bd % \ co N FE IDEN TAT 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP96-00792R0006003508Q4-3 | 0S.387-75 = ~ " - “ a S| ee ‘ iy SY | oC e 2 ps TateEs OF DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY SOVIET AND CZECHOSLOVAKIAN PARAPSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH (U) PREPARED BY U. S. ARMY MEDICAL INTELLIGENCE AND INFORMATION AGENCY, SG1A OFFICE OF THE SURGEON GENERAL pT 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP 96-00 S2Kkededb Rs dobe. N Ti A L.
Approved For Release 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3 CONFIDENTIAL SOVIET AND CZECHOSLOVAKIAN PARAPSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH (U) AUTHORS Mr. Louis F. Maire III Major J. D. LaMothe, MSC DST-1810S-387-75 DIA TASK PT-1810-12-75 DATE OF PUBLICATION September 1975 Information Cut-off Date 15 April 1975 SG1 CONF IDENT TAL Approved For Release 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3
Approved For Release 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3 CONFIDENTIAL DST-18108-387-75 September 1975 SUMMARY (U) During the past 25 years, Soviet and Czechoslovakian parapsychologists have reported that paranormal phenomena such as extrasensory perception (ESP), telepathy, and psychokinesis (PK) have been demonstrated under rigorously controlled laboratory conditions. Skeptics in both nations have attacked the study of such phenomena on both scientific and political - ideological grounds. Criticism based on political ideology has stemmed from the fact that much past research has been non-materialistic in the sense that results have not been reported in terms of contemporary conven— tional science. Thus the critics feel that parapsychology has fostered continued belief in mysticism, occultism, and religion. (U) In order to rebut the skeptics' contentions that psychic phenomena do not fit accepted scientific and political thought, Soviet and Czech sci- entists now argue that there are many well established "facts" which remain as anomalous to scientific paradigms as extrasensory perception (ESP). ESP refers to information which is not received via the usual senses, and as a general term, includes telepathy (the Soviet "biocommunication") and psychokinesis or PK (the Soviet "bioenergetics"). Communist parapsycho- logists argue that after decades of research, conventional science still has no satisfactory neurophysiological explanation of memory, nor is there any appropriate model for explaining how raw data impinging on man's senses are transformed into a conscious experience. They also point to the dema- terialized character of contemporary physics, a science filled with such bizarre components as advance potential (waves of electrons perceived be- fore they are generated), tunneling effects (electrons penetrating barriers which, by the laws of probability, should be impenetrable), and tachyons (particles traveling faster than light, and thus implying the possibility of a backward flow of time). In short, they conclude that "hard" science no longer offers a secure rationale for the denial of the possibility of any noncausal event. SG1B vii CONFTDENTTAL Approved For Release 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3
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Approved For Release 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3 UNCLASSIFIED DST-18108-387-75 September 1975 PART I EXTRASENSORY PERCEPTION (ESP) SECTION I = BACKGROUND (U) Parapsychology is a field involving research on the informational and energetic possibilities of the psychic and biophysical activities of living organisms. Parapsychology investigates the complex of phenomena relating to the interaction of living organisms with each other and with the surrounding environment without the mediation of the known sense organs or of presently identified energy transfer mechanisms. Western parapsychologists refer to this complex of phenomena as extrasensory perception (ESP) and psi phenomena. (U) The Soviets prefer the term biocommunications instead of parapsychol- ogy, psi phenomena, or ESP. Other Soviet terms which are equivalent to the term parapsychology include psychophysiology, psychotronics, psycho- energetics, and biophysical effects. The Soviet term biocommunications can be further subdivided into two general classifications: bioinforma- tion and bioenergetics. Bioinformation includes paranormal events between living organisms (telepathy, precognition) and events between living organisms and the inanimate world. Bioenergetics denotes activities such as biological locator and indicator techniques (dowsing), bioenergetic therapy using electromagnetic (EM) fields, and psychokinesis, or the in- fluence of bioenergy on matter, Definitions of the terms biocommunica- tions, bioinformation, and bioenergetics are as follows: BASIC TYPES OF BLOCOMMUNICATION PHENOMENA (U) General: Biocommunications A branch of science involved with the human capability of obtain- ing information from other than the normal senses and the ability to respond to or reasonably interpret such information. Bio- communications, also synonymous with parapsychology, is, however, distinct from other sciences in that it is primarily concerned with determining the nature of a definite group of natural phenomena controlled by laws which are not based on any presently known energetic influence. UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3
