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SUMMARY 
..(S/NFD) 
Controlled offensive behavior as defined within the scope 
-OF this report includes Soviet research on human vulnerability as 
it applies to methods of influencing or altering human behavior. 
There is an ever increasing amout of information emanating from 
the USSR (samizdat or underground press) that Suggests that certain 
authoritarian institutions in the USSR are engaged in the practice 
of “mental reorientation" of numerous individuals who are classed 
as political dissenters. 
The "mental reorientation" is being accom- 
plished through various means including confinement, isolation and 
psychopharmaceutical administration; 
This treatment of so-called 
insane individuals is causing alarm among an intemational cross sec- 
tion of psychiatrists. 
The literature contains sufficient data on- 
human mental manipulation and, therefore, warrants surveillance by 
interested parties, 
Tt appears that the USSR stresses physical and 
medical "treatment" of its political detainees 
under the guise of 
psychiatric-care rehabilitation, 
of parapsychology research. 
The term parapsychology denctes a multi- 
disciplinary field consisting of the sciences of bionics, biophysics, 
psychophysics, psychology, Physiology and neuropsychiatry. 
Many 
scientists, US and Soviet, feel that Parapsychology can be hamessed 
to create conditions where one can alter or manipulate the minds. of . 
others. 
The major impetus behind the Soviet drive to hamess the 
21 million dollars. 
Parapsychological research in the USSR begar: 
in the 1920s and has continued to the present. 
Based on their "head 
start" and financial Support, it could be concluded that Soviet 
knowledge in this field is superior to that of the US. 
(S/NFD) 
Methods for controlling behavior of the human being are 
numerous. 
Not all of the possibilities were included in this report, 
but an attempt was made to elaborate on those areas where there is 
intensive research by the USSR. 
The use of sound, Jight and color, 
er odors have been determined to be possible means for Soviet exploi- 
tation in order to alter human behavior. 
In the area of color and 
lights, usually in a flickering mode, there have been reports of 
actual "trials" by the Soviets 
(Air Force and Navy) on US or allied 
personnel. 
The Soviets have shown an in-depth knowledge in the effects 
of sound and light on biological systems. 
Tt appears that with their 
xi 
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July 1972 
knowledge, 
it would be a rather simple procedure to make the transfor- 
mation (from scientific research to the applications phase). 
The area 
of pheromone research has interested the Soviets; however, their data 
is sketchy and it is conceivable 
that they are not yet aware of the 
? 
tremendous potentials that these substances provide for causing human 
behavioral changes.. 
It is also a possibility that the USSR ħas realized 
the military benefits 
and are not publishing or conversing about their 
research and development efforts concerning pheromone synthesis and 
uses. 
xii 
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PART I 
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR MANIPULATION 
SECTION I - BACKGROUND 
1. 
(S/NFD) 
Methods for manipulating or influencing the human mind 
exist and are being thoroughly researched by members of the Soviet 
scientific community. 
For background and introductory information 
it would be best if some of these methods were briefly mentioned. 
Techniques studied by the Soviets include biochemicals, sound, light, 
color, odors, sensory deprivation, sleep, electronic and magnetic 
fields, hypnosis, autosuggestion, 
and paranormal phenomena (psycho- 
kinesis, extrasensory perception, astral projection, dream state, 
clairvoyance, 
and precognition). 
Paranormal phenomena have caused great 
excitement in recent years in the Soviet Union; so much so, that it 
has been reported 
(1) that the Soviets had 20 or more centers in 
1967 for the study of this area. 
It was also reported that the 
A 
annual budget for 1967 for paranormal research was approximately 
$20 million. 
2. 
 (S/NFD) 
The purpose of mind altering techniques is to create 
one or more of several different possible states in the conscious 
or unconscious area of the brain. 
The ultimate goal of controlled 
offensive behavior might well be the total submission of one's 
will to some outside force. 
It is more realistic to assume that 
lesser degrees of mental aberration would be the purpose of Soviet 
research in this field. 
Some areas of human mind manipulation 
that apply to this report are morale lowering, confusion, anxiety, 
_loss of confidence, 
loss of self reliance, 
fatigue, persuasion, 
disruption of social cohesion, 
or complete incapacitation. 
Since 
the desired end product of this type of research is some change 
in the human mind, only the non-lethal aspects are discussed 
; 
in this report. 
It should be remembered, however, that some 
techniques have lethal thresholds. 
3. 
(S/NFD) 
The purpose of this study is to portray the Soviet 
research in mind manipulation and its possible use on US or allied 
individuals 
(e.g. P¥'s) or troops. 
Controlled offensive behavior, 
however, has other connotations. 
Certain methods of altering 
mental or physical states of man may have application on one's 
own individuals. 
The apport technique and astral projection are 
examples which will be discussed in this report. 
These two methods 
allow the enemy to impart certain behavioral characteristics on 
its own people to the detriment of US or allied personnel or missions. 
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‘SECTION II = CURRENT EVENTS 
l PART A - Events 
in Northern Ireland 
1. 
(C) 
The following discussion is based on 1971 and 1972 literature 
‘dealing with the manipulation of human behavior. 
The events 
that 
have been reported to have occurred are not Soviet originated but 
provide an excellent example of the type of efforts that this 
report is expressing. 
2. 
(U) 
Recently there has appeared in the press some discussion 
elaborating on the techniques 
and procedures 
for detaining, treating, 
and interrogating prisoners in Northern Ireland (2,3). 
According 
to the report, 
once the detainees 
are in prison, they come under 
three types of regime which create in men 
a state of. great confusion, 
suggestibility, 
and distress. 
The first regime contained various 
methods 
to produce sensory isolation. 
The men were made to stand 
still against 
a wall with their hands in the air for four to six 
hours 
at a time. 
The total length was 
43 1/2 hours. 
Hoods were 
placed over the men's heads 
to further abolish visual input. 
Sensory input was further decreased by having loud. noise generators 
turned on in order to mask meaningful sounds. 
The detainees were, 
therefore, isolated from their sensory world. 
3. 
(U) 
The second sensory regime has the effect of increasing 
confusion and disorientation. 
Some men were rushed out, hooded 
and doubled up, past barking dogs, loaded into a helicopter, 
doors 
closed, engine revved up, 
then unloaded, 
then reloaded, with the 
procedure repeated three times. 
In another incident, detainees 
without shoes were made to move quickly over rough ground by 
military police. 
4, 
(U) 
The third type of treatment has the effect of increasing 
stress and anxiety and. reducing resistance 
to the disorienting 
effect 
on the two types described above. 
It appears that dietary 
intake was restricted to bread and water at six hour intervals. 
Maximum weight loss was achieved it appears. 
One detainee lost 
eight pounds in seven days. 
To accompany the diet restrictions, 
no sleep was allowed the first two or three days. 
Forty-eight 
hours sleep deprivation, 
in certain individuals, has been known 
to precipitate psychotic-like states. 
i 
5. 
(U) 
Psychological torture and physical abuse has been used 
on Catholic detainees 
in Northern Ireland. 
High-frequency sound 
waves 
(range not given in report) 
and sensory deprivation 
- research 
methods that have been outlawed for use on humans by the American 
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Psychological Association 
- were being used to undermine the 
dignity and destroy the effectiveness 
of the Catholic minority 
of Northern Ireland. 
The case of one 40-year old released 
prisoner has been reported. 
Upon release, 
the man's mental and 
physical condition suggested senility 
- 
a condition inconsistent 
with his health at the time of his internment. 
The man walks 
like he is 65, whimpers in the dark and has an attention span so 
short he cannot carry on a conversation. 
6. 
(U) 
The Northern Ireland procedure can be expected to greatly 
increase the pliability of detainees under interrogation since 
sensory deprivation increases suggestability and lowers intellectual 
competence. 
Stress-isolation techniques can reach the extent of 
eliciting false confessions where both prisoner and interrogator 
are convinced the statements rendered are true. 
It is hoped 
that the above examples impart to the reader a feeling for the 
type of mind manipulating procedures that will be discussed later 
in this report. 
7. 
(U) 
Since it appears that the research behind sensory deprivation 
has been put to current use on humans, 
the interested reader might 
peruse Biderman and Zimmer's 1961 publication entitled "The Manipulation 
of Human Behavior" 
(4).. 
The book- represents 
a critical examination 
of some of the conjectures about the application of scientific 
l 
knowledge 
to manipulation of human behavior. 
The problem is explored 
within 
a particular frame of reference: 
the interrogation of an 
unwilling subject. 
Attention has been focused on interrogation 
because of the central position this topic has had in public 
discussions. of prisoner of war (PW) behavior. 
PART B -— Events 
in the Soviet Union 
1. 
