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Final Report
Covering
the Period January
1974
through
February
1975
PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES
Part Two:
Research Report
By:
HAROLD
E. PUTHOFF
and RUSSELL TARG
Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory
Classification
Determination
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as though
classified SECRET.
CertanT^indiWlual
pages of
this document "are UlMCLASSIFIEOrTfowever^sthe association anekcom-
pilatfon
of
thi^
material may Jfiwcate
defense^ information/the unauthorised
disclosure of much
'the
national
secmaty;
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overaf
could
reasonab
classification
of
to cause
serious \fiamage
tf
ET/s warranted.
This document consists of
153 pages.
Copy No
STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Menlo Park, California 94025
• U.S.A.
SECRET
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STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Menlo Park, California 94025
U.S.A.
Final Report
December
1,
1975
Covering
the Period January 1974
through February 1975
PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES
Part
Two—Research Report
By:
Harold
E.
Puthoff and Russell Targ
Electronics
,-and Bioengineering Laboratory
SRI Project
3183
ECRET
Approved
by:
Earle Jones,
Director
Electronics
and Bioengineering Laboratory
Bonnar
Cox,
Executive Director
Information Science and Engineering Division
Pr/*n pt>
ji.
r
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.
.
3.
4.
5.
.
7.
.
9.
.
.
.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
.
.
.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Maps
of West Virginia Site Drawn by Subject
S3
Map and Detail of
Site Drawn by Subject
SI
Artist's Rendering of Site
Costa Rica Site Drawings
and Photographs
Abacus/Clock Drawings
and Photograph
Video Terminal
Typewriter
Xerox Machine
Drill Press
Procedure for Card Sorting by Sequential Sampling
Swimming Pool Complex
(SI)
Pedestrian Overpass
(S4)
Bicycle
Shed
(S4)
Tennis
Court
(S2)
Palo Alto City Hall
(S3)
White's
Plaza,
Stanford University
(S6)
Merry-Go-Round
Windmill
Four-State Random Number Generator Used
in This Experiment
Data Summary
for
Subject
S2
Drawings
and
Interpretations by Associative Visual Agnosia Patients
Shielded Room Used
for EEG Experiments
Occipital EEG Frequency Spectra of Subject
S4
Polygraph Data from Subject
S4
Superconducting Differential Magnetometer
(Gradiometer)
Gradiometer Data
Enhancement
of
Signal-to-Noise Ratio by Sequential Sampling Procedure
Operating Characteristic
Curve
for
Sequential
Sampling Procedure
Average
Sample Number
for Sequential Sampling Procedure
iii
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.
3.
4.
5.
.
7.
.
9.
.
.
.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
.
.
.
TABLES
Subject,
Target Selection Procedure,
and Figure Numbers
for Tech-
nology
Series.
Rank Ordering Match of Drawings
to Target Locations
(Blind Judging
Technology Series)
Critical Values
of
Sums
of Ranks
for Preferential Matching
The Probability
of M Correct Guesses
of N Distinct
Items
Key
for Secret Writing Experiment
Raw Data Call
Sheet
for Secret Writing Experiment
Distribution of Rankings
of Transcripts Associated with Each Target
Selection for
Subject
SI,
Experienced.
Distribution of Rankings
of Transcripts Associated with Each Target
Location for Subject
S4,
Learner/Control
Distribution of Rankings
of Transcripts Associated with Each Target
Location for Subjects
S2
and
S3,
Experienced
Distribution of Rankings
of Transcripts Associated with Each
Target
Location for
Subjects
S5
and
S6,
Learner/Control
Distribution of Rankings
of Transcripts Associated with Each Target
Location for Sponsor Subjects,
Learner/Control
Summary—Remote Viewing of Natural Targets
Four-State Electronic Random Number Generator
Summary
Randomness Tests
for Machine Ml Output during Successful Experimental
Series
Randomness
Tests
for Machine M2
Output during Successful Experimental
Series
Randomness
Tests
for Entire Machine Output During Successful Experi-
mental Run
~
Subject
S2
Selections on Machine Ml during Successful Experimental
Series
Subject
S2
Selections
on Machine M2 during Successful Experimental
Series
Neuropsychology Test Battery
EEG Data for Subject
S4
Geiger Counter Experiment
Summary
Rive-Bit
Code
for Alphanumeric Characters
iv
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I
ABSTRACT
As
a result of exploratory research on human perception carried out
in SRI's Electronics
and Bioengineering Laboratory,
we initiated
a program
to
investigate
a perceptual channel whereby individuals
can access by
means
of mental imagery and describe randomly chosen sites remote from
their physical location.
This ability appeared
to be sufficiently well
developed
in certain individuals
to allow them to at
times describe cor-
rectly—often
in great detail— geographical or technical material,
such
as buildings,
roads,
laboratory apparatus,
and
the like.
In this
final
report
(Part
Two—Research
Report^*)
,
we document
in detail
the
12-month
study
at
SRI
of
this human information-accessing capability which we call
"remote viewing,"
the characteristics
of which appear
to fall outside the
range
of well-understood perceptual
or information-processing abilities.
This phenomenon
is one
of
a broad
class
of abilities
of certain indivi-
duals
to access,
by means
of mental processes,
and describe information
sources blocked from ordinary perception and generally accepted
as secure
against access.
The phenomenon we investigated most extensively was
the ability
of
individuals
to view remote geographical locations
(up
to several thousand
kilometers
away)
,
given only
coordinates
(latitude and longitude)
or
a
person at
a location on whom
to
target.
The development
at
SRI
of suc-
cessful experimental procedures
to elicit
this
capability has
evolved
to
the point where
(a)
visiting personnel
of
the sponsoring organization
without any previous exposure
to such
concepts have performed well under
controlled laboratory conditions
(that
is,
generated target descriptions
of sufficiently high quality
to permit blind matching
of descriptions
to
targets
by
independent judges),
and
(b)
subjects
trained over
a two-year
period have performed well under operational conditions
(that
is,
provided
data
of
operational significance later verified by independent
sources).
Our accumulated data
thus indicate that both specially selected and un-
selected persons
can be assisted
in developing remote perceptual abilities
to
a level
of useful information transfer.
The primary achievement
of
the
SRI program was
thus
the elicitation of high-quality remote viewing by
fFor summary,
see Part One—Executive Summary
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individuals who agreed
to act
as subjects.
In carrying out
this program we concentrated on what we considered
primary responsibility— to resolve under unambiguous
conditions
t
e basic issue of whether
this
class
of paranormal perception phenomenon
exists.
At all
times
the researchers
and SRI management
took measures
to prevent sensory leakage and subliminal cueing and
to prevent deception,
w ether intentional or unintentional.
All
experiments were carried
out
under protocols in which
target selection at the beginning of experiments
and blind judging of results
at
the end of experiments were handled inde-
pendently
of
the researchers
involved
in carrying out
the experiments,
thus assuring evaluations independent
of
the belief structures
of both
experimenters
and judges.
The program was
divided into
two categories
of approximately equal
effort-applied research and basic
research.
In Section
II we summarize
the results
of
the applied research effort in which
the operational
utility
of
the above perceptual abilities was
explored.
In Section
III
we summarize the results
of
the basic research effort, which was
directed
toward identification of
the characteristics
of individuals possessing
such abilities and
the determination of neurophysiological correlates
and basic mechanisms involved
in such
functioning.
With
an eye toward
selection of future subjects,
individuals possessing
a well-developed
natural ability
in
the area under investigation underwent
complete
physical,
psychological,
and neuropsychological profiling,
the results
of which suggest some hypotheses
for developing
a screening procedure.
The program summary
is presented in Section
IV.
With regard
to understanding
the phenomenon,
the precise nature
of
the information channel
that couples remote locations
is not yet under-
stood.
However,
its general characteristics are compatible with both
quantum theory and information theory
as well as with recent developments
in research on brain function.
Therefore,
our working assumption
is
that
the phenomenon of interest
does not lie outside
the purview of modern
Physics
and with further work will yield
to analysis
and specification.
Finally,
it
is
concluded by
the research contractor
(SRI)
that
the
development of experimental procedures
and
the accrual
of experience
in
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three years
of successful effort
constitutes an asset
that could be
utilized
in the future,
both for operational needs
and
for training others
in the development and use
of
the remote-sensing capability.
II
PROGRAM RESULTS—APPLIED RESEARCH EFFORT
A.
Remote Viewing
As mentioned
in the Abstract,
the phenomenon we investigated most
extensively was
the ability of individuals
to view remote geographical
locations
(up
to several thousand kilometers
away)
,
given only coordinates
(latitude and
longitude)
or
a person at
a location on whom
to
target.
Individuals
exhibiting
this
faculty include not only
SRI participants
but also visiting staff members
of
the sponsoring organization who par-
ticipated
as
subjects
so
as
to
critique the protocol.
As observed
in the laboratory,
the basic phenomenon appears
to
cover
a range
of subjective experiences variously referred
to
in the literature
as autoscopy
(in the medical
literature)
;
exteriorization or disassociation
(psychological literature);
simple clairvoyance,
traveling clairvoyance,
or out-of-body experience
(parapsychological literature)
;
or astral pro-
jection
(occult literature).
We choose
the
term "remote viewing"
as
a
neutral descriptive
term free
of occult assumptions
or- bias
as
to
the
mechanisms
involved.
We begin our report
in subsections
1 and
witfh experiments under
the control of
the sponsor.
These experiments were designed
to provide
a vehicle whereby
the sponsor could establish independently of
SRI,
some
degree of confidence
as
to
the existence
of
the long-distance remote
viewing faculty.
1.
Long-Distance Remote Viewing:
Sponsor-Designated Targets
(Exploratory Research)
So
as
to subject
the remote-viewing phenomena
to
a rigorous
long-distance
test under external control,
a request
for geographical
coordinates
of
a site unknown to subject and experimenters was
forwarded
to
the sponsor's group responsible
for
threat
analysis
in this
area.
In
response,
an
SRI experimenter received
a set
of
coordinates
identifying
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what
is hereafter referred
to
as
the West Virginia Site.
The SRI experi-
menter then carried out remote-viewing experiments with two subjects on
a double-blind basis,
that
is, with target content blind
to experimenter
as well as
to
subjects.
(Following
the experiment both subjects claimed
unfamiliarity with
the West Virginia area.)
The experiment had
as
its
goal
the determination of
the utility of
remote viewing under conditions
approximating an operational scenario.
a.
West Virginia Site
(S3)*
Date:
29 May 1973,
1634
to
1640 hours, Menlo Park,
Cali-
fornia.
Protocol:
Coordinates
° 23
' 45"to 48"N,
79°25'00"W,
described
simply
as being in West Virginia, were relayed
to experimenter
Dr.
H.E.
Puthoff
by
telephone, who then relayed
this
information
to
subject
S3
to
initiate experiment.
No maps were permitted,
and
the subject was
asked
to give an immediate response.
The session was recorded
on video
tape.
The oral response
is reproduced here from the
tape:
This seems
to be some sort
of mounds
or rolling hills.
There
is
a
city
to
the north
(I
can see
the taller buildings
and
some
smog)
.
This seems
to be
a strange place,
somewhat
like
the
lawns
that
one would find around
a military base,
but
I
get
the impression
that there are either some old bunkers around,
or maybe
this
is
a covered reservoir.
There must be
a flagpole,
some highways
to
the west, possibly
a river over
to
the
far east,
to
the south more
city.
The map
in Figure
1(a)
was drawn by the subject.
On
the following morning,
S3 submitted
a written report
of
a second reading,
dated
30 May 1973,
0735
to
0758
hours-, Mountain
View,
California:
Cliffs
to
the
east,
fence
to
the north.
There's
a circular
building
(a
tower?),
buildings
to
the
south.
Is
this
a former
Nike base
or something like
that?
This
is about as
far
as
I
could
go without feedback,
and perhaps guidance
as
to what was
wanted.
There
is something strange about
this
area,
but since
I
don't know particularly what
to look
for within the scope
of
the
cloudy ability,
it
is extremely difficult
to make decisions
on what
is
there
and what
is
not.
Imagination seems
to get
in
the way.
(For
example,
I seem to
get
the impression
of
something
S3 identifies
a subject.
A key
to numerical designations
for subjects
is available from the sponsor's Contracting Officer Technical Repre-
sentative
(COTR).
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underground,
but
I'm not sure.)
However,
it
is apparent
that
on first sighting,
the general location was
correctly spotted.
The map
in Figure
1(b)
also was drawn by
the subject,
b
.
West Virginia Site
(SI)
As
a backup
test,
the coordinates were given
to
a second
subject,
SI.
The task was presented
to
the second subject independently
of
the first
subject,
both
to prevent collaboration and
to prevent
any
sense
of
competition.
Date:
1 June 1973,
1700 hours, Menlo Park,
California.
Protocol:
Coordinates
38°23'45'' to 48"N,
79°25
' 00"W were given
(with no
further description)
by experimenter
Dr.
H.E.
Puthoff
to subject
SI by
telephone
to initiate experiment.
On
the morning
of
4 June
1973,
Si's written response
(dated
2 June
1973,
1250
to 1350 hours,
Lake Tahoe,
California) was
re-
ceived
in
the mail:
Looked
at general area from altitude of about
1500
ft
above
highest
terrain.
On my
left
forward quadrant
is
a peak in
a
chain of mountains,
elevation approximately 4996
ft above sea
level.
Slopes
are greyish slate covered with variety
of broad-
leaf
trees,
vines,
shrubbery,
and undergrowth.
I am facing
about
3° to
5° west
of north.
Looking down
the mountain
to
the
right
(east)
side
is
a roadway— freeway,
country style—curves
then heads
ENE
to
a fairly large city about
to
40 miles
distant.
This area was
a battleground
in civil war—low rolling
hills,
creeks,
few lakes
or reservoirs.
There
is
a smaller
town
a little
SE about 15
to
20 miles distant with small
.settlements,
village
type,
very
rural,
scattered
around.
Look-
ing across
the peak,
2500
to
3000
ft mountains
stretch out
for
a hundred
or
so miles.
Area
is essentially wooded.
Some of
the westerly slopes are eroded and gully washed—looks
like
strip mining,
coal mainly.
Weather at
this
time
is
cloudy,
rainy.
Temperature
at my
altitude about
54 °F—high cumulo nimbus clouds
to about 25,000
to
30,000
ft.
Clear area,
but
turbulent,
between that
level and
some cirro stratus
at 46,000
ft.
Air mass
in that strip moving
WNW to
SE.
1318 hours—Perceived that peak area has large underground
storage areas.
Road comes
up back side of mountains
(west
slopes),
fairly well concealed,
looks deliberately
so.
It's
cut under
trees where possible—would be very hard
to detect
flying over area.
Looks
like former missile site—bases
for
launchers still there,
but area now houses
record storage area,
microfilm,
file cabinets;
as you go
into underground area
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through aluminum rolled
up doors,
first areas
filled with
records,
etc.
Rooms about 100-ft
long,
40-ft wide,
20-ft
ceilings, with concrete supporting pilasters,
flare-shaped.
Temperature cool—fluorescent
lighted.
Personnel,
Army 5th
Corps Engineers.
M/Sgt.
Long on desk placard on grey steel
desk
file cabinets security locked— combination
locks,
steel
rods
through eye bolts.
Beyond these rooms, heading east,
are several bays with computers,
communication equipment/
large maps,
display
type,
overlays.
Personnel,
Army Signal
Corps.
Elevators.
1330 hours
Looked over general area from original location
again—valleys quite hazy,
lightning about
30 miles north
along mountain ridge.
Tempterature drop about
6°F,
it's about
F.
Looking for other significances:
see warm air mass
moving in from SW colliding with cool air mass
about 100 miles
ESE from my viewpoint.
Air
is very turbulent— tornado
type;
birds
in my area seeking heavy
cover.
There
is
a fairly large
river
that
I can see about
to
20 miles north and slightly
west;
runs
NR. then curves
in wide valley running
SW
to
NE;
river
then runs
SE.
Area
to
east:
low rolling hills.
Quite
a few Civil War monuments.
A marble colonnade
type:
'In this
area was fought the battle of Lynchburg where many brave men of
the Union and
Confederate Armys
(sic)
fell.
We dedicate
this
area
to all peace loving people
of
the future—Daughters
G.A.R.
On
a later date
SI was asked
to return
to
the West Virginia
site with
the goal
of obtaining information on code words,
if possible.
In response,
SI supplied
the following information:
Top
of
desk had papers
labeled "Flytrap"
and
"Minerva".
File cabinet on north wall labeled
"Operation Pool..."
(third word unreadable).
Folders
inside cabinet
labeled
"Cueball",
"14
Ball",
"4
Ball",
"8 Ball",
and
"Rackup".
Name of site vaguely
seems
like Hayfork or Haystack..
Per-
sonnel:
Col.
R.J.
Hamilton,
Maj
.
Gen.
George
R.
Nash,
Major John
C.
Calhoun
(??).
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The two reports
for
the West Virginia Site,
and the report
were verified by personnel in the sponsor organization
as being substantially correct.
The results
of
the evaluation are con-
tained
in
a separate report
filed with the COTR.
d.
Summary of Exploratory Research
The observation of
such unexpectedly high-quality descrip-
tions
early in our program led
to
a large-scale study of
the phenomenon
under secure double-blind conditions
(i.e.,
target unknown
to experimenters
as well as subjects),
with independent random target selection and blind
judging.
The results,
presented
later,
provide strong evidence
for the
robustness
of
this phenomenon,
one whereby complex remote stimuli
can be
detected by
a human perceptual modality
of extreme sensitivity.
Before
discussing these results,
however, we consider further examples
of both
operational and operational-analog experiments.
