SG1B Approved For Release 2002/05 : = - - Phenomenblogical Research and ai ala: Find ee 00789R003200240001-0 REFERENCES Bem, D. J. and Honorton, C. (1994). Does psi exist? Replicable evidence for an anomalous process of information transfer. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 1, 4-18. Berger, H. (1930). Uber das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen. J. Psychol. Neuro., 40. 160-179, Block, J. (1978) The Q-Sort Method In Personality Assessment and Psychiatric Research. Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc., Palo Alto, CA. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Second Edition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. Hawking, S. (1988), A Brief History of Time, Bantam Books. Honorton, C. (1975). Error Some Place! Journal of Communication, 103-116. Honorton, C. and Ferrari, D. C. (1989). ‘Future Telling: A Meta-analysis of Forced-Choice Precognition Experiments, 1935-1987. Journal of Parapsychology, 53, 282-308. Jahn, R. G. (1982). The persistent paradox of psychic phenomena: an engineering perspecitve. Proceedings of the IEEE. 70, 2, 136-170. Kaufman, L., Schwartz, B., Salustri, C., and Williamson, S. J. (1990). Modulation of spontaneous brain activity during mental imagery. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2. 2. 124-132. Klimesch, W., Pfurtscheller, G., and Lindinger, G. (1987). Das Corticale Aktivierungsmuster bei Verbalen Gedaechtnisaufgaben. Sprache Kognition. 140-154. Lantz, N. (1987). Review of the personality assessment system. Final Report, Project 1291, SRI International, Menlo Park, California. May, E. C., Targ, R., and Puthoff, H. E. (1977). Possible EEG correlates to remote stimuli under conditions of sensory shielding. Electro 77 Professional Program, Special Session: The State of the Art in Psychic Research, IEEE, New York, NY. May, E. C. Luke, W. L. W,, Trask, V. V., and Frivold, T. J. (1990a). Observation of neuromagnetic fields in response to remote stimuli. The Proceedings of the Presented Papers of the Parapsychological Association 33rd Annual Convention, National 4-H Center, Chevy Chase, MD. May, E. C., Utts, J. M., Humphrey, B. S., Luke, W. L. W., Frivold, T. J.. and Trask, V. V. (1990b). Advances in remote viewing analysis. Journal of Parapsychology, 54, 194-228. May, E. C., Luke, W. L. W., and Lantz, N. D. (1992), Phenomenological research and analysis. Final Report: 6.2 and 6.3, Science Applications International Corporation, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory. May, E. C., Spottiswoode, S. J., and James, C. L. (1994). Shannon entropy as an intrinsic target property: Toward a reductionist model of anomalous cognition. Submitted for publication in the Journal of Parapsychology. Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200240001-0 28
ne Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200240001-0 Phenomenological Research and Analysis: Final Report Pfurtscheller, G. and Aranibar, A. (1977). Event-related cortical desynchronization detected by power measurements of scalp EEG. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 42. 817-826. Pfurtscheller, G. and Aranibar, A. (1979). Evaluation of event-related desynchronization (ERD) preceding and following self-paced movement. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 46. 138-146. Pfurtscheller, G., Lindinger, G., and Klimesch, W. (1986). Dynamisches EEG-Mapping—Bildgebendes Verfahren fuer die Unterschung Perzeptiver, Motorischer und Kognitiver Hirnleistunger. Z. EEG-EMG, 17. 113-116. Puthoff, H. E. and Targ. R. (1976). A perceptual channel for information transfer over kilometer distances: Historical perspective and recent research. Proceedings of the IEEE, 64, 3, 329-354. Radin, D. I. and Nelson, R. D. (1989). Evidence for consciousness-related anomalies in random physical systems. Foundations of Physics, 19, 12, 1499-1514. Rothman, T. (February 1987). Discover, p. 63. Rebert, C. S. and Turner, A. (1974). EEG spectrum analysis techniques applied to the problem of psi phenomena. Physician's Drug Manual, 4., 1-8, 82-88. Sergeant, J., Geuze, R., and Van Winsum, W. (1987). Event-related desynchronization and P300. Psychophysiology, 24. 272-277. Schlitz, M J. and Honorton, C. (1992). ESP and creativity in an exceptional population. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 86. 2, 83-98. Schlitz, M. J. and LaBerge, S. (1994). Autonomic Detection of remote observation: Two Conceptual Replications. The Proceedings of the Presented Papers of the Parapsychological Association 37th Annual Convention, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Szilard, L. (1929). On the decrease of entropy in a thermodynamic system by the intervention of intelligent beings. Zeitschrift fiir Physik, 53. 840-856. Can be found in English in Maxwell's Demon: Entropy, Information, Computing, H. S. Leff and A. F. Rex Eds., Princeton Series in Physics, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ (1990). Utts, J. M. (1988). Successful replication versus statistical significance. Journal of Parapsychology, 52, 305-320. Utts, J. M. (1991). Replication and meta-analysis in parapsychology. Statistical Sciences, 6, 4, 363-403. Visser, M. (1989). Physical Review D, 39, No. 10. Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200240001-0 29
