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FIGURE 25
SUPERCONDUCTING DIFFERENTIAL MAGNETOMETER
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Basically,
the gradiometer
is
a four-coil Josephson effect
magnetometer device consisting of
a pair of coil pairs wound
so
as
to
provide
a series
connection of
two opposing first-derivative gradiometers
,
yielding
a second-derivative gradiometer
(that
is,
a device sensitive
only
to second- and higher-order derivative fields).
As
a result,
the
device
is relatively insensitive
to uniform fields
and
to uniform gradi-
ents.
This arrangement allows
for sensitive
measurement
of
fields from
nearby sources while discriminating against relatively uniform magnetic
fields produced by remote sources.
The device
is ordinarily used
to
measure magnetic
fields originating from processes within the human body,
such as action currents
in the heart
that produce magnetocardiograms.
The sensitive
tip
of the instrument
is
simply placed near
the body area
of
interest.
In our application,
however,
the subject
is located
in
an adjoining laboratory at
a distance of
4 m from the gradiometer probe.
As
a result the subject
is
located
in
a zone of relative insensitivity;
for
example,
standing up,
sitting down,
leaning forward,
and arm and leg
movements produce no signals.
From this
location
the subject
is asked,
as
a mental
task,
to affect
the probe.
The results
of his efforts
are
available
to him as feedback from three
sources:
an oscilloscope,
a
panel meter,
and
a chart recorder,
the
latter providing a permanent
f
record.
'
_
A protocol
for subject participation was
instituted as
follows.
The subject removes
all metal objects
from his clothing and body,
and
the effects of body movements
are checked at
the start of each ex-
perimental period.
The subject
then works with the machine
in
a learning
mode,
observing effects being produced,
if any,
via feedback from the
instrumentation.
Once satisfied
that
a possibility exists
of producing
effects
on command under experimenter control,
the experimenter announces
the _s tart
of
the experiments.
A randomization protocol
(discussed
in
Appendix
C)
is
then used
to generate
ten ON
(subject activity)
and OFF
(subject no activity)
periods
of equal length
(e.g.,
s each as
determined by
the experimenter.
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The
trace from the chart recording of a sample run
(Run
1,
Subject
SI) Is shown in Figure
26.
The randomly generated ON (activity) trials
occurred
in periods
2,
8,
and
9.
As observed,
signals appear
in each of
these three periods.
The signal appearing
in period
9 was strong enough
to
cause loss
of continuous
tracking.
This latter type of signal can
be
the result of an exceptionally strong
flux change or
an RF burst,
whether subject-generated
or artifactual* ,
and
is handled on the basis
of statistical correlation as discussed below.
An artifact due
to
the
passage of
a truck in the parking
lot adjacent
to
the laboratory
(under
continuous surveillance by
the experimenter)
is noted
in period
6.
The
signals recorded
in periods
2 and
correspond
to
an input of approxi-
mately 1.6 x
10-9
. Gauss/cm
(second derivative
2 B Z /3Z
), which is equiva-
lent
to approximately
3.5 x
Gauss referred
to one pickup
coil.
The interpretation
of
such observations must be subjected
to careful
analysis.
For example,
the emphasis on "corresponds
to"
is
based on the following:
although
the probe
is designed
to register
magnetic
fields,
and
the simplest hypothesis
is
that an observed
signal
is
such,
in a task as potentially complex as willed perturbation effects
one must be cautious about assigning' a given observed effect
to
a specific
cause.
One can only conclude that generation of
a magnetic field
is
the most probable cause, without presuming
to identify
a particular source.
With regard
to signal display,
the signal was observed simultaneously
on three recording devices
at different stages
of
the electronics,
and
thus
a "recorder only" effect
can be considered low probability,
although
an electronics interference effect ahead of all display cannot be ruled
out.
We therefore
treat
the magnetic cause
as
tentative,
although most
probable,
and concentrate our attention cut-whether a correlation exists
between system disturbances and subject efforts.
Thirteen ten-trial runs were obtained with
SI.
Each
of
the
ten trials
in the run lasted 50 seconds!,
the activity/no-activity
*RF interference effects are sometimes
in evidence due
to noise bursts
from other
instrumentation.
fWith
the exception of
the first run where 25-second trials were used.
Ill
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PERIODS
E
CO
I
CO
CO
CO
I<
vs
BASELINE
OFF
g— ON
ON
OFF
I— OFF
OFF
OFF
ON
OFF
•BASELINE
• START
<
I-<O
cc
LU
I—
UJ
Q<
cco
to
CM
LU
CCoo
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command
for each trial being identified by
the randomization technique
discussed
in Appendix
C.
In
the
13 x 10 = 130 trials,
consisting
of
a random distribution
of
64 activity and
66 no-activity periods,
events
of signal-to-noise ratio greater
than unity were observed.
Of
these
63 events,
42 were distributed among
the activity periods,
among
the no-activity periods,
a correlation significant
at
the
p =
0.004
level.
Subjects
S2 and
S6 also interacted with the device.
Although subject efforts
and observed perturbations sometimes
coincided,
activity was generally low and did not appear
to be
the signature of
correlated activity under control.
