datamatters24/research-document-archive huggingface dataset:
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003000490004-2 Target and Sender Dependencies V1 20 March 1994 Analysis We conducted two different analyses in this study: (1) Our standard 1-of-5 rank-order technique to construct effect sizes and p-values. (2) An analysis of variance (ANOVA) to address the 2 x2 questions. Rank-Order For each trial, there was a single response and its associated target pack (i.e., either static or dynamic). An analyst, who was blind to the condition and target for the trial, was asked to rank-order five targets (i.e., the intended target and four decoys) within the given pack. This was a forced ranking, so regard- less of the quality of match between the response and targets, he/she had to assign a first place match, a second place match, and so on for each of the five targets. The output from this part of the analysis was a rank-order number (i.e., one to five, one corresponding to a first place match) for the correct target. For each receiver, target type, and condition, there were 10 such rank-order numbers which constituted a block of data. A rank-order effect size was computed for a block as: Ei j ~ fen” -1 12 where R;; is the average rank for target type i and sender condition j, and Ro is the expected average rank, which for this study is equal to three for all cases. N is the number of possible ranks and is equal to five throughout this study. The effect size reduces to: 3-K,, Analysis of Variance A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was computed for each receiver. The two primary variables were target type and sender condition (i.e, ANOVA main effects). Each of these variables possessed the two states shown in Table | above. Hypotheses The overall null hypothesis was that &; will not be significantly different from zero. Using an F-test, we hypothesized that the quality of AC does not depend upon a sender regardless of target type. Similarly, we used an F-test to test the hypothesis that the quality of AC does not depend upon target type, regardless of the sender condition. The ANOVA also tests for potential interactions between the target and sender conditions. For exam- ple, it might be that a sender is required for dynamic targets and not for static ones. We did not hypothe- size with regard to interactions. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003000490004-2
Approved For Release eee Lhe te We Med nea be south Seis, |sabaked - fi weg Mev Vn eate nikon — *AOL - Analytical Overlay; images thought to be erroneous, being triggered imagination. Possibly relevant, but not taken to be primary data. Approved For Release 200 0/08/08" | “fh DP96-00789R003200200001-4
deere ence Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003000490004-2 ot Target and Sender Dependencies V1 20 March 1994 Effect Size Results Five receivers completed 40 trials each. Table 2 shows the effect sizes computed for the 10 trials in each cell. The underlined effect sizes indicate 1-tailed significant results. Receiver 009 showed significant evidence for AC in the static target, no-sender condition (p < 0.02); receiver 372 in the static target, sender condition; and receiver 518 in the static target, no-sender condition (p < 0.05). Combined, the static, no-sender condition was significant (p < 0.02) Table 2. Effect Sizes . Sender |NoSender | Sender | No Sender Receiver ; ; : ; Static Static Dynamic | Dynamic rr nl 0.141 ANOVA Results Table 3 shows the results of an ANOVA on these data. Since there were 10 trials within each cell, the degrees of freedom are the same for all receivers and, therefore, are only shown in the column headings. e oc o | 2 co] ~l —_ | S — BN — Two receivers show significant main effects. Receiver 372 showed a tendency to favor static over dy- namic targets (i.e. p < 0.03), and receiver 518 showed a tendency to favor no sender conditions (i.e., p< 0.04). Notice the underlined values in Table 3—for these receivers the ANOVA hypothesis that the data were drawn from the same distribution is rejected, and there were no significant interactions between Table 3. ANOVA Results target type and sender condition. Sender Condition Target Type Interaction F(1,36) F(1,36) F(1,36) | P-Value Receiver Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003000490004-2
