PHYSICS,
ENTROPY, AND PSYCHOKINESIS
Harold Puthoff and Russell Targ
Stanford Research Institute
Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory
To
bo presented at
the Conference on Quantum Physios
nnd Parapsychology
Geneva,
Switzerland,
August
26 -27
,
1974
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'Appro
IvWfe
s Fiails
r
em(ftMM
t
: SgMHfoffifMomSiMffl
at St“ford
Research Institute which indicate anew that certain individuals are
capable
of producing physical effects
in the environment by means of some
as yet
unidentified modality,
generally referred
to psychic
or psychoenerge tic
Such phenomena have of course been under scientific consideration for
over
a century.
However,
even
a cursory review of the literature
reveals
that
in spite
of well-conducted experiments by reputable researchers yielding
reproducible results
(e.g,,
Sir William Crookes
T study of D.D.
Home,
or
von Reichenbachd s researches
as reported
in The Dynamics
,
London,
1851 ),
the
study of
these
phenomena has never emerged from the realm of quasi-
scientific speculation.
One reason for this
is
that,
in spite
of experi-
mental results,
no satisfactory theoretical construct has
to date been
advanced
to correlate data or predict new experimental outcomes.
Consequently,
the
area in question remains
in
the
recipe
stage
reminiscent of electrodynamics
before
the unification brought about by
the work of Ampere,
Faraday,
and
Maxwell,
The overall goal
of our research program is
the determination of
the
laws underlying these phenomena.
That
is,
our goal
is not just
to catalog
interesting events,
but rather
to uncover patterns of cause -effect relation-
ships of
the
type
that lend themselves
to analysis and hypothesis
in
the
form with which we
are
familiar
in scientific study.
The
results presented
here
constitute
for
us
a first
step
toward
that goal,
in
that we
are estab-
lishing under known conditions
a data base
from which departures
as
a function
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lfa^fy^iQfl
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>8fe0@I87^0P7689§S09^-1future work.
Our
observations
to date have
led us to conclude
that such phenomena can be
studied under laboratory conditions.
It
is our expectation that with the
sensitive instrumentation and powerful theoretical tools presently available,
progress
in this
field will be forthcoming.
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Magnetometer Observation
(Pilot Experiment)
One
of
the
first psychoenergetically-produced physical effects
observed by SRI
personnel
(H.P.)
in early research
(1972)
was
the
apparent
perturbation of
a superconductor-shielded Josephson effect magnetometer
j
t
by
a gifted subject ,
Mr.
Ingo Swann.
Following
is
a fairly detailed
-
:
.
|
account of that first observation,
since
it reveals
a. number of aspects
I
i
;
i
of PK research that we
consider to be
of significance.
j
i
This
magnetometer
is located
in a well under
a building and
is shielded
,by
u, -metal shielding,
an aluminum container,
copper shielding
and,
most
important,
a superconducting niobium shield.
(See Fig.
1).
The magnet-
ometer
is
of
the superconducting quantum interference device
(SQUID)
'variety, which has an output voltage whose frequency
is
a measure
of
the
rate of change
of magnetic field present.
Before
the experiment,
a decaying magnetic field had been set
up
I
; inside
the magnetometer,
and its
decay with time
provided
a background
j
;
I
,
I
; calibration signal
that registered
as a periodic output on an x~y recorder,
the
frequency
of
the output corresponding to the decay rate
of
the
—
; calibration field
(^10
Gauss)
.
The system had been running
for about
an hour with no noise,
\
;
i
l
i
Mr. Swann was shown
the
setup and told that
if
he were
to
affect
the
i
i
magnetic field
in
the magnetometer,
it would show up
as
a change
in
the
output recording.
Then,
to
use
his
own description,
he placed his atten-
tion on the
interior" of the
magnetometer-,--- at -which-- time-- the -frequency of
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the output doubled
for about
two of
the cycles
or roughly
thirty seconds.
This
is
indicated
by A in Figure
2.
Mr. Swann was next asked
if he
could
stop
the
field
change being indicated by
the periodic
' output .on the
recorder.
He
then apparently proceeded
to do just
that,
as can be seen
:
at B
in the graph,
for a period of roughly forty five seconds.
He
then
*
"let go,"
at which time
the output returned to normal
(C)
.
Upon inquiry
I
I
as
to what
he had done,
he explained that
he had direct vision of
the
j
i
apparatus
inside
and that
the
act of looking at different
parts seemed
to
him to be
correlated with the
different effects.
