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The protocol
for each of the two tests was
as
follows
.
Target
pools
of six San Francisco Bay Area target
locations each were assembled in
advance of the tests.
During a test
a pair of experimenters
comprising
a target demarcation team went at
a prearranged time to a randomly-
determined site and remained there for
15 minutes
.
During this period a
subject on board the submersible, monitored by an experimenter blind to
the target pool,
registered his impressions
as
to where the target
demarcation team was,
500 miles away,
as
per standard remote viewing
protocol.
When shown the target
list
(for the first time) after the
remote viewing trial was
completed, the subject was asked to make a choice
as
to which target
of the set of six was viewed.
Two trials of this type were carried out,
one each with two subjects.
(Four were planned in accordance with a prearranged time schedule,
but
two were aborted because the submarine did
not follow its diving schedule.)
For the first trial
the submersible was
at
a depth of
170 m in water
340 m deep.
Figure
3 shows
the subject's response to the target demar-
cated by the outbound team,
a large oak tree.
The subject correctly
described a
large tree,
framed against
a drop-off,
and had no difficulty
choosing the correct target from the list of six potential targets.
For the second trial the submersible rested on the bottom in 78 m
of water.
The outbound team again went at
a prearranged time to one
of six
possible locations
(chosen from a new list
by a random procedure),
a
shopping mall shown in Figure
4.
Figure
5 shows the subject's response
to the
target.
The subject correctly indicated the flat stone flooring,
small pool,
reddish stone walk,
and people walking around in an enclosed
space.
When shown the target
list,
the subject
chose the correct target
location.
Therefore,
in the two trials
that were carried out from the submersible,
the subject in each
case selected the correct one out of six targets
,
events
whose combined probability of occurring by chance
is p = 1/36 = 0.028.
To determine the significance of the success
of the remote viewing
experiment with regard to the ELF hypothesis, we examine the shielding
effect
of
170 m of seawater
(for the first trial).
The appropriate
calculations have been carried out by the authors;
we quote the salient
features here.
Three modes of propagation have to be
considered.
They are the
TE,
TM, and quasi-TEM modes
of propagation.
(The
latter is generally
assumed in Project Sanguine /Seafarer calculations, where one considers
coupling into the spherical resonant
cavity comprised of the earth’s
surface
as
the inner radius
, and the ionosphere as the outer radius
)
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FIGURE 3
SUBMERSIBLE EXPERIMENT NUMBER
1:
170 m DEEP
IN
340 m OF WATER.
July
1977.
Target was
a
giant oak
on
a
hilltop
in
Portola
Valley,
California.
Subject's
first words
were:
"A very
tall
looming
object.
A very,
very, hugh
tall
tree and
a
lot of
space behind them.
There
almost
feels
like
there
is
a drop-off
or
a
palisade
or
a
cliff behind them.”
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ttttt ttit
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J
AUfcWl
•£***
JloHf
-
'
i/joJb'*
\
cJiuL U
iL. >A u^_'
&*&£<>*+*<£ c^> cf
FIGURE 5
SUBMERSIBLE EXPERIMENT NUMBER
2:
78 m DEEP ON THE BOTTOM.
Target was shopping
mall
in
Mountain
View,
California.
Subject's drawing
correctly
identifies:
"Flat stone
flooring,
waifs,
small
pool,
reddish
stone walk,
large
doors, walking around, an
enclosed
space."
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Table
shows
the minimum attenuation results for the three
cases,
assuming
a depth of
170 m and a lower frequency limit
of
10 Hz
(alpha
brainwave frequency),
(The attenuation is higher at higher frequencies.)
We see that
in all
cases
there
is greater than a 20 dB
(factor
of
100)
attenuation of
a
10-Hz ELF signal
,
The results
are therefore suggestive
that the postulated ELF electromagnetic radiation mechanism is
not viable
as
a mechanism for remote viewing.
A definitive test,
of
course,
requires
a lengthy series
of experiments
carried out
at,
say,
1000 m, where 10-Hz
attenuation reaches
more than 100 dB.
Finally,
we note that although the subjects indicated that they had
experienced some degree
of
stress
due to cramped conditions
and sea-
sickness
,
these environmental factors
did
not appear to affect
the quality
of performance negatively.