To determine
the utility of remote viewing under operational
conditions,
a long-distance remote viewing experiment was carried out on
This
experiment,
carried out
in three phases, was under direct
control
of
the
COTR.
To begin the experiment,
the COTR furnished map
coordinates
in degrees,
minutes,
and seconds.
The
only additional infor-
mation provided was
the designation of the target as
The experimenters
then closeted themselves with subject
SI,
gave him the
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map
coordinates and indicated
the designation of the target
A remote-viewing experiment on the
target was then carried out.
This
activity constituted Phase
I
of
the experiment.
Figure
2(a)
shows
the subject's
graphic effort
for building
layout;
Figure
2(b)
shows
the subject's particular attention
to
a multi-
story gantry crane he observed
at
the site.
Both results were obtained
by the experimenters
on
a double-blind basis before exposure
to
any addi-
tional COTR-held information,
thus eliminating
the possibility
of
cueing.
These results were turned over
to the client representatives
for evalua-
tion.
For comparison an artist's rendering
of
the site as
known
to
the
COTR (but not
to
the experimenters until
later)
is
shown
in Figure
3(a),
with crane detail shown in Figure
3(b).
Were
the results not promising,
the experiment would have stopped
at
this point.
Description of
the multistory
crane,
however,
a relatively
unusual target
item,
was taken
as indicative
of possible target acquisi-
tion.
Therefore,
Phase
II was begun,
defined by the subject being made
"witting"
(of
the client)
by
client representatives who
introduced
them-
selves
to
the subject
at
that point;
Phase
II also included
a second
round
of experimentation
!
]wlth direct
participa-
tion of client representatives
in which further data were obtained
and
evaluated.
As preparation for
this phase,
client representatives purposely
kept
themselves blind
to all but general knowledge
of
the
target
site
to
minimize
the possibility
of cueing.
The Phase
II effort was
focused on
the generation of physical data
that could be independently verified by
other client resources,
thus providing
a calibration of
the process.
The
end
of Phase
II gradually evolved into
the first part
of
Phase
III,
the generation of
unverifiable data concerning
site not available
to
the client,
but
of operational interest nonetheless.
Several hours
of
tape transcript and
a notebook full
of drawings were
generated over
a two-week period.
The data describing
site were evaluated by
the sponsor,
and are contained
in a separate report.
In general,
several
sits
•
details
concerning
the
peared
to dovetail with data from other
sources,
and a number of specific
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Sol u
re
,
!>/'/
(a)
SUBJECT EFFORT AT BUILDING LAYOUT
(b)
SUBJECT EFFORT AT CRANE CONSTRUCTION
FIGURE
MAP AND DETAIL OF SITE DRAWN BY SUBJECT SI
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large structural elements were correctly described.
The results
contained
noise along with the signal,
but were nonetheless clearly differentiated
from the chance results
that were generated by control subjects in
compar-
ison experiments
carried out by
the COTR.
.
Long-Distance Remote Viewing:
SRI-Designated Target s
(Explora^
tory Research,
Costa Rica Series)
The experimental procedures
of Subsections
1 and
2 were designed
to provide
a vehicle whereby the client
could establish,
independently of
SRI,
some degree
of
confidence
as
to the existence
of
a long-distance re-
mote viewing faculty.
Although the results were indicated
to be positive,
from the standpoint
of
SRI personnel who could not participate
in
the
evaluation phase,
it was
considered necessary
to supplement
the above
experiments with a similar
set under
SRI
control.
Therefore,
SRI-controlled
experiments were undertaken
to enable
the experimenters
to participate
directly in the evaluation phase of
the remote-viewing experiments.
Two subjects
(SI and
S4)
were asked
to participate
in
a long
distance experiment focusing on a -series
of
targets
in Costa Rica.
The
subjects
said
they had never been
to Costa Rica.
In this experiment,
one of
the experimenters
(Dr.
Puthoff)
spent
ten days
traveling through Costa Rica on
a combination business/pleasure
trip.
This information was
all
that was known to
the subjects about
the
traveler’s
itinerary.
The experiment
called for
Dr. Puthoff
to keep
a
detailed record of his location and activities
,
including photographs,
each
of
seven target days
at
1330 PDT.
A total
of
dailjr descriptions
were collected before
the
traveler's return:
six responses
from
SI,
five
responses
from S4,
and one response from an SRI experimenter, who acted
as
a subject
in one experiment on a day
in which
S4 was not available and
the other subject arrived
late.
For
its
illustrative value we consider first
the single response
submitted by
the
experimenter filling
in as
a subject.
The response,
a
drawing submitted
for
a day
in the middle
of
the
series,
is shown in
Figure
together with photographs
taken at
the
site.
Although Costa Rica
is
a mountainous
country,
the subject unexpectedly perceived
the traveler
at
a beach and ocean setting.
With some misgivings,
he described an
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FIGURE 4
AIRPORT
IN SAN ANDRES, COLOMBIA, USED AS REMOTE VIEWING TARGET ALONG
WITH SKETCH PRODUCED BY SUBJECT
IN CALIFORNIA
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airport on a sandy beach and an airstrip with the ocean at
the end
(correct)
.
An airport building also was
drawn,
and shown to have
a large rectangular
overhang
(correct)
.
The traveler had taken
a one—day unplanned side trip
to an offshore island and at
the time of
the experiment had just disem-
barked from a plane at
a small island airport
as described,
4000 kilometers
from SRI.
The sole discrepancy was
that
the drawing showed a Quonset-hut
type of building in place of
the rectangular structure.
The above description was chosen as an example
to illustrate
two
major points observed
a number
of
times throughout
the program.
First,
in
opposition
to what might be expected,
a subject's description does not
necessarily portray what might reasonably be expected
to be correct
(an
educated or
"safe" guess)
but often runs
counter
to
even
the subject's
own expectations.
Second,
individuals other than those with putative
"paranormal ability" are able
to exhibit
a remote viewing faculty.
The remaining submissions provided further examples
of excellent
correspondences between target and response.
(A target period
of pool-
side relaxation was
identified,
a drive through a tropical forest
at
the
base of
a truncated volcano was described as
a drive through a jungle
below a large bare table mountain,
a hotel room target description,
in-
cluding such details
as
rug color, was
correct,
and
so on.)
So
as
to
determine whether such matches were simply fortuitous,
i.e.,
could rea
sonably be expected on the basis of chance alone, when Dr.
Puthoff
re-
turned he was asked
to blind match the
12 descriptions
to
the seven
target locations.
On the basis of
this conservative evaluation procedure,
which vastly underestimates
the statistical significance
of
the individual
descriptions,
five correct matches were obtained
(two each
of
subjects
SI
and
S4,
and
the single submission by
the experimenter).
This number of
matches
is
significant at
p = 0.02 by
exact binomial calculation.*
*The probability of
a correct daily match by chance for any given tran-
script
is
p
=
1/7.
Therefore,
the probability
of
at least
five correct
matches by chance out of
tries
can be calculated from
!
i! (12-i)
!
. 02
.
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Therefore,
this pilot
study,
completely under control of
SRI,
provided
confirmatory data supporting that obtained under sponsor control,
indi-
cating the existence
of
an apparent long-distance remote viewing
faculty.
4.
Short-Range Remote Viewing
(Cipher Machine Analog)
As
a further
test
of operational utility of
the remote viewing
faculty,
the COTR tasked
the contractors with an experiment designed
to
duplicate as closely
as possible an operational situation
of
current
interest,
the remote viewing of
an abacus-type device.
During
a trip
to
the East
Coast,
the experimenters were
to proceed
to New York, where
they were
to purchase locally an abacus
to be used
as
a target
in
a
remote viewing experiment.
(The abacus was
to
constitute
a target anal-
ogous
to
a cipher machine of particular
interest.)
Following
the purchase
they were
to contact
a subject who lived there
(S3)
by telephone with
a surprise request
to come
to
the experimenters
hotel room later
that
day
to participate in
a remote-viewing experiment.
The above steps were carried out
in preparation for
the experi-
ment.
In this
case
the experimenters knew what
the target was,
an ex-
ception
to
the double-blind rule followed
in all our other work.
There-
fore, while awaiting
the subject's
arrival,
a preamble for the experiment
was prerecorded by one of
the experimenters
(Targ)
and carefully checked
to ensure against verbal cueing:
Hal and
I have brought
a present
for you.
We wandered around
New York this morning and we bought
an object.
This object
is
of
the
type
that one interacts with,
and Hal will use it
for
its normal purpose.
Today
is
Friday,
September
26,
1974.
As
in all our remote viewing experiments, we'd like
to ask you
to
describe
the object
as you see
it rather
than attempting
to
give
the object
a name.
When the subject entered
the hotel room,
this
instruction tape
was played by one experimenter
(R.T.) while
the other experimenter
(H.P.)
took a large locked suitcase containing the target object
into an adjacent
room,
locked
the door,
and removed
the abacus,
shown in Figure
5(a),
actions
verified
earlier
as being inaudible.
Thus
the only available cue was
an
upper bound on the size.
The subject produced
the outline drawing
X
of Figure
5(b)
in
approximately one minute.
(The
large purplish-silver object corresponds
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Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED g auNDdId L-ESlLe-VS vsileg 33i7 Gp xog awed,, se yobey pequossq 8H LADHVL NIOTN/SNOVaV OL Il GNV I SASNOdS4u &S soarans (49) (Sal¥aS ADOTONHD31L) 1a5uV1 wooTo/snovav (8) H chore sxfez ez leche aoa ow el wip $3 16 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
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to
the suitcase interior
and
is not taken to be evidential.)
The experi-
menter remaining with the subject asked
for more detail,
and the subject
produced
the drawing
II
of Figure 5(b),
describing the object as
a "game
box with little balls."
The entire experiment was
tape recorded and
extreme caution was
taken
to prevent cueing of any kind.
The experiment
took place
in five minutes
total
time.
Considering the high-strangeness
factor of
the target
item,
and
essentially total lack of restriction on the possibilities
as
far
as
the
subject was
concerned,
the correlation of subject drawings
and target was
taken as
indicative
of
a potential utility for remote viewing
of
tech-
nological
targets,
and resulted
in a decision to experiment further
in
this
area.
After the target was
shown
to
the subject,
a short follow-up
experiment was
carried
out
to determine whether the position of
the balls
on the abacus
could be determined by remote viewing,
but
this degree
of
resolution was
found
to be beyond
the subject's
capability.
.
Short-Range Remote Viewing
(Technology Series)
So
as
to measure
the resolution capability of
the remote viewing
phenomenon,
a series
of experiments
targeting on remote laboratory equip-
ment within the
SRI complex was carried
out.
Thirteen experiments were carried out with five different
sub-
jects,
two
of whom were sponsor staff personnel.
A subject was
told
tnat
one of
the experimenters would be sent by random protocol
to
a laboratory
within
the
SRI complex and
that
he would interact with
the equipment
or
apparatus
at
the location.
It was further explained
that
the experimenter
remaining with the subject was kept
ignorant of
the contents
of
the
target
pool
to prevent cueing during questioning.
(The remaining experimenter
only knew that from time
to
time,
on
a random basis,
previously used
targets would be reinserted
into the target pool
to provide an opportunity
for multiple responses
to
a given target,
and that during sponsor visits
the
targets might be selected by sponsor
staff personnel rather
than by
the established random protocol procedures.)
The subject was asked
to
describe the target both verbally
(tape recorded)
and by means
of drawings
during the time— synchronized 15-minute interval in which the outbound
experimenter interacted in an appropriate manner with the equipment
in the
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target area.
In the 13 experiments,
eight targets mere used:
a drill press,
computer-driven flight simulator
(Link trainer). Xerox machine, video
terminal,
chart recorder,
four-state random target generator
(used
in
screening tests described later),
typewriter, and machine shop.
Three
of
these were used twice
(drill press, video
terminal,
and typewriter)
and one
(Xerox machine)
came
up three times.
As
an example of drawings
generated by subjects,
all
of the subject outputs generated for
the latter
three
(video
terminal,
typewriter,
and Xerox machine)
are shown m Figures
6,
7,
and
8.
A summary
of subject and target selection procedure
is given
in Table
1.
As
is apparent
from the illustrations alone,
certain of
the ex-
periments provide circumstantial evidence
for
an information channel
of
useful bit rate.
This includes experiments
(Experiments
4 and
13) m
which sponsor staff personnel participated
as subjects
to observe the
protocol.
To obtain independent objective judgment of
the quality of
the remote viewing of
technological targets, various analyses based on
blind judging were employed.
In the
first judging procedure,
a judge was asked
to blind-match
the drawings alone
(i.e., without tape transcripts)
to
the
targets.
Multiple subject responses
to
a given target were stapled together,
and
thus there were seven subject-drawing response packets
to be matched
to
the seven different
targets
for which drawings were made.
-(No drawings
were made for the Link trainer.)
The judge did not have access
to our
photographs
of
the target locations,
used for demonstration only
(as
in
Figures
6 through
8)
,
but rather proceeded
to
each of
the target locations
by
list.
While standing at each target location,
the judge was required
to rank order
the seven subject-drawing response packets
(presented
in
random order)
on a scale one
to seven
(best
to worst match)
,
as shown
in Table
2.
The statistic of interest
is
the sum of ranks on the diagonal,
lower values indicating better matches.
For seven targets,
the sum of
ranks could range from seven to
forty-nine.
The probability
that
a given
sum of
ranks
s or
less will occur by chance
is given by:
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Lfi
CN
LOO
CO
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FIGURE
DRAWINGS
BY
THREE
SUBJECTS
(S2,
S3,
AND
V3)
FOR
XEROX
MACHINE
TARGET
When
subject
(V3)
was
asked
to
describe
the
square
at
upper
left,
the
subject
said,
"There
was
this
predominent
light
source
which
might
have
been
a
window,
and
a
working
surface
which
might
have
been
the
sill,
or
a
working
surface
or
desk."
Earlier
the
subject
had
said,
"I
have
the
feeling
that
there
is
something
silhouetted
against
the
window."
Shown
at
right.
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TABLE
SUBJECT AND TARGET SELECTION PROCEDURE
FOR TECHNOLOGY SERIES
Experiment
Target
Target
Selection
Procedure*
Subj ect
Link trainer
a
SRI-S4
Video
terminal
a
SRI-S4
Drill press
a
SRI-S4
Xerox machine
b
Sponsor-Vl
Xerox machine
b
SRI-S2
Random number
c
SRI-S4
generator
Machine shop
b
SRI-S4
Typewriter
b
SRI-S4
Typewriter
c
SRI-S3
Chart recorder
c
SRI-S3
Xerox machine
c
SRI-S3
Drill press
c
SRI-S3
Video terminal
c
Sponsor-V2
--
-
-
^Target selection procedures
a.
Outbound
SRI experimenter selects
target
site arbitrarily after
leaving subject
area.
b.
Visiting sponsor staff member selects
target
site arbitrarily
after leaving subject
area.
c.
Standard protocol,
in which
a target
is issued
to outbound
experimenter by division director who selects
the target by
random number technique from a target pool stored in
a secure
safe.
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TABLE
RANK ORDERING MATCH OF SUBJECT-DRAWING RESPONSE PACKETS
TO TARGET LOCATIONS
(BLIND JUDGING,
TECHNOLOGY SERIES)
Subject
Place
^""N^Drawing
Visited
^'^Number
Video
terminal
Random number
generator
Xerox machine
Machine shop
Drill press
Typewriter
Chart recorder
Note on judging procedure:
When standing at
target
locations
shown on
left,
each
of
the seven subject-drawing response packets
(originally
labeled
in random order)
are rank ordered one
to seven
(best
to worst
match)
by
the judge.
Statisitic
of
interest
is
the sum of ranks on the
diagonal,
lower values
indicating better matches
(see
text).
The sum
in this case
(18)
is significant
at
p
< 0.04.
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s
k
Prob (s
or
less)
= —
'
Y
Y
(-1)^ (j
) C
)
,
Nn
i=n £=0
n_1
where
s
» obtained sum of
ranks
N
= number of assignable
ranks
n
= number
of occasions on which rankings were made
i,
takes
on values
from
zero
to the least positive integer k
in
(i-n)/n.
Table
is
a table
to enable easy application of
the above
formula
to those cases
in which N =
n.
The sum in this
case
(18)
is
significant
at
p
<0.04.
In the
second judging procedure,
another judge was given
subject-response packages, which included drawings
and tape transcripts,
and asked
to blind match, without replacement,
the
12 response packages
to
target
locations,
which he visited.
(The thirteenth location,
the
machine shop,
included
in the first judging,
was
left out
of
this judging
by an oversight.)
In the forced-choice matching without replacement,
(that
is,
each response packet used only once),
the judge obtained four
direct hits,
the Link trainer
(Experiment
1),
video
terminal
(Experiment
2)
,
drill press
(Experiment
3)
and Xerox machine
(Experiment
5)
.
(The
Link trainer,
for which no drawings were made, was matched on the basis
of
tape-recorded transcript alone.
It
is
a standard computer-controlled
flight
simulator
that resembles
the cockpit of an aircraft.
It was
cramped quarters
for
the outbound experimenter who flew the trainer
ac-
cording
to
a printed
flight plan book laid over his
arm.
The windows
were frosted and
translucent.
Subject
S4 gave
a description
of
the ex-
perimenter crowded into
a very small space illuminated by gray diffuse
light and with
a long paper,
such
as
a waiter's
towel ;
over his
arm.
Although not unambiguous,
the subject's description was nevertheless
essentially devoid
of incorrect statements.)
As indicated by Table
4,
the probability of obtaining by chance
four direct hits
out
of
12 matches
is
p
= 0.015;
thus,
this judging pro-
cedure also indicates
that,
from a statistical standpoint,
there
is
significant evidence of useful information transfer.
