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2.
3IHHE ElilOHT OP
Even before tho
rrovontoenth century,
the tonics
of consciousness
and
communication wore
of control
theology.
The phenomena colled
extra.- sensor
ssue
to natural philosophy end
and b 1. 0- - informr..t i on
Ion'
percent ion by
some:
$
Jisnory
ox
Doing mown
oy
manv different names
in many cultures
and every historical time
It had,
by this time,
boon well demonstrated
th
t men’s consciousness
was
interclonendont
os well unon his biology and physiology,
and that
these
in turn were
influenced by the physical environments
Although
in rotro snoot the
issue concerns
itself with
the; data
derived from
physics,* Physiology
and psychology,
the brief survey
presented here
sho”s
quite cleerly that
the
investigations
under-
taken boro done
so under the notion that the phenomena observed
in
to phenomena observe
one
specialty
eras not related
to phenomena observed
in other
special-
ties.
This
becom.cs verV apparent
when later
on,
radio rhenomoni
as practiced by electronic
eng inoors
and"
radio
phenomena.
TTith
respect
to
esp,
bests little relation
to
c<. ch other,
in the minds
of the
: principal
p ar apsycholog; i c c.l
invest in tor"
of
tho mid-
twentieth century.
It would bo
rlif 'icult
to
sew
TThen
theories
of
vc ry f i r s t electro m a:metic
psi first occurred* because the Phenomena
is described
in
word"' that predate modern scientific
terminologies.
Appro nos of the
specific
issue
at hand,
the first mention of ana phenomena relevant
to
the -perception
and /or emission of electrical
or magnetic energy
bw the human
ora an ism occurs with Paracelsus
(1493-1541)
.
He ms
ci. physician
and
reputedly
a psychic hosier
ns
well,
and
he believed
that mr.anetiam
’mas
a mysterious but natural
force, that like
the
stare
influenced
the human bohy
even -at
a distance
,
by
o. subtle
emahation
that pervaded
space.
(Boring, 1929)
Prune is Bacon
(1561-1626 )
in
Gyly a,
. or
a Batumi
i History
•provides several accounts
of precognition
and telepathy , noting that
them were natural phenomena,
and
that
it belonged
to
a class
of
operations
"work
'“onni 3 c
s
M1CC
ons
,
::
’'transmis- -ions
,
"
and
influences,
which
;
but not
at
touch. *
at
about
the
same
time,
Yen Lelmont
(1577-1544)
originated the doctrine
of animal mssnOtism,
by
_ teaching that
magnetic fluids radiated from
all
men,
and
may bo
guided :by the will
to
influence
tho minds
and bodies
of others*
(G-udas
A .contemporary of the
above
'mas Gilbert,
who
in 1600 published
dG
, jsiShoto,
principally
a treatise on
the
lodestone,
Gilbert
con-
cluded that
the
sun
end earth
t p:u both magnets,
the diurnal
rotation
of the
earth dowonGont inon
ohat magnetism.
He
also
studied
the
phenomena of
"electrics/’,
but did not conclude that there
was
any
naynebism
end electric ity
relations
:' ip between
Again,
Trc find
another
at •'•©'•rat
cat
a physical
or mechanical
explanation of tho
p’: enomona.
TTith Glanvill
( 1636-1680 )
who couMcs
a world-soul hypothesis ruth tho observation that
:t
.
.
.
tho
agitbtod
parts of the Brain
(begot)
a motion
in
the proximo Aether j
it
• is
propagated through the liouid
madium,
as
wo see
th.; .motion
which
is
caus'd
:bv
a stone
thrown
into
the
"ator. » (Gudas,196l)
It; should bo understood
that
at
this
time philosophers,
who
worn's
thy true forerunners
of
tho psychologists, were debating the
issue
of whether
a materialist or soitualist model most accurately
accounted tor man’s behavior
and consciousness
.
The
ouost ion which
was rokandlaE
b' r Cartes in dualism
is
still relevant,
and
is
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stni _b^inr
c’.obr.tod
today.
. .It
is obvious,
oven to
this
author,
that
mo ie.L
i ot ic
( •aa.tTer--cnorgv )
socials
r-.ro necessarily
incomplete
with
res/ooct
co our behaviors
rnl
our identities.
