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A STUDY OF SOME ESP TESTING METHODS AND THEIR VALIDITY
MOXIE TEGANZHIGONGNENGDE CESHIFANGFA JI
QI ZHENSHIXING DE YANJIU
BY:
Gong Wenyao,
Hou Yueli,
Jiang Xiuying,
Zhang Linfu,
Zhou
Liangzhou,
Li Xianggao and Zhai Tingxiang
(Institute of Aerospace Medical Engineering)
ABSTRACT
Based to testing principles determined by the
institute, we established testing methods
for the
ability to see objects through a wall,
seeing objects
underneath dirt in a flowerpot to simulate seeing
underground,
and a method of testing mental telepathy
abilities.
The results of this study were decisive.
The paranormal abilities of the subjects to see objects
through a wall,
inside flowerpots and to perform mental
telepathy actually existed.
KEY WORDS:
Extrasensory perception
(ESP),
Seeing objects through
a wall,
paranormal vision,
target object,
and mental telepathy.
FORWARD:
Parapsychological
phenomena which
can
not
yet
be
explained
through
known
science
primarily
include
Extrasensory
Perception
(ESP)
and
Psychokinesis
(PK)
.
ESP
refers
to
persons
with
paranormal
abilities
being
able
to
obtain
knowledge
of
objects,
events
or
other
people's
thoughts
without
the
use
of
ordinary
sensory organs or any ordinary sensory channel ^
]
.
an example
of
this
is
Clairvoyance.
This
includes
paranormal
vision
and
paranormal remote vision of remote objects or events.
It includes
Precognition,
which
is
knowledge
of
future
events
and telepathy
which is the direct transmission and communications of thoughts.
Up to the present,
there are
a number
of different views
in
the
debate
over
whether
extrasensory
perception
actually
exists 12 ' 3 ' 4
]
.
Those who say it does exist believe it we must see
the
phenomenon
actually
exists,
but
there
is
not
as
yet
a
satisfactory scientific explanation for it.
Those who say it does
not exist believe that the phenbomenon is strictly imaginary ,
and
that
the
necessary
foundation
for
parapsychology
to
exist
as
a
special science
is not there.
Since
March
of
1979
when
the
"Sichuan
Daily"
reported
the
phenomenon
of
"reading characters with the ears"
of Tang
Yu,
the
research
into
ESP
in
China
can
generally
be
divided
into
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experimental
research
into
paranormal
character
recognition
1 5 ]
,
paranormal
visional
and mental
telepathy^
^
.
At
the
same
time,
there
have
been
some
useful
explorations
into
the
physical
characteristics of the phenomena of
ESP^
'
'
’
As
a
new
field
of
scientific
research,
ESP
research
is
currently
still
primarily
operating
at
the
. research
stage
of
accumulating
facts.
However,
sometimes
testing methods
. are
not
strict
enough
and
some
reports
which
have
not
been
verified
by
stringent repeat testing,
and at times
there
is
some
fakery,
and
also
there
are many
factors which
influence
the
results
of
this
testing.
Under these conditions,
it
is understandable why people
harbor
some
suspicion about
the reality
of paranormal
abilities.
The constructive opinions and criticism they offer concerning the
question of existence should be welcomed.
We. believe that one of
the
primary
reason
for
the
different
opinions
concerning
the
phenomenon of paranormal
abilities
is that there
are debates
and
differences over the research methods themselves.
Therefore, when verifying the reality of ESP, the first thing
should be to establish a set of strict ESP testing methods.
This
is the primary precondition for answering the question of whether
or not
it objectively exists.
The objective
of this
study
is
to
study and draw up testing
methods appropriate for certain ESP abilities to lay a foundation
in methodology
for
its
basic
and applied research.
At
the
same
time it presents a founded answer to whether certain ESP abilities
actual exists.
METHODS AND RESULTS
We
conducted
1,567
individual-occasion
formal
tests
of
persons who claimed to have certain types of ESP (including 4 males
and
females,
ages
were
between
and
40,
and
levels
of
education between elementary
school
and college)
.
As
a
control
group we used
14 persons
(all
female,
ages between
19 and 43,
and
educational
levels
from
junior
middle
school
and
college)
upon
which
we
conducted
1,198
individual-occasion
control
tests
(see
Table One)
.
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TABLE ONE;
TESTING OF SUBJECTS AND CONTROLS
1.
Type of ESP.
2.
Seeing through walls.
3.
Seeing inside flower
pot.
4. Mental telepathy.
5.
ESP subjects.
6. Number of people.
7. Number of tests.
8. Controls.
9. Number of people.
10. Number
of tests.
When
establishing
testing
methods
for
ESP
abilities,
we
decided on the following principles;
1.
Random and precise selection of target objects and timely
and
accurate
recording
of
the
ESP
results
to
avoid
any
lack
of
certainty about the description of the target object.
2.
Pay attention to the double blind of the preparing of the
samples and repeatability of the test results.
3.
Establish
a
principle
of
combining
control
groups
and
blank experiments.
4.
Conduct the experiments when the ESP subjects
feel their
abilities are in an optimum state.
Based on the above principles, the methods and results of the
experiments on ESP abilities are described separately below.
I.
EXPERIMENTS ON SEEING AN OBJECT THROUGH A WALL
1.
The Methods Used
in the Experiments
on Seeing an Object
Through a Wall.
The
subjects
and
the
target
objects
were
separated with
a
solid brick wall
(see Illustration One).
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ILLUSTRATION ONE:
DIAGRAM OF EXPERIMENTS ON SEEING THROUGH A WALL
1.
Target Object.
2.
Blank.
3.
Partitioning wall.
4.
Subject.
In order to ensure the objects are clearly identified, we used
an equilateral triangle
18 centimeters on a side,
a square,
half a
circle with a radius of
18 centimeters and a full circle.
The ESP
subjects
felt that red target objects were easier to sense,
so in
the experiments it was decided to use red wooden target objects.
In
the
experiments,
these
four
target
objects
and
a
blank
experiment
where
was
no
object
occurred
at
random.
The
random
sequence was provided by a computer.
Here,
we
would
like
to
briefly
describe
the
specific
conditions at the location of the experiments.
On one occasion, the experiment was conducted in two adjoining
rooms separated by a brick wall at the Anshan Hotel in Anshan
( see
Illustration Two).
It takes effort
for
a person with ESP to see
through
a wall when
the person
is
in
a
fairly dark
room,
so the
window in one
of the rooms was covered with
a carpet,
and during
the experiment, the ESP subjects sat in this
(B) room attempting to
see the objects displayed by the person running the experiment
(a)
in room
(A)
.