(C) 
The use of psychiatric detention to silence political 
dissenters appears 
to be a method being utilized by the Soviet 
Union. 
There is extensive documention from "samizdat" 
(self- 
published) sources 
in the Soviet Union, notably "A Question of 
Madness" by Soviet geneticist Zhores Medvedev, excerpts from 
which were published in the Sunday New York Times Magazine of 
November 7, 1971 (5). 
British Sovietologist Peter Reddaway asserts 
that the number of such political detainees 
in the USSR has grown 
sharply in the last two years, perhaps to several hundred (6). 
Peter Reddaway has published several articles that give brief 
accounts 
of several political detainees 
as well as publishing 
letters received from the Soviet underground (7,8,9). 
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2. 
(C/NFD) 
On the surface, 
the fact that the Soviet Union has 
_ been subjecting political dissenters 
to psychiatric institutions 
may not appear relevant 
to this report. 
However, 
as one probes 
into this area, he discovers that the medical and physical treatment 
of these prisoners borders 
on the subject of controlled offensive 
behavior. 
Since the techniques are reportedly being applied to 
Soviet citizens, 
it is simple enough, 
as the researchers gain 
knowledge and expertise 
in this area, 
to assume that alien personnel 
could someday be subjected to it as well. 
3. 
(U) 
From the many reports, 
some coming from the Soviet Union 
underground press, 
the article that best relates some of the 
medical and physical treatment 
to political detainees 
is discussed 
below 
(10). 
The article was written about Vladimir Bukovsky who 
is frequently quoted in the feature story. 
Bukovsky has spent 
six of his 27 years in Soviet prisons, asylums and labor camps. 
(On January 5, 1972, Bukovsky was sentenced 
to a 12-year confinement 
to include prison, hard labor camp, 
and internal exile.) 
In 1962, 
Bukovsky organized an illegal exhibition of paintings by abstract 
artists not approved by state censors. 
In May 1963, Bukovsky was 
arrested by the KGB. 
He was declared insane by the Serbsky Psychiatric 
Institute. 
That December, he was transferred to a prison asylum 
in Leningrad (name not mentioned) where he spent, 
in his own words, 
"15 months of hell." 
"There were about 1,000 men. in the asylum, 
political prisoners and insane murderers," says Bukovsky. 
"The sick 
raved, the healthy suffered." 
Doctors were technically in charge 
of the inmates, but the real masters were brutal turnkeys and 
prisoner trustees. 
"Only the crafty survived, you had to be nice 
to the guards.... 
you had to bribe then. 
Otherwise, thev can 
beat you until you are nearly dead and tell the doctors you mís- 
behaved. 
Or they could recommend medical punishment." 
4. 
(U) 
The worst, according to Bukovsky, was medical punishment, 
The three methods of medical punishment known to Bukovsky are 
- described 
as follows: 
a. 
On the recommendation of a trustee or turnkey, doctors 
would inject 
a drug (not mentioned) 
that produced severe stomach 
cramps, 
fever, intense pain, and a temperature of 104. 
The sickness 
lasted two or three. days and left the inmate very weak. 
b. 
Another drue reserved for serious misbehavior induced 
sleep and dulled the brain. 
Inmates were punished with ten days 
of daily injections. 
Thev woke up as human vegetables. 
Some 
regained their senses after two months, others did not. 
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c. 
The third punishment was the canvas bandage. 
An inmate 
would be tightly swathed in wet canvas from neck to toes while 
others 
in his ward were forced to watch. 
"The canvas shrinks 
as it dries. 
It is not a pretty sight. 
They usually only do it 
for two or three hours. 
A nurse is always 
in attendance, and the 
‘bandages are loosened when the pulse grows weak." 
gee 
. 
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5. 
(U) 
A thousand-word telegram by Andrei D. Sakhaiov to Colonel 
Nikolai A. Shchelokov, Minister of the Interior, relates further 
information on the use of drugs to alter mental behavior (11). 
Sakhaiov, 
a physicist and civil-rights champion, charged that a 
violation of human rights and medical ethics is occurring in the 
Soviet Union. 
The contention 
is that. drugs are being administered 
forcibly 
to inmates 
in an effort to have them change their political 
beliefs. 
In addition, some prisoners are threatened with the possible 
use of electrical-shock "therapy." 
According to Sakhaiov, medicine, 
one of the most humane of the professions, 
is thus being turned 
into a servile handmaiden of the regimes correction agencies. 
It is further reported that with the help of medicine, 
an attempt 
is being made to make people literally lose their minds by chemical 
and physical means 
if they refuse to adapt their mind to the 
standards of the regime. 
6. 
(U) 
One of the few references that mention a drug by name 
is a London Times 
feature by Richard Preston 
(12). 
In several 
cases, Soviet authorities forced political prisoners 
to submit 
to the use of mind-bending drugs, specifically aminazine and 
haloperidol. 
Aminazine- 
is the Soviet brand of a phenothiazine 
derivative known as chlorpromazine. 
Haloperidol is a butyrophenone. 
Both drugs are in the tranquilizer class of therapeutic. agents. 
An excellent discussion 
on both of these drugs has been prepared 
by Goodman and Gilman (13). 
7. 
(U) 
Information on the plight of political prisoners in mental 
wards and other examples 
of internal Soviet repression is contained 
in Issue 18 of "A Chronicle of Current Events." 
The chronicle 
has just passed its third anniversary despite the increasing 
efforts 
of the KGB to shut down this underground publication. 
The last issue discusses 
the case of Vasily I. Chemyshov who 
was arrested in March of 1970. 
The chronicle quotes Chernyshov.... 
"I am terribly afraid of torture. 
But there is an even worse 
torture 
~ meddling with my brain with chemical substances. 
I 
© 
have now been informed of the decision that 
I shall be given 
treatment. 
Farewell!" 
Chernyshov's compulsory "treatment" was 
prescribed after only a five minute interview with the authorities. 
The concluding statement. from the panel of doctors was, "The main 
thing for us is that you shouldn't think at all." 
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aig 
8. 
(U) 
A document that contains several case histories of political. 
.detainees has been prepared by Abraham Brumberg 
(14). 
The article 
l 
D 
summarizes 
the procedure that 
is used in the Soviet Union from arrest 
to confession. 
According to the report, the KGB performs the search, 
- arrest, and initial investigation. 
The medical "experts" cooperate 
in furnishing bogus diagnoses and the court confirms 
the findings 
of the doctors. 
The victim is then sent off to a prison asylum to 
languish until "cured" (which in most cases consists of the patient's 
‘confession 
that he is indeed guilty of some form of mental aberration). 
9, 
(U) 
The legal procedures involved in detaining an "undesirable" 
have been drastically reduced by the "1961 Directives" 
(15). 
V.N. 
Chalidze 
(16), in an underground document, explains how the "1961 
Directives" allow for the immediate detention of a sane individual 
who is not 
a criminal in the legal sense. 
Chalidze sums up his 
argument by noting that the viciousness 
of the present-day practice, © 
not based on the law, of psychiatric preventive measures 
is due 
to the absence 
of any public means 
of defense for the patient. 
The "1961 Directives" are included in this report in Appendix IV. 
10. 
(U) 
The office that prepared this study has copies of various 
= 
reports from the Soviet Union 
that deal with some of the more 
l 
celebrated political detainees. 
There are three reports available 
that illustrate the forensic-psychiatric examinations 
of I. A. 
. 
Yakhimovich. 
Two of these documents 
list. the names of the psy- 
chiatric teams 
that carried out the examination 
(17-19). 
By 
reading these reports, 
one can trace the fate of Yakhimovich 
up to early 1970. 
No further reports were available so the ultimate 
fate of the individual 
is unknown. 
11. 
(V) 
A report 
is available 
on A. Volpin 
(20) that was apparently 
prepared by the individual while in detention. 
There have been 
several cases where these documents have been "smuggled" out of 
the asylum. 
An outpatient report 
on V.E. Borosov is available 
(21). 
This report condemns Borosov to compulsory psychiatric treatment. 
Reports are available on the plight of N.E. Gorbanevskaya 
(22 ,23) 
as well 
as several letters 
that she wrote while interned 
(24). 
An appeal for human rights written by V. Fainberg while he was 
incarcerated 
is on file 
(25) 
as well 
as documents relating to 
_ 
the sanity proceedings for General P.G. Grigorenko 
(26-28). 
12. 
(U) 
The possible use of drugs by Soviet psychiatrists 
in 
order to manipulate behavior can be emphasized by an account 
from Vladimir Gershuni, 
a Soviet idealist. 
The event 
that 
follows occurred at the Oryol Hospital which 
is some 170 miles 
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‘southwest 
Df Moscow. 