In
a third judging procedure the COTR arbitrarily selected
the
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Critical
Values
of
Sums
of
Ranks
for
Preferential
Matching
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This
table
applies
only
to
those
special
cases
in
which
the
number
of
occasions
on
which
objects
are
being
ranked
(n)
is
equal
to
the
number
of
assignable
ranks
(N)
.
Each
entry
represents
the
largest
number
that
is
significant
at
the
indicated
p-level.
The
Probabilities
oh
M
Correct
Guesses
of
N
Distinct
Items
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Source:
N.
Feller
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data
of Experiment
(drill press/S4)
as
a
test
case.
An analyst
of
the
sponsor organization,
blind
as
to
the
target and given only
the subject's
taped narrative and drawings
(Figure
9), was
able,
from the subject's
description alone,
to correctly classify
the
target
as
a "man-sized ver-
tical boring machine."
In general,
it appears
that use
of multiple-subject responses
to
a single
target provides better signal-to-noise ratio
than target
iden-
tification by
a single
individual.
Further,
our observation
is
that most
of
the correct information is
of
a nonanalytic nature pertaining
to
shape,
form,
color,
and material rather than
to function or name.
That
is, we
often observe
the correct description of basic elements
and patterns
coupled with incomplete or erroneous
analysis
of function.
As
a result,
we have learned
to urge our subjects
simply
to describe what
they See
as
t
opposed
to interpreting
the perceived
data.
One should not
infer that
analytic
functioning
in the
remote viewing mode
is never observed,
however,
as
indicated by codeword retrieval
in the West Virginia Site experiment
discussed
in Subsection
1-B above,
and by the sponsor-staff-member-generated
response
of Figure
6.
B
.
Detection of Secret Writing
(SW)
Target Material
To determine whether documents
containing secret writing
(SW)
could
be differentiated from other documents,
SRI carried out
a double-blind
experiment under sponsor control.
Twenty-seven numbered envelopes
con-
taining target drawings
of variable content
and preparation,
sealed and
specially secured by
the sponsor, were submitted
to
SRI researchers
for
sorting.
The goal was
the differentiation
of
the
12 envelopes containing
the
SW drawings
from the envelopes
containing either pencil drawings
(6)
or blanks
(9).
This distribution was
the only datum given
to researchers
and
subject.
The key,
shown
in Table
5,
remained under sponsor control
until
the experiment was
completed and
the data were submitted
to
the COTR.
A series
of sorting runs
to
detect
SW material was
carried out with
SRI subject
SI.
The series
consisted of
24 runs
through
the
cards,
choosing
cards
each
run,
the goal being
to choose
the
SW cards.
Thus,
each run consisted
of
a sort
into one of
two binary channels, non-
SW or
SW,
say
(0,1).
The numbered envelopes containing the target
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SECR ET
TABLE
KEY FOR SECRET WRITING EXPERIMENT
(Kept blind
to experimenters until experiment
completion)
Card No
.
Target Material
Target Content
Pencil
Large X
Pencil
Small
A
Pencil
Large
A
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
Pencil
Large
Pencil
Small
x
Pencil
Small
o
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
CD-294
Small
A
CD-294
Large X
CD-294
Large
A
CD-294
Small
o
Blank'’
Blank
CD-294
Small x
Blank
Blank
CD-294
Large
CD-175
Large
Blank
Blank
CD-175
Large X
CD-175
Small
A
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
CD-175
Small
o
CD-175
Large
A
CD-175
Small x
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material were randomized before each run and placed
inside unnumbered
opaque envelopes before being presented
to
the subject
for
sorting.
The appropriate analysis technique for
a binary sort
(0,1)
is the
method known as sequential sampling.^
The sequential method gives
a
rule
of procedure for making one of three possible decisions
for each
card following
a given binary sort:
accept
as
the bit being carried
by the card;
reject
as
the bit being carried by
the
card
(i.e.,
accept
0);
or
continue sampling
of
the card under consideration.
The sequential
sampling procedure differs from fixed-length statistical analysis procedures
in that
the number
of
sorts required
to reach
a final decision on
a card
bit
is not fixed before sampling,
but depends
on the results
accumulated
with each sampling run.
The primary advantage
of
the sequential sampling
procedure
as
compared with
the other methods
is
that,
on the average,
fewer
sorts per final decision are required
for an equivalent degree of
reliability.
Use of
the sequential sampling procedure requires
the specification
of parameters
that
are determined on the basis
of
the following consid-
erations.
Assume
that
a labeling bit
(0
or
1)
is being carried by each
card.
From the standpoint of
the sorter,
the probability of correctly
identifying the bit being carried
is
some value
p c because
of chance alone.
An operative sensing channel could then be expected
to alter
the proba-
bility
of
correct identification
to
a higher value
P
=
P c + V
•
Good
P si
functioning on
a repetitive task
is observed
to result
in
\p
=
0.12,
as
reported by Ryzl. 4
Therefore,
let us
assume
a baseline psi parameter
4^
=
. 12
.
The question
to be addressed in the case of
sorting
SW cards
from
among
cards
is whether
a given card
is sorted
into the
SW channel at
a low rate p Q commensurate with the hypothesis H0 that
the card
in ques-
tion
is
a non-SW card,
or
at
a higher rate
P;L commensurate with the hy-
pothesis H1 that
the card
in question
is indeed an
SW card.
The decision-
making process requires
the specification of
four parameters.
(1)
p
:
The probability
of sorting incorrectly
a non-SW
(0)
card
into the SW
(1)
channel.
In the sort
of
SW cards
from among
27,
the probability of correctly sorting a non-SW
(0)
card into
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the non-SW
(0)
channel
is
p
=
p
+ P,
= 15/27 + 0.12
=
0.676.
c
b
Therefore,
the probability
of
a non-SW
(0)
card being incor-
rectly
sorted
into
the
SW
(1)
channel
is
-
p
= 0.324
=
p
.
(2)
p^:
The probability of
sorting correctly an
SW
(1)
card "into
the SW
(1)
channel.
In
the
sort
of
SW cards
from among
27,
the probability of
correctly sorting an SW
(1)
card into
the
SW
(1)
channel
is
p-^
= p c
H-
=
12/27 + 0.12
=
0.564.
(3)
a:
The probability of rejecting a correct identification for
a
non-SW
(0)
card
(designated
in statistics
as
a Type
1 error)
.
We shall
take a
=
0.1.
(4)
3:
The probability of accepting an
incorrect identification
for an SW
(1)
card
(designated
in statistics
as
a Type
II
error)
.
We shall
take
=
0.1.
(Lower values
for a
arid
result in increased accuracy,
but
at
the ex-
pense
of requiring longer
runs.
Therefore,
a compromise must be made
between
the desire
to maximize reliability and
to minimize redundancy.)
With
the parameters
thus
specified,
the sequential sampling procedure
provides
for construction of
a decision graph
as shown
in Figure
10.
A
cumulative record
of
sorts
of
a given card
is
compiled
run by run until
either the upper or lower limit line
is reached,
at which point
a decision
is made
to
label
the card
as
(non-SW)
or
(SW).
As indicated
in Figure
10,
during
the
24 runs carried
out,
SW cards
13,
18,
21,
22,
25,
26,
and
correctly emerged through the upper
limit
line
to be labeled
SW,
along with pencil cards
1 and
2 and blank card
17,
the latter
three incorrectly.
We note that
five
of
the six CD-175
cards
ended
up
correctly sorted.
With regard
to
the lower limit
line,
pencil
cards
3,
6,
and
8,
and blank cards
4,
20,
and
23 correctly emerged
through
the lower limit
line
to be labeled non-SW,
along with
(incorrectly)
SW cards
12,
16,
and
19.
Thus,
of
the
cards
that emerged through the
limit
lines,
13 are correct.
Although we
cannot rule out
the possibility
of obtaining
correct choices
out of
19 labelings by chance
(p
= 0.09 by
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CN
CN
CN
O
CN
CD
CN
CD
CN
z
of
UJ
CO2DZ
ZD
CC
30N3nD3S
39VSS3l/\J 139HV1 „U
1SNIVDV S3HO±VV\J dO
ddSlAJDN
3 AllVmiAinO
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FIGURE
PROCEDURE
FOR
CARD
SORTING
BY
SEQUENTIAL
SAMPLING
p0
=
0.324,
p.,
=
0.564,
a
=
0.1,
=
0.1
BROKEN
LINE
SHOWS
SAMO
SAMPLING
SEQUENCE
FOR
CARD
NO.
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exact binomial calculation*)
,
the result indicates
a tendency toward
cor-
rect labeling
that could be explored further.
With an increased number
of runs,
the probabilities
for a
and
3 errors can be reduced while still
permitting
a large percentage
of
labelings
to be made.
(For completeness
we include
the raw data call sheet as Table
6.)
A second shorter series
of
18 sorting runs
through the
cards
to
choose
the six pencil cards yielded chance
results.
Recognizing
that
the probability
of
a
correct choice by chance
is
the
probability
that
an SW card
is
sorted
into
the
SW channel,
or
a non-SW
card
is sorted into
the non-SW channel, we have
p(corr)
= i|x-|| + -|yx-|y = 0.506.
From this
the probability of at least
13 correct
choices
by chance out
of
tries
can be calculated from
i~! (19-i)
!
(0-506)
1 (0.494) 19_1 = 0.09
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TABLE
RAW DATA CALL SHEET FOR SECRET WRITING EXPERIMENT
(SELECT 12 PER RUN)
Card Chosen
P
p
p
B
B
p
p
p
B
B
SW
SW
SW
SW
B
SW
B
SW
SW
B
SW
SW
B
B
SW
SW
SW
Run
#
1 X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
8 X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
11 X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
13 X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
14 X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X _x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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III
PROGRAM RESULTS—BASIC RESEARCH EFFORT
In addition
to experimentation carried out under conditions appropri
ate
to assessing the operational utility of paranormal abilities,
approx-
imately 50 percent
of
the program effort was devoted
to
a basic research
effort
that
included:
(1)
Identification of measurable characteristics possessed by
gifted individuals,
(2)
Identification of neurophysiological correlates
that relate
to paranormal activities,
(3)
Identification of
the nature
of paranormal phenomena and
energy.
A.
Screening Tests
To meet
the above objectives,
the first prerequisite was
the estab-
lishment
of
criteria capable of differentiating individuals
apparently
gifted
in paranormal functioning from those who were not.
This pre-
requisite was met by
carrying out
a series
of screening tests under
fixed
protocol conditions.
The tests were designed
to ensure
that all conven-
tional communications
channels were blocked,
and
that
the outcomes
could
be sufficiently unambiguous
to determine whether paranormal functioning
occurred.
Individuals gifted in certain areas
of paranormal functioning
could then be differentiated from those who were not on the basis
of
whether
their results differed significantly from chance.
Two experimental paradigms were utilized
as
screening tests on the
basis
that
these
tests had been useful
for
such purposes prior
to
this
program
(in the sense
that certain apparently gifted individuals did
exceedingly well
in at least
one of
these
tests, whereas
the results
of
unselected volunteers did not differ significantly from chance expecta-
tion).
The
tests were
(a)
the remote viewing
of natural
targets,
and
(b)
the determination of
the state of
a four-state random target
generator.
The first
type of
test constitutes
a so-called
"free-response" paradigm
in which
the subject originates
freely about
contents
of his awareness;
furthermore,
the channel
in general may involve both direct perception
of
the remote site and perception of
the mental contents
of an observer
at
the site.
In the second type of
test,
on the other hand,
the
target
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is more abstract
(an electronic
state)
,
the target
is blind
to all par-
ticipants,
and the subject's choice
is precisely constrained.
For the purpose of screening,
a result
is considered unambiguously
paranormal
if
the
a priori probability
for
the occurrence
of
the result
by
chance,
under
the null hypothesis,
is
p <10"
.
. A result with p <10"
is
taken
as strongly indicative of paranormal functioning,
while
a result at
p
<0.05
is taken
as circumstantial evidence for paranormal
functioning but requiring further exploration before assessment can be
considered secure.
Six subjects were chosen
for
the study,
subjects
SI
through
S3 con-
sidered gifted or experienced,
subjects
S4 through
S6 acting
as
learners/
controls.
The dichotomy between gifted and learners /controls was based
on the former group having been successful
in other studies prior
to
this
program either at
SRI
or elsewhere;
the latter group being naive with
regard
to paranormal experimentation.
An effort
at parity betjween the
two
groups was
a factor
in subject
selection.
Subject
S5
(learner/control)
,
a male,
age
54,
is matched by
age
and
sex with experienced subject
SI,
a male,
age
55.
Learner/control
subject
S6,
a female,
age
34,
is by age and background matched with ex-
perienced subject
S2 ,
a male,
age
(both are research analysts
at
SRI).
Learner/control
S4
(female,
age
53)
and experienced subject
S3
(male,
age
41)
are matched
on the basis
of
similar artistic interests,
back-
grounds,
and occupations
(professional photographer and painter,
re-
spectively)
.
.
Remote Viewing of Natural Targets Under
a Uniform Standard
Protocol
Observations described earlier in this report
(Section II-A)
suggested
the hypothesis
that
it may be possible for
a subject
to access
and describe,
by means
of mental imagery,
randomly chosen geographical
sites
located several miles
from the subject's position and demarcated
by some appropriate means
.
An experimental series was
therefore
set
up
to
test
this hypothesis under rigorously controlled scientific conditions.
The experiment
consisted
of
a series
of double-blind tests with local
targets
in the
San Francisco Bay Area
so
that several independent judges
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could visit
the sites
to establish documentation.
The protocol was
to
closet
the subject with an experimenter
at
SRI and
at an agreed-on time
to obtain from the subject
a description of an undisclosed,
remote site
being visited by
a
target
team.
In each of
the experiments one
of
the six
program subjects served
as remote-viewing subject,
and SRI experimenters
served
as
a target demarcation team at
the remote location chosen in
a
double-blind protocol
as
follows.
In each experiment
a target location within 30-minute driving
time from SRI was
randomly chosen by
SRI management
from a list
of
targets
kept blind
to subject and experimenters
and used without replacement.
(A set of
target locations clearly differentiated from each other had
been chosen from a target-rich environment
of more than 100
targets
of
the
type used
in the experimental series.
Before
the experimental series
began,
the Director
of
the Information Science and Engineering Division,
not otherwise associated with the experiment,
established
the
set
of
locations
as
the target pool.
The target locations were printed on cards
sealed
and kept
in
the
SRI Division office
safe.
They were available only
with
the personal assistance
of
the Division Director who issued
a single
randomly selected target
card that
constituted
the traveling orders
for
that experiment.)
In detail,
to begin the experiment,
the subject was
closeted
with an experimenter
at
SRI
to wait
30 minutes before beginning
a narrative
description of
the remote location.
A second experimenter then obtained
from the Division Director a
target location from a set of
traveling
orders previously prepared and randomized by the Director and kept under
his
control.
The target demarcation team,
consisting of
two
to
four
SRI
experimenters
and,
occasionally,
sponsor staff personnel,
then proceeded
by automobile directly
to
the target without any communication with
the
subject or experimenter remaining behind.
The experimenter remaining with
the subject
at
SRI was
in ignorance
of both the particular target
and
the
target pool
so
as
to eliminate the possibility of subliminal cueing and
to allow him freedom in questioning
the subject
to clarify his
descriptions.
The demarcation team remained at
the target
site
for an agreed-on 15-
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minute period following the 30 minutes allotted for travel.*
During
the
observation period,
the remote-viewing subject was asked
to describe his
impressions of
the target
site into
a
tape recorder and
to make any draw-
ings
he thought appropriate.
An informal comparison was
then made when
the demarcation team returned,
and
the subject was
taken
to
the site
to
provide feedback.
a-
Subject
SI
(Experienced)
To begin the series,
experienced subject
SI participated
as
a subject
in nine experiments.
In general,
Si's ability
to describe
correctly buildings,
docks,
roads,
gardens,
and the
like,
including
structural materials,
color,
ambience,
and activity— sometimes
in great
detail— indicated
the
functioning of
a remote perceptual ability.
None-
theless,
the descriptions
contained inaccuracies
as well
as
correct
statements.
A typical example
is indicated by the subject's
drawing
in
Figure
of one of the
targets
in which he correctly described
a park-
like area containing
two pools
of water:
one rectangular,
x
ft
(actual dimensions
x 100
ft);
the other
circular,
diameter 120
ft
(actual diameter
110
ft).
He incorrectly indicated
the function,
however,
as water filtration rather
than recreational swimming.
As discussed
earlier in connection with the technology series,
we often observe es-
sentially correct descriptions
of basic elements
and patterns
coupled
with incomplete
or erroneous analysis
of
function.
As
can be seen from
his drawing,
he also
included some elements,
such
as
the
tanks
shown in
the upper right,
that
are not present
at
the target
site.
-We also note
an apparent left-right
reversal,
often observed in paranormal perception
experiments
To obtain a numerical evaluation of
the accuracy of
the
remote-viewing experiment,
the experimental results were subjected
to
independent: judging on a blind basis by
an
SRI research analyst not
&
The first subject
(SI)
was allowed
30 minutes
for his
descriptions,
but
it was
found
that he fatigued
and had little comment after
the
first
15 minutes.
The viewing
time was
therefore reduced
to
15 minutes
for
subjects
S2
through
S6.
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otherwise associated with
the research.
The subject's response packets,
which contained
the typed transcripts
of
the nine tape-recorded narratives
along with any associated drawings, were unlabeled and presented
in random
order.
