: pee - eee ee . 1 - . : * . " - . = : es Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 a chance ranks when it was not the intended target, so the result is not due to bias on the part of L the judge. — _ The series of remote viewings was not significant overall, but the ve firidings in in the previous paragraph allow us to make some tentative conclusions (Section IV). addition, many of the subjects in this experiment were novices who were being tested to see whether or not they had any special abilities. Therefore, the trends observed in this report may be enhanced when working with subjects who are able to produce higher quality remote viewings overall | 2 Approved For Release 2001/03/97 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9
Approved For Release 2001409107 : ciA-RDb96-00789R003200160001.9 III RESULTS (VU) (U) The remote viewing trials were scored by assigning ranks to the actual target and the three other possible targets within the same category. For example, if the intended target was the Greek temple, then the response would be compared with the four targets in the natural category and a rank would be assigned to each one. For the analysis in this report, the Greek temple would be designated as the intended target, and the other three natural targets would be designated as unintended targets. \ | Table 1 shows the distribution of ranks that were assigned to the intended target by an RV analyst. For example, the aircraft-carrier-takeoff target in the military category was randomly chosen as the intended target 5 times. It was ranked first 2 times, and it was ranked second, third and fourth once each. Table 2 shows similar data, but for the unintended targets. Suppose that the Greek Temple is the intended target; then for that trial, the ostriches, skiing, and waterfall targets are unintended. Thus, for each trial in the series there is one entry in Table 1, and there are three entries in Table 2. There are a total of 85 remote viewings represented. { | The most interesting result is that the sum of ranks for the trials in the natural category is independently significant. Out of 16 trials, the sum of ranks is 32, p = 0.046. For the other three categories, the rank sums are nonsignificant. For the projects, (military and science/industrial categories the (sum of ranks, number of trials, p-value) are (70, 28, 0.53), (46, 19, 0.42), and (56, 22, 0.43), respectively. Thus, it appears that the targets that were the most homogeneous and were set to music with few or no words were the easiest to remote view and/or to match correctly in judging. \ The only individual target for which the sum of ranks was significant is Project Deep Quest (8 trials, sum of ranks = 12, p = 0.007). This is the only target in the projects category that has a dynamic segment; the others consist of a series of still photographs. Also, the main theme of this target is water. We were concerned that the significance might be due to a bias toward choosing this target on the part of the judge, whether or not it was the intended target. To check this, we computed the rank sum for Project Deep Quest when it was the unintended target. The sum was 46, for 20 trials, p = 0.24, so the bias hypothesis can not explain the significant result. 5 Approved For Release 2001/0407 : cia-RDPdS-00789R003200160001.9
a Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 Jin contrast, judges did appear to be biased against Project Ultra. Out of the 28 times it was included i in either table, it was ranked last place 16 times, including 5 of the 10 times it was the intended target and 11 of the 18 times it was the unintended target. This target is quite | different from Project Deep Quest because the theme is unclear even after observing the target, unless one is already familiar with Project Ultra. Table 1 (U) RANKINGS FOR INTENDED TARGETS “TTT ee pa —_——- Category Projects Manhattan Project Project Blue Book Project Deep Quest Project Ultra Totals Military Aircraft Carrier Takeoff Atomic Blasts Contro] Room Russians in Space Totals Natural Greek Temple Ostriches Skiing Waterfall Totals Science/Industrial Bottling Factory Building Construction John Glenn Launch Tacoma Narrows Bridge Totals Rank 1 6 Rank 2 afoonn Rank 3 afecne Rank 4 w|i coo pfoors efucws af-wo- Approved For Release seouedn : CIA-R 6-00789R003200160001-9
| — Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 Table 2 (U) RANKINGS FOR UNINTENDED TARGETS a Projects Manhattan Project Project Blue Book Project Deep Quest Project Ultra Totals Military Aircraft Carrier Takeoff Atomic Blasts Control Room Russians in Space Totals Natura! Greek Temple Ostriches Skiing Waterfall Totals Science/Industrial Bottling Factory Building Construction John Glenn Launch Tacoma Narrows Bridge Totals Approved For Release voor : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9
meme ere le Nae — Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 IV CONCLUSIONS (VU) The results of this analysis are intriguing, since they suggest that the complexity of the target and/or the feedback may affect the quality of the results. The natural targets, the only group to achieve a significant sum of ranks, differed from the others in a few respects. First, they tended to be more homogeneous visually than the targets in the other three categories. Second, they were accompanied by music but few or no words. Third, they tended to represent more pleasant situations than the other target categories. _ Two of these three features distinguishing the Natural target category also applied to the Project Deep Quest target. It represented a more pleasing situation than the other targets in the projects category, and it was also more homogeneous. r In conclusion, while we are not able to identify a single distinguishing factor from these results, it does appear that certain characteristics may enhance remote viewing quality. The targets for which significant results were achieved were those that were visually homogeneous. Further, from subjective reports of the viewers, they were the most appealing targets in the pool. [ \ Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9
as ! Approved For Release ooubarer : 96-00789R003200160001-9 II METHOD OF APPROACH (UV) A. (U) Objectives (U) The primary long-term objective of this effort is to improve the single—bit hit rate in binary psychoenergetic experiments significantly beyond baseline or fiducial values. One secondary and one tertiary objective are of interest as well. e rv—To track the various internal mental techniques used, in order to develop hypotheses for later testing. ® Tertiary—To determine if the binary remote viewing techniques can be expanded to choices greater than two (i.e., for between 3 and 6 possible targets). (U) The specified objective for FY 1988 was set forth under Objective E, Task 4 of the SOW for that year, “Determine the source of ‘mental noise’ in binary psychoenergetic tasks.” B. (U) Viewer Selection j In discussions, one of SRI’s longstanding remote viewers V(002), reported a desire to renew his/her interest in this area and to address the general problem of single-bit hit rate enhancement. Since V002 had demonstrated a willingness to address difficult psychoenergetic research problems in the past, SRI decided that he/she would be an appropriate candidate for this effort. C. (U) General Approach . - (U) A number of problems arise in studying internal mental processes. It is not yet possible to determine the neurological sources of such processes, so we must rely upon subjective techniques in order to begin to understand them. Progress has been made in understanding one area of subjective experience: internal mental imagery. Kosslyn describes successful techniques involving relative internal versus relative external imagery measures to begin to understand this robust mental process.* However, even those techniques cannot yet be applied to remote viewing research, because much of the subjective impressions are reported to precede imagery. —_ * (U) Kosslyn, S. M., Ghosts in the Mind’s Machine—Creating and Using Images in the Brain, W. W. Norton & Company, New York and London (1983) UNCLASSIFIED. 3 -00789R003200160001-9 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-
