Approved For Normatized gr Fig. 2 ” with the experimental data [8] (Fig. 1). Figure 1 plots the synthesis induction coefficient Ky vs. A during trradiation of @, colt culture. Similar estimates for yeast cultures based on spectra published in [1217 (Fig. 2) show that this spectrum represents the oscillations of the outer membrane, while the spectrum published in [13] (Fig. 3) refers to vibrations of mitochondria membranes. Figure 2 plots the normalized rate of growth of the yeast culture irradiated by EMR vs. £3; Fig. 3 plots the dependence on . of the change in the number of carrier sites after mice are exposed to EMR combined with X-rays (the curve PMD + R), as compared with change in the number of carrier sites after irradiation with X-rays alone (curve R): K is che control. It is not only the quantitative fit of the calculated and experimental spectrum that is essential. The cognitive significance of this analysis is even more important. First of all, it clarifies why the lines in the spectra are narrow despite the sub- stantial losses in the biological media, and explains the presence of many bands in the spectra which correspond to similar biological effect. Both these observations are at- tributable to the fact that cell membranes exposed to acoustic vibrations are resonance systems in which a large number of oscillation types can be induced; some of them (with similar values of N) are similar in the type of fields that are induced. In the analysis of the effect spectra shown in Figs. 1-3, one should take into account that these are sub- stantially nonlinear relationships between the bodily effects and the information param- asters. It should also be noted that in the elementary case of a cylindrical membrane vaken for illustration, we discuss types of oscillations that differ in just one parameter N for the sake of clarity. In reality, membrane shapes can be complex. with corresponding vibrations characterized generally by more than one parameter. For example, in Fig. 3, wo series’ of lines with a similar period can be distinguished, which are shifted relative +0 each other. Different series of resonance bands can correspond to different cell mem- yranes (see below, the last section) and can be stimulated in different subbands. It becomes also clearly why the biological effect of EMR on a healthy cell is weak ‘within the natural scatter of the functional indicator), and becomes manifested only af- rer several irradiation sessions [17]. The calculated value of wave velocity Vv, % 400 l/sec corresponds to the deceleration of the electromagnetic wave by almost a factor of me million (reduction of the wave velocity compared with the speed of light in vacuum). -he field is pressed tight to the membrane: the distance from the membrane surface at thich the fleld amplitude is reduced by a factor of e for a wave i = 5 mm is approximately qual to 10 &. In order for Such a system to become connected with a wave propagating in he outer environment, special elements of connection are necessary, The organization of ‘hese elements is discussed in the next section. We will merely note here that such con- lection elements arise only under unfavorable biological conditions,to which cells or cell ystems respond by restructuring. Under normal conditions the membranes radiate almost no illimeter waves; accordingly, they can hardly perceive any external radiation. The highly irganized energy of microwave vibrations is not wasted by the body; in terms of energy O88, there 1s no substantial difference between generation and regenerative amplifica- ion. Another theoretically and practically important experimental fact also becomes ex- licable: under thesame experimentalconditions, itis not only the fine structure that is haracterized by an exceedingly high reproducibility, but also the Prequency values at nich specific biological effects are observed, despite the fact that the dispersion of he cell sizes and subcellular elements is fairly large. This happens because the value ft Vas by virtue of (1), is affected by several parameters (the calculated value of vy, * 400 m/sec is found for mean values, and is itself an averaged estimate). By virtue of ; = 10 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7 Rass dike
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001 -7 3 ee 3 —2 £ ——e 3 “f+ 2 = — oo - 24 Te 70 TE Th TI6 Ta 720 22 Teh Amm 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 (2), A fora fixed rf is proportional to Vos and so for given N and f, the value of d (see (3)) will also vary in proportion to Vi Changes in the number of wavelengths N (for a vixed 7) on the perimeter of a membrane are unlikely under theconditions ofthe experiment. The membrane is bulit successively of separate "blocks" — molecules. In the construction of cellular structures, one error occurs per 10? construction motions [18]. On the other nand, there is a very small number of molecules per one wavelength [16], so that even when shousands of wavelengths can be fitted along the membrane perimeter, a change of the num- ber of molecules along the perimeter of a membrane in the course of its construction is oractically ruled out for any significant number of cells. If the number of molecules is che same, the values of vz and A, in conformity with the analysis of (1) and (2), and the parameters appearing in (1), will be affected solely by the density of the packing of molecules; the changes in this density will produce variations of A and d proportional to one another, The informational action of EMR on cells appears to be connected with f largely through N, because it is N which determines the character and direction of forces in the natural system of coordinates tied to the membrane. In particular, the fine and flexible control of cells functions, by varying f can be due to the fact that with a large number of “oscillations characterized by small variations of N and respective field configurations, a fairly smooth regulation of cellular processes ean be achieved. The excitation of men- branes has been studied extensively (see, e.g., [16]). In view of the small value of Vue the mechanism of long-term or multiple interaction of the variable electric field of the membrane with charges connected with protein molecules described in [16] seems probable. In electronic devices, long-term and multiple interactions of charges with