VI
REMOTE VIEWING OF TRANSCONTINENTAL TARGET SITES
After establishing the data base of more than 50 remote-viewing
experiments with local targets
(sites within a few kilometers), we under-
took a series
of
five trials
designed to provide an indication as
to
whether an increase in subject-target separation to transcontinental
distances would degrade the quality or accuracy of perception.
A major
motivation for this effort was the desire
to accumulate further data
aimed at determining whether remote viewing might
be mediated by extremely
low-frequency
(ELF) electromagnetic waves.
Under simple forms
of
this
hypothesis,
one would expect
a degradation in accuracy as the subject-
target distance
is increased from a few kilometers
to several thousand
kilometers
.
As
a secondary goal, we were interested in the real-time data rate,
another important
factor
in assessing the ELF hypothesis.
Therefore,
the
subjects were encouraged to describe real-time activity during the viewing
period.
The methodology with regard to experimental
design again was designed
to eliminate possible
cueing paths.
The protocol was
as
follows.
Arrange-
ments were made in advance of each trial
(via telephone or computer tele-
conferencing)
as
to the trial start time.
The targets were then determined
(following disconnect)
either by random-number generator entry into
a
previously prepared target
list unknown to subject and experimenters with
the subject,
or in one case,
on the basis
of
site selection by an inde-
pendent,
skeptical challenger.
The duration of each trial was fifteen
minutes
.
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A.
Menlo Park to New York City
(Grant’s Tomb)
Two subjects,
S7 and S8,
both in California,
participated
simultaneously in a trial with Grant's
Tomb,
the first
of two New York
City targets.
Both subjects independently provided computer-stored
records
of their impressions,
and one made the sketch shown in Figure
6.
Subject
S8 said in his opening paragraph:
"Outdoors,
large open
area,
standing on and then off asphalt
(rough material),
dark for
a path.
A white building,
like a ticket
booth.
Wooden structure,
is white in
color, and has
an arched look about
it.
There
is
a large shade tree
close
to Russ
(outbound experimenter)."
Subject
S7
,
closeted in a separate
SRI
location, began with:
I thought
of a high place with a view."
The subject continued with
"I saw a tree on your
left in a brick plaza—it seemed to be in front
of
a building you were entering."
Later,
"I
could
not
clearly identify the
activity.
A restaurant?
A museum?
A bookstore?"
And,
"You were
looking
at
coins in the palm of your hand,
maybe giving some to Nicky
(son of
outbound experimenter)."
The
coins were in fact given to the experimenter's
son to purchase the postcard from which Figure
6 was made.
Both subjects
then went on for an additional paragraph to describe details of the
activities they imagined to be going on inside
the building they saw,
details that were partly correct, partly incorrect.
B *
Menlo Park to New York City
(Washington Square Fountain)
In the second experiment,
the target, again chosen by random
protocol, was the fountain in Washington Square
Park.
One subject,
S7
,
participated.
The photos and the subject's drawing of
the fountain are
shown in Figure
7.
The subject began with the following:
"The first
image
I got at about
the first minute was
of
a cement depression—as
if
a dry
fountain with a cement post in the
center
or inside.
There seemed to be
pigeons off to the right,
flying around the surface out
of the depression
...
At one point
I thought
you were opening a cellophane bag
...."
(The experi-
menters had in fact bought ice cream during the experimental period.)
"There
was also a rectangular wooden frame,
a window frame,
but
I wasn't sure
if
it
was on a building,
or a similar structure with a different purpose.”
(A possible correlation from a functional viewpoint
to the Washington
Square Arch through which the outbound experimenters viewed the fountain
toward the end of the experimental period.)
"All in all
I thought
you
were in Riverside Park
. ..."
(Incorrect analysis.)
Finally,
the subject
described "cement steps going into the depression,
like a stadium,
and
the rounded edge of the top of the depression as
you go up to ground level,"
a description which shows
correct detail.
