=fag 4h AGL 5 ae : TRRORZ ORGS peso : Bee 4 : pe, x ; a PHYSICS, ENTROPY, AND PSYCHOKINESIS Harold Puthoff and Russell Targ Stanford Research Institute Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory To be presented at the Conference on Quantum Physics and Para psychology Geneva, Switzerland, August 26-27, 1974 « Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
“Approved PGF R&SSze SbdbTOE/Oy': CIA ROP 0B od HPRGOGTOBASUUYA ** S*efo*< Research Institute which indicate anew that certain individuals are capable of producing physical effects in the environment by means of some as yet unidentified modality, generally referred to psychic or psychoenergetic. Such phenomena have of course been under scientific consideration for over a century. However, even a cursory review of the literature reveals that in spite of well-conducted experiments by reputable researchers yielding reproducible results (e.g., Sir William Crookes ' study of D.D, Home, or von Reichenbach' s researches as reported in The Dynamics ; London, 1851), the study of these phenomena has never emerged from the realm of quasi- scientific speculation. One reason for this is that, in spite of experi- mental results, no satisfactory theoretical construct has to date been advanced to correlate data or predict new experimental outcomes. Consequently, the area in question remains in the recipe stage reminiscent of electrodynanics before the unification brought about by the work of Ampere, Faraday, and Maxwell. The overall goal of our research program is the determination of the laws underlying these phenomena. That is, our goal is not just to catalog interesting events, put rather to. uncover patterns of cause-effect ralation- ships of the type that lend themselves to analysis and hypothesis in the form with which we are familiar in scientific study. The results presented here constitute for us a first step toward that goal, in that we are estab- lishing under known conditions a data base from which departures as a functio Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
e ‘Approved For Release, 2000/08/07, 1 CIATRDP96:00787R00070G098004-truture work. Our observations to date have led us to conclude that such phenomena can be studied under laboratory conditions. It is our expectation that with the sensitive instrumentation and powerful theoretical tools presently available, progress in this field will be forthcoming. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
cA pe erent ne eee meters Oe we ee ete eee seins onan om ek a eee seme an ee eaten em eam ey ‘Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1 Magnetometer Observation (Pilot Rxpéri ment) | ; One of the first psychoenergetically-produced physical effects ‘observed by SRI personnel (H.P.) in early research (1972) was the apparent “perturbation of a superconductor-shielded Josephson effect magnetometer | : . { “by a gifted subject, Mr. Ingo Swann. Following is a fairly detailed : . | “account of that first observation, since it reveals a. number of aspects : i of PK research that we consider to be of significance. ! : ' 1 This magnetometer is located in a well under a building and is shielded ry ‘ ‘ _, by u-metal shielding, an aluminum container, copper shielding and, most | ‘important, a superconducting niobium shield. (See Fig. 1). The magnet ~ ‘ometer is of the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) ‘variety, which has an output voltage whose frequency is a measure of the ‘rate of change of magnetic field present. Before the experiment, a decaying magnetic field had been set up d { { { : ‘inside the magnetometer, and its decay with time provided a background calibration signal that registered asa periodic output on an x-y recorder, _the frequency of the output corresponding to the decay rate of the -6 ‘calibration field (10 Gauss). The system had been running for about! an hour with no noise. Mr. Swann was shown the setup and told that if he were to affect the } I magnetic field in the magnetometer, it would show up as a change in the. output recording. Then, to use his own description, he placed his atten- q 1 1 tion on the interior: of the magnetometer; at-which--Cime-the-frequency of Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
‘Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1 H-METAL DEWAR SHIELD FLOOR OF BUILDING CONCRETE CASING CONCRETE BLOCK FIGURE 1 MAGNETOMETER HOUSING CONSTRUCTION Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
"Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1 the output doubled for about two of ‘the cycles or - roughly thirty seconds. This is indicated by A in Figure 2. Mr. Swann was next asked if he could stop the field change being indicated by the periodic’ output on the recorder. He then apparently proceeded to do just that, as can be seen at B in the graph, for a period of roughly forty five seconds. He then "let go," at which time the output returned to normal (C). Upon inquiry as to what he had done, he explained that he had direct vision of the apparatus inside and that the act of looking at different parts seemed to him to be correlated with the different effects. As he described what he \ ' 1 | | | | was doing, the recording again traced out a double frequency cycle (shown | at D), as had occurred before, An atypical dip (E) in the recording took | place then, and on questioning him about what was happening, he said he | was looking at a new part, the niobium ball sitting in a cup. This ball was ! ’ ; { inert at the time, not being used in the magnetometer experiment. He was | asked to refrain from thinking about the apparatus, and the normal pattern | was then traced out for several minutes (continued on lower trace) while he was engaged in conversation on other subjects. At one point he started to discuss the magnetometer again, at which point the tracing went into i a high frequency pattern, shown at F. At our request he stopped, and the / | observation was terminated because Mr. Swann was tired from his effort. We then left the lab, while the apparatus was run for over an hour with no trace of noise or nonuniform activity, as indicated in Figure 3, where the Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
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NNY TOYLNOD YSLSWOLSNDVW ‘VIVd MVY € Syn! -1 -00787R000700090007 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96
“Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1 Cop two traces show a continuing record following termination of the experi- ment. The third trace was taken some time later, the increase in the period indicating the reduced rate of magnetic field decay. At various times during this and the following day when Similar data with Mr. Swann were taken, the experiment was observed by numerous other scientists, The conditions of this observation, involving as it did a few hours use of an instrument committed to other research, of course prevented a proper investigation. The number of data samples was too few to permit meaningful statistical analysis, and the lack of readily-available multiple recording equipments prevented investigation of possible "recorder only" effects. Therefore, the following longer term study with a similar device Was undertaken. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
| App Af 8 v ed For. Releas €. 200 O/08/ 9 f tuASRD 9900787 R000 ¢Poosooo7- i er (Gradiometer) A series of experiments were carried out using a Develco Model 8805 superconducting second-derivative gradiometer manufactured by Develco, Inc., Mountain View, California. The assembled device is shown in Figure 4, Basically, the gradiometer is a four-coil Josephson effect magnet- ometer device consisting of a pair of coil pairs wound so as to provide a series connection of two opposing first-derivative gradiometers, yielding a second-derivative gradiometer (i.e., a device sensitive only to second and higher order derivative fields.) As a result, the device is relatively insensitive to uniform fields and to uniform gradients, This arrangement allows for sensitive measurement of fields from nearby sources while dis- criminating against relatively uniform magnetic fields produced by remote sources. The device is ordinarily used to measure magnetic fields originating from processes within the human body, suches action currents in the heart which produce magne tocardiograms. The sensitive tip of the instrument is Simply placed near the body area of.interest. In our ‘application, however, the subject is located at a distance of four meters from the gradiometer probe, As a result,the subject is located in a zone of relative insensitivity; e.g., standing up, sitting down, leaning forward, and arm and leg movements produce no signals. From this location the subject is asked, as a mental task, to affect the probe. The results of his efforts are available to him as feedback from three sources: an oscilloscope, a panel meter, and a chart recorder, the latter providing a permanent record. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
‘Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1 FIGURE 4 SUPERCONDUCTING DIFFERENTIAL MAGNETOMETER Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
