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UNCLASSIFIED
WAVELENGTH — nm
UNCLASSIFIED
FIGURE
(U)
SPECTRAL RESPONSE OF 9829 QB PM TUBE
•
Slide Holder—Fabricated at SRI International; black anodized aluminum
construction, O-ring seal to the PM housing flange, and O-ring, bayonnet-
type cover for light-tight operation. A half-twist open and close feature
allows a quick change of slides.
•
Single-Channel Analyzer (SCA
I)—Canberra Model 2030.
As described
below, SCA
I gives a logic pulse whenever the output of the amplifier falls
in the range set by E and AE.
Both SCAs have stability of better than
± 0.005%/°C, and linearity of < ± 0.25% of full scale.
The final settings
for SCA
I were AE = 10 and E = 0.2.
•
Signal Amplifier and Single-Channel Analyzer (SCA II)—Canberra
Model 2015A single-width, NIM module spectroscopy amplifier with gated
baseline restoration and timing single-channel pulse height analyzer.
The
amplifier accepts linear pulses from the preamplifier, then shapes and
amplifies them for further analysis.
The unit
is extremely stable over a wide
range of temperature and count rates.
The
final amplifier settings were for
positive input, coarse gain =
8,
fine gain = 0.0.
Setting the two signal
windows was accomplished by a SCA, which produces a logic signal
whenever the amplifier unipolar signal
falls between the voltage levels
determined by the front panel controls (E and A E)
.
The final settings for
SCA
II were A E = 10.0 and E =
1.10.
•
Multichannel Analyzer (MCA)—Canberra Series 40 MCA.
This analyzer
performed basic functions of data collection,
display, memory, and output
for later analysis.
It uses an LSI microprocessor and ROM firmware.
Our
work used the multichannel-scaling (MCS) mode and a signal mixer/router
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capable of accepting four inputs.
In the MCS mode, a collection time of
0.9
s was used for each of 1024 channels for four inputs.
Input One
accepted the logic signals from SCA
I; Input Two, SCA
II; Input Three
ccep e
t
e session
target” marker, and Input Four was a spare.
The
CA counted the number of logic pulses entered in one channel of
memory for 0.9
s, then advanced to the next channel.
The resulting
histogram was stored in memory along with date, time of day, ID code
and
other^formation.
All 4096 channel of memory were readout onw a
cassette tape via the MCA EIA I/O port.
•
High-Voltage Power Supply-Canberra Model 3002 power supply
providing dc voltage to the PM tube.
Output was continuously adjustable
*7 0 * ±
:3000 v at 0 to 10 mA. Ripple was < 10 mV peak to peak
dr, ft < 0.0!% hr calibrated to ± 0.25% of sum of control sedings
P
'
Temperature coefficient was ^ ± 50 ppm/°C.
*
'
pulsls 0f“* 5
*nd^-Rutherford square pulser adjusted for TTL logic
pulses of + 5 V.
The pulser was used with a battery operated relay a
and-held microswitch marked periods in the RV session.
Specifications on
ese items were not critical because only time marking and not data
collecnon was mvoived.
The output of the pulser was connected to Input
Three of the MCA mixer/router.
P
s^nnlT Th
Wer Supp,r
Canberra Model 2100 NIM bin nodular power
supply.
This was used to provide ± 24 V dc and ± 12 V dc to the other
instrumentation. A standard voltage regulator and surge suppressor we e
installed on the main 110 V ac line to
filter on, noise and Eel
resulting from nearby machinery.
D.
(U)
Photomultiplier Tube Analysis
(U)
Figure
3 shows typical data recorded from the photomultiplier (PM) tube during a
-mm RV session.
Three spectra are displayed concurrently.
The top spectrum displays all
pulses from the PM tube (regardless of their amplitude) that were detected during each 0.9-s
count,ng penod; the middle spectrum displays only those pulses (detected in the same 0 9-s
interval) whose amplitude exceeded a preset threshold, which was adjusted to eliminate
all but
e largest of pulses.
The remaining histogram represents RV-session-dependent timing
markers.
