.
Approved For Release 2001/03/07
: CIA-RDP96-W91R000200240001-0
They told him that this was
a sketch of
a perspective of the actual
place
and
asked him whether
he could now "see"
the four headframes
as
shown
in
the sketch.
He said
he
recognized the area
as
the one
he
had been seeing but claimed
that
only one of the four headframes was
present now.
That proved
to
be untrue,
since
all
four headframes
are
still
there.
As seen
in
Fig.
11,
the
sketch of Building
is deceiving
in
that
it looks
like
there are really four buildings
(A,
B,
C,
and
D
as marked
in
Fig.
11)
sitting atop
a concrete slab rather than
there
being
a
50-ft.
deep under-
ground building with four sections
(A,
B,
C,
and
D)
extending above
the ground.
Price "looked"
into
the four "separate"
buildings
(A,
B,
C,
and
D)
and described
their contents
in great detail
but never suggested that this was
all
one
large
underground building.
Finally,
much later
in
the afternoon,
it was
requested
that he
investigate whether "Buildings
A,
B,
C,
and
D" were really
the surface
elements
of an underground building.
He looked underground and
said,
"No,
that's
a concrete apron,
and
there's nothing
subterranean
right
in
that particular area.
This description
is
the most negative evidence yet and tends
to discredit Price's
ability to
remotely view URDF-3.
FOURTH
DAY
Summary
The discussion
on
the fourth day
(July
15,
1974)
involved only
Hal
Puthoff and
Pat Price.
Price was very specific
regarding
his concept of
the overall
operation at URDF-3.
He recognized
that from the beginning,
he had
been
trying
to force-fit
a
space-oriented situation
to
the target location,
but
now realized this
"feeling"
was
incorrect.
This
day,
the discussions did nothing
toward supplying any new
evidence
(that could
be checked)
to establish validity for Price's
remote-
viewing capability.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
'•
’
The experiment
to determine the validity of Pat Price's
remote
viewing of URDF-3 appears
to
be
a
failure.
He described
a
scientific
and
military complex about
30 miles
SW of the
Irtysh
River, but
this
information
Approved For Release 2001/03/07
: CIA-RDP96-00791.R000200240001-0
Approved For R^pase
»6
lA-RDP96-QQZ91 R000200240001 -0
'
had
been
given
to him earlier.
He got very specific about details only
to sum-
marize with
a comment like
"I'll
come
back
to
that,"
but seldom did
he ever
"come back
to
that."
He successfully evaded drawing
a perimeter of the area
even though
he was
asked
to do this
several
times
throughout the experiment;
this was unfortunate because
the shape of the perimeter
is
unique.
I
can understand
how
he might not have seen some of the landmark- type
objects at URDF-3,
but
it's difficult
to
understand how he
"saw"
the other
landmark- type objects that simply
do not exist at URDF-3,
One explanation could
be that
if he mentioned enough specific
items,
he would surely hit on
one ob-
ject that
is
present which could explain
the most positive evidence
to
support
remote viewing
for
this experiment
-
a
sketch of
a rail-mounted gantry crane.
•*
He was completely wrong
in
his
description of how this crane was
related
to any building.
Even after
he was
shown
an
actual
sketch of the scientific
complex,
he failed
to
see the underground building
(Building
at URDF-3)
but
"saw
it"
as
four separate above-ground buildings sitting atop
a concrete apron.
In trying
to determine the validity of this
remote-viewing experiment,
the worth of the data
to the eventual
user has
to
be considered.
If the user
had no way of checking,
how could
he differentiate
the fact from
the fiction?
In
the case of URDF-3,
the only positive evidence of the
rail -mounted gantry
crane was
far outweighed
by the large amount of negative evidence noted
in
the
body of this analysis.
It's unfortunate
that
so much of the experiment was
done over
the phone.
If this
should happen
in
the future,
both sides of the phone conversation
should
be recorded rather
than just the experimenter's
voice,
as was
done during
this
experiment.
Also,
the experimenters did not pursue
some important details when
they had
a
chance.
This may have been
a
result of their anfamil iarity with
.the target.
This was
obvious when
the experimenters
didn't know which direction
was north
in
the actual
perspective of URDF-3.
I
suggest that
in
the future,
at least one of the experimenters
be totally familiar wit%
.the
target.
