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without
error by
three
judges.
We will briefly summarize
the
four ex-
periments
below.
The
first
target,
the Palo Alto Yacht Harbor,
consisted entirely
of
mud
flats because
of an extremely low tide
(see Figure
14)
.
Appropri-
ately,
the
entire
transcript of
the subject pertained
to "some kind of
congealing
tar,
or maybe an area of condensed
lava.
It
looks
like
the
whole area
is
covered with some kind of wrinkled elephant
skin
that has
oozed out
to
fill
up
some kind
of boundaries where
(the outbound ex-
perimenter)
is
standing."
Because
of
the
lack of water,
the dock where
the
remote experimenter was
standing was
in
fact
resting directly on
the
mud.
Note
that
the subject has
learned not
to
rush into interpretation
as
to
the nature
or purpose
of
the place.
This
is
a result
of our cau-
tioning based on the observation
that
such efforts
tend
to be purely
analytical and in our experience
are almost
invariably incorrect.
If
a
subject can
limit himself
to what he
sees,
he
is often
then able
to
describe
a scene with sufficient accuracy
that an observer can perform
the analysis
for him and identify
the place.
The
second
target visited was
the
fountain at one
end of
a
large
formal
garden
at Stanford University Hospital
(Figure
15).
The
subject
gave
a lengthy description of
a
formal
garden behind
a wall with
a
"double colonnade"
and "very well manicured."
When we
later
took
the
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FIGURE
SUBJECT HAMMID
(S4) DESCRIBED "SOME KIND OF
CONGEALING TAR, OR MAYBE AN AREA OF
CONDENSED
LAVA...TFIAT HAS OOZED OUT TO
FILL
UP SOME KIND OF BOUNDARIES"
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TA-760582-22
FIGURE
SUBJECT
(S4) DESCRIBED A FORMAL GARDEN "VERY
WELL MANICURED" BEHIND A DOUBLE COLONNADE
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subject
to
the
location,
she was herself
taken aback
to
find
the double
colonnaded wall
leading into
the
garden just
as
described.
The
third
target was
a children's
swing at
a
small
park 4.6 km
from
the laboratory (Figure
16)
.
The
subject
repeated again and again
that
the main focus
of attention at
the site was
a "black iron
triangle
that
the outbound experimenter had somehow walked
into or was standing
on."
The triangle was
"bigger
than
a man," and
she heard
a "squeak,
squeak,
about once
a second," which we
observe
is
a match
to
the black
metal
swing
that did squeak.
The
final
target was
the Palo Alto City Hall
(Figure
17).
The
subject described a very,
very
tall structure covered with "Tiffany-like
glass."
She had
it
located among city streets and with
little cubes
at
the base.
The building
is glass-covered,
and
the
little cubes
are
a
gopd match
to
the
small elevator exit buildings
located
in
the plaza
in
front
of
the building.
To obtain
a numerical evaluation of
the accuracy of
the precognitive
viewing,
the experimental results were
subjected
to
independent
judging
on
a blind basis by
three
SRI
scientists who were not otherwise associated
with
the experiment.
The judges were asked
to match
the
four
locations,
which
they visited,
against
the unedited,
typed manuscripts
of
the
tape-
redorded narratives,
along with
the drawings
generated by
the
remote
viewer.
The
transcripts were presented unlabeled and
in random order and
wefe
to be used without
replacement.
A correct match required
that
the
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FIGURE
SUBJECT
(S4) SAW A "BLACK IRON TRIANGLE THAT
HAL HAD SOMEHOW WALKED INTO" AND HEARD A
"SQUEAK, SQUEAK, ABOUT ONCE A SECOND"
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FIGURE
SUBJECT
(S4) DESCRIBED A VERY TALL STRUCTURE
LOCATION AMONG CITY STREETS AND COVERED WITH
"TIFFANY-LIKE GLASS"
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transcript
of
a given experiment be matched with
the target of that
experiment.
All
three
judges independently matched
the
target data
to
the response
data without error.
