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B 0PKY
r :iCiJ
GENERAL PERCEPTION
'ofinition,
iho
which evokes response
lative
thr
50fo or
loro
of
-f.iold
is that
stimulus
the
time.
Similarly,
the
int one it
y
ebsolut
to
ovoko response
in
absoluteness
of those threholds
Gauss ion distribution of ihdivid-
thrcshold
is
tli-t
stimulus
intensity which foil
QQfj of the tent trials. However
,
th
can bo
called
into
question duo
to
uni's sensitivities.
Various studies show that
in individuals
the
thresholds mey vary from
as much
a
to
db from the
collective
threshold standards.
In passing wo note
that the possessor's of some
psychic
: abilities
n.re sometimes
referred, to
as
"sensitives.-
• ”
In; addition
to
the
intensity; of
a stimulus,
the threshold of
sensation
is
also
n function of the duration or novelty of the stim-
ulus.
In general
,
increasing tho duration
of the stimulus lowers the
threshold
for
sensation;
however
,
there
in
a point,
called
t$S^fheo--
base,
beyond which
ihereasing tho duration lowers
the threshold
1 no
further.
The
combined
effects
of diffe: enti' 1 sensitivity
and the
duration threshold phenomena rarely contribute however to mako more
than
5-15
should bo
dif-'oronc-
100
,
db' gain
in sensitivity of
added that
th-at
amount
of
meaningful
.
any given
individual,
grin
is sufficient
to
Tho
it
make
tho
Lg
2.2
Typical
strength
duration curve,
!
\
mV
0.01
"
0.1
1.0
Time
(msec)
io.o
Relative
a-lso
to
tho
nuastion of sensitivity
is tho observation
that t lid
ability
to perceive
a given signal which
is immersed
in noise
increases
as
tho square root of tho number of observations of that
signal,;
Altho this does not
increase the threshold of sensitivity
beyond
its relative or absolute vluo,
spatial
summation,
as
the
phenomena
is called ,
indicates
that provided
a. stimulus
is oupra-
throsbold,
the more
freciuontly, a phenomena has boon observed before,
is
to detect when
imbedded
in noise
or distortion.
tho
o:
(5.3)
iior
it
nT
'J ri o
KJ O
whore
G r;f
n
’
n
Gain
in decibels
(db)
spatial
summation
Total number of observations
For example
,
consider
t
at
there
arc
3-1 million seconds
per year.
”hat
is; tho theoretical
g -in for spatial
summation for
a twenty year
old adult
for
a. 10 Hz signal.
&
(D
3,1)
n
n
=
1_\„l.o7. sec
vo^r
10__
sec
7 .o.i 04
X'lVPJ \qrm_s
sec
sec
20 va-rs
20 years
=
6.2
i n®
6.2* xu
_s :i c a
=
6.2*10^
20 years
20 year?
waveforris
.
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-
:> I*
•'
OFFTRAL
PERC'jPi’ION
tor
(D
Oimilcrlv
!lz
108
"
2 )
signr
n
what
.1 ?
the
s p at i o,l
summation
n
:
j.
;a
c opt ion
GB ri
=
therefor;:
.
.
P.5-
84 db
,8,
j o c
z 10
wavofo
"T’.vofor
for
the
s -’mug
adult
a/ se<
:is
eramg
at on
por-
' allots
3.3
to
the perception
of
noise
c roe tod by nr^ur
' 1
or
artifice!
signal generators having flu
strengths
substanti all 3- greater than that upon the
sane carrier
frequency ,
0 ostial
summation then
.acts like memory,
and.
in fact
i
>
is one of the equations which
rel;
Relevant
to telepathy,
spatial gain
signals when
imbedded
in noise
duo
to crowds
or
jy *
Id
one
of
the
memory.
Therefore,
the
and-driod matter
of
nb- oh onomon a.
thr ..O
a specific
which m
hold of
up
morel phenomena of
sensation cannot
numerical value
of
not only true
that
the value
of the threshold may
the
_ length of presentation,
it
mill vary
as well
familiarity gained by previous presentation.
In
;
some Phenomena which re perceived sololv because
bo
o- id bo be
a. cut-
stimulus.
For
it
is
change
dependent' upon
dependent uoon the
•ddition,
there
are
they represent
a
jingle
o.iscro be
event.
Presentation of
the
same stimuli
in
a series
nor evoke
srv roapons?
so,
it be
ancl
,
xu
-j.
-rs
perceptions
it
is of groat
aomotim e s
d o 0 s
deforo
we leave this
introduction
to perception pc
reported
emphasis
that
the whole nature
of thresholds
lncluaos the phenomena of subliminal
conditioning.