I
also
suggest that future experiments
be more tightly controlled
to discount
the
pos-
sibil ity of
the subject discussing
the material
with people not
involved
in
the
experimAiplproved For Release 2001/03/07
: CIA-RDP96-00791R0002G0240001-0
" “
i*
„
.
Approved For R^ease 2001/03/07
: CIA^RDP96-0«?91 R00020024000^0
After careful
analysis of the data
presented
to me,
I
consider Price's
remote-viewing experiment of URDF-3
to
be unsuccessful.
I
recommend
that
the
tapes
be considered for use with the psychological
stress evaluator
(PSE)
de-
scribed
in Appendix
I;
I am not competent
to judge
the reliability of
the
PSE
as
an
aid
to
lie detection,
but
I
think
the
tapes
should
be subjected
to
such
a
test.
Approved For Release 2001/03/07
: CIA-RDP96-00791.R000200240001-0
CPYRGHT
Approved For Release 2OOfM/^
T05\-RDP96-OO?91 R000200240001 -a 0
APPENDIX
I
from Science , Volume
190,
No.
4212
dated October
24,
1975
CPYRGHT
Lie Detectors: P8E Gains Audience
Despite Critics’ Doubts
ily dispelled or adulterated that they
set-
tled on the voice. They discovered that
all
rqusclcs,
including
those
controlling
the
vocal cords, vibrate slightly when in use, a
phenomenon
that
is believed to be an
in-
voluntary function of the central nervous
System, This
is
called
the muscle micro-
tremor and had already been identified, al-
Ultimately, the PSE could affect human communication the way the development of tnF
atomic bomb affected warfare.— International Moneyline, a newsletter.
The above agitated observation
reflects
the fascination
felt in some quarters over a
recently
developed
instrument
called
the
psychological
stress
evaluator,
or
PSE.
The PSE has become
the
first competi-
tion of the polygraph (or lie detector) since
the
latter
was
developed
in
the
I920's.
Whereas
a
polygraph
tests
a
subject’s
psychophysiological responses to question-
ing by measuring
his or her
respiration,
blood pressure, and skin conductivity, the
PSE registers stress by measuring certain
inaudible
modulations
in
the
voice.
Be-
cause
it can
be operated simply with
the
tape
recording of a
voice,
“it
is the
first
lie detector
that can
be
used on
a dead
man/’ notes its inventor, Allan D. Bell.
The PSE has been the object of consid-
erable
attention and controversy and
the
subject
of
articles
in Playboy and
Pent-
house, as well as publications aimed at law
enforcement and security personnel. Us re-
liability as an aid to
lie detection has come
under attack—notably in a study commis-
sioned in 1973 by the Army— and its versa-
tility and
simplicity have aroqsed
ethical
24 OCTOBER
1975
concerns because they give
it a
real edge
over the polygraph when
it comes to
in-
vading privacy.
The PSE was introduced a few years ago
by Dektor Counterintelligence and Secu-
rity, an adventurous little electronics com-
pany run by e.vArmv sleuths who believe a
man’s reach should exceed his graep. (Dek-
tor was in the news last year,
it may be re-
called,
for coming up
with
an
ingenious
counterexplanation
for
the
I8
l i-minute
gap in Rose Mary Woods’
tape. See Sci-
ence, 22 February 1974 and 21 June lv74.)
The PSE was born
in
Allan
Bell’s base-
ment.
Bell, a retired Army intelligence of-
ficer who quit 5 years ago to form Dektor,
says the search for a new way to measure
stress was triggered by a market research
assignment
to come
up
with
a
way
to
measure
the
emotionality
with
which
people answer questions by pollsters.
Bell
and
the
PSE's
coinventors,
Charles
McQuiston and
Bill Ford,
set out to seek
“identifiable
emissions
from
the human
body.” Odors and voice were the best pros-
pects, but odors are so numerous and eas-
though the inventors didn
! know
it at the
time—“we
reinvented
the
wheel,”
says
Bell Wiiat was not
1 known was
- that
ihifi
tremor,
which
is
transmitted
to
vocal
cords, is suppressed by activity of the auto-
nomic nervous system when the. speaker is
under stress.
It
is analogous, and may be
directly
related,
to the suppression of the
brain’s alpha waves (which are associated
with a relaxed waking state) when a
per-
son is making a conscious effort to think.