The person running the experiment
(b)
sat in room
(B)
inside the door,
and after the ESP subject had
(seen)
and recorded
the target
object,
he gave
the person running the experiment
(a)
the signal to change the target object.
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ILLUSTRATION TWO:
DIAGRAM OF FIRST SEE THROUGH WALL EXPERIMENT
WITH SUBJECT ZHAO
1.
Person
running
the
experiment
(b)
.
2.
ESP
subject
(being
tested).
3.
Window.
4.
door.
5.
Person running the experiment
(a).
6.
ESP subject
(not being tested).
7.
Corridor.
During the progress of the experiment,
the doors and windows
of rooms
(A)
and
(B)
were always kept closed.
No one could enter
or leave either of the rooms.
Because of the limited conditions at
the time,
the other ESP
subject who had not yet been tested also
sat in room
(A)
.
The subjects were Zhao Ying and Zhao Li.
Two
years
later,
we
repeated
the
seeing
through
the
wall
experiment with Zhao Ying.
The type of target objects and method
of display were the same as
in the first experiment.
The testing location was room 821
in the Scientific Research
Building
of
the
Institute
of Aerospace Medicine Engineering
(see
Illustration Three)
.
The ESP subject Zhao Ying sat in a soundproof
room and attempted to
see
target
objects displayed
on the
other
side
of the wall by experimenter
(a).
Experimenter c
sat outside
the
door
to
the
soundproof
room,
and
when
the
ESP
subject
had
finished attempting to visualize the target object and had noted it
down,
he would inform experimenter b of this who would then rap on
the door to notify experimenter c who would then rap on the door of
the main room to inform experimenter A that he could change target
objects
.
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ILLUSTRATION THREE:
SECOND SEE THROUGH THE WALL EXPERIMENT
WITH ZHAO
1.
Room.
2.
Experimenter
C.
3.
Experimenter
B.
4.
Soundproof
room.
5.
...
Corridor.
6.
Window.
7.
Experimenter A.
8.
Partitioning wall.
9 .
Door
.
During
the experiment,
the doors between the
rooms were
all
kept closed,
and no one was allowed in or out of the rooms.
The
vast majority
of
the
seeing
through
a wall
experiments
were conducted under these conditions.
2.
Results
of Seeing Through a Wall Experiments.
We
see
from the
results
in
Table
Two
that
rate
of
correct
responses
by
the
ESP
subjects
ranged
from
15.0
to
79.4
percent.
The accuracy
rate
of
the vast majority
of
ESP
subjects was very
near the individual natural probabilities.
The accuracy rates
in
seeing target objects through a wall for subjects Zhao Ying,
Zhao
Li and Wang Haiyen were 79.4,
51.0 and 41.7 percent respectively.
The
accuracy
rates
for
the
controls
were
below
or
near
the
individual natural probabilities.
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SUBJECT
NUMBER
GROUPS
ACCURACY
NATURAL
(N)
(PERCENT)
PROBABILITY
(PERCENT)
Wang X
X
320
27.4
25.0
Zhang
X X
204
31.1
25.0
Wang X X
41.7
25.0
Lin X X
30.0
25.0
Liu
X X
23.3
20.0
Xue
X
X
27.5
25.0
Wang
X
15.0
20.0
Zhao X
160
79.4
20.0
Zhao X
100
51.0
20.0
CONTROLS
Xie
X X
100
22.0
25.0
Yu
XX
23.7
20.0
Yue
X X
110
18.7
25.0
Yang
X X
110
25.7
25.0
Wu
X
X
300
25.3
25.0
Jiang
X X
124
19.2
25.0
TABLE TWO:
RESULTS OF SEEING THROUGH A WALL EXPERIMENTS
We
derived
the
mean
value
of
the
difference
between
the
accuracy
rate
and
natural
probability
rate
each
person
of
the
control
group
and
of
each
ESP
subject
and performed
statistical
analysis.
We
can
see
from
the
results
(Table
Three)
how
Wang
Haiyan,
Zhao Ying and Zhao Li fared compared to the control group.
in this table,
**
is p<0 .01,
and
***
is p<0.001.
n is the number
of times the group of objects was tested.
SUBJECT
n
X+S
Wang X
X
2.5+10
Zhang X X
6 . 1+9 .
Wang X X
16.7+7.6**
Lin X
• 0+0
Liu X X
3 . 3+7
.
Xue
X X
2 • 5+2
• 8
Zhao X
59.3+25. 9
Zhao
X
31.0+32. 8
TABLE THREE:
SEEING THROUGH WALL TESTING RESULTS
OF ESP SUBJECTS AND CONTROL SUBJECTS
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With
accuracy
rate
-
mean
natural
probability
+
standard
deviation,
ESP
subject only tested one group
of
objects,
so this
subject was not included in the statistics.
The
results
of
the
seeing
target
objects
through
a
wall
experiment,
indicate
a
marked
or
extremely
obvious, difference
between their scores and that of the control group, indicating they
possess,
to a certain degree,
the ability to see through walls.
It
is worth pointing out that when repeat seeing through the
wall
experiments
were
conducted,
ESP
subject
. Zhao
Ying
had
an
accuracy
rate
of
82.5
percent,
greatly
exceeding
the
percent
natural
probability,
and
compared
to
the
controls,
this
is
of
obvious statistical significance.
In the morning of 23 July,
1990,
Zhao Ying completed 60 target
objects
in
seeing
through
the wall
experiments
with
an accuracy
rate
of
100 percent
(see Illustration Four).
These results must
have
been
real
penetrating
vision,
because
such
a
degree
of
accuracy could not have been achieved from purely guessing.
SUBJECT
DATE
TESTS
RIGHT
WRONG
%RIGHT
NATURAL
PROBABILITY
Zhao X
1988.1
76.3**
Zhao X
1990.7
82.5**
Control
1990.7
23.7
TABLE FOUR:
ZHAO'S RESULTS
IN SEEING THROUGH WALL EXPERIMENT
Compared to controls,
**P<0.01.
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ILLUSTRATION FOUR:
RESULTS OF EXPERIMENT WITH ZHAO YING
(7/23/90)
1.
Subject
is
Wang
Ying,
experimenter
Gong
Wenrao.
2.
Seeing
through wall experiment,
7/23/90.
3.
Object.
4.
Description.
II:
EXPERIMENT ON SEEING OBJECTS INSIDE A FLOWER POT
1.
Methods
Used
in
Experiment
on
Seeing
Objects
Inside
a
Flower Pot.