=. ee pen Approved For Release 2001/03/47 : CIA-RDP96};00789R003200160001-9 III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (U) (U) Throughout this section p-values have been computed for various experiments in exploratory phases. Since the number of trials was not declared in advance in these cases, the results for the exploratory work are to be interpreted only as indicators rather than as estimates of the probability that, upon repeating the experiment, the data would be as deviant as the original set (i.e. Type I error). In the formal tests described below, the total number of trials was declared in advance, and, thus the quoted statistics are measures of Type I error. A. (U) Early Similar Experiments | _ | Viewer 002 has been involved in psychoenergetic experiments since the mid 1960s. The earliest record SRI has for V002 in any forced-choice experiments were those conducted for a different sponsor during FY 1976." While a number of different experiments were tried during an exploratory period, none produced significant results. Effect sizes are not available from that period. However, data from a formal, automated one-in-four forced-choice experiment are available. V002 produced 167 hits in 500 trials for a hit rate of 33.4% (p < 1.59 x 10° 5) and an effect size of 0.19. ‘ ‘In later forced-choice experiments involving binary and one-in-ten target systems, vo02' s results did not produce significant deviations from mean chance expectation. + Because V002 has been involved in this type of research for such an extended period of time, these data possess historical value and interest, and can serve as a long-term baseline. However, because of the general approach described above, it is more appropriate to use newer data as a fiducial point for the differential measures. B. | (U) Exploratory and Formal Efforts—FY 1986 : I. (U) Results During FY 1986, and using a protocol similar to the one described above, voo2 contributed 479 binary trials as part of an exploration phase—exploratory because of a PR roe! (U) Puthoff, H. E., and Targ, R., “Advanced Threat Technique Assessment (U),” Interim Engineering Report 1, Proiect 5309, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California (September 1976) | ! t (U) Puthoff, H. E., Targ, R., and May, E. C., “Advanced Threat Technique Assessment (U),” Final Report, Project 5309, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California, (October 1978) ! 6 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP8€-00789R003200160001-9
a al me =, Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP9$-00789R003200160001-9 (S/NF) possible sensory leakage path. Of these, 276 were hits for a hit rate of 57.6% (p <= 5.01 x 107‘) and an effect size of 0.15. In a one-in-three target system, V002 contributed 142 trials with a hit rate of 47.9% (p < 2.30 x 10‘) and an effect size of 0.30. In a one-in-four target system, 58 trials were conducted with a hit rate of 29.3% (p < 0.27) and an effect size of 0.02. _. Under formal conditions (described in Section I, D.3.) between 15 September and 13 October, 1986, V002 contributed 50 binary trials. The hit rate was 64%, p < 0.033, and the effect size was 0.26 (corrected for continuity). 2. (U) Discussion * Keeping in mind that during FY 1986 this was part of a larger search effort and extremely preliminary, the results looked quite encouraging. Even on those few trials (one-in-four target system) where the results failed to meet the 0.05 significance level, the effect size was typical of those seen during the historic Rhine investigations. The remaining exploratory trials produced effect sizes an order of magnitude larger. \ This exploratory effect size was confirmed by the formal series. The effect size, 0.26, is somewhat larger than that in the exploratory phase, but not significantly so. Two main conclusions can be drawn from these results: (1) Because there was chance hitting, there was no evidence for subliminal cuing during the exploratory phase; therefore, its protocol should be kept intact. (2) The formal result, which cannot be considered as a formal baseline (i.e., a large number of pilot trials before the formal series), can, however, serve as a fiducial point for comparison with later efforts. Cc. (U) FY 1987 Exploratory Experiments—Results and Discussion (U) Encouraged by the FY 1986 effort, and in accordance with the FY 1987 SOW, SRI initiated a second exploratory phase of forced-choice experiments with V002. Rather than conducting a simple forced-choice paradigm as in FY 1986, SRI designed this effort was designed to be more sensitive to the subjective internal states of the viewer. (U) All trials for the year were binary, and two principal subjective internal states were investigated. The first of these was to determine if the viewer could “tell” (sense) in advance of feedback when he/she was in contact with the remote target. The second internal state was related to the overall subjective feeling of the viewer. 7 Approved For Release 2001/04/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9
on Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 1. (U) Exploratory Series | _.. The 1668 trials collected in FY 1987 can be divided into two separate segments—the first half reported in the Mid-Year Technical Report,* and the second half reported in the Final Technical Report.t This division is a natural one, in that V002 used two different internal strategies. | ____. During the first half of FY 1987, V002 felt he/she could sense being in psychoenergetic contact with the target material. To test this concept, V002 was required to register, in advance of each trial, whether he/she was in psi contact, definitely not in psi contact, or not sure. The hypothesis under consideration in this protocol was that V002 would be able to sense contact with the remote target and would score significantly positive in the contact condition, score significantly negatively in the no-contact condition, and score at chance in the uncertain condition. Table 1 shows the results of 327 trials collected under this protocol. Table 1 (U) RESULTS FOR FIRST HALF OF FY 1987 Condition Contact 8.40 « 1077 0.60 No Contact 9.55 x 107! 0.39 >. Uncertain 1.52 x 107! 0.55 _ Although we must acknowledge that there was a remote possibility of inadvertent cuing, these results suggest that V002 was able to sense contact with the remote target. In a formal test of this hypothesis, it would be stated a@ priori that the trials during the no-contact condition would be automatically inverted in the analysis (i.e., V002’s remote viewing would be used to reject one of the targets). It is important to note that the amounts of psychoenergetic functioning required to sense contact are similar to those required to sense no contact with the target. Since the effect sizes a under these two conditions are so similar (i.e., the minus sign for the no-contact condition reflects the fact that V002 scored below mean * (U) May, E. C., “Enhanced Human Performance Investigation (U),” Mid-Year Technical Report, Project 1291, SRI International, Menlo Park, California (June 1987)} t (U) May, E. C., “Enhanced Human Performance Investigation (U),” Final Technica! xe- port, Project 1291, SRI International, Menlo Park, California (December 1987)4 ’ 8 Approved For Release 2001103197, : CIA-RDP96-09789R003200160001-9