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GRANT'S TOMB TARGET
IN NEW YORK CITY
FIGURE 6
IN COAST-TO-COAST REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENT, SUBJECT DESCRIBED:
“OUTDOORS, LARGE OPEN
AREA.... SHADE
TREES.... WHITE BUILDING WITH
ARCHES”
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N>
COAST TO COAST REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENT
WITH TARGET AT WASHINGTON SQUARE
IN NEW
YORK CITY.
SUBJECT'S FIRST PERCEPTION WAS
OF A "CEMENT DEPRESSION
- AS
IF A DRY
FOUNTAIN — WITH A CEMENT POST
IN THE
CENTER OR
INSIDE".
FIGURE 7
WASHINGTON SQUARE
IN NEW YORK CITY, USED AS TARGET
IN COAST-TO-COAST REMOTE-VIEWING
EXPERIMENT, 6 JULY
1976
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»
*
•
•
•
i
I
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c.
New York City to Ohio
(Ohio Caves)
A third long-distance remote-viewing experiment was
carried out
under the
control
of an independent,
skeptical scientist
not known to the
subject.
In this
case SRI experimenters visiting in Ohio
agreed to a
remote-viewing experiment
in which the target would be selected by our
host
.
Under the observation of our challenger, we telephoned Subject
S4 in New York City and obtained the subject's agreement
to participate
in a long-distance remote viewing experiment.
The subject was told only
that we were located somewhere between New York City and California and
that shortly we would be taken to a target.
The time for the experiment
was
set for 2:00 PM EDT.
We also agreed to call again at 3:00 PM EDT to
obtain Subject S4's impressions and to provide feedback as to the actual
target
.
The scientist
chose
as
a target location the Ohio Caverns at
Springfield, Ohio
(see Figure 8).
We entered the grounds through an
entrance arch that opened onto an enormous expanse of
lawn, perhaps 20
acres.
The caves
are located at a depth of ^150 ft and are entered
through a small building having a long flight
of steep stairs.
Once
underground, we walked through a maze of rock— lined tunnels that
led
eventually into
a series
of rooms
lined with calcite stalactites and
stalagmites, frosty white and beige crystals formed like icicles.
The
entire cavern was illuminated by small electric light bulbs attached
to the walls.
After a 45-minute walk, we exited the
caves through a
large metal door giving access
to a square cross-sectional shaft with
stairs
leading
to the surface.
Following the experimental period, the scientist-observer called
the subject in New York,
45 minutes after we
left the caves.
The opening
statements
of the subject's transcript as
dictated over the phone and
posted to
the SRI experimenters was
as follows:
"1:50 PM before starting—Flat semi-industrial
countryside with mountain range in background and
something to do with underground caves or mines or
deep shafts—half man made,
half natural— some
electric humming going on— throbbing, inner throbbing.
Nuclear or some very far out and possibly secret
installation— corridor— mazes
of them
whole under-
ground city almost—Don't
like
it
at all-long for out-
doors and nature.
2:00 PM— (Experimenters )
R and H
walking along sunny road—entering into arbor-like
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FIGURE
OHIO CAVES:
DESCRIBED BY SUBJECT
IN NEW YORK
AS, "UNDERGROUND
CAVES OR
MINES.... DEEP SHAFTS....
DARKER, COOL, MOIST EARTH-SMELLING
PASSAGES”
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shaft—again looks
like man helped nature—vines
(wisteria) growing in arch at entrance
like to a wine
cellar— leading into underground world.
Darker
earth-smelling
cool moist passage with something
grey and of interest
on left
of them—musty— sudden
change
to bank of elevators—a very man-made steel
wall—and shaft-like inverted silo going
deep below
earth—brightly lit
. ..."
As
is often the
case,
one observes that the basic gestalt
of
the
target site was
cognized
(the underground caves aspect) while a specific
interpretation
(the
labeling of
the
location as
a nuclear installation)
was in error.
A second subject
(S8) who had agreed in advance
to participate
in the same experiment by date and time, was
less
successful with the
cavern target.
This
subject erroneously interpreted early impressions
as associated with a museum.
As
a result
the majority of his transcript,
although containing some correct elements
,
reflects primarily this
incorrect analytical interpretation and cannot
be said to constitute
evidence for paranormal functioning.
D.