To make
things
easier,
we
chose
to
use
seeing
objects
in
a
flowerpot
filled
with
dry
dirt
as
experimental
conditions
simulating seeing objects underground.
We selected ten flowerpots
about the same
shape,
size and color
(see Illustration Five).
We
filled
the
pots
with
dry
dirt.
In
order
to
eliminate
signs
remaining after turning up the dirt to bury the objects and thus
influencing
the
results
of
the
experiment,
we
also
covered
each
flower pot with a piece of paper.
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© © © o o
ILLUSTRATION FIVE:
SEEING OBJECT THROUGH FLOWER POTS
1.
Paper.
2.
Target Object.
The
object was
a
piece
of
steel
plate
or aluminum plate
times
as
large
as
the
five
cent
piece
the ESP
subjects
believed
they could discern in a flowerpot.
It was buried in one of the ten
pots according to
a random sequence provided by
a computer.
The
dirt
in which
it
was
buried was
centimeters
deep.
Thus,
the
natural probability for this experiment was ten percent.
2.
Results
of the Experiment of Seeing Into a Flower Pot.
SUBJECT
n
X±S
Zhang
X
X
6. 3+7.
Wang
X
X
3.3+0
Ning
X X
7. 5+3.
Wang
X
X
11.0+8.7**
Controls
1 . 0+4
.
TABLE FIVE:
RESULTS OF ESP SEEING INTO FLOWER POT
Compared to control group,
** P<0.01,
n and X+S
same
as
in Table
Three.
Wang
X,
Xue
XX were
only tested
once,
and
not
entered
into
the
statistics
.
We conducted 460 tests of attempting to see into a flower pot
using
six
ESP
subjects
and
330
tests
with
four
controls.
The
results
(see
Table
Five)
indicate
that
the
ESP
subject
Wang
Tingting
had
results
which
were
clearly
more
statistically
significant that those of the control group.
This indicates that
she
possesses
to
a
certain
degree
the
ability
to
see
into
the
flowerpots
.
III.
EXPERIMENTS ON MENTAL TELEPATHY
Mental telepathy
is
the transfer
of
information between the
sender and the receiver.
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1.
Methods Used in Mental Telepathy Experiments.
In these experiments,
it
is necessary to first of all remove
any possibility of using a telephone, walkie talkie or modern radio
communications equipment to transmit information.
In order to ensure the mental telepathy experiments proceeded
smoothly,
six ESP subjects were paired off
in a fixed manner
(see
Table Six)
.
INFORMATION SENDER
INFORMATION RECEIVER
Ji
X X
Xiao X X
Wu
X X
Pang X
Yin X X
Zhang X
TABLE SIX:
PAIRING OF ESP SUBJECTS
The
location
of
the
senders
was
room
313
of
the
Fudan
University Physics Building
(see Illustration Six).
There were no
devices
or pieces
of
equipment
in
this
room.
There
was
only
a
conference table with nothing at all on the table.
ILLUSTRATION SIX:
DIAGRAM OF SENDERS LOCATION
1.
Window.
2.
Conference
table.
3.
ESP
subject
C.
4.
ESP
subject
B.
5.
ESP subject A.
6.
Person running experiment.
7.
Door.
8.
Corridor.
Prior
to
each
experiment,
the
ESP
subjects
and
the
experimenters would gather in room 313 and decide on the time when
the
formal experiment would began.
Then the receivers and their
experimenter would leave room
313,
the door would be
locked,
and
until the experiment had been concluded no one was allowed
in or
out of the room.
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The
receiving
location
was
a
location
somewhere
on
Fudan
University chosen at random by the on site experimenter or at some
fixed location.
The distances between the senders and the receivers were from
100 to
300 yards.
The
time
when
the
formal
experiments
began
was
usually
minutes
after
the
receivers
had
left
room
313.
Two
to
three
minutes before the experiment began, the experiment sample for each
sender was determined by random drawing of lots.
The senders were
only allowed to look at the test samples,
and were not allowed to
recite
it
silently or read
it aloud
in order to prevent possible
transmission of the information by sound.
During the experiment, when the senders believed that they had
finished
sending
the
contents
of
the
test
sample,
they
would
immediately write down the contents
of
the
sample they had
sent,
write
down
the
time,
sign
their
names,
and
hand
it
over
to
the
experimenter
for
safekeeping.
Similarly,
when
the
receivers
believed
they
had
received
the
contents
sent,
they
were
to
immediately
write
it
down,
writing
down
clearly
what
they
had
received,
the time and sign the paper and hand it over to the on-
site experimenter for safekeeping.
The experimenters at the two different locations would compare
the contents
of
the
two.
Some
of
the
test
results were checked
with
the
persons
who
prepared
the
original
test
samples
before
determining whether the results were accurate.
The contents of the test samples included characters,
numbers
and shapes.
Considering the present ability level of the subjects
and their educational
level, when the character test samples were
prepared,
characters
with
fewer
strokes
and
which
are
easily
recognized
were
chosen
in
order
to
avoid
the
possibility
of
logically
figuring
out
gaps
in
the
sentences,
and
making
it
difficult
to grade the
results,
we normally selected two phrases
with no relationship to each other
(see Illustration Seven).
The
number test samples were four to six digit numbers or numbers with
a
comma,
(see
Illustration Eight).
The test
samples
using
shapes
were simple structures which were difficult to put
a name to
(see
Illustration Nine in Insert Two)
.
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ILLUSTRATION NINETEEN:
ZHAO LI'S RESULTS
IN SEEING OBJECTS THROUGH
A WALL
1.
Subject:
Zhao
Li.
2.
Experimenters:
Hou
Shuli
and
Gong
Wenrao.
3.
Record
of ESP
experiment.
4.
Type
of
test:
Seeing
through a wall.
5. Date and time:
10 February,
1988,
4:40 to 5:00
PM.
6.
Target object.
7.
Description.
8.
Blank.
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ILLUSTRATION SEVEN :
CHARACTERS
ILLUSTRATION
EIGHT:
NUMBERS
USED
IN MENTAL TELEPATHY TEST
USED
IN
MENTAL
TELEPATHY
TEST
ILLUSTRATION NINE:
SAMPLE SYMBOLS USED IN EXPERIMENTS
The vast majority of the samples were prepared beforehand at
the Institute of Aerospace Medicine Engineering
(in Beijing).
Then
they
were
randomly
placed
into
brown
paper
envelopes
and
given
numbers
for
random
drawing
for
the
experiments.