— i nl 86 on Approved For Release 2001/06/07 : c1A-RIDP9S-00789R003200160001-9 \ chance expectation—the expected direction if the hypothesis is true), it forms the basis for a strong hypothesis for formal testing. 4 . . sos ‘ n . ve The directional effect sizes are statistically equivalent to a fiducial condition value of 0.26. Thus, V002 did not exhibit a decline effect, but there was no indication of improvement either. If a direction is specified in advance of an experiment, it is appropriate to use one-tailed tests. From this perspective, the hitting rate was 61%, p < 1.37 x 10-3, and the effect size was 0.21—results that are statistically equivalent to the fiducial data, but with the added feature of possible directional control. ' The conditions for the second half of FY 1987 were defined at the session level. V002 defined three types of sessions — positive days, negative days, and unknown days — that had to be specified in advance of any trials during a session, reflecting the overall subjective state of being of V002. If these a priori statements correlated with performance, they could be used as a filter to reject part of the data. Table 2 shows the results for 1341 trials collected under this protocol. Table 2 (U) PRELIMINARY RESULTS FOR SECOND HALF OF FY 1987 cee [un om] nme | Sie | AEE Condition Trials Hits p-value Size Hit Rate Positive 311 174 1.82 x 107? | 0.56 484 243 4.63 x 107! 0.50 546 322 1.37 x 1075 0.59 Negative Uncertain | The positive-day and negative-day data did not exceed mean chance expectation. The uncertain case scored similar to the fiducial data. Yet, the effect size changes are small and not statistically meaningful. To be consistent with the calculations for the data collected in the first half of FY 1987, the one-tailed combination of the data yields a fractional hit rate of 52%, p < 1.00 x 10-!, and the effect size is 0.045. Thus, it appears that V002’s perception of good and bad days may interfere with good functioning (earlier performance was replicated only during V002's uncertain days). Since there was no evidence for a decline effect for 546 trials during the uncertain days, it is unlikely that the decline effect is responsible for the reduced scoring for the other data. 9 Approved For Release 2001/09107 : cia-rop9¢}00789R00320016000 -9
ies Bon Wee ne ee Ee ee ee ee ee ee ee oe oe Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : C1A-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 2. (U) Formal Test \The experiment coordinator decided to cancel the formal test at the year’s end for two reasons:. (1) One main objective of the year-end formal test was to protect against possible cuing. The hit rate for the year was 55%, p < 2.97 x 10-5 and the effect size was 0.10. Thus, if inadvertent cuing was present, it resulted in a decrease in effect size—an unlikely circumstance. This is consistent with one of the main conclusions drawn from the results of the FY 1986 test. (2) V002 requested that we postpone formal tests until FY 1988, because V002 felt he/she was concentrating and beginning to understand something about his/her internal processes. According to V002, a formal test at this time would seriously interrupt the discovery activity at a critical juncture. In the experiment coordinator’s opinion, canceling the formal year-end test did not detract from the FY 1987 results, since they were marginal to begin with and, it was felt that if insights were being gained, they could be tested during FY 1988. As shown below, this decision was justified. D. (U) FY 1988 Experiments 1. (U) Theoretical Constructs (U) Viewer 002 has been working for over 20 years in attempting to understand his/her own internal, subjective awareness. What follows is a summary of V002’s current understanding with regard to the specific task of determining the source of mental noise in forced-choice experiments. (U) The fundamental idea is quite straightforward. Forced-choice remote viewing perception’ is susceptible to massive overlay by memory (e.g., from earlier trials) and/or expectations (e.g., the target was number one ten times in a row, this time it must be number two). To understand the source of these difficulties requires the understanding of the development of thought itself. (U) As a starting point, V002 followed the ideas of Dr. N. Dixon, a well-known investigator of subliminal perception. Figure 1 summarizes Dixon’s concepts of the processing of preconscious information.{ It is beyond the scope of this report to describe all the processes * (U) These problems arise in traditional remote viewing; however, they are particularly troublesome in the forced-choice arena. t (U) Dixon, N. E., Preconscious Processing, John Wiley, Chichester and New York, p. 25, (1981) UNCLASSIFIED. 10 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : C1A-RDP96-0789R003200160001-9 r
——i 0 eel Approved For Release 201/03/07 : C1A-ROP96-00789R003200160001-9 (_ final level of the hierarchy is to perceive the meaning of different conditions of similar objects. For example, the difference between iece.of blank paper with UNCLASSIFIED printed top - 7 ASIF oes and bottom and one with ft ‘4 bottorn lies only in the meaning of the words. If this last stage could be realized, it would have obvious‘ Significance. Noise Overlay Intellectual Decisions Idea Making Thoughts a ———__ ee aes —=_—or Sources of Noise Subliminal Level Psychoenergetic Input UNCLASSIFIED FIGURE 2 (U) SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF ANALYTICAL OVERLAY 12 Approved For Release aid : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9
ee ee ee oe ee am poe me Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-b0789R0032001 60001-9 , eee | degrees of freedom. Clearly, this is different from the expected value of zero, and thus on the average, there was not a constant hit rate. Strategy —» Change 50 40 30 20 10 © = 535 ta 200 300 Trial Number FIGURE 3 (U) EXCESS HITTING DURING EXPLORATORY TRIALS—1988 Shown also in Figure 3 is the “instantaneous” hit rate, R, calculated over 10 trial segments (open circles). The first point, at 10 trials, represents the average hit rate from trial 5 to trial 15; the second point at 20 trials represents the average hit rate from trial 15 to trial 25 and so on. The line labeled MCE (mean chance expectation) corresponds to a 50% hit rate. The unlabeled line (R = 0.529 + .003 n) is the regression line for the instantaneous hit rate. While the curve demonstrates a clear trend toward performance enhancement, the linear correlation coefficient is not significantly (r = 0.203, p < 0.09) greater than chance (r = 0.0). i __ Figure 3 shows periods of significant growth followed by periods of consolidation. Major strategy 535 fits this model, but major strategy 536 does not. Yet, major strategy 537 produced another period of growth. Strategy 537B is also labeled because it was the 14 Approved For Release 20010 eB ERCP 00780R003200160001-
LA _~J Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 | one that was used in the formal test (see Section 3 below), and V002 claimed that it represented a transition from three-dimensional to two-dimensional targets. In V002’s theoretical construct, this also represents a change from perceiving object conditions to perceiving object meaning. a i As can been seen from both the hit rate and accumulated excess hits, there was one period (approximately 14.3% of the total number of trials—trials 254 through 321) that corresponds to a decline in performance. This period is the only time during the exploratory sessions in which a large number of trials (68) were attempted during a single session (average hit rate of 40%). The second longest continuous segment was from trial 335 to 358 (24 trials for an average hit rate of 54%). In answer to questions about what was occurring with each of these strategy shifts, all V002 could say is that they represent new psychoenergetic contact with some of the noise sources shown in Figure 2 . It is frustrating from SRI’s perspective as well as from that of V002 that these strategies remain so subjective. j In addition to the 477 binary trials, 18 were collected, but not included in the record. For these trials, the target was whether or not a second person was in the SRI analyst’s office. The hit rate for these 18 trials was 78%, p < 1.69 x 10-2, and the effect size was 0.50. These data are not to be considered part of the experimental record, however, since it became apparent that the background noise level was obviously different when a second person was in the office. Thus, it is assumed that the strong scoring could easily be attributed to cuing. (U) During FY 1988, two smaller series of forced-choice experiments (n = 3 andn= 6) were conducted. The protocol for these was the same as for the binary case except that the target pool was appropriately larger. V002 contributed 135 trinary (i.e., one-in-three) trials. The hit rate was 48% (expected hitting rate is 33%), p < 1.83 x 10-4, and the effect size was 0.31. This effect size is slightly larger than the fiducial binary case and represents an increase from 0.25 for the first half of the data to 0.34 for the second half. With so few trials, it is difficult to interpret this increase. These trials were primarily used to form a fiducial point for later trinary experiments. _ §V002 contributed 49 trials in a one-in-six experiment. The hit rate was 18%, p< 4.49 x 10-1, and the effect size was 0.018. These trials were exploratory for V002, to determine subjectively if some of the binary routines were applicable to a larger pool of target choices. This small effect size and hit rate (expected hit rate is 17%) indicate that more work is needed to understand the forced-choice remote viewing of one-in-six target possibilities. 15 Approved For Release 2001 rc | CIA- -00789R003200160001-9