DST- September 1975 Approved For Release 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3 UNCLASSIFIED 18108-387-75 | TYPE I: Bioinformation Those phenomena associated with the obtaining of information through means other than the normal sensory channels, e.g. - through extrasensory perception (ESP). There are several forms ' of ESP, including: (U) a. Telepathy, transmission, or "reading" of thoughts, refers to the extrasensory reception of information about the mental processes of others. b. Proscopy or precognition is a form of ESP which, under certain circumstances, involves crossing the barrier of time to obtain information about future events. c. Paragnosia or clairvoyance refers to the extrasen- sory reception of information about objective events in | the outer world. TYPE II: Bioenergetics Bioenergetics involves phenomena associated with the production ~ of objectively detectable effects through means other than known energetic influences. Seemingly incredible effects have been reported, such as the movement of distant objects without any detectable use of physical force (psychokinesis or telekinesis) , antigravitational effects, transformations of energy, electro- magnetic -ffects arising without adequate physical cause, and chemical reactions and biological processes occutring through mental concentration. A comparison of US and Soviet parapsychology terms is given in Figure 1. UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3
Approved For Release 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3 UNCLASSIFIED DST-18108-387-75 ‘September 1975 Fig. 1 Comparison of US and Soviet Parapsychology Terms (U) Us Soviet Parapsychology  ) ( Biocomnunications PSI Phenomena ) ( Psychophysiology ESP ) Equals ( Psychotronics ( Psychoenergetics ( Biophysical Effects Biocommunications A. Bioinformation B. Bioenergetics Telepathy ) Equals Bioinformation Precognition Dowsing ;) ; . Equals Bioenergetics Psychokinesis ) (U) In recent years, Czechoslovakian parapsychologists have begun using the term "psychotronics" in reference to all aspects of their paranormal phenomena research. They define psychotronics as the study of those borderline phenomena and signs of human existence that have a psycho- somatic base, but manifest themselves in such a way that they more or less exceed the framework of this base. Such phenomena include auto-— suggestion, hypnosis, telepathy, psychokinesis, and other paranormal effects and phenomena. The Czech, term does not encompass the study of stigmata, levitation, etc., since; these are considered to be hallucinatory states or processes and, as such, | areas of investigation and treatment more appropriate for psychology or psychiatry.3 In general, however, the Czech science of psychotronics includes the study of all phenomena presently being investigated by Soviet and Western parapsychologists. 3 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3
Approved For Release 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3 UNCLASSIFIED DST-1810S- 387-75 ~ September 1975 (U) Current Soviet and Czech parapsychological terms and objectives have evolved in a climate of fluctuating political pressure. Scientists in pre-revolutionary Russia studied parapsychology as did later such Soviet scientists as V.M. Bekhterev, A.G. Ivanov-Smolensky, and B.B. Kazhinsky in the twenties and thirties. In 1924, A.V. Lunakharsky, Commissar for Education, took the initiative in forming a Soviet Committee for Psychical Research. As a result of Academician V.M. Bekhterev's enthusiasm for the subject, extensive work was financed at the University of Leningrad Insti- tute for Brain Research. L.L. Vasilev, a former student of Bekhterev's demonstrated to his own satisfaction that telepathic influence at a dis- tance may indeed occur. Work flourished throughout the thirties with research being reported in the literature in 1934, 1936, and 1937. After 1937 further experiments in the field of parapsychology were forbidden. During Stalin's time, the study of paranormal phenomena was interpreted as a deliberate attempt to undermine the doctrines of materialism. Tele- pathy was treated as a mystical and antisocial superstition and nothing further was heard of parapsychology in. the Soviet Union until the late 1950s. Then, as a result of French newspaper articles, rumors began to circulate that American