Only
a
small
number
of
the
samples were prepared at Fudan University prior to
the experiment and sealed in envelopes.
Under
the
exact
same
conditions
using
the
same
batch
of
samples,
we
selected
four
controls
who
approximated
the
ESP
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subjects
in
age
and
educational
levels
and conducted
control
experiments in mental telepathy.
We
conducted
two
separate
mental
telepathy
experiments
(totalling
tests)
using Ji Meiyun and
five other ESP
subjects
six months apart. The results
of these experiments were:
CORRECT:
Results
received
were
exactly
the
same
as
the
contents
sent.
PARTIALLY CORRECT:
Results received not exactly the same
as
what
sent,
but some or most were the same.
INCORRECT:
Wrong or not received.
Looking
at
these
results
(see
Table
Seven),
the
percentage
correct in these two experiments were 26.1 and
15.0 respectively,
partially
correct
17.4
and
27.5
percent
of
the
time.
The
control tests were correct
zero percent of the time.
d>
C3 ie
ai
<%)
(£>% &
E m
<.%)
(p* Sit
<x>
<S>^xx4f
26.1
17.4
56.5
15.0
27.5
57.5
100
TABLE SEVEN:
RESULTS OF MENTAL TELEPATHY TESTING OF JI AND OTHERS
1.
Subjects.
2. Number of tests.
3.
Correct.
4. Number correct.
5.
Partially correct.
6.
Number partially correct.
7.
Wrong or
not received.
8.
Number.
9.
Ji X X and others.
10.
Controls.
DISCUSSION:
To date,
the focus of debates
in the research concerning ESP
phenomena has been over whether or not to accept it as real.
This
is
a theoretical question,
but
is also a practical question.
Science
is
something
that
should
be
able
to
be
tested.
We
feel that ESP must
not
lack either reality or repeatability.
If
the experimental conditions are basically the same, certain fairly
stable
cause
and
effect
relationships
should
not
be
related
to
subjective
hopes,
and
the
results
of
the
experiments
would
be
repeatable.
We believe that the unique quality of ESP, ignoring or
lacking
repeatable
experimental
results,
is
not
scientific.
Therefore we stress repeatability, requiring that tested results of
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ESP
be
repeatable
just
as
those
in
physics
and
chemistry
experiments.
It
is
also
not
acceptable
to
adopt
a
negative
attitude because of the low repeatability without considering the
human factors and the present lack of stability of ESP.
The
results
of
our
seeing
objects
through
a
wall
and
the
results
of
out mental telepathy experiments,
we
feel,
that while
acknowledging the existence of its reality, wee should also look at
their
instability.
The
manifestation
of
the
ESP
subjects'
abilities
are
affected
by
the
body
itself
and
environmental
factors.
When the ESP
subject
is
happy,
full
of
energy,
and the
surroundings are quiet,
and he has become accustomed to a certain
testing environment, this can cause the abilities to be fairly well
manifested.
Otherwise,
the success rate of the tests was
low.
In the morning of
23 July,
1990,
Zhao Ying completed 60 tests
in
an experiment
of
seeing objects
through
a wall.
Her
success
rate was
100 percent
(see illustration
four).
At that
time,
the
ESP subject stated that
she had pain around her eyes and asked to
rest.
After
resting
at
noon,
the
ESP
subject
still
felt
uncomfortable around the eyes, and when she did one more test group
(20 objects)
she was only right on six of them,
for a success rate
of
percent.
This illustrates that people who really have ESP
use up energy when they
sense
objects,
and we may say that there
are conditions on whether or not
a test
is successful.
For
example,
as
stated
in
the
experimental
methods
(Illustration
Two),
when conducting the
seeing objects through
a
wall,
the
other
ESP
subject
who
was
not
yet
engaged
in
the
experiment because of the limitations of conditions was seated in
the room where the objects were displayed and could directly view
the
objects.
Thus,
in
the
results
of
the
experiment
on
seeing
objects through
a wall the possibility cannot be eliminated that
mental
telepathy
between
the
two
ESP
subjects
played
a
role.
Furthermore, they were sisters.
However, only Zhao Ying took part
in
the
seeing objects
through
a wall
experiment
conducted
on
July,
1990,
and
her
accuracy
rate
was
82.5
percent
(see
Table
Four)
.
This
eliminated
the possibility
of
any
effect
of mental
telepathy as
in the first experiment in January
1988.
It
is
worth
pointing
out
that
Illustration
Seventeen
shows
mental
telepathy
test
samples
which
are
combinations
of
illustrations
and
characters.
The
face with
three
hairs
is
not
complete,
only having
a
frowning mouth and three hairs.
What
is
interesting is that when the receiver. Pang Fei, handed in what she
had written down,
she said that what she seen was a head with three
hairs.
The
face was not clear,
but
she had filled
in eyes
and
a
nose anyway .
May we believe that the receiver felt that since the
face was not clear because ordinarily a face should have eyes and
a
nose,
and
there were
none
on
the
test
sample,
so the receiver
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filled them because it made sense.
Could the frowning mouth be due
to the fact that the person sending the information and the person
receiving the information did not pay attention to detailed areas?
ILLUSTRATION NINE
ILLUSTRATION TEN
SYMBOLS USED IN TEST SAMPLES
TEST SAMPLES SENT AND RECEIVED
ILLUSTRATION ELEVEN
ILLUSTRATION TWELVE
TEST SAMPLES SENT AND RECEIVED
TEST SAMPLES SENT AND RECEIVED
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ILLUSTRATION THIRTEEN
ILLUSTRATION FOURTEEN
TEST SAMPLES SENT AND RECEIVED
TEST SAMPLES SENT AND RECEIVED
ILLUSTRATION FIFTEEN
ILLUSTRATION SIXTEEN
TEST SAMPLES SENT AND RECEIVED
TEST SAMPLES SENT AND RECEIVED
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ILLUSTRATION SIXTEEN
ILLUSTRATION
SEVENTEEN
TEST SAMPLES SENT AND RECEIVED
TEST SAMPLES SENT AND RECEIVED
ILLUSTRATION EIGHTEEN
TEST SAMPLES SENT AND RECEIVED
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What was
sent
and what was received
in the mental telepathy
test shown in Illustration Eighteen do not seem to match up at all.
However
the
receiver,
Xiao
Xue,
said
that
she
was
not
able
to
receive anything
from Ji Meiyun,
so
she thought
she would try to
receive what Wu Shaohong was
sending.
She also noted on her card
that she received what Wu Shaohong was sending.