4 : : i Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : ClA-RDP96-P0789R003200160001.9 3. (U) Formal Test ; ' As in earlier years, there is no indication (except where noted) that these results can be accounted for entirely on the basis on inadvertent cuing. However, SRI conducted a formal test of 50 trials as a concluding effort for FY 1988. V002 used Strategy 537B throughout the formal series. (U) The protocol for the formal experiment was designed to eliminate the possibility of any inadvertent cuing. In general, it was similar to the binary procedures that had been in use since the beginning of the binary search program in FY 1986 as described above. a. (U) Number of Trials (U) The total number of trials for the formal experiment was specified in advance as 50. b. (U) Target Material (U) For each trial, pairs of targets were selected from the material shown in Table 3. Some of the time V002 suggested a pair, but most of the time the choice was up to the experiment coordinator. These pairs were not chosen randomly. Rather they were chosen in accordance with a subjective opinion as to the difference between the pair. Occasionally, V002 would request a different pair before the trial was initiated. c. (U) Computer Link (U) To ensure that there was no inadvertent cuing, a computer link was established between the experiment coordinator (EC) and the research assistant (RA). After a target had been generated (see below) the only communication allowed over the computer link from the EC was the single word “Ready.” To further protect against inadvertent cuing, the word “ Ready” was typed automatically by a special program rather than manually. d. (U) Sequence of Events for a Single Trial (1) Viewer 002 selected a pair of possible targets from the list shown above, and informed the RA. (2) The RA informed the EC by computer link of the choices. (3) The EC used established computerized random procedures to select one of the pair as the actual target and placed it in a predetermined place. The other target of the selected pair was placed in a desk drawer. One 16 _ Approved For Release 200t/ofi07 : CIA-RDP9B-00789R003200160001-8
, ~~ ee ee ee ‘ : 1 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 (U) minute after Step 2, the EC informed the RA that a target was ready by typing the single word “Ready.” (4) The RA informed the viewer that a target was ready by striking a bell. (5) The viewer responded, and the RA informed the EC of the choice by the computer link. (6) The EC recorded the data and informed the RA of the target. (7) The RA provided feedback to the viewer. (8) Before a new trial could begin, the EC had to replace the targets in the target pack and signal the RA by typing “Next.” Table 3 (U) TARGET LIST FOR THE FORMAL EXPERIMENT Number Description Graph paper: red, circular. Contour map: black, ovals. Contour map: black, concentric circles. Graph paper: black, rectangular. Circular graph paper: Black, concentric circles. Reactance frequency graph paper: orange, rectangular/triangular. Reactance frequency graph paper: green, rectangular/triangular. Circular percentage graph paper: green, 3 circles. Geomagnetic meridian plot paper: black, 3 half circles. Perspective graph paper: blue, rectangular, diagonal lines. Triangular coordinate paper: orange, triangles. Triangular coordinate paper: green, triangles. Square graph paper: green, 10 x 10 to the inch. Square graph paper: orange, 4 x 4 to the inch. Square graph paper: 5 x 5 to the centimeter. Circular, polar coordinate graph paper: orange, 10 parts to the inch. Circular, polar coordinate graph paper: green, 10 parts to the inch. Chart geomagnetic latitude paper: black, 11x18 inches. . flag/alert sheet with red-striped border. document cover: ~~ ¢ KI document cover: brown beige. ‘manila envelope. mat paper. mat paper. mat paper. . “NUCLEAR DEVELOPMENT: large sign. PLANS: large sien. — a large sign. ‘CODE XLTZ: large sign. 17 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9
Approved For Release 2001/0607 - CIA- RDP98-00789R003200160001 -9 a | | If the problems of forced-choice remote viewing (i.e., remote viewing of a limited andi known set of target alternatives) could be solved, a number of potential applications come to mind. First and foremost, standard redundancy coding techniques could be employed to improve the hit rate further. This is not a new idea. In 1964, Ryzl demonstrated the psychoenergetic transmission of 50 binary bits without a single error,* and in 1985 SRI published a white paper describing a program to determine optimum coding parameters.t In that report, SRI showed that if psychoenergetic functioning were stable over time, it would be possible to trade number of trials for reliability. Using techniques similar to the ones described in SRI’s white Paper, it is possible to increase the single-bit hit rate for a binary experiment from a nominal 60% to over 99%. With such a low initial hit rate, the efficiency (i.e., one divided by the number of trials required to obtain the desired certainty) is of the order of 0.002 or lower. Such a low efficiency might be problematical in an{- Fnvironment. 4 One solution to this problem is to increase the Single-bit hit rate. To do this, however, requires that longstanding problems with the forced-choice psychoenergetic (a experiments be solved. As part of the | “Enhanced Human Performance Investigation,” (Contract DAMD17-85~C-5130), SRI initiated a pilot investigation of forced-choice remote viewing to address the problem of low efficiency. Since a binary search strategy is one of the most likely applications if an increased single-bit hit rate could be realized, the effort to increase the rate was included as part of the FY 1986 Objective E, Task 2, Search. In FY 1987 and FY 1988, this effort was under Objective F, Task 10, and Objective E, Task 4, respectively. (U) This report summarizes the work performed from FY 1986 through FY 1988.t — * (U) Ryzl, M., “A Model of Parapsychological Communication,” Journal of Parapsychology, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 18-30, (March 1966) UNCLASSIFIED. Tt (u) Humphrey, B. S., “Psi Communications Experiments (U),” White Paper, SRI Interna- tional, Menlo Park, California, (November 1985)‘ ¢ (U) This report constitutes the deliverable for Objective E, Task 4, FY 1988. 2 Approved For Release 700403107 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9
. Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : iA sRDPBS-00789R003200160001-9 IV CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (UV) ~ i *The single most interesting outcome during the three-year experiment is that there was a significant enhancement of hit rate in the formal series in FY 1988 over the results from the formal series during FY 1986. i In examining the performance during the exploratory phase in FY 1988, we observed strong enhancement (not significant) of hit rate (see Figure 3). At this point, a number of possible explanations could account for the improvement: ® 002 has correctly identified his/her source of internal noise, @ Although SRI believes it unlikely, VOO2 may have learned to use weak sensorial cues during the exploratory phase, or e@ Due to the complexity of the protocol during the formal series, there is still an unknown sensory leakage path. While it is impossible to rule out unknown sensory leakage paths, all of the known ones were addressed in the formal protocol. We include this remote possibility for completeness. Because of the protocol complexity, the remote viewing processes are indeterminate at present, but the end-point statistic is valid.” | _ It is important that this study be continued in order to isolate which of these explanations is more able to explain the results, and to identify a technique to quantify the internal experiences of V002, should that prove to be the proper explanation. Should such a technique be found, specific hypotheses could formulated and tested, and a training procedure and applications could be developed based upon that knowledge. ET * (U) During the Scientific Oversight Committee meeting of 4 November 1988, a number of comments were made concerning the adequacy of the protocols with regard to process. However, there was general agreement about the endpoint statistic. See “Enhanced Human Performance Investigations (U),” Final Technical Report, SRI Project 1291, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA (December 1988); 21 Approved For Release seotlyor : cianoped-oo7eeR00200160001-9
d For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA- RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 Interim Report-; December 1986 ’ Covering the Period 1 October 1088 30 September 1986 LOCATION OF TARGET MATERIAL IN SPACE AND TIME (U)
SO er a ieee. ee Approved For Release 200//03/07 : CIA-RDHSE-9O7EORO0Z00NS O00 I INTRODUCTION (U) A continuing need ‘ : ,is determining the location of! targets of interest, whose positions are not known or are known only approximately. ~~ It has been claimed by the parapsychological community that individuals can search for and locate water, oil, minerals, objects, individuals, sites of archaeological significance, and so forth. If this can be demonstrated to be a. genuine ability, and if it can be applied. then we may have a potential match to the s q i above requirement. This ability can be contrasted to the related psychoenergetic ability “remote viewing," in the following manner. In remote viewing, the viewer is given location information (e.g., coordinates, a "beacon" agent, or a picture), then asked to provide data on target content a» In "search," the viewer is given information on target content,.” then asked to provide location data (e.g., position on a map). The two functions thus compliment each other. 1 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 : i
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 '(U) The ability to locate targets is most often referred to as “dowsing” in the Western literature, and “biophysical effect (BPE)” in the Soviet/East Bloc literature. In this report, * we shall refer to such techniques simply as “search.” Although much of the literature is | anecdotal,'f attempts to quantify the ability and to determine its mechanisms have been pursued. _ 7 ~ The goal of the present effort is to research the literature, then perform laboratory experimentation to determine whether, and to what degree, such functioning is a viable candidate for applicatiors a _. _. This includes determining (1) the best methods and efficiencies of various search techniques, and (2) the appropriate statistical analyses for evaluating results. (U) In attempting to determine if this putative ability can be brought under laboratory control, we have simulated “field conditions” with a computer~assisted-search (CAS) experiment. (U) Our CAS experiments generally contain the following basic elements: (1) A finite matrix of possible target locations (e.g., a 20 x 20 graphics matrix grid) from which one cell is randomly selected by the computer as the target. (2) An individual whose task is to “scan” the graphics display area, and indicate, by pressing a button, his/her choice as to the target location. (3) A feedback mechanism that displays the response and actual target location. (4) Ana priori defined analysis procedure. (U) Using this general procedure, we conducted an experiment during FY 1984 in which two conditions were tested simultaneously:'§ e Searching for a target that remains fixed in space for the duration of the trial (space condition). NN *(u) This report constitutes Objective E, Task 2: Develop methodologies to locate target material in space and/or time. | tw For the most comprehensive and authoritative survey of the claims for dowsing, see Christopher Bird, The Divining Hand, E. P. Dutton, New York, New York (1979). +. (U) See, for example, papers published by Z. V. Harvalik, beginning 1970, in The American Dowser, The Journal of the American Society of Dowsers (Harvalik is the ex-director of the basic research group at the U.S. Army Engineering Laboratories, Fort Belvoir, Virginia). Su) References are listed at the end of this document. 2 Approved For Release 2001/03/07\~ CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 III RESULTS (U) « Table 1 shows the p-values for each participant in each condition. Two individuals achieved significant p-values in the space condition and six persons showed significant p-values in the time condition. Table 1 (U) (U) p-VALUES FOR PARTICIPANTS IN SEARCH EXPERIMENTS 0.84078 0.16176 0.44148 0.13012 0.98868+ 0.96894+ 0.96954+ 0.74088 0.63678 0.67126 0.95199+ 0.21685 0.70792 0.14378 0.26703 0.11501 0.34966 0.19182 0.44627 0.31385 0.43465 0.96682+ 0.54688 0.41565 0.76812 0.49793 0.23560 0.81473 0.85025 0.36908 0.67064 0.26024 0.44284 0.49724 0.97783+ 0.96208+ 0.74256 0.98615+ 0.56330 0.80866 0.23507 0.84781 0.70135 0.63873 0.27391 0.03106* 0.13345 0.00010* 0.16690 0.01473° 0.34136 0.03143°* 0.63092 0.03778 ° 0.99536+ 0.04630* 0.25078 0.91276 0.01245* 0.29625 0.04117° 0.69349 0.10618 0.19182 0.08974 0.53519 0.18481 0.26932 0.18619 0.35158 0.97838+ 0.61381 5 in predicted direction 5 in direction of target avoidance * Significant at < 0.0 + Significant at < 0.0 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9
Approved For Release 2004103107 : cia-RDPd6-00780R003200160001.2 IV DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS (0) The results are in line with predictions; eight persons showed significant deviation from chance expectation (probability equals 0.027). In addition, post hoc analysis shows a significant tendency to do better on one condition than ON the other. (U) In FY 1987, the seven best individuals in each condition will participate in a formal CAS study, in which the conditions will be separated and the number of trials increased. 10 Approved For Release 2001143107 : CIA RDEd-00780R005200160001.9
Final Report- ble DO, Task 1 December 1988 Covering the Per “ber roe7 to 30 September 1988 NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES TO REMOTE VIEWING W) Ce. Se t SRI Project 4291 NN _copye-ot 6 Geopies _S This document consists of 38 pages a Copy By & Menlo Park. CA 4 | ed For neweaeaeaptldsin’ ein aupbasS 6$789R00320016000 J 1-9 ee ae