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003000490005-1 Managing the Target Pool Bandwidth V4h 23 March 1994 Table 1. Results for Static Targets ~ 1992 Experiment CS 518 0.283 0.119 Table 2 shows the same data for the dynamic target condition. Table 2. Results for Dynamic Targets — 1992 Experiment a With the possible exception of receiver 131, AC on the dynamic targets failed to show any evidence of functioning. The difference between these two target conditions was strongly in favor of the static tar- gets (X¢ = 3.050, df = 1, p < 0.081). Hypothesis Formulation and Discussion - 1992 Static targets being better than dynamic ones is surprising—not only because it fails to support the ganz- feld result, but also because it suggests the opposite. There are a number of possible contributing fac- tors for this outcome. They include statistical artifacts, idiosyncrasies of our receivers compared to the ganzfeld participants, and procedural differences. Another possibility may be that, as in the ganzfeld, rank-order statistics were used. Since absolute measures of AC are better than relative measures in process-oriented research, and since the target-type inference was based on relative measures, perhaps this accounts for some of the result. A full discussion of these points may be found in Lantz, Luke, and May (1994). We propose a different explanation: a fundamental difference between the expceriment’s dynamic and static target pools are, in themselves, a source of noise. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003000490005-1
“333 Ravenswood Ave. ¢ Mento Park, CA 94025 2-415-326-6200 TWX 210-373-1246 * TELEX: 334463 © Facsimije: 415: 326-5512 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-0078 - ( Date 5S May 1982, 0950 (Scan 5) Series | , Session No, ; nn Remote Viewer #002 ; oe Interviewer H. Puthoff eee Beacon(s) CRV es Comments: 1, Continuation of scans begun on 1 March 1982, Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location and target activity of interest. Calibration trials with known target material indicated remote viewer "on-line,"* renee Presession: Steel Plant, Aliquippa, PA, Postsession: O'Hare International Airport, H, E. Puthoff, Ph.D., Radi SRil inteeniatiorfallease 2000/08/0&2,C1A-RDP96-00789R003200200001-4 hysics Laboratory
sprovod-eor Release 2000/08 (Of }0789R005200200007-4 al Final Report March 1989 Covering the Perioa 1 Uctober 1988 to 15 February 1989 REVIEW OF THE PSYCHOENERGETIC RESEARCH CONDUCTED AT SRI INTERNATIONAL (1973-1988) (U) “tT } i SIRI! Internation BAESs eo For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200200001-4
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Managing the Target Pool Bandwidth
V4h 23 March 1994
Managing the Target Pool Bandwidth:
Noise Reduction
for
Anomalous Cognition Experiments
by
Edwin C. May, Ph.D
S. James P. Spottiswoode (Consultant)
and
Christine L. James
Science Applications International Corporation
Cognitive Sciences Laboratory
Menlo Park, CA
Abstract
Lantz, Luke, and May (1994) reported in the first of two studies that experienced receivers from the
Cognitive Sciences Laboratory produced significant evidence for anomalous cognition (AC) of static
targets, but showed little evidence torAC of dynamic targets. This result was surprising—it was directly
opposite to the results that were derived from the ganzfeld database (Bern and Honorton, 1994).
In
Lantz, Luke, and May’s experiment, the topics of the dynamic targets were virtually unlimited, whereas
the topics for the static targets were constrained in content, size of cognitive elements, and range of
affect. In a second experiment, Lantz, Luke, and May redesigned the target pools to correct this unbal-
ance and observed significant improvement ofAC functioning. We incorporate these findings into a
definition of target pool bandwidth and propose that the proper selection of bandwidth will lead to a
reduction of incorrect information in free-response^C.