What she received
and what
was
sent
is
shown
in
Illustration
Fourteen.
The
only
difference is that the receiver missed a single stroke in the first
character.
It
seems
that
in the receiving process,
the receiver
need
only
change
her
mind,
just
like
changing
frequencies
on
a
radio,
and
she
can
receiver
the
information
sent
by
a different
sender.
This
is
a very interesting
fact.
From an analysis of the results we can see that in the mental
telepathy experiments within a range of
100 to 300 meters
it took
from six to 22 minutes from the time the information is first sent
until
it
is first received.
This indicates that there
is
a
"time
differential” delay in the information transmission process between
the sender and the receiver.
This "time delay" in mental telepathy
will
not
fit
into radio theory.
This
is
something worth looking
into.
In
the
studies
to
verify
ESP
abilities,
we
felt
that
the
establishment
of
the
blank
where
no
object
was
displayed
could
serve to further evaluate the truth about such abilities.
In the seeing objects through a wall experiment with Zhao Li
using one group of
20 objects where
she answered correctly to the
first
17 objects
(see Illustration Nineteen), objects five through
twelve were eight blanks
in
a row where no object was displayed.
The ESP
subject
also correctly described
eight
blanks
in
a
row.
Furthermore,
here answers prior to and following the blanks were
also correct.
We believe that this cannot be ascribed purely to
chance
guessing.
This
demonstrates
the
existence
of
these
abilities from another aspect.
The mechanism of
ESP
is
not yet
clear.
However,
in mental
telepathy
experiments
between
a
submarine
and
the
shore [ 12 1,
and
mental telepathy experiments with both sender and receiver inside
a metal
screened room °r
a
steel
reinforced concrete underground
structure^
,
in
neither
case
was
there
any
clear
sign
of
insulation.
This
makes
it
impossible
to explain
that
in mental
telepathy the information
is carried over radio waves.
In
the
training
process
to
induce
mental
teleplathy,
the
person being trained says that the object flashes
in front of the
forehead.
Some reports^*]
are of the opinion that in the process
of mental telepathy,
sending and receiving of information can only
be accomplished when the "screen phenomenon" occurs at the forehead
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of
the
sender
and
the
receiver.
Furthermore,
they believe
that
success in mental telepathy experiments is related to the degree of
clarity
of
the
"screen"
when both
sides
have
entered
a
state
of
quiet.
When the ESP subject states that the
"screen"
is weak and
fuzzy
or
has
not
appeared,
the
success
rate
of mental
telepathy
experiments are
low.
However,
when both sender and receiver
are
full
of
energy,
happy,
and
the
surroundings
are
quiet,
when
the
"screen" appears clearly, the success rate is high.
However, there
has been no scientific basis demonstrated
for the
"screen" which
ESP subjects talk about.
This will have to be further explored in
the
future.
Finally we
should point
out
that
in
order
to
eliminate
the
possibility
of
successful
results
being
caused
by
any
sort
of
fakery in seeing through the wall experiments and mental telepathy
experiments, we visited Comrade Nan Zongpei of the China Acrobatic
and
Magic
Show
and
had
talks
with
famous
magician
Comrade
Tai
Mingxiao of that
show.
We described to them the methods,
control
over conditions and test results of our experiments and asked them
if there were any possibility of trickery.
They replied that there
were three necessary conditions for magic tricks.
These are that
the tools of the trade be designed or manufactured by the magician
himself;
that the hand must be in direct contact with the tools of
the trade;
and that there must be some smoke screen type actions
to divert the attention of the audience or help from an assistant.
Finally,
Comrade
Tai
Mingxiao
said
that
from
the
experimental
conditions you have described,
from the test
samples
I
have
seen
and
from
the
results
obtained,
it
would
be
impossible
for
a
magician
to perform the
see
through
the wall
experiment
and
the
mental telepathy experiment with success.
CONCLUSIONS
1.
In our testing
of
21 people who claimed to have certain
forms
of
ESP,
we
performed
1,567
individual
tests
of
different
types
of
ESP.
On the
control
group we performed
1,198
separate
tests
.
.
Based on the principles of the experiments and the results
of
our
study,
we
established
experimental
methods
for
a
seeing
objects through a wall,
for mental telepathy and for seeing objects
inside
a flower pot.
3.
Evidence
from the results
of
this
study determines that
Zhao
Ying,
Zhao
Li
and
Wang
Haiyan
possess
the
ability
to
see
objects through walls.
Their accuracy rates were 79.90,
51.0 and
41.7 percent respectively.
Ji Meiyun,
Pang Fei,
Wu Xiaohong,
Yin
Xuefang,
Zhang
Qin
and
Xiao
Xuelan
possess
mental
telepathy
abilities.
Wang Tingting possess the ability to see objects inside
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a flower pot.
NOTE OF APPRECIATION:
In
our
work,
we
were
greatly
supported
by
Comrades
Shao
Laisheng,
Fang Linhu and Wu Huihua of Fudan University and Comrade
Liu Panong
of
the
35th Middle School
of Anshan Municipality.
We
would like to express out appreciation to these comrades and to the
ESP subjects
for their cooperation.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
Edited
by
Zhu
Runlong
and
Zhu
Yiyi,
"Founding
Somatic
Science(vol.
1),
Sichuan Educational Press,
1989,
p
314.
2.
Translated by Gu Ding,
"Research in ESP",
2(1987),
p
85.
3.
Translated by Dong Jialin,
"Research in ESP",
2(1983),
p
80.
4.
Translated by Gu Ding,
"Research in ESP",
2(1983)
p
78.
5.
Edited
by
Zhu
Runlong
and
Zhu
Yiyi,
reporter
of
Nature
Magazine,
"Founding Somatic Science(vol.
1),
Sichuan Educational
Press,
(1989)
p 498.
6.
Edited
by
Zhu Runlong
and
Zhu
Yiyi,
Yang
Junpeng,
"Founding
Somatic Science",
Sichuan Educational Press,
(1989)
p 551.
7.
Shao Laisheng et al,
"China Journal
of Somatic Science"
( 1992
)
p
7.
8.
Edited by
Zhu Runlong
and
Zhu
Yiyi,
Shi Tianyuan,
"Founding
Somatic Science" (vol.
1), Sichuan Educational Press,
(1989)
p 594.
9.
Edited by Zhu Runlong and Zhu Yiyi,
Xu Lanxu et
al,
"Founding
Somatic Science" (vol . 1
)
, Sichuan Educational Press,
(1989), p 600.
10.