1. 2. Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 (U) LIST OF TABLES Data Format ....... ccc ee ee ee ee ee eee hee thee tee nee eens Button Pressing ResultS 02... 0. cece eee eee teeter ee eee eee teens iii Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 III RESULTS (UV) (U) Viewers 002, 007, 009, 372, 531, and 908 from SRI International, and viewers 262 and 734 from Los Alamos National Laboratory participated in the effort. Viewers 002, 009, and ) 372 were experienced while viewers 007, 262, 531, and 734 had not previously participated in remote viewing trials. As described in Section I], the output from the MEG consisted of seven channels of data recorded simultaneously from different physical locations. These data were stored either in average mode (i.e., signal averaging was accomplished in real time) or as single passes (i.e., the signal averaging was accomplished during later processing). A. (U) Vassy Protocol (U) Since there was no initial hypothesis (other than a possible response to remote stimuli), the following analyses are, by definition, post hoc. In the signal-averaged condition, the data from each viewer and each series were visually inspected for prominent peaks regardless of the data channel. Candidate peaks for a possible response to the remote stimuli were identified for jater comparison. See Figure 1 for a schematic representation of a candidate peak. (U) This particular post hoc approach is problematical. Because the data across viewers are especially ill behaved (statistically), it is difficult to estimate the degree to which the timing of candidate peaks is fortuitous. exceeds 400 ft. The arrows in each channel mark a candidate peak for response to remote stimuli. This peak appears approximately 100 ms after the onset of the remote stimulus, and is most prevalent in channel 1. (The peak is the left-most component of a broader response.) This peak can be seen in channel 2, but is absent from channels 4, 5, and 6 and is sharply reduced in channel 3. This candidate peak, by itself, is not particularly compelling. Yet data from the next session, one day later, show a strong peak with the identical timing. ( ! On that day, 23 August, the detector array was placed as close as possible to the location on the previous day. This new placement resulted in a sharply reduced response to the direct stimulus (see Figure 4) from that shown in Figure 3. In fact, all channels show a reduced response to the direct stimulus indicating that the detector array might have been moved away from the CNS site that was responding to the direct stimulus. The arrows indicate a peak in each channel that corresponds (2 ms) to the peaks indicated in Figure 3. In all channels the 12 ! ! : Jas shown in Figure 3, the response (in channel 1) to direct stimuli for V002 Approved For Release 2001/0. 107: CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001 -9
wenn - Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 e & a E = (U) VASSY PROTOCOL: 0 TO 1700 MS — V002, 8/22/88 FIGURE 3 —./ Field (ft) Cc Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9
4 Approved For Release 2001/93/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 E o & be Field (ft) Approved For Release on : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 (U) VASSY PROTOCOL: 0 TO 1700 MS — V002, 8/23/88 FIGURE 4
Approved For Release so panel : Cran DPas-do7BRONe2ONTEONONS 4 A amplitude of the peak is preater than its earlier amplitude; and in channel 1, its amplitude approaches one-half of the response to the direct stimulus. (U) Figure 5 shows MEG data from one run and one detector for all participants in the Vassy protocol. Since the baseline recording period varied among viewers in length (designated “Long” and “Short” in Figure 5), the data, displayed at 5-ms intervals, are shown with the onset of the remote stimulus as a common point. {— The peak labeled “ERF—RS” can be seen in data from all participants. The mean time of the peak (one detector per run) identified in the Vassy protocol is 98.2 + 7.1 ms (three data channels) after the onset of the remote stimulus. | - Figure 6 shows averages across viewers for long, short, and both (“All”) timings. They are normalized by the individual run with the largest spread in magnetic field. | V009 participated in four separate runs: One in the psi protocol and three in the Vassy protocol. The candidate peak across all four runs has a mean of 102.25 + 1.70 ms. No peaks are observed in the baseline period for four runs with similar timing constraints. Several peaks in the remote stimulus (RS) poststimulus region appear to be present for all viewers; however, the candidate peak is the first one after the remote stimulus. Some peaks shown in Figure 5 are responses to high-frequency (6-cpd) stimulus, and others are responses to a low-frequency (2-cpd) stimulus. No participant responded to both frequency stimuli. | The two protocols under consideration (Vassy and psi) are identical in one respect: They both contain a remote stimulus, and a putative response to that stimulus is sought. Therefore, one might expect a candidate peak identified in the Vassy protocol should be observed in the psi protocol as well. We have indicated that this is the case for V009 (this is discussed further in Section III.C). , \ While the averages shown in Figure 6 appear to provide evidence for a strong response to the remote stimulus, we must recognize that the data shown in Figure 5 could be examples of fortuitous peak selection. If so, then the averages shown in Figure 6 are the expected result. ’ Given the caveat about the approach, at least one candidate peak for a response to the remote stimulus appears to have been identified. More analysis and/or research is needed before a definitive statement can be made. 15 Approved For Release sabe : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9
Approved For Release we : CIA-RDP,96-00789R003200160001-9 “—— ERF—RS ? V009 V531 Long Field (ft) v007 V908 Short ‘Time (ms) A FIGURE 5 (U) VASSY PROTOCOL—50—TRIAL AVERAGES FOR EACH VIEWER Should this peak be a response to a remote stimulus, then at least one alternative (to the psychoenergetic interpretation) must be considered. Since the shielded room for the MEG is nearly transparent at frequencies above 100 Hz, the observed peak might result from a CNS response to an electromagnetic signal related to the display of the stimuli on a standard television monitor. 16 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : cla-RDP96-00789R008200160001-9
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 [~~ ERF—RS ? | | | Field (ft) Normalized 1040 Time (ms) FIGURE 6 (U) VASSY PROTOCOL—AVERAGES B. (U) Psi Protocol Results (U) Viewers 002, 009, and 372 participated in the psi protocol experiment. Seven channels of MEG data, one channel! of stimuli data, and one channel of button-response data were stored for each run of 120 seconds for later analysis. A series consisted of 10 such runs. 17 i \ ry Approved For Release 2001/03/04  Cla-RDPS6-0788R003200160001-9
Pr 4 Approved For Release 2004103107 : C1A-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 (U) The complete protocol (described in Section IT) was used for V002 and V372. Since V009 was the first viewer to participate and the experiment was mostly exploratory, no pseudostimuli were present, nor were postsession control runs conducted. 1. (U) Viewer 002 Viewer 002 visited Los Alamos National Laboratory from 22-26 August 1988. During that time V002 participated in three separate series in the psi protocol experiment. Figures 7 and 8 show the time series and power spectra, respectively, for the average of 118 pre- and poststimuli for all channels on 25 August. These data were chosen for display because this series was the first using the complete psi protocol. For the remote stimuli (Figure 7), channels 1, 4, and 7 show a qualitative change of activity in the time series across the stimulus boundary. All channels show a decrease of power in the prominent 10-Hz peak (Figure 8). Figures 9 and 10 show the same data for 74 pseudostimuli. (U) To determine if the qualitative changes are exceptional, we analyzed the data by the Monte Carlo procedure outlined in Section I]. We simulated the remote stimuli by generating 2000 sets of 118 Monte Carlo stimuli having the same timing as the original data. For each set, the data were averaged, detrended, and filtered, and the 10-Hz and total power were calculated for the pre- and poststimulus periods. The ratio of pre- to poststimulus power was also calculated, as were p-values (defined as the ratio of the area equal to or greater than the specified value, divided by the total area under the histogram). (U) Figure 11 shows the resulting histograms of the 2000 sets for the 10--Hz peak in channel 4 (Figure 8); the ratio histogram is not shown. While separate histograms were generated for 74 pseudostimuli, for convenience the results shown on the histograms are for the remote stimuli—the histograms are nearly identical. The p-values shown, however, are derived from their appropriate histograms. . ) ) For this case (channel 4), the prestimulus 10-Hz power is not exceptional (p < 0.093) when compared with the rest of the data in this series. The postsession 10-Hz power is exceptionally small—94.4% of the 2000 Monte Carlo cases produce 10-Hz power larger than the observed value. The ratio of pre- to poststimulus 10-Hz power is significant (p < 0.093). In other words, the change in 10-Hz power across the stimulus boundary primarily results from a large drop (relative to the rest of the data) in power just after the stimulus. Significant changes in 10-Hz power are also observed in channel 7 (ps 0.038), while no significant changes are observed for the pseudostimuli. Channels 4 and 7 18 Approved For Release 2001/04/07 : C1a-RDF9p-00789R008200160001-2 \