researchers had disproved the "brain-radio" theory as a result of ship-to-shore telepathy experiments involving the US atomic submarine Nautilus. The Nautilus "experiments'' probably were mythical, but the claims had one tangible consequence: the Soviet authorities per- mitted Vasilev, then Professor of Physiology and holder of the Order of Lenin, to publish his own earlier work in which decades previously he ',had proven to his own satisfaction that radio-type brain waves did not mediate telepathy. Vasilev was also allowed to open a unit for the study of parapsychology at the Institute for Brain Research. His work first reached the West with an English translation of his monograph "Experiments in Mental Suggestion" in 1963. The result was instant international interest. Numerous Western researchers traveled to the Soviet Union and found a fair amount of activity and interest in the paranormal, although the research approaches were frequently different from those in the West. Soviet workers tended to be far more preoccupied with whole-body physical and biological effects rather than with the "mental" phenomena with which Western researchers had long been preoccupied. | (U) Some of the first parapsychologists to visit the Soviet Union after the publication of Vasilev's work described the differences in atmosphere pervading two conferences in 1963 and 1968. During the first, free and cordial exchange of views was possible; the second was overshadowed by an article in Pravda attacking parapsychology which largely wrecked the formal plans for the program. Most of the Soviets declined to speak, Western visitors were pressed to deliver impromptu lectures, and the House of Friendship in Moscow withdrew its invitation to hold further meetings or allow films to be shown there. From this time onwards, with certain UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3
Approved For Release 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3 UNCLASSIFIED DST-1810S-387-75 | September 1975 fluctuations, official hostility towards parapsychology increased in the Soviet Union. For example, Soviet| authorities took the strongest possible exception to a best-seller in the West, Ostrander and Schroeder's "Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain."5 Edward K. Naumov, then Director of the Institute of Technical Parapsychology, Moscow,® was cited throughout as the journalists’ guide and mentor. Unfortunately, the Voice of America beamed a radio program into the Soviet Union discussing the Schroeder and Ostrander book, a broadcast that was construed as.a politically motivated attack using parapsychology as a weapon. Apart from this episode, it is not entirely clear why Soviet officialdom should have taken such fierce exception to a frankly popular, sensational, and rather chaotic book, which was not taken seriously by many Western scientists. The most plausible interpretation seems that the Soviets were worried that they might be believed by the world’s scientific community to be self-proclaimed champions and leaders of parapsychology. In fact, Soviet scientists are just as divi- ded among themselves concerning parapsychology as scientists elsewhere and since 1972, a number of openly critical publications concerning parapsy— chology research have appeared in the Soviet Union. A few examples of such open attacks follow. (U) In 1972, V.M. Bleykher (a reputable Soviet neurophysiologist) pub- lished a book titled "Parapsychology - Science or Superstition." In an annotation to this book (and, in fact, as the lead paragraph) Bleykher stated, "this book is designed (sic) to debunk parapsychology." The book began with such arcane and archaic topics as phrenology (headbump reading) and ended with a chapter prefaced by a cartoon showing a broom sweeping the Russian word "parapsychology," out of the picture. The entire bias of the book was to make a direct link between 19th century "spiritualism" and 20th century parapsychology. (U) In 1973, Kazakhstanskaya Pravda (Alma~ata) carried an article by Doctor of Medical Science V. Podachin, titled “Careful: Paramedicine!" In his article, Podachin openly attacked "unproven telepathic trans- mission of information over distances from one person to another on the basis of their neuropsychic states," and criticized parapsychologists "for claiming to obtain results that are completely unrelated to the cause-and-effect principle." (U) In October 1973 a long and detailed paper entitled "Parapsychology: Fiction or Reality?" was published in Questions of Philosophy, an official publication of the Soviet Academy of Pedogogical Sciences, by four eminent members of the Moscow Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, V.P. Zinchenko, A.N. Leontiev, B.F. Lomov, and A.R. Luria. They explicitly set out "to express the viewpoint of the USSR Society of Psychologists 5 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3