Under
the null hypothesis
(no infor-
mation channel and
a random selection of descriptions without
replacement),
each judge independently obtained
a result significant
at
p =
(4!)" 1 =
0.042.
For reasons
we
do not
as yet understand,
the
four transcripts
gen-
erated
in
the precognition experiment
show exceptional coherence
and
accuracy
as evidenced by
the
fact
that
all of
the judges were
able
to
match successfully all of the transcripts
to
the corresponding
target
locations.
A long-range experimental program devoted
to
the clarifica-
tion of these issues and involving a number
of subjects
is under way.
The above
four experiments are
the
first
four carried out under
this
program.
Currently,
we have
no precise model
of
this
spatial and
temporal
remote viewing phenomenon.
However,
models
of
the universe involving
higher-order
synchronicity or correlation have been proposed by
the
physicist Pauli
and
the psychologist Carl Jung
[62].
ACAUSALITY.
If natural
law* were an absolute truth
, then of course
there could not possibly be any processes
that deviate from
it.
But since causality is a statistical truth,
it holds
good only on
average and thus leaves room for exceptions which must somehow be ex-
perienceable ,
that
is
to
say,
real .
I try
to regard synchronis-
tic events
as
acausal exceptions of
this kind.
They prove
to be relatively independent
of
space
and
time;
they
*As usually understood.
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M.
Persinger,
Psychophysiology Laboratory,
Laurentian University,
Toronto,
Canada,
has narrowed
the ELF hypothesis
to
the
suggestion
that
the
7.8-Hz "Shumann waves"
and
their harmonics
propagating along
the
earth-ionosphere waveguide duct may be responsible.
Such an hypothesis
is
compatible with driving by brain-wave currents and
leads
to certain other
hypotheses
such as asymmetry between east-west and west-east propagation,
preferred experimental
times
(midnight-4 A.M.)
,
and expected negative
correlation between success
and
the U
index
(a measure
of geomagnetic
disturbance throughout
the world)
.
Persinger claims
initial
support
for these
factors on
the basis
of
a literature
search
[63], [64].
On
the negative
side with regard
to
a straightforward ELF
interpre-
tation
as
a blanket hypothesis
are:
(a)
apparent real-time descriptions
of remote activities
in sufficient detail
to
require
a channel capacity
in qll
probability greater
than that allowed by
a conventional modulation
of an ELF
signal;
(b)
lack of
a proposed mechanism
for coding and decoding
the
information onto
the proposed ELF
carrier;
and
(c)
apparent precog-
nition
data.
The hypothesis must nonetheless
remain open at
this
stage
of research,
since
it
is
conceivable
that counterindication
(a) may
eventually be circumvented on
the basis
that
the apparent high bit
rate
results
from
a mixture of low bit
rate
input and high bit
rate "filling
in
the blanks"
from
imagination;
counterindication
(b)
is
common
to
a
number
of normal
perceptual
tasks
and may therefore
simply reflect
a
lack of sophistication on our part with regard
to perceptual
functioning
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[65];
and counterindication
(c)
may be accommodated by an ELF hypothesis
if advanced waves
as well
as
retarded waves
are admitted
[66] ,[67].
Ex-
perimentation
to determine whether
the ELF hypothesis
is viable
can be
carried out by
the use
of ELF
sources
as
targets,
by
the study of
para-
metric dependence
on propagational
directions
and diurnal
timing,
and
by
the exploration
of
interference effects
caused by creation of
a high-
intensity ELF environment during experimentation,
all
of which are under
consideration
in our
laboratory and elsewhere.
Some physicists believe
that
the reconciliation
of observed para-
normal
functioning with modern theory may
take
place
at
a more
funda-
mental
level--namely
,
at
the
level
of
the foundations
of quantum
theory.
There
is
a continuing dialog,
for example,
on
the proper
interpretation
of
the effect of an observer (consciousness)
on experimental measurement
[68]
,
and
there
is considerable
current
interest
in
the
implications
for
our notions
of ordering
in
time and space
brought on by
the observation
[69]
,[70]
of nonlocal correlation
or "quantum interconnectedness"
(to
use Bohm’s
term
[7l]) of distant
parts
of quantum systems
of macroscopic
dimensions.