88/S7/8 ‘700A — TINWILS ALOWSY WOdd SGNODSS $°0+ OL S'0- ‘SalWaS AWIL (MN) =£ ANNO 4 (998) SWI], 9°0 v0 z'0 00 8 670- os- 0 (J) Plea os 19 : SIRO BG OT SOR 009700 60001-9 oor | Ost Approved For Release 2001/03/0f : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 Approved For Release 2001/03/07
Approved For Release 2001/43/07 : CIA-RDP$6-00789R003200160001-9 Frequency (Hz) - | Q ise) co ot Oo — Oo > my o nN Qo col Oo FIGURE 8 (U) POWER SPECTRA: -0.5 TO +0.5 SECONDS FROM REMOTE STIMULI — V002, 8/25/88
88/S2/8 ‘200A — TINWILS OGNASd WOU SGNODAS $°0+ OL S'0- :SAINaS AWIL (nN) 6 auf (20s) awry 9°0 b'0 z’0 00 8 862'0- _ Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-10789R003200160001-9 4 ‘O- =69'0- < “RDP96-00789R0032001 60001-9 21 :CIA Approved For Release 200110307 1
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 40 30 10 «20 Frequency (Hz) 22 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-8 FIGURE 10 (U) POWER SPECTRA: -0.5 TO +0.5 SECONDS FROM PSEUDO STIMULI — V002, 8/25/88
a) ae Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 show significant decreases in total 0- to 40-Hz power (p < 0.002, 0.033, respectively), but no pseudostimuli show significant changes. _ 'A postsession background series was conducted with both sender and viewer absent from the experimental area (see Section 11.B). Figures 12 and 13 show the time series and power spectra, respectively, for the background “remote” stimuli. As can be seen from the power spectra (all data for this day are plotted on the same vertical scale), overall power is sharply reduced, reflecting that the MEG was not observing any CNS activity. Qualitatively, the changes shown for the experimental conditions (remote stimuli) do not result from noise in the MEG hardware. ' These qualitative results are confirmed by the Monte Carlo analysis. The p-values for the “changes in 10-Hz and total power for channel 4 are 0.406, and 0.141, respectively; for channel 7, the p-values are 0.993 and 0.243, respectively. The significant change in 10-Hz power in channel 7 is in the opposite direction from that observed under experimental conditions. — During the series on 25 August 1988, V002 kept his eyes closed throughout the session. On 26 August, V002 was instructed to keep his eyes open. Similarly to the analysis of the 25 August series, the Monte Carlo analysis shows a sharp decrease in 10-Hz power (p = 0.100) and a significant decrease in total power (p < 0.049) for the CNS activity detected in channel 4. No significant changes are observed for channel 7, nor are significant changes seen in the pseudostimuli. The change from 25 to 26 August might result from a slight change in positioning of the detector array. __fFisure 14 shows the positions of the detector array, relative to the inion, for V002 for the 25 and 26 August placement of the detector arrays. The magnitude of change in detector placement is approximately twice the magnitude of the changes used in searching for the response to direct stimulus during initial calibration. This relatively large position change could account for the reduction in changes across the stimulus boundary. 2. (U) Viewer 009 Viewer 009 visited Los Alamos National Laboratory from 20-24 June 1988. During that time, V009 participated in one psi series on 24 June 1988. Figure 15 shows the time series data averaged over 97 trials, displayed -0.5 to +0.5 seconds from the remote stimulus. Figure 16 shows the power spectra for the 0.5-second pre- and poststimulus times for all channels. 24 Approved For Release mooruneirr : | eaaeaiaaaaaienaaaa
| 3/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 | Approved For Release 2001/0 88/P7/9 ‘600A — IINWILS ALOWaY WOM SGNODHS S‘0+ OL S'0- *SHIWaS AWIL (N) ST aunols 4 (29s) aw 90 FO 2060 OO Z20- + 0O- OSt- ooI- Os- Oo (J) Pret os Approved For Release mnie : eile eee
Approved For Release 2001403107 : CIA-RIP96-00789R003200160001-8 ~~ NQ — od —_ ~ 2) c v = > Oo Lol ee o 29 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : ClA-ROP96-00769R003200160001-8 | FIGURE 16 (U) POWER SPECTRA: -0.5 TO +0.5 SECONDS FROM REMOTE STIMULI — V009, 6/24/88
88/61 /0T ‘CLEA — VINWILS ALOWAY WOUA SGNODSS $'0+ OL $0- :SAIWaS AWIL (MN) ct auNold (998) aw 9°0 ¢°0 ra) 00 6 620- «66 O0- 6(9°0- -RDP96-00789R0032001 60001-9 Approved For Release 2001/0307 CIA 4 —_ OSt- OOL- os- o QJ) Plald Os ool Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : aaliate eaiadaaaaadnaania
I Approved For Release 2091/03/07 : nn alanine 20 830 0 10 Frequency (Hz) 10 i] 31 Approved For Release 200103107 : CIR PPB DoTwoRooeaooreooors \ a FIGURE 18 (U) POWER SPECTRA: -0.5 TO +0.5 SECONDS FROM REMOTE STIMULI — V372, 10/19/88
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 ~ | { Using the Monte Carlo technique we find channel 4 shows a significant increase in 10-Hz power (pS 0.038), and channels 3 and § show similar trends. The strong peak at 8.9 Hz in channel 4 is significantly larger in the poststimulus condition. Oe, ij Figures 19 and 20 show the time series and power spectra for the pseudostimuli. The 10- Hz and total power in channel 4 show no change across the stimulus boundary (p < 0.667 and p < 0.506, respectively). Channel 3 also shows no significant changes in the 10-Hz and total power (p < 0.140 and p < 0.180, respectively). Channel 5, however, shows a significant increase in total power (p < 0.026), and a strong increase (p < 0.082) in 10-Hz power. Cc. (U) Psi Protocol Results—Vassy Consideration candidate peak seen in the Vassy protocol data should also be seen in the psi protocol data. One run on one channel is shown in Figure 21 for each participant in the psi protocol experiment. }vo09" 5 data show a candidate peak within £2 ms of the candidate peak identified under the Vassy protocol. Similarly, small peaks are seen for the other two viewers. The cross-viewer normalized average is also shown in Figure 21. D. (U) Psi Protocol Results—Button—Press (U) In the early SRI studies significant changes in alpha production were observed in response to a remote stimulus. The statistical evidence, however, did not indicate that the viewer was able to recognize a remote stimulus cognitively (i.e., the viewer's button presses did not i | (U) Because the Vassy and psi’protocol both present a remote stimulus to the viewer, the exceed mean chance expectation). (U) In the psi protocol of the current experiment, viewers are asked to press a button whenever they think a remote stimulus occurs. The total number of trials during a series of 10 runs is not known in advance because of the trial randomization procedures. To determine ifa viewer is cognitively sensing the remote stimuli, the null hypothesis that the probability of a time interval having a stimulus is the same for those intervals with a button press as for those without a button press. In other words, the presence or absence of a stimulus is independent of the presence or absence of a button press. Ft ee en Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96,00789R003200160001-9 | |
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 Time (sec) ) FIGURE 19 (U) TIME SERIES: -0.5 TO +0.5 SECONDS FROM PSEUDO STIMULI — V372, 10/19/88 - —ws Field (ft) 0 Approved For Release 2001/03/G4 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9
7: a Approved For Release 2001/03/ a " [ L : ' ' | | | 88/61/01 ‘2LEA — IINWILS ALOWSY WOUd SGNOOHUS $0 OL $°0- ‘WUYLOEdS YAMOd (nN) 0% aaNOI (2H) Aouanbai4 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA7RDP9 —_— £4 =e eee 60001-9 |