Approved For Release 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP96-00 ) ( : UNCLASSIFIED 792R000600350001-3 DST-18108- 387-75 September 1975 a towards parapsychology." "Obviously," they wrote, "some so-called para- psychological phenomena do happen; however, the main obstacle to the acceptance of their existence is ignorance of the basis of their opera~ tion." It is not clear from this paper just which parapsychological phenomena "obviously do happen;"' the only ones which the authors unam- biguously supported as authentic were Kirlian photography (radiation field photogrpahy by means of which the biological energy fields of plants and animals may be visualized) and “dermal-optical vision" (the alleged ability to see colors through opaque shielding by touch alone). Paradoxically, Kirlian photography is probably based on known forms of energy, while dermal-optical vision has no known basis in fact. A large portion of the paper was in fact devoted to a denunciation of "militant parapsychologists," popular credulity, fraudulent practices, physicists who quite unnecessarily change their jobs to investigate paranormal phenomena, sensationalistic journalists, and institutions such as the Institute for Technical Parapsychology (which was cited by name). Ap- parently, the objective of the paper was to discredit as myth any idea of a “parapsychological movement" in the Soviet Union, and to insure that the science of parapsychology should not continue to emerge. To quote the authors, "there is no need for parapsychology to exist as a separate discipline." (U) There is additional evidence that the official attitude toward parapsychology in the Soviet Union may have changed. In the 1960's, a Moscow parapsychologist Edward K. Naumov was recognized internationally - as the unofficial Soviet spokesman for the science. In March of 1974, Naumov was arrested and sentenced to two years hard labor. In January 1975, parapsychologist Larissa Vilenskaya, who had previously been per- mitted to visit Naumov in jail, was herself arrested. The reason for her arrest is not known, but Naumov was apparently convicted of taking fees for his lectures without the permission of the appropriate jauthorities. According to reports from the Soviet Union, the fees seem to have been collected in the normal way by the club's director and his assistant. However, both were subsequently declared psychologically unfit to testify, certified schizophrenic, and referred for some unspecified form of invol- untary treatment at the Serbskiy Institute of Forensic Psychological Ex- pertise. This Institute's director, Dr. Andrej Snezhnevsky, is widely known for his psychiatric zeal on behalf of ideological orthodoxy and for his opposition to parapsychology. At the trial Snezhnevsky himself gave evidence to the effect that parapsychology was a pseudoscience based on idealism and mysticism. Although 40 witnesses said they had bought their tickets from the club's director or his representative, Naumov was found guilty and sentenced to two years in a camp. According to Lev Regelson, a Moscow physicist, Naumov's offense was twofold: first, despite reiter- ated warnings from the KGB he had "maintained free, personal, human con- tacts with foreign scholars..." and made use of the material he received 6 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3
Approved For Release 2004/08/02 2 GIA:RDP96-00792R000600350001-3 DST-18108-387-75 September 1975 for disseminating information on parapsychology in the USSR. Naumov's second fault is ideological. Up to most recent times parapsychology has been looked on in the Soviet Union as "mysticism" and “pseudoscience,”" sharing the fate of the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, cyber- netics, genetics, etc. (U) Naumov's trial and the dismissal from their posts of others who had been active in parapsychology in the Soviet Union in the 1960's may mark the end of a phase during which free and indeed spirited discussion of parapsychological topics was permitted throughout the Soviet Union, and during which a fair amount gt informal and unofficial East-West contact was at least tolerated. , (U) Despite apparent shifts in the official attitude toward the science, 49 out of the 91 papers presented in 1973 at the First International Con- ference on Psychotronic Research in Prague, Czechoslovakia, were authored by Soviet or ECC researchers. In addition, the Moscow publication "Thurnalist," published a lengthy editorial” in 1974, in which readers were assured that "all energy fields existing in nature are not known to contemporary physics" and "that because various phenomena cannot as yet be explained does not mean that they do not exist." The name of the science may be changed in the future, but the research will continue. (U) During the past decade parapsychology has undergone many changes in