i! •11 •j
|
J098
L. I. Krishtalik
27. DIDENKO, N. P. et al., Pis’ma v ZhTF 11 : 1515, 1985
28. DIDENKO, N. P. et al., Proc. of the Nuclear Physics Research Institute at the Tomsk
Polv-
technical Institute
(in Russian) No. 10, pp. 77-81, Energoizdat, Moscow, 1983
29. DIDENKO, N. P. et al.. Summaries of Reports of Sixth All-Union Seminar “Use of Millimetre
Low ^tensity Radiation
in Biology and Medicine” (in Russian) p. 40, IRE. Akad. Nauk SSSR
Moscow, 1986
’
n“
LENFELnE;t“; Z:ZtHXFS?
”86 “ No - 3,9V-“
“ ^rSm
E,;^"%?p
A
p
TTON' E" Pr0,el"~
“"»»•
33. ANSARI, A. et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. Wash. 82: 5000, 1985
' R™P
A
0P0RT S
P
'kf
Chem
h
ica ‘ Re
(f
ctions
<in Russian)
101
pp., Nauka, Moscow, 1986
1964
’ S '
’ Med,zlmsche Biochemie. Veb. Verlag, “Volk und Gesundheit”, Berlin.
36. CHOU, K. C., Biophys. Chem. 20: 61, 1984
37. TUSHMALOVA, N. A. and NARAKUYEVA, I. V., Comparative Physiological Studies of Ultra-
structural Aspects of Memory (in Russian) 148 pp., Nauka, Moscow, 1986
-
:$
Biophysics Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 1098-1104, 1989
Printed in Poland
0006-3509/89
S 10.00 + .00
1991 Pergamon Press pic
ACTIVATION ENERGY AND ANALYSIS OF POSSIBLE
PATHWAYS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC EVOLUTION
OF OXYGEN*
L.
I. Krishtalik
Frumkin Institute of Electrochemistry, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow
(.Received 23 July 1987)
From analysis of the main contributions to the activation energy of a series of stages of oxida-
tion of water to O* the following conclusions are drawn: the barrier set up by the repulsion of
unbound O atoms on their convergence is partially overcome through the energy of binding
of the water molecules by manganese ions. Concerted electron and proton transfer with the par-
ticipation of bases stronger than water greatly improves the energetics of the process; the most
probable pathway of the reaction
is the rate-determining two-electron oxidation of water to
hydrogen peroxide (the possibility of this process taking place in two successive single-electron
stages
is not clear) with two subsequent- fast stages of oxidation
of H2Oi
to HO*
and
then to 02 .
In references [1, 2] we considered the equilibrium values of the changes in the configura-
tional free energy of the reaction of evolution of 02 as a whole and its individual stages.
We now look at the factors determining the height of the activational barrier. Lei us
* Biofizika 34: No. 6, 1015-1020, 1989.
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M. B. Golant
terminant roJe of rho
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due to rearrangement of
C°0pe™"e effects in the
tease-induced adhesion
of RbroT™^™3nd cy“*keleton ve 77 7' The phen°tnena
contacts and the excitability of the n
’
he mechanisms
0f function,
a
J
ysed ,n relation
to pro-
Pan.cipationofthecytoskeLonJ
t u
eUr°nemembranes. From the
?S -°f high,y Permeable « D
and -onic channels is formulated.
°
“ l0Cal 3nd remote regulation oTthTreSof ^
°f
'he
onn^
t3r
,r
f,he -- Iized --uraltransV
;"en,s mduced by the contact's towT' °h
,nterCe,,ular interact^^ 7^
he Cranes
are an important factor in ihihv
“ the surfaces of neighbourin
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r
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S.
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s L ;ily I?“
ProV!s
«,ibl=
y,”S Spra“1 of “» Slfnc.
molecular structures of the ilf
b'°PhyS,CS
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ne '“actioning of supra-
Biophysics Vol. 34 Ne
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PROBLEM OF the RFcsruMAXT^
COHERENT ELECTROffiGi^^^—OF
OF the MILLIMETRE wTvE B^rl
ATIOlNS
fivingorgaSB
*angeon
M- B. Gqlant
(Received 10 June 1987)
A review
is made of Soviet
r
the mechanism of the acute
experimental
studies forth “™
:-
ons for the functioning of!het«S.