Approved For Release 200 —= pP96-00789R0032001 60001-9 IV DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS (U) =] we have observed two types of CNS activity possibly related to a response to a remote stimulus. The first of these (changes in alpha and/or total power) is generally considered to be less localized than an ERF to a direct stimulus. Thus, one expects that changes of power across a remote stimulus boundary should be seen in some related channels. (~ _! This is the case for V002 (Figure 8). While channels 4 and 7 show significant changes across the stimulus boundary, a qualitative trend is clear for all channels. The associated pseudostimuli show no obvious trends. Viewer 009 demonstrates significant changes in 10-Hz power in channel 2, and strong changes in channels 1 and 7 (Figure 16). The grouping of these channels might indicate a broad neuronal source in the channel-2 direction. ree The data from V372 (Figure 18) are less clear. Alpha power changes — significantly in channel 4, and a qualitative trend is clear in channels 3 and 5, but the trend is less obvious than for V002 or V009. V372 posed a special problem. Anatomically, his strongest response to a direct visual stimulus was located below the inion—a difficult location to reach with the MEG. To obtain good data, V372 was required to hunch his head forward by bracing his arms under his chest. During a long session (20 minutes), V372 could have relaxed slightly from this uncomfortable position and pulled away from the detector array. In this location, some detectors were positioned just above V372's neck. ( "+ Considering that all three viewers (002, 009, and 372) showed a change (increase or decrease) in total or 10-Hz power across a remote stimulus boundary, and considering that this constitutes a positive replication of SRI's earlier work, we probably observed a response to a remote stimulus. i ' ; The situation is much less clear concerning a localized response to a remote stimulus. While a candidate peak has been identified using the Vassy protocol and later observed using the psi protocol, a quantitative measure must be developed to determine the probability of observing peaks with similar timing in the same data but with random pseudostimuli. (U) This work will be continued during the first half of FY 1989. 37 ft Approved For Release enna : iis cas acaieaataaianaaaa
_— 7 icon Release noha CIA: RDP3s- ‘oq7e9R00220016000 -9 c White Paper PSI COMMUNICATIONS EXPERIMENTS (VU) lee November 1985 rod d For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 . a's al
Approved F or Relea se 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-0078 } - 9R0032001 60001-9 INTRODUCTION (v) pid =! One potentially important aspect of psi phenomena is that no methods exist currently for shielding Of jamming the psi “signal”. The implications of this are quite apparent-—namelY> that a psychoenegetic method of communication may be impervious to rer ferenc® and may represent, therefore, 4 truly secure channel for message-Sending- Traditionally, the major impediments to deploying 2 Ps! communications system — have centered on the difficulties inherent in receiving highly analytical information coo paccurately and reliably. From a pasic research perspective it iS believed, at present, anaes minincbaenett that degredation of psychoenergen reception of analytical information may be at least in part attributable to: e The analytical nature of the information, which has traditionally been 4 difficult area to address e Delay in presentation of feedback to the percipient e Displacement phenomena occurring as 4 result of requiring the percipient to perform multiple tasking with global (as opposed to srial-by-trial) feedback. — The aim of this white paper is to explore how these problems in psi communication might be addressed by research, with the yltimate aim, if successful, of conceptually replicating Czech researcher Milan Ryzl's experiments, in which five three-digit numbers were correctly identified by subject Pavel Stepanek (cf. Appendix A). The area of psychoenergetic messagesending js not being addressed currently by any of SRI’s client§ | given the relative dirth of information —— yr would like to propose @ shift in emphasis towards foreign ne secsial Fepicaion PY initiating 2 careful investigation of the Ryzi experiment. (U) Of the three fundamental “problem areas” ennumerated above, the analytical nature of the information is, perhaps. the easiest to address in communications experiments~“1-€-" the psychological biases inherent in the reception of numbers can be Approved F or Relea se 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-0078 - 9R0032001 60001-9
Approved For Release 2001/04 07e9R003200160001- FEEDBACK EXPERIMENT trial- by-trial feedback work? PHASE |! global feedback work? PHASE Il FIGURE 1 FLOW CHART DEPICTING RESEARCH PATHS FOR i DEPLOYMENT OF PSI MESSAGE-SENDING CAPABILITY 4 Approved For Release 2001143107 : C1A-RDF96-00789R003200160001-9
Approved For Release ZOU :0P96-00789R003200160001-9 PHASE I (U) (U) Phase I will examine the effects of increasingly delayed feedback on performance. The proposed experiments will be performed using a computerized binary search program (b.search), which can easily be linked to a “real world” coin flip task and requires no extensive evaluation. Feedback will be provided on a trial-by-trial basis according to the following schedule: (1) Twenty-five binary choice trials with immediate feedback (2) Twenty-five binary choice trials with feedback delayed in each case by one hour. (3) Twenty-five binary choice trials with feedback delayed in each case by two hours. (4) Twenty-five binary choice trials with feedback delayed in each case by four hours. (5) Twenty-five binary choice trials with feedback delayed in each case by 24 hours .* (U) If degradation in functioning does not occur as a result of increasingly delayed feedback, then the global feedback experiments proposed in Phase II can be initiated. a | If degradation of performance does occur, then the decay rate should be identifiable, and it should be possible to determine whether the decay rate is subject-specific or universal. In any case, to ameliorate this situation, Phase I proposes that a new technique known as bracketing, which has been hitherto untested, be applied in order to provide closure for experiments in which degradation of performance has occurred because of feedback delay. Specifically, bracketing refers to the performance of identical experiments with immediate feedback directly before and after the delayed feedback experiment, in the same manner as “on-line” check experiments have been employed previously in operational remote viewing. The hypothesis under consideration is that these bracketing experiments may serve to provide * We have chosen 25 trials in each condition, because at the observed hit rate of 75%, 25 trials are sufficient to demonstrate significance. Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9
ee For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 . space/time anchors for the subject, thereby defining a discrete location in space and time for reception of the delayed feedback information. This experimental series will also yield information, incidentally, concerning the veracity of the “on-line check,” prior claims being that [on-line checks with known targets can accurately provide calibration for those experiments in which feedback is delayed or nonexistent #™%& if bracketing is unable to address the delayed feedback signal attenuation problem, then other new concepts (presently uknown, but perhaps focussing on making the feedback more of an “event”) will have to be applied successfully before the Phase II series of global feedback experiments can be initiated. * "It is logical to assurne that if trial-by-trial delayed feedback experiments fail, global feedback experiments will also fail, because they entail delayed feedback by definition. 6 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9