bet re amare a ae a Mae pUTHOFF AND mancAPRFaMed Bon RaleasecRORGNGUKG ioc RBFAS-00787R000700070001 -9 349 the corresponding target locations. A long-range experimental program devoted to the clarification of these issues and involv- ing a number of subjects is under way. The above four experi- ments are the first four carried out under this program. Currently, we have no precise model of this spatial and tem- poral remote-viewing phenomenon. However, models of the universe involving higher order synchronicity or correlation have been proposed by the physicist Pauli and the psychologist Carl Jung [62]. ACAUSALITY. If natural law5 were an absolute truth, then of course there could not possibly be any processes that deviate from it. But since causality® is a statistical truth, it holds good only on average and thus leaves room for exceptions which must somehow be experienceable, that is to say, real. I try to regard synchronistic events as acausal exceptions of this kind. They prove to be relatively independent of space and time; they rela- tivize space and time insofar as space presents in principle no ob- stacle to their passage and the sequence of events in time is in- verted so that it looks as if an event which has not yet occurred were causing a perception in the present. We shall see in the next section that such a description, though poetic, has some basis in modern physical theory. V. DISCUSSION It is important to note at the outset that many contempo- rary physicists are of the view that the phenomena that we have been discussing are not at all inconsistent with the framework of physics as currently understood. In this emerg- ing view, the often-held belief that observations of this type are incompatible with known laws In principle is erroneous, such a concept being based on the naive realism prevalent before the development of modern quantum theory and information theory. One hypothesis, put forward by I. M. Kogan of the USSR, is that information transfer under conditions of ‘Sensory shielding is mediated by extremely low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves in the 300-1000-km region [37]- {40]. Experimental support for the hypothesis is claimed on the basis of slower than inverse square attenuation, com- patible with source-percipient distances lying in the induc- tion field range as opposed to the radiation field range; ob- served low bit rates (0.005-0.1 bit/s) compatible with the information carrying capacity of ELF waves; apparent ineffec- tiveness of ordinary electromagnetic shielding as an attenuator; and standard antenna calculations entailing biologically gener- ated currents yielding results compatible with observed signal- to-noise ratios. M, Persinger, Psychophysiology Laboratory, Laurentian Uni- versity, Toronto, Canada, has narrowed the ELF hypothesis to the suggestion that the 7.8-Hz ‘“Shumann waves” and their harmonics propagating along the earth-ionosphere waveguide duct may be responsible. Such an hypothesis is compatible with driving by brain-wave currents and leads to certain other hypotheses such as asymmetry between east-west and west- east propagation, preferred experimental times (midnight-4 A.M.), and expected negative correlation between. success and the U index (a measure of geomagnetic disturbance throughout the world). Persinger claims initial support for these factors on the basis of a literature search [63], [64]. . On the negative side with regard to a straightforward ELF interpretation as a blanket hypothesis are the following: a) ap- 5 As usually understood. parent real-time descriptions of remote activities in sufficient detail to require a channel capacity in all probability greater than that allowed by a conventional modulation of an ELF signal; b) lack of a proposed mechanism for coding and decod- ing the information onto the proposed ELF carrier; and c) ap- parent precognition data. The hypothesis must nonetheless re- main open at this stage of research, since it is conceivable that counterindication a) may eventually be circumvented on the basis that the apparent high bit rate results from a mixture of low bit rate input and high bit rate “filling in the blanks” from imagination; counterindication b) is common to a number of normal perceptual tasks and may therefore simply reflect a lack of sophistication on our part with regard to perceptual functioning [65]; and counterindication c) may be accom- modated by an ELF hypothesis if advanced waves as well as retarded waves are admitted [66], [67]. Experimentation to determine whether the ELF hypothesis is viable can be carried out by the use of ELF sources as targets, by the study of para- metric dependence on propagational directions and diurnal timing, and by the exploration of interference effects caused by creation of a high-intensity ELF environment during ex- perimentation, all of which are under consideration in our lab- oratory and elsewhere. Some physicists believe that the reconciliation of observed paranormal functioning with modern theory may take place at a more fundamental level—namely, at the level of the founda- tions of quantum theory. There is a continuing dialog, for example, on the proper interpretation of the effect of an ob- server (consciousness) on experimental measurement [68], and there is considerable current interest in the implications for our notions of ordering in time and space brought on by the observation [69], [70] of nonlocal correlation or “quan- tum interconnectedness” (to use Bohm’s term [71]) of distant parts of quantum systems of macroscopic dimensions. The