While standing at
each
target location,
visited
in turn,
the judge
was
required
to blind rank order the nine packets on a scale of
one
to nine
(best
to worst match);
the
results are shown in Table
7.
As mentioned
in
Section II-A-5 , where
this procedure was used
in the judging of
the
tech-
nology series,
the statistic
of interest
is the sum of ranks assigned
to
the target-associated transcripts,
lower values indicating better matches.
For nine targets
the sum of ranks
could range from nine
to eighty-one.
The actual sum of
this
case, which included seven direct hits, was
16,
a
result significant
at
p
-
2.9
x 10"5 by exact
calculation.
In experiments
3,
4,
and
through
9,
the subject was
secured
in
a double-walled,
copper-screen Faraday cage.
The Faraday cage
provides
120
dB attenuation for plane wave radio frequency radiation over
a range of
15 kHz
to
1 GHz.
For magnetic
fields
the attenuation
is
dB
at
15 kHz and decreases
to
3 dB at
Hz.
The results
of rank order
judging
(Table
7)
indicates
that
the use
of Faraday cage electrical
shielding does not prevent high quality descriptions from being obtained.
As
a backup judging procedure,
a panel
of five additional
SRI scientists not otherwise associated with the research were asked simply
to blind match
the unedited
typed transcripts
(with associated drawings)
generated by
the remote viewer,
against
the nine
target locations which
they independently visited
in
turn.
The transcripts were ,~of
course,
unlabeled
and presented
in random order.
A correct match consisted
of
a transcript
of
a given date being matched
to
the target
of
that date.
Instead
of
the expected number
of one match each per judge,
the number
of
correct matches obtained by
the five judges was
7,
6,
5,
3,
and
3,
respectively.
Thus,
rather than the expected number
of
five correct
matches
from the judges,
such matches were obtained,
b
-
Subject
S4
(Learner/Control)
Following the first series
of nine experiments with exper-
ienced subject
SI,
a nine-target
replication series was carried out with
learner/control subject
S4 who had no previous experience
in paranormal
functioning.
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TABLE
Distribution of Rankings Assigned
to Transcripts Associated
With Each Target Location for Experienced
Subject
(SI)
Target Location
Distance
(km)
Rank of
Associated
Transcript
Hoover Tower,
Stanford
3.4
Bay lands Nature Preserve,
Palo Alto
6.4
Radio Telescope, Portola Valley
6.4
Marina,
Redwood
City
O
s'
CO
Bridge Toll Plaza,
Fremont
14.5
Drive-in Theatre,
Palo Alto
5.1
Arts
and Crafts Plaza,
Menlo Park
1.9
Catholic Church,
Portola Valley
8.5
Swimming Pool
Complex,
Palo Alto
3.4
Total sum of ranks
(p=2. 9xl0 -5
)
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Because
of
this subject’s artistic background,
she was
cap-
able
of drawing and describing visual
images
that
she could not identify
in any cognitive or analytic sense,
an asset
in remote viewing.
(Subjects
are encouraged
to make drawings
of anything they visualize and associate
with the remote
location,
since drawings made by subjects
are in general
more accurate than
the subject's verbal description.)
When
the target
demarcation team went
to
a target location which was
a pedestrian
overpass,
for example,
the subject
said that she saw "a kind
of trough up
in the
air," which she indicated
in the upper part
of her drawing in Figure
12.
She went
on to explain that
"If you stand where they are standing you will
see something
like this,"
indicating the nested squares
at
the bottom of
Figure
12.
As
it
turned
out,
a judge standing where she
indicated would
have
a view closely resembling what she had drawn,
as
can be seen from
the accompanying photographs
of
the target
location.
In another
experiment,
the subject described seeing "an
open barn-like structure with
a pitched roof."
She also saw
a "kind of
slatted side
to
the structure making light
and dark bars on the wall."
Her drawing and
a photograph
of
the associated bicycle shed target are
shown in Figure
13.
For
the entire series
of nine,
the numerical evaluation
based on blind rank ordering of
transcripts
at each site was significant
at
p
=
1.8 x 10“6,
and
included
five direct hits
and
four second ranks
for
the target-associated transcripts
(see Table
8)
Again,
as
a backup judging procedure,
a panel
of
five addi-
tional
SRI scientists not otherwise associated with
the research were
asked simply
to blind match
the unedited
typed transcripts, with associated
drawings,
generated by
the remote viewer,
against
the nine target locations
which they independently visited
in turn.
A correct match consisted
of
a
transcript
of
a given date being matched
to
the target
of
that
date.
In-
stead of
the expected number
of
one match each per judge,
the number
of
correct matches obtained by the five judges was
5,
3,
3,
2,
and
2,
re-
spectively.
Thus,
rather than the expected number of
five correct matches
from the judges,
such matches were obtained.
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PEDESTRIAN OVERPASS TARGET
FIGURE
SA-3 183-5
SUBJECT S4 DRAWING, DESCRIBED AS "SOME KIND OF DIAGONAL TROUGH
UP
IN THE AIR"
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TABLE
Distribution of Rankings Assigned
to Transcripts Associated
With Each Target Location for Learner Subject
(S4)
Target Location
Distance
(km)
Rank of
Associated
Transcript
Methodist
Church,
Palo Alto
1.9
Ness Auditorium,
Menlo Park
0.2
Merry-Go-Round,
Palo Alto
3.4
Parking Garage, Mountain View
8.1
SRI
International Courtyard,
Menlo Park
eg
o
Bicycle
Shed,
Menlo Park
r-H
o
Railroad Trestle Bridge,
Palo Alto
1.3
Pumpkin Patch, Menlo Park
1.3
Pedestrian Overpass,
Palo Alto
Total sum of
ranks
5.0
(p=l
. 8xl0-6
)
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c.
Subjects
S2 and
S3
(Experienced)
Having completed
a series
of
18 remote-viewing experiments,
nine each with experienced subject
SI
and learner/control subject
S4,
it
was apparent
that
the projected completion of
an additional series of nine
each
for experienced subjects
S2 and
S3 and learner/control subjects
S5
and
S6 was beyond the limits
imposed by funding and
time available.
There-
fore,
on
a best-effort basis,
it was decided
to complete four each with
the remaining subjects.
To place the judging on a basis comparable
to that
employed with SI and
S4,
the
four transcripts each of experienced subjects
52 and
S3 were combined
into
a group of eight
for rank order judging,
to
be compared with the similarly combined results
of
the learner/control
subjects
S5 and
S6.
The series with experienced subjects
S2 and
S3 provided
a
further example
of
the dichotomy between verbal and drawing responses
during an experiment
in which
two sponsor staff personnel
(the COTR and
an associate)
participated
as members
of
the target demarcation team,
the
COTR choosing the target.
The
tar-get,
a tennis
court,
is shown
in Figure
14,
along with
the drawings generated by
the subject
( S 2 )
.
In discussing
the drawings,
the subject indicated
that
he was uncertain as
to
the action,
but had
the impression that
the demarcation team was
located at
a museum
in
a particular park.
In fact,
the
tennis
court was located
in that
park about
100 yards from the indicated museum.
Once again we note the
characteristic
(discussed earlier)
of
a resemblance between the target
site and certain gestalt elements
of
the subject's
response,
especially
as regards
the drawings,
coupled with incomplete
or erroneous analysis
of
the significances.
When rank ordering transcripts one through eight
at
the site,
this
transcript was ranked second.
A second example from this group,
however,
indicates
the
level of precision that
can be attained.
The target
location chosen by
the standard double-blind protocol was
the Palo Alto City Hall.
Subject
53 described
a tall building with vertical columns
and "set
in" windows.
(His
- sketch,
together with the photograph
of
the site
is
shown in Figure
15.
)
He said there was
a fountain,
"but
I don't hear
it."
At
the time
the
target
team was
at
the
City Hall during
the experiment,
the fountain
was not
running.
He also made an effort
to draw a replica of
the designs
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M
i
*
<w
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FIGURE
SUBJECT
S3
RESPONSE
TO
CITY
HALL
TARGET
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in
the pavement
in front of
the building,
and
correctly indicated
the
number
of
trees
(four)
in the sketch.
For
the
entire series
of
eight,
four each from
S2
and
S3,
the numerical evaluation based on blind-rank ordering of
transcripts
at
each
site was significant
at
p
=
3.8 x 10- 4,
and included three direct
hits and
three second ranks
for
the target-associated transcripts
(see
Table
9).
d
.
Subjects
S5 and
S6
(Learner /Control)
To complete
the
series,
four experiments each were carried
out with learner/control subjects
S5
and
S6.
The results
in
this
case,
taken
as
a group,
did not differ
significantly from chance.
For
the series
of
eight
(judged
as
a group
of
seven since one target
came up
twice,
once
for each subject)
the numer-
ical evaluation based on blind-rank ordering of
transcripts
at
each site
was nonsignificant
at
p
= 0.08,
even though
there were
two direct hits
and
two second ranks out
of
the seven
(see Table
10)
One of
the direct hits, which occurred with subject
S6 on
her
first experiment,
is an example
of
the "first-time effect"
that has
been rigorously explored
and
is well-known
to experimenters in the field.
In the narrative,
the subject began
to describe
a large square with
a
fountain.
Two minutes
into
the experiment she recognized
the location
and correctly identified
it by name
(see Figure
16).
It should be noted
that
in the area from which
the target locations were drawn
there are
several other fountains,
some of which were in the target pool
as well.
As an example of
the style of
the narratives generated during remote
viewing experiments with
a naive subject,
and
the part played by
the
ex-
perimenter remaining with the subject
in such
a
case,
we have included
the entire unedited
text
of
this experiment
as Appendix
A.
e.
Sponsor Subjects
(Learner /Control)
Two sponsor staff personnel participated as subjects
in five
experiments
so
as
to experience
the protocols
from the subjects'
viewpoint.
In this role
they provide an additional calibration for
this part
of
the
program with regard
to:
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TABLE
Distribution of
Rankings Assigned
to Transcripts Associated
With Each Target Location for Experienced Subjects
(S2)
and
(S3)
Subject
Target Location
Distance
(km)
Rank of
Associated
Transcript
S2
BART Station
(Transit System),
Fremont
16.1
S2
Shielded Room,
SRI,
Menlo Park
0.1
S2
Tennis
Court,
Palo Alto
3.4
S2
Golf Course Bridge,
Stanford
3.4
S3
City Hall,
Palo Alto
2.0
S3
Miniature Golf
Course, Menlo
Park
3.0
S3
Kiosk in Park,
Menlo Park
0.3
S3
Bay lands Nature Preserve,
Palo Alto
Total sum of ranks
6.4
--
i
(p=3.8xl0-4
)
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TABLE 10
Distribution of Rankings Assigned
to Transcripts Associated
With Each Target Location
for Learner Subjects
S5
and
S6
Subject
Target Location
Distance
(km)
Rank of
Associated
Transcript
S5
Pedestrian Overpass,
Palo Alto
5.0
S5
Railroad Trestle Bridge,
Palo
Alto
1.3
S5
Windmill,
Portola Valley
8.5
S5,S6
White Plaza,
Stanford
(2)
3.8
S6
Airport,
Palo Alto
5.5
S6
Kiosk
in Park,
Menlo Park
0.3
S6
Boathouse,
Stanford
4.0
Total sum of ranks
(p=0.08,
NS)
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WHITE PLAZA AT STANFORD UNIVERSITY
SUBJECT DREW WHAT SHE CALLED
"CURVY BENCHES" AND THEN
ANNOUNCED CORRECTLY THAT THE
PLACE WAS "WHITE PLAZA AT STANFORD"
SA-3 183-4
FIGURE
SUBJECT S6 DRAWING OF WHITE PLAZA, STANFORD UNIVERSITY
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(a)
Indicating the level of proficiency that can be expected
from unselected volunteers,
and,
(b)
Providing sponsor personnel with firsthand experience
against which
the results contained
in the report
can
be evaluated.
The first sponsor staff member
(V3) participated
as
a sub-
ject
in
a three-experiment series.
All three experiments contained ele-
ments descriptive
of
the associated target locations,
the quality of
re-
sponse increasing with practice.
The third response
is
shown
in Figure
17, where again,
as
in the results reported previously,
the pattern ele-
ments
in the drawing appeared
to be
a closer match than the subject's
interpretation of
the target object
as
a
cupola.
The! second sponsor staff member participated
as
a subject
in two experiments.
In his
first experiment he generated one
of
the higher
signal-to-noise results we have observed.
He began his narrative
"There
is
a red A-frame building and next
to
it
is
a large yellow thing
(a tree
—editor).
Now further
left there
is another A-shape.
It
looks
like
a
swing-set,
but
it
is pushed down in
a gully
so
I can't see
the swings."
(All correct—see Figure
18.)
He then went
on to describe
a lock on the
front door
that he said
"looks
like it's made
of
laminated steel,
so
it
must be
a Master lock."
(Also correct.)
For
the series
of
five,
three from the first
subject,
two
from the second,
the numerical
evaluation based on blind rank ordering
of
the
transcripts
at
each site was significant
at
p
= 0.017,
and included
three direct hits
and one second rank for the target-associated transcripts
(see Table
11)
.
f
.
Summary
of Remote-Viewing Experiments
(Standard Protocol)
The descriptions supplied by the subjects
in the experi-
ments involving remote viewing
of natural
targets,
although containing
in-
accuracies, were sufficiently accurate
to permit
the judges
to differen-
tiate among various
targets
to
the degree indicated.
A summary tabulation
of
the statistical evaluations
of
these experiments,
carried out under
standard protocol,
is presented in Table
12.
The overall result,
eval-
uated conservatively on the basis
of a judging procedure
that ignores
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FIGURE
SUBJECT
V3
DRAWING
OF
MERRY-GO-ROUND
TARGET
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WINDMILL TARGET. SPONSOR SUBJECT V2 CORRECTLY DESCRIBED "RED A-FRAME
BUILDING WITH DECK, YELLOW TREE, A-FRAME SWING SET, AND GRAY
TRANSFORMER " ALL SHOWN
IN PICTURE. HE ALSO DESCRIBED "MASTER
TYPE LOCK OF LAMINATED STEEL" WHICH
IS ON FRONT
DOOR OF WINDMILL (NOT SHOWN).
FIGURE
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TABLE 11
Distribution of Rankings Assigned
to Transcripts Associated
With Each Target Location for Visiting Sponsor Subjects V3 and V2
Subj ect
Target Location
Distance
(km)
Rank of
Associated
Transcript
V3
Bridge Over Stream, Menlo Park
0.3
V3
Baylands Nature Preserve, Palo
Alto
6.4
V3
Merry-Go-Round,
Palo Alto
3.4
V2
Windmill,
Portola Valley
8.5
V2
Apartment Swimming
Pool,’--
Mountain View
Total sum of
ranks
9.1
(p=0 . 017)
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TABLE
Summary—Remote Viewing of Natural Targets
Experienced Subject s
Subj ect
No.
Experiments
p-value,
rank order
judging
SI
p
=
2.9
x 10 - 5
S2
j
,
V8
p
=
3.8 x 10 -4
S3
J
Learner/Control
Subjects
Subj ect
No.
Experiments
p-value,
rank order
judging
S4
p
=
1.8 x 10~ 6
S5
r 8
p = 0.08
(NS)
S6
4 J
Sponsor Subjects
Subj ect
No.
Experiments
p-value,
rank order
judging
V3
} 5
p
= 0.017
V2
2 J
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transcript quality beyond that necessary
to rank order the narratives
(vastly underestimating the statistical significance of individual descrip-
tions)
,
clearly indicates the presence of an information channel of useful
bit
rate.
Furthermore,
it appears
that
the primary difference between
experienced subjects and naive volunteers
is not that
the latter never
exhibit the faculty,
but rather
that their results are simply less reli-
able,
more sporadic.
Nonetheless,
as described earlier,
individual
transcripts from the latter group
of
subjects number among some of
the
best obtained.
Such observations indicate
a hypothesis
that remote view-
ing may be
a latent
and widely-distributed perceptual ability.
The following is quoted from a report on an analysis
of
patterns observed in the remote viewing transcripts.
This report was
submitted
to the researchers by
the judge responsible for the independent
blind rank-order judging,
an individual not otherwise associated with
the
research.
These observations are based on a survey
of
the remote viewing
transcripts from the SRI experiments.
In the process
of judging
—attempting
to match transcripts against targets
on the basis
of
the information in the transcripts—some patterns and regu
lari ties
in the transcript descriptions became evident,
partic-
ularly regarding individual styles
in remote viewing,
and
in the
perceptual form of
the descriptions given by
the
subjects.
Styles
of Response
.
The transcripts were taken from several
different subjects.
Comparing the transcripts
of one subject
with those
of
another revealed that each person tended
to
focus
on certain aspects
of
the remote
target complex and exclude
others,
so that each had
an individual pattern of response,
like
a signature.
Subject
S3,
for example,
frequently responded with topographical
descriptions,
maps,
and architectural features
of
the target
locations.
Subject
S2 often focused on the behavior
of
the
remote experimenter
or
the sequence
of actions he carried out
at
the
target.
The transcripts
of subject
S4, more than those
of other subjects, had descriptions
of
the feel
of
the location,
and experiential or sensory gestalts,
e.g.,
light/dark elements
in the
scene;
indoor/outdoor
and enclosed/open distinctions.
.
Prominent features
of
Si’s
transcripts were detailed descriptions
of what
the target persons were concretely experiencing,
seeing,
-or
doing,
e.g.,
standing on asphalty blacktop overlooking water,
looking at
a purple
iris.
The range of any individual subject’s
responses was wide,
and
anyone might draw a map,
or describe
the mood
of
the remote
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experimenter,
but
the consistency of each subject's overall
approach suggests
that just
as individual descriptions
of
a
directly viewed scene would differ,
so these differences
also
occur
in remote viewing processes.