As
he described
v/hat
he'
was
doing,
the recording again traced out
a double
frequency cycle
(shown
at D )
as
had occurred before.
An atypical dip
(E)
in
the recording took
place
then,
and on questioning him about what was happening,
he
said
he
was looking
at
a new part,
the niobium ball sitting
in
a
cup.
This ball was
inert
at
the
time,
not
being used
in the magnetometer experiment.
He was
asked
to refrain from thinking about
the
apparatus,
and’ the normal
pattern
was
then traced out
for several
minutes
(continued on lower trace)
while
he was engaged in conversation on other subjects.
At one
point
he started
j
to discuss
the magnetometer again,
at which point
the
tracing went
into
j
I
a kisk frequency
pattern,
shown
at F.
At our request
he
stopped,
and the
/
/
observation was
terminated because Mr.
Swann was tired from his effort.
/
We then
left
the
lab, while
the
apparatus was run for over an hour with no
:
trace of noise or nonuniform activity,
as
indicated
in Figure
3,
where
the
!
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FIGURE
RAW
DATA,
MAGNETOMETER
TEST
RUN
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top
two
traces show a continuing record following termination of
the experi-
ment.
The
third trace was
taken some
time
later,
the
increase
in the period
indicating
the reduced rate
of magnetic field decay.
At various
times
during
this
and
the
following day when similar data with Mr. Swann were
taken,
the experiment was observed by numerous other scientists.
The conditions of this observation,
involving
as
it did
a few
hours
use
of an instrument committed
to other research,
of course prevented
a proper investigation.
The number of data samples was
too few to permit
meaningful
statistical analysis,
and
the
lack of readily-available multiple
recording equipments prevented investigation of possible "recorder only"
effects.
Therefore,
the
following
longer term study with a similar device
was undertaken.
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Experiments witn
a Superconducting Differential Magnetometer
(Grad iome ter)
A series of experiments were carried out using
a Develco .Model
8805 superconducting second-derivative gradiometer manufactured
by Develco,
Inc., Mountain View,
California.
The assembled device
is shown
in Figure
4.
Basically,
the gradiometer
is
a four-coil Josephson effect magnet-
ometer device consisting of
a pair of coil
pairs wound so
as
to provide
a
series connection of two opposing first-derivative gradiometers ,
yielding
a second -derivative gradiometer
(i.e.,
a device sensitive only to second
and higher order derivative
fields.)
As
a result,
the device
is relatively
insensitive
to uniform fields
and to uniform gradients.
This arrangement
allows for sensitive
measurement of
fields from nearby sources while dis-
criminating against relatively uniform magnetic fields produced by remote
sources.
The device
is ordinarily used
to measure magnetic fields originati
from processes within the human body,
such as action currents
in the heart
which produce magnetocardiograms.
The
sensitive
tip of
the
instrument
is
simply placed near the body area
of. interest.
In our ’application,
however,
the
subject
is
located
at
a distance
of four meters from the gradiometer probe.
As
a result, the
subject
is
located in a zone of relative
insensitivity;
e.g.,
standing
up,
sitting down
leaning forward,
and arm and
leg movements
produce no signals.
From this
location
the
subject
is
asked,
as
a mental
task,
to affect
the
probe.
The
results of his efforts
are
available
to him as feedback
from three
sources:
an oscilloscope,
a panel meter,
and
a chart recorder,
the latter providing
a permanent
re cord.
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FIGURE 4
SUPERCONDUCTING DIFFERENTIAL MAGNETOMETER
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? ^AORD^^G0787R0007000900OTttd as
follows:
The subject removes
all metal objects,
and
the effects of body movements
are checked at .the
start of each experimental period.
The
subject then
works with the machine
in a learning mode,
observing effects being produced,
if
any,
via feedback from
the
instrumentation.
Once satisfied
that
a
possibility exists
of producing effects on command under experimenter’
control,
the experimenter announces
the
start of
the experiment.
A random-
ization protocol
(discussed
in the Appendix)
is then used
to generate
ten
activity periods of equal length
(e.g.,
twenty-five
seconds)
pre-deter-
mined by
the experimenter.
A sample
run with
a second gifted subject, Mr. Patrick Price,
is shown
in Figure
5.
The randomly -generated ON
(activity)
periods
are
Nos.
2,
8,
and
9.
As observed,
signals appear
in each of these
three periods.
The
signal appearing in period
9 was strong enough to cause
loss of continuous
tracking.
This latter type of signal
can
be
the result of an exceptionally
strong flux change,
or an RF burst whether subject-generated or artifactual
,
and are handled on the basis of statistical
correlation as discussed below.
