Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000300280001 -4 ORT Data Ow Chiveso ? hore di ooe t LCR MAU Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000300280001 -4
SG1E Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000300280001 -4 Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000300280001 -4
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. a Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000300280001 -4 i zs HK Tie ot®ulge sheuomenu of rurunormul #unctions of tuc ulwun pvuay atfecting on u shutuseusitive Diode by Zheng Tian waimZne hian sin,suo ain,wu Jun,Chen uwuo Chui (Yunnun University) Ji Hong Yi (Wuhan Univereity) ; Abstruct ; ; The strange phenonenn produced on u photesengitive diode held in tue polm of wa child with parenornel function are report in this poper.The Charaucteristic-Curve Tracer indicutes thot by concentrat- ing their mind upon their pulmns,or "working", the children with purcnorgul function cun emit unknown rudiation,which can induce eb- noruul cnunge in the photosensitive dioae und alter the charucter- jietic curve thereor.The chief teutures of such chungee ure uF follows: . . L.A negutive ent ie produced even when the photosensitive diode is covered with u”’ piece of black puper. . &.The buck resisetunce if conspicuously reduced and the leckuge current increugsed surprisingly. w.the closed Loup of the reverse churucteristée curve which is due to tne defects ot the dioae is subject to phuse chunges during tue “working”. - weitere is uo appurent ditference in tae adove mentioned phenouwens. during the course of the experiment whether u piece of Gluck puper is plucea Getween the diode ind the pulm or not, 5.The churucteristic curve is restored to ite noriaul stute when the child etoys his or her "working". After mognifying the purynornel chunge with u-radiometer umplifier, the output potential variations sre displayed with an X-Y record. It is found thot the unknown radiation is closeky reluted to the perunornyl funetion.The following important fectures ere oorerved, 1.The children with purunornaul function produce néyi: tive resdings on the rudigneter in couaurigon witn the positive re.dings obtcuined wuen light rudlution is received. z2.There ure aitferelkces of Z-y order of mugnitude in the potenticl chungee producea between normul children ond thoee Gifted with, pure- normul functions.Thelutter ure 1062°1C;whereve the former sre 10°1C* weThe results obtuined when the gifted children ure "working" und when they ure not "working" with the diodé are consvicuously dittrer- ent.Tne wulues ure zero when tuey ure not "worsing". 4. Ween the glrvea children were in the couree of recorgnizing hiecen letters,or pructising teleputhy or ka,the curves on the a-Y recur ae: ure closely relutea to thoee dlispluyea in toe couree of wording" witn the diode,rising fro. the seginning of "working" und aropping to tne zero level at tne ena ot “worsking",. — 5.Wnen the gifted children were wotching the recolaiug @ppuretus, the reeulting reudiuge were nigher.It seems thut tnere oppeured un &Ciaon OF cConeclous Teedwack, Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000300280001-4
Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000300280001-4 Original Pager Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000300280001 -4
i ° . “ Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000300280001 -4 A j STEN rh Sel a | A BER ASM FP A OW MEA caRKe ER, BARRA DEM CSAs BS SES, ADE, EGF WR BSA ATE. hk SA BL SRY iy A Ae Ae Te RE AS TET TRE HBIR it POET. BATU Be BLY SLAB AD “HEF DD RE” JLT BR OES Sty BAAR HE AAR, Bl, BNL THe REN SHORE TERMS. FAK —-ER, WEEN WO AR RILEY" RD GRR T ASGIER, BET BABAR. SES we me np, BA FEAT OL FG DO GERS LUNI, ANB NG, DRE, EASA REUS, WE, RRA RD SGA DIRS FY RI" SM. GE PEERS FIORE, TN RSL ETE ORR By SATOATT MER.) ZEEE, RL AY BY SLAM BLA CHAINER, JE $B St At %). ATRIRES UMA REL, ETH REILB ADH, EET ADR BER — FBR, | SEAL FR SK JERE Is 10-°W/em*, Aa MIELE 190~1100om YER PRISER ARE, Ze ae 36 EP GO 1), A JT-1 2 PF AS BB Pa oe Fa eT RRA, 2 Y BRASH 1B AR TE 0.01 EX/E, X FADE LAR EE 0. 