1) The efAppiavedFor Retdasee2000/08/08 resonant manner: The results change substantially upon a small deviation from the frequencies at which the waves are most effective. 2) The effect is essentially independent of the intensity of the electromagnetic waves above a certain minimum (threshold) level and below the level at which a significant heating of tissues is observed, The reasons for the resonant nature of the effect have been discussed by several investigators (see Refs, 2-4, for example), while the second of these facts has not yet been convincingly explained. This second fact is apparent- ly the key to an understanding of the essence of informa- tion effects. We begin our discussion by considering one aspect of the operation of cybernetic devices used in technology. These devices work only in those cases in which the re- sults of their operation are not, over a broad range, af- fected by changes in the signals generated in the informa- tion-processing systems. The minimum signal levels required for operation of a device are usually determined by the requirements for shielding the device from noise and stray pickup. The maximum permissible signal levels are determined by the possibility of damage or of changes in the operating conditions of the device, Let us examine the situation in somewhat more detail, The input of the cybernetic device receives a set of signals-which represent the arriving information as aset of quantities and operations on these quantities, Emerging from the output of the device is a set of signals which represent information obstained as a result of the pro- cessing of the data which arrived at the input, The in- formation which arrives at the input must be unambiguously related to the information taken from the output. As the device processes information received at its input, however, auxiliary signals are generated in it. The level of these signals cannot be independent of the working state of the elements making up the device, and this work- ing state unavoidably changes over time. Consequently, cybernetic devices which ensure an unambiguous corre- spondence between the information received at the input and the information taken from the output can operate reliably only if this relationship does not depend, within the specified limitations, on the level of the auxiliary signals generated in the information-processing system. It is natural to suggest that in a living organism the level of the signals generated by the information-process— ing systems does not, over a broad range, influence the relationship between.the received information and its ef- fect on the corresponding organ. In terms of the informa- tion effect on the organism, electromagnetic waves which are incident from outside the organism may be similar to signals generated by the information-processing systems of the organism itself, The discussion of threshold and maximum signals is similar to that above. -There is another Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7 18 Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 8(1), January 1982 "specific" stimulus, the region irradiated by the electro- magnetic waves does not necessarily have to coincide wit} the affected region, The necessary "eommand" can be transferred through one of the information-transfer chan- nels in the organism. An important point is that the energy effects of the electromagnetic waves may simultaneously be informatior effects on the organism, The interrelationship between the information effects and energy effects of a signal can be explained with the help of an example, The meaning of some text (information) does not depend on the intensity at which it is illuminated, On the other hand, the illumi- nation intensity determines the energy effect of the light on the eye. ‘Accordingly, 2 distinctive feature which determines the informational nature of an effect of electromagnetic waves is not the absence of tissue heating but the essen- | tial independence of the effect from the intensity of the electromagnetic waves over a broad range. In many case: (including those discussed in Ref, 2) an information effect on an organism is determined by the frequency (or, more generally, by the spectrum of frequencies) of the waves and is related to the resonant dependence of such effects on the wave frequency which we mentioned earlier. Since several organs and systems are working simul- taneously and in a coordinated manner in a living organist exchange of information between these organs and system: and processing of this information are absolutely neces- sary, Alterations in its information exchange may strong affect the working conditions of the organism; in particul: many diseases result from disruptions of information- processing and —transfer systems. In certain cases, therefore, the use of information effects may prove very successful, The more rigorous term “energy effect" should be applied to any effect * whose magnitude is decisively influenced by the amount of energy oF power. 1A, S. Presman, Electromagnetic Fields and Animate Nature [in Russian}, ; Nauka, Moscow (1968). 2eseientific Session of the Division of General Physics and Astronomy, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (January 17-18, 1973)," Usp. Fiz. Nauk 110, 452 (1973) (Sov. Phys. Usp. 16, 568 (1974)]}. 3H, Frohlich, Phys. Lett. 514, 21 (1975). 4g, Kaiser, Symposium on the Electromagnetic Waves and Biology, CESA Center, France, June 30-July 1, 1980. Translated by Dave Parsons N. D. Devyatkov and M. 8. Golant ~ ‘ - (i j i ing that" ific" effect: f : CRETE TIRE YG A TOOAB AGM ez to a Tr eithe acy both sibil is p: puls the tion of tl occt inte exte con fror by ¢ lase sar of t: diti: Ise, mot k ar res and cas wit] dis! ven mo the me wht der is 1 for the rel Cor Eq B j tic ve] 19