An artifact due
to
the
passage
of a truck in
the
parking
lot adjacent
to
the
laboratory
(under continuous surveillance
by
the experimenter)
is noted
in period
6,
Each of
the
signals on scale
corresponds
to an input ~ 1.6
x 10~^
v
Gauss/cm
(second derivative
<Tb / 3
),
equivalent
to ~ 3.5 x
Gauss
z
z
referred
to one
pickup
coil.
* R!
interference effects
are
sometimes
in evidence due
to
proximity
to
other instrumentation.
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The interpretation of such observations must
be subjected
to careful
analysis.
For example,
the emphasis on "corresponds
to"
is based on the
following:
although the
probe
is designed
to register magnetic fields,
and
the
simplest hypothesis
is
that an observed signal
is
such,
in a task as
potentially complex as "psychokinesis",
one must be cautious about assigning
a given observed effect
to
a specific cause.
Therefore,
until
further work
with multiple measurement employing equally sensitive apparatus,
one can
only conclude
that generation of
a magnetic field
is
the most
probable
cause
With regard
to signal display,
the
signal was observed simultaneously
on three
recording devices,
and thus
a "recorder only" effect
can be
considered
low probability,
although an electronics
interference effect ahead of all
display cannot be ruled out.
We
therefox^e
treat
the magnetic cause
as
tentative,
although most
probable,
and concentrate
our attention on whether
a correlation exists between system disturbances and subject efforts.
Thirteen ten-trial runs were obtained with Mr.
Price.
Each of
the
ten trials
in the
run lasted fifty seconds each,
the activity/no
acitivity command for each trial being generated by
the randomization
technique discussed
in the Appendix.
In
the
13 x 10 =
130
trials,
consisting
of
a random distribution of
64 activity and
66 no-activity periods,
events of signal-to-no ise
ratio >
1 were
observed.
Of
these
63 events,
v/exe distributed among
the
activity
periods,
21 among
the no-activity
periods,
a correlation significant
at
the
p = 0.004
level.
* With
the exception of
the
firs t
run where
25-second
trials
were
used.
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V'/e
tuoreiore conclude
that
the observed number of precisely
timed
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in pilot worn coupled with
the statistically significant
(p = 0.004)
correlation between subject effort and signal output
in controlled runs
indicate
a highly probable
cause-effect relationship.
Thus
it appears
that
a gifted subject can interact with a second derivative magnetic gradiometer
-9
of sensitivity ~ 10
Gauss/cm
from a distance of
four meters.
Further
work would be required to determine absolutely
the precise nature of the
interaction,
although given the equipment design the generation of a magnetic
field is
the most probable mechanism.
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ApprcAfecf ’P6f R8gi>§§ 2^O7O8/t)7xPG1A^CyP96^O787R(^0{KM)^7]-i ty that
a subject
nay be
able
to exert
a physical influence
on
a remotely located physical
system.
The target
is
a torsion pendulum suspended by
a metal fiber inside
a sealed glass
bell jar.
The pendulum consists
of
three
100 gram balls
arranged symmetrically
at
120°
angles
on
a
2 cm radius.
The entire apparatus
is shock mounted,
and protected from air currents by the enclosing bell
jar.
The angular position of the pendulum
is measured by means
of
an
optical readout system.
The system consists
of
a laser beam from
a
lo
f
power argon
laser
reflected from a small mirror on the pendulum onto
a
tt
position sensing silicon detector
1.5 meters from the pendulum.
The'
detector yields
an output voltage proportional to spot position.
The
ttt
output from the detector
is monitored by
a chart recorder
which provides
The system exhibits
a sensitivity
of approximately
10 microradians.
Under typical experimental conditions random accoustical fluctuations
drive
the pendulum
in
its torsional normal mode
of
10 second period to
a levels 100 microradians angular deviation.
During control runs
the pendulum executes harmonic motion with
a maximum variation
in-
amplitude
of
±
10 percent
over
an hour period.
Sudden vibrational
perturbations
in the environment produce oscillation of the pendulum
in the vertical plane
at
a frequency of
His,
as
contrasted with the
torsional mode
in the horizontal plane
at 0.1
IIz.
+ Spectra Physics
Mode-1 262
tt United Detector Technology Model SC/10
ttt Brush Model Mark
200
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App r°^
pendulum motion,
the results of which would be
available
as feedback from the chart recorder
The subject
is then encouraged to work with the
pendulum. from a distance
of
1 meter,
observing effects being produced.