A controlled ten-trial run with
Subjects
S2
and two such runs with Subject
S6 yielded nonsignificant
results.
I
We therefore conclude
that for Subject
SI
the observed
number of precisely timed events
in pilot work coupled with
the statis-
tically significant
(p
-
0.004)
correlation between subject effort and
signal output
in controlled runs
indicate
a highly probable cause-effect
relationship.
Thus
it appears
that
a subject
can interact with a
second derivative magnetic gradiometer of sensitivity on
the order of
-9
Gauss/cm
from a distance of
m.
Further work would be required
to
determine
the precise nature of
the
interaction,
although given the equip-
ment design the generation of
a magnetic field
is
the most probable
mechanism.
A successful
independent replication
of
this experiment
has been carried out by Dr.
Richard Jarrard,
Geology Department,
University
of California,
Santa Barbara,
using a single-coil cryogenic magnetometer.*
The experiments,
carried out with the subject
in
a room located
ft
diagonally across
a courtyard from the magnetometer room,
resulted
in
events distributed across work and rest periods
in ratio
>3:1,
re-
spectively,
paralleling our results.
d
.
Discussion of Physical Perturbation Effects
One significance
of
the perturbation of remote sensitive
equipment
lies
in the indication that
the remote-sensing channel may
k
Superconducting Technology Cryogenic Magnetometer.
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possess
a bilateral aspect.
That
is,
there
is
the possibility that an
information-bearing signal can be coupled from an individual
to
a re-
mote location as well
as
in reverse,
thus implying that
the information
channel under consideration may sustain information transfer
in either
direction.
The above concept has
a rigorous basis
in quantum theory
in the so-called "observer problem,"
the effect
of an observer on experi-
mental measurement.
In quantum theory
it
is recognized
that although
the evolution of
a physical system proceeds deterministically on the basis
of Schrodinger
' s equation
(or
its equivalent),
the result of
a calcula-
tion
is not
in general
the prediction of
a well-defined value for some
experimental variable.
Rather,
it
is
the prediction of
a range of
possibilities with
a certain distribution of probabilities.
In a given
measurement,
however,
some particular value
for
a variable
is actually
obtained, which implies
that
an additional event—so-called state vector
collapse—must
take place during
.the measurement process
itself and
in
a manner
that
is unpredictable except probabilistically.
Analysis
of
the significance
of
this
latter process
leads
inescapably
to
the conclusion
that
to
the degree that consciousness
is
involved
in observation and measure-
ment
(and
it always
is),
to
that degree consciousness must also be seen
to interact with the physical environment and
to participate
in the collapse
of
the state vector.
Efforts
to extract quantum theory from this conclu-
/
sion by,
for
example,
an infinite regression of measuring ^apparatus
,
have proved unsuccessful.
These conclusions,
arrived
at by theorists
such as Wigner ,
imply
the possibility
of nontrivial coupling between
consciousness
and quantum states
of
the physical environment
at an
extremely fundamental
level.
Such
a realization has led
to theories
of paranormal phenomena modeled on the basis
of
this so-called
ob-
server problem"
in quantum theory.
The phenomena implied by
the observer problem are generally
unobservable on the gross macroscopic scale for statistical reasons.
This
is codified
in the
thermodynamic concept
that
for an isolated
system entropy
(disorder)
on
the average
increases,
effectively masking
the microscopic observer effects.
It
is just
this requirement of
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isolation,
however,
that can be expected
to be weakened under conditions
of efforts
at paranormal perturbation via the remote-sensing channel,
and
it
can be argued that observer effects would be maximally operative
in just
those situations where the intrusion of consciousness
as
an
ordering phenomenon could result
in
a significant local reversal
of
entropy increase.
These considerations
lead
to
the following series
of
conceptualizations
or hypotheses around which future experiments
can
be designed.
(1)
Researchers
in
the area of willed pertur-
bation effects appear
to be plagued by results
whose amplitudes have
a signal-to-noise ratio
near unity,
regardless
of
the process
or mechanism
involved.
This may indicate
that,
rather
than
simple perversity,
what
is being articulated by
the experimental results
is
a coherence pheno-
mena involving partial mobilization of system noise,
as
if
the components
of
the noise spectrum had been
brought
into phase coherence,
and
thus
the mag-
nitude constraint.
The subject would thus appear
to act
as
a local negentropic
(that
is,
entropy-
decreasing)
source.
If
true,
it may be more
advantageous
as
a practical matter
to work with
extremely noisy systems,
rather
than with highly
constrained
or organized systems,
so as
to maxi-
mize possible effects
due
to
the introduction
of order.
(2)
Willed perturbation effects often appear
to
be more
the result of coincidence
that
the effect
of
a well-defined
cause.
Again,
rather
than being
the result
of
the perversity of nature,
the ob-
served goal-oriented
synchronicity may indicate
that physical systems
are more easily manipulated
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at
the global level of boundary conditions and
constraints rather
than at
the level
of mechan-
ism.