Mr. Gershuni.gives 
a description of the 
conditions in which mental patients 
(both genuine and political) 
are held. 
"Eight people to a 16 or 17 meter cell... 
. 
(Comment: 
This seems large enough for eight people if figure is correct.) 
There 
is no room to move. One is allowed to go along the corridor, but 
only if it's absolutely necessary 
- to the toilet, or to get some 
food from the nurse. 
. 
. 
. 
The toilet is a cesspit: 
four holes 
in the ground and two taps for 54 people. 
. 
. 
. 
From 7 to 8:30 
in the evening we're allowed to use the dining room for writing 
letters, or to play dominoes and chess. 
The bedlam is indescrib- 
able."" 
Mr. Gershuni talks about the use of drugs, one of which 
is aminazine, 
a powerful substance, administered orally or by 
l 
intramuscular injections, which causes depressive shock reactions 
and frequently malignant tumors, 
Sometimes drugs are given as 
a form of punishment. 
"Any phrase spoken incautiously to a doctor 
or nurse can serve 
as 
a pretext 
for a series of aminazine injections. 
Sometimes these injections are prescribed without any pretext, 
simply because of some doctor's whim 
. 
. 
. without any medical 
examination. 
.. 
. 
This medicine makes me feel more horrible 
than anything I've ever experienced before; you no sooner lie 
down than you want to get up, you no sooner take a step than 
you're longing to sit down, and if you sit down, you want to walk 
again - and there's nowhere to walk." 
Mr. Gershuni finishes 
his account by describing the fate of a young man, once brilliantly 
_ "alive and alert," who as a result of repeated doses of aminazine, 
"and God only knows what else," had been reduced to a v2%etable: 
"his head on one side, his speech languid and indistinct, 
his eyes 
glazed." 
"He was thus," concludes Mr. Gershuni, "cancelled out for 
five whole months. 
Hail to Soviet ‘special psychiatry'! 
I kiss 
you all." 
13. 
(C) 
To belabor this subject of political detention is not 
the intention of this section. 
However, 
it is believed 
to be 
of sufficient importance that this much material had to be presented. 
It is difficult 
to judge the overall validity of much of the ref- 
erenced material because of its source 
(primarily samizdat 
and 
letters), but if true, 
it bears watching and possible investigation 
for future developments. 
Portions of this material contain 
sufficient data on human mental manipulation and therefore warrants 
surveilance by interested agencies. 
From the information available 
at this time, it appears that the Soviet Union stresses physical 
and medical "treatment" of its political detainees under the 
guise of psychiatric-care rehabilitation. 
No data is available 
on the use 
of sound, 
lights, 
or hypnosis 
as methods of obtaining 
confessions 
or reorientating the beliefs of these prisoners. 
For a listing of personnel and institutes involved in political- 
psychiatric care, 
see Appendix I. 
nany personalities 
involved 
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. 
as 
in the maltreatment of detainees are not listed but can be found 
in. the references 
listed. 
An attempt was made to list only the 
ie 
top professional personnel. 
PART C - Soviet Response to Events in the USSR 
1. 
(U) 
The Soviet government, quite naturally, has denied the 
charges made in the USSR and abroad that mentally stable persons 
were being detained in psychiatric hospitals because of dissident 
activities. 
The Soviet authorities had said little about the 
accusations until an article written by S.P. Pisarev was 
obtained by Western sources from the Soviet underground (30). 
Pisarev, 69, member of the Soviet Communist party since 1918 
and minor party official, 
in 1970 directed 
a letter to the Soviet 
Academy of Medical Sciences protesting the Soviet police practice 
of sending political prisoners to "psychiatric institutions" such 
as the infamous Serbsky Institute in Moscow. 
2. 
(U) 
Disputing the type of charge mentioned by Pisarev, Soviet 
authorities contended persons remanded by a legal psychiatric 
commission to special mental institutions were those "who committed 
z 
socially dangerous acts while not responsible for their actions 
or 
became ill during a pretrial investigation, during actual court 
proceedings 
or after the passing of sentence." 
According to 
- 
the Soviet government, 
such cases 
are reviewed every six months 
i 
and committed. persons are released if sufficient improvement is 
found in their mental health 
(31). 
3. 
(U) 
A.V. Snezhnevskiy 
(32), USSR Academy of Medical Sciences 
academician and director of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences 
Psychiatric Institute says: 
"Yes, I, too, have read these absurd reports that in 
the USSR healthy people are put into psychiatric 
hospitals, 
Like all my colleagues, 
I cannot express 
my feelings of profound indignation at this wild fan- 
tasy. 
Soviet. psychiatrists 
- 
a detachment of Soviet 
medical workers consisting of many thousands 
- do not, 
of course, need to be defended from insulting attacks 
of this sort. 
In our country and abroad fame and 
deserved authority are enjoyed by such psychiatrists 
as A.D. Zurabasvili, 
V.M. Morozov 
. 
." etc. 
(Snezhnevskiy mentions eight other psychiatrists). 
l pt 
evs 
7. geri 
ym 
Snezhnevskiy continues his argument by listing the members 
of a 
DE 
PEI 
US mission that toured Soviet psychiatric Facilities. 
The mission 
wo 
a | 
says in its conclusion... 
. 
"It appears that the Soviets are leading." 
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The US guests stressed the high degree of effectiveness of the 
Soviet psychiatric first aid centers, 
and the better quality of 
their staffs compared with US centers. 
The US delegation did 
visit the Serbsky Institute. 
As for compulsory treatment, the 
mission stated .... 
“It is possible that people who need 
treatment should be compulsorily hospitalized for their own good." 
4. 
(U) 
Snezhnevskiy, 
in another document (33), said that when 
mentioning "brainwashing" many absurd allegations have been made, 
such as the talk of injecting a substance which paralyzes 
a person's 
will. 
Snezhnevskiy contends that "brainwashing," from a scientific 
point of view, is absurd. 
He further believes that the people 
dedicated to this sort of propaganda have very few scruples and 
direct the propaganda to laymen who know nothing about medicine. 
Interviews 
with Snezhnevskiy and Lebeden, chief of psychiatry at 
the Pavlov hospital in Leningrad, were obtained just prior to 
the Fifth World Psychiatric Congress in Mexico City which was 
held in early December 1971 (34). 
5. 
(U) 
The literature from Soviet authorities denying the mal- 
treatment of detainees or other charges does not mention any of 
the more celebrated prisoners with the exception of Zhores Medvedev 
who was released after a very short stay. 
One can draw some obvious 
- conjectures. based on the avoidance of such personalities as Gershuni, 
Grigorenko, Bukovsky, 
Fainberg, 
and Borisov 
in the Soviet statements. 
The issue of inhumane treatment is usually responded to with the 
use of platitudes and counter-propaganda. 
If the Soviets have 
nothing to conceal, 
then it would seem that one could eupect more 
scientific and concrete responses 
as to the actual situation in 
political detention and behavior manipulation with drugs. 
SECTION III — SOVIET PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY 
PART A - A General Review 
1. 
(C/CD/NDA) 
The past fifteen years have witnessed a definite 
acceleration of growth in Soviet psychology 
(35). 
It has been observed 
by some American psychologists that an upward trend in the quality and 
quantity of Soviet published research began around the middle of the 
1950's. 
Research designs improved, greater experimental controls 
were employed, and the level of sophistication 
in laboratory techniques 
started to rise perceptibly. 
Many new people are entering into the 
area of psychology and the increase has been (1966) 
as much as a 
factor of 2,3, or 4 (36). 
According to this source (36), Soviet’ 
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psychology is in a growth stage which appears 
to have sprung up 
coincident 
to the man-in-space program. 
Contrary to the reference 
above (36), this source. (36) believes that despite the growth and 
acceptance by the Soviet scientific community, 
the Soviets are merely 
duplicating 
or extending to some degree the research that is already 
known. 
In the opinion of this source, 
there is definitely a tie-in 
between the Soviet engineers, psychiatrists 
and psychologists. 
It must 
be remembered that the Soviets are presently in a growth stage and, 
therefore, 
are merely making their investments 
at this time. 
According 
to this source, once they have reached the level off period then this 
coordination of the disciplines will pay off handsomely in returns 
to 
the Soviet psychological society. 
The source believes 
that in the area 
of human engineering the Soviets are moving very rapidly and at least in 
many respects are close to 
US levels. 
In behavior studies, 
the Soviets 
are stagnant. They lean too heavily on the conditional response approach 
of Pavlov. 
In the neurosensory areas, 
source believes that the Soviets 
are considerably behind the US and accept the US as the leader 
in this 
field. 
2. 
(C/CD/NDA) 
According to one report, there is apparently 
classified psychological research work going on in the area of cyber- 
i 
netics. 