For
importance
that subconscious response 'occurs
to
subliminal
stimuli.
If
1/0
r -mombor that the nature
of thresholds
is often determined by
tbo voraal response
o:t:
a subject,
the nature
of the throshodd
in do-
term moo. nor by whether or not
the
subject
is effected by the
stimulus,
but
rather,
if
no
is conscious
of
it.
It
is now vidLlv accented that
much of man
s behavior
is .subconscious,
he
is not
aware" generally of
now he does what ho
does.
Consciousness represents only the tip of
the
iceberg.-
The Problems causes Sorokin to note that there
are
two
schools
thought,
one that
sees
consciousness
as the master of bo in-
,
the
ot.aor
to
sec
consciousness- as
the servant of being.
Lastly,
as far
as
^ tnis general
introduction
to
sensation
and
per-
hp
Pnhipr.+Loi
nCe
T
,ne(i ^-'C
109
noi:ed
i:ha
'
fc
altho
a given stimulus may
be objeccively classified
as
to
some
intensity or
quality,
the
nature'
-or example,
in one
of percepcion
is subjective
and associative
^oatTcy experiment,
an
image
of
a farmer with" a Pitchfork
resembled
to
ohe
agent
who drew
-it, the mythical figure
of" "the devil,"
* ^®
1 ?
erciP
1ient f}° Be
culture differed from the agent’s had not
i* ^ vocabulary, the notion or symbol for
"devil,",
but instead
re-
J ® ii®^ "bhe emo t ionel association of something
religous,
and
so drew
instead
a figure
of opposite meaning,
ie,
the tablets
of Moses,
still
however correctly
"religous."
(Targ and Puthoff
)
Similarly,
in
a study replic
tive
of Penfield,
Sem-Jacob sen
et
al
nao. placed
2o 5
electrodes
in 82 surgical patients over
a period of ten
*
Al cho .no response
was elicited from 1065
electrodes,
about half
of the remaining electrodes
( 805/1587 )
produced singular and discrete
responses.
Or
interest
to us
is that
of the other half of those elect-
rodes eliciting responses
multiple
associations were produced.
For
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BIOPHYSICS
CODING
example
,
14V
electrodes elicited visual
responses,
of which only
42 were
unique It virual,
the remaining 52 responses were visual,
with the
i follow-
ing multiple associations
in order
of prevalence;
sensor;
1-
,
mood,
motor,
ve vat .stive
,
cardiovascular
and consciousness.
Considering the oft men-
tioned
importance of imagery
in psi phenomena,
the oppurtunity for
con-
fusion
and
ambiguity
is readily observed.
( Sem-Jacobsen and
3tyri
^
1971)
Let us
also mention,
in passim,
the phenomena of paradoxical! hot
and paradoxical
cold
of which more
later.
Therefore,
there
are
levels
of differentiation concerning
this process; first
there
is
sensation,
by which wo
shall mean the
object-
ifiabie properties
of intensity and
quality;
second
there
is
sensation,
which may be unconscious
or conscious;
third,
there
is perception
,
by
which
T -re mean here,
the conscious awareness of sensation;
and fourth,
there
is interpretation and decoding. of the phenomena.
3.2
DSN10RI CODING
Our human bodies
are
an ensemble
of masses
and energies,
and: our
environment
is
also
an ensemble of masses of various qualities
and
energies of various
fre fluencies
and
intensities.
Thus
we
and the universe
are subject
to the
interactions of masses
and energies,
according to
the lawg of physics.
Mien we
are
acted upon by the universe
we
are
im-
bedded
in we
say that
in the environment
is
an stimulus,
which may
produce
in us,
a sensation,
which
in
not necessarily
an' awareness.
Through
the biological evolution directly dependent iron physical: envi-
ronment
,
generalised
and specialized
'receptors’
hove been created
in
organisms,
which thru
selection allow an organism
to
approp r i at e 1
y
respond
to
that environment and
survive.
Altho
we
shall
soon, discuss the various receptor Physiologies
and
mechanisms,
of supreme
importance
is that when
all
the various mechanisms
have
done
their intermediary functions,
what
is produced .by the sense
receptors
is
an
information
or code which
is
a map of the
stimulus that
produced
it.
Miat
is coded
in sensory process
is
information about
what hind of stimulus
is there
and how much.
The variable
involved
in taste
and smell
is
the concentration of
a given
ion
or molecule,
which on the
quantum biochemical
level
is
essentially electronic
and therefore
a function of some
electromagnetic
frequency.;
In hearing and touching,
both
'mechanical'
senses there
are
two variables,
the
intensity of the pressure
and the frequency
of! the
change
in that pressure
.