Edited
by
Zhu
Runlong
and
Zhu
Yiyi,
Ruan
Yingchao
et
al,
"Founding
Somatic
Science" (vol
.
1),
Sichuan
Educational
Press,
(1989)
p
606.
11.
Shao
Laisheng
et
al,
"China
Journal
of
Somatic
Science",
1(1992)
p
7.
12.
Translated by Zhong Songjing,
"Research into Latent Potential
of the Human Body
(part one)",
3(1982).
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AN EXPLORATION INTO THE USE OF ESP TO SEARCH FOR MINERALS
TEYI GONGNENG ZHAOKUANG CHUTAN
BY:
Pan Shizhong
(China Academy of Geology,
Institute of Geology)
From early
1987 to the end of
1989,
for three years
I worked
with
people
with
ESP
abilities
conducting
experiments
of
strict
design.
We
also
conducted
a
great
deal
of
ad
hoc
experiments.
The results
of the experiments
indicate that
it
is
feasible to use ESP in geological prospecting.
In the process of
the experiments we surveyed 36 ESP prospecting personnel.
With the
exceptionof
five who were not interested or whose methods did not
work well with us and showed no results,
about 82.6 percnet of the
people
showed
results.
Of
these,
five
people
were
sent
to
the
Academy of Geology to study.
The specific forms of the experiments
and the resutls are provided below.
I.
INSIDE REMOTE SENSING EXPERIMENT
Inside
remote
sensing
is
prospecting
inside
on
a
map.
The
principle
is
to
make
full
use
of
the
romote
sensing
and
remote
vision
of
people
with
ESP.
Then,
just
like
scanning,
capture
information
of different
ratios
of certain
ores
and reflect
that
information on diffrent types of maps.
This group of experiments used 19 people who emote sensed nine
nine mines on different types of maps of different scales.
PThese
included
four
coal
mines,
two
lead
and
zink
mines,
one
diamond
mine,
three geothermal
locations
and two oil
fields.
Except
for
one geothermal locations and one oil field which have not yet been
verified, all the othr have been verified, with an accuracy rate of
around 75 percent.
II.
ON-SITE LIVE SENSING EXPERIMENTS
The principle of on-site live sensing is to make full use of
the penetrating vision and sensing abilities of people with ESP to
determine
the
orientation
oof
the
ore
zone
in mining
areas,
the
richness of the ore,
and the grade of
ore.
Secondarily,
it
is to
allow them to
"assay"
ore
samples collected from the mining area
for information on its richnes and grade.
Fifteen people took part in this group of experiments, going to one
led and zink mine,
five gold mines,
one oil field,
two coal mines,
one diamond mine and one geothermal location.
1, They were fairly
accurate
in differentiating the
richness
of
the ore
samples.
2,
When inspecting the mine sites,
they could point out the direction
of ore reserves.
3, By seeing into the ground, they coulid inspect
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tunnels
and describe conditions
in the mine.
The resutls
of the
above
experiments
all
conformed
actual
conditions
in
the
mining
areas
.
Through the preliminary experiments above we have demonstrated
that
ESP
geological
prospecting
is
feasible.
At
the
same
time,
they can also be widely used in other geological operatoins such as
geological
structures,
engineering
geology,
karst
geology,
hydrological
geology
and
prediction
and
woarning
of
geological
disasters.
Experimental
research
must
be
developed
into
many
areas
.
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QI AND ITS INTERACTION WITH MATERIAL SYSTEMS
BY:
Miao Tiajun,
Quan Wenfu and Xuan Mingkui
(Jilin University Physics Department,
Institute of Applied
Research)
ABSTRACT
Based
on
the
quantum
theory
of
David
Bohm,
this
article
proposes
a model
for Qi-Matter interaction.
Herein,
Qi
state
is
described as a wave function.
The Qi influence on mater is exerted
through a quantum potential.
From the model we directly obtained
two
important
characteristics
of
Qi,
holography
and
wholeness.
This
article
studies
the
effects
of
Qi
on
microscopic
and
macroscopic
systems,
deriving
quantum
potential
as
the
dynamics
formula of the outside force, theoretically providing an estimation
of the relaxation time, changes in the rate of chemical reactions,
changes
in
microscopic
structures
and
the
results
of
the
oscillation effect.
It uses this to explain a number of Qigong and
Pi experiments.
As evidence, this article describes the results of
experiments we conducted recently.
KEYWORDS:
Qi
and
its
interactions,
quantum
potential,
psychokinesis
.
As research into somatic sciences probes deeper,
people have
accumulated large amounts of experimental results
.
Qigong and ESP
phenomena have been widely explored.
These phenomena
are called
consciousness related PK questions and ESP questions in the West [1]
.
In
China
they
are
believed
to
be
questions
related
to
Qi.
In
ancient
books
it
is
possible
to
find
important
knowledge
of
the
ancients on Qi and its interaction.^.
This
article
attempts
to
begin
with
the
concept
of
Qi
to
construct
a
theoretical
model
to
explain
the
changes
to
matter
caused by
the
effects
of
Qi
and ESP.
It uses modern
science
to
disclose the basic nature of Qi.
This article is divided into five
sections.
The first section is model hypothesis, believing that Qi
can described as a material wave field.
Through quantum potential
it
has
an
informational
role
on
matter.
The
second
section
provides
two deductions concerning the nature
of
Qi
and explains
some phenomena.
The third section is on specific research on the
effects
on
the
Hamilton
structure
and
equilibrium
systems.
The
fourth section explores
a type
of oscillation effect.
The
fifth
section is the discussion.
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I.
THE MODEL FOR THE INTERACTION BETWEEN QI AND MATTER
The Schrodinger equation is one of the most basic equations in
modern
physics.
It
is
believed
in
quantum
mechanics
that
any
material
state
can
be
described
using
wave
function.
Wave
functions satisfy the Schrodinger equation.
There are a number of
explanations
on
the
meaning
of
wave
functions.
This
article
accepts
the
Bohm
explanation
and
hypothesizes
that
Qi
cag
be
described
as
a wave
function.
It also establishes
it
as
•
considering the complex effects between Qi and Qi, thus satisfying
the accumulation principle
of wave
functions.
However,
we
still
hypothesize
vfCr.t)
as
following
the
Schrodinger
formula,
and
according
to
the
de
Broglie-Boghm
explanation t ^
,
^(r,t)
can
correspondingly independently have a "guiding" effect on particles.
In the
internal
and external
environment
of
the
human body,
using
the
structural
state
of
the
human body biological
field ^4 j
described by the Qi structure
¥(r,it)
f
through the measurement
of
th^ biological field of the human body we can gain knowledge
of
^( r ,t)
.
