Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R00310028004 1088 M. B. Gotant If the magnitude py corresponds to the velocity of Propagation of acoustic waves (hun- dreds of m/sec) then at frequencies equal to or exceeding 10 GHz the A values become less than 10-8 m which ensures the Possibility of accomodation in the cell volume (the mean linear size of which ~ 10-5 m) of resonance systems of large electric length. The velocity in hundreds of m/sec is peculiar not only to purely acoustic waves but also to acousto-electric waves which will be considered below. Further substantial (by 1-2 or- ders of magnitude) contraction of the wavelength would lead to its commensurability with the size of the atoms a consequence of which would inevitably be the thermal in- stability of any informational structures the size of the informationally significant ele- ments of which would be of the order of one wavelength. The contraction of A to the same values for smaller / through further fall in p would lead to mechanical instability of the wave-guide structures (cell membranes [1]) as a result of decrease in the elastic modulus (see below). The ideas presented make it clear why the influence of coherent radiations of low (non-thermal) intensity on live organisms has been particularly often observed in the millimetre * and even shorter wave ranges. As shown in reference [8] in terms of use in the information system of living organisms the millimetre waves possess two further advantages. 1. The energy losses associated with the propagation in lipid membranes of an elec- tric e.h.f. field are relatively low (in the longwave part of the millimetre range ~0-25 dB/cm [10]. From the data of reference [1] it is clear why the water surroundings of the lipid membranes do not influence the size of these losses: the aqueous medium is separ- ated from the hydrophobic layer by a space ~10 A in which the density of the flux of e.h.f. power falls by an order. Apparently (judging from the width of the resonance bands given in reference [1 ]) the acoustic losses are also low which is also probably explained by the feature already noted in reference {1] of the structure of the membranes: the acoustic link through the 10 A-slit separating the hydrophobic layer from the cytoplasm is greatly weakened. 2. The energy expenditure on the formation of a certain volume of information in the millimetre range is telatively low as compared both with the longer wave and the far “Shorter wave ranges. This is connected with the difference in the character of noise in these ranges as compared with the millimetre. In longer wave ranges noise of a thermal nature dominates, . Since in this region hf<kT, the information signals, the intensity of which exceeds or is commensurate with the noise level, are formed by a very large number of quanta. The information content of such signals rises with the frequency f. But since the neces- sary level of signals is determined by the magnitude kT the ratio of the volume of infor- mation to energy expenditure on its formation rises with f In the far shorter wave region Af>kT. Here the quantum noise associated with the discrete nature of the radiation dominates. Reliable transfer of a certain volume of in- formation requires that the corresponding signal is formed by the number of quanta * We would recall that the millimetre range of waves corresponds to the frequencies of the vibra- tions of 30-300 GHz~e.h.f. frequency range, k eding a cettain | snimal the energy < ¢ ratio of the volur on where Af>>k7 gy resources mir m the millimetre and Bt Acousto-electric ¢ ves the results of ex ceils is connected anes. A theoretical ; the basis of the da #0-45 N/m, thickr nven of the velocity < ere p is the density al to 800 kg/m?. Ti may one may calcr quency shift betwee: ig to change per unit © membrane: * Mwhere dis the diameter = The Af values calcu ectral characteristics eceding section that t! oustic waves. Serarati to the form ce the number N of ual for the cells in v eds or thousands ther As is known [3], cell Il the strength of the #107 V/m. Therefore, or Buembrane thickness) in weld changing with the fr. cere. aa Although excitation o: meeccent d, this is of no import: macvalues corresponding to diffe:
Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations , 1089 oustic waves, exceeding a certain level minimal for this volume of information. The higher f the more e A values Dae minimal the energy of the signal determined by the given number of quanta. Therefore, 1e cell volume {tf the ratio of the volume of information to the energy expenditure on its formation in the lectric length; 4 region where Af>>kT falls in Proportion to f. For living organisms with their limited waves but af eilergy resources minimization of the expenditure of the iatter determined by the use eae of the millimetre and Shorter wave ranges nearest to it is quite substantial. Acousto-electric e.h.f. waves in cell membranes and their resonances. Reference [1] gives the results of experiments showing that the resonance effect of e.h.f. radiations on the cells is connected with excitation of the acoustic-electric waves in closed cell mem- branes. A theoretical analysis of the problem is outlined in references [5, 11]. In this work on the basis of the data on cell membranes presented in reference [12] (elastic modulus K, 0°45 N/m, thickness of the hydrophobic