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Approved For Release 20 : - Phencrponological Resear se 2000/08) 8 igClA RDP96-00789R003100020001-5 Il PROGRESS REPORT 1. Technical Milestones In this section, we provide highlights of the technical progress during the period between 1 October and 30 November 1991. Please see the Interim Technical Report for the same time period for complete details. 1.1 Clin 1: Research The primary activities during the reporting period included: e Final details for the first meeting of the Policy Oversight Committee (POC) on 2 December 1991. e Final details for the first meeting of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) on 6 December 1991. @ Completion of IRB protocols for experiments that are specified in the Statement of Work. © Completion of Scientific Oversight Committee (SOC) protocols. e Computation of change of entropy for a static target pool. @ Development of software for digitizing dynamic targets. All SOC protocols have been mailed to the membership. 1.2 Clin 3: Support Activity There was no activity under this clin. 4.3 Clin 4: Hardware and Software All hardware and software purchases have been received. 1.4 Clin 5: Support Activity (Option 1) There was no activity under this clin. 2. Changes No changes to the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, method of operation, management, or milestones occurred during this reporting period. 3. Problems There were no problems encountered during the reporting period. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100020001-5
2 A- EAS | Om pe A—~— , Approved For Release 2000/08/09 : CIA-RDP96- ooZesRops6ogTteey4- se din, on ~~ da , in a frp or h- prst— po on fond Lote prod Approved For Release 2000/08/09 : CIA-RDP96-00789R 600160004,2 . ee
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R00310006000171 [o90}01g oyoadgs —¥suy, wonsspes fooojolg (f) [A ons SUOTJIPUOD IOATI09YY sUOTIPUCD jeJuewUO TAU SUOTIPUCD ypeqpead suleMoC] [090}01g Joooj01g JeoHOIsTEy O a OSISISSVTONN Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA -RDP96-00789R003100060001 -1
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100060001,1 sisttemy (9) Ly omy sI9qIO i AN, - IOP IPA uoud p SUOTR[DY i ‘gouapuedaq - sorsinsury sox Teorséqiq é ROE uoljonpay SATTEPIJUeNH J9pIO — yuey | —_ soneee i }wonomm | sjdasu07 jones SUOISUdUTICT sIsAyeUy GaIaISSVIONN ‘Jpuog “Wau "shy —O10e J] AZojorssAyg—w UMeIC, WOW orpny asuodsay OV -1 -RDP96-00789R003100060001 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100060001+1 suoyeayddy dojaaoq pue yoddns yoreosay oiseq (9) ['H andy juountadxg oijoeds joafayy eHow) TIMUNOTYy Payless jusuniedxg ozAjeuy pure jonpuog siusuriadxsy MON dojaaag AToaqL ejuswepuny (je8re) . 301N0g§ - UOISSIWUSURIT, (10A10094]) 10}09}98(] sUTBUIOG YoTessayy WORTUsO7 ydasu0z sypeds joolay BLIOILID TINT, Poprey sis4jeuy pue MOTAQY [EOHOISTET SOUsPIAg 104 BHOIND Ysyqeis” uoleqingiag urewod yoreasayy uonras0_ AAlsISSVIONN Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100060001-1
Tek pprelvedidopi: Regense! 600/08 4P8nnGidieRD ROGHABLS SaGO84001 20001 -4 DRAFT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES 00... . ccc ccc ccc cece eee eee n eee eee teen ee bebe ee eee be eenee ii LIST OF TABLES 2.0.0... ccc eee eee enn e ene n eee e bebe bene eee ebaee iii IT OBJECTIVE 0... ccc ccc cece ce eee eee e beeen eee e eee eee tbenaes 1 TE INTRODUCTION 0.0.00... cece cece cece eee nee etre eect en been eetennnes 2 TIT APPROACH ... 2. ccc cere cent eee e eee tenet ere e tenes bee reneteeaa 4 1. Target-pool Selection ....... 0... cece cece cece cece eee nee eee enn e eee eeee 4 2. Target Perparation ....... 0... c cece eee eee cence ee nee nent e ee ennaes 4 3, Target Selection 0.0... 0... cece cece eee cee eee eee e eee teen n eee a enna 8 4. Receiver Selection ............... eee ete e nee e eee e eee eben te tesaraes 8 5. Sender Selection 60.0... ccc cece cece cece eee e eee b en eeeetee evens teceteres 9 6. Session Protocol 2.0... 6 eee cee cee eee eee eee e ence etre eee eee bees 9 7.  AMALYSIS 00. eee eee eee een e ee eee eens eee e ee enenes 10 8. Hypotheses ..... 0. ccc cece cece eee eee eee eee eee ene e ee eenanee 10 IV DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 1.0.0... .. ccc ccc ec cece cence nee een eeaees 12 1. NullResult 20.0... ccc ccc cece cece cece ene eee eee enn eaneeeenees 12 2. Significant Deviations ...... 0... cece cece cece ee eect eee eee e eee e ete e ees 12 Vi GLOSSARY oo. ccc eer e eee e ee eee eee e eee e eee eeeeeees 14 REFERENCES 200... ccc ccc eee een eee rennet enn n ee teen rere et eeereenenas 15 APPENDIX woo ee ee ee eee ee ee eee eee b bane e beet eee ee eeeerererees 16 Approved For Release oN TEP OR Nob o6.00789R003100120001-4
ena 3) te Approved For Release 2000/08/09 : A-n0P 96 SOTEDROBIEI A002 h fs a [ie te AL BK OLA pio ti _, oata Approved For Release 2000/08/09 Eh FSrbeonreercossoseom.