At the same time, we do not need to solve the Schrodinger
equation.
We have two methods of structural wave function ^(r, it/.
One is the synergetics method^
obtained from comparing ^(r.t>with
laser fields or ordered parameters
1^.
The other is approximation
methods.
Based on the holography to be discussed below,
the^(r,t)
is
approximated
to
the
body's
internal
atoms
and
vibrators
to
obtain
’FCr.ti)
.
Thi^ article
will
use
the
later
method
to
construct the Q field
.
In order to
study the effect
of .'^(r,t)
on matter,
we
set
a
particle^with
the
mass
of
M
in
a
classic
field
V(r)
and
the
Qi
field
"^(r ,t)
•
This is about the same as quantum mechanics saying
that particle M has
a wave
f v
.
Therefore
-
‘
*
r
1?(r,0.=v^
(1)
' -y
inserting into the Schrodinger equation
we obtain the Hamilton=Jacobi equation
In which
dS
,
( VS)
I y
i Q — 0
(3)
2M
^
ft* V
2-R
(4)
Q ~
2MR
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V ^^ = °,CP = i?
2 )
(5>
In
(3),
the excess
Q,
because
it
is the result of
the
^(r >t)
effect,
is the effect potential on M which^we were searching
for.
We call it the Quantum Potential t
.
The
¥.(£,; t> of different Qi has
different Q
(from
(1)
and
(4),
so it produces different effects on
matter
.
Prior
to
a
detailed
study
of
the
effect
of
Qi
on material
systems,
we
used
the
above
described
model
to
investigate
the
characteristics of Qi itself.
II.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF QI
1 .
Holography
From equation
(2),
we can get
=- iH/h
(6)
dt
By
integrating
both
sides,
we
obtain
a
form
of
solution
expressed as
a Green factor:
Using
(Gt-5 0 ), the wave factor is expressed as the integral of
the entire space omega.
G<*-£> = C^S/h
(7)
This
equation
indicates
that
at
time
t
at
any
point
r
in
space,
the character of
the Qi
field
'T'(r.t)
is
detejpmined by the
overall characteristics
of
the entire space field
TCr’.to)
at time
tD
.
In other words,
the image of point r is projected by all the
points of the omega field.
These points of information include the
entire
information
of
omega
t
7 1.
Therefore,
a
holographic
relationship exists
for
between the part and the whole and
between one part and another part
.
The characteristic described above
has
already been used to
diagnose and treat disorders with Qigong and ESP.
This indicates
that
the we
should take
the biological
field
(or
Qi
field)
as
a
portion of the biological entity, and the laws of holography can be
appropriately expanded.
The holography of Qi
is also manifest in
phenomena of ESP experiments.
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2.
Wholeness
From equation
(4),
Q
does
not
diminish
as
the
distance
|r|
increases.
Also, when the wave strength increases K times, and
R-
>KR,
Q does
not change
(in
(4)
the K
is
subtracted from both the
numerator and the denominator)
.
This indicates that the effect of
Qi is overall.
It is similar to radar guidance^
1:L
^
,
that is the Qi
collects information on the system and surrounding environment, and
after processing this, serves to provide command information to the
system.
Therefore,
although Q has very little energy,
it can play
an obvious role and possesses unfixed long range effects^ 12 !.
This wholeness of the Qi field
'T'(r.t)
allows it to coordinate
the activities of the various subsystems,
and maintain an ordered
self organized structure through the Qi circulation through vital
energy passages
of
the body.
Training allows the
(human
body biological field) to expand in space,
lengthen its’time cycle,
and gradually enter the so-called state of "man and nature as one".
Also,
the nonlinear accumulative relationship between Qi and
Qi
needs
additional
special
research
to
include
the
important
nature of Qi.
There is importance significance to the study of the
relationship between man and machine and man and the environment.
The next two sections specifically look into the effects of Qi
on different material systems, and the different effects it causes.
III.
THE EFFECTS OF QI ON DIFFERENT SYSTEMS
1 .
Microscopic Systems
.
When Qi
NfCr.t)
effects
a microscopic system which includes n
"basic particles 1L,
each particle is effected by quantum potential
in the form of equation
( 4
)
,
causing the system Hamilton number to
be changed from the original H0 to H
H — H 0 + S&
(9)
Herein,
Qi =
h
z V
2RO.,0
2M<
= R*
R(r t ,0
are the coordinates and mass
of the particle
i.
In
this manner,
Qi can cause changes
in microscopic
systems
which has been demonstrated experimentally
t
.
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Formula
(9)
is
also
the
basis
of
changes
in
macroscopic
systems
.
2 .
Chemical Reaction Systems
From formula
(9),
Q or
M*
can cause changes in the activation
energy of chemical reactions,
and thus cause the rate constant
k°
to change to
k.
= &0exp(— {Q)))/hT-
(10)
Herein,
kB is the Boltzman constant and T is the temperature.
The
double
parentheses
indicates
the
double
average
of
the
quantum ' s and heat
' s
.
From formula
(10),
we can initially
see that Qi can have
an
influence on chemical reactions through the energy of
Q^ 14 ^.
3.
Balanced Systems.
Consider Qi acting on
a thermally balanced system.
For the
"weak" effect, we recorded Q as a random disturbance field, and any
loss of equilibrium caused by Q would cause changes in the entropy
st 15 ].
= J<rdw + |
J,
•
(11)
•
Here,
a
is
the
internal entropy product,
Js
is
the boundary
entropy
flow,
the
integrals
individually
act
on
the
volume
and
boundary area.
In
situations
near
equilibrium,
where
o
is
about
zero,
equation
(11)
is
i- p.- dS
an
..
..
therefore
( 13 )
using the rising and falling relationship near equilibrium
p ““'.(ri
<14)
herein, P is the probability of deviation from equilibrium,
so
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p ~ exp(ils^‘
d^ *H
a5)
In equation
(15),
making the exponential
item
1/2,
gives us
the approximation estimation formula of
r,
the relaxation time.
t = 2^
(J2
^» * dS >
_3
(16)
This
indicates
that macroscopically,
Qi produces
an entropy
flow
J„
and
causes
deviation
in
equilibrium
systems.
For
small
deviations,
the
system will
have
a
recovery
process
(relaxation
process)
to return to its original state.
Equation
(16) gives half
the time required for recovery.
IV:
PERIODIC OSCILLATION PHENOMENON
From the descriptions provided in the previous section, we see
that because most Q obviously contains time t,
so we must deal with
the general process which evolves over time.
