as 3 toAppreyed For Release 2090/08/07. : CJA7RDP96-00787R000500230002-2 5 Porhnons the Cireat truo monsurcmeont of the olscctromsenetic enerey oanitted Ow am wee male by. Cacgameri, vho dertings in 1927 onc. con— tinuines to 1941 sured the phonomen:>. “wv usine « bropdbene ¢ onor- ator of SO = 400 Mhz (5.0 ~ 0.75 motors), he sueseced in ronon ting “Tth “reauonetes in the 43 ~ 400 Mhz (190 ~ 0.75 moete-c) renge. (These vavelensths inelude lone ths equivilent to averego human he ight. FB.) That. oloctromegnotic onorgey vod ynossibly the cront of tolep:thy wog mode novyiler by many writers, includins Upton “tnuelair who used the title Mental Ro¢io in his 192° book recounting bir very extchsive tolonathic e-meriaonts Tne sane year saw tho nanouncoment by Toreer, thet besinnines five years before, ho hed sucecded in noesur- ing the electrical activity of the brain, cnd h-d found that fre quenci of 4 - 20 Fe ~  enaracteristie normal behavior, onde that cortoain of the froquoneies corresynonded to cortain montal states. In 1941, Dr. Serger announced hie avvroval that brain vaves vere Solonathy artver reneinine hoesitent for somo vcars. tlectromagnetic energy was also being studicd with resvect to nerves ‘end nourons at this time, Reginnine vith Pail iioson in 1920 end continuing till 1938, variouc ncuroshysiolosirts he@ acceurod the cepacit™nce, — resistence (impedance) and other» . current pero- moters anc found that the caocciteneo and resistonee were essentially constent in their vr lucs, and onivy the voltage voriod in tho neurons. “ech nouron wes considsrod to beheve as 2 resistance (and Leter on imvedence) in nerellel vith « esnacitonens. Roe ann ing in tho carly thirties Yoasilover began to verfora many Sort ond lone cintance telessathy cud suggestion oxnorinents., Most noticss ole aro the rosults of on extronoly long Cistence tort, 1700 ‘kilomotors, in wich - subject ves lovercd into = lss4 bottle, yot the vercinient was canpablo of discorning the state of the subject, who wes unconscious. ° Vesilovev at the time, 1937, u:s of the oninion that oloctromcenetic roviation was a hihi invrob’ ble sourco of esy ehenomonsa. Us did however note the, 4 the metal bottle was not conabple of shiclding Wa freauoncer_of tho counte roy rengzo, or of shiolding the freousreiss belo 105 he, boeruss of thoir very Long wavelongths (sroater then ouc ‘“ilomster), Also very eehivyo in this »oriod wes Dr. Rhine cnd his asso Rhine coined the »prase oxtre-sensory vorcention vith a tontetive o morning of 'vorcontion without the function of recornize® sonses.! “8 continucs, “eso is s-norontly indovondent of recognized onerey forms, non-radintive but »rojectory. .- all auite non-sonsory cheractoristics.” (Rhine, I, 1964, 1934) Rhine cleo voiesd threo objoetions to tne cloctromagnatic nodels, Pirst, thet electro may netie r-distion loses its novor, invorsely nrovortionsl to the seusre of the distenes. (ibid. »» 158 ~ 175). Second, he mentions ‘the wroblems of solectivity imnosed by the vroblen of evorvrbody troansnittines continuovrly or Ssinultencoisly, apenas. the objection ig “akon, cnd woll mede, thet cloetronn netis cannot exolain the orenomens. of olfirvovance, wnora obviously thoi is neither en imsso to send, or oven an erent to gond it. Hovevor, Rhine con- cludes, { 216—222) that onp is a biological vhonomone, mer be inherits anc ‘involves tho nervous systom quite ss much as does ony other " eoanitive MROCONE,. 2" TA nacaine , Reine Luno: tole- thy r, Gloirvovr=nec, oné nrecosnition into ons cats;ory, but tele vin sis ond nevyebic healing into sonerate clageos. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500230002-2
Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500230002-2 BIOPRYSTICS HISTORY; 1937-1962 6 Turylein, in 1937 hee found thet hunen subjects felt crowny vhen ex nosed. to lov intoncisy em wores. Loter, in 1942, he omocrinented unon the effect of scresns ond reflecto’s upon = sudject exnosed to hvonotice susesetions concernins svoating. Turlyrin found the the cgent wos emittine olcetromcenotic enereles of 1.8 - 2.1 mm (1.67 1.43 x jolt Hz), | ‘rn Em vhoorv of “si ues vroposod y Bibbe 20g. 5 24224 hrnothosiz- jug thet xerov, cosmic rors and gormea riys (1019 29 iz) ‘ere ros esyonsible for some of tho nhononona. Ru@orfor, a — lator, sugvest- ea gravity Piclés end neutrinos vore resmonsible. lissman, in 1951, hee dotectod sxbronely low froquency (3 - kT) electricel fields emsnating froa what vors congicerod to be normel, thet is, atryicel ‘electric “*ish.'