Each spectrum has a common x-axis of 1024 channels
(0.9 s/channel).
For the
the an amphtude-pulse case, die average counting rate was about 180 counts per channel
(0.9
s).
The deviation about the mean (± 15 counts)
is ordinarily caused by random
variations in thermionic emission within the PM tube, and
it
is a well understood
phenomenon.
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COUNTS
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UNCLASSIFIED
FIGURE 3
(U)
TYPICAL PM-TUBE OUTPUT DURING AN RV SESSION
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(U)
The analysis of these data proceeded as follows.
For each spectrum, a control
(baseline) period was designated to be the two minutes of data collected one minute prior to
the
first RV time marker.
This period occurred when the PM tube was unattended.
The
data in this region were
fit with a straight line by the least-squares technique.
For each
possible number of counts greater than or less than that represented by the
fitted straight line,
a histogram of the number of channels was constructed.
For example, assume the straight-
line
fit has zero slope
(i.e., the same value regardless of the channel number).
Further
assume this value
is 100 counts.
First, we count the number of channels in the region of
interest that contain 100 counts.
Next, we count the number of channels that contain 101
counts.
We continue
this until
all observed channels have been accounted
for.
The resulting
histogram approximates a normal distribution.
In the analysis of the baseline region, a normal
distribution, with mean
p,0 and standard distribution
cr0 ,
is
fit to the baseline histogram.
(U)
The RV timing markers displayed in the bottom histogram of Figure 3 represent the
beginning and end of an assumed “target access” period.
The complete description of these
access periods can be found in other reports. 4
For this report,
it
is sufficient to say that we
have evidence contact was made with the target material during these periods.
(U)
The analysis for each RV marker pair
is the same.
If there was no psychoenergetic
effect, we assume that a normal distribution, calculated as above,
will be the same in the
baseline period as in the RV period.
While there are a number of statistical measures for
comparing two distributions, we chose to count the number of channels (time periods of
0.9
s)
in the RV period that contained a significantly greater number of PM pulses. We
chose this particular technique to be consistent with the PRC claims that the interaction causes
an increase in the count rate. We also counted the number of channels that contained a
significant decrease of PM pulses.
The number of pulses required for significance in a
channel in either direction
is given by
counts required = y ±
1.65
X
ctq
y = a + b X
t
where
t
is the channel number in the region, and a and b are the intercept and slope of the
best-fit line for the region, respectively;
cr0
is the empirical standard deviation found in the
control region.
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V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (U)
A.
(U)
Remote Viewing Results
(U)
Four remote viewers contributed six sessions each in the photon-production
experiment.
The viewers were selected on the basis of good performance in concurrent RV
training programs.
Each RV session was judged using techniques developed in the RV
Evaluation Task. 5
Because the same target pool was used in the photon-production
experiment,
a figure of merit (FM) could be calculated that gave a direct measure of the
degree of RV contact with the target.
Tables
1 through 4 show the RV results for each
session.
Table
(U) REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER 177
Session
Figure of Merit
2001.hs
0.457
*
2002. hs
0.250
2003. hs
0.356
2004. hs
0.300
2005. hs
0.125
2006. hs
0.167
Overall Z =‘
1.67, p <
0.05
*
Significant p <
0.05
UNCLASSIFIED
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Table 2
(U) REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER 309
Session
Figure of Merit
2001.wm
0.125
2002.wm
0.167
2003.wm
0.257
2004.wm
0.300
2005.wm
0.036
2006.wm
0.048
Overall Z = -0.636,
n.s.
UNCLASSIFIED
Table
(U) REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER 558
Session
Figure of Merit
2001.br
0.286
2002.br
0.100
2003.br
0.214
2004.br
0.225
2005.br
0.680
*
2006.br
0.161
Overall Z =
1.63,
n.s.