If satisfied that there
is
a possibility of producing effects
(typically following
a week’s activity
a couple of hours per day),
an experiment
is begun.
As
in other experiments,
subject efforts
to increase or decrease
oscillation amplitude
are determined by an experimenter utilizing
the uni-
versal randomization protocol described
in
(a)
.
Each experiment
lasts one
hour and consists of six 5-minute work periods alternated with six
5-rainute
rest periods.
In later work,
the
subject
is removed to a room 12 meters down the
hall with three intervening office
spaces
to determine whether effects
can
be produced from a remote location.
The subject
is provided feedback at
the remote location either by closed circuit video or by
a second chart
recorder
in parallel with
the recorder in the enclosed target laboratory.
The remote aspect was
instituted both to prevent artifactual effects from
body heat,
etc.,
and also
to determine whether energy can be
coupled via
t
the remote viewing channel
to
a remote
location.
‘f - Both experimental evidence
and
theoretical work indicate
that distance
may not
be
a strong factor
in paranormal
phenomena.
See,
for example,
E.H 0
Walker "Properties
of Hidden Variables
in Quantum Theory:
Impli-
cations
for Para physics"
, U.S. Amy Ballistic Research Laboratories,
Aberdeen Proving Ground,
Maryland.
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ill
piil) C
S C LKl .L'J S
Vv ci
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~
w
^
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^
.
giftecT subject
located in the same room
is
able,
by concentration,
to increase
or decrease pendulum motion on command while
sitting quietly one meter from
the bell
jar.
The
change -to -base line ratio
is often
5:1 or be.tter so
the
effects
are not small.
A sample chart showing
a rest period followed by
a
decrease period
is given in Figure
£
.
Vibrational artifacts can be ruled out on
the basis that when such Inputs
occur,
a marked
1 Hz oscillation signal due
to vertical motion is superimposed
on the 0.1 Hz torsional motion.
What
is especially interesting are
the
decreases which take
the motion below that generally observed due
to en-
vironmental noise driving.
Such observations indicate
the application of
a constraint which couples, energy out of the pendulum motion.
Similar ob-
servations have been observed with the
subject removed to
the second location
12 meters
away.
Although less pronounced
(change -to -base line
ratios typically
2:1),
the effect remains easily observable.
. The universal randomization protocol
is used throughout
to determine
increase/decrease
periods.
Control run data are
being collected to be sub-
jected to the
same analysis.
Multiple recording
is used throughout
to
rule
out artifacts due
to recorder effects.
Finally,
an electrometer with
the
base of
the bell jar serving
as one
electrode,
is monitored
to record acoustic
vibration independently.
Due
to
the
potential significance of such findings,
considerable data
is being taken in order that
the matter can be subjected
to
statistical analysis over
a large sample
involving hundreds of work periods.
A few hundred data samples have already been collected for
this purpose,
an
the results will
be published when
available.
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FICURE 6 PENDULUM MOTION Large amplitude variation corresponds to 0.1 Hz torsional mode
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Speculations
•
Here we
present some
speculations
about
the nature of
the
paradoxes
associated with psychoenergetically-produced physical phenomena.
These
ideas, fall
into the category of intuition based on integration of obser-
vation over time.
Thus,
they
are not conclusions drawn from statistically
significant data,
but rather conceptualizations
or hypotheses around which
specific experiments can be designed.
(1)
Researchers
in the
area of psychokinesis appear
to
be
plagued
'
by results whose amplitudes have a signal -to-noise ratio near unity,
re-'
gardless of the
process or mechanism involved.
A number of our observa-
tions indicate
that,
rather than simple
perversity,
what
is being arti-
culated
is
a coherence phenomena involving partial mobilization of
system noise,
and thus the magnitude constraint
.
That
is,
when a subject
is asked
to interact with an experimental setup
one often first observes
a reduction
in noise
followed by
a signal,
as
if
the components
of
the
noise
spectrum had been brought into phase coherence.
The
subject
thus
appears
to act as
a local negentropic source.
If
true,
it may
be more
advantageous
as
a practical matter
to work with
extremely noisy
* systems,
rather than with highly constrained or organized
systems,
in order
to maximize
possible effects
due
to
the
introduction
of order.
(2)
Psyehokine tic phenomena often appear
to be more
the
result of
coincidence
than
the effect of
a well-defined cause.. Again,
rather .than
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being
the
result of
the perversity of nature,
the observed goal-oriented
synchronicity may indicate
that physical
systems
are
more easily manipu-
lated
at the global
level
of boundary conditions
and constraints rather
than at
the
level of mechanism.