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7 TAB Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7
BS Wise wwe 8g, L. Kellog and S. S. Brenner, J. Phys. (Paras) Supp]. 11, C6-459 (1988). » Haasen, Zh, Tekh. Fiz. 12, 806 (1986) [Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 2d 333 (1986)]. - 9G. zaharchy tj Aga Boe M. Oehring, and P ; 3. Phys. (Pet PLO ue lease-2068708/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7 ° 10g, a. Mesyats, N. N. Syutkin, V. A. Ivchenko, ane &. Talantsev, J. Phys. (Paris) 49, Coll. C6, Suppi. 11, 125, a. Panitz, Rv. Sed. Instrum. 44, 1034 (1973). 06-477 (1968) Translated by D. Pp, Role of coherent waves in pattern recognition and the use of intracellular information M. B. Golant and P. V. Poruchikov (Submitted December 15, 1988) Pis’ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 15, 67-70 (August 26, 1989) It was shown in Refs. 1 and 2 that the coherent acoustoelectric waves which are generated by cells (and whose length is smaller than that of electro- magnetic waves by a factor of about a million) may play a role as a high-information-content facility in the acquisition of data about processes involving breakdown of the normal operation of the cells. The rate at which information is processed and the amount of information which is processed, how- ever, depend to 4 large extent on the manner in which this information is perceived and processed. From this standpoint, the most effective methods are pattern recognition and processing of informa- tion in complex organisms. The perception of a visual pattern is usually cited to illustrate this point. The human eye, for example, has about 250-10 receptors, which simultaneously perceive different elements of the object being observed, establishing in the brain a pattern similar to that of this ob- ject.3 This circumstance is of exceptional conven- ience for mental manipulation of the pattern as @ unified whole and results in huge savings in both the memory and the processing facilities required for the manipulation. The result of the processing of information is then realized in actions which are carried out at the level of organs (hands, feet, muscles, ete.). The human brain, however, which has only about 10°-107° cells, cannot perform a modeling of the processes which are carried out at the cellular level in an organism, since the number of cells in an organism is 10'*-107°. For this rea- son, processes at the cellular level may be con~ trolled primarily by systems of the cells themselves. R. Vikhrov's suggestion that any pathology is re- lated to a pathology of a cell remains important even today. It is natural to ask whether the perception and processing of information about breakdown, which are carried out in cells by means of coherent waves in the extremely-high-frequency range are of a pat- tern nature. A stress reaction of an organism as a whole (a nonspecific response of an organism to a change in its condition of existence) is, from the standpoint of phases of adaptation to changes, sim- ilar to the responses of a cell to unfavorable changes (Ref. 4). It might thus be suggested that there is a similarity in the organization of the control. The ideas of Refs. 1 and 2 have been developed 649 Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 15(8), Aug. 1989 0360-1 20X/89/08 0649-02 §02.00 further, as described briefly in Ref. 5, among other places. This work has led to the suggestion that the organic changes in a cell which lead to a dis- ruption of the shape of cellular membranes result. from the excitation of coherent standing acoustoelec- tric waves in these membranes. These waves are presumably most intense in regions of a disruption. The frequency of the oscillations is determined by the nature of the disruptions. Theoretical work has shown!) that the field of these waves, which are partially radiated into the surrounding space and .. converted into electromagnetic waves, causes the dipoles of protein molecules which are oscillating at frequencies close to the frequencies of the waves excited in the membrane to be attracted toward the membrane. The attractive forces acting on the pro- tein molecules are proportional to sin? wt cos[(27/A)2], where: A is the length of the acoustoelectric wave, and. % is the coordinate along the surface of the These attractive forces are periodic membrane. (their period is A, rather than A/2, as in stand- ing waves). These forces are weak enough that a flux of protein molecules toward the membrane is formed as a result of a gradual buildup of directed displacements against the background of Brownian motion. ; ‘In the immediate vicinity of the surface of the membrane, @ force determined by the interaction of the polarization field, which is strong (107 V/m), with the constant component of the dipole moment of the protein molecules acts on the dipoles of these molecules. As 4 result, kinetic energy is trans- ferred from the protein molecules to the membrane (the average transfer is kT). The collisions. of the protein molecules may eliminate the distortion of the shape of the membranes. Protein molecules adhering to the membrane execute oscillations which are sustained by virtue of metabolic energy in the cell. Being synchronized by the oscillations in the membrane, they may trans- fer this energy to the alternating field of acousto- electric waves which are excited there, thereby re- plenishing the energy expended on controlling the moving flux of protein molecules. 6 There is a clear distinction here between the control process and the energy process of eliminat- ing the deformations. The control process is pre- dominantly the directing of the flux of protein mole- © 1990 American Institute of Physics 649 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7 ee ree ec TT I A