The PSE is more versatile than the poly-
thr
not ren uired to
e?- — r
-*"1
- -
'—- -
-
be hooked
up, immobile,
to
a
machine,
and* in
fact, doesn't even need to be pres-
ent;
the
analysis
is made
from
a
tape
recording, and can be done on a tape made
from a telephone conversation or a broad-
cast.
In
a
lie detection situation the sub-
ject
is asked the same .carefully designed
set
of
questions
(innocuous
“control”
questions
interspersed
with
significant
ones) that are asked in a polygraph exam.
The
tape
is
then
played
back
through
the PSE—a
portable
affair
ensconced
in
an
inconspicuous
black
suitcase—at
a
speed
four
times
slower
than
that
at which
?t
'was
recorded,
and.
a
needle
on a moving graph chart plots
the- stress.
If the waveform
travels up and down er-
ratically, the frequency modulation of the
359
Approved For Release 2001/03/07
: CIA-RDP96-00794R000200240001-0
AHIMlIHWtlHUHHI
'
* Ik
iilillfflitea
4pi
::||:|||L|
mm
i 4 1 i t J jh? ? *Ti i U? mill
mm MB
Mppiai
sfilHMiNnl
IMS
iiEL
l„ an unstressed utterance, at
left, the overall configuration resembles a wave
produced by the
microtremor that oscillates at 8 to 14 cycles a second. The other chart shows heavy stress as the
tremor is obliterated.
microtremor is being registered. This indi-
cates no stress. When the speaker is under
stress, however, the tremor
is suppressed
and tracings become more uniform.
Best known
of the
early PSE
experi-
ments
is
Dektor’s
run-through
of
con-
testants on the television show “To Teli the
Truth/’ By
taping each
person when he
said “My name is...,’’they claimed 95
percent accuracy in spotting the real John
Does. The PSE made its forensic debut in
Howard County, Maryland, where a police
lieutenant named Michael Kradz, who sub-
sequently joined Dektor, reported a num-
ber of successes using the PSE, most of
which contributed to clearing suspects of
offenses
ranging
from
shoplifting
to
murder.
Dektor has sold more than 700 of the in-
struments (now priced at $4200), mostly to
retail
and
industrial
firms who want
to
catch sticky-fingered employees, to private
investigative
firms,
and
to
local law
en-
forcement
agencies. And
sales
are
going
up, says Bell, despite cold water thrown on
the PSE
by
a
report
produced
for
the
Army in 1973. The Department of Defense
bought
five
of
the machines and
turned
three
of them
over
to
the Army
whose
Land
Warfare
Laboratory
paid
Joseph
Kubis,
a
psychologist and polygraph
re-
searcher
at Fordham Universityv$27,500
to
conduct
a
comparative
study
of
the
worth of the polygraph, the PSE. and an-
other machine
similar
to
the PSE called
the voice stress analyzer. Kubis, using lab-
with, his
conclusions,
and
that
research
with
“live”
cases,
which
Dektor
favors,
yield very poor
results. The Army,
while
declining to give the Kubis report official
endorsement, has nonetheless acted on
its
findings.
It allocated one of the machines
for use in research not related to lie detec-
tion, and “destroyed” the other two, ac-
cording to an Army spokesman, who was
as emphatic about disassociating the mili-
tary
from
the PSE
as
if he
had
been
asked about plans to deploy
a new nerve
gas.
The government is clearly in no hurry to
attract more
attacks on
its
surveillance
habits, and
Bell doesn’t mind having this
market dosed to him, as he thinks the gov-
ernment
is a nuisance to do business with
anyway and not too bright.
Reliability aside, there has been consid-
erable concern over
the
potential
for un-
ethical use of the PSE. The main problem
is created by the
fact that
it can be used
without
the
subject’s
knowledge.
Robert
Smith,
formerly
of
the
American
Civil
Liberties Union, points out that job inter-
views can be taped and run inrough the in-
strument without
the person's knowledge
and he can be denied employment on the
basis of stressed-looking squiggles. He also
says that the PSE, again unlike the poly-
graph,
can
be
used
in
conjunction
with
wiretapping. And, he
says, “people's
ca-
reers
can
ride
on
other
people
going
around analyzing their voice tapes.” That
comment
is
in
reference
to
the
fact
that
Uiv^
v uiwv jli waj auui t<uvi
«
c
oratory subjects? gave the polygraph a 76-
some PSE operators and journalists have
percent accuracy
rating and
the PSE 33
percent, or about the same as chance (he
did a “triad” study, testing people in three
roles—perpetrator, lookout, and innocent
bystander).