The
latter,
Bell’s Theorem
[72],
emphasizes
that
"no
theory
of reality compatible with quantum theory can require spatially separated
events
to be
independent,"
[73] but must permit
interconnectedness
of
distant events
in
a manner
that
is
contrary
to
ordinary experience
[74]-[75],
This
prediction has
been experimentally
tested and confirmed
in
the
recent experiments
of,
for example, Freedman and Clauser
[69], [70].
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E.
H. Walker and
0.
Costa de Beauregard,
independently proposing
theories
of paranormal
functioning based on quantum concepts,
argue
that
observer effects open
the door
to
the possibility
of nontrivial
coupling
between consciousness
and
the environment and
that
the nonlocality prin-
ciple permits
such coupling
to
transcend
spatial
and
temporal barriers
[76], [77].
Apparent "time reversibility,”— that
is,
effects
(e.g.,
observations)
apparently preceding causes
(e.g.,
events)— though
conceptually difficult
at
first
glance, may be
the easiest
of apparent
paranormal
phenomena
to assimilate within
the current theoretical
struc-
ture
of
our world
view.
In addition
to
the
familiar retarded potential
solutions
f(t
-
r/c),
it
is well-known
that
the equations
of,
for example
the electromagnetic
field admit
of advanced potential
solutions
f(t +
r/c)— solutions
that would appear
to
imply
a reversal
of
cause and effect
Such solutions
are conventionally discarded as not corresponding
to any
observable physical
event.
One
is
cautioned,
however,
by statements
such
as
that of
Stratton
in his
basic
text
on electromagnetic
theory
[78]
The
reader has
doubtless
noted
that
the
choice
of
the func-
tion
f(t
-
r/c)
is highly arbitrary,
since
the
field equation
admits
also
a solution
f(t + r/c).
This
function
leads
ob-
viously
to
an advanced
time,
implying
that
the
field
can be
observed before
it has
been generated by
the
source.
The
familiar chain
of
cause and effect
is
thus
reversed
and
this
alternative
solution might be discarded
as
logically
incon-
ceivable.
However,
the application of "logical” causality
principles
offers very
insecure
footing
in matters
such
as
these and we
shall
do better
to restrict
the
theory
to
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retarded action solely on
the grounds
that
this
solution
alone
conforms
to
the present physical
data.
Such caution
is
justified by
the example
in
the
early 1920s
of Dirac’s
development of
the mathematical description of
the relativistic
electron
that also yielded
a pair of solutions,
one
of which was
discarded
as
in-
applicable until
the discovery of
the positron
in
1932.
In
an analysis
by
0.
Costa
de Beauregard,
an argument
is
put
forward
that advanced potentials
constitute
a convergence
toward "finality”
in
a manner symmetrical
to
the divergence
of retarded potentials
as
a result
of causality
[77].
Such phenomena are generally unobservable,
however,
on
the
gross macroscopic scale
for statistical
reasons.
This
is
codified
in
the
thermodynamic concept
that
for an isolated system entropy (disorder)
on
the average
increases.
It
is
just
this
requirement
of
isolation,
how-
ever,
that has been weakened by
the observer problem
in quantum
theory,
and
0.
Costa
de Beauregard argues
that
the
finality principle
is maximally
operative
in just
those
situations where
the
intrusion
of consciousness
as
an ordering phenomenon results
in
a
significant
local
reversal
of
entropy
increase.
At
this
point,
further discussion
of
the
subtleties
of such considerations,
though apropos,
would
take
us
far afield,
so we
simply note
that
such advanced waves,
if detected,
could
in certain cases
constitute
a carrier of information precognitive
to
the
event.
The above arguments
are not intended
to indicate
that
the precise
nature
of
the information channel
coupling remote
events
and human
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perception
is
understood.
Rather,
we
intend only
to
show
that modern
theory
is not without resources
that can
be brought
to bear on
the
prob-
lems
at hand,
and we expect
that
these problems will,
with
further work,
continue
to yield
to analysis and specification.