a microwave field are quite common (see, e.g., [19]). In.resonance systéms closed in field and in current, such as the electrodynamic system of a multiresonator magnetron, excitations are quite easy to induce (it is this kind of system that a membrane should provide for the oscillations closed in a ring and excited in it). The current necessary for stimulating dscillations would be determined by the quality of the energy loss in the system for a certain amplitude of the microwave fleld and the energy released into this field by the charges. The charges, connected with protein molecules oscillating at their resonant fre- quencies (due to the metabolism energy), have, because of a large molecular weight of pro- t@in molecules, considerable stored energy which they can pass on to the membrane's micro- wave field in the course of interaction. The oscillations of single protein molecules can oe likened to vibrations of a spring which responds by attenuating vibrations at the natu- ral resonant frequency to any nonperiodic perturbation... For coherent vibrations to be ex- sited in a membrane, the vibrations of the individual oscillators, however, should be co- ohasic. Since the polarization of membranes is necessary for acoustoelectric waves to be éxcited in them it is necessary for signal generation in the membrane. This process can ce depicted as the phasing of protein oscillators linked with the membrane by the acoustic *Omponent of the wave field associated with transfer of energy of these oscillators to the vave; the electric component of the wave interacts with the charges associated with pro- é@in molecules. Another legitimate hypothesis is that the mechanism is inverse: the ohasing of the vibrations of the electrical component of the wave field in the membrane ind the transfer of the energy of oscillators of its acoustic component . The energy spent to phase the vibrations of the oscillators is small compared with 7neir own energy €7]. Since losses in the lipid membrane are relatively small, we can *Onelude that a small number of protein oscillators would be sufficient for signal genera- ‘20n with this mechanism. When the cell, however, ts subjected to unfavorable impacts ‘Making it necessary to radiate signals controlling the recovery processes), proteins “rom the cytoplasm are drawn toward the membrane and become associated in it [20]; this “hould increase the current and, therefore, the magnitude of oscillations induced in the “emorane. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7
ZLCLT ag tae Pgh oe 1 les, (ADB NSdCEOicRe BeBe PodU OaE! CIA RDP OP-eoreoRODGTO92EOOOS sTusnc:e< wahnicsh acco vhe “strong CONNECTION BETWEEN ELECTROMAGNETIC OSCILLATIONS EXCITED IN CELL MEMBRANES AND THE ENVIRONMENT in a normally functioning organism the electromagnetic vibrations induced in cell membranes practically do not interact with the environment, because the fields are presses cvight to the membrane surface. EMR irradiated into the environment or perceived from out- side are negligibly small. While any connection with the environment would mean a waste of energy for a normally functioning organism, it may become necessary when the normal functioning of cells is disrupted. It could help processes aimed at eliminating the dis- ruptions or adapting to changed functional conditions. . How are vibrations in the membrane connécted with the environment? Of interest in this context are the so-called temporary structures that appear on membranes only during the restructuring of the function and later disappear. Could these structures function as communication elements? Experience with multiresonator magnetrons, where the field structure, to some extent, is similar to the above-described field structure in an excited membrane (an integral number of lengths of slow waves in both cases fit into the circle of che resonating system), suggests that interaction with this field could be arranged with the aid of a probe connected with the field of one of the standing waves in the system, The communication elements, placed at a distance equal to the wavelength of the slow wave from one another, introduce a greater load into the system; they effectuate the connections with the crests of waves corresponding to the same phase'of the oscillation. A study of the behavior of cells exposed to unfavorable factors under an electron microscope showed [20] that membrane surfaces developed septa - periodic protrusions shifted relative to each other by approximately 100 R, i.e., the value of the slow wavelength A estimated in the preceding section. For evaluating the size of these protrusions it should be noted that if the oscillations are moved away from the._membrane (where they occur in the same phase) to a distance of just about A/27 from the surface (i.e., a distance of about 10 A), then an ordinary time-variable field will be excited outside of the membrane. A decrease in the amplitude of this field with the increased distance from the site of excitation will no longer be associated with the total internal reflection but mainly with the active losses ig the environment. It is through these protrusions or septa that the primary con- tact occurs between the membranes, brought closer together by the unfavorable impacts (Fig. 4): the protrusions reduce the degree of field attenuation since the distance from the surface at these points is Shorter; as a result, interaction can be established at a greater overall distance. Figure 4 [20] is a diagram of the process of reactive restructuring of membranes after being exposed to a variable field: a) formation of protrusions; b) pulling together of membranes; 1) membranes; 2) material adhering to the membrane; and 3) inter- membrane gap. One might think that since, according to (2), A is frequency dependent, a specific distance between the protrusions, if it could be tied to the field configuration, would indicate that the communication between them is of a narrow band type. The real number of protrusions in periodic sequences, however, is relatively small (up to 5-6) and they vary noticeably in shape [20], They can be used, therefore, for communication in a very broad frequency band for interseptal distances equal to the mean A for this band. Be- Sides, variations in the degree of connection in a broadband affect little the informa- tional effect. The latter depends little on the