548/ BE, iE — 6 RAG, PLR AKO RY, RSE Lin BLin «2 @PARZESIRERAREMS. Ey EZ RNR RB, RAM DL 1 BK ~ RUPP BACON 1, PiBy IRR Fy Hee RE, RGGRLRSS BR) MLO, FET “Rb” CR He SL 48 pproved For Release 2000/08/14 : GIA-RDP96-00792R000300280001-4 . 2 EMRE IIR | DORBTRAS Bee ern SHRM RNA - (b) | COEF IEE F LR ow ER MOSHE dh (a) ELON wg BAAR, BMA 2 Cb ARS HN. FA 2b)ag-kEEeR, 1. HARRI, 7 at,. BAAR, LAAN SH REN BBA, BRUAEBER, WYP AT 4 50 ERY HE ah %. 2. MU, BHR MIZE FORT, TOR RK, MS FHRI A+ ko tye AUR Gini 3). : Zz (b) (b)FRK—PSOKO RY RARER ARE \ (a) B3 @RLORERA ee 3. 2H 2(b) 5H 3 (b 4B, MT HRY AFT PELADh +E LED SB eR IRAE Se kT AR ee ; FEMPSSAUWESZAPMAT — SEER **« 563 *
iApproved For Release 2000/08/11 : B44 2MNRROR ORE BAR. ERE, Hea. ORR, . DUARTE RE hE tL. 4. HERA IGF, ER LMR. WHER STMBAME RA, ARBIMT Bet SH EHUP SEM. HPSS RI, BAERS, RREERAS, MFARARR - 5. 4“ Ty ket, ee Se AD ROK HEH A EL AL eA AS A A AH HR, 4 eR ERA HRA PO. BR, ES 2 (b) BARA. " PDLEJLABABE, SEAR er eS a eI — | BRAT RENEE AWARE, CS IMECHE RR AT TCR, ALR. AN, BBR AE IRE TRENT “He . FB’ Bun. | REMARK EE ME ER 190~1100nm GE INBLE IN BLY REA, BE, WEAR, NERC 8, SHAWEILENRDROEDAR, ERHE ME, TU, HEGEL T CRASH OEE ILE NI CIA-RDP96-00792R000300280001 -4 2 38 UH) 0 2 3 8&4) (a) : (b) a5 PEMA SRR. CREAM RUORA Bw ie i) HEMT ROLES RAR PREP Ae Bly AB CRERGD/LBERDSRAARHW ADI RK, WHA-AADMTAS—-HLAAWAR. 1. BRWEILES—MANEM ASHLEE Hs ESKMEUED, RNRAABR EMILE ARLEN, WH we Me DA 10~ 10°°(W/cm?) OBER (5a), RAMAN B— KAD, RERRGERPTRA, AGRE HAAR. ADABRHEFTAARM, RSE ES th RGEIABI 10-°~10"*(W/em*) (A5b). Bi HLL, RRO R= PRES. "9. SETHE ILM RTS ARTA, - CIEMRNE (APSA SMS Be LO RMP, BURA ERE) BRA MMRBKH—T Ten, (DENGADELENRTED, BAKA SREB HL. MRI, PBR ks TOE, VER, PIR BIER, FD, RRRRESR. -RAB RAR ARG, ER, BCT OUETE 1010 ZERRAORIRET HHL TRO + 564° 4388 qnre Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA- RDP96- 00792R000300280001-4
. Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000300280% 2 7 3. SADA JLaRESD. GAR, BARAER, 2H 2. 5GIS) M, MASSA OMBAEM, # PUNK - ; aT BUA sbi JL Ae RA CRO SR APT ICRA MASSA, BAL REIL  AERSHATABROMER, IMA, Bes 2 49238 BEUF, SHOGUS, REAR HAN, CARFAEH, ASIN 7 BBB. ee REA, SARL, SHICRBI aR SOK. EDN, HAULER . sd CEA. RAWME, DMR LRT Mbt ARMOLH, SURRVSH WCE MLS, HDR AER. RBIS A, A7RNINAS, AT REL—S SORTA, MEH, MEMO ME LI, USA, RPBRRB, RHOTTX 10°. 8 EDA) IMERUAS, APRA, AN - ARAL 188m ? Approved For Release 2000/08/11 7 + 9 DFEER, B=D¥b, ABNER, OR EUR SRRBR, we 1x107%, ORME SC, HFRS, — EE ANB (BEB, MOET, BIALID, BUSES, LUGAR, IN EER Wy HB 1.15% 1077, RIO NING “HR ODARRMS EOIDIOR, OA THOS, MRR, BRE BT H1.56x 10°, EB RN, WM RHERTO EX, EWES, RASMAFHARBAERN, 1B RoRUMWST, RMR RR. TT, EU Fue, DASE SCAB, ERAS AGRI RK, Ha 7 A EET, He Kite SHE DEBE ARTA, SUA RETR JE TX —SRAER AR HLAUTE RS, | x10-# 18 14 * 565 ° agate oH « 01-4 107%, REA 1.56%! VALE. 4. RRR DARE ee a Li nye Bae Lee REE, OR RU, KINA ti, NB RREK ARIE MER AMEE BARN, AEN. RAB fe Lae RA LTD SAAR RE 5. Swe ILBZ BK: Mckee, 5 a 13 » 566 ° : CIA-RDP96-00792R0003002800@1 -4
AUER, obit 1078, b-FRRA, FR Bbehsr, BAHL), Ra), MARE ERR ty OMISIR, BAA Bk WE 91 56 x KMART ER. JERE AM, 1B Fae NAR 2 523% Siewert). 2AM, ZEA CHEe, SERS. RTE, WOR MUS HR ETX | + 565° : oved For Release 2000/08/11 Poot. P11 10°, REALE] 1.56107, SREB SEM KT 1 7 4. BRERA: PRL QF re ER Ae SD JL Et f SELF ETATVRORM MMR, CHAT Ew Ba Oa Rd ALR p LREERMTE, MRK TEES, Mae b URARR, KNARHHAEN, PRRHOER A ee, SMT AMA 1.8% 10°" OUR, BRHF AGH UE BRMREANAAGH DE LRATRRKEMER E RATCRREEXN, MANE MOB RS ; Sey, MARINER, BRAILES OD DeLee OR eR RS THe | RMUSRATRH RA. 5. FTE ILM SCR FAB ee BY EX: BoB hte, Beem i BH RHP, HS a RHR SHDEOH DAS : CIA-RDP96-00792R000300280001 -4 fA13 PR Ja RE NE RATS MERI AST a, Bk SEE 0.28, LABS 107 &, TMA, Ht DDT. AIBA, BSR EE DHE SE RE AOUN AT SATANIC, NEN ROS DDR ALAR REN. 6. AES BL AIK RNARAT ADRK, RAT Ib THN (RAB) OA, BA LB REA IM RKTT SREB PBRATENAR, TA DN RELIANT RAMA: —2M Bic R5—-BAM—-RMER, MAE 10° RMR ED Sth Aas ODE)» RTD A HER AT Le BAT I SSEREHNBELA, SH SW ILBA DM RRA FRA, S-RAMRBLT A. KRADRBBADI, R OR, ATLA EIS 5 ee ILE RUHR, MERA, MO - RAHA. Bit, B pe 3h 7 A he ART BEE — BBE Sy ER Hh LAY AMAGSARS, ERB ME AHRRAEH, RLEMH AEH, TASB DERE BEAR, SRAMMZ AE PARLE, BURST HAVE LANE RENO. shem HERE
Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000300280001-4 - 20 480120 180 140 2 200” 21 p14 1, BULLE, FS ee SHIN KILWA RS ND REO EER RES OR WEHRATARNS—-ARERED, BTA “GR H’, B—- RINT, RNARESRH Dee LEE DMSAGRAREDBK. BK PRA ATIVE BF RT REN AE A, AMES — RAR 2. XPS ERT RE ER K, PATHAK. in, BAe MwA” HF, URGRHPERS RMP SRR, HS HACC MRESRDEBNTSRESL, RB WRAL SET TRE HE. 3, FUER 2CU RF, ZAP RIG—-WH REBAR, AREER, WORSEN, ERESRRE, HERA“ HAREDS’, RA MER MAM RHE. RRR Oe a FB Sa, BSC RST HOP Sek HEE aR 220-280 th PASH K, AN SRR EEK R BX. 4. HER BSAEE B® WO Bl, MAINTE HARA SAM RUA TROBE. Ean _ AA OOM, HR EE St, KEL ATE 190~1100nm TERI  AORLREAN RE, SL ATBUEIADET Sb wha RSRNANW EA, BIRRRLAS ES "RACAL HERA FR AEROGE Le SAAR BR, KEAN, ERVEUWEER MEER | ARE, BALARESH, RAARIRRS. 5. RSNA T SR UEMRAES, 18 AAMMAAURARERARANARME, FH RERHAERARDENARAE, RRNA ABNER EB, ARRIBA E, z MEMEO RAA DER NEMA, A Kk, WERDEN HERE, BARREN PRE-MEEAERIOKRN, HUMBER FGA IGE RH IE IN BK FRMTRMUED, MEBAFARBAE RELMHROARET TARR. BAS HHERMAREEMAN VHKES MESNEAR SASEMTBSMAMMTC, BHM. HIEERHK TRSRE, GLARED BIE. [1] BBARARG RTE, <EaE, 4 (4981348 Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000300280001-4 WM Ae le A A i A mS
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SG1A Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000300280001 -4 THE STRANGE PHENOMENON OF PARANORMAL FUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY EFFECTING ON A PHOTOSENSITIVE DIODE: ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY Experimental Procedure Based upon the abstract provided, original figure captions and and apparatus appear to have been utilized for the first set of experiments: * A photodiode with a sensitivity of 1077 watts cm? in a bandwidth of 190-1100 nm was used, From Sze™* (Figure 24 on attachments) we expect this to be a Silicon device. * The photodiode was contained in a "well" of some sort surrounded by a "protection ring" and covered with black paper. At present the thermal and electrical properties of this encapsulation are unknown, e A characteristic curve tracer (Model JT~1) was used to reverse bias the diode and measure its voltage- current response under various conditions, e The curve tracer was set up so that the voitage axis was .5 V per dimension and the current .01 mA/div. Diode breakdown (the "knee" of the curve) was -6V with a 1 KQ current limiting resistor, Each subject then held the photodiode assembly in their palm and attempted to influence the device. Successful experiments were marked by change in the I/V characteristic from that typical of a diode to one more like a t resistor with some parallel capacitance as seen in Figure 2b, In fabri- eating prototype diodes this type of curve is seen quite often when the "blocking" contact fails or the diode is partially shorted by conductive surface states. * physics of Semiconductor Devices, S. M. Sze. Figure number used in original Chinese text. 1 Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000300280001-4
Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000300280001-4 A second set of experiments was carried out with apparently the same type of photodiode: e The output of the diode has been amplified by a "radiometer" amplifier. It is not clear whether the diode is reverse biased or used as a solar cell with only the carrier diffusion length as an active volume, * With "normal" children the amplified output was 1075-1076 2 W/em, * With "exceptional” children bursts of signal (noise?) were observed up to 1072-1073 W/cm? over periods of several minutes, Analysis The results of both sets of experiments are open to several explana- tions due to the ambiguous nature of the experimental procedure. e The change in I/V characteristic could be due to simple heating of the diode. Attachments one and two both show how leakage current varies with temperature. A 10°C rise above ambient could be