*
Significant p
<. 0.05
UNCLASSIFIED
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Table 4
(U) REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER 807
Session
Figure-of-Merit
2001. cr
0.286
2002. cr
0.300
2003. cr
0.356
2004. cr
0.444
*
2005. cr
0.056
2006. cr
0.257
Overall Z =:
1.72, p ^
0.05
*
Significant
p <0.05
UNCLASSIFIED
(U)
From the analysis performed in the RV training program, we found that a figure of
merit greater than 0.42 for any single session
is statistically significant at the 0.05 level (May,
et
al.,
1985).
When developing this analysis, we also derived a transformation to convert FM
to standard Z-score.
In combining the 24 Z-scores based upon the FMs for each viewer, we
found an overall Z = 2.187, corresponding to a p-value <
0.014.
From Tables
1 through 4
we see that Viewers 177 and 807 each produced independently significant results.
Because
we had initially decided to base our conclusions on the correlation between the data from the
photomultiplier tube and the RV figures-of-merit, we required some evidence of “contact”
with the target material.
Since the overall Z-score was significant, and a majority of the
sessions produced FMs greater than the expected mean (0.17), we concluded that there was
good evidence for contact with the target material.
B.
(U)
Photomultiplier-Tube Results
(U)
As described in Section IV-D, we devised a technique for statistically comparing
the control period to the RV-target-access periods.
For a single RV session, the number of
channels having significantly increased or decreased count rates are summed over
all of the
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(U)
RV target-access periods.
These summations were made for the all-amplitude spectrum (A),
and for the high-amplitude spectrum (H).
The
final output from the photomultiplier-tube
data analysis consists of the four summations described above, normalized by the total number
of RV channels
(i.e., the length of time during the whole session that the viewer was in
“ contact” with the target material).
(U)
Table 5 shows the results of the RV-figure-of-merit and
photomultiplier-tube
analyses for the all-amplitude and high-amplitude cases for each RVer.
The figures of merit
have been described earlier.
The PM results are shown in units of percent:
the number of
significant channels divided by N, the total number of channels.
The symbols A and H
represent the all-amplitude and high-amplitude data, respectively, and the symbols + and -
represent the increase or decrease from the expected number of pulses,
respectively.
(U)
In order to analyze the combined RV and PM results, we chose to calculate the
linear-correlation coefficient between the figure of merit and the normalized-PM-tube data.
This method was chosen because the Chinese claim that “exceptional vision”
results in an
increased count rate of primarily large-amplitude pulses.
Therefore, we could expect a
positive correlation between the FM and H+ and a negative correlation between the FM and
H-.
(As the quality of the RV contact increases, there should be fewer number of channels
containing small count rates.)
Although the PRC data do not specifically mention results for
the all-amplitude PM data, we would expect that the far greater count rate of small-amplitude
pulses in A+ and A- would tend to mask any increase in only high-amplitude pulses.
Because the direction of the correlation could be specified, we calculated single-tailed
p values for the correlation coefficients.
Table
6 shows these results.
(U)
In Table
6, we observe a weak,
statistically significant correlation of RV with an
increased number of PM pulses of high amplitude.
Furthermore, the direction of the
correlation
is as expected, although the difference in the correlations
is not significant.
This
is
m direct agreement with the PRC claims-with the exception that the magnitude of our
observations
is considerably less than theirs.
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Table
UNCLASSIFIED
(U)
Possible explanations for this weak correlation are
We have simply observed a
statistical
flue,ua,ion in a noisy environment.
Because our target materials were photoeranhin
siiH«c ^
.
,
existing)
locations, on,
(a"d
(rather than the actual sites) was false.
h
materials
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Table 6
(U)
CORRELATION RESULTS
Analysis
Mean
Correlation
Coefficient
(r)
p value
(single-tailed)
FM
0.247
—
A+
4.674
-0.158
0.242
A"
3.746
-0.174
0.220
H+
7.998
0.393
0.035
*
H~
1.981
-0,017
0.469
*
Significant
UNCLASSIFIED
(U)
The PRC subjects having exceptional vision might be much more skilled
than our RVers.
ssr^r
een the viewer and the pm tube might be required to
of the pm tube has been enhanced rath-
*•
By calculating the autocorrelation functions for lags of 0 to 20, we found that each of the
all-amplitude spectra was significant for most lags.