beSatns ove t 5 eter Approved For Release 2002/05/17: CIA- - - Phenomenological Research and Praivsis: Final Report>~ 00789R003200240001-0 APPENDIX A eee oe Autonomic Detection of Remote Observation: Two Conceptual Replications Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200240001-0 30
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200240001-0 CPYRGHT AUTONOMIC DETECTION OF REMOTE OBSERVATION: Two Conceptual Replications! Marilyn J. Schlitz Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, “ Science Applications International Corporation and j Stephen LaBerge The Lucidity Institute ABSTRACT: Two experiments were conducted to measure the extent to which people are able to unconsciously detect another person staring at them from a distance. A closed-circuit television set-up was employed in which a video camera was focused on the experimental volunteer (Observee) while a person in another room (Observer) concentrated on the image of the distant person as - displayed on a color monitor; this procedure was used to preclude any conventional sensory contact between the two people. During the experimental session, the Observee's galvanic skin responses were monitored. An automated and computerized system was programmed to record and average the physiological responses of the Observee during 32 30-second monitoring periods. A random sequence was used to schedule 16 periods of remote observation and 16 control periods when no observation efforts were 2 attempted. A within-subjects evaluation was made for each experimental session with a comparison between the mean amount of autonomic nervous system activity during the experimental and control conditions. Twenty four sessions were conducted in each of two experiments. As predicted, both experiments yielded significantly more autonomic activity during the remote i observation periods as compared to control periods (Experiment 1: t=1.878, p<.036, 1-t, es=.36; Experiment 2: t=2.360, p<.014, 1-t, es=.44). As preplanned, the two experiments were combined to increase statistical power, yielding a significant t-value of 2.652 (p<.005, 1-t, es=.36). ee 1 The authors wish to acknowledge the technical support, design contributions, and general encouragement of William Braud and the staff of the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory. For editorial assistance, we appreciate the useful suggestions offered by Rick Berger and Christian de Quincey. Additional support was provided by the Institute of Noetic Sciences. saved Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200240001-0
CPYRGHT Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200240001-0 INTRODUCTION The past few decades have witnessed an increasing interest in the possibility of direct mental influences on living systems. A diverse range of experiments have been conducted by researchers within the United States, Canada, and Europe (for reviews, see Benor, 1990; Dossey, 1993; May and Vilenskaya, 1994; Solfvin, 1984). In a typical experiment, some physiological activity or other selected behavior is monitored in the context of a formal laboratory experiment. Efforts are made by experimental participants to influence a distant biological target system with a comparison between experimental conditions and non-influence or control conditions. Target systems for these experiments have included micro-organisms, plants, , animals, and human physiology or motor activity (Schlitz, 1983, 1994). Based on this database, there is compelling evidence to support the hypothesis that people are able to use intentionality to bring about changes in distant target systems under conditions that preclude conventional! sensory or motor exchange. At the least, the findings are intriguing and worthy of further research; at the best, the data have profound scientific, social, and philosophical implications. One promising area of research involves the influence of human autonomic nervous system activity by a distant person. Braud and Schlitz (1992) reported statistically significant differences across a series of 13 experiments in which periods of intentionality to affect the physiology of a distant person were interspersed with counter-balanced control periods. This research led to the development of a protocol designed to measure the degree to which people are able to unconsciously detect someone observing them from a distance. Many people have had the experience of being stared at from a distance, only to turn around and discover a pair of eyes gazing upon them. Indeed, survey data support the widespread distribution of these experiences. As early as 1913, J.E. Coover reported that 68-86% of respondents in California had this type of experience on at least one occasion. A survey of the Australian population reported that 74% of the respondents had such an experience (Williams 1983), 85% within a student population at Washington University in St. Louis, (Thalbourne and Evans, 1992) 94% of those surveyed in San Antonio, Texas (Braud, Shafer, and Andrews 1990), and 80% of those informally surveyed in Europe and America (Sheldrake 1994). Several attempts have been made to explore these claims within a laboratory setting. A review of this literature was reported by Braud, et al. (1990), who identified four studies. The first was conducted by E.B. Titchener, a Cornell University psychologist during the late 1800’s. While a brief article on the work reported negative results, he did not provide details of his study. Approved For Release 2002/05/17 2 CIA-RDP96-00789R003200240001-0