New Orleans
to Palo Alto
(Northern California Bank Plaza)
Two trials
carried out between New Orleans and Menlo Park,
California,
constitute the final tests
of
this
long-distance series.
These
last two were
carried out with the
two subjects who had participated
in the first
two California-to-New York experiments.
The first experiment in this
series required Subject
S7 in
New Orleans
to view the activities
of a group of three people known to
the subject,
at
a location in a Palo Alto/Menlo Park area 2000 miles away.
The subject's principal impression was
of an "overhang of
a building over
their heads
...
also a round gold rim around a sunken depression."
The
target,
a bank building,
is
shown in Figure
9.
Principal features
of
the
target
include
a building overhang,
and a rectangular concrete depression
with
a fountain in which the water
comes
out
of
a circular gold rim.
The
subject also reported "some kind of fake
china flowers mushrooming out of
the depression,"
a possible correlation to four orange lamps mounted on the
gold rim.
Finally,
S7 reported "there was
a projectile coming toward
(one
of
the outbound experimenters).
Like
a ball
or frisbee,
as
if
(another experimenter)
has tossed him a ball."
The experimenters had in
fact found a paper airplane lying on the ground and had thrown it
back and
forth several times;
the photo of the site taken at the time of the
experiment shows the airplane between them.
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E.
Menlo Park to New Orleans
(Louisiana Superdome)
For the final experiment
(subject
in Menlo Park)
it was agreed
that
at
1200 CST on
a particular
day,
the outbound experimenter would choose
a target location in his
city by random protocol and remain there
for the
required
15 minutes.
During this
time,
Subject
S8 in Menlo Park would
tape-record impressions and make any drawings that seemed appropriate.
The target
chosen by randomized entry into
a New Orleans
guide
book
list was
the Louisiana Superdome.
The outbound experimenter
tape-
recorded the following description as
he looked at
the
building:
"It
is
a bright sunshiny day.
In front
of
me
is
a huge silvery building with a
white dome gleaming in the
sun.
It
is
a circular building with metal
sides.
It
looks
like nothing so much as
a flying saucer.
The target
is in
fact
the 80,000-seat Louisiana Superdome stadium.”
The subject in Menlo Park described the target as
"a
large
circular building with a white dome,"
The subject also expressed feelings
of wanting to reject what he saw because the dome
looked "like a flying
saucer in the middle
of
a city."
Some appreciation for this perception
can be obtained from Figure
10 in which the
target
is
shown,
together with
the sketches
that
the subject
made.
Due to the expense and distances
involved,
these five trials
were not evaluated by our
usual
double-blind matching procedure.
None-
theless
,
on the basis
of post-hoc content analysis
it appears that
the
results obtained in these five
long-distance remote-viewing experiments
were roughly of the same accuracy with regard to site description as those
obtained in local remote-viewing experiments,
(For more detail,
including
samples
of
complete transcripts and associated content analysis
,
see
Ref.
46.)
The descriptions
not only contain correct general information,
but often show remarkable detail and resolution.
Furthermore,
in
a number
of instances,
real-time activities were observed and correctly described.
Similar data has been obtained by Bisaha and Dunne
in
a series
of successful long-distance remote viewing experiments
carried out over
intercontinental distances
(e.g.,
Chicago-Moscow)
.* 3
The
data from our
five trials taken together with their formally- judged experiments would
seem to indicate that there
is
little,
if any,
degradation in quality of
perception as
the subject-target
distance
is increased from a few km to
intercontinental distances.
Therefore, any theory of paranormal
function-
ing put forward at this time should
take into account
this apparent
insensitivity to distance,
and any application of paranormal functioning
need not,
to first order,
consider distance
as
a barrier,
at
least
to
the
range examined.
This
conclusion admittedly is based on the long-distance data
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obtained to date, which is
not as extensive as that obtained for shorter
distances.
Nonetheless,
in our opinion the indications are strong that
this conclusion is
correct.
VII
RESOLUTION
IN REMOTE VIEWING STUDIES:
MINI-TARGETS
In order to obtain an estimate
of the resolution capability of the
remote-viewing process
, an experimental series was
carried out
in which
a subject
(S4) was asked to render descriptions
of objects hidden in
small light-tight metal containers
(35 mm film cans).