One area that surveillance 
would appear fruitful is Soviet 
research in the area of artificial intelligence. 
This report contains 
à substantial number of institutes and personalities which is reflected 
in Appendix I (37). 
3. 
(U) 
It is concluded that, 
in spite of their ideological 
resistance 
to theoretical psychology, 
Soviet behavior scientists 
share a distinguished experimental tradition and possess the ability 
to incorporate and combine the principles of biocybernetics, physiology, 
learning, memory, 
and transfer under a common group of laws 
(38). 
4. 
(U) 
The following brief discussion of Soviet psychiatry is 
based primarily upon a report by Persic 
(39). 
The report contains 
a brief history of psychiatry in the Soviet Union followed by a 
section that relates 
to the scientific and investigative work in 
psychiatry. 
Also included 
is a section on the organization of 
psychiatric 
care including statistics 
on the number of patients, 
beds, and medical personnel 
in the Soviet Union. 
5. 
(U) 
According 
to Persic 
there are 94 medical institutes 
and 
a greater number of medical research institutes. 
The following 
research institutes 
in psychiatry exist 
in Moscow: 
the Psychiatric 
Institute 
at the Academy of Science; 
the Psychiatric Institute at 
tne Ministry of Health for the Russian Federation, and the Institute 
for Forensic Psychiatry at the Institute of the Ministry of Health 
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of the USSR (Serbsky Institute). 
The research institutes 
are either 
of a general type or of a specialized type which study certain 
mental diseases e.g. schizophrenia, epilepsy, 
or alcoholism. 
The 
psychiatric research institutes have similar organizational schemes: 
clinical departments, laboratories, 
and methodics departments. 
The Psychiatric Institute of the Academy of Sciences in Moscow 
is the post-graduate school for psychiatrists. 
At the Institute 
for Forensic Psychiatry in Moscow 
(Serbsky) are clinics for schizo- 
phrenia, psychoorganic disorders, and alcoholism. 
(Naturally 
there is no discussion in this report of- some of the more infamous 
areas of the Serbsky Institute.) 
eG. wy) The task of psychiatric institutes is to deal with the 
educational matters of students, and physicians specializing in 
psychiatry. 
This work is conducted in the form of seminars and 
in the form of continuous education. 
The psychiatric research 
institutes 
are connected with psychiatric hospitals, departments 
and.dispensaries in advancing psychiatric work and the organizing 
of psychiatric service. 
Great attention is devoted 
to health 
education in the USSR. 
A great network’ 
of institutions devoted | 
to health instruction exist. 
They are affiliated with many groups 
which dispense health advice. 
Included in the general health 
education is also education concerning mental health. 
There are 
360 health institutes in the USSR which are devoted to teaching 
health, 
The Central Institute for Health Education 
in Moscow 
is engaged in research in the field of health education, education 
of experts, training in the methodology, 
of health education and 
Organizing health’ training. 
This Institute employs 
a method of 
providing health education 
for schools, students of medicine, 
for 
workers in industry and hospitals. 
There is also cooperation 
with physicians concerning public health and seminars are held 
where practical matters 
are discussed. 
There is also a functional 
connection with health agencies so that officials 
of these agencies 
cooperate with the Institute and attend seminars. These health 
agencies also receive support from the Institute in the form of 
trained help and literature which the Institute publishes through 
its own printing outlets. 
Table I depicts the instructional 
requirements 
for psychiatric specialization. 
These figures were 
prepared by Persic. 
Table 
II illustrates statistics 
on the number 
of neurologists and psychiatrists 
in the USSR in 1962 (Persic) 
and 1967. 
The 1967 data was compiled by Fry (40). 
Fry, in his report, combined 
neurologists and psychiatrists 
into one figure. 
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TABLE I 
Plan of Instruction 
and Stages in Psychiatric Specialization-USSR 
Hours of theoretical 
Hours of practical 
Subject 
training 
training 
‘Psychopathology 
Clinical psychiatry 
Schizophrenia 
© 
Manic depressive psychosis 
Infectional psychosis 
Toxic psychosis 
Epilepsy 
Noninfectional symptomatic 
psychosis 
l 
l 
Brain trauma 
i 
400 
Arteriosclerotic psychosis 
Brain tumors 
Presenile psychosis 
Senile psychosis 
Oligophrenia 
Psychopathy 
Psychogenic reaction 
Organization of 
Psychiatric Service 
Total 
108 
460 
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TABLE II 
Comparison of the Number of Psychiatric Specialists 
in USSR-1962 and 1967 
l 
l 
1962 
1967 
a 
o 
2A 
Population 
: 
l 
220,000,000 
230,000,000 
Physicians 
400,000 
480 ,000 
Psychiatrists 
6,140 
_ 
Combined Psychiatrists 
and Neurologists total: 
a 
24,000 
Neurologists 
9,850 
One physician per 
520 people - 
480 people 
. One psychiatrist per 
S 35,835 people 
Combined Psychiatrists 
and Neurologists total: 
20,000 people 
One neurologist per 
22,335 people 
7. 
(U) 
The figures in Table Il, if valid, represent 
a substantial 
growth in the number of specialists 
in mental health care, 
The number 
and quality of both psychology and psychiatry research reports is 
increasing, especially in the behavioral fields. 
There appears 
to be 
an ever increasing link between the psychology and psychiatry fields 
with the pharmacology, human engineering, bioelectronics, physics, and 
parapsychology disciplines. 
Some of the multidiscipline aspects of 
Soviet research will become evident later 
in this stu y as it relates 
to the subject of this report. 
The above information on psychology and 
psychiatry was intended to be a review because it is believed that there 
is a definite relationship between the two disciplines and mental manip- 
ulation, 
It is not within 
the scope of this report to delve into basic 
psychological research and discuss its military implications. 
PART B - Soviet Military Psychology 
1. 
(S/NFD) 
The purpose of this report 
is to make determinations 
and 
report findings 
on methods 
of controlling human behavior. 
One aspect 
of this subject is the possible use of certain novel techniques 
to 
disrupt or confuse combat 
troops. 
Based on Soviet literature dealing 
with military psychology, 
it appears that the Soviet military authorities 
might well suspect their potential enemies as already being able to do 
this. 
The available Soviet literature on military psychology emphasizes 
the protection of their troops against such possible attempts e.g, 
dezoralization and confusion. 
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2, 
(U) 
In 1967; 
a book entitled "Military Psychology" was published 
in the Soviet Union. 
The authors, 
Colonel Dyachenko and Major Fedenko, 
me 
are Candidates of Pedagogical Sciences 
(41). 
This book is primarily 
intended for commanders 
and military doctors. 
The book deals with the 
various aspects of the personality of the soldier including his- cogni- 
tive, emotional, 
and volitional processes, 
his fighting skill, and his 
psychological readiness 
for battle. 
All of the psychic phenomena are 
based on the service, 
training, and fighting activity of enlisted and 
commissioned personnel. 
One of the more interesting areas 
is found in 
Chapter 8 which is entitled "Will Power." 
The chapter contains infor- 
| 
mation on will power 
as 
a psychic process. 
The chapter continues by 
discussing the qualities of will power necessary 
to a soldier as well 
as methods 
of training will power. The discussion on will power appears 
to be a very important topic because if one's will power is sufficiently 
developed, 
the use of techniques 
to demoralize or confuse could well be 
nullified. 
Part one of the book describes 
the general problems of 
military psychology, 
followed by a discussion on psychic processes of 
the soldier and concluding with the psychological analysis of the 
activity of Soviet soldiers. 
3. 
(U) 
The group of people most susceptible to offensive behavior 
manipulation appear 
to be rear-zone troops and small patrol groups. 
‘The Soviets again seem to recognize the fallibility of such groups. 
Lieutenant General Tyurnev (42) reports that the motal-psychological 
training of administrative support troops in operations 
under 
conditions 
of modem war is a quite urgent and complicated problem. 
The report suggests training and propaganda methods 
to increase 
the morale-psychological condition of rear-zone troops. 
The 
training, 
to include evening seminars, propaganda sessions, political 
indoctrination and field exercises 
is suggested in Tyurnev's report. 
The word moral and morale seem to be interchanged frequently in the 
report. 
It seems 
to be a problem in translation, because the author's 
thoughts are still meaningful. 
4. 
(U) 
Two further reports from the Soviets have appeared recently. 
One report 
(43) discusses 
the role of medicine and military medical 
personnel in the psychoprophylaxis 
in morale~psychological preparation. 
A 1970 report by Stolyarenko 
(44) reinforces the thoughts of Tyurnev. 