Nature
of
the descriptions.
The concrete descriptions
that
appear most commonly
in transcripts are at
the level
of sub-
units
of
the overall
scene.
For example, when the
target was
a Xerox copy machine,
the responses included
(S2)
a rolling
object
(the moving light)» or dials and a cover that
is lifted
(S3)
,
but
the machine as
a whole was not identified by name
or
function.
In
a few transcripts
the subjects
correctly identified and
named the target.
In
the
case
of
a computer
terminal,
the
subject
(V2)
apparently mentally saw the terminal and
the
relay racks behind
it.
In
the case
of
targets which were
Hoover Tower and White Plaza,
the subjects
(SI and
S6,
respectively)
seemed
to identify
the locations
through
analysis
of
their initial images
of
the elements
of
the
target
.
There were also occasional incorrect recognitions;
gestalts
that were incorrectly named,
e.g.,
swimming pools
in
a park
being identified
as water storage tanks
at
a water filtration
plant
(SI)
.
Phenomenological descriptions,
e.g.,
"motion past
the ex-
perimenter," and "red outlining blue," occurred occasionally,
but were not frequent
in the transcripts.
The most common perceptual level was
thus
an intermediate
one— the individual elements
and
items
that comprise the
target.
This
is
suggestive of
a scanning process
that
takes
sample perceptions
from within
the overall environment.
When
the subjects
tried
to make sense out
of
these frag-
mentary impressions,
they often resorted
to metaphors
or
constructed an image with a kind of perceptual inference.
From a feeling of the target
as
an "august" and "solemn"
building,
the subject
(S4)
said
it might be a library.
It
was
a
church.
A pedestrian overpass above
a freeway was
described
as
a conduit
(S4)
.
A rapid transit station,
ele-
vated above
the countryside, was associated with an observatory
(S2)
.
When the remote experimenter climbed into
a Link
trainer,
the subject said
it was
a small place,
like a
bathroom;
perhaps he had locked himself
in
a closet.
These
responses seem to be
the result of attempts
to process
partial information and occur similarly in other para-
psychological experiments.
When the subjects augmented the verbal transcripts with
drawings
or
sketches,
these often expressed the target
elements more accurately than the verbal descriptions,
and
sometimes corresponded with the targets more clearly and
precisely than the words
of
the
transcript.
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The descriptions given by the subjects sometimes went beyond
what
the remote experimenter experienced,
at least consciously.
For example,
one subject
(S4)
described and drew
a belt drive
at
the top
of
a drill press, which was not even visible to
the
remote experimenter who was operating the machine.
Curiously,
objects
in motion at
the remote site were rarely
mentioned in the transcript,
e.g.,
trains
crossing the rail-
road trestle
target were not described
(S4)
,
though the remote
experimenter stood very close
to
them.
Also,
in a few cases,
the subject descriptions were inaccurate
regarding size
of structures.
A 20 foot
courtyard separating
two buildings was described
(SI)
as
200 feet wide,
and
a small
shed was expanded
to
a barn-like structure
(S4)
.
Blind judging of transcripts
.
The judging procedure involved
examining
the transcripts
for
a given experimental series
and
attempting
to match the transcripts with the correct targets on
the basis
of
their
correspondences.
The transcripts varied from
coherent and accurate descriptions
to mixtures
of correspondences
and non-correspondences.
Since
a judge did not know a priori
which elements
of
the descriptions were correct and incorrect,
the task was
complicated,
and transcripts often seemed plausibly
to match more than one target.
A confounding factor
in these
studies
is
that many
target locations have similarities
that
seem alike
at some level
of perception.
For example,
a radio
telescope at
the
top
of
a hill,
the observation deck of
a
tower,
and
a jetty on
the edge of
a bay all match^a transcript
description of
"looking
out over
a long distance.
A lake,
a fountain,
and
a creek may
all result in an image
of water
for
the subject.
In my own judging,
the procedure that was most successful was
a careful element by element
comparison,
testing each transcript
against every target,
using the transcript descriptions
and
drawings
as
arguments
for
or against assigning
the transcript
to
a particular
target.
In most
cases
this resulted in either
a clear conclusion or at
least
a ranking
of probably matches,
and these matches were subjected
to statistical anslyses.
A subjective viewpoint
of
the remote viewing process
as
stated
in
a report
to
the researchers by subject
S3 likens
the difficulties
in remote viewing
to
those occurring in subliminal
(low level)
or
ta ch-
istoscopic
(high speed) viewing by ordinary sensory modalities.
The
following
is quoted from his report.
-Current
Status.
Experimentation in viewing
of
remote
targets^
conducted at
SRI has provided data confirming the existence of
a paranormal remote viewing
ability.
Several breakthroughs were
needed
to uncover
the remote viewing possibilities.
These have
accumulated and are reflected
in previous
clients'
reports.
If
breakthroughs have tended
to expose such ability,
subsequent
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quantitative analysis has also established the existence of
certain qualitative problems that need
to be resolved
if remote
viewing abilities are to move from a general
to an operative
category.
The General Problem .
Among
the several subjects
tested, dependable
data resolvable from viewing targets
at remote locations seem
to have
a signal-to-noise ratio in the range of approximately
to
75%.
This percentage
is
an estimate and has differed
between subjects and between experiments.
In experimentation
the emergence of even 25% accurate information does establish
strategic implications;
the occurrence of erroneous or super-
fluous data in subject responses
to the degree that
it
is
currently observed,
however,
tends
to obviate tactical or
operational deployment
of
the discovered ability.
For various
reasons
as described below,
the emergence of erroneous data in
subjects’
responses
to given targets has been given the working
name of
"analytical overlay."
Definition of Analytical Overlay .
Accumulated responses from
subjects'
attempts
to view distant
targets indicates
that the
target often
is actually viewed,
but in some way
the target also
acts as
a prompter
for
the spontaneous appearance of Seemingly
irrelevant data.
This
is especially obvious when
the subject's
drawing of
the target
is by observation specifically applicable
to the target,
but his interpetation,
either verbally or in
the form of mental image pictures,
is
far from the mark.
Since
verbalization,
or
imagery,
presupposes mental analysis,
it
seems reasonable
to assume that we are dealing with automatic
analytical functions
of
some sort,
and
that hypothetically these
are the source
of the diluted
or erroneous response.
Analytical
functions are associated with resolving, breaking down,
and
dissecting incoming information in terms of experience and memory.
In sensory perception,
this process
takes place on an almost,
automatic basis
and
is governed by learned logical necessity.
Since
at
the sensory level
these processes are continuously
taking place
at sub-awareness
levels,
it
is often forgotten that
logical familiarity
is
a learned condition,
governed by experi-
ence applied
to memory.
This
is easily demonstrable
by presenting
a person with some-
thing he has never seen before.
The analytical functions of the
mind spontaneously output data-rich memories
that assist in
identification,
either by similarity
or differences, with the
unfamiliar object.
Further,
in determining the nature of
the
unfamiliar object,
the analytical processes,
busily overlaying
sequences
of logical possibility,
are prompted by sensory
(tactile,
visual,
etc.)
appreciation of
the object.
In this
manner,
the person eventually
is able
to logically place the
unfamiliar object by means
of his
total fund of experience and
knowledge.
In terms
of objective space,
time,
and matter,
this
entire procedure is anchored by
a continual flow of sensory data
about
the object.
A decision-making process buttressed by sensory
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perception thus
takes place.
In the paranormal sense, however,
ordinary sensory buttressing
.
is
absent since experimental safeguards ensure sensory separation
of
subject and
target.
The subject
is
therefore thrown back
solely on the perception and possibilities inherent
in the
unknown modes
of acquiring information that are currently under
study.
In such case,
one of
two
things
can now take place,
either
the subject can by paranormal modes
inflow accurate
.
information on a bit-per-second basis sufficient
to allow him
to make an accurate
or semi-accurate decisional response
as
to
the
character
or nature
of
the target;
or his response
to tie
target and experimental situation
is weak and irresolute
or
perhaps displaced,
at which time
the content
of multiple ana-
lytical processes seem to be selected.
When this latter occurs,
it
is identified
as analytical overlay.
Some Observations
.
It
is
safe
to assume that
in experiments where
the response did not
at all accord with the target,
no psi func
tioning took place and
that mental functions
of
some other nature
were offered
up by
a subject.
In examining research results,
however,
one consistency can easily be identified,
this
consis-
tency giving rise
to
the
term analytical overlay
as
contrasted
to analytical
error.
Descriptors pertaining
to
the target
can
often be found imbedded
in the subject's response
to
a degree
beyond
that
expected by chance,
even when the majority
of
the
response appears
to be involved with something else.
Since
this
is
so,
it
seems relevant
to hypothesize
that
the subjec
is perceiving the target
at
some level of awareness sufficient
to prompt logical mental processing in the subject.
The subject
s
response therefore usually
includes not only descriptors relevant
to
the target,
but
also other
details
coming out
of
the logical
analytical comparison doubtlessly going on as he tries
to
recog
nize"
the
target.
This kind
of situation
is
exactly one that
might; be expected
where a person
is
treated
to only
a momentary glance.at an unfam-
iliar object and
then asked
to determine what
it was.
A ser
^
e ®
analytical statements
such
as,
"looks
like this
,
or
looks like
that"
or
"it
is similar
to", will probably be volunteered by
the experient deprived
of
a continuing sensory information inflow
about
the object.
The sensory and parasensory situations
thus
hold
in common certain structures
that
can be studied either m
the sensory
or in the parasensory
function.
With regard
to
their differences,
in ordinary sensory perception,
the decision-making response
is held in place by continuous
sensory perception of
the object,
and logical deduction and
. decision depends upon the solidity provided by
the sensory
faculties.
In the paranormal sense,
however, we are indeed
asking the subject
to begin his perception at some
as yet.
unknown point and work simultaneously toward both perception
of
the object and decision as
to what
it
is.
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Since descriptors pertaining
to the target can almost always
in some form be found imbedded in the subject's response,
it
seems reasonable
to hypothesize that perception of
the target
is
taking place,
but in some unaccustomed modality.
If
this
is
so,
as
the data suggest,
then
the problem is not solely one
of parasensory perception,
but also one of
conversion of
the
contents
of
the psi
field into constructed
form.
Let
us assume that
a gifted subject
is gifted because he can
resolve psi-field signals
into recognizable mental patterns,
which are
in turn then converted
into experiential,
logical
sequences.
This kind
of conversion process resembles
that which
takes place
in the semaphore system or
that
of Morse code.
The
thing
that
is missing in the psi-field conversion process would
be,
of
course,
familiarity with the signals emanating from the
psi-field matrix.
As experiments demonstrate,
these signals
typically emerge in an unaligned sequence along with the partly
logical possibilities volunteered by
the analytical process.
That
this
is
so
is understandable
if we observe that
it
is
human nature
£o depress
or
suppress
the unfamiliar
in favor
of
the familiar;
therefore such scattering of
the unfamiliar
data in favor of
the memory-familiar takes place both in
the sensory and parasensory functions.
In the paranormal
case,
when
the data are signal-wise sufficient
to bypass analytical
assistance fortuitously being provided by
the catalyst
of
memory,
the so-called psi phenomena can result in exceptionally
good data.
Otherwise,
a mixture
is obtained.
Summary
.
Experimental results
confirm the probability of
abilities
that permit
identification and description of objects
at locations
at
a distance.
The simultaneous inflow of
ex-
traneous
data
termed analytical overlay seems
to dilue
the
correctness
of
the overall response and detract from the oper-
ational form of
the remote viewing ability.
Enough data about
this
difficulty has been gathered
to establish
that
it
is not
necessarily
a perceptual problem but
in all probability
a process
problem concerned with the converting of
the signal
of
the psi-
field matrix into
a correct
analytical sequence.
It
seems
reasonable
to assume
that
could the process
difficulties be
resolved,
then the analytical overlay would convert
into
a
positive adjunct
of
the
conversion process,
rather than working
against
it.
Any concept
of utilizing remote viewing ability
in an operational
form has
to entertain
a minimum as well
as
a maximum criterion for
proficiency.
So
far,
in experimental expectation only
the
maximum possibility has been entertained.
The entire onus
of
responsibility of achieving
the maximum has
lain in the ex-
pectation of attaining precise information;
whereas even
minimal efficiency of
target perception by
the subject might
yield enormous
clues
as
to
the nature of
the target
if reviewed
by professionals
concerned with such
a
target;
the target itself
may have no
correlate within the subject's logical repertoire
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and may not be correctly prompted via memory.
Thus,
to achieve operational status,
both changes in expec-
tation of
the ability,
as well
as an increased familiarity with
the problems associated with analytical overlay may
ea
to
results
of increasing practical utility.
From the viewpoint
of
the researchers, we do not yet have
an understanding of
the nature
of
the information-bearing signal that
a
subject perceives.
We know only
that
the subjects
commonly report they
perceive the signal visually
as
though looking at
the object
or place
from a position in its immediate neighborhood.
Furthermore,
the subjects’
perceptual viewpoint has mobility in that
they are able to shift
their
point
of view
to allow them to describe elements
of
a scene
that would
not be visible
to an observer
simply standing at ground level and de-
scribing what he
sees.
(In particular,
a subject often describes
cor-
rectly elements not visible
to the target demarcation team.)
Finally,
motion
is
in general not perceived;
in,fact, moving objects often are not
seen
at
all
even when nearby static objects are correctly identified.
In comparing the remote-viewing results
(a so-called free-
response
task) with the random number generator results discussed
in
the next section,
we note that from a statistical viewpoint
a subject
is more likely
to describe accurately
a remote
site,
chosen at random
from nearby
locations,
than he
is
to
select correctly one of four random
numbers.
Our experience with these phenomena lead us
to consider that
this difference
in task performance may stem from fundamental signal-to-
noise" considerations.
Two principal sources
of noise in the system
apparently are memory and
imagination,
both
of which can give rise
to
mental pictures
of greater clarity than the target
to be perceived.
In
the random number
task,
a subject can create
a perfect mental picture
of
each of
the
four possible outputs
in his own imagination and then attempt
to obtain the correct answer by
a mental matching operation.
In remote
viewing,
on
the
other hand,
the subject
is apparently more like
to approach
the task with
a blank mind as he attempts
to perceive pictorial informa-
tion from remote locations about which he may have no stored mental data.
(Subjects
SI,
S3,
and
S4 were unfamiliar with
the San Francisco Bay area
at
the start
of
experimentation,
their homes having been elsewhere.)
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Finally,
our observation
is
that most
of
the correct infor-
mation that subjects relate
to
us
is
of
a nonanalytic nature pertaining
to
shape,
form,
color,
and material rather than to function or name.
That
is, we often observe the correct description of basic elements and pat-
terns
coupled with incomplete or erroneous analysis
of
function.
In consultation with Dr.
Robert Ornstein of
the Langley
Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute,
San Francisco,
and with Dr.
Ralph Kiernan
of
the Department
of Neurology,
Stanford University Medical Center,
Stan-
ford,
California,
we have formed
the tentative hypothesis,
based on these
observed characteristics,
that remote viewing may involve a specialization
characteristic
of the brain's
right hemisphere.
This possibility,
discussed
in detail
later,
is
derived from a. variety
of
evidence from clinical and
neurosurgical sources, which indicate
that
the
two hemispheres
of
the
/
human brain are specialized for different
cognitive functions,
the
left
hemisphere being predominantly active
in verbal and other analytical func-
tioning,
the right hemisphere in spatial and other holistic processing.
Further research
is necessary
to elucidate the relation-
ship between right hemispheric function and paranormal abilities.
None-
theless,
we
can say
at
this point
that
the remote viewing results
of
the
group
of subjects
at
SRI have characteristics
in common with performance
that require right hemispheric function.
The similarities
include the
highly schematicized drawings
of objects
in
a room or of
remote scenes.
Verbal identification of
these drawings
is often highly inaccurate and
the
drawings
themselves
are frequently left-right reversed relative
to
the
target configuration.
Further, written material generally
is not cognized.
These characteristics have been seen in left brain- inj ured patients and
in callosal-sectioned patients.
As
a result
of
the above considerations, we have learned
to
urge our subjects simply
to describe what
they see
as opposed
to what
they think they are looking
at.
We have learned that
their unanalyzed
perceptions are almost always
a better guide
to
the
true target
than their
interpretations
of
the perceived data.
One should not infer
that analytic functioning
in
the
remote viewing mode
is never observed,
however,
as
indicated by codeword
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retrieval
in the West Virginia Site experiment discussed
in Subsection 1-b,
earlier,
the recognition of
a computer terminal by the sponsor staff
member in the technology
series,
and the recognition of Hoover Tower and
White Plaza by subjects
SI and
S6,
respectively,
in the natural target
series
.
2.
Four-State Electronic Random Target
Generator
This study provided an opportunity
to determine whether
the
remote-sensing capability could be extended to the perception of
the
internal state of
a piece
of
electronic equipment.
For this purpose,
an
automated experiment designed around
a four-state electronic random
target generator was
initiated.
The solid-state machine, manufactured
by Aquarius Electronics, Mendocino,
California, has no moving parts
and
provides
no sensory cue to
the user
as
to
its
target generation.
To determine unambiguosly whether
a result was meaningful,
the
following strategy was used.
First,
so
as
to discriminate against sub-
ject strategies based on machine statistics,
four machines were checked
for departures
from randomness by
a statistical analysis
of over 10,000
pre-experiment trials,
and only
the three machines
that showed no sig-
nificant departures
from randomness were used.