region 4m 3 x 10-% m) an evaluation is given of the velocity of propagation of acoustic waves in the membrane: v,*(K,/p4,,)"*, (2) where p is the density of the lipid (fat-like) layer which for the calculation is taken as equal to 800 kg/m3. The magnitude v, calculated from (2) is ~400 m/sec. Using (1) and (2) may one may calculate the wavelength in the membrane for different f and also the frequency shift between the centres of the neighbouring resonance bands 4f correspond- ing to change per unit of the number of wavelengths accomodated at the perimeter of the membrane: * l4f|*(K./p4q)° (nd), (3) where dis the diameter of the membrane. The 4f values calculated from (3) satisfactorily agree with those presented for the spectral characteristics of different cells [1]. This confirmed the ideas discussed in the preceding section that the information signals in the cells must spread at the speed of the acoustic waves. Separating the right and left parts of (3) iato f and using (1) we transform formation in the @) t0 the form 4 vave and the far’ flaf=ndl A. (4) acter of noise in Since the number N of wavelen vise of a thermal _ is equal for the cells in which th -~ <tzgnte dreds or thousands then relati vm the cytoplasm gths 4 at the perimeter cf the membrane equal to zd/A e value d lies within the limits 0-5-10 “mM to several hun- on (4) indicates that the sharpness of the resonances in if which exceeds biological membranes corresponds to that of the contours with the quality factor mber of quanta, ~~ 10°-10*. since the neces- As is known [3], cell membranes are polarized and during normal f unctioning of the volume of infor- cell the strength of the electric field in the membrane perpendicular to its surface is afk ~ 10’ V/m. Therefore, on propagation of acoustic wave rciated with the membrane thickness) in the n volume of in-* —_field changing with the frequ mber of quanta — S (producing periodic changes in polarized membrane there appears an alternating electric ency of the acoustic vibrations exciting it. For vibrations of * Although excitation of the vibrations may occur in membrane sections corresponding to dif- Aacies of the vibrar’ ferent d, this is of no importance in evaluating the magnitudes since as a rale the differences in the d , : ae values corresponding to different sections are insignificant. oved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7
1090 ‘ M. B. GoLant low amplitude considered here the membrane represents a linear system and hence for a certain size of the constant electric field in the membrane the ratio of the amplitudes of the acoustic and electric vibrations remains constant regardless of the amplitude of the spreading wave, i.e. an acoustic-electric wave is considered in which the variable electrical and acoustic parameters cannot be regulated independently. It should be noted that unlike electromagnetic waves (the slowing of which in the membrane would be insignificant) the length of the acoustic-electric wave in the mem- brane is ~ 10* times less than the wavelength in free space and, therefore, the energy of the electric e.h.f. field in the course of the vibrations in the main is transformed not to the energy of the magnetic field but to the energy of the acoustic e.h.f. vibrations and back. This is similar to the transformation of energy in some low frequency parametric systems in which the vibrations are maintained through transformation of the mechanical energy expended on increasing the distance between the charges on the condenser plates to the energy of the electric field. To the different resonance frequencies J corresponds a different number of standing waves at the perimeter of the membrane. Therefore, the character of the distribution of the e.h.f. field also changes with f both at the surface of the membrane and in the intra- and extra-cellular spaces lying next to it and, consequently, so does the character of the controlling action of the e.h.f. field. But for a large total number of wavelengths accomodated at the perimeter of the membrane, change in this number per unit cor- responding to the neighbouring resonarces introduces a slight change in the character of the field distributions. As a result the character of the controlling action connected with the spatial structure of the field gradually changes from one resonance to another. At the same time the controlling action of the external radiations may be connected not only with the spatial field distribution but with the resonance frequencies of particular protein molecules or intracellular elements. These last changes are more weakly connected with the structure of the field of the acoustic-electric waves. In reference [5] it is also noted that since different membrane systems literally pierce the whole cell the acoustic- electric waves branching off from the resonating membrane may penetrate to any region of the cell, the direction of propagation and action depending on the type of vibrations in the resonating membrane and the character of the membrane network changing configuration in different conditions [7]. The theoretical evaluations and ideas presented above applying both to acoustic- electric waves and their controlling action in the cells did not touch upon the problems of excitation of such waves. The question of excitation is trivial neither for the case when it operates under the influence of external radiation nor the autonomous generation of vibrations by the cell itself. Discussion of the problems connected with the excitation of vibrations in the membrane directly leads to analysis of the mechanism of generation by the cells of coherent vibrations. Therefore, it appears desirable before starting such 4 discussion to go briefly into some hypotheses on the character and nature of the mechanism of action of coherent vibrations on living cells put forward even before clarification of their functional role in living organisms and the careful experimental treatment of the problems associated with these mechanisms. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280 Ing the theoretic: meof coherent vib: Nich already beg: ¢ first to express Dolic energy coh vibrations possit mig the thickness . mei that the action Mstic vibrations wi aeelectric vibrations i Brrdblich came to mese, All these and a mefetain their value Bianisms of genera: fe radiations. He p His similar to the v citation. Therefor igh to initiate genc fention. ithe vibrations accc polarization waves j Beeteservoir and are wel systems with lo stor phenomena of Me(listribution of ener W frequency forms d conformational « Wea mechanism of ge meenypothesis the role ice also its need for Hously assume that meauency range discuss. Accordingly, in wor on of organisms t. Viation from norm ariety of the spect ; NOL Were questic signals generated TN ayia bee iow far the hypott clear. Probably it is
roved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7 Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations 1091 First theoretical models of the mechanisms of excitation of coherent vibrations in cells. eae a " ynong the theoretical studies aimed at validating the possibility of generation by living “the snot xlls of coherent vibrations a special place is taken by the numerous investigations by ‘hich the s6hlich already begun in 1968 and summarized by him in 1980 [13]. Fréhlich was one aces f the first to express the conviction that in living organisms thanks to the presence of 3 of te getabolic ‘energy coherent vibrations may be generated with the energy of random ther- gal vibrations possibly being transformed to the energy of coherent vibrations. Com- ering the thickness of the membrane with the length of the acoustic waves he postu- sted that the action of radiation may be the cause of excitation in the membranes of goustic vibrations with which following polarization of the membranes the appearance electric vibrations is connected. Fréhlich came to the conclusion that the resonance frequencies may lie in the e.h-f. ange. AJl these and a number of other ideas, in somewhat modified and refined form, gill retain their value today. Fréhlich theoretically also worked out one of the possible gechanisms of generation of vibrations by the cells on exposure to external electromag- mber of . wy as f the distreb tae gtic radiations. He postulated that the mechanism of generation of vibrations by the 2 and in thedi@aae_tlls is similar to the work of a regenerative amplifier brought to the face of the regime the charackstaee excitation. Therefore, a very low external signal (he did not discuss other cases) is ough to initiate generation of coherent vibrations the power of which approaches.sa- ae uration. Sih The vibiations according to Frohlich [34] are connected with the strong interaction — f{ polarization waves in a certain band lying in the frequency region ~10''Hz, with a wat reservoir and are ensued by the inflow of energy from metabolic sources. In bio- cgical systems with low frequency collective vibrations favourable conditions are cre- ied for phenomena of the Bose-Einstein condensation type in the course of which there stedistribution of energy between the different degrees of freedom and the concentration ence [5] it oti) alow frequency forms of vibrations. Condensation determines the possibility of goal-di- ected conformational conversion. Frdéhlich was unable to demonstrate the presence of uch a mechanism of generation (see below). Moreover, in the period when he advanced ae hypothesis the role of coherent e.h.f. vibrations for the functioning of the cell and ince also its need for them was not known. Only in one of his late papers [14] did he autiously assume that biological systems ‘‘...themselves somehow use radiations in the tequency range discussed and are, therefore, sensitive to the corresponding radiations”. Accordingly, in working out the hypothesis questions connected with the different ‘action of organisms to radiation as a function of the initial state of the organism and is deviation from normal were not raised or solved; nor were questions concerned with he variety of the spectra generalized by living organisms in particular cases raised or wlved; nor were questions of the significance for the organisms of the degree of coherence ifthe signals generated raised or solved as is also true of a host of other problems under- sing study of the problem today when answers to specific questions associated with the mactical use of e.h.f. influence are required. , rr How far the hypothesis presented may be adapted to solve the questions arising is uot sot clear. Probably it is simpler to validate the theoretical construction of the mechanisms 4 Le ‘us generati the excitatior oe : | ' i i | I | -e starting suc d nature of ‘ vard even be! fc