CPYRGH Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001-4 arousal drops). Berlyne (1960) considers attention to be most effectively attracted by a stimulus whose novelty is often renewed. Novelty is related to change or surprisingness of a stimulus (Stotland & Canon, 1972). On surprise, Berlyne says "In experiments on learning, orienting behaviour (a set of psychological and physiological responses through which the organism "sits up and takes notice" when an aspect of its environment changes) is often found to be strengthened by an unheralded change in experimental conditions” (p. 98, Berlyne, 1960, {my italics]. This observation strongly resembles one made from a parapsychological experiment by Roll & Harary (1972), that "some of the more interesting results came when unannounced changes in the experiment were made spontaneously", and similar results occurred "when there was a last-minute change in the target materials" (p.4). Complexity. This can be defined as the number of distinguishable parts which a stimulus possesses, the degree of difference among these parts, and the difficulty of integrating the parts involved (Stotland & Canon, 1972). Incongruity, evidently related to both complexity and novelty, was found by Berlyne (1958) to attract attention. Under examination, the distinction between complexity and novelty grows blurred, and, as Stotland & Canon point out, both involve stimulus change. Humans seem compelled to attend to stimulus change - a response which might be expected to be evolutionarily adaptive. Infants are attracted to relatively complex visual patterns and the attention of adults is also determined partly by stimulus complexity (Berlyne, 1960; Jeffrey, 1968). ; This research on the determinants of selective attention also states that, consistent with the discussion earlier of approach-avoidance behaviour, people seek an optimum level of arousal: either too much or too little arousal is unpleasant for individuals, and factors such as stimulus novelty, complexity, intensity and incongruity are seen as contributing to an organism's arousal. The research outlined above tended to use fairly sterile tachistoscopic stimulus presentation, however more recent studies of human causal judgement in social situations have shown that these early findings can generalise to much more realistic and complex situations. Shelley Taylor and Susan Fiske (1978), reviewing the literature on the influence of salient stimuli on people's causal judgements, found that bright, contrasting, moving and novel stimuli all attract attention in social situations (e.g. Langer et. al., 1976; McArthur & Post, 1977). Movement can be regarded as simply another aspect of stimulus complexity/novelty, and we have already seen that stimulus change (a feature of movement) compels attention. As it is not yet clear whether the process of psi perception is similar to perception with our known senses it may be argued that the above findings from psychology on attention-grabbing stimulus characteristics may not generalise to the “psi stimulus’. However, it would seem to be evolutionarily adaptive for any organism to attend to bright, contrasting, moving and novel stimuli as such features may indicate either food or threat to the organism. Insofar as psi perception may be an evolved attribute or
CPYRGHT ability ppeowed FaxpRetldasie 288060 H6edrOl AcRHRR 0 GEBBRIVG 3 10 Os. BODGH “4 lated stimulus features such as those outlined above. For parapsychologists, these findings suggest that: 1. stimuli which are likely to attract the attention of our experimental participants and consequently make successful GESP targets may possess the following characteristics in some (as yet unspecified) degree or form: movement, complexity, novelty, incongruity, contrast, colour, brightness and intensity; and, 2. these attention-determining target characteristics must be present at moderate levels - too much and our subjects will be overwhelmed, too little and they will be bored. SOME LIMITATIONS OF THIS PAPER Although this paper may seem to have rambled over a wide range of subjects, it has mainly been restricted to a consideration of targets’ physical features, and has not examined in any depth the idea that "the target" is in part defined by the experimental participant's own personal reactions to and interactions with it. Taylor & Fiske (1978) considered some ways in which the salience of a stimulus may be influenced by factors independent of the actual physical stimulus characteristics, and the following table summarizes their findings. Table 