Second,
the subjects
interacted with the machines
to generate
the data,
the machines being
interchanged at
arbitrary
intervals without
the subject’s knowledge
(to
interfere with possible learning strategies associated with even non-
significant departures from randomness).
Third,
for
any subject whose
score was significant,
the statistics
of
the machines during
the successf ul
experiment were tabulated to ensure
that
the machines’
outputs had not
departed from randomness
in the period in which
the significant result
was obtained.
Fourth,
even in the absence of
a departure from randomness,
the optimum strategy
as determined post hoc from the distribution of actual
machine outputs was
compared with subject strategy.
Fifth,
a subject
generating
a good score was asked
to
repeat
the entire experiment one
month
later under continuous observation by an experimenter.
Finally,
the entire data analysis was
carried out by an independent statistics
group
at
SRI under
the direction of
Dr.
Richard
Singleton.
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a.
Machine Description
The machine configuration provides
as
a target one
of
four
art slides
(reproductions of paintings)
chosen randomly
(p =
1/4)
by
an
electronic random target generator.
The generator does not show its
choice until
the subject indicates his choice
to
the machine by pressing
a button
(yellow,
green,
blue,
or
red)
associated with each art slide
(see Figure
19).
(The machine has
four stable internal states.
A 1.0-
MHz square-wave oscillator sends pulses
to an electronic "scale-of -four"
counter which passes
through each of
its
four states
250,000 times per
second.
The state of
the counter
is determined by
the length of
time
the oscillator has run— that
is,
the
time between subject
choices.)
As
soon as
the subject indicates his
choice,
the target
slide
is
illuminated
to provide visual and auditory
(bell
if
correct)
feedback as
to
the
correctness
or
infcorrectness of his choice.
Until
that
time, both sub-
ject and experimenter remain ignorant
of
the machine’s
choice,
so
the
experiment
is
of
the double-blind type.
Five legends
at
the
top of
the
machine face are illuminated one at
a time with increasing correct choices
(6,
8,
10,
...)
to provide additional reinforcement.
The machine choice,
subject
choice,
cumulative
trial number,
and cumulative hit number are
printed automatically on continuous fanfold paper
tape.
After
trial
number
25,
the machine must be reset manually by depressing a RESET button.
A methodological feature of
the machine
is
that
the choice
of
a target
is not forced.
That
is,
a subject may press
a PASS button
when he wishes not
to guess
,
in which
case the machine indicates what
its
choice was.
The machine thus scores neither
a hit nor
a trial and
then goes on
to make
its next selection.
Thus,
the subject
does not
have
to guess
at
targets when he feels
that he has no idea
as
to which
to
choose.
Under
the null hypothesis
of random binomial choices with
probability 1/4 and no
learning,
the probability
of observing £ k successes
in n trials
is approximated by the probability of
a normal distribution
t
,
(k - f
- i) /<3n/l 6>*
.
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FIGURE
FOUR-STATE RANDOM TARGET GENERATOR USED
IN THIS EXPERIMENT
An
incorrect
choice
of
target
is
indicated.
Two
of
the
five
''encouragement
lights"
at the
top
of
the
machine
are
illuminated.
The
printer
to
the
right
of
the
machine
records
data on
fan-fold
paper
tape.
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b.
Data from Experiments
Data were collected from subjects
SI through
S6.
Each sub-
ject was asked
to complete 100 25-trial runs
(i.e.,
a total of
2500
trials
each).
The results are tabulated in Table
13.
(One subject,
S3,
declined
to complete the 2500-trial run,
citing
a lack of rapport with
the machine and,
hence,
a lack
of motivation for
the
task.)
Of
the six
subjects,
only one
(S2)
scored significantly above chance.
For the 2500
trials,
S2 averaged
29.36 hits/100
trials rather than the expected
25/100,
a result whose
a priori probability under
the null hypothesis
is
p
-
3 x 10 -7
.
His scores are plotted
in Figure
20.
TABLE
Four-State Electronic Random Target Generator Summary
Subject
Mean Score/100 Trials
over
2500 Trials
Binomial
Probability
SI
25.76
0.22
S2
29*. 36
x 10-7
S3
24.67
(750 trials)
0.60
S4
25.76
0.22
S5
25.20
0.33
S2
27.88
CO
All trials
26.47
(15,750
trials)
—
1.1 X 10-5
The statistics
of
the machines during the successful run
of subject
S2 were tabulated for the entire
3483 machine transitions
(2500
choices,
983 passes), both by machine and
in total.
The results,
shown in Tables
14 through
16,
indicate no significant departures
from
random expectation during the successful run,
and therefore,
the signifi
cant result cannot be attributed
to machine malfunction.
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TABLE
Randomness
Tests
for Machine Ml Output
During Successful Experimental Series by Subject
S2
(Runs
through
16 and
45 through
80)
Buttons
Number
of
Trials
Binomial
Yellow Green Blue
Red
Chi-Square probability
Transitions
Y
355
1.789
>0.50
To
G
346
0.058
>
0.99
From
B
344
0.395
>
0.90
R
357
0.591
>0.80
Initial states
2.364
>
0.50
All states
365
353
356
372
1446
0.622
>
0.80
Nondiagonal
transitions
; 261
252
257
267
1037
0.466
>
0.90
Diagonal
transitions
365
0.468
>
0.90
TABLE
Randomness
Tests
for' ‘Machine M2 Output
During Successful Experimental Series by Subject
S2
(Runs
through
8,
through
44,
and
81 through
100)
Buttons
Number
of
Trials
Chi-Square
Binomial
probability
Yellow Green Blue
Red
Transitions
Y
108
120
111
463
1.458
>
0.50
\
To
G
107
131
136
119
493
4.095
>
0.20
From
B
126
124
138
135
523
1.061
>
0.70
-
R
118
115
140
129
502
3.100
>0.30
Initial states
0.714
>0.80
All states
475
505
538
519
2037
4.149
>
0.20
Nondiagonal
transitions
351
359
387
378
1475
2.247
>0.50
Diagonal
transitions
108
131
138
129
506
3.960
>
0.20
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TABLE
RANDOMNESS TESTS FOR ENTIRE MACHINE
OUTPUT DURING SUCCESSFUL EXPERIMENTAL RUN
Buttons
Number Chi-Square
Binomial
Yellow Green Blue
Red
Trials
probability
Transtions
Y
204
199
199
216
818
0.944
>0.80
\ To
G
192
218
222
207
839
2.578
>0.30
From
B
211
206
228
222
867
1.397
>
0.70
R
209
206
223
221
859
1.009
>
0.70
Initial states
100
1.040
>
0.70
All states
840
858
894
891
3483
2.364
>
0.50
Nondiagonal
transitions
612
611
644
645
2512
1.736
>
0.50
Diagonal
transitions
204
218
228
221
871
1.399
>
0.70
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With regard to the possibility
that
the subject developed
an optimum strategy based on slight,
even though nonsignificant, machine
departures from chance expectation,
it
is sufficient
to determine
the
most favorable strategy based on machine statistics and examine whether
use
of
such
a strategy would be capable
in principle
of producing
a re-
sult
as significant
as
that produced by the subject.
For machine Ml
the optimum strategy,
according
to Table
is:
if
in
the initial state,
press
green;
if yellow,
press yellow;
otherwise,
pass.
Use
of such a strategy would,
in the 44 runs carried
out,
result in 14 correct initial state selections and
a scoring fraction
96/355 = 0.2704
on
the remaining
x
24 =
1056
transitions,
resulting
in 300 hits.
For machine M2
the optimum strategy,
according
to Table
18,
is:
if in the initial state,
press yellow;
if
red,
press blue;
other-
wise pass.
Use of such
a strategy would,
in the
56 runs
carried
out,
result
in
16 correct initial state selections
and
a scoring fraction
140/502
= 0.2789 on
the remaining
x
=
1344 transitions,
resulting
in 391 hits.
Thus,
an optimum strategy derived from the machine distri-
bution post hoc yields
a scoring fraction 691/2500
= 0.2764,
significantly
less
than the observed scoring fraction 0.2936.
In any
case,
it
is clear
from an examination of
the compilation of subject choices
(Tables
and
18)
that subject selections,
although extremely nonrandom,
differed
widely
from those strategies
favorable
to the production of results based
on machine statistics.
Further,
there
is no evidence
of learning
to
sup-
port
the hypothesis
that
a successful strategy was developed.
A more
detailed analysis
of
strategies,
confirming
these conclusions, was carried
out by
the sponsor under
the direction of
the COTR.
When subject
S2 was asked
to repeat
the entire experiment
at
a later
time,
he was
able
to replicate successfully a high mean scoring
rate
(27.88/100 average over 2500 trials,
a result whose a priori proba-
bility under
the null hypothesis
is
p
= 4.8 x 10 V
We
thus conclude from the machine study
that
of
the six
subjects
tested,
one subject
(S2)
was able to generate
a significant
and
replicable result.
From these results,
we conclude that
there
is evidence
for
the existence
of
a human perceptual capability whereby electronically
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TABLE
SUBJECT S2 SELECTIONS ON MACHINE Ml
DURING SUCCESSFUL EXPERIMENTAL SERIES
(Runs
9 through
16 and
45 through
80)
N
Z———1
-P-
—
,
.
M
-
"
Buttons
Yellow
Green
Blue
Red
Pass
Transitions
Y
141
To
G
From
B
R
149
110
Pass
108
116
Initial states
All states
362
174
106
458
346
TABLE
SUBJECT
S2
SELECTIONS ON MACHINE M2
DURING SUCCESSFUL EXPERIMENTAL SERIES
(Runs
1 through
8,
through
44,
and
81 through
100)
Buttons
Yellow
Green
Blue
Red
Pass
Transitions
Y
179
125
To
G
107
From
B
R
208
111
Pass
105
129
348
Initial
states
All .states
519
237
131
513
637
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stored information can be accessed by means
of
a perceptual modality not
mediated by physical parameters
as yet identified.
The characteristics
of
such a channel
can be specified
in
accordance with the precepts
of communication theory.
The bit rate asso-
ciated with the information channel
is
calculated from
*
/ /. ‘V-V 'V'
R = H(x)
.=' Hy(x)
,
(1)
where H(x)
is
the uncertainty of
the source message containing symbols
with an a priori probability
p_^
H(x)
=
-
^
p i log
2p 1
,
(2)
i=l
and H
(x)
is
the conditional entropy based on
the
a posteriori probabil-
ities
that
a received signal was actually transmitted,
H
y (^0
lOg 2 Pf C j )
(3)
i,j = l
For
S2's
first
run, with p^
=
1/4,
P
j
( j )
= 0.2936,
and
an
average of
s/choice, we have
a source uncertainty H(x)
=
2 bits
and a
calculated bit rate
R =
0.007 bits/symbol
or
R/T =
x 10
^ bits/s
In
a larger study
for NASA,
devoted specifically
to
the
question of whether learning could take place,
147 subjects were screened.
Of
these subjects,
six showed
a positive learning slope significant
at
the
0.01 level or better;
the binomial probability of
this
occurring by
chance
is
3.8 x 10~3.
At
the other extreme,
no subjects had
a negative
slope at
the 0.01 level or better,
in contrast
to those six who had
a
positive slope
at
the 0.01 level.
The slopes
of
the remaining
141 subjects
(448,000
trials) were found
to be normally distributed.
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B.
Identification of Measurable Characteristics Possessed by Gifted
Subjects
.
Medical Evaluation
The medical evaluation of program participants was assigned
to
the Palo Alto Medical
Clinic.
Coordination of
the program was handled
by Dr.
Robert Armbruster,
Director
of
the Clinic's Department
of Environ-
mental Medicine.
The testing procedures
fall into six categories:
(1)
General physical examination,
including complete medical
and family history.
(2)
Laboratory examinations,
including SMA-12 panel blood
chem-
istries,
protein electrophoresis,
blood lipid profile,
urinalysis,
serology,
blood
type and
factor, pulmonary
function screening,
and 12-lead electrocardiogram.
(3)
Neurological examination,
including comprehensive and
electroencephalogram
(sleeping and routine)
(4)
Audiometric examination,
including comprehensive,
Bekesy
bone conduction,
speech discrimination,
and impedance
bridge
test.
(5)
Ophthalmologist examination,
including comprehensive,
card
testing,
peripheral
field
test,
muscle
test,
dilation
funduscope,
and indirect ophthalmoscopic and fundus
examination.
(6)
EMI brain scan.
The detailed subject-by-subject
test results are on file with
the
sponsor.
Following are
the summary evaluations prepared by
Dr.
Armbruster.
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g
•
Summary
of Medical Evaluation
In summary,
it appears
that
the medical profiling
is noncontributory
to
the study,
all subjects showing essentially normal medical
profiles without any discernible spread among
the subjects.
.
Psychological Evaluation
The psychological evaluation of
the program participants was
assigned
to
the Palo Alto Medical Clinic.
Coordination of
the program
was handled by
Dr.
J.E.
Heenan,
Chief Clinical Psychologist
of
the Clinic's
Department
of Psychiatry.
The testing itself was carried out by Dr.
Karen Nelson,
Clinical Psychologist
at
the Clinic.
The tests
administered
included:
(1)
In-depth interviews,
including objective events and
subjective views
relating
to
the discovery and enhance-
ment
of paranormal capacities;
socioeconomic,
cultural,
familial,
religious environment;
outstanding emotional
peaks,
traumas;
values,
motivation,
interpersonal style.
(2)
Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale
(WAIS)
(3)
Bender Gestalt Visual Motor
Test
(4)
Benton Visual Memory Test
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(5)
Wechsler Memory Scale
(6)
Luscher
Color Test
(7)
Strong Vocational Interest Blank
(8)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI)
(9)
Edwards Personality Preference Schedule
(EPPS)
(10)
Rorschach Inkblot
(11)
Thematic Apperception Test
(TAT)
The detailed
test results
for each subject are on file with the
COTR.
Due
to
the personal nature
of
the data we present here only
the
summary evaluations,
first by
the clinical psychologist who administered
the
tests
and
interviewed
the subjects
in depth,
and second by
the
chief
clinical psychologist who analyzed
the data on a blind basis.
a.
Evaluation by Clinical Psychologist Administering Tests
The following
is quoted from the psychologist's
report:
During late summer
and early fall,
1974,
six subjects were re-
ferred
to the Clinic for testing for the parapsychology study at
Stanford Research Institute.
Three of
the subjects were desig-
nated
as sensitive subjects
and three of
the subjects were desig-
nated
as
controls.
It was planned
that
I would do
the testing
without knowledge
of which subjects were considered sensitive and
which subjects were considered controls.
However,
in the course
of my contacts with these subjects,
it proved impossible not
to
know which subjects belonged
to which group,
since
I was
to inter-
view each person in depth.
Since personal experience with appar-
ently extrasensory perception is
a fairly dramatic event,
subjects
could not avoid
talking about
these events
and
still be honest
in
an
in-depth interview.
Consequently,
a secondary plan was
developed in which
I would
do
the psychological testing and write
individual reports
for
each subject,
and
the
Chief Clinical Psychol-
ogist,
Dr.
Heenan, would read
the test blind and see whether he
could pick out
three test records which seemed more similar
to
each other than
the rest,
thereby discriminating between sensitive
and non-sensitive subjects.
Intellectual Functioning
All of the subjects
in this
study displayed distinctly above-
average intellectual abilities.
Most subjects reached the superior
range,
and several of
the subjects reached the gifted range.
As
it happened,
the control subjects
tended
to show higher average
intellectual functioning scores
than did 'sensitive subjects,
although the difference could not be said
to be significant,
given that
there were only
three subjects
in each group.
Two
of
the subjects
from
the sensitive group showed highly variable
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subtest
scores within their
intelligence
test battery.
That
is,
some of
the subskills would be extremely high and other
subskills would be extremely
low.
The variable patterns shown
are consistent with ambivalent motivation as regards
learning
tasks
and academic situations.
I was able
to spot no consistent
trends
as
to which subskills
tended
to be high and which sub-
skills
tended
to be
low.
For all six subjects,
verbal and per-
formance skills
tended
to be about
evenly balanced,
and memory
skills were approximately what would be expected,
given
the in-
telligence scores attained.
The number scores on memory tests
as
well
as
the performances
of
the subjects
themselves reflect
a
slight
tendency toward better memory
for material which
is
organized logically or which appears
in
a meaningful context
than
for rote memory material.
In
the
control group,
this
tendency seems
less pronounced and in fact one subject
showed
a
clear preference
for rote memory material.
The subjects
themselves did not feel
that
any
of
the intelligence
test
material tapped skills
or propensities
on their part which might
be linked
to
their extrasensory capabilities,
and since the
patterns
of strength and weakness within the test profiles
varied
so widely,
I am inclined
to accept
their judgment with
one possible exception.
It
is possible that sensitive subjects
tend
to be holistic perceivers rather
than analytic perceivers;
that
is,
to perceive in Gestalt rather
than analytic elements.
This might underlie the tendency
for better short
term memory
of contextual logical material.
Psychological
tests which
are
directly relevant
to
this difference
in perceptual style appear
not
be standardized
as yet
and
so
it
is difficult
to follow this
lead.
Personality Functioning
When looked
at from
the point of view of psychopathology,
the
indicators both
in projective and
in objective testing
do not
appear
to me
to show marked trends,
either for
the six subjects
taken together
or
for
the subjects
in each group.
There does
appear
to be an interesting similarity
in defensive style,
par-
ticularly when this
is
taken together with
a similarity
in
interests and vocational aptitude, which can be seen in
a
large number of
the subjects both in sensitive
and
control
groups.
To elaborate,
all
six subjects
tended
to have high
feminine scores on the masculinity-feminity scale of
the MMPI.
That scale does not measure sexual orientation but rather sex
role stereotype.