! | Youronhys lolo-.ist "'. Groy Velucr commented won the subjoct of Am ond csv in 1953. He discounto* the em modols «né nrovided four enocifie objections. Pirst, tro Can ccleuleto that thoy vould fol bolow noiso level vithin o fow millimetros fro. the surfsco of the hos: tis second thru fourth objections occur in one »aregranh: ! "Nhe sizo of th sclectricel disturbonces which the brain creates aro extronely small. In fact, thoy are about the size ? within the brain itself, of a received signal which is just inteolligiblo on an average radio sot. More crucial even thet this, thoir dominent freauencios are far below th: rence of radio chrnnols, below evon the scale senl.. of audible froquoncics. At ton evcles ner sccond, tho ave cgo freauency of alnna rhythms, «nv olcctromognetic giscnal transnitted thru spece vould have a vavelongth ox thirty million motroes." Telter, “.G., Th: Livine Brein, 1953, oer. It should clso %> nentionod thet ir noted the lock of the yhenomena to be sicnivicantiv attenuated oither with resyec to. snece distence anc. time Cistanco, so ho apynrerntiyat the timo adhered to the ono- nei vo onomone model, | following his oarlior vork, Lisumen, in 1958 had succeeded in conditioning fish with currents as lov as inicrovolt por metor( V m1) By 1960, basoé woon the vor’s of Bulloc’s ond Hegivarc, a new sonse organ, tho clectrorece tor, was identifica end found to be vhylogen- cally simomber of the acountico~Lator alia system. Tho basic olsctro- roceytor vas similar to the cilic-in-jolly soconcdamr neurons of tac suditory cyvetom, which wore thon thought onlw for aechenocel end tenverature sensitivity. Rashoveky (1955) docs not ateteo himself Cirectly on the subject, noting elso the obviously non-ohysicel osy vhonomena, Sovover, he connictoly mens out the nocegsse: ms ohvsical concitions necessary Lor the oneration, observation enc iostine of om nsi models. He says, mxooriments by Idmund Tacobson (1930 Q) indicate thet thinking results in moasureblo eetion curren's in tho oxtorncl musclos of the body. Such action currents, small ss thoy ere, of necessity create elsetronesnetic fields. Unlikoly as it is, it is not imyos: ible thet some hiehlr sensitive nerves. mov rosvond to theses ficles." In 1952 just such cn piocnrgscne Taye responge was observed by Prov, Usins freauoneios of 4°10 3-107 He (7.Om-0.1m) human subjects renorted « buzzgine or clicking sonsation, only if the tonnore 1 looses of the brein wore includ: in the illuminated ores. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500230002-2
BIAPRrONed For Release 2000/08/07, GIA-RRB96-90787R000500230002-2 Frey hynothesized that the cochlea was involved in the phenomena but he adds that there is probably more than one electrosensitive site. Puharich, in Beyond, Televathy, 1962 correlates nsi receotive phenomena with cholinergia and other physiolovical processes. Me hynothesized that gravity and “ysi vlasma" were vartly resnonsible for some of the telepathic phenomena. Because of the Faraday cage exveri- ments he nerformed he states, "Yhile the exneriments are highly sugges” ive that electromagnetic radiation is not the means of transmission in televathy, they are not means conclusive." He notes that while-in the case, one subject showed a »nronounced gasning effect when 640 Hz ac was annlied to the cage. With resvect to the nerve pvlasma membrane, he calculates that the neuron could be considered a circuit of mega- ohm resistence, micro-farad capacitance and 0.2 henry inductance, the latter fact first revorted in 1941 by Cole and Baker. . The next year, 1963, micro--oersted, 1.0 Hz magnetic fields were detected emanating from the human heart by Baule and McPhee. “ooldridge (1963) commented uvon the telenathy--emr issue noting the the difficulty involved was in deciphering brain waves since they renresented the average electrical streneth of billions of neurons, there was no nossibility of unraveling the snecific thought processes. It is in 1964 that Mancharski states that telepathic _communicatior occurred at frequencies from infra~low to supner-high (1073 to 1012 Hz. Although I have not seen his thesis, the hynothesis out forward in this monogranh perhaps