Accordingly,
the
valicl-
lty
o:c
tho mind-body
quest ion,
io
acknowledged,
tho
work" of
tlic
- V
philosophers
of
the
post-Ronaissoncc
is
still relevant today,
but
no
muse
pans- over
tho history of philosophy
and
concent rats
on’ tho
history of the physical is t models.
,
Anton
J-Iosmer- (1734-1818)
wo.c
a Vi one so physician
who was
able
o
o.i i.ect cures both unon psychoneurotic 'disturbances and physiological
ones
by oao uso of hypnotism,
which Hosmo-r claimed was dependent uron
a phenomena of animal
rao&notiem.
His work
is vary important to
tho
quest ion of consciousness and control because
it
stimulator! not
only
uarapsychological
inquiry,
but stimulated
tho
<»ork
of Freud
and
June;
into mo unconsciousness
as well
,
The
issue,
then
as now,
was whether
the
cures That .hasher successful^ completed wore
due
to
some outside
nsvchoaine -ic-liko
:corco
,
that
is
oloctromo.cn
i t i sm .
or whether they
wero cue
to
subliminal suggestions.
Obviously the
psycho somatic
controversies
re raised.
Hosmer hims -If
at first used motal
bar-
to rpoaucod his
effects,
but -later recanted from their
to
o.emend solely on his
own
use
'animal magnetism.
"
Hoc am
m anno as
and
c am
rlesmor |s. potoreity
a scientific
commission was
set
urn
in 1784
to
inyes ciaato
tho matter.
The
commission concluded that
fjesmer's
animal magncTisra and naturally oc curing magnetism
(of the lodes ton
of
variety)
wore not
similar "phenomena and
'me::
foil
into disrepute.
. It
iP
r* out
this
saiac time that
-animal electricity-
is first
oo so rued
oy Galvon i
in 1700.
Ho discovered that frog's" leys,
when
connect ea
to
two dissimilar metals,
twitched
later ho
created
the
first
"wet
b.otterv"
large number of
-pro^
tho
rill
leys.
This was
in 1794.
on
an
inorganic
live
.
by connecting
in series
a
It
is only later
battery.
It
is
an
that Volta creates electricity
?'
'.l
oosorvation that many of man's
technological
Inventions
are
ou b
oro
:i o.ct.ionv
ox
his own biology.
,
’7" 1°27
^ Onm
. hac.
success.sully
s ormil atod the
laws of simple
elec Trie c.l
circuits,
those laws
arc
still
in use
todav..
The major
bream vh rough
in rbvsics of the nineteenth Centura -as' the iificovny
by
; area ay
in 1831
that
on
electrical current could bo originated bv
moving
a wire through
a magnetic field.
It
i,
of the
unity, of oloctrrity and
magnetism..
It
T.-ro
r>
V; Ci-:a
th o
year that
tho technology had
advanced
sufficiently
:c irst' re al i c at-ion
in
tho next
or Morse
to
demonstrate telegraphy,
whereby coded signals wore
carried
over
a is b ancos
b-r use
oa:
cables
(transmission line )
act ins like low
xroouenc TT lumped parameter o-aloxf
long
O'" vroat
Irmorthnce
r,o
the present
issue
is
the results
of
an
.
,
.
...
- ~
O'*
v
iykjwe
UJ.iO'
X W:3UJ. US
U J.
experiment carriea
out by the psychophysicist Helmholtz,
in 1850.
Her oro
this
date
the
mind' -body complex was thought
to
act together,
.. imul t. neously and
instantaneously,
at or near the
snood of
.light,
wuicn was then known
to bo
about 300,000 km/soc.
Tho functions of
the nerves'
were reasonably understood
at this time,
both anatomically
and psychologic all
v
Horse
J
nerves,-
like
light.
To. bis
th
't
tho
sneeb
magnitudes slower than light,
in
air.
Jto t7 hero
was
a. new
nc
we.;.,
al
,o
not
instantaneou
•lmoot universally assumed that the
but
it
cables.
surprise,
ent
many others
as
well,
Helmholtz found'
of nervous
propagation was
m/sc-c,
not only many
t r an sm j. 1
e d
thoi i
at
the
s;need of
but
even slower than the
speed of sound
.
for man was not only mind
and body,
in either
his perceptions or his
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H 1 3TORY |
1359- -19 26
Fouronhysiolo
y by this tins
"aotor neural location-
in tho
reactions
,
that
is,
his
control.