the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia. In a sense, this is a question of changing generations. The elder generation of researchers, who actively investigated the problems of psychotronics, regarded it predominantly as philosophy and psychology. To a certain extent, this concept determined their approach to the problems: in most cases they concluded that very complex psychic processes were involved, processes that were difficult to control and hence were not always reproducible. This older generation of researchers had as their primary objective the proof of psychic proc- esses and the defense of their theories. They confined themselves to their own specifics and problems. In terms of the quantity of accumu- lated facts and performed experiments their work was considerable and often awe-inspiring. (U) Researchers of the younger generation in the USSR and Czechoslovakia are beginning to regard this concept as one-sided, a straitjacket. They are not satisfied with the constant proving and description of the phe- nomena. They also want to model, amplify, formulate and compute. A desire to conclusively master the problems has compelled them to abandon the previous concept and to define parapsychology for the time being, as a borderline interdisciplinary science. To the unipolar philosophical- psychological concept there is now added another pole, the technical- physical concept. Between these two poles there is sufficient room for parapsychology to comprehend all the phenomena that it investigates, in their complexity. 7 Approved For Release 2004/08/02 fA-RBP96-00792R000600350001-3
Approved For Release 2064/08/07 1Gia-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3 DST-18108-387-75 September 1975 (U) Present-day Soviet parapsychologists are recruited from practically. all scientific disciplines, not as individual enthusiasts but as members of coordinated interdisciplinary teams of specialists. In 1967 the Czechs established the Coordination Group for Psychotronic (parapsychological) Research. They intentionally set as one of their principal objectives the description of the undetermined properties of the energy ‘bound to man and to animate nature. They appear to be convinced, for example, that de Broglie'’s dual concept, in which the electron may appear as a mass of inertia or as electromagnetic radiation, requires a third aspect (the vehicle of which would not necessarily be de Broglie'’s electron but possibly the mental ion or "mention" presupposed by Professor F. Kahuda), and that only then will it be possible to completely express the animate and in- animate world of matter in motion. By defining the parameters of the undefined form of energy the concept of matter in motion could gain a third aspect, and matter in motion would be defined by laws far more complex and comprehensive than at present. It is interesting to note the increasing validity of Professor L.L. Vasilev's statement that "...dis- covery of the laws of the as yet unknown form of energy bound to man will be of no less significance than the discovery of atomic energy.” Therefore it is no coincidence that theoretical physicists and plasma physicists in the Federal Republic of Germany believe that understanding of the psychical- physical interactions of living organisms will add something basically new to physics and biology. The Czechs believe that as soon as science begins to understand the properties of this new form of energy, questions of its mastery and utilization will rise to the forefront. Robert Pavlita's work, which is discussed in detail in Part II, is no small contribution in this direction. Whereas in the past parapsychology operated predominantly by the method of exceptional individual performance, psychotronics pre- supposes a new model: the living organism (man) --processing of energy-- performance. (U) In 1982, a century will have elapsed since the foundation in England of the first Society for Psychical Research. Zdenek Rejdak,| internationally renowned parapsychologist of the Czechoslovak Scientific and Technical Society, Section for Psychotronic Research has stated, "we are convinced that psychotronics will mark this centennial with significant results in practical, applied, and basic research, in the knowledge that it will become an essential new anthropological science, one that will enhance primarily man's integrity. UNCLASSIFTED Approved For Release 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3