This was
the
first
experiment
of this
type in our laboratory.
There were
no previous trials
or pilot experiments with these or similar targets.
In this series the
target
can was not seen by the subject before or during the experiment;
the location of
the target was known to the subject only as being on the
person of
a known experimenter who had left the laboratory,
obtained the
target from a previously prepared target pool by use of a random number
generator, and was
now located at an unknown site away from SRI
(about
l/8th mile distant).
Furthermore,
in order to test the
transmitter
hypothesis,
during the trials no experimenter,
including the outbound
experimenter with the target, knew either the particular target,
nor the
contents
of the target pool.
The experiment was
thus
of the double-blind
type.
Statistically significant
results, determined by blind judging,
was obtained for this
series
.
In preparation for the series
,
a target selector not known to the
subject and not otherwise associated with this
study was asked to select
ten small objects and to place each in a separate 35 mm light-tight film
can.*
The target pool was
constructed to contain a number of cylindrically
shaped objects,
a number of metal objects,
and so forth
(that
is,
the
objects were not chosen to be particularly distinct from one another),
so as
to circumvent subject strategies based on knowledge of previous
targets
(by feedback)
as
the series progressed.
The film cans were then
turned over to a second experimenter who, without opening them,
numbered
the film cans
1 to
10 and placed them in a secure safe.
At this point
all information as
to film can contents and target can number was
lost.
At the beginning of each trial the subject was
closeted with an
experimenter in an isolated windowless room of the Radio Physics Laboratory
*The film cans were tested for light-tightness by exposing the cans
con-
taining 400 ASA Tri-X film to 30 flashes of
a 1200 watt-second strobe
light at
11 inches;
photodensitometer traces showed no light exposure
as
compared with unexposed control film.
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in the
SRI
complex.
A second experimenter then left the
laboratory,
generated a random number by the use of the random—number function on
a Texas
Instruments Model SR-51 hand calculator, obtained the associated
can from the
target pool in the safe,* and took
it
to a convenient
location
(not told to the subject) in a park nearby SRI
(about
l/8th mile distant).
Thus the subject knew the
location of the film can target only as being
on the person of an experimenter, known to her, outbound to an unknown
site.
The outbound experimenter then remained at the remote
location
for an agreed-upon ten-minute target period, with the film can still
unopened so that
he remained ignorant
of the target.
During the target period the subject was asked to
locate the outbound
experimenter and to describe the contents
of the film can in his possession.
Since the investigator with the subject was ignorant
of both the particular
target and the contents of the target pool,
he was
free to question the
subject about her perceptions without fear of
cueing.
The entire inter-
action in the laboratory was
tape recorded, and the subject was encouraged
to make drawings
to accompany her verbal description of the film-can
contents
Following the target period,
the outbound experimenter returned to the
laboratory,
at which time all
concerned
(subject and experimenters)
learned
for
the first
time the contents
of the target film can by opening
it.
A sequence of
ten trials was
carried out.
During the
series
the target
cans were used without replacement until the ten possibilities were exhausted.
To facilitate analysis,
it was decided in advance of the experimental
series
that
the ten trials would be broken down into two subgroups
of
five
trials each.
Thus,
in the blind rank-order procedure used
(described below),
a
judge was asked to compare each target against
five transcripts— one
generated during
the target period of interest and four generated during
the other target periods
of
the subgroup.
In preparation for the
judging
of each subgroup,
the subject’s tapes
were transcribed.
The resulting transcripts were then edited only to
the
extent
of deleting information which might act
as artifactual
cues
to
a
judge,
such as references
to other targets,
or phrases which might indicate
the temporal order of the transcripts.
*
Because targets were used without replacement, when a previously used
number came up,
the random- number generator was reactivated until an
unused number was obtained.
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The transcripts and film can targets
,
each
in their own random order
different from the order
of target usage, were then turned over to an
independent
judge not otherwise associated with the experimental
series.
The
judge was instructed to blind rank order, on a scale
1-5
(best to
worst match),
each of the five transcripts against each of
the
five film
can targets
in each subgroup,
generating the 5X5 matrices shown in
Table
4.