Furthermore,
independent
of
the mechanisms
that may be
involved
in
remote
sensing,
observation
of
the phenomenon
implies
the existence
of
an information channel
in
the
inf ormation- theoretic
sense.
Since
such
channels
are amenable
to analysis
on
the basis
of communication theory
techniques,
as
indicated earlier,
channel
characteristics
such
as bit
rate
can be determined
independent
of
a well-defined physical
channel model
in
the
sense
that
thermodynamic
concepts
can be applied
to
the analysis
of systems
independent of underlying mechanisms.
Furthermore,
as we have
seen from
the work of Ryzl discussed
in Section
II,
it
is
possible
to use
such
a channel
for error-free
transmission of
information
if redundancy
coding
is
used.
(See also Appendix A).
Therefore,
experimentation
in-
volving
the
collection of data under specified conditions
permits headway
to
be made despite
the
formidable work
that needs
to be done
to clarify
the underlying bases
of
the phenomena.
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VI
CONCLUSIONS
For
the past
three
years,
the Electronics
and Bioengineering Lab-
oratory of
SRI has had
a program
to
investigate
those
facets
of human
perception
that appear
to
fall
outside
the range
of well-understood
perceptual
or processing capabilities.
The primary achievement
of
this
program has been
the elicitation of high-quality "remote viewing;"
the
ability of both experienced subjects and inexperienced volunteers to view, by
means
of
innate mental processes,
remote
geographical
or technical
targets
such
as
roads,
buildings,
and laboratory apparatus.
Our accumulated data
from over
50 experiments with more
than
a half dozen subjects
indicates
the
following:
the phenomenon
is
not
a sensitive
function of distance
over
a several-km range; Faraday cage shielding does not appear
to
de-
grade
the quality or accuracy of perception; most of
the correct
infor-
mation that subjects
relate
is
of
a nonanalytic nature pertaining
to
shape,
form,
color,
and material rather
than
to
function or name
(this
aspect
suggests
a hypothesis
that
information
transmission under con-
ditions
of sensory shielding may be mediated primarily by
the brain*
s
right hemisphere);
and
the principal
difference between experienced
sub j ec
and inexperienced volunteers is not
that
the latter never exhibit
the
faculty,
but rather
that
their results
are
simply
less
reliable
(this
observation suggests
the hypothesis
that
remote viewing may be
a
latent
and widely distributed perceptual
ability)
.
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I
I
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Although
the precise nature
of
the
information channel
coupling
remote events
and human perception
is not
yet understood,
certain concepts
in
information
theory,
quantum
theory,
and neurophysiological
research
appear
to bear directly on
the
issue.
As
a result,
the working assump-
tion among researchers
in
the
field
is
that
the
phenomenon
of
interest
is
qonsistent with modern scientific
thought and
can
therefore
be expected
to yield
to
the scientific method.
Further,
it
is
recognized that
com-
munication
theory provides
powerful
techniques,
such
as
the use
of
re-
dundancy coding
to
improve
s ignal - to-noise
ratio,
that can be used
to
pursue special-purpose application of
the
remote
sensing channel
inde-
pendent
of
an understanding of
the underlying mechanisms.
We
therefore
consider
that
it
is
important
to continue
data collection and
to encourage
othqrs
to
do
likewise;
investigations
such as
those
reported here
need
replication and extension under
as wide
a variety of
rigorously controlled
conditions
as
possible.
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Appendix A
SIGNAL ENHANCEMENT IN A PARANORMAL COMMUNICATION
CHANNEL BY APPLICATION OF REDUNDANCY CODING
Independent
of
the mechanisms
that may be
involved
in remote
sensing,
observation of
the phenomenon implies
the existence of an information
channel in
the information-theoretic
sense*
As we have
seen
from
the
work of Ryzl discussed in Section
II *
it is even possible
to use
such
a
(noisy)
channel
for error-free
transmission of information if
sufficient
redundancy coding
is used
[30],
[31].
Following
is
a general procedure
that we have used successfully for signal enhancement.