For example,
a person who
is highly active
in expressing his aggression, who
is
self assertive and who
adopts "masculine" interest
in,
say,
sports,
mechanics,
etc.,
is
likely
to get
a high masculine score;
a person who
tends
to
be fairly passive
in expressing aggression,
even manipulative,
who tends
to be interested in the
arts,
in music,
in aesthetic
sensitivities,
is likely to gain
a high feminine score.
Both
the men and women in this group of subjects
tended
to have high
feminine scores.
The trend
is
seen again in the vocational
aptitude survey,
the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, wherein
all
of
the subjects
tended
to achieve high scores
in music,
art
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and writing,
but particularly
in writing was
this consistent.
The score on writing aptitude appeared
to be above average for
the general population in each subject and for several
of
the
subjects
it was one of
the highest scores obtained.
These
two
trends
in the objective personality test data can be compared with
another trend found
in the projective
test data,
namely on the
Rorschach.
Here,
the responses
of
the subjects
tended
to emphasize
animal or human movement and
to de-emphasize color .
This pattern
is
common in people who tend
to be introspective,
to have
a rich
inner fantasy life,
and in fact
to prefer that kind
of expression
of their emotions
to interpersonal expression.
The capacity
to
stand back from one's feelings, observe
them,
analyze
them,
even
to
savor
them,
is
common among artists and particularly among
writers
.
Unfortunately,
two
of the subjects
(SI and
S3)
from the sensitive
group were highly defensive about test-taking and their defen-
siveness was most pronounced in the projective personality
tests.
The result was
that they gave very minimal records,
very few
responses,
and were close-mouthed
in talking about
their responses.
Hence,
the pattern to which
I refer can be seen more clearly
in
the
control subjects
than in the sensitive subjects
even though
it appears
to occur
for
all six subjects.
In
the course of
the testing,
the control subjects began
to tell
me that
as
they participated in the SRI study,
they appeared
to
be developing more and more sensitivity on the experiments per-
formed and each was not certain that he should be properly
classified
as
a control subject.
In talking with Dr.
Puthoff,
I learned
that they did appear
to be showing some sensitivity
but that
their performances were not reliable and
so they still
could be said
to be importantly different from the sensitive
subjects.
If
the sensitive subjects
could be induced
to be
less defensive in test-taking,
it
is possible that
their records
would show
a pattern which could be distinguished from that
of
the control subjects.
Since that
is not
the
case, we _are left
with
a dilemna.
A tendency
toward artistic interests,
a rich
fantasy
life and an introversive style
of emotional expression
may be accidental in all
of these six subjects.
It may be
characteristic of persons who are willing
to participate in
parapsychological studies.
It may be characteristic
of persons
who have some extrasensory
capacity, whether great
or small,
or
it may relate
to some other variable which happens
to be common
to
these six subjects.
Should
the pattern of
emotional style and aesthetic interest
prove relevant
to extrasensory capacity,
it would seem that
the
-Rorschach gets
at
the most fundamental level
of
this quality.
The objective tests are more likely
to be measuring
the end
products
of
that fundamental level of emotional expression.
Since my reading of projective
test material
is likely
to be
colored by my acquaintance with the subjects
and what
they said
about themselves,
I will be interested
to see whether Dr.
Heenan
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can discern
the same pattern,
and for my own curiosity
I would
like
to be able
to
test
the sensitive subjects
again, without
them having read
this report,
to see whether
I
could put them
more at ease on a second contact
and
get more productive records
from them.
Two of
these subjects
(SI and
S3)
said frankly
that
they were alienated
at
the thought of psychological testing
because
their experience was
that people with extrasensory capac-
ity were written off
as nuts and
that psychologists and psychi-
atrists always examined them with an eye toward any pathology
they could discover.
If
they could be reassured
that
that was
not
the point of
interest and
at
the same time not be coached
as
to what kinds
of responses
I was
interested
in,
another
session of projective testing might be productive.
Karen
L.
Nelson,
PhD
Clinical Psychologist
Palo Alto Medical Clinic
b
.
Evaluation by Chief
Clinical Psychologist
(On a Blind
Basis
An effort complementary
to
the overall analysis performed
by
Dr.
K.
Nelson was
carried out by Dr.
J.
Heenan,
Chief Clinical Psychol-
ogist,
Department
of Psychiatry,
Palo Alto Medical Clinic.
He took on
as
a task the ferreting out
of responses
to specific
test
items
to deter-
mine whether
a particular cluster
of
items might serve
as
the
core of
a
screening procedure.
Dr.
Heenan's analysis was carried
out on a blind
basis,
that
is, without knowledge
of which subjects were labeled sensitive
and which were labeled
control.
The following
is quoted from Dr.
Heenan's
report
:
I have finished going over
the psychological test data on the six
subjects
tested and this
is
a summary of my
thoughts,
impressions,
clinical judgments,
guesses and comparisons
of various dimensions.
The six persons
tested are labeled
SI through
S6,
Subject
SI
would not take
the TAT
test and did not return the EPPS
test,
and
there
is not
a Strong vocational interest
test
in the file on him.
I included him in
the
comparisons
on
the
tests which he did
take.
What
I did was
formulate some hypotheses
and then examine the
test
data,
ranking people according
to what their
tests reflected on
those hypotheses,
and from that arrived
at which subjects might
have,
according
to the hypothesis,
a more than ordinary ability
to communicate by non-ordinary means.
First of all,
I examined
all
the
test data rather carefully from a clinical psychologist's
point
of view and without any specific hypotheses— that
is,
on
the basis
of my overall intuition—made guesses,
for each battery
of
tests, whether
or not
I thought this person would be likely
to have unusual abilities.
On this basis
I guessed subjects
S3,
S6 and
S4
as
the most likely ones
to have been high achievers
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in your experiments.
The following is
a series
of hypotheses on the Rorschach Ink
Blot Test and
following each hypothesis
are the three subjects
who best
fit
that hypothesis from
the test
data.
HYPOTHESIS
#1 .
White space responses reflect
lower ability
to
use non-ordinary means
of
communication.
Results:
Subjects
S3,
S6 and
S4 have the fewest white
space responses
and
therefore,
according
to
this hypothesis,
would have
the higher ability among this group.
HYPOTHESIS
#2.
Preoccupation with minor details
(Dd) will
e
inconsistent-
with the ability
to
communicate by non-ordinary
means.
,
^
Results:
Subjects
S3,
S6 and
S4 reflect the least use
of minor details
in Rorschach responses.
HYPOTHESIS
#3.
Those persons with the highest percentage
o
human movement responses will be
those most likely
to be able
to
communicate by non-ordinary means.
Results:
Subjects
S4,
S6 and
S2
are
the three highest
in
this regard.
HYPOTHESIS
#4.
The use of instant whole responses will
t>e
greater
in' those persons with
the ability
to communicate by
non-ordinary means.
,
.
,
_
.
.
Results:
Subjects
S3,
S6 and
S4 are
the highest
in this
regard.
HYPOTHESIS
#5.
Using shading responses
as an index for anxiety,
B^i^ho have the most shading responses will
do
the least well
in communicating by non-ordinary means
,
Results:
Subjects
S4,
Si and
S2 have the most shading
responses
.
,
HYPOTHESIS
#6.
Those subjects
able
to communicate best
y
non-ordinary means will
tend
to be more childlike
th®* r
general approach
to
life and this will be reflected by higher
animal content percent
on the Rorschach test.
Results:
Subjects
S5,
S4 and
SI.
_
HYPOTHESIS
#7.
(This hypothesis
is relevant
to Hypothesis
Vb.)
Those "subjects with the most animal movement responses will
tend
to be able
to communicate more by non-ordinary means.
Results:
Subjects
S4,
S6 and
S2.
.
HYPOTHESIS
#8.
The persons who most use color in their
re-
sponses will be most likely
to be able
to communicate better
by non-ordinary means.
,
,
.
Results:
There
is no spread among the subjects on this
particular scoring determinant.
HYPOTHESIS
#9.
Those subjects using
the most emotional deter
minants wilfbe most likely
to be able
to communicate by
non-ordinary means.
f
Results:
Subjects
S3,
S6 and
S4 have
the most use of
emotional determinants on the Rorschach Test.
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On the MMPI,
the following hypotheses were checked
out.
HYPOTHESIS
#1.
Subjects who show the most unusual configurations
on
the MMPI will be those most likely
to be able
to communicate
by non-ordinary means
(scores
above
70).
Results:
Subjects
S3,
S6
and
S2.
HYPOTHESIS
#2 .
Those subjects who reflect
the most emotional
energy
as measured by
the Ma score will be most likely
to com-
municate by non-ordinary means.
Results:
Subjects
S6,
S3 and
S2— the opposite
of
this
hypothesis
is
that
those with the lowest Ma scores were
subjects
SI,
S5 and
S4.
HYPOTHESIS
#3.
Those subjects who show the most interest
in human
interaction will be most likely
to do well
in non-ordinary com-
munication as measured by
the
Si
score;
the rank among
the sub-
jects
from highest
to lowest
is
S5
,
S4,
S6,
S2,
SI,
S3.
There-
fore,
subjects
S5
,
S4 and
S6, according
to
this hypothesis,
would be
the successful ones.
HYPOTHESJS
//4
.
Those subjects showing
the most depression would
be least
likely
to be able
to communicate by non-ordinary means;
the rank on
the depression score among
the subjects
is
from
highest
to lowest— S6,
S4,
S3,
S2,
SI,
S5, with
S6,
S4,
and
S3
being
the predicted least likely
to do well
at your tasks,
and
subjects
S2,
SI and
S5
the most likely.
The Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence
Scale hypotheses were simple
and easy
to
check.
The first hypothesis
on
the results of
the
Wechsler,
HYPOTHESIS
#1 ,
is
that higher intelligence as measured
by the
IQ score will reflect higher ability
to communicate by
non-ordinary means.
Using
the Full
Scale
IQ score,
the rank from
highest
to lowest on
IQ
is
subjects
S5,
S2,
S6,
S4,
SI,
and
S3.
Therefore,
S5,
S2,
S6,
according
to
this hypothesis, would be
the subjects most
likely
to have succeeded.
There
is very little
difference in the ranking
in general,
using
the verbal IQ and
the performance
IQ.
Taking
a closer look
at
the subtest scores
of
the Wechsler,
the following hypotheses were checked out.
HYPOTHESIS
#2 on the subtest scores
:
Persons with the highest
ability in visual motor coordination-
as
reflected by
the Block
Design subtest, will be most likely
to be able
to
communicate
by non-ordinary means.
The rank on the Block Design subtest
from high to low
is
S5,
S3,
S6,
S4,
S2,
and
SI.
HYPOTHESIS
#3 .
Those with
the best immediate memory
as reflected
by the Digit
Span subtest will be
the most likely
to achieve in
the non-ordinary communication modality.
The rank for subjects
from highest
to lowest on Digit
Span
is
S3,
S6,
S4,
S5,
S2,
and
SI with very little spread among them.
Other aspects of
the Wechsler which were specifically checked
out were
the Picture Completion subtest and
the Arithmetic
subtest.
The rank from highest
to lowest
in Picture Completion
is
SI,
S2,
S5,
S3,
S4,
S6,
and
the rank on the Arithmetic sub-
test
is
S5,
S4,
S2,
S3,
SI,
and
S6.
I did not have
a hypothesis
about these particular subtests since they are reflections
of
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higher
IQ, which was already
covered before.
Careful review of
the Strong Vocational Interest Blank results,
tabulating various scored categories
and profile configuration,
revealed no pattern that
separated any group
of subjects from
any other group
of subjects.
This,
however,
is
a multi-dimensional
test with many variables
and perhaps
a more complex statistical
analysis,
such as analysis
of variants, may show some clusters not
visible
to this examiner.
On
the Bender Gestalt Visual Motor
test,
the simple hypothesis
was made that
the higher
the ability
to reproduce better designs,
the more likely would be
the person's
ability
to communicate by
non-ordinary means.
The Bender test results were ranked according
to quality
in form,
Gestalt
and accuracy,
and the following ranks
were obtained.
From highest
to
lowest,
subjects
S4,
S3,
S6,
S5,
SI,
and
S2.
No other evident material was reflected on the Bender
designs
.
It appears
to me
that according
to most
of
the hypotheses
I came
up with,
subjects
S3,
S6
and
S4 are the most likely candidates.
The results
of
the Luscher and TAT tests,
after
careful examina-
tion,
do not suggest any systematic means
for breaking this
group
of
six into
two groups
of
three.
However,
on the TAT
subjects
S3,
S6
and
S5 appeared
to this examiner
to reflect
more spontaneity and
childlike' exuberance
for living and there-
fore might be inferred
to possess more sensitivity
or awareness
to non-cognitive dimensions
of
experience;
therefore,
I
think
subjects
S3,
S6,
and
S4 are
the most
likely ones
to have done
the experiments well.
I also note that those who
couldn
t
apparently were learning how,
and therefore apparently whatever
this ability
is,
it
is
a learnable one— of
course,
if such com-
munication does exist,
that should be
true since we
all come
with essentially
the same basic equipment.
J.E.
Heenan,
PhD
Chief Clinical Psychologist
Palo Alto Medical
Clinic
On
a post hoc basis,
we can examine the various hypotheses
suggested by
Dr.
Heenan and determine which ones
tend
to correlate with
observable paranormal functioning.
However,
given the small sample
size,
no
significant
conclusions
can be drawn—rather,
these points simply
suggest hypotheses
to be examined
in future testing.
On
the basis
of
the remote viewing and random target generator
experiments,
experienced subjects
SI through
S3 and learner/ control
S4
performed reliably
in contrast
to
learner/ control subjects
S5 and
S6.
There were four tests which
tended
to
correlate with
this partition
in
the sense
that
three
of
the four successful subjects
lacked a trait
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which was possessed by both of
the unsuccessful subjects.
These were
the
traits
considered in Rorschach Hypothesis
//5,
MMPI Hypothesis
//3,
and WBIS Hypotheses
//I and
#2;
the four hypotheses suggested by
Dr.
Heenan
were all counterindicated,
that
is,
the responses suggested
as probable
for successful subjects were found
to hold for
the unsuccessful ones.
On the basis
of
this small sample,
therefore,
one might consider investi-
gating
the following traits
as potentially indicating
a lesser ability
in paranormal functioning:
low anxiety index as
indicated by low degree
of
shading response
in the Rorschach,
a high degree of
interest
in human
interaction as measured by
the Si score of the MMPI,
an exceptionally high
IQ
(gifted range)
as measured by
the Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence
Scale,
and excellent visual motor coordination
as reflected
in the Block Design
subtest
of
the Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence
Scale.
It must be emphasized,
however,
that although subjects
scoring highest with regard
to
the above
factors did least well in
the tests
of paranormal functioning,
all sub-
jects
scored higher
than the norm in these psychological factors,
so
it
would be erroneous
to extrapolate on the basis
of
these data that
low
scoring might Indicate paranormal ability.
It
is simply
that extremely
high scores
are observed
to correlate negatively with success
on the
particular paranormal tasks investigated.
Finally, we reiterate
that
the
correlation as observed on the basis
of such a small sample may be gratui-
tous and should therefore only be considered
as
a basis
for further hy-
pothesis
testing.
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3.
Neuropsychological Evaluation
Neuropsychological profiles
on
the six subjects were obtained
by
the administration of
the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Test Battery
as well
as other
tests known
to be sensitive
to brain dysfunction.
These
tests have proven useful
in predicting,
for example,
both the presence
and location of brain damage
in
a variety of neurological diseases.
Since,
when no damage
is present
these tests also reflect abilities
dependent on brain function,
it was hoped
that some meaningful pattern
of
test performance would emerge for
the program subjects.
The
testing
and evaluation was handled by Dr.
Ralph Kiernan,
Clinical Neuropsy-
chologist,
Department
of Neurology,
Stanford University Medical Center,
Stanford,
California.
The following
is
his evaluation;
All subjects were given the folowing
tests:
(1)
Halstead Category Test
(2)
Tactual Performance Test
(3)
Speech Perception Test
(4)
Seashore Rhythm Test
(5)
Finger Tapping Test
(6)
Trail Making Test
(7)
Knox Cube Test
(S)
Raven Progressive Matrices
(9)
Verbal Concept Attainment Test
(10)
Buschke Memory Test
(11)
Grooved Pegboard Tests
.Two additional
tests were added after
several
subjects had
been tested and were not administered
to all subjects.
These
were
:
(12)
The Gottschaldt Hidden-Figures Test
(13)
The spatial relations
subtest
of
the
SRA Primary
Mental Abilities
Test.
A description of these tests along with subject scores
is
given
in Table
19.
Since other psychological
testing was completed previously
on these same subjects
at
the Palo Alto Medical Clinic,
_ the results
of
two
of
these
tests
(The Wechsler Adult In-
telligence Scale and
the
Benton' Visual Retention Test) were
consulted
in the overall neuropsychological evaluation.
Very
few of
the results
are common
to all six subjects.
In
fact,
the only ones
that are common involve general
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19.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
TEST
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intelligence
as measured by
the Wechsler Adult Intelligence
Scale.
All subjects were
in the bright average
to very
superior range
of intelligence with full scale IQ’s ranging
from 116
to
134,
the average IQ being
125.
Performance IQ's
tended
to be slightly higher
than Verbal IQ's
(126 average ver-
sus
123).
All other
test performances ranged widely from
the mildly below average
to
the very superior range.
A consistent pattern of
test results does
emerge,
however,
when four of
the subjects are looked
at
in a single group.
These
four subjects are
S3 through
S6.
All
tests which
depended heavily on spatial abilities were extremely well
performed by
these subjects.