In the two series
of
five each,
four were directly matched in
the first series,
two in the second.
The resulting matrices were analyzed
using
the direct-count-of-permutations method discussed earlier.
The results
for
the two matrices
are,
respectively,
p^
= 2/5
i
= 0.017,
P2
= 35/51
=
0.292,
one tailed.
Combining
the results
of
the
2 subgroups using the
conservative method devised by Eddington,49
we obtain an overall probability
of
P =
(Sp) N/Nl
=
(p-L
+ p2 )?/2 = 0.047,
one tailed.
Thus
the experimental
series
as
a whole reaches
significance, with the bulk of the significance
being generated by the first subgroup which
is independently significant.
As an example of
the quality of descriptions
obtained,
the results
generated in the
first subgroup of five are shown in Figure
11.
The
captions
contain quotes
from the subject's
first paragraph of each
description.
For
a spool and a pin we
have:
"It's
definitely something
thin and
long
... with
like
a
nail head at
the end
...
silver colored;
for
a
curled up
leaf:
"a nautilus
shape with
a tail; "
for a leather belt
keyring:
"The strongest image
I get
is
like
a belt; n
for a can of
sand:
"like
a miniature tower
...
scalloped bottom
...
light
beige;"
for a grey
and white quill:
"like
a penguin
...
grey and black and white
...
it's
organic and has been alive
...
pointed or slightly rounded off at
the
top
...
open or pointed at the bottom."
In this
series we thus obtained evidence that small objects
can be dis-
criminated by psi processes,
and that
the
channel functions down to at
least
the order
of
a few millimeters spatial resolution.*
Such resolution would
seem difficult
if
not impossible
to accommodate under an ELF hypothesis,
unless
an elaborate process
for encoding target information onto a carrier
is
invoked.
Furthermore, given that all experimenters were blind as
to
the target,
it would appear that
a potential transmitter hypothesis which
might
in principle provide
such an encoding,
is
not viable.
Finally,
we
note that either
(1) the successful use
of
light-tight film
cans
indicates
that
the
light
level required to illuminate the target
can be
vanishingly small,
or
(2)
the primary information channel
is precognition of
the
feedback.
Further work will
be required to differentiate between the two
In a follow-on study with
1 mm X
1 mm "microdot" targets,
photographically
prepared by reducing photos
of ordinary objects and scenes, and secured
inside double envelopes
at a remote
location,
evidence to date continues
to
support this observation.
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FILM CAN SERIES
Table
DISTRIBUTION OF JUDGE’S RANKINGS
Target
Transcript Letter
|
A
B
C
D
E
Belt keyring ©
Quill
5 ©
Leaf
3 ©
Spoon and pin
3 ©
Can of sand
5 ©
(a)
First Five-Trial Subgroup
Target
Transcript Letter
|
A
B
C
D
E
Stamps
©
Doll
4 ©
Pig
Metal spring
^©
Whistle
!
j
2 ©
(b)
Second Five-Trial Subgroup
Total
p
= 0*017
= 0.292
=
0, 047
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VIII
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Experimental laboratory work at
SRI
International and elsewhere
continues
to provide evidence for the existence of so-called psi processes,
a class
of interactions between consciousness and the physical environ-
ment
as
yet unexplained.
At
SRI we have to date concentrated primarily on "remote viewing,"
the acquisition of information blocked from ordinary perception by distance
or shielding.
Our data base now includes
the remote viewing of targets
ranging from objects
in nearby light-tight
film cans
to geographic sites
at transcontinental distances, and viewed from locations that include
shielded Faraday cages and a submerged submersible.
As
is generally true of any subliminal perception process
, the infor-
mation generated by the
psi
process
is fragmentary and imperfect.
None-
theless
, the data generated by this process appear to exceed any reasonable
bounds
of
chance correlation or acquisition by ordinary means.
In Table
5 we summarize the key findings with regard to target acqui-
sition,
resolution,
shielding, and distance effects;
factors
that appear
to enhance or inhibit success
in remote viewing;
accuracy, reliability,
and robustness;
screening and training of subjects;
and technological and
theoretical considerations.