cules to the AppriewGidrF or Releases20GQ/Q8108 : CIA-RDRGErQOZ89ROA34N02800041-Z, o cot of weak alternating components of the field of acous- toelectric waves and the fields of the electromagnetic oscillations into which the acoustoelectric waves con- vert upon radiation. In the course of the energy process, on the other hand, the protein molecules transfer the average kinetic energy of their thermal motion to the membrane in the region in which it is distorted. The process of eliminating pathological deformations is essentially a "self-healing" of the cells. From the standpoint of the answer to the question posed above, this process can be inter- preted in the following way. The distribution of the amplitude and the frequency of the coherent waves excited in the membrane reflects the nature of the disruptions in the membrane. In other words, it is the pattern of shape disruptions of the membrane, coded in the frequency and distribution of the am- plitude of the field, which affects the processes which occur in the interior of the cell (here, the energy processes are also included), leading to the elimination of the disruptions and the maintenance of homeostasis. . ee ‘Tt seems to us that this interpretation of the process is of more than theoretical importance. It might also have some substantial practical conse- quences. Since the frequencies of the oscillations ex- cited in the membrane are determined primarily by the nature of the distortions of the shape of the -membrane, identical distortions in different parts of a membrane will lead to the excitation of the same frequencies. The nature of the disruptions of the functioning of a cell (the nature of the "disease"), however, depends on the orientation of the distor- tion with respect to the positions of the cellular organelles. In other words, the same oscillation fre- quencies may cooperate to eliminate different dis- ruptions. The richness of the pattern perception of information about intracellular changes and of the pattern control of actions performed on these changes is determined by the frequency—coordinate nature of the perception. - ee TE. he” yo is effective to the extent that it corresponds to the coherent intrinsic radiation which is generated by the cells upon corresponding disruptions. Since the pathology of the overall organism is, as we have already mentioned, related to a cellular pathology, the same frequencies may prove useful in the healing of quite different diseases. Indeed, the first studies in this direction have revealed that the spectrum of the biological action of oscillations of a certain frequency is very wide, and, while a certain spectrum of generated frequencies corre- sponds to a certain type of disruption, the inverse conclusion cannot be drawn: A certain frequency spectrum of actions (i.e., only one of the coding factors) may correspond to the possibility of healing different disruptions. Demis work was carried out by M. B. Galant and N. A. Savost'yanov,. ly. D. Deyatkov and M. B. Golant, Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 8, 39 (1982) [Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 8, 17 (1982)]. 2y. D. Davyatkov and M. B. Golant, Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 12, 288 (1986) [Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 12, 118 (1986)]. 3, A. Cooper and R. N. Shepard, Sci. Am. 251, No. 12, 106 (Dec. 1984). “a. D. Braun and T. P. Mozhenok, Nonspecific Adaptive Syndrome [in Russian], Nauka, Leningrad (1987). 5M. B. Golant, in: Problems of Physical Electronics {in Russsian], M. I. Kalinin Polytechnical Institute and A. F. Ioffe Physico- technical Institute, Leningrad (1988). ®@. B, Golant and T. B. Rebrova, Radioelektronika No. 10, 10 (1986). Translated by D. P. Defect formation in thin films bombarded with high-energy protons S.G.Lebedev.. 0 __ dnstitute of Nuclear Research, Academ y of Sciences of the USSR (Submitted February 9, 1989; resubmitted June'28, 1989)” Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 15, 70-72 (August 26, 1989) . . The radiation-induced structural defects in solids bombarded by high-energy protons, of energy T > 100 MeV, are determined by both elastic (elec- tromagnetic and nuclear) and inelastic interactions ‘ of the primary protons with the target atoms. The ‘recoil nuclei which acquire energy as a result of nuclear interactions of protons create atom—atom col- lision cascades which are greater in extent than ' the cascades which start at the atoms that are the first ejected from their positions in Coulomb inter~ actions, and these recoil nuclei are primarily re- ° ~ A fraction n(T) of the energy of a recoil nucleus is expended on electronic excitation, while another fraction v(T) is expended on the formation of radia- tion-induced point defects in elastic interactions of the recoil nucleus with target atoms. The NRT stand- ard2 is widely used to caiculate the function v(T). To evaluate the rate at which point defects are gen- erated by radiation, we need to know the effective cross section for defect formation, og, and the num- ber of defects, ng = v(T)/(2Eq), produced by the first-ejected atoms in the cascade of subsequent _ Sponsible for the Faranea Fol Release 2000/08/08" CIA"RDPSE-UH7E9ROGH BURBUD EY svt 860 Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 15(8), Aug. 1989 0380.1 20X/89/08 0660-02 802.00 © 1990 American Institute of Physics 650