‘Approved ForRekeSe! 2606/08/07 ° CLAPRDP9G-00787R0007 00090007ttd as follows: . The subject removes all metal objects, and the effects of body movements axe checked at the start of cach experimental period. The subject then works with the machine in a learning mode, observing effects being produced, if any, via feedback from the instrumentation, Once satisfied that a possibility exists of producing effects on command under experimenter control, the experimenter announces the start of the experiment. A random- ization protocol (discussed in the Appendix) is then used to generate ten activity periods of equal length (e.g., twenty-five seconds) pre-deter- mined by the experimenter. A sample run with a second gifted subject, Mr. Patrick Price, is shown in Figure 5. The randomly-generated ON (activity) periods are Nos. 2, 8, and 9. As observed, Signals appear in each of these three periods. The signal appearing in period 9 was strong enough to cause loss of continuous tracking. This latter type of signal can be the result of an exceptionally strong flux change , or an RF burst whether subject-generated or artifactual, © and are handled on the basis of statistical correlation as discussed below, An artifact due to the passage ofa truck in the parking lot adjacent to the laboratory (under continuous surveillance by the experimenter) is noted in period 6, ach of the signals on scale corresponds to an input ~ 1.6 x 10° Gauss/em- (second derivative QB / a, equivalent to~ 3,5 x 10! Gauss referred to one pickup coil. * REF interference effects are sometimes in evidence due to proximity to other instrumentation. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
BASELINE END ‘ OFF ‘ i } { pebeoto @ @# tot Poe bob t sor vor ora OFF 1 OFP ' toeeoteobotout ft # bPoaop ios OFF MNGi Figure 5 -- Gradiometer data. | BASELINE f AAW ANAM So sTART Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
‘Approved For, Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1 The interpretation of such observations must be subjected to careful analysis. For example, the emphasis on "corresponds to" is based on the following: although the probe is designed to register magnetic fields, and the simplest hypothesis is that an observed signal is such, in a task as potentially complex as "psychokinesis", one must be cautious about assigning a given observed effect to a specific cause, Therefore, until further work with multiple measurement employing equally sensitive apparatus, one can only conclude that generation of a magnetic field is the most probable cause, With regard to signal display, the signal was observed simultaneously on three recording devices, and thus a "recorder only" effect can be considered low probability, although an electronics interference effect ahead of all display cannot he ruled out. We therefore treat the magnetic cause as tentative, although most probable, and concentrate our attention on whether a correlation exists between system disturbances and subject efforts. Thirteen ten-trial runs were obtained with Mr. Price. Each of the ten trials in the run lasted fifty seconds each, the activity/no acitivity command for each trial being generated by the randomization technique discussed in the Appendix. In the 13 x 10 = 1320 trials, consisting of a random distribution of 64 activity and 66 no-activity periods, 63 events of signal-to-noise ratio > 1 were observed. Of these 63 events, 42 were distributed among the activity periods, 21 among the no-activity periods, a correlation significant at the p = 0.004 level. * With the exception of the first run where 25-second trials were used. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
We tierefrore conclude that the observed number ot precisely timed 0/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1 Arproved For Release 2000/08 ed with the statistically sienificant (p = 0.004) correlation between subject effort and signal output in controlled rungs indicate a highly probable cause-effect relationship. Thus it appears that a gifted subject can interact with a second derivative magnetic gradiometer wee. -9 2° ; of sensitivity ~ 10 Gauss/cm from a distance of four meters, Further work would be required to determine absolutely the precise nature of the interaction, although given the equipment design the generation of a: magnetic field is the most probable mechanism. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
Apprdtied Ft R&EaSé 2000708/07/ PETA -RDPIG-00787ROOO7 OOOSUGOF-Aty that a subject may be able to exert a physical influence on a remotely located physical sysvcen. The target is a torsion pendulum suspended by a metal Liber inside a sealed glass bell jar. The pendulum consists of three 100 gram balls arranged symetrically at 120° angles on a 2 cm radius. The entire apparatus is’ shock mounted, and protected from air currents by the enclosing bell ' The angular position of the pendulum is measured by means of an optical readout system. The system consists of a laser beam from a lo. power argon laser reflected from a small mirror on the pendulum onto a position sensing silicon detector 1.5 meters from the pendulum. The . detector yields en output voltage proportional to spot position. The a ttt ; cutput from the cetector is monitored by a chart recorder which provides The system exhibits a sensitivity of approximately 10 microradians. Under typical experimental conditions random accoustical fluctuations drive the pendulum in its torsional normal mode of 10 second period to a level ~ 100 microradians angular deviation. During control runs -_ the pendulum executes harmonic motion with a maximum variation in amplitude of = 10 percent over an hour period. Sudden vibrational perturbations in the environment produce oscillation of the pendulun in the vertical plane at a frequency of 1 Hz, as contrasted with the torsional mode in the horizontal plane at 0.1 Hz. + Spectra Physics Model 262 Tt United Detector Teclinoloszy Model SC/10 “THE Brush Model Mark 200 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