expected from a hand-held device, resulting in a larger leakage current, In addition, the breakdown knee will sometimes move toward lower voltages as the temperature rises resulting in noise or breakdown bursts, Finally, surface states which are not seen at room temperature may become active at higher temperatures resulting in the hysteresis seen in the "exceptional" I/V characteristics. e If the diode and its container are not adequately electrically shielded, the effect of holding the assembly in one's hand would be to add components of stray resistance and capacitance to the output Signal, This effect would be similar to that shown in Figure 2b. Anyone who has worked with electrometers is familiar with this effect. The usual cure is to use BNC connectors and coaxial cable, e Finally, the infrared radiation associated with a black body at skin temperature (310K maximum) might cause some of the signals seen in the second set of experiments. In particular, a warmer than room temperature diode could 2 Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000300280001 -4
Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000300280001 -4 be operating in an already high leakage condition whereby extra input (static charge, IR radiation) might initiate carrier avalanche--yielding large noise bursts, Attached are several pages of figures and calculations which demonstrate that the sensitivity of the detector lies clearly in the IR region, Furthermore, application of the Stefan-Boltzmann law demonstrates that ~5 x 1073 w/cm? may be available from a black body of 10% efficiency, However the peak of the distribution falls at about 9-10 yp. At this wavelength neither a silicon or germanium diode is very efficient. This result suggests one of the two preceding mechanisms as a more likely candidate. 3 Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000300280001 -4
Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792R0003002800078 / > —ploledisde sovenbaity onlende tt Vis) BLE aw -¥ Yo .7 Cw Je YMA al (Sze d .\ a — oo i (sey) Meer ao te dy - Pale Q fT A nod pat ally. Ih af” On tibet Be ~ “ye -_ RK. -ee TT CSTER AI “Bore one) Cc: S67 Loe w/a a 4 B7c +973 = 3/0 ” kK = 7.235.X/07 (P7Oee 5° Re = Seay 07 ww /M~ Z Approved. For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA- RDP96- 00792R000300280001 -4 2 3.0> X70 Us Pe |
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662 Optoelectronic Devices oO fe} fe) 9S nN a > w EFFECTIVE QUANTUM EFFICIENCY So 0.4 0.6 10.8 ! b.2 1.4 1.6 WAVE LENGTH (MICRONS) 7 Fig. 24 Effective quantum efficiency (hole-electron pairs/photon) versus wavelength for Ge —s aT photodetectors. (After Melchior and Lynch, Ref. 39.) 7 ad rrotw)| ¢ (a) Fig. 25 (a) Equivalent circuit and (b) noise equivalent circuit of a photodiode, where R Is the series resistance and C is the junction capacitance. (After DiDomenico and Svelto, Ref. 35.) ie AG eh I apa ok i i oe ee Perse im ae nC ore MERE RT ope i gi ise exert el nt tai st AARP tn 4 Photodetectors available power for the photo. 1 - Pyy = 3 eo(o)| It is interesting to compare E For a typical photodiode with a photoconductor with the sar available power from the phot from the photoconductor. The signal-to-noise perform equivalent noise circuit shown noise source due to the serie: source. The signal-to-noise ra: 4 S = Comparing Eq. (44) with Eq. at high-level detection where SNR is comparable; at low-lev however, the SNR of the pho: B. The p-i-n Photodiode depletion-layer photodetector. (the intrinsic layer) can be tai’ frequency response. A typical Fig. 26(a). Absorption of ligh pairs. Pairs produced in the de will eventually be separated by external circuit as carriers drif Under steady-state conditio: biased depletion layer is given where J,, is the drift current region and Jair, is the diffusior. side the depletion layer in the t reverse-biased junction. We s assumptions that the thermal g surface m layer is much thinn electron generation rate is givc
Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000300280001 -4 DETECTORS AND DETECTOR SYSTEMS SILICON CHARGED-PARTICLE DETECTORS characteristics. The detector changes include in- creased noise and changes in voltage drop across the load resistor, which require adjustments to the applied bias voltage, which in turn change the electric-field strength. Thus carrier trapping and increased detector noise are degrading to energy resolution. Resolution degradation appears as a broadening of the response for a monoenergetic source. With increasing doses of neutrons, charged particles, or fission frag- ments, the low-energy side of the response peak may begin to show a definite secondary peak. Continued irradiation results in further broadening, until, in ex- treme cases, the multiple peaks may merge com- pletely. Electron bombardment tends to increase leak- age current, resulting in excess detector noise, which broadens response peaks. Some of these damage ef- fects may undergo a degree of annealing, but there is always a significant residual deterioration after a suffi- cient dose has been accumulated. , Partially depleted detectors are more susceptible than are fully depleted devices to deterioration from radia- tion damage. Radiation damage for different types of detectors are compared in Table 2, which gives the dose for various particles to significantly deteriorate the detectors. OPERATING TEMPERATURE As a rule of thumb, increasing the operating tempera- ture of a charged- -particle detector causes t current to increase by a factor of 3 for each 10°C rise, “fésulting in a noise-width increase Of approximately. 17 keV. per Tike Tiss. The upper temperature limit is deter- mined by the maximum acceptable noise or by the ultimate breakdown of the detector (usually between 45 and 55°C). The effects of high-temperature break- down are permanent and are not covered by the war- ranty terms. An additional effect is the shift in detector bias caused by the higher leakage current. This leak- age current increases the voltage drop across the se- ries bias resistor, thus lowering the bias voltage across the detector. When high-temperature operation is ” necessary, a constant sensitive depth is maintained over the entire operating temperature range only if a totally depleted detector is used with sufficient overbias to compensate for the drop across the series bias resistor, which should be as small as possible (usually 1 to 3 MQ is adequate). Decreasing the operating temperature of the detector reduces junction noise and leakage current. However, the capacitance of the device is a constant limiting parameter of the system noise. Another limitation to successful operation at low temperatures is the expan- sion coefficient of the detector’s component parts. The expansion coefficient is similar for silicon and for lavite, the ring in which the silicon wafer is mounted, but is quite different for the bonding epoxy. Therefore at very low temperatures the epoxy may crack, causing exces- sive noise or loss of contact. The probability of low- temperature damage increases with detector size. For cooled operation, detectors fabricated with cryogenic epoxy may be special ordered from ORTEC. Another effect of decreasing the operating tempera- ture of a silicon detector is an increase of the average energy necessary to create an electron-hole pair, e. Due to a widening of the bandgap of silicon in the temperature range from 300 K to 80 K, ¢€ increases. from 3.62 eV to 3.72 eV. A result of this increase is an apparent shift in energy of a measured spectroscopic line. For instance, Fig. 8 shows the apparent peak shift of the 5.477-MeV 241Am alpha particle peak in the 4.2- K to 320-K temperature range measured with silicon charged-particle detectors. SHOCK AND VIBRATION Many ORTEC surface-barrier detectors have been subjected to the shock and vibration tests required for Table 2. Comparison of Radiation Damage in Silicon and Germanium Particle Detectors Type of Detector Surface barrier 10% Diffusion junction 10% Si(Li) 10” Ge(Li) Radiation Damage (particies/cm’*) Alpha Electrons Protons | Particles 10®-10° Fission Fragments 190° 10° 10° 107° 10° 10° 10°-10° = | Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000300280001 -4 27