2 (after Taylor & Fiske, 1978) Determinants of Selective Attention Properties of Stimull Brightness Contrast Movement Novelty Properties of Situation Environmental Cues Instructional Set Properties of Perceiver Temporary Need States Enduring Individual Differences in Traits, Reinforcement Schedules, Schemas As Table 2 suggests, properties of a situation and properties influence what aspects of an individual's environment, or a of the perceiver may free-response target, appear as salient to any Individual. For instance, if a person is hungry then food will become especially salient to that individual. An individual's c play some part in determining the direction of his or her attenti gnitive schemata will n (Stotland & Canon, Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : Cl/2$¥DP96-00789R003100120001-4
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001-4 _ i ® Science Applications International Corporation An Employee-Owned Company September 16, 1993 Defense Intelligence Agency Bolling AFB, DT-5 Washington, D.C. 20340-6150 Reference: MDA908 —-93 —C—0004 Data Item No. A001 SG1J Project Periodic Status Report Dear i As you know, we are required by the official contract to deliver formal reports. So, here is our Periodic Status Report deliverable dated 10 September 1993. We are required by contract to distribute the deliver- ables according to the Contract Data Requirements List. Although it specifies the reports should be mailed to RSQ—4, I am sending them to you for the final distribution: Requiring Office Final Report Copies RSQ-4 DIADDT-5A Also, please contact whomever it is that tracks these deliverables to let them know you have received both the draft and the final reports. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me at (415) 325-8292. Sincerely, SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION Edwin C. May, Ph.D. Director, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory ce Tom Albert/w/enclosure Joe Angelofw/enclosure Betty Muzio/w/o/enclosure file 1010 El Camino Real, Suite 330, P.O. Box 1412, Menlo Park, CA 94025 © (415) 325-8292 , OMB HTOVEY FUP REESE POHTOBI08 “CTA-RBPYE-C078SRO03 1601 2000774
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001-4 Science Applications International Corporation An Employee-Owned Company April 23, 1993 Defense Intelligence Agency Bolling AFB, DT-—5 Washington, D.C. 20340-6150 Attention: SG1J Reference: MDA908—93 —C—0004 SG1J 01—0187—03 —3880—XXX Status and Management Report As you know, we are required by the official contract to deliver formal reports. So, here is our Status and Management Report deliverable dated. We are required by contract to distribute the deliverables accord- ing to the Contract Data Requirements List. Although it specifies the reports should be mailed to RSQ—4, I am sending them to you for the final distribution: DPP=4 Also, please contact whomever it is that tracks these deliverables to let them know you have received both the draft and the final reports. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me at (415) 325-8292. Sincerely, SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION tion C. Wty Edwin C. May, Ph.D. Director, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory cc Tom Albert/w/enclosure Joe Angelo/w/enclosure Betty Muzio/w/o/enclosure file 1010 El Camino Real, Suite 330, P.O. Box 1412, Menlo Park, CA 94025 « (415) 325-8292 aS bTOVed FOr RelsaSe ZOUSIOSTOS * CTA RBPYC067SROS 100130004
CPYRGHfPProved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001-4 1972). if a person has a phobia of spiders, then a picture of a spider will be very salient to that person, while it may have no impact on -another person who has a phobia about water. If we as researchers instruct our experimental participants to attend to one aspect of their environment, then that feature will become salient to them. So, we see that there are many influences on what makes target characteristics grab attention, and it is unwise to restrict our view to physical target characteristics alone. Nevertheless, these conclusions about the salience of physical target characteristics remain valid so long as it is appreciated that they do not give the whole picture. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The present paper considered theoretical ideas of what might be expected to make a successful free-response GESP target. 