latter, Bell’s theorem [72], emphasizes that “no theory of reality compatible with quantum theory can require spatially separated events to be independent” {73], but must permit interconnectedness of distant events in a manner that is con- trary to ordinary experience [74]-[75]. This prediction has been experimentally tested and confirmed in the recent experiments of, for example, Freedman and Clauser [69], {70}. E. H. Walker and O. Costa de Beauregard, independently proposing theories of paranormal functioning based on quan- tum concepts, argue that observer effects open the door to the possibility of nontrivial coupling between consciousness and the environment and that the nonlocality principle permits such coupling to transcend spatial and temporal barriers [76], {77]. Apparent “time reversibility”—that is, effects (e.g., observa- tions) apparently preceding causes (e.g., events)—though con- ceptually difficult at first glance, may be the easiest of appar- ent paranormal phenomena to assimilate within the current theoretical structure of our world view. In addition to the familiar retarded potential solutions f(t - r/c), it is well known that the equations of, for example, the electromagnetic field admit of advanced potential solutions f(t + r/c)—solutions that would appear to imply a reversal of cause and effect. Such solutions are conventionally discarded as not corresponding to any observable physical event. One is cautioned, however, by statements such as that of Stratton in his basic text on electro- magnetic theory [78]. Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700070001-9
Vita Meet ee ea , 350 The reader has doubtless noted that the choice of the function f(t - r/c) is highly arbitrary, since the field equation admits also asolution f(t + 7/c). This function leads obviously to an advanced time, implying that the field can be observed before it has been generated by the source. The familiar chain of cause and effect is thus reversed and this alternative solution might be discarded as logically inconceivable. However, the application of ‘‘logical” causality principles offers very insecure footing in matters such as these and we shall do better to restrict the theory to retarded action solely on the grounds that this solution alone conforms to the present physical data. Such caution is justified by the example in the early 1920's of Dirac’s development of the mathematical description of the relativistic electron that also yielded a pair of solutions, one of which was discarded as inapplicable until the discovery of the positron in 1932. In an analysis by O, Costa de Beauregard, an argument is put forward that advanced potentials constitute a convergence toward “finality” in a manner symmetrical to the divergence of retarded potentials as a result of causality [77]. Such phenomena are generally unobservable, however, on the gross . macroscopic scale for statistical reasons. This is codified in the thermodynamic concept that for an isolated system entropy (disorder) on the average increases. It is just this requirement of isolation, however, that has been weakened by the observer problem in quantum theory, and O. Costa de Beauregard argues that the finality principle is maximally operative in just those situations where the intrusion of consciousness as an ordering phenomenon results in a significant local reversal of entropy increase. At this point, further discussion of the subtleties of such considerations, though apropos, would take us far afield, so we simply note that such advanced waves, if detected, could in certain cases constitute a carrier of information precognitive to the event. ; The above arguments are not intended to indicate that the precise nature of the information channel coupling remote events and human perception is understood. Rather, we in- tend to show only that modern theory is not without resources that can be brought to bear on the problems at hand, and we expect that these problems will, with further work, continue to yield to analysis and specification. Furthermore, independent of the mechanisms that may be involved in remote sensing, observation of the phenomenon implies the existence of an information channel in the information-theoretic sense. Since such channels are amenable to analysis on the basis of communication theory techniques, as indicated earlier, channel characteristics such as bit rate can be determined independent of a well-defined physical channel model in the sense that thermodynamic concepts can be ap- plied to the analysis of systems independent of underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, as we have seen from the work of Ryzi discussed in Section II, it is possible to use such a channel for error-free transmission of information if redundancy coding is used. (See also Appendix A.) Therefore, experimentation involving the collection of data under specified conditions per- mits headway to be made despite the formidable work that needs to be done to clarify the underlying bases of the phenomena. , VI. CONCLUSION For the past three years we have had a program in the Elec- tronics and Bioengineering Laboratory of SRI to investigate those facets of human perception that appear to fall outside Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787HROGO7OBUTOUO TES EEE MARCH 1976 bilities. The primary achievement of this program has been the elicitation of high-quality ‘remote viewing’—the ability of both experienced subjects and inexperienced volunteers to view, by means of innate mental processes, remote geo- graphical