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3 Chap. 39 Fig. 39-17 sing “harged. (a) Show that the wlii__al volume. (b) Show that ia y integrating the Poynting _s equal to the rate at which the *), energy density for all points within she Poynting vector point of view, gh the wires but through the space we must first find B, which is the ring the charging process; see Fig. Nature and Propagation of Light eben eth ae " CHAPTER 40 40-1 Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Light was shown by Maxwell to be a component of the electromagnetic spectrum of Fig. 40-1. All these waves are electromagnetic in nature and have the same speed c in free space. They differ in wavelength (and thus in frequency) only, which means that the sources that give rise to them and the instruments used to make measurements with them are rather different. * The electromagnetic spectrum has no definite upper or lower limit. The labeled regions in Fig. 40-1 represent frequency intervals within which a common body of experimental technique, such as common sources and com- mon detectors, exists. All such regions overlap. For example, we can pro- duce radiation of wavelength 1073 meter either by microwave techniques ~ (microwave oscillators) or by infrared techniques (incandescent sources). Frequency, cycles/sec X-rays = eon = 0 bie SS —2- = -- Radio infrared Ultraviolet Gamma rays Sn ne Te De ee ee ee er 10° 104 = 10? 1 107 107 207° 107% 107% to“? = 107% Wavelength, meters Fig. 40-1 The electromagnetic spectrum. Note that the wavelength and frequency acales are logarithmic. *For a report of electromagnetic waves with wavelengths as long as 1.9 X 10’ miles the student should consult an article by James Heirtzler in the Scientific American for March 1962. 993
RN aan it VM Phmighes Ace ee aR MEARE Set, 2k TERRA Coa 1 ee Ae Te Pore Eee la a AI eres pis dale EAI ete AS lmao lin rN Tee ML . cor ana a nit AEBS Ss vi ~ Es Ae RL a FN RT et RRR AARNE RENNER TE OTE ARTETA KOEN OANA ET ~ aa . 994 NATURE AND PROPAGATION OF LIGHT Chap. 4( violet blue 200 wreen__yolow orange rad & Relative sensitivity 8 400 #450 500 550 600 650 700 Wavelength, mu “Pig, 40-2 The relative eye sensitivity of an assumed standard observer at different wave- lengths for normal levels of illumination. The shaded areas represent the (continuously graded) color sensations for normal vision. “Light” is defined here as radiation that can affect the eye. Figure 40-2, which shows the relative eye sensitivity of an assumed standard observer to radiations of various wavelengths, shows that the center of the visible region is about 5.55 X 107? meter. Light of this wavelength produces the sensa- tion of yellow-green.* In optics we often use the micron (abbr. 4) the millimicron (abbr. mz), and the Angstrom (abbr. A) as units of wavelength. They are defined from lu = 107* meter 1 mp = 10 meter 1A = 10~?° meter. Thus the center of the visible region can be expressed as 0.555 u, 555 muy, or 5550 A. ———— The limits of the visible spectrum are not well defined because the eye sensitivity curve approaches the axis asymptotically at both long and short wavelengths. If the limits are taken, arbitrarily, as the wavelengths at which the eye sensitivity has dropped to 1% of its oe oan value, these limits are about 4300 A and 6900 A, less than a actor of two in wavelength. The eye can detect radiation beyond these limits if it is intense enough. In many experiments in physics one can use photographic plates or light-sensi- tive electronic detectors in place of the human eye. * See “Experiments in Color Vision” by Edwin H. Land, Scientific American, May 1959, and especially “Color and Perception: the Work of Edwin Land in the Light of Current Concepts” by M. H. Wilson and R. W. Brocklebank, Contemporary Physics, December 1961, for a fascinating discussion of the problema of perception and the distinc- tion between color as s characteristic of light and color as a perceived property of objects.