1. Popular literature on the training of psychic powers suggested that emotional impact and human interest content made good targets. A survey of patterns seen in spontaneous cases seemed to support these observations: the bulk of the information transmitted concerned negative events related to humans, though reporting bias accounted for some of this pattern. While parapsychologists could not physically harm their subjects, it was suggested that the emotional impact seen in spontaneous cases could be incorporated into target material for experimental research, as observations from spontaneous cases suggested that such targets might be expected to have more success in an experimental setting than trivial or impersonal targets. 2 Varied theoretical suggestions by parapsychologists on what might make a good target suggested that meaningful, emotional and potent targets could be expected to be successful in GESP research. Studies of characteristics of good targets in conventional psychophysiology suggested that targets in parapsychology should stand out from their background. This might be achieved by having the target event occur suddenly, be discrete in time and be "important" to the percipient. Several parallels were noted between subliminal and psi perception. From perceptual defence and vigilance effects seen in subliminal perception it was suggested that, paradoxically, while some parapsychological subjects might be expected to psi-miss with negative emotional targets, others might psi-hit with such targets. It was suggested that the Repression-Sensitization Scale, diagnostic of an individual's tendency to be defensive or vigilant, might be useful to parapsychologists wishing to pursue these ideas. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001-4 259
CPYRGHT Deri WES PRIM BS ASS ABBA POAR: St. Paul, Minnesota. Dixon, N. (1981) Preconscious Processing. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. Edwards, H. (no date) A Guide for the Development of Mediumship. Spiritualist Association of Great Britain, London. Jeffrey, W.E. (1968) The orienting reflex and attention in cognitive development. Psychological Review, 75, 323-334. Langer, E.J., Fiske, S., Taylor, S.E. & Chanowitz, B. (1976) Stigma, staring, and discomfort: a novel-stimulus hypothesis. Joumal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 451-463. Le Shan, L. (1977) The purpose of psi. Joumal of the Society for Psychical Research, 49, 637-643. McArthur, L.Z. & Post, D.L. (1977) Figural emphasis and person perception. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 520-535. McBain, W.N., Fox, W., Kimura, S., Nakanishi, M., and Tirado, J. (1970) Quasi-sensory communication: An investigation using § mantic matching and accentuated affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 14, 281-291. McDonnell, P. (1968) Effects of intensity, contrast and novelty, on selective attention and free-choice reaction time. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Toronto. Cited in Berlyne, D.E. (1970) Attention as a problem in behavior theory. In D.I. Mostofsky (Ed.) Attention: Contemporary Theory and Analysis. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York. Mehrabian, A. & Russell, J.A. (1974) An Approach to Environmental Psychology. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Morris, R.L. (1977) The Airport Project: A survey of the) techniques for psychic development advocated by popular books. In J.D. Morris, W.G. Roll & R.L. Morris (Eds) Research in Parapsychology 1976, Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, N.J. Nash, C.B. (1980) Characteristics of psi communication. Parapsychology Review, 11, 17-22. Powell, |. (1979) How to be More Psychic. Sphere, London. Roll, W.G. & Harary, K. (1976) Target responses during out-of-body experiences. In report by G. Solfvin of 1976 SERPA Conference, Parapsychology Review, 7, 1-7. Roney-Dougal, S.M. (1981) The interface between psi and subliminal perception. Parapsychology Review, 12, 12-18. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001-4 262 |