I)r.r T "in
1 s evolutioncr" theory pf
1359 nric initotod
additional controversy concerning the rise
of|
mechanistic
( mat or i al ift i c )
'ohilosophios
of physics, biology end
history.
The
schism botvocn science
nd theology
is
in part
roj-
snonsihlo for the founding of the
p nr an ojrchologi b si
and psych icjel
research societies lato nineteenth
conturjr.
Bernstein
in
18.66 described the nerve
impulse
as
a wove
of;
negative electricity massing
along the 'fiber.
By 1871
>
ho
shoved
that the
impulse forend
from, the negative
inside
of the fiber
to
positive outside
.
In
addition,
it was understood
at this time that
nerves roouirod
a, refractor’*
"period before being able
to fire
again.
ad
identified specific sensory
and
brain .and
con’raJ. nervous
astern.
Mavvoll's
o oust ions
appeared-
in 1864 loading to
the creation
of radio anvo frocusncy electromagnetic radiation
in 1888.
y 1895
Marconi
ves
able to broadcast
and receive over
a distance
of several
Milometers
,
and
suceedod
in transmitting across
tho
Atlantic Ocean
in 1905
.
Of importance
to the biophysical theory of osp
i--
the-
e.ppoarnCc
in 1900 of Planck's
lav,
which accurately describes
tho
.
energy spectra of electron as n e t i c
onorgies emitted from
an
object
of
a. given temperature
,
For man that temperature, is
i310°K.
dir
'dilliam Crookes
(Rhino
,
1934)
attempts
to
exnlain tho
paranormal phenomena
-as "high frequency vibrations of the other
generated bv the molecular action of the basin.”
(1397)
At
about
this
s amo time,
oxp e r iinent at ion based
U">on Meber
' s
(1834)
and
Fechnor
' s
(1851)
loans of stimulus intensity
and the threshold
of sensitivity
(3 - k log R)
confirm tho
er.ist-.-nco of
su.b--
liminal- (bolov-throobold)
sensitivity,
Myor
1 s
,
vho
coined the
jvorti.
t +tolom;
•trl
s
in p~rt
)c cause
an
inao
in
’wireless
telegraphy
also
postulated tho ’hubliminal consciousness
S’
^rcu'd
(1899)
intr
uncoils c 10 ue
lUnc'cioneo. m
relation
to drowns,
of procogn it ion,
in
called
occult
melon cos
Jung
(1916)
and others
at this time
«+
in ho Tr the
.1though ho never acknowledged
Proud
o.c c rooted
tho
oristen
The
additional dream
'ork
ind i c
' t e
that
th
most frequent
stare
o'
'
consciousness
in
occur*
accounting for
two thirds of
all spontaneous
psi.
Interestingly enough
,
that
although
into re at
ahenomen
'
,
in
its
^v-rio v;
for as,
precede
,
s
tha t
tho
inter os t
in
analyt ic
nsycbolo' ios by centuries,
the 1914-1918
war appurentlv stimul "'ted
, for
a. brief
time, more
interest
in
the'
letter than
the
former.
iotvoon 1911
aid 1926 various radio
engineers had
found that
oes
vac dependent upon many variables
,
the
Phenoman
ICO
O'
th p
* f o>
•
O
’U,0-
:
- inf
i 0 r*
of
die-
dr 0 c.h
is
th 0
leal
pb 0none’n
3 psi
.
in th
p sychj 1 c al
f into V ic ally of
the
nrono/'ction of radio
such
as
; suns not
cycles,
t
etc.
Two of the most
import an"'
variables
in broadcasting are the
frccuonbv of the
signal
end. the condition of the
ionosphere
at
time
of the
day,
the
season
of tho year,
given time with re spec*
to
that
.
•
frequency.
Theoretical, models
f
r it
both confirmed that cloctroma not ic radiation
n distance
(length)
is
a function of the vayo-
nox
oces- arily diminish inversely proportional to
and
onpiric.nl
intensity
at
length,
: and does
the
square
of
the
vav
. length s
.
