CPYRGHT PUTHOFF AND Prey For Release 2000/08/08" * CIA RBPI6-00789R003100120001-4 TABLE X 5-Brt Cope FoR ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTERS u ZTOUVANA CRIN kFPOH Daye , OSI AU EUWUNDYK Awe Bae Note: Alphabet characters listed in order of decreasing frequency in English text. See, for example, A. Sinkov [79]. (The low-fre- quency ietters, ¥, Z, K, Q, and J, have been grouped with similar characters to provide space for numerics in a 5-bit code.) In consideration of the uneven dis- tribution of letter frequencies in English text, this code is chosen such that 0 and 1 have equal probability. dundancy. One efficient coding scheme for such a channel is obtained by application of a sequential sampling procedure of the type used in production-line quality control [80]. The adaptation of such a procedure to paranormal communication channels, which we now discuss, was considered first by Taetzsch [81]. The sequential method gives a rule of proce- dure for making one of three possible decisions following the receipt of each bit: accept 1 as the bit being transmitted; reject 1 as the bit being transmitted (i.e., accept 0); or continue transmission of the bit under consideration. The sequential sampling procedure differs from fixed-length coding in that the number of bits required to reach a final decision on a message bit is not fixed before transmission, but depends on the results accumulated with each transmission. The principal advantage of the sequential sampling procedure as compared with the other methods is that, on the average, fewer bits per final decision are required for an equivalent degree of reliability. Use of the sequential sampling procedure requires the speci- fication of parameters that are determined on the basis of the following considerations. Assume that a message bit (0 or 1) is being transmitted. In the absence of a priori knowledge, we may assume equal probability (p = 0.5) for the two possibili- ties (0,1). Therefore, from the standpoint of the receiver, the probability of correctly identifying the bit being transmitted is p=0.5 because of chance alone. An operative remote-sensing channel could then be expected to alter the probability of correct identification to a value p = 0.5 + W, where the param- eter ¥ satisfies O<|W|<0.5. (The quantity may be positive or negative depending on whether the paranormal channel results in so-called psi-hitting or psi-missing.). Good psi func- tioning on a repetitive task has been observed to result in y= 0.12, as reported by Ryz! [31]. Therefore, to indicate the design proce@ron ho viechinate Release: 2000/03/08 Y, = 0.1 and design a communication system on this basis. 351 DECISION 1 Accept “1” as the Bit Being Transmitted DECISION 2 Accept "0" as the Bit Being Transmitted TARGET MESSAGE SEQUENCE “qe 40 50 70 80 NUMBER OF TRIALS CUMULATIVE NUMBER OF MATCHES AGAINST Fig. 18. Enhancement of signal-to-noise ratio by sequential sampling procedure (p, = 0.4,p, = 0.6,a@= 0.01, 8 = 0.01). The question to be addressed is whether, after repeated transmission, a given message bit is labeled a ‘‘1”’ at a low rate Po commensurate with the hypothesis Ho that the bit in ques- tion is a “0,” or at a higher rate p; commensurate with the hypothesis H, that the bit in question is indeed a “1.” The decision-making process requires the specification of four parameters. The probability of labeling incorrectly a ‘‘O” message bit as a 1.” The probability of labeling correctly a “‘0” as a “0” is p= 0.5 + W, = 0.6. .Therefore, the probability of labeling incorrectly a “0” asa “1” is 1- p =0.4 = po. The probability of labeling correctly a ‘‘1’’ message bit asa ‘‘1,”’ is given by py = 0.5 + W, = 0.6. The probability of rejecting a correct identification for a “0” (Type I error). We shall take w= 0.01. The probability of accepting an incorrect identification for a 1” (Type Il error). We shall take B = 0.01. Po With the parameters thus specified, the sequential sampling procedure provides for construction of a decision graph as shown in Fig, 18. The equations for the upper and lower limit lines are 241 + SN 0 do +5N 1- Po I- Py Pi 1- Po Po 1-P1 in which S is the slope, NV is the nu rof trjals, and d, and : GIAREROS0OZ89ROOS 1T 200 Roa of receiver- generated responses to the target bit is compiled until either log log
382 CPYRGHT RELIABILITY (probability of correctly determining message being transmitted) 0 +0.4 +02 0 -0.2 -0.4 Ww (psi parameter) Fig. 19. Reliability curve for sequential sampling procedure (P, = 0.4, P, =0.6,a=0.01,8= 0.01). the upper or the lower limit line is reached, at which point a decision is made to accept 0 or | as the bit being transmitted. Channel reliability (probability of correctly determining message being transmitted) as a function of operative psi parameter wW is plotted in Fig. 19. As observed, the sequential sampling procedure can result in 90 percent or greater reliability with psi parameters on the order of a few percent. Implementation of the sequential sampling procedure re- quires the transmission of a message coded in binary digits. Therefore, the target space must consist of dichotomous ele- ments such as the white and green cards used in the experi- ments by Ryzl. In operation, a sequence corresponding to the target bit (0 or 1) is sent and the cumulative entries are made (Fig. 18) until a decision is reached to accept either a 1 or a O as the bit being transmitted. At a prearranged time, the next sequence is begun and continues as above until the entire message has been received. A useful alternative, which relieves the percipient of the burden of being aware of his self-contradiction from trial to trial, consists of cycling through the entire message repeti- tively and entering each response on its associated graph until a decision has been reached on all message bits. The authors have used this technique successfully in a pilot study, but a discussion of this would take us beyond the intended scope of this paper. From the results obtained in such experiments, the channel bit rate can be ascertained for the system configuration under consideration. Furthermore, bit rates for other degrees of reliability (i.e., for other po, p;, a, and B) can be estimated by construction of other decision curves over the same data base and thus provide a measure of the bit rate per degree of reliability. In summary, the procedures described here can provide fora specification of the characteristics of a remote-sensing channel under well-defined conditions. These procedures also provide for a determination of the feasibility of such a channel for particular applications. APPENDIX B REMOTE-VIEWING TRANSCRIPT Following is the unedited transcript of the first experiment with an SRI volunteer {So a mathematician in the computer science nlaborato fence asroved Ft | PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, MARCH 197: viewing. The target, determined by random procedure, wa White’s Plaza, a plaza with fountain at Stanford University (shown in Fig. 8).