Approyed EK, Release, 20 9 p/p! Of GIA RE 9600787 9007 90090007-1 ndulum motion, the results of which would be available as feedback from the chart recorder The subject is then encouraged to work with the pendulum from a distance of 1 meter, observing effects being produced. If satisfied that there is a possibility of producing effects (typically following a week's activity, a couple of hours per day) , an experiment is begun, As in other experiments, subject efforts to increase or decrease oscillation amplitude are determined by an experimenter utilizing the uni- versal randomization protocol described in (a). Each expeximent lasts one hour and consists of six 5-minute work periods alternated with six S-minute rest periods. In later work, the subject is removed to a room 12 meters down the hall with three intervening office spaces to determine whether effects can be produced from a remote Location. The subject is provided feedback at the remote location either by closed circuit video or by a second chart recorder in parallel with the recorder in the enclosed target laboratory. The remote aspect was instituted both to prevent artifactual effects from body heat, etc., and also to determine whether energy can be coupled vita the remote viewing channel to a remote location, nn rn ange +. Both experimental evidence and theoretical work indicate that distance may not be a strong factor in paranormal phenomena. See, for example, E.H, Walker "Properties of Hidden Variables in Quantum Theory: Impli- . a) : tt - « cations for Pavaphysics:, U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
Li pLLoc SCUULLOS WS UNDUE VEU FUUsboO nde Gv a de ae ee ee ef PP. roved For Release 2900/08/07 : CIA-RDP96- 00787 0007000900077 1. ed doin th subject Locate é@é same room ncentration, to increase or decrease pendulum motion on command while sitting quietly one meter fron the bell jar. The change-to~baseline ratio is often 5:1 or better so the effects are not small. A sample chart showing a rest period followed by 2 decrease period is given in Figure & . ; Vibrational artifacts can be ruted out on the basis that when such inputs occur, a marked 1 Hz oscillation signal due to vertical motion is superinposed on the 0.1 Hz torsional motion, What is especially interesting are the decreases which take the motion below that generally observed due to en- vironmental noise driving. Such observations indicate the application of a constraint which couples energy out of the pendulum motion. Similar ob- servations have ‘been observed with the subject removed to the second location 12 meters away. Aithough less pronounced (chanae-to-baseline ratios typically 2:1), the effect remains easily observable. . fhe universal randomization protocol is used throughout to determine increase/decrease periods. Control run data are being collected to be sub- jected tothe same analysis. Multiple recording is used throughout to rule out artifacts due to recorder effects. Finally, an electrometer with the. base of the bell jar serving as one electrode. is monitored to record acoustic vibration independently. Due to the potential significance of such findings, considerable data is being taken in order that the matter can ke subjected to statistical analysis over a large sample involving hundreds of work periods. A few hundred data samples have already been collected for this purpose, an the results will be published when available. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
Qpoul TYUOTSIO} ZH T'Q 02 spuodseri0d UoTIeTIeA opnjyTTdue ese} NOLLOW WATNGNAd 9 FaNOLs RDP96-00787R000700090007 -1 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA
‘Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1 Speculations Here we present some speculations about the nature of the paradoxes associated with psychoenergetically-produced physical phenomena. These ideas. fall into the category of intuition based on integration of obser- vation over time, Thus, they are not conclusions drawn from statistically significant data, but rather conceptualizations or hypotheses around which specific experiments can be designed. (1) Researchers in the area of psychokinesis appear to be plagued ’ by results whase amplitudes have a signal-to-noise ratio near unity, re-— ‘gardless of the process or mechanism involved. A number of our observa- ‘tions indicate that, rather than simple perversity, what is being arti- ‘culated is a coherence phenomena involving partial mobilization of ‘system noise, and thus the magnitude constraint . That is, when a subject is asked to interact with an experimental setup one often first observes -a reduction in noise followed by a signal, as if the compcnents of the i) noise spectrum had been brought into phase coherence. The subject thus appears to act as a local negentropic source. If true, it may be more advantageous as a practical matter to work with extremely noisy’ systems, rather than with highly constrained or organized systems, in order to maximize possible effects due to the introduction of order. (2) Psychokinetic phenomena often appear to be more the result of coincidence than the effect of a well-defined cause. Again, rather than Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
“Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1 ‘being the result of the perversity of nature, the observed goal-oriented synchronicity may indicate that physical systems are more easily manipu- lated at the global level of boundary conditions and constraints rather than at the level of mechanism. Thus, the apparency that a given desired result can be explained away by a coincidental but "natural event needs to be explored more fully. Unexpected but natural causes may he the effect of a series of causal links, outside the defined experimental boundaries but representing an unforseen Line of jeast resistance. At ‘worst, such causal Links may in fact be unobservable in the sense of the hidden variables concept in quantum theory, but nevertheless, act as or A A ybasbee cae instruments of the will. (3) Psychokinetic phenomena appear to be intrinsically spontaneous; i.e., it is difficult to evoke psychokinetic phenomena /""on cue", with the eC result that the phenomena is often considered to be not. under good control, and therefore not amenable to controlled experimentation. This difficulty is so pronounced that it is likely that we are observing some nacroscopte analog of a quantum transition, an event Similarly unpredictable in time except as a probability function, If the analogy is correct, experimentation in this area simply needs to be treated in the manner of, for example, weak photon experiments. (4) Possibly related to item (3), the more closely one attempts to observe psychokinetic phenomena, the less likely one is to see it, a ul ly nylee, “Hlvg | ent uy ist Cov alnay of pos 4 oly { be lee | | Approved Fort Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
‘Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1 factor considered by many to support. hypotheses of poor observation, fraud, etc. Toa sophisticated observer, however, simple dismissal does not stand up under scrutiny. Invoking again the idea of a macroscopic analog of a quantum transition, we may, as observers of delicate phenomena, be witness to observer effects generally associated with the uncertainty principle. Paradoxically, from the subject's viewpoint, the production of the phenomena may also be an observer effect, perturbing as it does the expected behavior of a piece of instrumentation. In this model the scrutiny of psychokinetic phenomena under laboratory conditims could in principle be considered to be a collective phenomena. involving interfering observer effects in a manner known to occur at the microscopic quantum level. (5) Finally, we find it useful as a guiding principle to recognize that all of the phenomena we deal with in macroscopic psychoenergetics are totally permissible at the microscopic level within. the framework of physics as presently understood. It is simply that time reversibility, tunneling through barriers, simultaneous multiple-state occupation, etc., are generally unobservable as gross macroscopic phenomena for statistical reasons only, as codified in the concept of increasing disorder (entropy). Therefore, it may be appropriate to consider an individual with psychokinetic abilities primarily as a source of ordexing phenomena of sufficient mag- nitude so as to restructure the otherwise random statistics of the macro~ . scopic environment. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
