
and
reflection
on
the
same
level
as
idealism.
Leading
the modern scientific metrology
in
the direction
of
mechanical materialism,
dismissing
the
role
of
the subject,
forming methods
of
the reduction
theory,
cannot observe or conduct experiments on complex
problems.
Actually,
human knowledge
of
the world
is
a
result
of
an interaction
between both
the subjective
and
the objective.
Under the guidance of Comrade
Qian Xuelin,
workers
in China's systems sciences have come up with
the
comprehensive integration method,
which
is
a combination
of
the objective
and
the subjective,
for studying the open,
complex giant-scale system of
the human
body,
and have demonstrated
its effectiveness.
The beginning point
for
answering
a question
is
from
a qualitative,
confused,
restricted perceptual
knowledge.
A model
is compiled using different
peoples'
different feelings
at
different
times under different
times.
This model
is very complex,
and
it must
be able to determine hundreds
of
different parameters.
It.
is not
just
a name
used
by specialists,
but
is used
to calculate data.
It
is also used
to combine
qualitative perceptual
knowledge
and actually measured
data
a little bit
at
a
time,
and expressing this through
the model.
This elevation
from qualitative
to quantitative,
from perceptual
to
the rational
is
true dialectical
materialism.
First,
it
is material,
second
it
is dialectical.
This method
uses such modern science and technology
as computers,
artificial knowledge,
and
knowledge engineering
to actually resolve
the questions
of
open,
complex giant-
scale systems,
which are
the human body giant-scale system,
the geographic
giant-scale system,
the environmental
giant-scale system,
and
the social giant-
scale system.
This method will play
a major
role
in
the next cultural
renaissance.
This
is another major contribution
of
China's system science
workers.
The overall
functional
activities
of
the human body,
including the
activities
of
the human brain,
is
a physical
open,
complex giant-scale system.
It also involves
the brain
and consciousness,
spirit and material,
subjective
and objective areas
of
research.
The comprehensive integrative method which
combines
the quantitative
and
the qualitative
is currently
the best method
for
studying
this open,
complex giant-scale system.
It
is used
to understand
the
human body with objective and subjective interactions.
It
can combine
unspecific perceptual
quantitative knowledge and various data measured by
instruments
for analysis,
so there
can be
a complete knowledge of
the
characteristics displayed
by
the activity patterns
of
the somatic normal
states
and pathological
states.
Actually,
modern medicine can determine
a great deal
of
data.
Although
it
is
far from enough,
methods
of
performing comprehensive
analysis
of
that data already determined are even more lacking,
and large
amounts
of perceptual
empirical data have not been compiled
and have not been
subjected to comprehensive analysis by modern scientific and technological
models.
When
a doctor is performing diagnosis
and treatment
in
a modern
hospital,
he must conduct
a great many objective physical
and chemical
examinations.
He must learn
the patient's primary complaints,
and must obtain
large amounts
of data
and information,
and
then
the doctor will perform
comprehensive analysis
of
this material
to make his diagnosis
and apply
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>
treatment
in accordance with
the disorder.
This
is
seen all
the
time.
Doctors
believe
that
this
is very scientific,
and
if
anyone said
that not enough
comprehensive analysis
was
conducted,
the doctors would find this difficult
to
accept.
Why,
then,
is
there
an
admitted difference between clinical
specialists
and ordinary doctors?
What
is
the difference?
The primary
difference
is
that
the experienced
clinical
specialist has had
a
great
deal
of
practice and has accumulated
a
great deal
of
diagnostic
and
treatment
experience.
He can very naturally combine this medical
case experience with
his examination data
to perform comprehensive analysis
and
to discover
the
primary contradictions,
the secondary contradictions
of
the human body when
it
is
sick,
as well
as
the interrelationships between
these contradictions and
patterns
of
changing
conditions.
In
this manner he
is
able
to grasp
the
patterns
of
diagnosing ailments.
This
is
the first point.
The second
point
is
that
for the experienced clinical
specialist
in order
to elevate unclear
qualitative empirical data
to the quantitative level must use
a computer
to
process
the data.
This point
is
also conceded.
The third point
is
that,
he
first determines
the data which can represent
the normal
and pathological
functional
states
of
the human body.
These are not unspecific,
but
can
be
measured.
They are not blind,
but
are targeted
data.
The fourth
point,
is
to
establish
a complex medical
case model
combining the theories
of
Chinese and
Western medicine and
the practical experience
of
doctors,
and
to use advanced
techniques
such
as large computers
to carry out comprehensive scientific
analysis.
The use
of
these methods
of
examination
and measurement,
then
it.
will
be possible
to immediately complete such medical
treatment programs and
measures
as diagnostic,
treatment and prognosis.
This will necessarily play
an
important
role
in
the advancement
of
health.
It will
not only
be able
to
locate
the clues
to normal
functional
states
and pathological functional
states
of
ordinary people,
will
also be able
to
find
the clues
to the functional
states
of Qigong masters and persons with paranormal
abilities.
From this
viewpoint,
the diagnostic
and treatment methods
and procedures
of modern
hospitals
are still not modernized
enough.
The comprehensive integration
methods
of
combining
the quantitative with
the qualitative are important
measures
in promoting modern medicine.
They are
an important content
of
somatic science research.
We can foresee
that developments in medicine
in
the
21st century should be medicine with somatic science concepts
and methods.
IV:
CONCLUSION
In conclusion
of
this article,
we once point out
that somatic science
is
the study of
the open,
complex giant-scale system of
the human body and
its
objective environment,
of
the functional
states
of
its macroscopic systems and
of
the functional
states
of
its microscopic systems,
the structure
of
the
systems and the behavior of
its systems.
It.
is pointed out
in
the philosophy
of Marxism that
there are three layers
of
knowledge,
basic knowledge,
technical
knowledge,
and practical
knowledge.
The guiding theory
of
somatic science
is
the system theory,
which
is
the combination
of
the integration
theory
and
the
reduction
theory,
and
is on
the next higher plane.
It conscientiously absorbs
the philosophies
and
rationalities
of
Chinese medicine and
the theories and
technologies
of Western science
to advance
the study
of
somatic science.
In
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