Approved For Release 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3 UNCLASSIFIED DST-18108-387-75 September 1975 SECTION II - TELEPATHY (ENERGY TRANSFER) IN ANIMALS (U) Soviet and Czechoslovakian parapsychologists have not reported "telepathy" in animals in recent years; instead, they have emphasized research on biological energy transfer. Soviet parapsychology research is multidisciplinary and indistinguishable from conventional Soviet physiological research. Both disciplines are presently involved in attempts to identify the sources of internally generated and externally imposed stimuli underlying physiological processes. (U) Soviet research on telepathy in animals in the 1920's and 1930's was devoted largely to proving that telepathy between man and animals did indeed exist. A good example of the early Soviet approach was research conducted by V.M. Bekhterev of Leningrad University, in collaboration with a circus performer, V.L. Durov. Bekhterev reported that Durov's trained dogs successfully solved arithmetic problems and identified or retrieved objects solely on the basis of their trainer's mental suggestion. The results of these tests were controversial, since the dogs' performances were good when Durov was present and supplied the "suggestions," but deteriorated markedly when he was absent and another individual attempted to mentally control them. (U) Bekhterev's original objective was to demonstrate that telepathy between man and animals was mediated by some form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR), but by 1937, he and other Soviet parapsychologists had concluded that no known form of EMR was the carrier of thought transmission. The EMR theory of information transfer is still unresolved by the Soviets, but is still the major basis underlying much of their research. (U) In 1962 B.B. Kazhinskiy advanced the theory that animals are capable of visual and aural perception and reflex understanding of the behavior of other animals or humans. He postulated that this ability resulted from the capacity of one animal to detect (via its nervous system) , analyze, and synthesize signal-stimuli given off by another animal. According to Kazhinskiy, the signals were transmitted in the form of a "bioradiational sight ray" and analyzed by the percipient animal as a result of its Pavlovian conditioning. The term "bioradiational rays" is still used by some Soviet and Czech parapsychologists to refer to focusing and concentration of biological energy by the brain and the optical neural channels. (U) Present day Soviet and Czech parapsychology research with animals is devoted almost exclusively to investigation of sources of biological energy involved in physiological processes, the interactions of such energy with external fields, and the effects of externally generated fields on animal physiology. Reference to telepathy in the sense of communications by transmission of total, conceptual, mental formulations is seldom made. 9 Approved For Release 2004/03/02ASS1K- RIP 96-00792R000600350001-3
Approved For Release 2004K68/82S1€/4IRDP96-00792R000600350001-3 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 ar, (U) A significant advance toward identification of the EMR source of biological energy transfer was gained from recent research conducted at the University of Novosibirsk. Scientists there investigated the release of energy during cell division and during cellular damage and repair resulting from viral infection or toxic chemicals. In over 5000 experi- ments with cell cultures and animal organs it was shown that damaged cells radiated some form of energy and that the energy released was capable of ' causing damage in adjacent control preparations of organs or cells. Further investigation revealed that a uniform pattern, code, or rhythm of radiation was emitted by normal cells. This pattern was disturbed when cellular damage occurred, becoming quite irregular. It was also found that the patterns were transmitted from experimental to control prepara- tions only when the cells or organs were cultured in quartz containers. Since quartz transmits ultraviolet (UV) radiation and standard laboratory glassware does not, the Soviets concluded that UV radiation mediated cellular information transfer. The researchers subsequently correlated given irregularities of emission with specific diseases and are now attempting to develop techniques for diagnosis and therapy by monitoring and altering cellular radiation codes. (U) Czechoslovakian research on energy transfer between animal muscle preparations, from animals to man, and from man to man, has also demon- strated EMR as the vehicle of biological energy transfer. In experiments conducted between 1948 and 1968 at the Okres Institute of Public Health, Kutna Hora, Czechoslovakia, Dr. Jiri Bradna demonstrated contactless transfer (myotransfer) of stimuli between frog neuromuscular preparations. Bradna placed identical preparations side by side; stimulation of one preparation with electric pulses at frequencies between 10, and 30 pulses per second caused contraction and a recorded electromyographic response in the other. In other experiments, stimulation of muscle preparations influenced the oscillations of a pendulum and increased the muscle tension of a human subject. Bradna obtained objective