or technical targets such as roads, buildings, and — laboratory apparatus. Our accumulated data from over fifty experiments with more than a half-dozen subjects indicate the following. a) The phenomenon is not a sensitive function of distance over a range of several kilometers. b) Faraday cage shielding does not appear to degrade the quality or accuracy of perception. c) Most of the correct information that subjects relate is of a nonanalytic nature pertaining to shape, form, color, and material rather than to function or name. (This aspect suggests a hypothesis that information transmission under conditions of sensory shielding may be mediated pri- marily by the brain’s right hemisphere.) d) The principal difference between experienced subjects and inexperienced volunteers is not that the latter never exhibit the faculty, but rather that their results are simply less reliable. (This observa- tion suggests the hypothesis that remote viewing may be a latent and widely distributed, though repressed, perceptual ability.) Although the precise nature of the information channel cou- pling remote events and human perception is not yet under- stood, certain concepts in information theory, quantum theory, and neurophysiological research appear to bear directly - on the issue. Asa result, the working assumption among re- searchers in the field is that the phenomenon of interest is consistent with modern scientific thought, and can therefore be expected to yield to the scientific method. Further, it is recognized that communication theory provides powerful techniques, such as the use of redundancy coding to improve signal-to-noise ratio, which can be employed to pursue special- purpose application of the remote-sensing channel independent of an understanding of the underlying mechanisms. We there- fore consider it important to continue data collection and to encourage others to do likewise; investigations such as those reported here need replication and extension under as wide a variety of rigorously controlled conditions as possible. APPENDIX A SIGNAL ENHANCEMENT IN A PARANORMAL COMMUNICATION CHANNEL BY APPLICATION | OF REDUNDANCY CODING Independent of the mechanisms that may be involved in remote sensing, observation of the phenomenon implies the existence of an information channel in the information- theoretic sense. As we have seen from the work of Ryzl dis- cussed’ in Section II1,® it is even possible to use such a (noisy) channel for error-free transmission of information if suf- ficient redundancy coding is used [30]., [31]. Following isa general procedure that we have used successfully for signal enhancement. We shall assume that the “message” consists of a stream of binary digits (0,1) of equal probability (e.g., binary sort of green/white cards as in Ryzl’s case, English text encoded as in Table X and sent Jong distance by strobe light on/off, and so on). To combat channel noise, each binary digit to be sent through the channel requires the addition of redundancy bits (coding). Efficient coding requires a compromise between the desire to maximize reliability and the desire to minimize re- ‘See also the note added in proof on the successful work done by the range of wellundersiond Bprpen fal. oF ABI HUA 6°? G1A-RDP96-00787R000700070001-9
ae “eee 7 —s . . PUTHOFF AND TARGRRFO¥ PALE P Release 29/0949 i, 6H|A4BRE94-00787R000700070001 -9 TABLE X 5-Bit CoDE FOR ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTERS G E z N R 1 0 A s D H u c F P v M - OMI BN PFON EK BGK EO K Note: Alphabet characters listed in order of decreasing frequency in English text. See, for example, A. Sinkov [79]. (The low-fre- quency letters, X, Z, K, Q, and J, have been grouped with similar characters to provide space for numerics in a 5-bit code.) In consideration of the uneven dis- tribution of letter frequencies in English text, this code is chosen such that 0 and i have equal probability. dundancy. One efficient coding scheme for such a channel is obtained by application of a sequential sampling procedure of the type used in production-line quality control [80]. The adaptation of such a procedure to paranormal communication channels, which we now discuss, was considered first by Taetzsch [81]. The sequential method gives a rule of proce- dure for making. one of three possible decisions following the receipt of each bit: accept 1 as the bit being transmitted; reject 1 as the bit being transmitted (i.e., accept 0); or continue transmission of the bit under consideration. The sequential sampling procedure differs from fixed-length coding in that the number of bits required to reach a final decision on a message bit is not fixed before transmission, but depends on the results accumulated with each transmission. The principal advantage of the sequential sampling procedure as compared with the other methods is that, on the average, fewer bits per final decision are required for an equivalent degree of reliability. Use of the sequential sampling procedure requires the speci- fication of parameters that are determined on the basis of the - following considerations. Assume that a message bit (0 or 1) is being transmitted. In the absence of a priori knowledge, we may assume equal probability (p = 0.5) for the two possibili- ties (0,1). Therefore, from the standpoint of the receiver, the probability of correctly identifying the bit being transmitted is p=0.5 because of chance alone. An operative remote-sensing channel could then be expected to alter the probability of correct identification to a value p = 0.5 + Y, where the param- eter W