Considering macroscopic dynamic systems in general, their
state
is
described
as
the
chemical
concentration,
an
evolving
equation^
.
dp*
at = F*(.{p*) ,r,t;X,a) = 1,2 »*"JV (17)
Herein,
delta
is
the
control
parameter,
Fs
represents
the
general nonlinear factor relationship.
Following the Qi effect,
a
new external parameter Q appears
in the system.
' ^G'.({ft},r.<,A,Q)
(18)
Now
consider
Q
as
being
"small".
Then
equation
(18)
is
expanded into a series
for Q.
Taking the Taylor series one stage
approximation,
we have
dp*
dt
(jodPa} 1? ,/ f A , 0)
+(!§)<
,Q+,“
I Q=
=F„ + B.Q
(19)
R
I ^
9Qj Q —
o
iQM^,G„=F.
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Using equation
(19), we can study the effects of different Qi
field
Q
on
a
system.
If
the
Qi
affects
in
the
form
of
a wave
packet,
then under single dimensional conditions we have
:
W(v.t) =exp| — ^ - -fo* ~ 3
> 0cosaJt)
+ y|.vf
sin?atf
sinatfj
|
R(y ,O =exp[- yO-^coswn
]
The quantum effect potential on M is
Q(y>t) = ^[1 - (y “ yocos^n
2 ] (20)
When
(equation
20)
is
substituted into equation
(19),
and
a
number of constants are absorbed into Aa ,
then we obtain
yr = F. + Aa [ 1 — Cy —
;y 0cosatf)
] (21)
?Therefore,
from the forced oscillation of equation
(21),
it
seems that under certain conditions we obtain an answer of cyclical
oscillations.
This
provides
an
explanation
similar
to
experiments
t
17 1
.
As an example, equation
(21) also provides us with
a theoretical explanation to the most recent experiment.
Below, we
will
briefly
report
a
large
molecule
PK experiment
conducted
at
Jilin University.
The experiment studies changes in the molecular structure of
a-amylase,
bacillus Speies,
Type
II A.
The molecule samples were
provided
by
Sigma
Corporation,
and
a
Japanese
J-500C
circular
dichromatic
spectrometer was used to detect changes
in molecular
structure.
Its absorption pool diameter is 0.5 cm.
We tracked and
measured
the
circular
dichromatic
spectrum
at
different
times
following
effecting
with
Qi,
and
obtained
changes
as
shown
in
Illustration One.
For the purpose of clarity, we have divided this
up into illustrations A and
B which reflect the
situation
14,
and
minutes
later
(illustration two
A)
and
and
50 minutes
later
(illustration
two
B)
.
We
can
basically
note
in
the
illustrations that the molecular structure has a pattern of altered
oscillation
over
time,
which
is
in
pretty
much
conforms
to
the
results
of equation
(21).
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ILLUSTRATION ONE:
CD SPECTRA AT DIFFERENT TIMES FOLLOWING QI
EXCITATION
(A)
SHOWS
15,
20 AND
30 MINUTES, AND
(B)
SHOWS
40 AND
50 MINUTES.
N.E.
IS
CONTROL
SAMPLE,
CONCENTRATION
MICROGRAMS /ML,
Ph
7.2,
23.5°C.
V:
DISCUSSION
This
article
is
a preliminary exploration
for
a theoretical
model.
It
attempts
to
use
equations
(1),
(4),
(9)
and
(19)
to
explain experiments in ESP and PK, and to provide uniform knowledge
of such phenomena involving Qi as Qigong and ESP.
We have followed
the ancient theory of the universe is composed of Qi, the theory of
cycles,
and the concept of the whole, grounded ourselves on modern
scientific
theory,
and
attempted
to
use
the
two
for
overall
knowledge of the universe and its laws.
Therefore, the question of
Qi
is
a
narrow
one
limited
to
Qigong
and
the
Qi
in
Chinese
medicine.
It possesses a very widespread significance.
This article did not discuss the question of time and space or
the
question
of
interaction
between
Qi
and
Qi.
.
These
are
very
important questions which must be addressed.
Combining the ancient
classical theory of the Eight Diagrams and the Five Elements may be
a good avenue for studying these two questions.
Here,
Qi is still
the key connecting Eastern and Western concepts and science.
The model in this article must be subjected to a great deal of
experimental investigation,
and be developed and perfected on the
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basis of experimentation.
It is important to systematically study
the effect of Qi on non-linear equilibrium self-organized systems.
This
is
directly related to equation
(19)
where
Q can
take many
forms which
can
be
experimentally compared
and checked
for
fit,
thus clarifying the forms of Qi and exploring their relationship to
Qi.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1.
R.G.
Jahn,
Proc,
IEEE,
70(1932)
p
136.
2.
Yang
Li,
"Zhou
Yi
and Chinese
Medicine",
Beijing
Scientific
Press ( 1990
)
.
3.
D.
Bohm,
phys,Rev.,
85(1952),
pp
166,
180.
4.
Miao Tiejun,
Quan Wenfu
et
al,
"Jilin University
Journal
of
Natural
Science",
1(1991),
p
61.
5.
H.
Haken,
Synergetics,
Springer-Verlag( 1983)
.
6.
Li Fuli,
Physica Scripta,
36(1987),
p 966.
7.
Quan
Wenfu
and
Miao
Tiejun,
"Jilin
University
Journal
of
Natural
Science",
No.
3(1988),
p
73.
8.
D. Bohm,
B.J.
Hiley and P.N.
Kaloyeron,
Phys.
Rep.,
144(1987),
p
323
.
9.
D.
Bohm,
Found,
phys.,
3(1973),
p
139.
10.
Zhang Yingqing,
"Nature Magazine"
4(1981),
p 243.
11.
D.
Bohm,
B.J.
Hiley,
Found.
Phys.,
14(1984),
p 225.
12.
C.
Dewdney,
Found Phys.,
18(1988),
p 867.
13.
Lu Zuying et
al,
"Journal of Biophysics",
3(1987),
p
93.
14.
Ju Wenlin and Meng Jiben,
"Eastern Qigong",
4(1990),
p
40.
15.
G. Nicolis,
I. proigogine. Self-organization in nonequilibrium
Systems,
John Wiley and Sons,
(1977).
16.
D.
Bohm,
Quantum Theory,
Prentice-Hall
(1954).
17. Miao Tiejun et al,
"China Journal of Somatic Science",
1(1991),
p
79.
18.
Li Caiyan,
"Nature Magazine",
11(1984),
p
816.
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