Thus,
the apparency that
a given result
may be explained away by
a coincidental but
"natural" event needs
to be explored more
fully.
Unexpected but natural causes may be
the effect
of a series
of causal
links,
outside the defined
experimental boundaries but representing an un-
foreseen line of
least resistance.
At worst,
such
causal links may
in fact be unobservable
in the
sense
of
the hidden variables concept
in quan-
tum theory,
but nevertheless act
as
instruments
of the will.
(3)
Willed perturbation effects appear
to be
intrinsically spontaneous;
i.e.,
it
is difficult
to evoke such effects
"on cue," with the result
that
the phenomenon
is often considered
to not be
under good control,
and therefore not amenable
to controlled experimentation.
This difficulty
is
so pronounced
that
it
is likely that we are
observing some macroscopic analog of
^ quantum
transition,
an event
similarly unpredictable
in
time except
as
a probability function.
If
the
analogy
is
correct,
experimentation
in this area
simply needs
to be treated
in
the manner
of,
for
example, weak photon experiments.
(4)
Possibly related
to
Item
(3)
,
the more closely
one attempts
to observe willed perturbation effects,
the
less likely one
is
to see
them,
a factor con-
sidered by many
to support hypotheses
of poor
observation,
fraud,
and
the
like.
To
a sophis-
ticated observer,
however,
simple dismissal does
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not stand up under scrutiny.
Invoking again
the idea of
a microscopic analog of
a quantum
transition, we may,
as observers
of delicate
phenomena,
be witnesses
to observer effects
generally associated with the uncertainty prin-
ciple.
Paradoxically,
from the subject's view-
point,
the production of
the phenomena may also
be an observer effect, perturbing as
it does
the
expected behavior
of
a piece of
instrumentation.
In
this model
the scrutiny
of psychokinetic pheno-
mena under laboratory conditions could
in prin-
ciple be considered
to be
a collective phenomena
involving interfering observer effects
in a manner
known
to occur at
the microscopic quantum level.
(5)
Finally,
it may be useful
as
a guiding prin-
ciple
to
continually recognize
that all
of
the
phenomena we deal with in macroscopic psycho-
energetics are totally permissible at
the micro-
scopic
level within
the framework of physics
as
presently understood.
It
is simply
that
time
reversibility,
tunneling through barriers,
simul-
taneous multiple-state occupation,
and
so on are
generally unobservable
as
gross macroscopic phen-
omena
for statistical reasons
only,
as codified
in the concept of
increasing disorder
(entropy).
Therefore,
it may be appropriate
to consider an
individual with psychokinetic abilities primarily
as
a source of ordering phenomena
of sufficient
magnitude
so
as
to restructure
the otherwise
random statistics
of
the macroscopic environment.
2.
Disscussion of Possible "Mechanisms":'in Remote Viewing
With regard
to
the wider problem of
the remote-viewing channel
itself,
beyond the specific aspects
of equipment perturbation via
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this channel there
is considerable current interest
in quantum theory
in the implications brought
on by the observation
’
of nonlocal
correlation or "quantum interconnectedness"
(to use Bohm's
term
)
of
distant parts
of quantum systems
of macroscopic dimensions.
Bell’s
theorem
emphasizes
that no theory of reality compatible with quantum
theory can require spatially separated events
to be independent,
but must permit
interconnectedness
of distant events
in
a manner
that
is
"contrary"
to "commonsense"
concepts.
’
This prediction has been
experimentally tested and confirmed
in the recent experiments
of,
for
example,
Freedman and Clauser.
’
E.H. Walker and
0.
Costa
de Beauregard,
independently proposing theories
of paranormal functioning based on
quantum concepts,
argue
that observer effects open
the door
to
the
possibility of nontrivial coupling between consciousness and
the environ-
ment,
and
that
the nonlocality principle permits such coupling
to
transcend spatial and temporal barriers.
’
An alternative hypothesis
(that
is,
alternative
to
the
specifically quantum hypothesis)
has been put
forward by
I.M.
Kogan,
Chairman of
the Bioinformation Section of
the Moscow Board of
the
Popov Society,
USSR.
He
is
a Soviet engineer who until 1969 published
extensively
in the open literature on
the theory of paranormal communi-
cation.
His hypothesis
is
that
information transfer under
con-
ditions
of sensory shielding
is mediated by extremely-low-frequency
(ELF)
electromagnetic waves
in the 300-
to 1000-km region,
a proposal which does
not seem
to be ruled out by any obvious physical
or biological
facts.
Experimental support
for
the hypothesis
is
claimed on the basis
of:
slower
than inverse-square attenuation,
compatible with source-per-
cipient distances lying
in
the induction field range as opposed
to
the
radiation field range;
observed low bit rates
(0.005
to
0.1 bit/s)
compatible with
the information-carrying capacity of ELF waves;
apparent
ineffectiveness
of ordinary electromagnetic shielding as
an attenuator;
and "standard antenna calculations entailing biologically generated
currents yielding results compatible with observed signal-to-noise
ratios.
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M.