Data obtained in our research indicate that the phenomenon is charac-
terized by resolution on the order of at
least millimeters,
apparent
ineffectiveness
of ordinary electrical shielding,
and relative insensi-
tivity to distance up to and including transcontinental distances.
This work has gone forward in our laboratory under the assumption
that
psi phenomena are not necessarily inconsistent with the framework
of
a continually developing modern physics.
It
is
clear, however,
that
the marriage of physics and psi
is still at an embryonic stage,
somewhat
reminiscent
of electrodynamics before the unification brought about by
the work of Ampere, Faraday,
and Maxwell.
Nonetheless,
it
is
our view
that experiments can be designed to uncover patterns
of relationships
that might
in principle differentiate between alternative models
that
are
proposed.
In pursuit
of this goal we are endeavoring to define the level
of compatibility between paranormal phenomena and the
laws of physics
as
presently understood, and to examine the limits of specific physical
theories in modeling these phenomena.
The data presented in this paper,
for example,
derive from experiments designed to begin to test
the ELF
electromagnetic hypothesis,
an hypothesis whose viability has been called
into question by the results of our experiments.
We plan to continue such
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research in the expectation that
not only can we use physical principles
to help bring about an understanding of psi phenomena, but we can expect
that the psi data base will make a contribution toward the clarification
of
certain problems
in physics.
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Table
REMOTE VIEWING:
STATE OF THE ART - CURRENT
(1979) KNOWLEDGE
Characteristic
Known
Unknown
Target acquisition
Target attributes sensed
coO
Time
of
flight
Temporal resolution
Subject
can acquire and describe
target
site on the basis
of presence
of cooperative experimenter at
site
Descriptive aspects
(shape,
form,
color,
material)
are described
better than analytical concepts
(function,
name), although at times,
the latter
come through excellently;
written target
material correct only
occasionally;
alphabet targets
successful only statistically
Information access often appears
to
be available in essentially
"real" time
Real-time activities
at the target
site are often perceived;
experi-
ments have included successful
real-time remote viewing to
within ten seconds;
estimated bit
rate
^lO” 1 bits/s;
ephemeral,
rapid,
or repetitive targets more
difficult
What
is necessary for target acqui-
sition
(names,
maps,
pictures,
other
coordinate
systems);
whether person
unknown to subject
can be tracked on
the basis
of biographical information,
pictures, and so forth.
Whether analytical psi
can be trained
to levels similar to descriptive
psi
Time-of -flight
of psi mechanism
of propagation
Extent to which a subject
can improve
temporal resolution, accuracy of
the
process;
upper
limit
to bit rate
and ability to track targets
in
motion
t
i
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Table
(continued)
Characteristic
Spatial resolution
Distance effects
Shielding
Sensory modalities
co
Factors that appear to inhibit
success
in remote viewing
Factors that appear to enhance
success
in remote viewing
Known
1 millimeter
(mm)
Accuracy and resolution not
a sen-
sitive function of subject-target
distance over intercontinental
distances
Faraday cage or seawater electrical
shielding not effective shield
In addition to visually observable
detail,
subjects
sometimes report
sounds,
smells, electromagnetic
fields, and so forth, which can be
verified as existing,
at target
locations
A priori
subject knowledge of target
possibilities;
absence of feedback;
application of ability to trivial
tasks
(testing for the sake of
testing);
use
of repetitive target
sequences
Interest factor for subject;
a priori
necessity and relevance for obtain-
ing information
(seriousness
of
purpose);
presence of a facilitating
monitor
to ask questions and direct
the subject
T s attention;
practice
with feedback
Unknown
Extent to which subject
can improve
spatial resolution
Whether,
or at what range,
distance
effects become important
Whether magnetic shielding
effective
The accuracy of nonvisual
sensory modalities;
other
sensory modes available
Effects of environmental physical
factors;
electromagnetic jamming