satisfies O<|W|<0.5. (The-quantity may be positive or negative depending on whether the paranormal channel results in so-called psi-hitting or psi-missing.) Good psi func- tioning on a repetitive task has been observed to result in ys 0.12, as reported by Ryzl [31]. Therefore, to indicate the design procedure, let us assume a baseline psi parameter 351 DECISION 1 Accept “1” as the Bit Being Transmitted DECISION ne Continue DECISION 2 Accept “0” as the Bit Being Transmitted “1” TARGET MESSAGE SEQUENCE 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 NUMBER OF TRIALS CUMULATIVE NUMBER OF MATCHES AGAINST Fig. 18. Enhancement of signal-to-noise ratio by sequential sampling procedure (p, = 0.4,p, = 0.6,a= 0.01, B= 0.01). The question to be addressed is whether, after repeated transmission, a given message bit is labeled a “‘1” at a low rate Po commensurate with the hypothesis Hp that the bit in ques- tion is a “0,” or at a higher rate p,; commensurate with the hypothesis H; that the bit in question is indeed a “1.” The decision-making process requires the specification of four parameters. ; Po The probability of labeling incorrectly a “0” message bit as a ‘“‘l.’’ The probability of labeling correctly a ‘‘0”’ as a “0” is p= 0.5 + W, = 0.6. . Therefore, the probability of labeling incorrectly a “0” asa “1” is 1- p = 0.4 = pg. p; The probability of labeling correctly a “1”? message bit "asa “1,” is given by py = 0.5 + py = 0.6. a The probability of rejecting a correct identification for a “0” (Type I error). We shall take a = 0.01. 6 The probability of accepting an incorrect identification for a “1” (Type Il error). We shall take 6 = 0.01. With the parameters thus specified, the sequential sampling procedure provides for construction of a decision graph as shown in Fig. 18. The equations for the upper and lower limit lines are 2, = 41 + SN du 740 + SN where 1- l-a tog +8 log a 8 d,= do= P1 1- Po P: 1- Po log —- oo - log —- -———— Pol-pi Po l- Py 1- log; Po ge Pi 1- Po log — —: — Po l-pi in which S is the slope, N is the number of trials, and d, and do ate the y-axis intercepts. A cumulative record of receiver- , = 0.1 and desigAppromentds gorRe less er20O3KA0410 : Cieerktine® GeQNTS7RO0NZ0OH70O01isXompiled until either
352 PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, MARCH 1976 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700070001-9 08 0.6 0.4 0.2 RELIABILITY (probability of correctly determining message being transmitted) 0 +0.4 40.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 Ww (psi parameter) Fig. 19. Reliability curve for sequential sampling procedure (Pp, = 0.4, P, = 0.6,@= 0.01, 8 = 0.01). the upper or the lower limit line is reached, at which point a decision is made to accept 0 or | as the bit being transmitted. Channel! reliability (probability of correctly determining message being transmitted) as a function of operative psi parameter wW is plotted in Fig. 19. As observed, the sequential sampling procedure can result in 90 percent or greater reliability with psi parameters on the order of a few percent. Implementation of the sequential sampling procedure re- quires the transmission of a message coded in binary digits. Therefore, the target space must consist of dichotomous ele- ments such as the white and green cards used in the experi- ments by Ryzl. In operation, a sequence corresponding to the target bit (0 or 1) is sent and the cumulative entries are made (Fig. 18) until a decision is reached to accept either a 1 or a O as the bit being transmitted. At a prearranged time, the next sequence is begun and continues as above until the entire message has been received. A useful alternative, which relieves the percipient of the burden of being aware of his self-contradiction from trial to trial, consists of cycling through the entire message repeti- tively and entering each response on its associated graph until a decision has been reached on all message bits. The authors have used this technique successfully in a pilot study, but a discussion of this would take us beyond the intended scope of this paper. From the results obtained in such experiments, the channel bit rate can be ascertained for the system configuration under consideration. Furthermore, bit rates for other degrees of reliability (i.e., for other po, p;, &, and 6) can be estimated by construction of other decision curves over the same data base and thus provide a measure of the bit rate per degree of reliability. In summary, the procedures described here can provide fora specification of the characteristics of a remote-sensing channel under well-defined conditions. These procedures also provide for a determination of the feasibility of such a channel for particular applications. APPENDIX B REMOTE-VIEWING TRANSCRIPT Following is the unedited transcript of the first experiment with an SRI volunteer (S6), a mathematician in the computer science laboratory, with no previous experience in remote viewing. The target, determined by random procedure, was White’s Plaza, a plaza with fountain at Stanford University (shown in Fig. 8). As is our standard protocol, the experi- menter with the subject is kept ignorant of the specific target visited as well as the contents of the target pool. The experi- menter’s statements and questions are italics. Today is Monday, October 7th. It is 11:00 and this is a re- mote viewing experiment with Russ Targ, Phyllis Cole, and Hal Puthoff. In this experiment Hal will drive to a remate site chosen by a random process. Phyllis Cole will be the remote viewer, and Russ Targ is the monitor. We