The
the formulas
available
in 1911
end
1925
do not varv
a/oproc
from tho
accept ed
numeric al values used toUny
(1975)
distance-,
the optical
la.v for vim iblo light
numeric "l measures
of
attenuation obtained irom
1,7
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Porli ''"os
the
o' mitt or)
fa a an
we.
irst
;ru:
:rroaour~m.on~
made
turn C oi 'samr
of the
oloctromrw-netic energy
who
darting,
in 1927
one
con-
y no in r
b ro
• d b one.
f one r-
tinning to 1941 measured the phonomon
'
.
o.tor
of
90 -
400 Mhz
(5.0 - 0.75 motors)
,
ho
sucoodic!
in recounting
’•rith frequencies
in
the
- 400 Mho
(100
- 0.75
Kioto- c)
rouge.
(These
T-ro.volGn.gths
include lengths oquivlont to
overage human height.
F.B.
)
That electromagnet ic
oftorgpy was nossibly tin
agent of telepathy
was node
no pul or
hyr -many writers,
including Upton
Sinclair
who- used
the title Mental
Radio,
in his 1929 hoof recounting his very extensive
telepathic
omneriments.
The
same
year' saw the announcement
hy
T'orger
,
that beginning five years before,
ho had aucoeded
in measur-
ing the electrical
activity of the brain,
and had found that
fr e queue
i
of
-
ILe
'
characteristic normal
b -havior,
ana
that certain of
the frequencies corresponded
to
certain mental
states.
In 1941?
Dr.
Berger announced his
sup roval that brain waves wore tolenathy after
remaining
hesitant for some gears.
.Electromagnetic
energy?' was
also being studied with reonect
to
nerves 'and neurons
at this time.
Beginning with Phillinson
in 1920
and continuing till
1938,
various
. neurophysiologists had measured the
capacitance
,
"
resistance
( impedance ) and
other
s.
,
current para-
meters
and- found that
the capacitance
and resistance' wore essentially
constant
in their values,
and only the voltage varied
in the neurons,
t'ch neuron was considered
to behave
as
a resistance
(and. later
on
impedance )
in parallel with
a can suit unco
.
Beginning
in the early thirties
Vasilovev began
to perform many
s’ ort
and long distance
toieno.thy
and suggestion oxoerimontf
noticeable
are
the results of
on extremely long distance tost
.
kilometers
,
in
\f- ich
a, subject
was; loworod
into
a. lo ad bottle
,
the percinient was capable of discerning; the
state
of
the
subject,
who
was unconscious.
V^siloyov
at the time,
1937,
w-s of the
on in ion
that electromagnetic
rod i at ion
wo.s
a highly
improb" ble
source of
oss phenomena.
Ho did however note
that the metal bottle
was not
c enable
of shielding Em frequences of the
cosmic ray range,
or of
shielding the
fro (mercies below 105 hr,
because
of their very long
wavelengths
(greater then one
hi dome tor )
,
Moot
,
1700
yot
Also very active
in
th
period was
Dr.
Rhine
end his
associates.
Rhine coined
the Phrase oxtr ^-sensory perception with a tentative
morning of
’perception without
the function of rocogni *ed
senses.
’
ISO
IS
"aarnntly indenondent of recognized
lie continues,
forms,
noiv-raclio.fi vo but pro jectory.
.-
all
quite non-sonsory
characteristics. ”
(Rhine,
J . ?? .
,
1964,
1934)
Rhino
also voiced three
objections
to
the electromagnetic models
.
First,
that electro-
mo,: notic radiation loses
its power,
inversely proportional to
the
square of the
distance
(ibid,
np 150 - 175)
.
Second, he mentions
'the problems of selectivity imposed by the
problem, of everybody
transmitting continuously or simultaneously')
Third,
the objection
is
•’•a
1 con,
end well made,
that olcctroma- netism cannot explain the
phenomena, of clairvoyance,
whore obviously their
is neither
an
imago
to
send,
or oven
an.
agent
to
send
it.
However ,
Rhino
con-
cludes,
('ro
215-222)
that
^
-
w
inherited
any other cognitive Process
,
and
'involves
th;
ip
is
a biological Phenomena, may be
nervous
'*
Tv
n a thy,
clcirvov
-n c c
,
.
binesis
and nsycbic
he
>
•
»
j.n
r>
nd precognition
nl ing
1nto
so n a.r
a
system
as in/
into
one
cl as
quite
as much
as does
Rhine lumps tclo-
cato.gory,
but
tolo-
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