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001-4 CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL FREE-RESPONSE TARGETS: EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS AND OBSERVATIONS Deborah L. Delanoy Psychology Department University of Edinburgh 7 George Square Edinburgh EH8 992 Scotland, U.K. Abstract This paper reviews experimental findings and observations concerning characteristics of successful free-response targets. Information relevant to the following categories of target characteristics was examined: colour/black and white; complex/simple; novel/familiar; abstract/ concrete; dynamic/static; form/idea and meaning; emotion; and theme/ content. Very few conclusions could be drawn fran the data base, although a tentative finding related dynamic, multi-sensory targets to ESP success. Other suggestive findings were reported for novel and abstract characteristics. The discussion considers possible reasons for the general lack of findings and presents a possible avenue for future research. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Ms. Caroline Watt and Professor James Crandall contributed substantially to the research for this paper, for which I am most grateful. My thanks also to Dr. Julie Milton and Ms. Watt for helpful comments on the papers content and again to Ms. Watt for the typing of the references. . Approved For Release 2000/08/G&4 CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001 -4
& Ww Approved For Release 2000/ ILLUSTRATIONS Computer Modeling Task . . 2. . 6 © 6 «© © © © © © ew ew wees 7 Decision Graph for Site Selection, .......42+8s088 10 ' Average Number of Trials ny to Screen Positive ...... 11 Decision Graphs for Site Selections Based on the Data of Subject 1 (Table 1) Screening Study, Resulting in Twelve Consecutive Correct Selections .......6:+4 6568 2 ee 14 iii 6-00789R003200200001-4
ApRrovend erdaslease yoni fdas robe Bib RAG eOT aeRO steogd2ONestion were described. Firstly, from environmental psychology it was suggested that greater attention should be given to the subject’s emotional response to the target stimuli, and that, from the connection between arousal and approach-avoidance, the use of negative emotive stimuli could on the whole be more likely to arouse our experimental participants and attract their attention than neutral or bland stimuli. Secondly, research on attention found that attention was attracted by stimuli which were relatively intense, bright, contrasting, colourful, novel, complex and incongruous - though only at moderate levels. Similarly, social psychology, using more complex and realistic settings than attention research, found that bright, moving, contrasting and novel stimuli attracted attention. 4. Some of the limitations of this paper were noted: there was a narrow focus on physical target characteristics without considering inevitable influences of properties of the perceiver and the environment on what aspects of the target stimuli would appear salient to any individual. Nevertheless, the findings presented here were valid in their relevance to considerations of the target question given that this paper does not present a comprehensive and exhaustive overview of the subject of targets in parapsychological research. We have seen that there is some consistency in the suggestions of popular "psychic training” literature, spontaneous cases, and parapsychologists’ theoretical ideas on the likely characteristics of successful GESP targets. These findings appear to suggest that our targets should be psychologically sallent and physically salient: 1. targets in parapsychological research should be meaningful, have emotional impact and human interest - this may make them salient in the minds of our ‘experimental participants; 2. targets should also be physically salient by standing out from their backgrounds - properties such as movement, novelty, complexity, incongruity, brightness and contrast tend to make stimuli physically salient. CPYRGHT Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RBP96-00789R003100120001-4
| | | yo REMOTE VIEWING EVALUATION TECHNIQUES (U) - —___] __] pved For Release 2000/08/08 : zo Final Repon- December 1986 Covering the Period 1 October 1985 to 30 September 1986 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200200001-4
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001 -4 CPYRGHT Berlyne, D.E. (1958) The influence of complexity and novelty in visual figures on orienting responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55, 289-296. Berlyne, D.E. (1960) Conflict, Arousal, and Curiosity. McGraw-Hill, New York. Berlyne, D.E. (1970) Attention as a problem in behaviour theory. In D.I. Mostofsky (Ed.) Attention: Contemporary Theory and Analysis. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York. Boswell, H.A. (1969) Master Guide to Psychism. Lancer, New York. Braud, W.G. (1975) Psi-conducive states. Journal of Communication, 25, 142-152. Braud, W.G. (1982) Nonevident psi. Parapsychology Review, 13, 16-18. Brown, W.P. (1961) | Conceptions of perceptual defence. British Journal of Psychology Monograph, supplement no. 35. Burns, J. (1981) Your Innate Psychic Powers. Sphere, London. Byrne, D. (1961) The repression-sensitization scale: rationale, reliability, and validity. Journal of Personality, 29, 335-349. Bryne, D. (1963) Relation of the revised Repression-Sensitization Scale to measures of self-description. Psychological Reports, 13, 323-334. Byrne, D. (1964) Repression-Sensitization as a dimension of personality. In B.A. Maher (Ed) Progress in Experimental Personality Research, Volume 1, Academic Press, New York. Corcoran, D.W.J. (1965) Personality and the inverted-U relation. British Journal of Psychology, 56, 267-274. Crandall, J. Conversation held in Psychology Department, University of Edinburgh, spring 1988. Delanoy, D. Conversation heid in Psychology Department, University of Edinburgh, spring 1988. Delanoy, D. (1988) Characteristics of successful free-response targets: experimental findings and observations. Paper submitted for presentation at the 1988 Annual Convention of the Parapsychological Association
a A - \ ee [L__Apptoved For Release 2001/03/07 : [A Ropes-narehRooszentcooons jo Internation Final Report “7 May 1985 Covering the Period October 1983 to October 1984 BACTERIAL MUTATION STUDY (U) SRI Project 7408-10 - : roved L. 200 229 Ravenswood Avenue ; ) 3 3 1 ’ ! Lt topy | dy! cay Ne... This document consists of 42 pages. —SRHGF=0277 A-IRDP96-00789R003200160001 -9 * Mento Park, California 94025 . U.S.A.