Persinger,
Psychophysiology Laboratory,
Laurentian University,
Toronto,
Canada,
has narrowed
the ELF hypothesis
to
the suggestion
that
the
8-Hz "Shumann waves",
and
their harmonics propagating along
the earth-ionosphere waveguide duct, may be responsible.
Such an
-
hypothesis
is compatible with driving by brain-wave currents,
and leads
to certain hypotheses,
such as asymmetry between east-west and west-east
propagation,
preferred experimental
times
(midnight
to
4 a.m. ), and expected
negative correlation between success
and
the U index
(a measure of geo-
magnetic disturbance throughout
the world)
.
Persinger claims
initial
support
for these
factors on the basis', of a literature search. 42
’ 43
On
the negative side with regard
to
a straightforward ELF
interpretation as
a blanket hypothesis
are:
(a)
apparent real-time
descriptions
of remote activities
in sufficient detail
to require
a
channel capacity
in all probability greater
than
that allowed by a
conventional modulation of an ELF signal:
(b)
lack of
a proposed
mechanism for coding and decoding
the information onto
the proposed
ELF carrier;
and
(c)
apparent precognition data.
The hypothesis must
nonetheless remain open at
this
stage of research,
since
it
is
con-
ceivable
that counterindication
(a)
may eventually be circumvented
on
the basis
that
the apparent high bit rate results from a mixture of low-
bit-rate input and high-bit-rate "filling in
the blanks” from imagina-
tion;
counterindication
(b)
is
common
to
a number of normal perceptual
tasks
and may
therefore- simply reflect
a lack of sophistication on our
part with regard
to perceptual functioning; 44 and counterindication
(c)
may be accommodated by an ELF hypothesis
if advanced waves
as
well
as
retarded waves are admitted. 27
’ 45
Experimentation
to determine
whether
the ELF hypothesis
is viable can be carried out by
the use
of
ELF sources
as
targets,
by
the study of parametric dependence
on pro-
pagational directions and diurnal
timing,
and by
the exploration of
interference effects
caused by creation of
a high-intensity ELF environ-
ment during experimentation,
all
of which are under consideration as part
of
a proposed follow-up program
in our laboratory.
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The above arguments
are not intended
to
indicate
that we
understand
the precise nature of the information channel coupling remote
events and human perception.
Rather, we intend only
to show that modern
theory
is not without resources
that can be brought
to bear on
the pro-
blems
at
hand,
and
it
is our expectation that
these problems will,
with further work,
yield
to analysis
and specification.
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3.
Communication Theory Approach
to Channel Utilization
Independent
of
the mechanisms
that may be involved
in remote
sensing,
observation of
the phenomenon implies
the existence of an infor-
mation channel
in the information-theoretic sense.
Since such channels
are amenable
to analysis on the basis
of communication theory techniques,
channel
characteristics,
such as bit
rate,
can be determined independent
of
a well-defined underlying theory in the sense that
thermodynamic
con-
cepts
can be applied
to the analysis
of systems independent
of underlying
mechanisms.
Therefore,
the collection of data under specified conditions
permits headway
to be made despite
the
formidable work that needs
to be
done
to
clarify
the underlying bases
of
the phenomena.
One useful application of
the communication channel concept was
the utilization of such a channel
for error-free transmission of informa-
tion by the use
of. redundancy coding.
The experiment was
carried out by
Dr.
Milan Ryzl,
a chemist with
the Institute of Biology of
the Czecho-
slovakian Academy
of
Science.
He reasoned that
a paranormal channel
exhibits
the attributes of
a communication channel perturbed by noise,
and
that redundancy coding could be used
to
combat
the effects
of
the
noisy channel
in a straightforward application of communication theory.
Ryzl had an assistant
randomly select
five groups
of
three decimal digits
each.
These
15 digits were then encoded into binary form and translated
into
a sequence
of green and white cards sealed
in opaque envelopes.
With the use of
a subject who has produced highly significant results
with many contemporary researchers,^
he was
able,
by means
of redun-
dant
calling and
an elaborate majority vote protocol,
to
correctly
identify all
15 numbers,
a result significant
at
p
=
10- ^~’.
The experi-
ment required 19,350
calls,
averaging nine seconds per
call.
The hit
rate for individual calls was
61.9 percent,
11,978 hits and
7,372 misses.^
iNote added in proof.
It has been brought
to
our attention that
a similar
procedure was used
to transmit without error the word "peace,"
in Inter-
national Morse Code;
J.C.
Carpenter
"Toward the Effective Utilization of
Enhanced Weak-Signal ESP Effects," presented
at
the annual meeting of
the American Association for
the Advancement of Science, New York,
Jan.
27,
1975.
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As discussed in the section on the random target generator,
the
bit rate
is
calculated from
R = H(x)
- H
(x)
,
where H(x)
is
the uncertainty
of
the source message containing symbols
with
a priori probability
p i
H(x)
=
-
Y
p ilog
2P i
i-1
and H
(x)
is
the conditional entropy based on the
a posteriori probabil-
y
ities
that
a received signal was actually transmitted,
H
(x)
=
-
Y,
P(i
J j) lo g 2pi^
)
i,j = l
'
For
the above run, with
p.