The Kubis report has gotten a .good deal
of attention, .and
is cited by
all the PSE s
critics.
Bell,
oi course, dismisses the study
as a
slipshod
piece of work and says no
other
research
has confirmed
the
Kubis
findings. KApproved'FW RelSSfi
other
well-controlled
experiment
agrees
been having fun analyzing the public utter-
ances of various interesting people. Indeed,
one*
free-lance*
writer,' ex-CIA
coniputer
specialist George O’Toole, has
written
a
whole book
explaining why Lee Harvey
Oswald didn’t
kill anyone— based in large
part on
a PSE analysis oT Oswald's state-
ments
after
he was
captured.
(“I
didn’t
shoot anybody, no
sir,” said Oswald with
no
stress.) Other colorful PSE
uses have
*r
research
has connrmca me
ixuuis
no sucss.j umu
cuiunui
*
*
>n P s. KApproved'Fw
(M
-r
well-controlled
experiment
agrees
and John
Mitchell
(stress)
at
the water-
a adv^marousTW
TO
rded ever having heard of Clifford
Irving
tinarngnjii
their
analysis
of
Hughes
PSE
chan
showed him to be sincere).
Allan
Bell
does
not
suffer
moral
di-
lemmas about any of this.
First of all, he
emphasizes, anyone who buys a PSE must
lake a 3-day training course in
its use, and
if the customer flunks there is no sale, or he
can pay for more training until he passes.
As for surreptitious use,
Bell says that
in
uncontrolled conditions—-such as taping a
presidential
press conference
or a phone
conversation— there
is no way of
telling
whether a person
is lying, only whether he
is “stressing.” No
stress
is
a
reliable
in-
dicator that a person thinks he is speaking
truth, but stress can arise from a variety of
causes that can only he weeded out
in
a
carefully
controlled
situation.
As
for
broader
ethical
considerations,
Bell
an-
swers with a question: “Which
is immoral
—for a person to
lie, or for a lie to be un-
covered?”
Bell
suspects
that some
busi-
nessmen have bought
the PSE
to
deter-
mine whether associates are squaring with
them in business dealings, but that doesn’t
bother him— Dektor did
the same
thing,
and canceled a deal because they believed
they were being lied to about the promised
delivery of some money.
Least enamored of the PSE
is the 1200-
member American Polygraph Association
(APA), which
in
1973’passcd a resolution
saying none of
its members would be
al-
lowed to operate a PSE unless
it were used
in conjunction with a polygraph
test. Kirk
Barefoot of the APA says the PSE quite
simply
doesn’t
meet
the
organization
s
standards because a lie-detecting machine
should
be tuned
into a minimum
of two
physiological
responses,
and
the
PSE
measures only one. The APA
also
looks
askance at PSE training requirements, as
polygraph operators must go to school for
6 weeks followed by a 6-month internship.
Dektor
counters
these
objections
by
attacking
the
motives
of
the APA.
Bell
says the two instruments arc about equally
reliable when
used
by
skilled examiners
with
well-constructed
tests:
as
for
train-
ing,
well,
it's much easier
to. use a PSE.
Bell
says
the
obvious
reason
for APA
hostility
is that the PSE poses a threat to
the
tigh.t-knit
fraternity
. of
polygraph
,
'
operators.
Many
companies would
nat-
•
urallv turn to the PSE because
it’s cheap-
er
to
have
an
in-house
truth
specialist,
and ’*il‘ costs
a
lot
to
farm
out -an
em-
ployee for polygraph training.