We
shall assume
that
the "message"
consists
of
a stream of binary
digits
(0,1)
of equal probability
(e.g.,
binary sort
of green/white
cards
as
in Ryzl
f s
case;
English
text encoded
as
in Table A1 and sent
long distance by
strobe light on/off,
and
so
on).
To combat channel
noise,
each binary digit
to be
sent
through
the
channel
requires
the addition of
redundancy bits
(coding).
Efficient coding requires
a compromise between
the desire
to maximize reliability and
to minimize
redundancy.
One
efficient coding scheme
for
such
a channel
is obtained by application
of
a sequential sampling procedure of
the
type used
in production
line
quality control
[80].
The adaptation of
such
a procedure
to paranormal
k
See also footnote on successful work by Carpenter.
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Table AL
5-Bit Code
for Alphanumeric Characters
E
00000
Y
01000
T
11111
G,J
10111
N
00001
w
01001
R
11110
V
10110
I
00010
B
01010
11101
10101
A
00011
01011
S,X,Z
11100
10100
D
00100
01100
H
11011
10011
L
00101
01101
C,K,Q
11010
10010
F
00110
OHIO
P
11001
10001
U
00111
01111
M
11000
•
10000
Note:
Alphabet
characters
listed
in order
of decreasing
frequency in English
text.
See,
for
example,
A.
Sinkov,
Elementary Cryp tanalysis --
A Mathematical Approach
[79].
(The
low frequency
letters,
X,Z,K,Q,
and
J
have been grouped with
similar characters
to
provide
space
for numerics
in
a
5-bit
code.)
In
consideration of
the uneven
distribution of
letter
frequencies
in English
text,
this
code
is
chosen
such
that
0 and
1 have
equal probability.
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communication channels,
which we now discuss,
was
considered
first by
Taetzsch
[81]
.
The
sequential method
gives
a
rule
of procedure
for
making one
of three possible
decisions
following
the receipt
of each
bit:
accept
as
the
bit being transmitted;
reject
as
the
bit being
trans-
mitted
(i.e.,
accept
0);
or continue transmission of
the bit under con-
sideration.
The
sequential
sampling procedure differs
from fixed-length
coding in that
the number of bits
required
to reach
a
final decision on
a message bit
is
not
fixed before
transmission,
but
depends
on
the result
accumulated with each
transmission.
The principal advantage
of
the
se-
quential sampling procedure
as compared with
the other methods
is
that,
on the
average,
fewer bits per
final decision are required
for an equiva-
lent degree of reliability.
Use of the sequential
sampling procedure requires
the specification
of parameters
that
are determined on the basis
of
the
following considera
tions.
Assume
that
a message bit
(0
or
1)
is
being
transmitted.
In
the
absence
of
a priori knowledge,
we may assume
equal probability
(p
=
0.5)
for
the
two possibilities
(0,1).
Therefore,
from
the
standpoint
of
the
receiver,
the probability of correctly identifying
the bit being
trans-
mitted
is
p =
0.5 because of chance alone.
An operative remote sensing
channel
could
then be expected
to alter
the probability of correct
identification
to
a value
p
= 0.5 +
ijr , where
the parameter
i|r satisfies
0 <
|
i|r
| < 0.5.
(The quantity may be positive
or negative depending
on whether
the paranormal channel results
in so-called psi-hitting or
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psi-missing.)
Good psi
functioning on
a repetitive
task has
been
observed
to
result in
|
= 0.12,
as
reported by Ryzl
[31].
Therefore,
to indicate
the design procedure,
let
us assume
a baseline psi parameter
i|fb =
0.1 and design
a communication system on
this basis.
The question
to be addressed
is whether,
after repeated transmission,
a
given message bit
is
labeled
a "1"
at
a
low rate
Pq commensurate with
the hypothesis Hq
that
the bit
in question
is
a "O,"
or
at
a higher
rate
p-|_ commensurate with
the hypothesis
that
the
bit
in question
is
in-
deed
a "l.
The decision-making process
requires
the specification of
four parameters:
Pq
:
The
probability
of
labeling incorrectly
a
"0" message bit
as
a
"l.,
The probability of labeling correctly
a
M0 n
as
a
"0"
is
p = 0.5
+.