From the above discussion and a thorough perusal of the documents 
referenced in this section, 
it could be stated: 
if the Soviets practice 
what they preach, 
the psychological training of Soviet troops 
is as 
good as or better than US soldiers. 
This does not include 
the ‘special 
training afforded to US pilots 
on anti-interrogation methods. 
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SECTION IV — PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA/PSYCHOLOGICAL WEAPONS 
(S/NFD) 
One of the purposes of this report is to evaluate 
research in the field 
of influencing human behavior in order that 
the US may be in a position to develop certain countermeasures. 
Therefore, before beginning specific sections in this report on 
Soviet research, 
it is desirable to review some of the more feasible 
areas of exploitation in the development of a technique that might 
alter human behavior. 
Some of these characteristics will be studied 
in depth in later sections of this study. 
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‘PART A - Temperature 
1.. 
(U) 
An increase in body temperature decreases the body water 
level and creates 
a salt-water imbalance. 
With a large intake 
of water, but little replacement of sodium chloride, painful spasms 
of the skeletal and abdominal muscles may develop as may also 
faintness, weakness, nausea, 
and vomiting. 
With an internal 
temperature above 41 degrees C or below 31 degrees C, brain 
function is usually impaired. 
Irreversible damage to the skin 
occurs at about 44-45 degrees C (46,47). 
2. 
(U) 
The sensitivity and tolerance 
for temperature changes 
is different for certain races. 
Negroes have a greater tolerance 
for humid heat than Caucasians, 
and conversely, Negroes are 
more susceptible to injury from cold stress than Caucasians. 
3. 
(C/NFD) 
It is betieved that the use of temperature manipulation 
as a technique to influence human behavior is practical. 
In order to 
be effective 
it would seem necessary to apply this technique to 
individuals 
or small groups 
that are already under one's influence 
such as prisoners of war. 
The application of unnatural temperature 
in field situations appear to be most difficult. 
Further, there 
appears 
to be very little applicable research 
in the USSR in 
this area other than some isolated work in the areospace field. 
It may be concluded that temperature fluctuations could be used for 
altering human behavior, but would probably not be as useful as other 
available methods. 
l 
FART B - Atmospheric Conditions 
1. 
(C/NFD) 
There has been some work reported on the physiological 
or psychological effects of atmospheric or geophysical: parameters 
(48-51). 
The works referenced here are free world but there is 
little doubt 
that the Soviet Union has investigated similar effects 
especially 
in relation 
to their Space program. 
The utilization of 
any of the techniques 
to alter human behavior by changing atmospheric 
conditions seems remote 
for field application. 
These techniques, 
like temperature effects, 
are more suitable 
for controlled groups 
or 
individuals. 
, 
2. (U) 
An increase of 0.2 percent carbon dioxide doubles the 
volume of air breathed. 
Breathing becomes deeper, more rapid, 
and eventually violent. 
Depletion of oxygen or the increase 
of carbon dioxide decreases auditory sensitivity 
as well as visual 
sensitivity. 
Ten percent of oxygen for 15 to 30 minutes sometimes 
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results in a hearing deficit for several hours. 
With severe or 
prolonged anoxia there may be nausea, vomiting, extreme weakness, 
and eventually convulsions and cardiac failure 
(52). 
Perhaps 
the applicable symptoms of anoxia to this report are the homeo- 
static inbalances in the brain: 
loss of ability to carry on complex 
activities, restlessness, 
loquacity, delirium, confusion, and 
unconsciousness. 
3. 
(U) 
Intermittent exposures to negatively ionized air produces 
a sedating effect on humans. There are some researchers who believe 
that positively ionized air causes irritation and anxiety which is 
- 
applicable to altering behavior. 
PART C - Olfactory Phenomena 
1. 
(U) Seven primary odors have been identified; they are campho- 
raceous, musky, floral, minty, pungent, putrid, and ethereal (53). 
| 
From the seven primary odors, every known odor can be made by 
mixing them in certain proportions. 
2. 
.(U) 
Man expresses pleasure or displeasure to various odors. 
If the smell is foul or irritating enough, man will attempt to 
avoid it. If.escape is hindered or if odors are used with surprise 
they may elicit certain behavioral. changes in the individual. 
Odors are suitable for use in controlled situations and in the 
field. 
For these reasons odors will be discussed more fully 
later in this report. 
PART D - Light 
1. 
(U) 
Although it is customary 
to specify the wavelength range of 
visible light as lying between 400 and 750 millimicrons 
(mu), never- 
| 
theless, with sufficient energy, 
the eye can be stimulated up to 
1050 mu. 
Also, the fovea (phototopic vision) 
can be stimulated down 
to about 320 mu. 
It is thought that 1150-1200 mu marks the limit 
at which radiant energy would cease 
to be seen and would be 
readily felt as heat (54). 
2. 
(U) 
Yellow light has maximum effect 
on the retina and is 
most effective 
in eliciting photophobia. 
Non-rhythmic bright 
lights can interrupt 
or prevent sleep. 
It has been claimed that 
l 
i£ sensory stimulation 
is sufficient, 
sleep can be prevented even 
if fatigue is carried to the point of death (52). 
The physiological 
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and psychological effects of flashing lights (stable) and photic- 
flicker appear to have raised interests in the Soviet Union. 
Since lights can be utilized in the field or in controlled situations 
and do cause certain behavioral changes in man, 
this. subject. will 
be discussed in detail later in this report. 
PART E - Sound 
1. 
(U) 
Sound, 
from one source or another, has been used to elicit 
behavioral changes in man in every war ever recorded. 
It may be 
a simple bugle call or battle cry or a mechanical siren device; 
but whatever is used there is normally a psychological response 
by the receiver. 
Regardless of the absolute level, sounds of 
enemy weapons with which one is unfamiliar is frightening provided 
- 
the sounds are associated with a feared weapon or the unknown. 
2. 
(U) 
Auditory effects have been and still are researched. 
Nerve deafness 
can certainly result 
from prolonged exposure to 
loud sounds. 
For the purpose of this study it is believed that 
the nonauditory effects 
are just as important when discussing 
behavioral alterations. 
For example, exposure to a siren-generated 
sound of 20 kilohertz 
at 1 watt per square centimeter kills 
a 
variety of insect 
life in three to four minutes and larger animals 
(mice) 
in about one minute. 
Human operators, with earplugs, experience 
"cool sizzling sensations" 
in the mouth and an unpleasant tingling 
in the nasal passages when near the siren. 
3. 
{(C/NFD) 
Sound can be used on controlled groups or in the 
field. 
Sound can produce behavioral changes and the effects of 
sò nd on humans 
is being investigated in the Soviet Union. 
For 
these reasons, 
a more detailed discussion can be found later in 
this report. 
PART F ~ Electromagnetic Energy 
1. 
(C/NFD) 
Super-high frequency electromagnetic oscillations 
(SHF) 
may have potential use 
as 
a technique for altering human behavior. 
Soviet Union and other foreign literature sources contain over 500 
studies devoted to the biological effect of SHF. 
Lethal and non-lethal 
aspects have been shown to exist. 
In certain non-lethal exposures, 
definite behavioral 
changes have occurred. 
There also appears 
- 
to be a change in mammals, when exposed to SHF, in the sensitivity 
to sound, light, and olfactory stimuli 
(55). 
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2. 
(C/NFD) 
Because of the possible behavioral changes and reactions 
to other important stimuli and the emphasis the Soviet Union has 
placed on SHF research, 
a more detailed discussion of this subject | 
appears later in this report. 
PART G- Deprivation 
(C/NFD) 
The behavior effects on man from the deprivation of food, 
sleep, and sensory stimuli have been studied by the Soviet Union. 
As mentioned in Section II of this report, certain forms of depri- 
vation to humans 
is in current use. 
This area is very important 
. 
in the discussion of controlled offensive behavior and it is 
clear that the Soviet Union is well aware of this potential. 
Because 
one is able to apply deprivation techniques in controlled situations 
as well as in the field, it will be discussed in detail in a later 
section of this report. 
Hahn (56) provides further discussion 
on the areas mentioned in this section to include fear phenomena, | 
anxiety and stress, and cultural background. 
These specific areas 
are not mentioned specifically as separate sections in this report 
because they become interlaced with the other areas of major concern. 
an 
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PART II 
PARAPSYCHOLOGY IN THE SOVIET UNION 
SECTION I - BACKGROUND 
1. 
(U) 
The science of parapsychology includes special sensory bio- 
physical activities, brain and mind control, telepathic communications 
or bioinformation transceiving, bioluminescent and bioenergetic emissions, 
and the effects of altered status of consciousness 
on the human psyche. 
‘The Soviets prefer the term biocommunications instead of the term para- 
psychology. 