SignifiCanCe of these rad/a*
The effect of electroma
t'
«udy
P
o^hf chlm
d
ctroTre1he
n
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0 7^'
,ong ag° (see' {oT
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339-348,
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Action of e
If -;
_
However, simui
^living organisms
of
F- on exposure to whic ,
p mature of their actua
f
j- radiations was explai
the reproducibility of
)&;>
*®d the action was ch
not compared. Howe
p
did not cease and it wc
techniques
in work
w
^
‘At the start of the
§*• D* Devyatkov emba
g, level on living organirm
|
OP the first series of gen
•’ the specific features of
t
quency ranges
[4 ] sugg,
radiations. Later, the
sP
.
tion to 'he problems of
For any sufficiently
»heir reaction to agents
a
functioning of the systen
W parities of the behavio:
' -.first systematic experime:
IDENTIFi
COHERENT
E.l
P£i
TilC first series of e’
p
:
«ons, or artefacts, of col
radiations) on
Iivit
jSjiL.
^dcrtakcn on orgai
res"l‘s have been re
lews ofthe first 70 publk
escnbed and the main
||»nts confirming these p
desirable without di
lvf !
d,n 'be course of th
Tfie dependence
,
t the body is of an acu
Jencjr bands
(usually
fy
,. 2’ The effects obser
If^ densi‘y of the inci
•teasinting for different
f°r a sing
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^ -;SUraof 'he resulting
®U^
,ent length: frc
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with
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3poods to
Action of electromagnetic radiations of millimetre wave range on living organisms
371
However, simultaneously there appeared data on the effective influence on the functioning of
living organisms of non-ionizing radiations of low power (so-called non-thermal
level of power)
on exposure to which heating of the tissues does not exceed 0-1 K. It was difficult to understand the
nature of their actual presence from the same standpoint from which the action of more powerful
radiations was explained. Many considered that
it
is a matter of artefacts particularly since at first
reproducibility of the results was extremely poor. The data referred to different biological objects
and the action was characterized by different biological parameters and the acting factors were also
compared. However, communications on non-thermal
actions of electromagnetic radiations
did not cease and it would be impermissible to ignore them if only from the point of view of the safety
techniques
in work with
radiations.
At the start of the ’sixties a number of teams under the joint scientific direction of Academician
N„ D. Devyatkov embarked on a systematic study of the action of coherent radiations of non-thermal
level on living organims. The work was conducted in the e.h.f. range [3] since in the course of setting
the first series of generators covering this range Academician Devyatkov and the author identified
specific features of e.h.f. radiations both as compared with lower frequency and far higher fre-
quency ranges
[4] suggesting the possibility of an enhanced reaction of living organisms to these
radiations. Later, the special possibilities of using the radiations of this range were validated in rela-
tion to the problems of medicine and biology [5].
For any
sufficiently complex system, primarily for living organisms, study of the features of
their reaction to agents must begin by answering the question of the role of these agents in the
functioning of the system or organism. The answer to this question may give knowledge on the re-
gularities of the behaviour of the agent. Therefore, study of these patterns was the main aim of the
first systematic experimental investigations.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC PATTERNS OF THE ACTION OF
COHERENT
E.H.F. RADIATIONS OF NON-THERMAL LEVEL OF POWER ON
LIVING ORGANISMS
The
first series of experiments sought to clarify the question on the reality of the effective ac-
tions, or artefacts, of coherent e.h.f. radiations of non-theimal intensity (hereafter for brevity called
e.h.f. radiations) on living organisms and
if such actions exist to
identify their basic patterns.
It
was undertaken on organisms of differing complexity of organization (from bacteria to mammals).
The results have been repeatedly and quite amply discussed in the literature. In particular, the re-
views of the first 70 publications are given in [6, 7]; in references [8, 9] the technique of the experiment
is described and the main patterns, later also treated in reference [10], presented. Subsequent experi-
ments confirming these patterns were also undertaken abroad (see, for exampie, [11, 12]). Therefore,
it
is desirable without digressing on a repetition of these experiments (the main results will be pre-
sented in the course of the exposition) to begin straight away with formulations of the patterns iden-
tified on their basis.
1. The dependence of the biological effect on the frequency of coherent e.h.f. radiation acting
on the body
is of an acute resonance character,
i.e. the response to the agent occurs in narrow fre-
quency
bands
(usually
~10- 3-10- 4
of average
frequency).
2. The effects observed in a certain fixed time of the action of e.h.f. radiation are not critical
to the density of the incident flow of energy. Starting from a certain minimum (threshold) density
amounting for different organisms to 0-01-100 mW/cm J the subsequent rise in flow by 2-3 orders
of magnitude for a single action does not, as a rule, influence the biological
effect.
3. The memorization of the action of the e.h.f. — persistence for a long time after arrest of the
exposure of the resulting changes in the functioning of the organism - ensues only when irradiation
is of sufficient length: from a few tens of minutes to a few hours.
4. The biological effects of the action of e.h.f. radiations closely depend on the
initial
state
of the body. Single e.h.f. irradiation does not significantly influence the current functioning of the
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