The block design subtest
of
the WAIS
is
the most sensitive
subtest
to brain injuries
which disrupt spatial abilities.
Although these subjects
obtained excellent WAIS scores
in general,
their near-per-
fect performances
on
this subtest are significantly better
than most of
the other subtest
scores.
The Tactual Per-
formance Test
(TPT)
is also very sensitive
to brain dys-
function involving spatial abilities.
This
test was
ex-
tremely well performed by
these
subjects with three of
them obtaining total
times
of
7.7 minutes
or less.
Times
of less than eight minutes are very rarely achieved on
this
test.
The TPT and block designs are
two
of the most sensi-
tive tests
to variations
in spatial ability.
A third
test,
the spatial relations subtest
of
the Primary Mental Abilities
test,
was given
to
only
two of
the
four subjects
in this
group.
Again,
very superior scores
(quotient
scores greater
than 130) were obtained by each.
This
test
is not highly
correlated with general
intelligence,
and high scores
in-
dicate special proficiency
in visual-spatial ability.
Two additional
tests which appear
to measure general
ability but which depend upon visual-perceptual .ability
for
their correct performance were performed
in the superior
range.
These are
the Raven's Progressive Matrices
and
the
Gottschaldt Hidden Figures.
Other
test performances varied substantially among
these
four
subjects.
Three of
the
four had difficulty on
the Category
Test and on the Buschke Memory
Test.
No sensible interpre-
tation of
these results
is readily apparent.
The
two remaining subjects,
SI and
S2,
were quite different
in their
test performances
from the above group.
S2, who
obtained
the second highest
full scale
IQ,
did well on
the
spatial
tests described above but not
as well
as any of
the
four above.
His spatial abilities appeared
to be
less well
developed than his verbal
skills.
SI was even less like
the group
than
S2.
His spatial
test performances were only
average
for his
age,
and
the TPT and Gottschaldt
tests were
poorly performed.
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In summary,
the single, most compelling conclusion from the
test data
is
that six subjects studied are of significantly
above-average intellectual ability.
In addition,
there
is
consistent evidence
that four of
the six subjects were parti-
cularly proficient on measures
of visual and
tactual spatial
ability.
The performance of
tests which measure
this ability
is most
seriously impaired by lesions which involve
the
right,
posterior cerebral hemisphere.
There
is more than
presumptive evidence
that normal performance of these
tests
is mediated by
the right hemisphere.
Therefore,
at
least
four of
the subjects obtained
test results consistent
with proficiency on these right hemisphere related
tasks.
It should be pointed out
that
this finding can be,
at best,
considered
as
a basis
for hypothesis
formation regarding
paranormal ability.
Verification of
such hypotheses would
depend on
the results of
future research.
The test results
for
S2 are not
in conflict with
the above
interpretation.
Those obtained
for
SI,
however,
are
in
conflict with
this hypothesis and are not readily reconciled
with
it.
As pointed out above,
further research
is necessary
to
elucidate
the relationship between spatial abilities,
the
right hemisphere and paranormal abilities.
Nonetheless,
it
can be said
at
this point
that many
of
the
tasks per-
formed by
the group of subjects
at
SRI have at least
a
superficial resemblance
to performances which require
right hemisphere function.
The'' similarities
include
the
highly schematicized drawings
of objects
in
a room or
of
remote scenes.
Verbal
identification
of
these drawings
is often highly inaccurate,
and
the drawings
themselves
are frequently left-right reversed relative
to
the
target
configuration.
Further, written material
is generally not
cognized.
These characteristics have been seen in left
brain- injured patients
and
in callosal sectioned patients.
More relevant,
perhaps,
than right hemisphere functioning
per
se are
the resemblances
to
a class
of
functioning known
as associative visual agnosia.
Associative visual agnosia
involves
the inability of
a patient
to name or otherwise
identify objects which he
is capable
of
seeing.
Such patients
who do not have more generalized intellectual
impairment
are rare,
and only
a few have been described
in
the neuro-
logical literature.
Several of
these patients have demon-
strated
the ability
to
copy with pencil and paper
the pic-
ture or object which they failed
to name.
It
is
this
quality which impressed me
as being similar
to
the remote
viewing performances
of
the
SRI
subjects.
In a recent review of such cases'^ five patients were
found who had
the ability
to draw an object without being
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able
to name
It.
These are
the patients reported by Mack
et
al.
(1975)10,
Albert
et
al.
(1975)11, Davidenkov
(1956)12,
Rubens
and Benson
(1971) 13,
and Lhermitte and Beauvois
(1973)1^.
Drawings
and attempted namings
of pictured material
for one
of
the patients
in
the studies
is shown
in Figure
21.
In attempting
to name an object,
these patients would gen-
erally produce inappropriate names which, nevertheless,
reflected
some visual form characteristics
of
the object
in question.
Their attempts seem forced and made
in piece-
meal fashion
to various characteristics
of
the picture
rather
than
to
the picture
as
a whole
.
In similar fashion
Teuber's patient
(1975)1^ described
the figure below as
an
apple with
a worm and wormholes
in
it.
The above description and many
of
those
in
the references
clearly illustrate that
the patient sees
the object and
is
able
to
respond
to
at
least some
of
its visual characteris-
tics.
Most
of
the drawings
in
the references
are sufficiently
complete
so
that an observer" would be able
to name
the object
represented.
Yet
the author of
the drawing cannot
do
this.
This
type of defective performance was
frequently seen
in
the
SRI subjects when
they were producing drawings
in the
remote viewing experiments.
Two obvious differences
exist,
however,
between
the patients with associative visual
agnosia and
the
SRI subjects.
The
SRI subjects are able
to name objects appropriately when pictures are presented
directly
to
the visual modality.
The patients
cannot
do
this,
and,
in addition,
these patients have
a variety
of
other visual disabilities.
The
latter difference
is_ to be
expected since the patients have substantial brain injury.
The location
of brain damage
in associative visual agnosia
is
fairly well
established.
Two disconnections appear
necessary
in order
to produce
this
symptom.
One involves
destruction of
the
left visual area
as evidenced by
the
right homomonous hemianopia invariably found
in these
patients.
The second
involves
isolation of
the right
visual area from speech areas
in
the
left hemisphere.
This
can be the result
of extensive destruction of
left visual
association areas or
of damage
to
the posterior portion
of
the corpus
callosum.
The net result of
these injuries
is
that objects
can be
seen because
of visual
input
to
the
right hemisphere visual area but
that
they cannot be named
because
of
isolation of
this area from left hemisphere
language areas.
Use
of
these objects
and
the drawing of
pictures
of
them can be accomplished because
of
intact
pathways within
the right hemisphere.
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FIGURE
DRAWINGS AND INTERPRETATIONS BY ASSOCIATIVE VISUAL
AGNOSIA PATIENTS
Copies
of
line
drawings.
Patient was unable
to
identify any
before
copying.
After
making copy,
his
identifications were top
left,
key —
"I
still
don't know'
; top
right,
pig -
"Could
be
a dog
or any
other
animal"; bottom
left,
bird - "Could
be
a
beach
stump"; bottom
right,
locomotive - "A wagon
or
a
car
of some
kind.
The
larger
vehicle
is
being
pulled
by
the
smaller one."
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It remains
to speculate on the meaning of
the similarity
between
the patients described above and
the SRI
subjects.
It should
first be noted that
the similarities are more than
superficial
in that
the verbal descriptions attempted by
some
of
the SRI subjects bear
a striking resemblance
in
kind
to
those of
the patient shown in Figure
21.
It
is
as
if
they are struggling with similar difficulties
in verbal-
izing the image which they can readily draw.
In
this regard
the lateralization involved
is
consistent with other indica-
tions
of right hemisphere function
in
the
SRI
subjects.
A
highly speculative hypothesis
is
that during remote viewing
the subjects
"see"
a grossly degraded
image which
is not
distinct enough
to encode directly
into
a verbal
label.
Hence
the piecemeal verbalization similar
to
that
found
in
patients with associative visual agnosia.
In summary,
it would appear
that
the neuropsychological
data are compatible with the hypotheses
that
(1)
information received
in
a putative remote viewing mode
is processed piecemeal
in pattern form
(consistent with
a low bit rate process but not necessarily requiring
it)
and
(2)
the errors
arise
in
the processes
of attempted integration
of
the data into larger patterns directed
toward verbal
labeling.
C.
Identification
of Neurophysiological Correlates
That Relate
to
Paranormal Activities
This part
of
the program had
as
its
goal
the identification of
neurophysiological correlates
of paranormal activity.
The existence of
such correlates
is hypothesized on the expectation
that,
in addition
to
obtaining overt responses
such
as verbalizations
or 'key presses
from a
subject,
it should be possible to obtain objective evidence
of
informa-
tion transfer by direct measurement
of some physiological parameter
of
a
subject:.
Kamiya,
Lindsley,
Pribram,
Silverman,
Walter,
and others
brought
together
to discuss physiological methods
to detect ESP function-
ing,
for example,
have suggested
that
a whole range of electroencephalo-
gram
(EEG)
responses— such as evoked potentials
(EPs)
,
spontaneous
EEG,
and
the contingent negative variation
(CNV)—might
be sensitive indi-
cators
of
the detection of remote stimuli not mediated by usual sensory
processes
.
The purpose
of
this
part
of
the study was
twofold:
(a)
to obtain
information about
the neurophysiological
state associated with paranormal
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activity in general,
and
(b)
to determine whether physiological
correlates
could be used as
an indicator of paranormal functioning,
hopefully
to provide
indicators
that differentiate between correct
and incorrect responses
to
a paranormally applied stimulus
so that_
an independently-determined bias
factor could be applied during
the
generation of data by
a subject.
Early experimentation of
this
type was carried out by Douglas
Dean at
the Newark College of Engineering.
In his
search for physio-
logical correlates
of information transfer,
he used
the plethysmograph
to measure changes
in
the blood volume
in a finger,
a sensitive
indica-
tor
of autonomic nervous system functioning.^
A plethysmographic
measurement was made on
the finger of
a subject during paranormal-
communication experiments.
A sender looked at randomly selected target
cards consisting of names known
to
the subject,
together with names
unknown to him
(selected
at random from a telephone book)
.
The names
of
the known people were contributed by the subject and were
to be of
emotional significance
to
him.
Dean found significant changes
in the
chart recording of finger blood volume when
the remote sender was
looking
at
those names known
to
the subject
as compared with those names
randomly chosen.
Two other early experiments using
the physiological approach were
also published.
The
first work by
Tart"*^ and
the later work by
Lloyd’'"
both follow a similar pattern.
Basically,
a subject
is
closeted
in an
electrically shielded room while his EEG
is
recorded.
Meanwhile,
in
another laboratory,
a second person
is
stimulated from time
to
time,
and
the
time for that stimulus
is marked on
the magnetic
tape recording
of
the subject's
EEG.
The subject does not know when the remote
stimulus periods
occur.
At
SRI
three facilities are
in use for the purpose described above.
One
is
a standard EEG facility under
the direction of
Dr.
Charles
Rebert,
Life Sciences Division.
This facility consists of
a visually
opaque,
acoustically and electrically shielded,
double-walled steel
room,
as shown
in Figure
22,
a Grass Model
5 polygraph,
and an Ampex
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SA-2613-14
FIGURE
SHIELDED ROOM USED FOR EEG EXPERIMENTS
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SP-300 magnetic
tape recorder.
The second facility
is
a standard EEG
facility under
the direction of
Dr.
Jerry Lukas,
head
of SRI's
Sleep
Studies
program.
This
facility consists
of
two sound-isolated rooms with
appropriate signal lead connections,
an eight-channel polygraph
for
recording visually,
and
a magnetic
tape/computer processing/printer
readout
that provides on-line processing of
the polygraph data.
In our
configuration we obtain a hardcopy printout
of five-second averages of eight
channels
of polygraph information
15 minutes
following
a 15-minute
run.
At present we monitor broad band alpha
(7
to
14 Hz)
and beta
(14
to
34 Hz)
brainwave components
from the left and right occipital regions,
galvanic
skin response,
and
two
channels
of plethysmograph data
(blood volume and
pulse height)
The
third facility
is
a smaller,
semiportable
four-channel polygraph
with
a GSR channel,
ref lected-light plethysmograph indicating blood
volume/pulse height,
one channel of unfiltered EEG activity,
and
a
fourth EEG channel with zero-crossing digital
filtering.
The last
permits percent-time measurements
in any band, with upper and lower band
edge settings
in one-hertz
increments.
Two
lines
of
investigation were pursued
in
the
SRI program.
The
first was basic
in nature,
an effort
to determine whether,
in
a re-
peatable experiment under laboratory conditions,
the remote viewing of
a specific stimulus
(strobe light
in another laboratory)
would provide
any evidence
of EEG correlates.
The second involved mid-experiment
monitoring of
a number of physiological parameters during routine
experimentation
in remote viewing.
1.
Remote Strobe Experiment
The following
is
a description of
the
first
line
of experi-
mentation,
the remote viewing
of
a strobe
light stimulus.
With regard
to choice of stimulus,
it was noted
that
in previous work others had
attempted, without success,
to detect evoked potential changes
in
a
subject's EEG in response
to
a single flash stimulus observed by
another subject.
In
a discussion of
that experiment,
Kamiya suggested
that because of
the unknown temporal characteristics
of
the information
channel,
it might be more appropriate
to use repetitive bursts
of
light
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•
to increase
the probablility of detecting information transfer.
There-
fore,
in our study we chose
to use
a stroboscopic flash train of
ten seconds
duration as
the remote stimulus.
In the design of
the study, we assumed
that
the application of
the remote stimulus would result
in responses similar
to
those obtained
under conditions
of direct stimulation.
For example, when an individual
is stimulated with
a low-frequency
(<
30 Hz)
flashing light,
the EEG
typically shows
a decrease
in
the amplitude of
the resting rhythm and
a
driving of
the brain waves
at
the frequency of
the flashes.
We hypo-
thesized
that
if we stimulated one subject
in
this manner
(a putative sender)
the EEG of another subject
in
a remote room with no flash present
(a
receiver)
might show changes
in narrow band alpha
(9
to
11 Hz)
activity
and possibly an EEG driving similar
to
that
of the sender,
either by
coupling
to
the sender's EEG,
or by coupling directly
to
the
stimulus.
We informed our subject
(S4)
that
at certain times
a light
was
to be flashed
in
a sender's
eyes
in a distant
room,
and
if
the subject
perceived
that
event,
consciously or unconsciously,
it might be evident
from changes
in his EEG output.
The instructions
to
the subject
are
in accordance with requirements governing activities with human subjects
(see Appendix
B)
.
The receiver was
seated
in
the visually opaque,
acoustically and electrically shielded double-walled
steel room shown
in
Figure
22.
The sender was seated
in room about
seven meters
from the
receiver.
A Grass PS-2 photostimulator placed about
one meter
in front
of
the sender was used
to present flash trains
of
ten seconds
duration.
The receiver's EEG activity from the occipital region
(Oz)
,
referenced
to
linked mastoids,
was amplified with a Grass 5P-1 preamplifier and
associated driver amplifier with
a bandpass
of
to 120 Hz.
The EEG
data were recorded on magnetic
tape with an Ampex
SP
300 recorder.
On each
trial,
a
tone burst
of
fixed frequency was presented
to both sender and receiver and was
followed
in one second by either
a
ten second train of flashes
or
a null flash interval presented
to
the sender.
Thirty-six such trials were given in an experimental session,
consisting
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sensing channel could
then be expected
to alter
the probability of cor-
rect identification to
a value p =
0.5 +
ip
> where the parameter
ip
satis-
fies
<
|iJj|
<0.5.
(The quantity may be positive
or negative,
depending
on whether
the paranormal channel results
in so-called psi-hitting or psi-
missing.)
Good psi functioning on a repetitive task
is
observed
to result
in
\p -
0.12,
as reported by Ryzl.^
Therefore,
to indicate
the design
procedure,
let
us assume
a baseline psi parameter ^ = 0.1 and design
a
communication system on this basis.
The question to be addressed
is whether,
upon repeated trans-
mission,
a given message bit
is
labeled
a "1"
at
a low rate
p Q commensurate
with the hypothesis Hq
that
the bit
in question
is
a
"0",
or at
a higher
rate
p^
commensurate with the hypothesis
that
the bit in question
is
indeed
a
"1".
The decision making process
requires
the specification of
four parameters
•
p Q
:
The probability
of
labeling incorrectly
a
"0" message
bit
as
a
"1".
The probability of labeling correctly
a
"0"
as
a
"0"
is
p
=
0.5 + ^
=
0.6.
Therefore,
the
probability
of labeling incorrectly
a
"0"
as
a "1"
is
1-p
= 0.4 =
p Q
.
•
p^:
The probability of labeling correctly
a
"1" message bit
as
a
"1",
given by p^
=
0.5 +
=
0.6.
• a:
The probability
of rejecting
a correct identification
for
a
"0"
(Type
I error).
We shall
take a
=
0.01.
•
6:
The probability
of accepting an incorrect identification
for
a
"1"
(Type
II error).
We shall take
=
0.01.
With
the parameters
thus specified,
the sequential sampling pro-
cedure provides
for construction of
a decision graph as shown
in Figure
27.
The equations
for
the upper and lower limit
lines
are,
respectively,
124
UNCLASSIFIED
^1
=
di + sn
,
E q
= -d Q + sn
,
where
log
1-E
d
l
=
n
Pi
1_Po
log— T
Po
X -Pi
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FIGURE 27
ENHANCEMENT OF SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO BY
SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING PROCEDURE
(p
=04
P,
=
0.6, a =
0.01,
/? =
0.01)
125
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