best corresnonds to Mancharski's hypothesis. I, M. Kogan, in 1966, hynothesized that long wave electromagnetic radiation of 26 km to 960 km wavelength (11,000 to 310 Hz) could ac- count for the phenomena beceuse at this wavelength the field strength does not obey the "optical" rule. Based upon calculations, which re- erettably I have not seen, Kogan indicates that the human organism generates four *o five times the necossary signal strensth to accom~ plish very long distence televathy. Two prominent parapsychologists, Burt and Dobbs commenved on emr and physical theories of psi in 1967. Burt announced his onnosition to the emr theories hased unon the objections that 1) the inverse square law diminished the sienal strength ranidly, and besides the wav lengths associated with the brain waves (3-30 Hz) were very (too) long In addition, 2) he calculates that because the observed chenge in the evoked »votentials was 5-50 microvolts, the corresnonding power was 10-29 watts. To broadcast the observed distances, Burt indicated that a tinimum power of 10 watts would be necessary. Finally he noted that some modulation or coding of the sipnal was also a necessary ovrerequi- site. Dobbs hovever rejects the validity of the inverse square (optic ruls, based upon the ionospheric effects at ELF frequencies long observ by radiomen. However, Dobbs quesi:ions the emr theories because the ca culated field signal strength at the humen scalp was on the order of 10-18 watts, Kamiya (1968) rejects the emr theories of televathy of essentially the same arguments as Burt. In his Blectromagnetic Fielts end Life (1968), Presman reviews the complete history of the studies of sensitivity and emissivity of electromagnetic radiation by living orvenisms. He acknowledges bio-information transfer by emr fields, but is care not to deny the phenomena while criticizing " the varapsychologiats and their methods. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500230002-2
Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA- RDP96- 00787R000500230002-2 BIOPEYSICS HISTORY 1969-1976 8 It igs in 1968 thetthe slectromaenetic fields genersted by. ‘ELF brain waves are Soret observed by Cohen. Using a cryomagnetometer 5 om from the sll counled with contact EEG electrodes, Cohen found thet the brain emitted Elf 44 fielcs of 2.5° 1078 gauss, and later work showed that the skeletal muscles emitted 1 - 100 Hz de fields pt 10-7 gauss. Harly in 1975 Persinger hypothesized that the 7.8 Hz frequency associated with the ‘firs gst earth-ionosvhere vaveguide resonance is the primary carrier of telepathy. In addition he hynothes ‘izes that magnetic fields should inhibit the vhenomena, as well as noting some slight west-east vronagation differences. In addition, Persinger has done some of the most comprehensive exverimentation ond research | with resnect to the bmhysical effects of BDF and VLE electromagneti radiation. He revorts the ELF brain wave field at 1 - 10 mV* m™ In mid 1975, Bleu calculated the emitted brain wave frequency fidd strength as exceeding the microvolt rer meter level. Puthoff and Rare, in work completed. in November 1975. and oublishe in Merch 1975 discuss the ELF-telenvathy hynotheses and reject them under the considerations then that while the attenuation of the field strengths over very long distances were very low, ELF could not ace count for the vrecognition experiences recorded in their remot e viewin experiments. Their second objection to BLEF/VLE converned the (reporte channel cavacity of the band as O.1 bits. secvl at meter vonage distan es and O.O01 bit - sec at 4,900 km range. The above authors anvarentl. athere to an only--one-psi phenomens mocel, This very brief history of the issue ‘eoncerning the hy notheses and counter hy»otheses regarding non—precognitive 'nsychic! pHenomena is vresented an introduction to the question wnich is discussed in more detail in this monogravh. Some historical vriorities may have been missed in this introduction but have been corrected in the text. Qur monogravh is the collection of the work of many researchers over meny years, the author has merely synthesized it and therefore defers to all those mentioned herein any claim to originslity or priority. A technical abstract of the hynotheses anpears on the next two pages. : e Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500230002-2