Other terms that may appear in the Soviet literature that 
normally mean parapsychology are: 
psycho-physiology, psychotronics, 
psychoenergetics, 
or biophysical effects. 
The term parapsychology 
(biocommunications) as used in this report denotes a multi-disciplinary 
field consisting of the sciences 
of bionics, biophysics, psychophysics, 
psychology, physiology, and neuropsychiatry (57,58). 
2. 
(U) 
The broad area of biocommunications can be further subdivided 
into two general classifications: 
Bioinformation and Bioenergetics. 
Bioinformation includes paranormal events between living organisms 
(telepathy, precognition) 
and events between living organisms and the 
inorganic world. 
Bioenergetics denotes those activities such as 
biological location and indicator techniques, bioenergetic therapy 
using electromagnetic fields, and psychokinesis, 
or the influence of 
mind upon matter. 
The definitions of the terms Biocommunications, 
Bioinformation, 
and Bioenergetics 
are given in Table III which appeared 
in the Mankind Unlimited Research report. 
The basic definitions are 
_ based on information provided by Ryzl (59). 
It should be mentioned that 
parapsychology was accepted in 1969 as 
a legitimate field of science 
and scientific research by the American Association for the Advancement 
of Science (AAAS). 
TABLE III 
BASIC TYPES OF BIOCOMMUNICATION PHENOMENA 
(U) 
General: 
Biocommunications 
A new branch 
of science involved with the human capability 
of obtaining information from other than the normal senses: 
and the ability to respond to or reasonably interpret such 
information. 
Biocommunications, 
also synonymous with para- 
psychology, 
is, however, distinct 
from other sciences in 
that it is primarily concerned with researching the exist- 
ence of a definite group of natural phenomena controlled 
| 
by laws which are not based on any known enetgetic influence. 
nar 
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er 
TABLE III (Cont) 
TYPE I: 
BIOINFORMATION 
(U) 
Those phenomena associated with the obtaining of information through 
means other than the normal sensory channels e.g. through extra- 
sensory perception (ESP). 
There are several forms of ESP, including: 
a. 
Telepathy, transmission or "reading" of thoughts refers 
to the extrasensory reception of information about the mental 
processes 
of others. 
b. 
Proscopy or precognition 
- While the above forms appear 
| 
. 
to differ only in the nature of the object about which information 
is received, numerous observations indicate that precognitive 
ESP involves, under certain circumstances, 
trespassing the barrier 
of time to obtain information about future events. 
| 
c. 
Paragnosia or clairvoyance refers 
to the ext rasensory 
reception of information about objective events in the outer world. 
TYPE II: 
BIOENERGETICS 
(U) 
- 
Those phenomena associated with the production of objectively 
detectable effects through means other than the known energetic 
influences. 
Seemingly incredible effects have been reported, 
such 
as the movement 
of distent objects without 
any detectable 
use of physical force (telekinesis), antigravitational effects, 
transformations 
of energy, 
electromagnetic effects arising without 
adequate physical cause, 
and chemical reactions 
and biological 
processes occurring through mental. concentration. 
a 
a 
a 
3. 
(U) 
Scientists 
in pre-revolutiónary Russia were studying the area 
of parapsychology 
as did later such Soviet scientists 
as V.M. Bekhterev, 
A.G. 
Ivanov-Smolensky 
and B.B. Kazhinsky in the twenties and thirties 
(60,61). 
In 1922, 
a commission composed of psychologists, medical 
hypnotists, physiologists, 
and physicists worked on parapsychology 
problems 
at the Institute 
for Brain Research in Petrograd (Leningrad). 
Work flourished throughout the thirties with research being reported 
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in the literature in 1934, 1936, and 1937 (62). 
After 1937 further 
experiments 
in the field of parapsychology were forbidden. 
During 
Stalin's time, any attempt to study paranormal phenomena might have 
been interpreted 
as a deliberate attempt to undermine the doctrines 
of materialisn. 
4. (S/NFD) 
According to Dodge (63) in 1964, the Aerospace Technology 
Division of the Library of Congress reviewed the Soviet literature 
in an unpublished bibliography entitled, "Soviet Parapsychology" 
| 
(ATD Report U-64-77). 
At that time, academic opposition to para- 
psychology in the USSR had reached its zenith which led ATD observers 
to the reasonable conclusion that official Soviet support 
or funds 
for parapsychological research were unlikely and that investigation 
in this area might be terminated. 
5. 
(U) 
The above conclusion was apparently misguided because 
of events that occurred in 1959 and 1960. 
In 1959 a book entitled 
. 
-i 
Mysterious Phenomena of the Human Psyche was published in the USSR. 7 
Its author was Professor L.L. Vasilev, head of the Department of 
. 
Physiology of Leningrad University and a corresponding member 
of 
the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (64). 
A.year later, 
Professor Vasilev was given state funds to establish 
at the 
University appropriately equipped laboratories for the study of 
telepathy, 
The published findings from this laboratory attracted ` 
attention and began to find repercussions in the columns of the 
non-specialized periodical press 
(65-70). 
This was followed by 
a publication in 1962 by Kazhinskiy 
(71). 
Following the example 
of Leningrad, other cities, including Moscow, Kiev, Novosibirsk | 
and Kharkov, established similiar laboratories and research centers 
at which not only the phenomena described in world literature 
were examined, but a study was made of parapsychic features 
displayed by Soviet citizens. 
The journal Science and Religion (72) 
has published many articles on Soviet parapsychology, including 
l 
a discussion of whether it was worth-while continuing research 
in this field 
(1965). 
Affirmative, 
though extremely cautious, 
replies to this question were given by Vice President of the 
Academy of Sciences, N.N. Seminov, by Academicians M.A. Leontovich , 
A.L. Mints and G.M. Frank, and by. Professors A.N. Leontev and 
V.F. Asmus 
(73). 
This brief survey brings the study of paranormal 
> 
phenomena 
up to the time when studies 
of a more pertinent nature 
to this report have begun. 
E 
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Although 
the US Navy subsequently denied the reports of telepathic 
testing. on atomic submarines, 
the Soviet hierarchy apparently 
heeded Doctor Vasilev's advice and gave support, both moral 
and financial, 
to his dynamic view that: 
"The discovery of the 
energy underlying telepathic communication will be equivalent 
to the discovery of atomic energy (62). 
4. 
(U) 
Since 1962, Doctor Vasilev has headed a special laboratory 
for biocommunications research at the University of Leningrad. 
Major aspects of the work of this laboratory are to conduct research 
and to develop machines capable of monitoring, testing and studying 
telepathic communication 
(79). 
5. 
(U) 
In 1963, Doctor Vasilev claimed to have conducted successful 
long-distance telepathic experiments between Leningrad and Sevastapol, 
a distance of 1200 miles, with the aid of an ultra-short-wave 
j 
(UHF) radio transmitter.. 
As a result, Doctor Vasilev was convinced 
that his experiments, 
and those he conducted jointly with the 
Moscow~based Bekhterev Brain Institute, offered scientific proof 
of telepathic communications. 
His next goal was to identify 
\ 
the nature of brain energy tliat produces it (59). 
Theorizing on the above experiments, one Soviet scientist suggested 
that telepathic impulses are radiated along the lines of bits of 
information in a cybernetic system. 
Another scientist is known 
to be working on the idea of time as energy, speculating that 
telepathic transmissions may be propagated through a supposed 
time-energy system, rather than through the electromagnetic field. 
6. 
(U) 
Soviet research into biocommunications phenomena does not 
appear to be earth-bound and limited to inner space, but apparently 
extends 
to outer space 
as well. 
The so-called Father of Soviet 
Rocketry, K.E. Tsiolkovsky, stated that: 
"In the coming era of space flights, telepathic 
abilities 
are necessary. 
While the Space rocket 
must bring men toward knowledge of the grand 
secrets 
in the universe, 
the study of psychic 
phenomena can lead us toward knowledge of the 
mysteries of the human mind. 
It is precisely 
the sition of this secret which promises the 
greatesc achievements." 
(80) 
There are reports that the Soviets are training their cosmonauts 
in telepathy to back-up their electronic equipment while in outer 
Space. 
One of these back-up schemes 
is known to involve coded 
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tèlepathic messages. 
This method was previously demonstrated 
in March 1967, when a coded telepathic message was flashed from 
Moscow to Leningrad (81). 
The involvement of astronauts 
or cosmonauts 
in telepathy experiments 
is not necessarily unprecedented. 
In 
February 1971, during the Apollo 14 flight to the moon, astronaut 
Edgar Mitchell made 150 separate attempts to project his thoughts 
from inside the space capsule back to an individual on earth. 
The results 
of the Apollo 14 experiments have been well-documented 
in detail and are published in the Journal of Parasychology 
(82). 