=
1/2,
Pj (j)
= 0.619,
and an average time of
nine seconds per choice, we have
a source uncertainty H(x)
=
1 bit and a
calculated bit rate
R =
0.041 bits/symbol
or
R/T
=
0.0046 bits/second.
Since
the 15-digit number
(49.8 bits) was actually transmitted at the
rate of
2.9 x 10“^ bits per second,
an increase
in bit rate by
a factor
of about
20 could be expected on the basis of
a coding scheme more optimum
than that used in the experiments.
The actual bit rate
is roughly the
same
as
that observed
in our random target generator experiment discussed
earlier
An excellent redundancy coding technique for
a communication
channel
is
the sequential sampling procedure used earlier in Section II-B
for
the sorting of
SW from non-SW cards.
In this application of
the se-
quential sampling procedure,
one would first express
the message
to be
sent
-
as
a series
of binary digits,
encoded,
for example,
as shown
in
Table
22.
The sequential method then gives
a rule of procedure for making
one of three possible decisions following
the. receipt
of each bit:
accept
1 as
the bit being transmitted;
reject
as
the bit being transmitted
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TABLE
Eive-Bit Code for Alphanumeric Characters
E
00000
Y
01000
T
11111
G, J
10111
N
00001
W
01001
R
11110
V
10110
I
00010
B
01010
11101
10101
A
00011
01011
s, X,Z
11100
10100
D
00100
01100
H
11011
10011
L
00101
01101
c, K. Q
11010
10010
E
00110
OHIO
P
11001
10001
U
00111
01111
M
11000
•
10000
Note:
Alphabet characters listed in order
of decreasing frequency
in
English
text.
See,
for example,
A.
Sinkov,
Elementary Cryptanalysis
—A Mathematical Approach .
(The low frequency letters,
X,Z,K,Q,
and
J have been grouped with similar characters
to provide space
for numerics
in
a five-bit
code.)
In consideration of
the uneven
distribution of
letter frequencies
in English text,
this code
is
chosen such that
0 and
1 have equal probability.
(i.e.,
accept
0);
or
continue transmission of
the bit under consideration.
As discussed
earlier,
use of
the sequential sampling procedure
requires
the specification of parameters
that
are determined on the basis
of
the following considerations.
Assume
that
a message bit
(0
or
1)
is
being transmitted.
In
the absence of
a priori knowledge, we may assume
equal probability
(p
=
0.5)
for
the
two possibilities
(0,1)
if an encoding
procedure like that
of Table
is
used.
Therefore,
from the standpoint
of
the receiver,
the probability of correctly identifying the bit being
transmitted
is
p
=
0.5 because
of chance alone.
An operative remote
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d n
=
log
log-
1-a
PI
1-Po
P
1-Pn
O
r 1
and
s
=
log
log
1-Po
PI 1-Po
p
1-p,
ro
A cumulative record of receiver-generated responses
to
the target bit
is
compiled until either the upper or lower limit line
is reached,
at which
point
a decision
is made
to
accept
0 or
as
the bit being transmitted.
Channel reliability
(probability
of
correctly determining
message being transmitted)
as
a function of operative psi parameter
ip
is
plotted
in Figure
28.
As
observed,
the sequential sampling procedure
can result
in 90 percent
or greater reliability with psi parameters
of
the order
of
a
few percent.
Figure
29 indicates
the average number of
trials required
to reach
a decision on a given message bit.
The average
number
of
trials
falls
off rapidly
as
a function of increasing psi param-
eters
\jj
.
Implementation of
the sequential sampling procedure requires
the transmission of
a message coded
in binary digits.
Therefore,
the
target space must consist
of dichotomous
elements such
as
the white and
green cards used
in the experiments by
Ryzl.
In operation,
a sequence corresponding
to
the
target bit
(0
or
1)
is
sent and
the
cumulative entries
are made
(Figure
27)
until
a
decision
is reached
to accept
either
a
or
as
the bit being transmitted.
At
a prearranged
time,
the next
sequence
is begun and continues
as above
until the entire message has been received.
A useful alternative
,
which relieves
the percipient
of the burden
of being aware of his self-
contradiction from trial
to
trial,
consists
of cycling through
the entire
message repetitively,
entering each response on its associated graph
until
a decision has been reached on all message bits.
From the results obtained
in such experiments,
the channel bit
rate can be ascertained
for
the system configuration under
consideration.
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(psi
parameter)
TA-760525-9
FIGURE 28
RELIABILITY CURVE FOR SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
(pQ
=
0.4,
p
=
0.6, a =
0.01, 0 =
0.01)
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+ 0.4
+ 0.2
-0.2
-0.4
ijj
(psi
parameter)
(
FIGURE 29
AVERAGE SAMPLE NUMBER
FOR SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
(p0
=
0.4,
p 1
=
0.6,
a =
0.01, 0 =
0.01)
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Furthermore,
bit rates
for other degrees
of reliability
(i.e.,
for other
Pq,P^, a,
and
6)
can be estimated by construction of other decision curves
over
the same data base and
thus provide
a measure of
the bit rate per
degree of reliability.