Therefore,
the probability
of labeling incorrectly
a
"O'
as
a
"1"
is
-
p
= 0.4
=
Pq
.
p^
:
The probability of
labeling correctly
a
n l n message bit
as
a
"1,"
is
given by
p^
= 0.5 +
tb ™0.6.
o':
The probability of rejecting
a correct
identification
for
a
"0"
(Type
I error).
We
shall
take
cv = 0.01.
0:
The probability of accepting an incorrect identification
for
a
”1"
(Type
II
error).
We
shall
take
0 = 0.01.
With
the parameters
thus
specified,
the sequential
sampling pro-
cedure provides
for construction
of
a decision
graph
as
shown
in Fig-
ure A-l.
The equations
for
the upper and lower limit
lines
are
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where
E
E
d
+
SN,
- d
+ SN
log
d.
=
a
,
P 1
l- po
log—
P0
X ' p
l
l~Qf
lorT
,
P 1
1* Po
log—
p o
1_p
i
S
l~Pr
log
1-P 1
P,
1-P
log
P 0
!-P
S
is
the
slope
N
is
the number of
trials
and
d^
are
the
y axis
intercepts,
A cumulative record
of receiver-generated responses
to
the
target bit
is
compiled until either
the upper or
lower
limit
line
is
reached^
at which
point
a decision
is made
to accept
or
as
the bit being transmitted.
Channel reliability
(probability of correctly determining message
being
transmitted)
as
a
function
of operative
psi parameter
i|f
is plotted
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in Figure A-2.
As
observed,
the
sequential sampling procedure can result
in
percent
or greater reliability with psi parameters
on
the order
of
a
few percent.
Implementation of
the
sequential
sampling procedure
requires
the
transmission of
a message coded
in binary digits.
Therefore,
the
target
space must consist of dichotomous elements
such as
the white and green
cards used
in
the experiments by Ryzl.
In operation,
a sequence corresponding
to
the
target bit
(0 or
1)
is
sent
and
the cumulative entries are made
(Figure A- 1) until
a decision
is
reached
to accept either
a
or
0 as
the bit being
transmitted.
At
a prearranged
time,
the next
sequence
is begun and continues
as above
unt il
the
entire message has been received.
A useful alternative,
which
relieves
the percipient of the burden of being aware of his
self-
contradiction from trial
to trial,
consists of cycling through
the entire
message repetitively and entering each response on
its associated graph
unt il
a decision has been reached
on all message bits.
The authors have
used
this
technique
successfully
in
a pilot
study,
but
a discussion of
this would
take
us beyond
the
intended
scope
of
this
paper.
From the results obtained
in
such experiments,
the channel bit rate
can be ascertained
for
the
system configuration under consideration.
Furthermore,
bit rates
for other degrees
of reliability
(i.e.,
for other
p 0
>
? i>
and
can be estimated by construction
of other decision
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FIGURE A-2
1p
(psi
parameter)
TA-760525-9
RELIABILITY CURVE FOR SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
(pQ =
0.4,
p,
=
0.6, a =
0.01,
(3 =
0.01)
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curves
over
the
same data base and
thus provide
a measure
of
the bit
rate
per degree
of reliability.
In
summary,
the procedures described here can provide
a specification
of
the characteristics
of
a remote
sensing channel under well-defined
conditions.
These procedures also provide
for
a determination
of
the
feasibility of such
a channel
for particular applications.
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Appendix
B
REMOTE VIEWING TRANSCRIPT
Following
is
the unedited
transcript
of
the
first experiment with
an
SRI volunteer
(S6),
a mathematician
in
the computer science
laboratory,
with no previous experience
in remote viewing.
The
target,
determined
by random procedure,
was White's
Plaza,
a plaza with fountain at
Stanford
University
(shown
in Figure
8)
.
The capital letters correspond
to
the
experimenter's statements and questions.
As
is our standard protocol,
the experimenter with the subject
is kept
ignorant of
the specific target
visited
as well
as of
the contents
of the target pool.
101
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