Further documentation of Mitchell's experiments 
can be found in 
the University of California Newsletter 
(83). 
7. 
(U) 
There are numerous 
reports on Soviet applications 
of 
clairvoyance, hynotism, dowsing, etc., in military operations. 
‘In the case of dowsing, 
this 
is also not unprecedented, since 
US. forces have employed dowsing in Vietnam for locating enemy 
tunnels and caches. 
With respect 
to brain and mind control/ 
conditioning, 
a recent report indicates 
that the Soviet Union 
has made great strides 
in emotional training and conditioning. 
Soldiers are being taught to set their own emotional tone in 
battle and stress situations. 
Further, astronauts are being taught 
through such mental conditioning to distort time and to offset 
boredom in outer space (84). 
8. 
(U) 
Man's sight and hearing are limited to a relatively 
small range of wavelengths, 
other living beings often possess 
much wider perceptive capabilities, both with regard to sharpness 
cf perception and range of stimuli. 
For example, 
dogs hear higher 
sound frequencies 
than man; bats and dolphins orient themselves 
by means 
of an ultra-sound radar; bees perceive colors even in the 
ultraviolet part of the spectrum; 
some snakes perceive minute 
differences 
in temperature and orient themselves by means 
of 
thermoreceptors. 
Certain living beings. even react 
to stimuli to 
which man is absolutely insensitive, 
Some species of fish and 
homing pigeons, 
for instance, 
react 
to changes of the electric or 
magnetic field in their surroundings 
(59). 
Tn view of these 
perceptive processes, 
it has been difficult 
to differentiate 
between 
those sensory processes which 
are merely sharpened or 
highly honed and those that are extra or super-normal. 
Certain 
military advantages would 
come 
from the application and control of 
these perceptive #rocesses. 
For example, such application and 
control could be used 
in the detection and identification of 
animate objects or humans through brainwave interactions, mass 
hypnosis 
or mind control through long-distance telepathy, 
thermal 
receptors, 
and sensitivity 
to changes in magnetic/electrical/ 
gravitational fields. 
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9. 
(U) 
According to observations made by Doctor Montague Ullman (M.D.) 
during a trip to the Soviet bloc countries in the fall of 1970, 
Soviet biocommunications investigations are effectively combining 
the use of modern and sophisticated technology with basic pragmatic 
approaches.. 
This was evident, he states, in their approach to 
long-distance telepathy experiments where the results were analyzed 
in physiological (electroencephalographic data) as well as phycho- 
logical task performance (transmission of data in Morse Code) (85). 
‘Doctor Uliman further observed that the Soviet researchers seemed 
intent on confirming the existénce of a new form of energy, referred 
to as bioplasma, which they maintain is characteristic of life 
processes 
and 
represents. matter in the form of an integrated system 
- 
of elementary charged particles. 
Such energy, through interaction 
with other systems, 
is thought to provide the basis for biocommuni-—- 
cations (86). 
10. (C/NFD) 
The above commentary documents a clear case for 
research in the Soviet Union in parapsychology. 
It is significant 
because of the energy and resources being allotted for this work in 
the Soviet Union and because of its military implications especially 
in mind manipulation and controlled offensive behavior. 
The 
more sinister aspects of paranormal research appear to be surfacing 
in the Soviet Union. 
Why else would Soviet researchers make the 
statement: 
"Tell America that the psychic potential of man must 
be used for good." (75) 
SECTION III - THE APPORT TECHNIQUE 
1. 
(U) 
The following discussion on apports and astral projection 
is not intended to be an endorsement 
for its scientific verification 
or even its existence. 
However, reputable scientists 
in the USSR 
and the US are keenly interested in this phenomenon. 
Areas that 
appear to have potential must be discussed, even if only briefly. 
2. 
(FOUO) 
According to Welk (87), a costly weakness in our 
intelligence system, 
to a large extent, is an inability te use 
effectively the resources 
of the science of parapsychology 
(there 
are some definite indicators that the Soviets realize the potential 
of "psi" which will be reported later in this section). 
Whenever 
parapsychology is mentioned, most people are likely to think of 
ESP. 
However, there are other types of parapsychological phenomena 
which are just as important militarily as ESP. 
Welk claims, 
based on many Soviet sources, 
that the so-called "apport" 
technique is likely to meet valuable intelligence needs. 
When 
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es 
fully developed, 
this technique would make possible the abduction 
of actual objects (including documents) 
in enemy territory and 
a 
oA 
there transfer to friendly territory. 
Objects so abducted are 
known as "apports." 
They could be returned to the point of origin 
without 
the enemy becoming aware of this temporary abduction. 
3, 
(U) 
Some of the world's most eminent scientists 
from the 
late 1800's and early 1900's have claimed to have witnessed apport 
phenomena. 
These include Sir William Crookes 
(1832-1919), British 
chemist and physicist, discoverer of the element thallium and former 
president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 
(88); 
Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913), British naturalist and co- 
discoverer, with Charles Darwin, 
of the theory of evolution 
(89); 
Johann K.F. Zoellner (1834-1882), professor of physical astronomy 
at the University of Leipzig, Germany 
(90). 
4i” 
‘$ 
4. 
(U) 
In the discussion of such an esoteric subject 
as apports, 
it is deemed sufficient 
to relate only one experience claimed to 
have occurred to Sir William Crookes. 
The interested reader can 
consult 
the non-cited bibliography for further references. 
The 
following account 
is taken from pp. 
87 and 88 of reference 
88: 
"Class 
IX. 
The Appearance of Hands, either Self- 
luminous or Visible by Ordinary Light." 
seoece' DL (William Crookes) will. here give no instances 
in which 
the phenomenon has occurred in darkness, but will simply select 
a few of the numerous 
instances 
in which 
I have seen the hands 
in the light. 
. 
OS T 
E 
BEE 
ma 
a 
tT 
CAO 
A 
E AEE EE T ..I have more than once seen, 
first an object move, 
then a luminous 
cloud. appear to form about it, and lastly, 
the 
cloud condense into. shape and become 
a perfectly formed hand.... 
It 
is not always 
a mere form, but sometimes appears perfectly life-like 
and graceful, 
the fingers moving and the flesh apparently as human as 
that of any in the room. 
At the wrist, 
or arm, 
it becomes hazy, 
and fades off into a luminous 
cloud. 
To the touch, 
the hand sometimes 
appears 
icy cold and dead, 
at other times warm and life-like, 
grasping my own with the firm pressure of an old friend. 
I have 
retained 
one 
of these hands 
in my own, 
firmly resolved not 
to. let 
it escape. 
There was no struggle or effort made to get loose, 
but it gradually seemed to resolve itself into vapor and faded 
in that manner from my grasp." 
F 
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5, 
(U) 
It is a known fact that the Soviet Union takes the appearance 
of luminous bodies very seriously as evidenced by the Kirlian 
photography of the human body's aura (91). 
It appears that the 
Soviets may be considering that 
a hand which appears out of nowhere 
and can grasp, "with the firm pressure of an old friend," another 
person may have first-rate military possibilities. 
There has 
been some discussion recently about the prospects of being able to 
control the apport technique 
to a point of sophistication where 
individuals could control these "luminous clouds." 
The individuals 
who have studied these effects 
(real or otherwise) have suggested 
that since these bodies 
can travel unlimited distances and are 
able to pass through solid material 
(walls), they might well be 
used to produce instant death in military and civilian officials. 
It is further conjectured that these bodies could disable military 
equipment or communication nets. 
. 
. 
| 
6. 
(U) 
If one réads the cases and experiments mentioned here, . 
as well as references 
two through nine under PART II of the non-cited 
bibliography, he can make certain deductions.. 
If any of this 
highly questionable material is true then it can be inferred that 
organic matter can be transformed into "ectoplasm,” that this can 
be rendered invisible and impalpable and thus converted into 
. 
e 
something which, 
for all practical purposes, 
amounts to force. 
If organic matter can be converted into such "force-matter," it 
seems 
reasonable to assume that 
a physical object, 
if similarly 
converted, 
could travel through space. 
7. 
(U). 
Two things are certain: 
(1) that parapsychological 
phenomena are due to the little-known faculties of the subconscious 
mind; and (2) that the powers 
of the subconscious mind are vastly 
superior to those of the normal consciousness. 
The fantastic 
memory of the subconscious mind (sometimes referred to as. 
“photographic memory") 
is a well-established fact. 
So is its 
extraordinary mathematical ability, which has baffled trained 
mathematicians no end. 
It seems probable that some of these 
. 
jittle-imderstood faculties of the subconscious mind have some- 
thing to do with its ability to put together again an object 
which it had previously disintegrated, 
and to manipulate the 
forces involved in this process. 