Similarly
in electrorecption
((El1"',
temperature
(infra-red
and. vision)) the
stimulus
also varies
in intensity
and
frequency.
Now,
once a stimulus
is superthreshold ,
-a current
is generated
in
that receptor,
called the generator potential,
which
is
a graded response
to the
stimuli.
This graded
,
that
is
,
variable potential
is then syn-
apted
into
the afferent nervous system,
whose neurons create
an all-or-
none potential of constant voltage,
(viz Ho dg‘ :ins-IIuxl ev model)
such
that what
is transmitted by the afferent neurons
is
a code
based: upon
the frequency of
impulses conveyed by the neuron, (and this
is supremely
important
for the reader's understanding,) and not the voltage
of that
impulse.
(Ne mention this
for
the variable voltages seen
in brain-
wave potentials
is the statistical summation of the constant potential
of
a varying number of cortical
and
inter-neurons.)
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;
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0f the approximately ten to twenty billion neurons
in
the human,
body,
only about
0,1 billion
are afferent sensory neurons capable
of
producing
graded generator potentials.
The
two .primary sources
of
human bio-informat ion
are vision,
which
is electromagnetic radiation
between the frequencies
of
4 -
7 x
10l4; Hz,
and audition ,
which
is
mechanics! oscillations between
30 Hz and
, 000 Hz.
The nature of
neuronal
reonon.ee
is
such that most nerves
are tuned,
eitli widely or
narrowlv to
a specific frequency,
such that when
a neuron
is activated
dhe specificity of
the neurons
automatically,
and usually,
uniquely
is addressed with
a specific band of frequencies,
such
that
the'
message
encoded
is
the
intensity of the
stimulus
acting upon the
al-
ready frequency-specific neuron.
In
addition,
the brain,
where
the
afferent signals
destination,
is
(tono
)
i in
"h Vi p
v w
a.
yuu.u uu 'jxu
muij 'JiiiK
i.j
n
um’;
l
i
u ur-.r
i
v r~:i
«
y
for
instance
in the
ecto
f
in kHz h
'
-pa--
a
raes /
p r
'
/
have their
arranged tonotopically ;
that
is, a specific frequency
is located
in only certain allowable
structures of spaces
(topo
brain.
Several
such tonotopic mappings hace been observed,
as
the
ygj;
db
cochlear
;yrus
,
nerve,
and
the
central
auditory
See
fig.
x
' • ^
analyzer
in KHz
'\
8 mm
X-
.,10-
'20-
o?4®.
0 . 2 -
aes
the
-30' db
,60
etb"
-9CT dtT
g
--
_
/ Sylvian-
pes~
I
gyrus
v
Now,
altho
the frequencies
of
are resrecticely
in the KHz
and 100
which both the generator
and action
billions of times less frequent than
generator potentials,
which may be added together,
have no refractory
period,
but
a spike duration of 1-2 msec
is
de facto limited
to firing
frequencies no greater than
500
to 1000 Hz.
Similarly,
the
constant
voltage
action potentials have
refractory periods
of about
1 msec
and
so
are
also limited
to firing frequencies below 1000 Hz.
Since,
as
we
shall
show later
(Cf
ch
5)?
that neurons firing
below say
500 to
250 Hz do
so with
inductive reactance,
ELF electro-
magnetic
fields
are
created.
Of importance
to our study of conscious-
ness
and telepathy,
practically
all
sensory information
is created
int<
frequencies
in the ELP range.
10."2
14 . 0,-'
22. OX
i 6 .o x
;
v
14.5
.
'
4.5
the
auditory and visual
stimuli
THz ranges,
the frequencies
at
potentials operates
are tens
to
input
stimuli.
Thus,
the
The
intensity
conducts
is
the membranes
area
of
ions
and
electrons
nature
of sensory transduction
is this:
a stimulus
of
a givei
acre
.upon
an afferent nerve,
which
is
a membrance which
ions.
The larger the
intensity of the
stimulus,
the
greater-
activated
,
and since
this means
a larger flow
thru that membrance.,
this determines
the amp-
litude
. of the
the generator potential.
The amplitude
of
potential
,
once
synapted
(either excitory or inhibitory)
the frequency of the
action potentials.
’ See
generator
peak
100
amplitude
of the
generator
potential^
fig
. A
the
,
determines
below
Oi
'
it'
/
Approve
output
freq_.
impulses
per
4Q
sec
^
oi
/
_
__ _
CIA-RDPl9#fl(M7RCRk)5b0^0002-2
Potential
mV