In summary,
the procedures described here can provide
a speci-
fication of
the characteristics
of
a remote sensing channel under well-
defined conditions.
These procedures
also provide for
a determination
of
the feasibility of such a channel
for particular applications.
.
Soviet Efforts
This discussion would be incomplete
if we did not mention certain
aspects
of
the current state of research
in the USSR.
Since
the 1930s
in
the laboratory of
L.
Vasiliev
(Leningrad Institute
for Brain Research),
there has been an interest
in the use of paranormal communication
as
a
method of influencing the behavior
of
a person at
a distance.
In Vasiliev'
s
book Experiments
in Mental Suggestion ,
he makes
it clear
that
the bulk
of his
laboratory's
experiments were aimed
at long-distance communication
and what we would
today call behavior modification;
for example,
putting
people
to
sleep at
a distance through hypnosis.
The behavior modification type of experiment has been carried
out
in recent
times by
I.M.
Kogan.
He. was
concerned with three principal
kinds
of experiments:
mental suggestion without hypnosis over short
distances,
in which the percipient attempts
to identify an object;
mental awakening over short
distances,
in which
a subject
is awakened
from a hypnotic sleep
at
the "beamed"
suggestion from the hypnotist;
and long-range
(intercity)
paranormal
communication.
Kogan's main
interest has been
to
quantify the channel capacity
of
the paranormal
channel.
He finds
that
the bit rate decreases
from 0.1 bits per second
for laboratory experiments
to
0.005 bits per second
for his 1000-km
intercity experiments.
As
indicated earlier,
in the USSR serious
consideration
is given
to
the hypothesis
that paranormal communication
is mediated by extremely-
low-frequency
(ELF)
electromagnetic propagation.
In general,
the entire
field of paranormal research in the USSR is part
of
a larger one concerned
with
the interaction between electromagnetic fields
and living organisms.
’
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At
the First International Congress on Parapsychology and Psychotronics
in Prague,
Czechoslovakia,
in 1973,
for example, Kholodov spoke
at length
about the susceptibility
of
living systems
to extremely low-level
ac and
dc fields.
He described conditioning effects on the behavior
of
fish from
the application of
to
100 yW of RF
to their
tank.
^
The USSR take
these data seriously in
that
the Soviet safety requirements
for steady-
state microwave exposure
set
limits
at
10 yW/cm
, whereas
the United
States has
set
a steady-state limit
of
10 mW/cm^.”^
Kholodov spoke also
about
the nonthermal effects
of microwaves on animals'
central nervous
systems.
His
experiments were very carefully carried out and are
char-
acteristic of
a new dimension in paranormal research both in the USSR
and elsewhere.
The increasing importance
of this area in Soviet research was
indicated recently when the Soviet Psychological Association issued an
unprecedented position paper calling on the Soviet Academy
of
Sciences
to step
up efforts
in this
area."*^
The Association recommended that
the
newly formed Psychological Institute within the .Soviet Academy
of
Sciences
and
the Psychological Institute of
the Academy
of Pedagogical Sciences
review the area and
consider the creation of
a new laboratory within one
of
the institutes
to study persons with unusual abilities.
They also
recommended a comprehensive evaluation of experiments
and theory by the
Academy of
Sciences'
Institute of Biophysics and Institute
for
the
Problems
of Information Transmission.
.
Conclusions
"It
is
the province
of natural science
to investigate nature,
impartially
and without prej udice.
Nowhere
in scientific inquiry has
this dictum met
as great
a challenge as
in the area of so-called para-
normal perception,
the detection of remote stimuli not mediated by
the
usual sensory processes.
Such phenomena,
although under scientific con-
sideration for over
a century,
have historically been fraught with unre-
liability
and controversy,
and validation of
the phenomena by accepted
scientific methodology has been slow in coming.
Even
so,
a recent survey
conducted by the British publication New Scientist revealed that
67 percent
of nearly 1500 responding readers
(the majority
of whom are working
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scientists
and technologists)
considered paranormal perception to be an
established
fact
or
a likely possibility,
and
88 percent held
the investi-
gation of paranormal perception to be
a legitimate scientific under-
„
,
.
taking.
A review of
the literature reveals
that although well-conducted
experiments by reputable researchers yielding reproducible results were
begun over a century ago
(e.g.,
Sir William Crookes'
study of D.D.
Home,
1860s), 61,62 many consider the study of
these phenomena
as
only recently
emerging from the realm of quasi-science.
One reason for
this
is
that,
despite experimental results,
no satisfactory theoretical construct had
been advanced
to correlate data or
to predict new experimental outcomes
Consequently,
the area in question remained
for
a long
time
in the
recipe state reminiscent of electrodynamics before
the unification brought
about by
the work of Ampere,
Faraday,
and Maxwell.
Since the early work,
however, we have seen the development of quantum theory,
information
theory,
and neurophysiological research,
and these disciplines provide
powerful conceptual
tools
that appear
to bear directly on the issue.