Effects
of environmental physical
factors;
electromagnetic
generators for targeting
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Table
(continued)
Characteristic
Known
Unknown
Accuracy and reliability
Analysis
of remote-viewing transcripts
generated by experienced subjects indicates
that
for
a given target
site,
roughly two-
thirds
of the subject-generated material
constitutes an accurate description of
the
site, while about one-third
is ambiguous,
general,
or incorrect
Achievement
levels
to be
reasonably expected
Use of redundancy to improve
signal-to-noise ratio
Redundancy, whereby more than one individual
attempts
to collect
data on a given target
,
improves reliability by reducing the effect
of the biases
of individual subjects
Optimum number of subjects
for
efficient utilization of
this
approach
Robustness
of phenomena
Continuing demonstrations
at SRI and repli-
cations in other laboratories indicate
that
the capability known as
"remote
viewing"
is
a robust human perceptual
ability
Distribution of psi
capacity
in population;
identifica-
tion of good subjects
Abilities appear widespread,
though latent;
volunteers with no previous history of
psi
functioning exhibit ability
in screening experiments,
indicating that
reliance on the availability of
special
subjects may not
be necessary
Percentage of population with
natural talent
or trainable;
optimum screening procedures;
medical or psychological
profile of good subjects
Improvement potential
Subjects trained over
a several-year period
have shown improved performance both with
regard to accuracy and reliability
Whether near-perfect results
as
sometimes obtained can
become routine
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Table
(concluded)
Characteristic
Technological considerations
Theoretical
considerations
w
to
Known
Low-level perturbation of equipment
observable during remote viewing
(magnetometer,
noise,
and nuclear
decay driven random event generator)
Phenomena characteristics often appear
to be at variance with present
scientific models
Unknown
Degree
to which phenomena can be
stabilized, mechanized, energy
stored;
to what extent psi
processes
can be ampli-
fied by technological means
Precise mechanisms responsible for
the phenomena;
relationship of
phenomena to electromagnetic,
quantum,
and so forth bases
of
present scientific understanding;
whether the data can be accounted
for within the framework of physics
as presently understood or on the
basis
of
conservative extrapola-
tions that have been proposed to
account
for other
(nonpsi)
data
Source:
Compiled by the authors
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39.
E.
P. Wigner,
"The problem of measurement," Amer.
J.
Phys
.
,
Vol
.
31,
No.
1,
p.
(1963).
40.
E.
H. Walker,
"Foundations
of paraphysical and parapsychological
phenomena,"
in Proc,
Conf » Quantum Physics and Parapsychology
(Geneva,
Switzerland),
New York:
Parapsychology Foundation
(1975).
41.
R. Mattuck,
"Thermal Noise Theory of Psychokinesis:
Modified Walker
Model with Pulsed Information Rate,
unpubl.
paper,
Univ.
of
Copenhagen,
Denmark
(August
1977).
42.
G. Feinberg
,
"Precognition- —A memory of things
future?,
in Proc
.
Conf. Quantum Physics and Parapsychology
(Geneva,
Switzerland),
New York:
Parapsychology Foundation
(1975).
43.
O.
Costa de Beauregard,
"Quantum paradoxes and Aristotle's twofold
information concept,” in Proc.
Conf. Quantum Physics and Para-
psychology
(Geneva,
Switzerland),
New York:
Parapsychology
Foundation
(1975).
44.
,
"S-Matrix, Feynman Zigzag and Einstein Correlation,"
Physics Letters
,
Vol.
67A,
No.
3,
pp.
171-174
(August
7,
1978).
45.
R.
Rucker, Geometry,
Relativity and the Fourth Dimension ,
Dover Publ.,
New York
(1977)
46.
R.
Targ,
H.
E.
Puthoff
,
and E.
C. May,
"Direct Perception of Remote
Geographical Locations," in Ref.
6.
47.
S.
A.
Schwartz,
"Deep Quest," Omni
,
p.
(March 1979).
48.
S.
L. Bernstein et al.,
"Long Range Communication at Extremely Low
Frequencies," Proc .
IEEE
, Vol.
62,
No.
3,
p.
292
(March 1974),
See
also E.
G.
Simmons,
"Transmission Coefficients for Electromagnetic
Plane Wave Radiation into a Conducting Half-Space," Tech.
Rept
.
EE-60,
Eng .
Exp .
Station, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque,
N.M.
(1961).
49.
R.
Rosenthal,
"Combining Results
of
Independent Studies," Psychological
Bulletin, Vol.
85,
No.
1,
pp.
185-193
(1978).
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