proof that energy in the very high frequency (vhf) range mediated the stimulus transmission. He also demonstrated that myotransfer could be blocked with ferrous metal filters and aluminum, could be deformed with magnets, ferrites and other conductors, could be reflected and transmitted over waveguides, and shielded with grids. Bradna concluded that primary perceptual and informational pathways between animals are based on metabolic processes at the macromolecular level and that the magnitude of energy transfer depends on muscular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy release. (U) Bradna has reported successful application of myotransfer in physio-~ therapy. It has been found to be effective for both individuals and groups. In the latter case, the summation of stimuli has been shown to enhance the neuromuscular responses of individuals within the group. Bradna feels that such stimuli influence the herd behavior of animals and may also be a factor in altering human behavior under conditions of isolation or overcrowding. 10 Approved For Release 2004N6!685 GAERDP96-00792R000600350001-3
Approved For Release 2004/08/02ESIA4RDP96-00792R000600350001-3 DST-18105-387-75 September 1975 (U) In the Soviet Union, Doctor Y.A. Kholodov has investigated the effects of a constant magnetic field (CMF) on rabbits. Whole-body exposures to fields between 30 and 2000 oersteds resulted in nonspecific changes in the electroencephalogram, but no other directly measurable physiological responses. Kholodov showed that weak magnetic as well as other externally generated radiation fields have a direct effect on rierve tissue, and for this reason he feels that natural and artificial fields in man's environ- ment may have an influence on health and behavior via the nervous system and the hypothalamus. Kholodov's research is representative of current Soviet efforts to explain paranormal phenomena on the basis of known physical and biological parameters. (U) Another Soviet scientist, A.S. Presman, feels that biological energy and information exchange between living organisms is the result of electro- magnetic field (EMF) interactions between individuals or between the individual and the environment. He and other Soviet scientists have recorded EMF's from man, frogs, and insects of various species at ranges from several centimeters to several meters from the body surface. The frequencies of the EMF's were found to correspond to various biorhythms of organs, rhythms of movement and acoustic signals, and bioelectric rhythms. Presman thinks that in groups of animals, electromagnetic oscillations are synchronized by frequency matching and that the cumula- tive intensity may grow in proportion to the square of the number of individuals. Such cumulative emission is also thought to be possible as the result of synchronization of the emissions of many cells in animals in a highly excited state. (U) Presman, like Kholodov, feels that the effects of subthreshold stimuli are mediated through the hypothalamic region of the midbrain. The hypo- thalamus regulates diverse physiological processes in the organism (pulse, body temperature, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide liberation, urine volume, urine nitrogen concentration, etc.) and these are the functions most commonly disturbed by changes in EMF's. (U) Presman believes that electromagnetic signalling is universal between animals, but not between humans who may have lost the capability for such communication as a result of evolution and the development of verbal and artificial communication channels. He does not rule out the possibility that "spontaneous telepathy" may occasionally occur, but regards such occurrences as rare cases of atavism. Consequently, he regards man as the least suitable animal for studying electromagnetic communication. (U) It is important that the increased degree of sophistication which has occurred in Soviet ESP or telepathy research since 1960 be understood. At present the terms "ESP" and "telepathy" are seldom used. It is possible that the newer terms "biocommunication" and "psychotronics" will vanish in the near future only to be replaced by conventional high-energy physics il CONFIDENT TAL (This page is UNCLASSIFIED) Approved For Release 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3
Approved For Release 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3 UNCLASSIFIED DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 Pavlita, J.; probable affiliation, Hradec Kralove University, Prague, Czechoslovakia Rejdak, Z.; Psychotronic Research Section, Czechoslovakian Society for Science and Technology 4. (U) Czechoslovakia - Affiliation Unknown Cernousek, M.; Prague Miza, M.G. Rezek, P.; Prague Wolf, J.; Prague 67 (Reverse Blank) ‘UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2004/08/02 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3