Thus,
the apparency that
a given desired
result
can be explained away by
a coincidental
but "natural" event needs
to
be explored more
fully.
Unexpected but natur&l
causes may
be
the
effect of
a series of causal links,
outside
the defined experimental
boundaries but representing
an unforseen line
of least resistance.
At
worst,
such causal links may in fact
be
unobservable
in
the
sense of the
hidden variables concept
in quantum theory,
but nevertheless,
act as
instruments of
the
will,
Sr
\a & lAudbc
/
(3)
Psychokinetic phenomena appear
to
be intrinsically spontaneous;
i .e
.
,
it
is difficult
to evoke
psychokinetic phenomena /"on cue”,
with the
t*
—
result
that
the
phenomena
is often considered
to
be
not- under good control,
and therefore
not amenable
to controlled experimentation.
This difficulty
is
so pronounced
that
it
is likely
that we
are observing
some macroscopic
analog of
a quantum transition,
an event
similarly unpredictable
in
time
except
as
a probability
function.
If the
analogy
is
correct,
experimentation
in
this area simply needs
to be
treated
in
the manner of,
for example,
weak photon experiments.
(4)
Possibly related
to
item
(3)
,
the
more
closely
one attempts
to
*
—
observe
psychokinetic phenomena,
the
less
likely one
is
to see
it,
a
[lit (l
bv
itf- >ihi
fylo-pj
i C-t
« l&j
^
i
(
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factor considered by many
to
su import' hypotheses of poor observation,
fraud,
etc.
To
a sophisticated observer,
however,
simple
dismissal does
not stand
up under scrutiny.
Invoking: again the
idea of
a macroscopic
analog of
a Quantum transition,
we may,
as observers of delicate
phenomena,
be witness
to observer effects generally associated with
the uncertainty
principle.
Paradoxically,
from the subjects viewpoint,
the
production
of
the phenomena may also be
an observer effect,
per*turbing
as
it does
the expected behavior of
a piece of instrumentation.
In this model
the
scrutiny of psychokinetic phenomena under laboratory conditions could
in
principle
be
considered
to
be
a collective
phenomena involving interfering
observer effects
in a manner known
to occur at
the microscopic quantum
level.
(5)
Finally,
we
find
it useful
as
a guiding principle
to recognize
that
all
of
the
phenomena we deal with
in macroscopic psychoenergetics
are
totally permissible
at
the microscopic level within- the
framework
of
physics
as
presently
understood.
It
is simply that
time reversibility,
tunneling through barriers,
simultaneous multiple-state
occupation,
etc.,
are generally unobservable
as gross macroscopic phenomena for statistical
reasons only
,
as codified
in
the
concept of increasing disorder
(entropy)
Therefore,
it may
be
appropriate
to consider an individual with psychokinetic
abilities
primarily
as
a source of ordering phenomena of sufficient
mag-
nitude
so
as
to restructure
the otherwise random statistics
of
the macro-
scopic environment.
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Approved For Re\eas^m^^^^7^^^00S0007^
It was deemed desirable
in our work
to establish
a universal randomi-
zation protocol independent of the particular experiment under consideration
The
only exceptions were
to
be automated experiments where
target selection
is determined by radioactive decay or electronic randomization.
The randomization procedure
is designed around
a ten-unit base,
e.g,,
ten targets, ten work periods,
etc.
A ten-digit sequence governing an
experiment
is blind
to both experimenter and subject,
and is uncovered by
means of
the following procedure.
A
three -page RAND Table of Random Digits
(Table
1)
is entered to obtain the
ten-digit sequence,
the entrance
point
being determined by four throws of
a die, f the
first
1,
2,
or
3 determining
page,
the next
1,
2,
3,
or 4 determining column block,
and the final throw
determining from which of
the first
six rows
in the block the
ten-digit
sequence
is
to be
taken.
An opaque
card with
a single -digit window is
then moved across
the row to uncover digits one
at
a time.
If a multiplicity
of targets exist,
the digits
0 through
9 are employed directly.
If a binary
command
is required
(e.g.,
increase/decrease or activity/no
activity)
the
parity of
the digit
(even or odd)
is employed.
t
A technique
found in control runs
to produce
a distribution of die faces
differing nonsignif icantly from chance expectation.