40h bk suatas Lat : ClA- - 0007-1 Approved For Release 2000/08/07; GIA; RDP 96 -00787R00070009 Uerversar Randomization Protocol It was deemed desirable in our work to establish a universal randomi- zation pratocol independent of the particular experiment under consideration, The only exceptions were to be automated experiments where target selection is determined by radioactive decay or electronic randomization. The randomization procedure is designed around a ten-unit base, e.g,, ten targets, ten work periods, ete, A ten-digit sequence governing an experiment is blind to both experimenter and subject, and is uncovered by means of the following procedure, A three-page RAND Table of Random Digits (Table 1) is entered to obtain the ten-digit sequence, the entrance point being determined by four throws of a die,? the first 1, 2, or 3 determining page, the next 1, 2, 3, or 4 determining column block, and the final throw determining from which of the first six rows in the block the ten-~digit sequence is to be taken. An opaque card with a single-digit window is then moved across the row to uncover digits one at a time. If a multiplicity of targets exist, the digits 0 through 9 are employed directly. Ifa binary command is required (e.g., increase/decrease or activity/no activity) the parity of the digit (even or odd) is employed, + A technique found in control rung to produce a distribution of die faces differing nonsignificantly from chance expectation, Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
"Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1 Table of Random Digits* 11:16 43 6318 75 06137674 40 60 31 6152 83 23 53 73 61 212159 17 91 76 83 15 86 78 40 94 15 35 85 69 95 86 09 16 10 43 84 44 82 66 55 83 7649 735058 3472 55 95 31 79 57 36 79 22 62 36 «633 26 66 65 83 «639 41 21 6013 LL 44 28 93 20 73:94 40 47 73° 1203 251414 57 99 47 67 48 54 62 74 85 LL 49 56 312872 14 06 39 31:04 «61 83 45 91 99 15 46 98 22 85 64 20 84 82 37) «417017 31 17) «(91 40 27:72 27) «79 521 62 10 07 51 48 67 2875 38 60 5293 41 58 29 98 38 80 20 12 51 07 94 99 75 6263 60 6451 617971 40 68 4999 48 33 88 07 64 13 71 (32:55 5217 13 01 57 29 07 «=+75 97 86 42:98 08 07 46 20 55 65 28 597198 1213 85 3010 34 55 63 98 61 88 26 77 60 68 17 26 45 73 27) 38 22 4293 OL 6599057048 25 067775 71 95 63.99 97 54 311999 2558 16381150 69 25 41 687875 61 55 57 6404 86 21 0118 08 52 45 88 88 80 78 35 26 79 13 78 13:79 87 68 04 68 9871 30 33 0078 56 07 92 00 84 48 97 62 49 09 9215 84 98 72 87 59 3871 23 15 12 08 58 86 14 90 24 21 66 34 44 21 28 307044 5872 20 36°78 19 18 66 96 02 16 97 59 54 28 4933 22 65 5903 26 18 86 94 97 5135 1477 99 59 13 8395 42 7116 85 7609 12 8935 40 48 07 25 58 61 49 29 47 865 96 52 5041 43 19 66 33186813 46 85 09 53 72 82 96 15 59 50 09. 27 42 97 2918 79 89 32 94 48 88 39 25 42 11 29 62 16 65 83 62 96 61 24 68 48 44 91 51 02 44 12 61 94 38 _ 12 63:97 52 91 7102 0172 65 94 20 50 42 59 68 98 35 05 61 14 54 4371 34 54 71 40 24 01 38 64 80 92 78 81 31 37 74:00 63 40 38 88 27. 09 83 411333 04 29 24 60 28 75 66 62 69 54 67 64 20 52 04 3069 74 48 06 17 02 6497 37 85 87 51 21 39 640419 90 11 6104 027309 48 07 07 6848 02 5319 77 37 17 04 89 45 23. 97 44 45 9904 3015 99 54 50 83 77 84 61 15 93 03 98 94 16 527951 06 31 1214 89 22 31 31 36 16 06 50 82 2443 43.92 96 60 7172 20 73 83 87 70 67 24 86 39 75 76 96 99 05 52 44 70 69 32 5255 735474 37 59 95 63 23 95 55 09 11 97 48 03) (97 30 38 87 OL 07 27:79 32.17 79 42 12 17 69 57 66 641204 47 58 97 83 64 65 12 84 83 34 07 49 32 80 98 46 49 2615 94 267295 8272 3871 66 13 80 60 21 20 50 99 08 43 31:91 72 08 32 02 08 39 3192 17 6458 7372 00 86 57 10 01 17 50 04 «86 05 441190 57 23 8274 64 61 48 75 23 29 92 42 06 54 31 416 53 00 55 47 24 21:94 10 90 08 53 16 15 78 -35 54 25 58 65 07 30447010 31 30 94 93 87 062 33 00 24 76 86 59 52 62 47 18 55 22 94 91 2075 0970 24 72 61 96 66 28 72:11:53 49 85 5803 69 91 37 2853784395 26 65 4378 51 * This table appears through the courtesy of The RAND Corporation and the McGraw-Hill Bouk Company, Inc. and is reprinted by permission from The Compleat Strategyst, by J. D. Williams, pp. 219-221 [44]. 1 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
‘Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1 07 35 10 90 63 40 43 96 70 85 37 53 55 40 18 68 31 92 15 96 28 66 19 68 75 il 55 11 81 2l 42 17 05 52 94 00 _ 87 88 20 60 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1 42 37 98 12 00 77 21 16 97 81 10 40 ly 35 89 14 55 21 08 46 17 95 71 75 02 32 20 47 42 77 27 69 68 99 51 18 46 69 09 93 85 92 22 73 21 98 61 76 56 26 06 61 28 38 90 12 99 43 95 10 74 34 22 66 26 37 86 40 28 17 81 76 63 24 89 47 26 25 58 63 22 07 4l 90 82 08 75 93 75 92 35 56 07 12 40 59 86 57 04 11 37 63 57. 32). 69 | 70 86 42 63 60 14 43 50 84 86 65 16 62 02 90 80 SL 45 16 10 57 64 51 85 76 54 55 31 45 16 12 70 12 57 98 60 26 59 99 15 57 24 13 91 47 90 81 27 38 52 89 50 62 24 87 52 46 36 26 57 76 95 90 68 76 13 32 93 70 22 38 74 98 22 94 92 52 70 96 02 42 29 73 77 54 16 67 21 36 13 99 46 74 69 31 43 07 54 38, 00 43 90 75 26 Sl 59 94 34 35 93 20 22 51 66 83 45 69 74 78 96 36 95 50 8a 30 68 53 97 40 41 $3 76 02 94 52 03 38 54 84 65 87 26 68 42 97 353 23 75 86 56 27 31 02 89 45 OL 90 04 19 50 46 82 61 57 29 06 13 92 56 48 04 86 98 47 29 68 93 72. 82 79 91 90 05 58 17 29 OL 76 66 72 93 99 98 96 58 07 20 98 74 19 95 54 79 66 80 71 93 94 83 39 06 93 25 97 17 40 ‘92 35 88 90 73 78 26 76 65 58 19 87 77 67 46 59 51 72 10 96 9 a 02 77 46 96 88 62 56 13 86 17 24 84 50 39 95 52 86 53 25 81 48 71 88 67 38 29 24 66 50 09 37 15 95 98 74 14 2? 97 86 28 31 80 46 66 19 58 19 69 17 04 80 59 00 69 15 56 63 83 30 37 92 00 79 20 49 66 36 07 73 70 49 25 94 57 33 SL 73 76 88 34 88 80 26 58 11 82 10 75 19 66 09 53 74 82 40 51 17 83 63 97 50 47 ol 32 56 35 44 30 OL 54 24 75 91 54 al 87 19 98 47 14 22 62 83 85 52 99 04 30 29 47 81 65 35 75 73 08 77 52 00 5L 08 87 85 48 21 08 25 66 06 81 09 94 80 12 09 36 99 42 87 30 47 66
“Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1 31 54 a7 02 76 63 27 06 64 28 09 93 15 77 78 24 37 35 SL 90 47 13 33 55 21 71 65 27 07 54 00 13 08 46 87 29 36 12 52 39 23 89 33 ll 31 63 33 14 43 52 71 68 71 45 86 28 48 59 66 50 35 00 21 99 02 52 97 30 35 97 92 39 16 76 88 24 38 06 28 87 59 19 33 47 92 18 15 21 76 54 38 54 35 39 48 82 68 24 99 SL 20 84 26 38 62 82 52 49 97 36 Lh 87 70 72 76 52 66 96 38 36 18 94 36 47 86 70 il 76 68 55 14 99 14 th 84 44 73 09 71 08 14 90 86 28 12 42. 23 04 89 81 61 43 06 07 88 66 56 O1 617275 21 71 43 79 07 53 55 29 34 21 75 85 93 58 08 61 19 738 37 35 30 20 64 69 06 14 10 90 36 19 42 12 37 OL 03 21 14 30 52 56 94 32 53 75 88 42 60 11 38 15 36 92 70 28 36 69 94 33 14 24 79 19 63 55 75 87 66 00 63 88 56 88 08 88 73 56 23 66 76 54 OL 92 89 98 29 42 18 40 90 92 67 78 ol 24 88 41 13 80 69 90 97 48 47 27 81 94 23 00 19 20 18 20 36 32 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
‘Approved For Release; 2000/08/07; GlASRR96-00787000700080007-" SG1l “ The following brief summary presents some conclusions and observations derived from an independent, and somewhat critical, study of extrasensory perception over the past several months. These: opinions are based upon study of the literature, material presented at the Geneva Conference of tha’ Parapsychology Foundation in August 1974 and, in particular, the work of Puthoff and Targ at SRI as reflected in their. publications as well as their oral presentation in Washington. First some general obserymtions and recommendations in this area are presented, then a brief comment on the SRI work, and finally some remarks about practical applications, GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1. A large body of reliable experimental evidence points to the inescapable: conclusion that extrasensory perception does exist as a real phenomenon, albeit characterized by rarity and. lack of reliability. It appears as a low-capacity, high-noise information channel exhibiting data rates orders of magnitude less than normal perceptive processes, Almost by definition extra~sensory perception must involve in an essential way the operation of the human mind, 2, There exists no satisfactory theoretical understanding of. these phenomena, Present theories, of which there are many, are both speculative and unsubstantiated. They range in content _from.the physical through the psychological to the metaphysical, One theory~ that of the French physicist, Costa de Beauregard~ offers the possibility of interpreting psi phenomena within © a modest extension of established physical theory, but in general these efforts appear premature, At this stage of knowledge the most meaningful basic research consists of a search for correlates— physical, physiological, and psychological- to which the phenomena may be quantitatively related. Guidance must consist of general ideas which are not dependent upon possibly overspecific theoretical assumptions, Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
« 36 Ae | Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1 Be Ce All the experimental evidence to date is consistent with. the assumption that paranormal perception behaves as an information channel in the conventional sense of information theory. Tho information theoretic approach to investigation in this area has probably not been adequately exploited but offers definite possibilities of aiding understanding as well as practical advantages, The success of enhancement techniques such as redundancy, majority vote, ete. is indicative of the efficacy of even simple applications of information theory in parapsychological ° research, Information theory in itself makes no assumptions of specific mechanism, but contains a body of concepts ( bit rate, redundancy, equivocation, ete.) by which experimental results may be quantitatively presented and analysed. Moreover these quantities have direct meaning in terms of applications, Although problems of coding are of central concern in information theory, it is innately an input-output theory, Experiments can be devised to measure information rates in comparatively unstructured situations, independently of coding assumptions, The very low information rates ( 0.01 to 0.1 bits/sec ) measured