-
Dektor went
after the law enforcement
*
and securitv market because that’s where
SC IF NCR. VOL
190
Ce gre = ee cen oe taro gtyaretct tenhecigent: Bell believes, though, that the most interesting uppli-- rations of the machine will be in psycno- logical research, diagnosis, and testing. The PSE can do severa! cther things the polygraph can't. it can chart whole sen- tences in addition to simple yes-no an- swers to which the polygraph is limited. The PSE picks up stress instantaneously because the microtremor is the result of an electrical signal and does not -have to wait determine the shape of the circumstances that have gotten the subject in his present fix. The success of tests such as this leads Bell to boast, “We can do 6 months worth of psychoanalysis in 10 minutes.” The psychological stress evaluator has an interestingiy ambivalent status as both a forensic and a clinical instrument. As the’ Michigan attorney general wrote in re- sponst: to a request for clarification of the PSE siatus under Michigan's polygraph examiners law: “...a very narrow line separates the use of mechanical devices for the purpose of measuring stress and the use of such device to determine truthful- ness.” (He decided that the act did apply to the PSE in the latter case.) Forensically speaking, the PSE is in a kind of limbo. Nineteen states have laws licensing or regulating polygraph use, and presumably in those states where other instruments are not banned, forensic usc of the PSE would be decided on a case-by-case basis. One state, North Carolina, licenses PSE operators (80 hours of training is re- quired), elsewhere, a person armed with ‘nothing but a Dekior training certificate can call himself a PSE operates. The other states. including New York and California, have no laws because of strenuots opposi- tion by labor unions to legislation they think will legitimize the use of lie detectors in employment (six states now ban com- pulsory preemployment polygraph testing). One individual who is determined that . ore cr eee a ete Ringe en cares = ert commen em te U or the flow and of budy chemicals as’ does the polygrapty, says Beli. “+ can alst register changes of stress levels wiiain a@ single syllable. ft can be used wiitn more people in mofe situations because the sub- ject is free to roam about, and intoxication ebb “with drugs or alcohol docs not, it is claimed, distort the microtremor. The academic community has not dis- played much interest in the instrument to date—Bell explains that this community is the PSE shall gain full respectability in the eyes of the law is John W. Heisse, a Bur- lington, Verrnont, otolaryngologist. Heisse is the head of the International Socicty of Stress Analysts (ISSA), a fledgling organization of 200 PSE, polygraph, and voice analyzer users from the fields of law enforcement, industrial security, business, law, and health. Heisse is perhaps the PSE’s most fervic partisan. He has rerun the Kubis study, using the contract's “al- ternate specifications,” and claims the PSE came out with 97 percent reliability. He has used the instrument to prove iii people with laryngectomics still register muscle microtremor; he has tested the ef- fects of dozens of drugs on PSE subjects. He has a “death test” to see how anxious people are about death, and a suicide test—five questions relating to death that can be asked over the phone. If the subject shows no stress in answering, it means he is definitely preparing to kill himself. Heisse says in seven cases the test unfortunately proved correct. He has also tried the PSE with hypnotized subjects and discovered that they show no muscle microtremor— not because of stress but because they are unusually relaxed. He says the same find- ing applies to persons who have been brainwashed. (Quick to sce an applica- tion here, Heisse went off to San Francis- co to chart Patty Hearst’s tapes, but he won't tell what he found.) In addition to these activities, Heisse GOTRAERENF EA ‘CONSEIVELIVE BNNOSE Iw re pel OF INE ¥~“Himobile’--—bui seme researchers have beea fooling around with it. One has done a study proving that stage fright increases in proportion to the number of peopie in an audience;: another has analyzed stress among dental patients. One researcher, says Bell, has done psychological diag- noses of alcoholics using an “emotion-pro- ducing word test.” By charting stress reac- tions to lists of words, the researcher can says he has been doing all the fie-dctecting work for the city of Burlingion-—that is, until Vermont passed a law saying only po- lygraphers can do truthfulness verification work. Heisse believes this law was passed just to protect the jobs of Vermont's three polygraphers. He has raised $100,000, gathered 300 pages of evidencs, and is suing the state of Vermont. The outcome af this case could set a significant prece- dent if and when PSE's proliferate enough ie attract the atiention of other law- makers. Meanwhile Allan Bell wants to go hack to the drawing board. “The PSE 1s to stress analysis of the voice what the Mode! T is to locomotion,” he declares. More work needs to be done on waveform anaiy- sis, on quantitative measures of mind-body interaction, and on “flesh mechanics.” The stress evaluator, he points out, is measur- ing something no cone has been able to de- fine, so it would be nice to really pin it down, perhaps by locating the specific area of the brain where stress originates. One of the possible “end product configurations” envisaged by Bell's agile mind would be a machine that supplied a centinuous meicr readout of stress levels to a psychiatrist while his patient lay chatting on the couch. Some might find this a distressing symp- tem of human willingness to defer to ma- caines. But fortunately, unlike the atom bomb, the PSE is only as effective as he who operates it.~-CONST ANCE HOLDEN a