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Table of Random Digits
*
11 16 43 63 18
75 06
13 76 74
23 53 73
21 21 59
86 78
86 09
10 43
84 44 82
76 49
34 72
95 31 79
36 79 22 62 36
39 41
11 44
73 94 40 47 73
12 03
14 14
99 47
62 74
49 56 31
28 72
14 06 39
31 04
83 45
15 46 98
64 20 84 82
41 70
91 40
27 72
10 07
51 48
28 75
38 60 52
93 41
29 98 38 80
12 51
99 75 62 63
64 51
61 79 71
68 49 99 48
88 07
71 32 55 52
13 01
29 07
86 42 98
08 07 46
65 28 59 71 98
12 13
30 10
34 55
60 68
26 45 73
22 42
93 01
99 05 70 48
06 77
95 63 99
19 99
16 38
25 41
68 78 75
61 55
64 04
18 08
52 45
88 88
78 35
26 79
78 13 79
04 68
98 71
33 00 78 56 07
92 00
84 48
62 49 09 92 15
84 98 72
38 71
08 58
66 34 44
28 30 70 44
58 72
36’'78
18 66
96 02
59 54 28
22 65
59 03
18 86
14 77
59 13 83
95 42
76 09
12 89 35 40 48
25 58 61 49
29 47
96 52
50 41 43
19 66
33 18 68 13 46
85 09 53 72 82
15 59 50 09
27 42
29 18
79 89 32 94 48
88 39
25 42
29 62 16 65
24 68
48 44
51 02
44 12
94 38
12 63
97 52
71 02 01
72 65
94 20 50 42 59
14 54 43 71 34
54 71 40 24 01
38 64
92 78
81 31
74 00
^83 40 38 88
83 41
13 33
04 29
75 66
69 54
64 20 52 04
30 69 74 48 06
17 02
64 04 19 90
61 04 02 73 09
68 48
17 04 89 45
97 44 45
99 04
93 03 93 94
52 79
51 06
12 14 89
3L
16 06
82 24 43 43
96 60 71 72 20
87 70
86 39 75 76
96 99 05
52 44
32 52
54 74
09 11
97 48 03
30 38
79 42
66 64 12 04
32 80
46 49
26 72
82 72
38 71
08 43 31
91 72
08 32 02 08 39
72 00
10 01
17 50 04
82 74
48 75
92 42 06
54 31
53 00
94 10
.35 54
25 58
30 44 70
31 30
02 33 00
24 76
86 59 52 62 47
20 75
72 11 53 49
58 03
69 91
28 53
78 43
43 78 51
* This
table
appears
through
the
courtesy
of The RAND
Corporation
and
the
McGraw-Hill Book Company,
Inc. and
is reprinted
by permission from The Compieat
Stratcgyst, by j. D. Williams, pp, 219-221
[44].
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07 42
88 63
96 02 38
92 94 12
86 43
19 44
92 79 22
28 90 65
40 56 83 32
40 48 69
93 22 28
10 92 02 62 99
48 39
82 52
90 12 73 33 41
24 46
93 04 06 64 76
99 04
63 00
29 90
51 06
87 74
93 00
80 75 04
40 77
98 63 82
48 45 46 52 69
25 79 91
50 76 59
19 30
43 21
26 08
16 78 46 31
94 47
96 16 76 43 75
10 89 36 43
69 09 47
70 97
56 26 93
35 68
03 68 40 36 00
85 81 26 18 75
23 57
92 83
86 76 56 74 65
10 06
24 92
63 64 24 76 38
54 72 35
82 35
53 40 61 33 55
95 00
84 82 88 12 48
25 54
83 40 75
15 56
90 43
65 79
36 30 51
40 35 38 48 07
47 76 74 68 90
91 73
85 49
48 21
17 08
18 89 90
77 54
15 76 75
90 78
81 73
83 77
68 14 12 53 40
92 55
68 05
26 54
88 46 00
55 99
06 32
42 58 76
81 49
88 14 79
21 43 33
73 45
20 50
15 08
95 05
16 68 70
29 58 71
26 49 47 08
96 46
10 06 04
12 02 22 54
23 01
19 41
19 66
17 74 41
15 70 57 38 35
75 76 84
95 49
24 54 36
32 85
95 34 47
12 70 74
03 41
66 46 07
56 48
19 71
22 72 63
54 98
56 72
20 36
50 34 73
68 75
98 79 22
09 61 70 44 08
75 02 26 53 32
.