In
fact,
several leading physicists are now of
the opinion that,
contrary
to
"common sense" notions,
these phenomena are not
at all inconsistent
with
the framework of modern physics:- the often-held view that observa-
tions
of
this
type are a priori incompatible with known laws
is
erroneous,
such
a concept being based on the naive realism prevalent before the
development
of quantum theory.
In the emerging view
it
is accepted that
research in this area can be conducted
so
as
to uncover not just
a catalog
of interesting events,
but rather patterns
of cause—effect relationships
of
the
type
that lend themselves
to analysis and hypothesis
in the forms
with which we are familiar in the physical sciences.
Accordingly, we consider
it important
to
continue data collection
and
to encourage others
to
do
likewise;
investigations
such
as
those
reported here need replication and extension under
as wide a variety of
rigorously controlled conditions
as possible.
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IV
PROGRAM SUMMARY
As
a result
of exploratory research on human perception carried out
in SRl's Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory, we initiated an inves-
tigation of
a perceptual channel whereby individuals
can access by means
of mental imagery and describe randomly-chosen remote sites located
several miles
or more away . 63
In this
final report,
we document the
study
at
SRI
of
this human information-accessing capability that we call
"remote viewing,"
the
characteristics
of which appear
to fall outside
the
range of well-understood perceptual
or information-processing abilities.
This phenomenon
is
one of
a broad class
of abilities
of
certain individuals
to access by means
of mental processes and describe information sources
blocked from ordinary perception and generally accepted
as
secure against
such access.
Individuals exhibiting
this faculty include not only
SRI
subjects,
but visiting staff members
of
the sponsoring organization who
participated
as subjects
so
as
to critique
the protocol.
The program was divided
into
two
categories
of approximately equal
effort—applied research and basic research.
The applied research effoit
explored
the operational utility of
the above perceptual abilities.
The
basic research effort was directed
toward identification of
the charac-
teristics
of individuals possessing such abilities
and the determination
of neurophysiological
correlates
and basic mechanisms involved
in such
functioning.
The phenomenon we investigated most extensively was
the ability
of
individuals
to view remote geographical locations
(up
to several thousand
kilometers
away)
,
given only coordinates
(latitude and longitude)
or
a
person on whom
to
target.
We have worked with
a number of
individuals,
including sponsor personnel, whose remote perceptual abilities have
been developed sufficiently
to allow them at
times
to describe correctly
—often in great detail—geographical or technical material,
such as
buildings,
roads,
laboratory apparatus,
and the like.
The development
at
SRI
of successful experimental procedures
to elicit
this
capability has evolved
to
the point where
(a) visiting personnel
of
the sponsoring organization without any previous
exposure
to such
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concepts have performed well under controlled laboratory conditions
(that
is,
generated target descriptions
of sufficiently high quality
to permit
blind matching of descriptions
to targets by independent judges),
and
(b)
subjects
trained over
a two-year period have performed well under
operational conditions
(that
is,
provided data of operational significance
later verified by independent sources)
.
Our data
thus
indicate that both
specially selected and unselected persons can be assisted in developing
remote perceptual abilities
to
a level
of useful information transfer.
Furthermore,
the data,
accumulated from over 50 experiments with
more than
a half dozen subjects,
indicates
the following:
a)
the phen-
omenon
is not a sensitive function of
distance over
a several-km range
and
is
still operative over
a several thousand km range;
b)
Faraday cage
shielding does not appear
to degrade
the quality or accuracy
of perception;
c) most of
the correct
information that subjects relate
is
of
a nonanalytic
nature pertaining
to
shape,
form,
color,
and material rather than
to
func-
tion or name— (this aspect suggests
a hypothesis
that information trans-
mission under conditions of sensory shielding may be mediated primarily
by
the brain's right hemisphere);
and
d)
the principal difference between
experienced subjects
and naive volunteers
is not that the naive never
exhibit
the faculty,
but rather
that
their results are simply
less re-
liable— (this observation suggests
the hypothesis that remote viewing may
be
a latent and widely distributed though repressed perceptual ability).
The primary achievement
of
the
SRI program was
thus
the elicitation
of high-quality remote viewing by
individuals who agreed
to act
as sub-
jects.
Criticism of
this
claim could
in principle be put forward on
the basis
of
three potential flaws:
(1)
the study could involve naivete
in protocol
that permits various
forms
of
cueing,
intentional or unin-
tentional;
(2)
the experiments
discussed
could be selected out
of
a larger
pool of experiments of which many are of poorer quality;
(3)
data for
the reported experiments
could be edited
to show only
the matching ele-
ments,
the nonmatching elements being discarded.
All three criticisms,
however,
are invalid.
First, with regard
to
cueing,
the use of double—blind protocols ensures
that none
of
the persons
in contact with
the subject
can be aware of
the target.
Second,
selection
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of
experiments
for reporting did not take place;
every experiment was
entered
as performed on a master log and
is
included in the statistical
evaluations.
Third,
data associated with
a given experiment remain un-
edited;
all data associated with an experiment are tape recorded and in-
cluded unedited
in the data package
to be judged,
evaluated,
and so
on.