| As is our standard protocol, the experi menter with the subject is kept ignorant of the specific targei visited as well as the contents of the target pool. The experi: menter’s statements and questions are italics. Today is Monday, October 7th. It is 11:00 and this is a re: mote viewing experjment with Russ Targ, Phyllis Cole, and Ha: Puthoff. In this experiment Hal will drive to a remote site chosen by a random process. Phyllis Cole will be the remote viewer, and Russ Targ is the monitor, We expect this experi: ment to start at twenty minutes after eleven and run for fif: teen minutes. It is just about twenty minutes after eleven and Hal should be at his target location by now. Why don't you tell me what kind of pictures you see and what you think he hight be doing or experiencing. The first thing that came to mind was some sort of a large, square kind of a shape. Like Hal was in front of it. It wasa . not a building Ir something, it was a square. I don’t know if it was a window, but something like that so that the bottom line of it was not at the ground. About where his waist was, at least. That’s what it seemed to me. It seems outdoors some- how. Tree. i Does Hal seem to be looking at that square? I don’t know. The first impression was that he wasn't, but I have a sense that whatever it was was something one might look at. I don’t knqw if it would be a sign, but something that one might look at. Can you tell if it id on the ground or vertical? It seemed vertical. I don’t have a sense that it was part of anything particular. It might be on a bhilding or part of a building, but I don’t know. There was a/tree outside, but I also-got the impression of cement. I don’t'have the impression of very many people or traffic either. Ijhave the sense that he is sort of walking back and forth. I don’t have any more explicit picture than that. Can you move into where he is standing and try to see what he is looking at? I picked up he was touching something—something rough. Maybe warm and rough. Something possibly like cement. It is twenty-four minutes after eleven. Can you change your point of view and move above the scene so you can getia bigger picture of what's there? I still see some trees and some sort of pavement or some- thing like that. Might be a courtyard. The thing that came to mind was it might be one of the plazas at Stanford campus or something like that, cement. Some kinds of landscaping. I said Stanford campus when I started to see some things in White Plaza, but I think that is misleading. I have the sense that he’s not moving around too much. That it’s in a small area. I guess Ill go ahead and say it, but I’m afraid I’m just putting on my impressions from Stanford campus. I had the impres- sion of a fountain. There are two in the plaza, and it seemed that Hal was possibly near the, what they call Mem Claw. What is that? It’s a fountain 3 looks rather like a claw. It’s a black sculpture. And it hag benches around it made of cement. Are there any buildings at the place you are looking at? Are Or RelGAVs WHC /(3 e CA - REPIS-OOFEBROOHOOZOCN kipd of a courtyard.
. CPYRGHT PUTHOFF D TARG: pproved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001-4 Usually at some places there should be a building, large or smail that the courtyard is about. Look at the end or the sides of the courtyard. Is there anything to be seen? I have a sense that there are buildings. It’s not solid build- ings. I mean there are some around the periphery and I have a sense that none of them are very tall. Maybe mostly one story, maybe an occasional two story one. Do you have any better idea of what your square was that you saw at the outset? No. I could hazard different kinds of guesses. Does it seem part of this scene? It... I think it could be. It could almost be a bulletin board or something with notices on it maybe. Or something that people are expected to look at. Maybe a window with things in it that people were expected to look at. What kind of trees do you see in this place? I don’t know what kind they are. The impression was that they were shade trees and not terribly big. Maybe 12 feet of trunk and then a certain amount of branches above that. So that the branches have maybe a 12 foot diameter, or some- thing. Not real big trees. New trees rather than old trees? Yeah, maybe 5 or 10 years old, but not real old ones. Is there anything interesting about the pavement? No. It seems to be not terribly new or terribly old. Not very interesting. There seems to be some bits of landscaping around. Little patches of grass around the edges and periph- eries. Maybe some flowers. But, not lush. You saw some benches. Do you want to tell me about them? Well, that’s my unsure feeling about this fountain. There was some kind of benches of cement. Curved benches, it felt like. They were of rough cement. What do you think Hal is doing while he is there? I have a sense that he is looking at things trying to project them. Looking at different things and sort of walking back and forth not covering a whole lot of territory. Sometimes standing still while he looks around. I just had the impression of him talking, and I almost sense that it was being recorded or something. I don’t know if he has a tape recorder, but if it’s not that, then he is saying some- thing because it needed to be remembered. It’s 11:33. He's just probably getting ready to come back. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors wish to thank the principal subjects, Mrs. Hella Hammid, Pat Price, and Ingo Swann, who showed patience and forbearance in addition to their enthusiasm and outstanding perceptual abilities. We note with sadness the death of one of our subjects, Mr. Price. We express our ‘sincere thanks also to Earle Jones, Bonnar Cox, and Dr. Arthur Hastings, of SRI, and Mrs, Judith Skutch and Richard Bach, without whose en- couragement and support this work could not have taken place. REFERENCES {1] J. R. 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