98 60 62
94 51
99 46
90 72
49 30
37 00 69
92 66
02 98 59
53 03
55 20
86 34 70
82 52 83
51 02 06
83 09 54 06
47 40
59 46 70 45
45 58 72
24 81
81 42
28 68 42
99 77
85 30
74 30
17 59 63
19 02 74
14 29 33
21 60
61 42 78
04 98
26 84 70
51 54
17 69 76 01
24 73
19 74 02 46
68 63 02 43
13 40
29 36
98 69
86 49
87 09
52 99
66 50
91 05 73
95 46
75 36
19 36
94 51
89 39 84
81 47
77 50
82 54
12 34
18 47
61 79
16 00
80 01
88 47 42
87 46
66 62 90
46 51
88 69
56 49
22 30
20 09 44
29 62
13 49 39
19 59
62 47
60 93 58
15 04
50 52 08
93 44 68
31 58
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51 39 28 59 36
1 9
1 8
02 33 07
11 52
92 47
63 31
28 18 86
27 63
15 70
06 33 56
64 14
28 76 76
28 43 62 54 68
09 52 28 38 55
93 71 41
54 14
15 68 15
35 99
22 39
78 45
35 48 44
24 86 06 82 84
28 40 68 44
35 48
85 24 73
51 59 55 99 09
90 66 03 51 71
50 50 20 08
35 00
84 14
33 00 69
21 66 38 86
21 99 12 62 28
71 02 52 82 12
65 52 21 52 42
55 49
30 00 97 04
54 35
71 36 89
97 70 44 81
13 92 07
08 39 53 70 43
66 72 06
87 76 77 76 07
29 88 09 52 88
36 24
83 66
12 38 62 96
52 06
87 38 01
41 72 75
21 71
85 05
52 64 62 74
16 09 02 62
S3
27 44 44 68
34 25
29 08 52 01 01
44 01 45
25 67
87 73
58 88
93 71
27 42
18 57
38 40
08 90 74
61 50 90
12 45
19 36 72
90 73
78 88 75 72 76
63 43
25 69
35 22 34 49
30 02 19
20 30 08 71 88
64 04
99 43 77
69 24 89 74 43
06 80 41
18 61
14 80
10 47 42 75
84 55 47
45 60
90 65 00
61 70
36 09 96
15 77
19 56 90 38 14
42 04 40 86 49
12 31
19 28 08
88 03 41 72
03 74 20
21 64 44
89 45
92 73
30 47 42 59 64
81 94
56 71
90 60 54
28 54 99 83
18 03
70 43 83 55
96 98
03 04 78 39
26 46 05 05 01
76 42 59 59
11 76 25 48 06
15 54
18 14 96 72
59 47
26 62
02 80 55 26 76
32 30
26 33
95 69 09
96 32
96 19 50 70 59
22 40
89 49 58
89 62 35 08
22 56 50
24 75
49 43
7 2
65 62 03 46
20 24 62 69 41
09 43 30 91
95 55
34 56
76 05 30 51 50
34 82
23 58 43
75 30 40 73
20 49 44 34
96 77
94 40
28 43
06 64 49 47
95 04 60
21 48
29 54
13 76
10 39
98 44 18
99 94 32 53
25 76 75 54 84
70 88 01
09 30 42 92 65
60 92 67
31 73
89 38
29 38 98 75
11 52 36 42
52 23 92
18 31
23 70 40
18 28
90 30
71 74 36
16 69
67 48
22 51
94 78 48
19 33
01 42
39 33
21 01
77 79 88 00
65 40
19 41 99
26 63
19 09 55
80 35
16 22 75
69 29
90 18
60 84 66
21 00 48 63
29 80 47
27 31
88 81 40
12 56
94 42
78 46 88 23
58 52 08 00 22
62 79 88
19 02
29 70 04
91 73 44 58
99 56 18
20 38
02 00
23 36 71
02 00
59 60 76 52
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Approved For
SGI
I
The ^following brief summary presents some conclusions and
observations derived from an independent,
and somewhat critical
study of extrasensory perception over the past several months.
* These--
opinions are based upon study of the literature,
material presented
’I*?* Geneva Conference of the- Parapsychology Foundation in August
1974 and,
in particular,
the work of Puthoff and Targ at SRI as
reflected in their, publications as well as their oral presentation
. n
«?*“**».
First some’ general observations and recommendations
an this area are presented,
then a brief comment on the SRI work
and finally some” remarks
about’ practical applications.
*
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1.
A large body of reliable- experimental evidence points to the
inescapabier* conclusion that extrasensory perception does exist
as
a real phenomenon,
albeit characterized by rarity and lack
of reliability.
It appears as
a low-capacity, high-noise
information channel exhibiting data rates orders of magnitude
less than normal perceptive processes.
Almost by definition
extra-sensory perception must involve: in an essential way the
operation of the human mind.