Finally,
the entire unedited file of tape recordings,
transcripts,
and
drawings
for every experiment
is available
to the COTR and others
in
the scientific community for independent analysis.
Although
the precise nature of
the information channel coupling
remote events and human perception is not yet understood,
certain concepts
in information theory,
quantum theory,
and neurophysiological research
appear
to bear directly on the issue.
Therefore,
our working assumption
is
that
the phenomenon of interest
is
consistent with modern scientific
thought,
and can therefore be expected
to yield
to
the scientific method.
Further,
it
is recognized
that communication theory provides powerful
techniques,
such
as
the use
of redundancy
coding
to
improve signal-to-
noise ratio, which can be
employed' to pursue special purpose application
of
the remote sensing channel independent
of
an understanding
of
the
underlying mechanisms
.
Finally,
it
is
concluded by the research contractors
(SRI)
that
the
development
of experimental procedures and the accrual
of experience
in
three years
of
successful effort
constitutes
an asset
that could be
utilized
in the future both
for operational needs
and for training others
in
the development
and
use
of
the remote-sensing capability.
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APPENDIX A
Remote Viewing Transcript
for Subject
S6 Learner/Control ,
First Experiment
Following
is
the unedited transcript
of
the first experiment with
learner/control
S6,
an SRI volunteer,
a mathematician
in the computer
science laboratory, without any previous experience
in remote viewing.
The
target,
determined by random procedure, was White’s Plaza,
a plaza
with
a fountain at Stanford University.
The capitalized words
are
the
experimenter's statements
and questions.
As
is our standard protocol,
the
experiment with
the subject
is kept ignorant
of
the specific target visited
as well
as
of
the contents
of
the target pool.
*
*
*
TODAY
IS MONDAY,
OCTOBER 7TH.
IT
IS 11:00 AND THIS
IS A REMOTE
VIEWING EXPERIMENT WITH RUSS
TARG,
S6, AND HAL PUTHOFF
.
IN THIS
EXPERIMENT HAL WILL DRIVE TO A REMOTE SITE CHOSEN BY A RANDOM
PROCESS,
S6 WILL BE THE REMOTE VIEWER,
AND RUSS TARG
IS
THE
MONITOR
(EXPERIMENTER)
.
WE EXPECT THIS EXPERIMENT TO START AT
TWENTY MINUTES AFTER ELEVEN AND RUN FOR FIFTEEN MINUTES.
IT
IS JUST ABOUT TWENTY MINUTES AFTER ELEVEN AND HAL SHOULD BE
AT HIS TARGET LOCATION BY NOW.
WHY DON'T YOU TELL ME WHAT KIND OF PICTURE
YOU SEE AND WHAT
YOU THINK HE MIGHT BE DOING OR EXPERIENCING.
The first thing
that
came
to mind was
some sort
of
a large,
square
kind
of
a shape.
Like Hal was
in front
of
it.
It was
a... not
a
building or something,
it was
a square.
I don't know if
it was
a
window,
but something like
that
so that
the bottom line of
it
was not
at
the ground.
About where his waist was,
at
least.
That's what
it
seemed
to me.
It seems outdoors somehow.
Tree.
DOES HAL SEEM TO BE LOOKING AT THAT SQUARE?
I don't know.
The
first
impression was
that he wasn't, but
I
have
a sense
that whatever
it was was something one might look
A-l
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at.
I don't know
if
it would be a sign,
but something that one
might look at
CAN YOU TELL
IF IT
IS ON THE GROUND OR VERTICAL?
It seemed vertical.
I don't have
a sense
that
it was part
of anything particular.
It
might be on a building or part
of
a building,
but
I don't know.
There was
a tree outside,
but
I also
got
the impression of cement.
I don't have
the impression of very many people
or traffic either.
I have
the sense
that he
is
sort
of walking back and
forth.
I
don't have any more explicit picture
than
that.
CAN YOU MOVE INTO WHERE HE
IS
STANDING AND TRY TO SEE WHAT HE
IS
LOOKING AT?
I picked
up he was
touching something—something rough.
Maybe warm
and rough.
Something possibly like cement.
IT
IS TWENTY-FOUR MINUTES AFT-ER ELEVEN.
CAN YOU CHANGE YOUR POINT OF VIEW AND MOVE ABOVE THE SCENE SO YOU
CAN GET A BIGGER PICTURE OF WHAT'S THERE?
I
still
see some trees
and some sort
of pavement or something
like
that.
Might be
a courtyard.
The thing
that came
to mind
was
it might be one
of
the plazas
at Stanford
campus
or something
like
that,
cement.
Some kinds
of
landscaping.
I said Stanford campus when
I started
to
see some things
in White
Plaza,
but
I think that
is misleading.
I have
the sense
that he's not moving around too much.
That
it's
in
a small
area.
I guess
I'll
go ahead and
say
it,
but
I'm afraid I'm just putting
on my impressions from Stanford
campus.
I had
the impression of
_a fountain.
There are two
in the plaza,
and
it seemed
that Hal
was possibly near
the, what
they call Mem Claw.
WHAT
I.S THAT?
A-
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