Moreover, there were significant
correlations between all- and high-amplitude spectra-an expected result because the
high amplitude information
is completely contained in the all-amplitude spectra.
Only a few
of the high-amplitude spectra, however, showed significant autocorrelations.
Thus, we are
able to say that we observed some small amplitude periodic signals in the output of the PM
(U)
The most likely source of periodic signals in the PM-tube pulses
is from the ac
power line.
During construction of the apparatus, we noticed occasional periods of highly-
regular signals in the analyzer.
We found that our laboratory was across the hall from a
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(U)
machine shop.
All of the observable artifacts vanished when we utilized appropriate
power-conditioning hardware.
Nonetheless, the significant autocorrelations demonstrated that
we were unsuccessful at eliminating
all of the regular structure from the signal.
Therefore, our
first explanation above must remain as a likely possibility.
(U) As of this report, there
is not enough data to determine the origin of the RV
information
(i.e., from the slide in present time; precognitively from the slide at a future
feedback time; or the
site
itself in present and/or feedback time).
Thus, our second
explanation above can not be eliminated as a
critical distinction between our work and that of
the Chinese.
(U)
Because we chose the RVers who were available to us for the experiment, we chose
those who had a demonstrated ability at remote viewing natural scenes. We did not have
individuals with a history of viewing abstract or alphabetic symbols.
Therefore, we attempted
a conceptual replication of the PRC experiments rather than an exact one.
(U)
Finally, we note that one of the best viewers,
177, demonstrated significant positive
correlations between figures of merit and both all-amplitude measures (p < 0.007 and p <
0.022 for A+ and A- respectively).
Because this result
is not confirmed by the summed
result (only the positive high-amplitude pulses showed significance),
it
is difficult to interpret.
If the PRC claim proves ultimately to be correct,
it
is tempting to say that Viewer 177
“interacted” with the target system by increasing the variance of the signal during the RV
periods.
(U)
The above analysis, while statistically suggestive of the PRC results, does not
demonstrate that we observed an overall effect of the same magnitude.
The Chinese report
signal-to-noise ratios of at least 25:1, and usually 100:1
to 1000:1.
(U)
We did, however, observe two “anomalies” during the course of the experiment
that are suggestive of the PRC claims.
Those anomalies are shown in Figures 4 and
5.
In
order to designate any spectral feature as an anomaly, several
strict criteria had to be met:
•
The anomaly must appear simultaneously in both the all-amplitude A, and
the high-amplitude, H, spectra.
Because we observed occasional, small-
amplitude noise bursts in our pilot trials, we decided to ignore high-count-
rate signals appearing only in the A spectrum.
Likewise, the H spectrum
must overlap the A spectrum by virtue of the discriminator settings.
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COUNTS
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UNCLASSIFIED
FIGURE
(U)
ANOMALY PRODUCED BY VIEWER
558
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VI CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (U)
(U)
We have conducted a conceptual replication of work published by physicists in the
People s Republic of China.
The overall results (summed across
all RVers)
indicate a weak
statistical effect, which supports the Chinese claims that correct RV acquisition of information
perturbs physical systems.
(U)
In addition to the
statistical result, we observed two anomalies that resemble the
shape and magnitude of the signals reported in the PRC papers.
The evidence that these
transients were psychoenergetically induced
is inconclusive
(i.e., the transients occurred in RV
sessions of modest quality). We observed very similar signals during the
initial equipment
setup, which were clearly caused by environmental noise and ac-line transients.
We are
unable to completely dismiss the anomalies, however,
for two reasons:
•
The anomalies occurred in RV contact periods.
•
The characteristics of the anomalies agreed with the type of signals reported
by the Chinese.
Because we observed both statistical correlations and two suggestive anomalies, the Chinese
claims were partially verified.
(U)
We believe the current experiment should be considered a pilot study and,
therefore, we recommend that another set of experiments be conducted with the following
improvements:
•
Add more-experienced RVers to the
initial group.
•
Examine the possibility of using English language alphabet letters as target
material.
•
Cool and temperature-stabilize the PM tube to further reduce background
noise levels.