.
2.
There' exists no satisfactory theoretical understanding of
these phenomena.
Present theories, of which there- are- many
are both speculative and unsubstantiated.
They range in content
from, the physical through the psychological
to the metaphysical.
One theory- that of the French physicist,
Costa
de- Beauregard-
offers the possibility of interpreting psi phenomena within
a- modest extension of established physical theory,
but in general
these efforts appear premature.
At this stage of knowledge
the most meaningful basic research consists of a search for
correlates- physical,
physiological,
and psychological- to
which the ^phenomena may be quantitatively related.
Guidance
must consist of general ideas wnich are not dependent upon
possibly overspecific theoretical assumptions*
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3 .
a.
b.
c.
4 .
5-
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All the experimental evidence
to date
is enn«H «*+«»,+
xx
assumption that paranormal perception behavps
^ ^le
SS?
research! ^ °
°* i^ormUon theory in pathological
SanSSw?»ir
et0 - > T f
loh ^e^ental JsSl
n°7’
«»s;'S"tr
th8se
^iLf
in extrasensory pereention may
l Yeasured
SSSsHSS
lov rater- of information transmission
pwL-IT
exaioit a similar
thermal noise would be eyery SKu to deSct
leS3 thm
^
The complete ESP channel may oTm^ not ^ly^Tdere^^'^^
physical link,
but
it most
a
iHble
^
one. piMomA~Hmcuit tn
',
P^hologlcal J
j
especially significant,
namely the striking similar! tfV+
seems
;
s“h\r^:s ?hit
n°E'
!
I
relevance to
the psychological part of paranormal perception.
j
2en
PmESefa°re ZZnl^T °f 0xtrasens017 perception which have
to emotional re^^XS^rir^ff
0r?t?^at related
skin resistance ind blood Camilla™f-,™
e
P
?
fe^nic
in relation to ertrasensory ac+ivitw
Tlf
" Te
'J
'
’ been identified
evidence for believing tba^
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r
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more sensitive indicators of paranormal comniunication than
consciously controlled responses.
Presumably a large part
of the noise in the paranormal channel originates by the
interfering effect of conscious processes,
and measurement
of autonomic responses could short circuit a noisy part of
the channel.
Also the physiological responses themselves
are directly accessible to physical,
instead of only psychological,
measurement.
THE RESEARCH AT STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE
-r
jk
The work at SRI,
using gifted individuals, has acheived some
N
convincing and striking demonstrations of the existence of paranormal
perception,
and has demonstrated perhaps less convincingly the
possible existence of psychokinetic influences upon sophisticated
physical instrumentation.
The careful and systematic use- of sensory
shielding in these experiments has excluded a large class of gross
physical correlates of paranormal perception.
The work has been
less successful
in. showing unambiguous relations of inhibition or
enhancement between paranormal performance and possible physical,
physiological,
and psychological conditions.
The enhancement method!
'f'ltL5
/'
used was selection of special individuals either through prior
,y?6
"
reputation or through preliminary screening.
Thus the approach was
' J
one of enhancement through selectivity rather than enhancement
’'
£+
(or inhibition)
by deliberate manipulation of variables.
This research
!/?//•
produced some information, measurement of alteration of alpha rhythm-,
#7
'
‘
amplitude and measurement of neurological profiles,
relevant to the
question of correlates but was not aimed primarily In this direction.
The contribution to fundamental understanding was
a minor part of
this work,
but it produced manifestations of extrasensory perception
sufficiently sharp and clear cut to justify serious consideration of
possible applications.
A separate point is that the high apparent bit rate of information
transmission implied by successful replication of drawings or recital
of detailed descriptions may be illusory.
In no case was the percipient
asked
to replicate or describe unfamiliar or unknown objects.
A low
bit rate may trigger detailed stored associations which in themselves
have high information content.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
}
No matter how gifted the paragnost existing ignorance of -the basis
of paranormal phenomena together with the capricious and unreliable
nature of the channel dictate that information derived from this source
can never stand alone and must be used with caution.
Extrasensory
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,
f
.4
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information should
a t_ best supplement normal information or guide its
collection,
but should never serve in place of it.
Even such limitpd
use of this information channel would seemiio require' much more detailed
investigation of its character and limitations.
A certain bare minimum
'
of understanding,
or at least experience,
is required to establish
confidence.
Experimental tests guided by a thorough information theoretic
analysis,
as alluded to earlier,
offer the closest coupling with
retiC
rthdriSorLlio^ch^r
51300* ^ USSftt117
th * abilities
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