Roney-Dougal, S.M. (1986) Subliminal and psi perception: a review of the literature. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 53, 405-434. Schmeidler, G. (1972) Respice, Adspice, Prospice. In W.G. Roll, A.L. Morris & J.D. Morris (Eds) Proceedings of the Parapsychological Association (1971), 8, Parapsychological Association, Durham, North Carolina. Schouten, S.A. (1979a) Analysis of spontaneous cases. Aesearch Letter, 9, Parapsychology Laboratory, University of Utrecht, 55-62. Schouten, S.A. (1979b) Analysis of spontaneous cases as reported in 'Phantasms of the Living’. European Journal of Parapsychology, 2, 408-455. Schouten, S.A. (1982) Analysing spontaneous cases: a replication based on the Rhine collection. European Journal of Parapsychology, 4, 113-158. Schouten, S.A. (1986) A different approach for studying psi. In B. Shapin & L. Coly (Eds) Current Trends in Psi Research (1984), Parapsychology Foundation, New York. Sherman, H. (1960) Know Your Own Mind. Anthony, New York. Sondow, N., Braud, L. & Barker, P. (1981) Target qualities and affect measures in an exploratory psi ganzfeld. Proceedings, 24th Annual Convention of the Parapsychological Association. Stotland, E. & Canon, L.K. (1972) Social Psychology: A Cognitive Approach. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. Targ, RA. (1987) 1986 Esalen Conference. Parapsychology Review, 18, 6-8. Tart, C.T. (1982) Physiological correlates of psi reception: some methodological considerations. In Proceedings, PA & SPR Combined Jubilee and Centenary Conference. Tart, C.T. (1987) cited in Targ, R. 1986 Esalen Conference. Parapsychology Review, 18, 6-8. Taylor, S.E. & Fiske, S.T. (1978) Salience, attention, and attribution: top of the head phenomena. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 11, 249-288. Ullman, M. & Krippner, S. (1973) Dream Telepathy. Penguin, Baltimore. Williams, L.B. & Duke, M. (1979) Qualities of free-response targets and their relationship to psi performance. Proceedings, 22nd Annual Convention of the Parapsychological Association . Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001-4 263
PEEL Up 8 ee pereernug yy Sster ee ae pores ns Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001-4 EXPERIMENTS WITH AN AUTOMATED ‘VESTING SYSTEM AND A COMPARISON WITH A META-ANALYSIS OF FARLIER STUDIES By CHARLES HONORTON, RICK E. BERGER, MARIO PL VARVOGLIS, MARTA QUANT, PATRICIA DERR, Eriratm 1. SCHECITVER, AND DiANE C. FERRARI ABSTRACT: A computer-controlicd testing system was used in EL experiments on ganzfeld psi communication. The automated ganzfeld system controls target selection and presentation, subjects’ blind-judging, and data recording and: storage. Video- taped targets included video segments (dynamic targets) as well as single images (static targets). Two hundred and forty-one volunteer subjects completed 355 psi ganzfeld sessions. The subjects, on a blind basis, correctly identified randomly se- lected and remotely viewed targets to a statistically significant degree, z = 3.89, p = 00005. Study outcomes were homogeneous across the 11 series and eight different experimenters. Performance on dynamic targets was highly significant, z = 4.62, p = 0000019, as was the difference between dynamic and stauc targets, p = .0U2. Suggestively stronger performance occurred with friends than with unacquainted sender/receiver pairs, p = .0635. The automated ganzfeld study outcomes are com- pared with a meta-analysis of 28 earlier ganzfeld studies. The two data sets are con- sistent on four dimensions: overall success rate, impact of dynamic and stauic targets, effect of sender/receiver acquaintance, and prior ganzfeld experience. The combined z for ali 39 studies is 7.53, p = 9 x 10°". Research on psi communication in the ganzfeld developed as the result of earlier research suggesting that psi functioning ts fre- quently associated with internal attention states brought about This work was supported by the James S$. McDonnell Foundation of St. Louis, CPYRGHT Missouri, and by the John E. Fetzer Foundation of Kalamazoo, Michigan. We wish to thank Marilyn J. Schlitz, Peter Rojcewicz, and Rosemarie Pilkington for their help in recruiting participants; Daryl J. Bem of Cornell University and Donald McGarthy of St. Johns University for helpful comments on an carlicr draft of this paper; Edwin C. May of SRI International for performing the audio spectrum analysis; and Robert Rosenthal of Harvard University for suggestions concerning data analysis. We also wish to thank several PRL colleagues who contributed in var- ious ways to the work reported here: Nancy Sondow for assistance in the preparation relaxation exercise and instruction tape that was used throughout, and George Hansen and Linda Moore who served frequently as lab senders. Hansen also pro- vided technical assistance and conducted a data audit resulting in the correction of several minor errors that appeared in a version of this report presented at the 32nd Annual Convention of the Parapsychological Association. Finally, we thank the 24] volunteer participants for providing us with such interesting data. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001-4
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