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i
*
I
Target and Sender Dependencies
in
Anomalous Cognition
I
Prepared by:
Edwin C. May, Ph.D. and Nevin D. Lantz
2 December 1991
ScienceApplications International Corporation
An Employee-Owned Company
Presented to:
The Scientific Oversight Committee
Submitted by:
Science Applications International Corporation
Cognitive Sciences Laboratory
1010 El Camino Real, Suite 330
Menlo Park, California 94025
Of/
1010 El Camino Real, Suite 330, P.O. Box 1412, Menlo Park, CA 94025
• (415) 325-8292
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
.
I
OBJECTIVE
II
INTRODUCTION
IB
APPROACH
1.
Target-pool Selection
2.
Target Perparation
3.
Target Selection
4.
Receiver Selection
5.
Sender Selection
6.
Session Protocol
7.
Analysis
8.
Hypotheses
IV
DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
1.
Null Result
2.
Significant Deviations
V
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
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LIST OF FIGURES
1.
City with a Mosque
2.
Green Intensity Distribution for the City Target (Macro-pixel, 3,3)
3.
City with Mosque (
| AS
| = 1.98 bits/0.25 in2
)
4.
Pacific Islands (
| AS
| = 1.35 bits/0.25 in2
)
5.
Zener Target Cards (Average
| AS
| = 0.15 bits/0.25 in2
)
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LIST OF TABLES
1.
Effect Size as a Function of Target T^pe
2.
Potential Correlation of AS with Effect Size
3.
Experiment Conditions
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I. OBJECTIVE
There are two objectives of this pilot study:
(1)
Explore the effects of target properties on AC quality.
(2)
Determine the degree to which anomalous cognition (AC) quality depends upon a sender/
* Definitions of terms can be found in Section V (i.c., Glossary) on page 14.
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The city target was chosen as an example because
it was known (qualitatively) to be a “good” static
photograph for AC trials in earlier research. Figure 4 shows contours of constant change of entropy for
a photograph that was known not to be a “good” AC target.
Figure 4.
Pacific Islands (
| AS
| = 1.35 bits/0.25 in2
).
For comparison, we show in, Figure 5, the traditional Zener card set, which was used in most of the
forced-choice experiments shown in Thble 1 and described above.
Figure 5.
Zener Target Cards (Average
| AS
| = 0.15 bits/0.25 in2
).
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We would recommend, therefore, that a post hoc analysis be conducted to search for target systematics
in the existing database.
If any were found, we would formulate hypotheses to be tested in later studies.
2.3 Other Post Hoc Analyses
Depending upon time and resources, we will re-analyze the AC data. Decoy targets for the blind rank-
ing would be selected not on the basis of constant A S, but rather on a visual basis alone; this is the tradi-
tional method usually employed in AC studies. Depending upon the content of the targets, there might
be other dimensions that could be used to construct decoy targets (e.g., function, physical proximity of
target elements).
There has been some indication in the literature that AC quality depends weakly upon the noise in the
geomagnetic field. Since we routinely record the time, date, and location of each trial, we will add the
results from this experiment to that analysis.
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