signal amplitude [4]. The degree of con- nection in case of an underloaded generator changes the radiated power relatively slowly - C19]. The existence of a connection between the periodic membrane structures and the elec- tromagnetic field is supported also by the fact that these Structures arise in areas where membranes cup out; this cupping out of itself provides some connection (although very weak in the absence of septa) between the high-frequency fields in the membrane and in the en- vironment, Similar results have been obtained in a different way in [21]. The study was con- cerned with the interaction between cells (erythrocytes) in a medium into which long-fiber polyethylene oxide molecules were introduced. In terms of the above scheme, these mole- cules could operate as communication elements for removing the microwave energy from the membrane surface. After the molecules were introduced into the medium the maximum distance vetween the cells at which an intercellular interaction could be observed greatly in- creased. The optimum concentration of polyethyloxide molecule (corresponding to the maxi- mum intercellular interaction) was achieved with an intermolecular distance of about 4o RB, It should be noted that, first, the ends of all molecules are not situated in the same Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7
~ Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7 ciane and are not in contact with the membrane surface. The mean distance between chen, néasured along the membrane surface, should: @ close to the distance measured perpendicular 79 this surface. Secondly, the region of a field with a noticeable amplitude (smaller than tne amplitude at a surface by not more than by a factor of 10) is greater than A/2nr by nearly 2.5 times and equals approximately 40 h This means that the field region with the iarger amplitude includes molecules separated by distance of about 100 2 rather than just 40 4. These experiments, too, confirm that the Optimal spacing between communication ele- ments is close to the Length of the slow wave A estimated above. The match of the data of three qualitatively different methods of study of the posi- vion of elements which could serve for communication between the cell environment and the oscillations in the membrane Supports the hypothesis that vartable flelds are induced in vne menbrane and the possible system of connection with these membranes. A minor asymmetry can be observed in @ normally functioning cell as well. [It may be responsible for the observed slow reconstruction of function in healthy cells exposed to external EMR (which probably oceurs during several irradiation sessions). The function *s modified within the range that is characteristic of the biological species concermed, CONTROL OF CELLULAR PROCESSES BY MEMBRANES In orderto completethis description, we willdiscuss ina generalform howthe informaticn ried by configurations of fields induced in a membrane can cause modifications in the il and how it can be transmitted within the body. . In [23] a theoretical analysis of the effects of ponderomotive forces excited by vari- able electromagnetic fields was performed. It studied the influence of these fields on the formation of so-called cytoskeleton in the cell - a net of threadlike formations capturing specific types of molecules and transporting them to the site of their action. Once the cellular structure has been built, the cytoskeleton decays. In [18] this theory was re- fined, specifying that the address of each action is determined by the intersection of the threadlike structures. The authors of [18,23] rested their hypothesis on the experiments in the IR band, but extended (without special analysis) their conclusion to EMR actions in live organisms. At first glance, the hypothesis agrees with the conclusions of the pre- ceding sections: a field configuration induced in aemembrane by EMR causes filiform for- mations in the cell in conformity with the type of the oscillations induced. The cross-— points of the filiform formations in the cell are shifted when the type of oscillation is modified, which, according to [18], should change the sites and type of the processes that occur, Whether the signals are generated by the organism or received from outside in this case is immatertal. This description, however, is at variance with. microwave electrodynamics. Cells are not larger than a few micrometers in size and are fPllled with a medium which has a dielec- tric constant close to that of water. A minimal cross section of the waveguide channels A more likely explanation can be based on processes on the surfaces of membranes, There is a large number of membranes in a cell: in addition to the external membrane, which is the cell's sheath (the so-called Plasmatic membrane), subcellular particles are also surrounded by their own membranes. Among these are the mitochondria (which function as ‘he powerhouses of the cell) and the lysosomes (which contain the enzymes splitting pro- ‘@ins, nucleic acids, and other substances). Additional membranes develop and decay in ‘he course of a cellts functioning when the cell is exposed to unfavorable impacts, Mul- ‘llayer membrane structures and small bodies are formed sometimes to Provide a contact 20]. Of special importance in this context is the Pact that it is on the membrane sur- ace that many of the processes determining the cell function take place [16]. In par- ‘lcular, membranes influence the enzymatic activity and coordinate the chemical reactions side the cells. Membranes also take part in intercellular coordination - the transmis- ion of information from one eell to another on contact, as well as in intracellular com= unications. The intermembrane contact itself can result from active motions of membranes Ssoclated with the vibrations excited in them. In their capacity of a coordinator of Atracellular activity and intercellular interactions, membranes are in a continuous state f motion and change. This is probably how the informational effects of EMR are produced: 7 affecting the patterns of acoustoelectrical oscillations in the membrane, the radiation &an regular the processes in the cells; through processes at the cellular level, it can Plect the functioning of complex multicellular organisms. The targets of regulation would Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001 -7