expect this expert- ment to start at twenty minutes after eleven and run for fif- teen minutes. It is just about twenty minutes after eleven and Hal should be at his target location by now. Why don’t you tell me what kind of pictures you see and what you think he might be doing or experiencing. The first thing that came to mind was some sort of a large, square kind of a shape. Like Hal was in front of it. It wasa . not a building or something, it was a square. -I don’t know if it was a window, but something like that so that the bottom line of it was not at the ground. About where his waist was, at least. That’s what it seemed to me. It seems outdoors some- how. Tree. Does Hal seem to be looking at that square? I don’t know. The first impression was that he wasn’t, but I have a sense that whatever it was was something one might look at. I don’t know if it would be a sign, but something that one might look at. Can you tell if it is on the ground or vertical? It seemed vertical. I don’t have a sense that it was part of anything particular. It might be on a building or part of a building, but I don’t know. There was a tree outside, but I also got the impression of cement. I don’t have the impression of very many people or traffic either. I have the sense that he is sort of walking back and forth. I don’t have any more explicit picture than that. Can you move into where he is standing and try to see what he is looking at? I picked up he was touching something—something rough. Maybe warm and rough. Something possibly like cement. It is twenty-four minutes after eleven. Can you change your point of view and move above the scene so you can get a bigger picture of what's there? I still see some trees and some sort of pavement or some- thing like that. Might be a courtyard. The thing that came to mind was it might be one of the plazas at Stanford campus or something like that, cement. Some kinds of landscaping. I said Stanford campus when I started to see some things in White Plaza, but I think that is misleading. I have the sense that he’s not moving around too much. That it’s in a small area. I guess I'll go ahead and say it, but I'm afraid I’m just putting on my impressions from Stanford campus. I had the impres- sion of a fountain. There are two in the plaza, and it seemed that Hal was possibly near the, what they call Mem Claw. What is that? It’s a fountain that looks rather like a claw. It’s a black sculpture. And it has benches around it made of cement. Are there any buildings at the place you are looking at? Are there any buildings? You described a kind of a courtyard. Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700070001-9
eh co emis a 2 Sm ede oo » PUTHOFF AND TARP pnencadiar Releases. 2063/09) 4.0 4 101A -RBPYERO787R000700070001-9 383 Usually at some places there should be a building, large or small'that the courtyard is about. Look at the end or the sides of the courtyard. Is there anything to be seen? I have a sense that there are buildings. It’s not solid build- ings. 1 mean there are some around the periphery and I have a sense that none of them are very tall. Maybe mostly one story, maybe an occasional two story one. Do you have any better idea of what your square was that you saw at the outset? No. I could hazard different kinds of guesses. Does it seem part of this scene? It... l think it could be. It could almost be a bulletin board or something with notices on it maybe. Or something that people are expected to look at. Maybe a window with things in it that people were expected to look at. What kind of trees do you see in this place? I don’t know what kind they are. The impression was that they were shade trees and not terribly big. Maybe 12 feet of trunk and then a certain amount of branches above that. So that the branches have maybe a 12 foot diameter, or some- thing. Not real big trees. New trees rather than old trees? Yeah, maybe 5 or 10 years old, but not real old ones. Is there anything interesting about the pavement? No. It seems to be not terribly new or terribly old. Not very interesting. There seems to be some bits of landscaping around, Little patches of grass around the edges and periph- eries. Maybe some flowers. But, not lush. You'saw some benches. Do you want to tell me about them? Well, that’s my unsure feeling about this fountain. There was some kind of benches of cement. Curved benches, it felt like. They were of rough cement. What do you think Hal is doing while he is there? I have a sense that he is looking at things trying to project them. Looking at different things and sort of walking back and forth not covering a whole lot of territory. Sometimes standing still while he looks around. I just had the impression of him talking, and.I almost sense that it was being recorded or something. I don’t know if he has a tape recorder, but if it’s not that, then he is saying some- thing because it needed to be remembered. It’s 11:33. He’s just probably getting ready to come back. ; ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors wish to thank the principal subjects, Mrs. Hella Hammid, Pat Price, and Ingo Swann, who showed patience and forbearance in addition to their enthusiasm ‘and outstanding perceptual abilities. We note with sadness the death of one of our subjects, Mr. Price. We express our ‘sincere thanks also to Earle Jones, Bonnar Cox, and Dr. Arthur Hastings, of SRI, and Mrs. Judith Skutch and Richard Bach, without whose en- couragement and support this work could not have taken place. REFERENCES {1] J. R. 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