•
Perform the experiment in a more nearly electrically-isolated environment
to eliminate ac-power-line transients.
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(U)
By following the above suggestions, we believe a more definitive investigation can be
conducted.
(S/NF)
Despite our reservations about the large anomalies, the
statistical correlations
observed represent the
first evidence that intrusion detection may be possible-even in
principle.
Therefore,
this work must be continued to confirm such a possibility.
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REFERENCES (U)
1.
G.
Scott Hubbard and E. C. May, “Countermeasures: A Survey and Evaluation (U),”
Final Report, SRI Project 3279, SRI International, Menlo Park, California (January
1982) SECRET.
2.
“Exceptional Human Body Radiation,” Chinese Academy of Sciences, High-Energy
Institute, Special Physics Research Team, PSI Research, p.
16 (June 1982).
3.
Zhao Yonjie and Xu Hongyhang, “EHBF Radiation:
Special Features of the Time
Response,”
Institute of High-Energy Physics,
Beijing, People’s Republic of China, PSI
Research, p. 20 (December 1982).
4.
E. C. May and B.
S. Humphrey, “Alternative Training Task,”
Final Report, SRI Project
7048, SRI International, Menlo Park, California (October 1984) SECRET.
5.
E. C. May, B.
S. Humphrey, and H. E. Puthoff, “An Automated RV Evaluation
Procedure,” Final Report, SRI Project 7048, SRI International, Menlo Park, California
(December 1984) SECRET.
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UNCLASSIFIED
Appendix
RV SESSION PROTOCOL (U)
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PHOTON PRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Session I.D.
Date
Start Time
Done
Instruction
High voltage on.
NIM bin on.
MCA on.
Target-marker generator on.
Relay switch off.
Oscilloscope on.
Turn on relay switch
(battery).
Turn up oscilloscope intensity.
Pulses visible on scope.
Turn up MCA scope intensity.
Turn off high voltage
Decrease by 500-V steps— 1 every 2 seconds.
Turn off high-voltage-power switch.
Return to RV room.
Turn on audio tape recorder and microphone.
Insert appropriate tape into recorder.
Place 4 previously selected slide envelopes into black bag and shuffle.
Open photomultiplier cap.
Select (on a blind basis) one of the 4 slide envelopes and place slide
into cap.
Close cap and rotate until positive “click.”
Is cap free of snagged cloth?
If time
is > 1200 hours, put ice bag on the tube housing (outside bag).
Return to equipment room and turn on high voltage.
Switch on.
Increase voltage by 3,500 V increments—2 seconds each.
Are pulses on the oscilloscope?
Wait 1/2 hour before session begins.
Check each item and enter data where required.
If any answer is no, STOP
!
Presession
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PHOTON PRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Session I.D.
Check each item and enter data where required.
Viewer
I.D.
If any answer is no, STOP
!
Tae
I.D.
Slide
T D
ljIAUC
liLf.
Date
Session
Start Time
Yes
No
Done
Instruction
Viewer (V) and experimenter (E) go to equipment room.
Pulses visible on oscilloscope.
Push
“CLEAR DATA” on MCA.
Push “COLLECT” on MCA.
Wait 3 minutes.
V and E go to RV room for session.
Start audio tape recorder.
As each TARGET/COORDINATE
is given, PRESS microswitch for
to 2 seconds.
After each response
is complete, PRESS microswitch for
1 to 2 seconds.
Repeat above two steps until session
is complete
(MUST be < 10 minutes).
Turn off audio tape recorder and microphone.
V and E return to equipment room until end of scan
(approximately 2 minutes)
When scan
is completed “COLLECT”
light
is off.
''
Turn off high voltage as in PRESESSION.
Is high voltage OFF?
Turn off relay switch.
Push “READOUT” on MCA.
Record TAG I.D.
in space provided above
Push
“YES” on MCA.
V and E
return to RV room.
Remove slide from photomultiplier cap.
Replace cap on tube as in presession
(positive click).
Display slide to V using projector.
Discuss feedback.
Record slide number in space provided above.
V departs.
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