in extrasensory perception may explain the Leilure: to detect physical energy or correlated physical variables associated with the phenomena, A. signal lower in strength than thermal noise and only detectable through its high redundancy would exhibit a similar low rate of information transmission. Physical energy less than thermal noise would be wery difficult to detect, physical link, but it most ce key ees eat iPFicalt to quantity there do cmese oe genuine psychological correlates of paranormal perception, Rather than detail these, mention is made of only one aspect which seems especially Significant, namely the striking Similarity between many psychological features of paranormal perception and normal, though subliminal perception, Clearly thig suggests that simtlar processes may be operative in both cases and that studies of subliminal perception below the ‘conscious threshold may be of relevance to the psychological part of paranormal perception, been measured are autonomic responses and therefore: somewhat related to emotional responses, Variations of EEG alpha rhythn, galvanic skin resistance and blood capillary volume have all been identified in. relation to extrasensory activity. There is some experinental evidence for believing that these physiological responses may be Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1 eee ese as EERE MLAS TS Let eyed meant OA te ee wae oo Se OO RTE Ew ee
Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1 more sensitive indicators of paranormal commmication than consciously controlled responses. Presumably a large part of the noise in the paranormal channel originates by the’ interfering effect of conscious processes, and measurement of autonomic responses could short circuit a noisy part of the channet. Also the physiological responses themselves are directly accessible to physical, instead of only psychological, measurement. ; THE RESEARCH AT STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE | 7 The work at SRI, using gifted individuals, has acheived some ae convincing and striking demonstrations of the existence of paranormal perception, and has demonstrated perhaps less convincingly the possible existence of psychokinetic inflyences upon sophisticated physical instrumentation. The careful and systematic use of sensory shielding in these experiments has excluded a large class of gross physical correlates of paranormal perception, The work has been less successful in. showing unambiguous relations of inhibition or enhancement between paranormal performance and possible physical, - physiological, and psychological conditions. The enhancement method ' qi - jhe used was selection of special individuals either through prior | pager! ‘ reputation or through preliminary screening. Thus the approach was ~ J pypue™ one of enhancement through selectivity rather than enhancement 1 fae a“ (or inhibition) by deliberate manipulation of variables. This researc apt 7. produced some information, measurement of alteration of alpha rhythm, fl amplitude and measurement of neurological profiles, relevant to the — question of correlates but was not aimed primarily in this direction, The contribution to fundamental understanding was a minor part of this work, but it produced manifestations of extrasensory perception sufficiently sharp-and clear cut to justify serious consideration of possible applications. : A separate point is that the high apparent bit rate of information 2 transmission implied by successful replication of drawings or recital of detailed descriptions may be illusory. In no case was the percipient asked to replicate or describe unfamiliar or unimown objects, A low bit rate may trigger detailed stored associations which in themselves have high information content. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS No matter how gifted the paragnost existing ignorante 6f the basis of paranormal phenomena together with the capricious and unreliable nature of the channel dictate that information derived from this source can never stand alone and must be used with caution. Extrasensory Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1
ee Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1 information should at best supplenent normal information or guide it collection, but should never serve in place of it. Even such Limit 4 use of this information channel would seem! to require much more detail d investigation of its character and limitations, A certain bare minim : of understanding, or at least experience, is required to establish ™ confidence. Experimental tests guided by a thorough information theoreti anasysis, as aeanded re earlier, offer the closest coupling with applications an 6 best pro i oP thie denne oheatok spect of usefully quantifying the capabilities Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700090007-1