The only way one can learn 
more about these little-understood processes 
is through intensive 
study and experimentation, 
The stakes seem high enough. 
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(U) 
While the process by which matter is converted into 
j 
 "€orce-matter" 
(and vice versa) may not be understood, neverthe- 
ss 
less, one is faced with the possibility that the human mind can 
disintegrate and reintegrate organic matter 
- 
a feat which seems 
far more complex than the disintegration and reintegration of, 
say, a stone, a piece of wood, paper, 
etc. 
Experiments show 
that a human body which has lost about half its weight can be 
reintegrated without loss of normal functions. 
Since this is 
possible, 
it does not seem safe to exclude 
- without further 
investigation 
- the possibility that inorganic matter might undergo 
a similar disintegration and reintegration, 
After all, apport 
phenomena in which physical objects have passed through solid 
walls have been observed and attested to by some of the world's 
most eminent scientists 
as well as by a host of other responsi- 
ble witnesses. 
In view of what the human mind has demonstrated 
it can do with organic matter, 
and in view of the very real Soviet 
- 
threat 
in this sector, 
the science of parapsychology should be 
investigated to its fullest potential, perhaps to the benefit 
of national defense. 
9. 
(U) 
According to Pullman 
(92), Director of the Southeast 
Hypnosis Research Center in Dallas, Texas, before the end of the 
1970s, Soviet diplomats will be able to sit in their foreign 
a 
embassies and use ESP (in this case 
a form of the apport technique) 
to steal the secrets 
of their enemies. 
(See also reference 91, 
p. 216) 
Pullman states that 
a spy would be hypnotized, then 
his invisible "spirit" would be ordered to leave his body, travel 
across barriers of space and time to a foreign government's 
security facility, 
and there read top-secret documents 
and relay 
back their information. 
Such "astral projection" already has 
been accomplished in laboratory settings, Pullman said, adding 
that the Russians 
are probably now trying to perfect 
it. 
Pullman 
further states 
that the Soviets 
are at least 25 years ahead of 
the US in psychic research. 
According to Pullman, the Soviets 
have realized the immense military advantage of the psychic ability 
known 
as astral projection (out-of-the-body travel). In this 
reference, details are given for some of Pullman's work in the 
US with astral projection. 
Other scientists 
and mediums interested 
in this work are professor H.A. 
Cahn of Northem Arizona University 
(92), 
Doctor Charles Tart of the University of Southern California (91,92), 
and Doctor V, Inyushin of Alma-ata 
(91). 
Sybil Leek, noted astrologer 
and author, states, 
"there is great danger that within the next ten 
years 
the Soviets will be able to steal our top secrets by using 
out-of-the-body spies." 
Further reading, although much older, 
can be found in a book by Muldoon and Carrington 
(93). 
Suggested 
background reading on astral projection can be found in an excellent 
article by J. Fraser Nicol in Psychic (94). 
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SECTION IV - ESP AND PSYCHOKINESIS 
1. 
(U) 
The reader by this time has realized that it is very 
difficult to speak of one area of psychic phenomenon without 
overlapping into other areas. 
There really can be no distinct 
separation, 
for example, between apports and certain aspects 
of telepathy; hypnosis also enters into this area. 
In an attempt 
to illustrate the various subjects in parapsychology, however, 
artificial sections were established. 
This is the reason for 
a separate part in apports and ESP. 
Some aspects of hypnosis, 
depending on its ultimate use, 
falls within parapsychology, some 
areas 
into medicine; therefore, hypnosis is presented as a separate 
section outside of this parapsychology discussion. 
2. 
(U) 
Soviet research in ESP was started in the 1920's at 
Leningrad University by V.M. Bekhterev, 
In his early work, 
Bekhterev collaborated with V.L. Durov to investigate the effects 
of mental suggestion on a group of performing dogs (62). 
It was 
believed that telepathic communication depended on electromagnetic 
radiation. 
Doctor L.L. Vasilev (95-97), shown in Illustration 
? 
One, at the Bekhterev Brain Institute set out to identify these 
electromagnetic waves 
that carry telepathy. 
By 1937, Vasilev 
had amassed evidence that known electromagnetic waves do not 
carry telepathy. 
Tests were conducted in electrically shielded 
chambers and over extreme distances denying the passage of electro- 
- 
magnetic fields (98). 
Some of the long range telepathy experiments 
have been published (63,99,100) explaining the various techniques 
employed including classical tests with Zener cards and more 
unique tests with strobe lights and codes. 
Illustration One 
- Professor L.L. 
Vasilev, pioneer Soviet para- 
psychologist considered the father of Soviet 
psychical research. 
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3. 
(U). 
Professor L. Vasilev died in late 1965 or early 1966 
and the: task of continuing telepathy research was taken by Doctor 
I. Kogan. 
Doctor Kogan is chairman of the Bio-Information Section 
of the Popov Radio and Technical Institute in Moscow. 
This individ-. 
ual is still trying to wed telepathy to the electromagnetic spectrum 
(101,102). 
Discussion 
as to the existence of telepathy has been 
, 
bandied about the Soviet Union 
(103) and elsewhere 
(104) for some time. 
For the sake of research the Soviet Union accepts 
the validity 
- 
of ESP even though the argument 
as to the mode of transmission 
continues. 
Professor E.K. Naumov 
(105), Chairman of the Division 
of Technical Parapsychology 
at the A.S. Popov Institute mentioned 
above, conducted long range telepathy tests from Moscow to 
several other cities. 
Illustration Two is a photograph of Naumov 
with associates. 
Illustration Two 
- Sender Y. Kamenshi 
(left), Soviet physicist, and 
receiver K, Nikolaev, 
Soviet actor, with para- 
psychologist Edward K. Naumov (far right). 
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4. 
(U) 
In 1967, the Soviet Maritime News reported, "Cosmonauts, 
when in orbit, seem to be able to communicate telepathically more 
easily with each other than with people on earth. 
A psi (short 
for psychic faculty) training system has been incorporated in 
the cosmonaut training program," but the News provided no further 
details. 
Some informal reports relayed to Ostrander and Schroeder (106) 
indicate that the Soviets are working on psi systems for space 
use, involving not just telepathy, but also precognition. 
— 
5. 
(S/NED) 
Kogan's systematic parapsychology research (102) 
could also be of potential value to the overall Soviet cybernetic 
research and development program. 
Efforts being made to optimize 
sensory inputs in the interest of- controlling the quality of human 
-motor activity are well known, as is the ultimate Soviet goal of 
achieving a perfect cybernetic man. 
It is of interest that both 
conventional psychology and parapsychology programs are headquartered 
in Moscow, although as depicted in the personnel and institute section 
the trend is decentralization, 
is probably no coincidence and supports 
the view that the latter program should not be taken lightly (63). 
6. 
(U) As mentioned above, the Soviets seem preoccupied with 
the search for the energy that carries 
or facilitates telepathy 
transmission. 
Is it electromagnetic or not? 
The search for this 
unknown energy has led the Soviets 
to Kirlian photography; named 
after its inventors Semyon and Valentina Kirlian. 
The Kirlians 
developed a technique of photographing with a high frequency 
electrical field involving a specially constructed high frequency 
spark generator, 
tuned up and down between 75,000 to 200,000 
electrical oscillations per second. 
Their first photographs 
showed turquoise and reddish~yellow patterns of flares coming 
out of specific channels within leaves. 
A magnified picture 
of a finger showed craters of light and flares (Illustration Three). 
By the 1960s research on bioluminescence revealed by Kirlian photog- 
raphy was going on in many Soviet universities. 
Perfected techniques 
of photographing the play of high-frequency currents 
on humans, 
plants and animals, 
as well as on inaminate matter have set the 
Soviets 
on some striking discoveries about the energetical nature 
of man. 
"“Bio-plasma"’ is a term coined by the Soviets for bio- 
luminescent phenomenon or energy. 
Scientists 
at the Kazakh State 
University at Alma-ata have found that illnesses tend to show up 
in advance as 
a disordered play of flares from the "bio-plasma” 
long before they manifest 
in the physical body. 
According to 
Ostrander and Schroeder, 
the Soviets may be attempting to link 
Kirlian photographv with computers, 
among other things, 
to 
instantly analyze the spectra of colors appearing in the vari-colored 
flares from the living body. 
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Illustration ‘rrce. 
paolosvapa displays flares of energy from 
fingers 
of 
ch 
aad fice nand of an individual by Kirlian 
; photog rapiy 
photograna snows 
the fingers 
of three different 
people 
ai 
f 
"of each remains intact, yet 
interpleys 
in leng thread dice divers in the open area bétween them. 
oc 
one 
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7. 
(C) 
It is believed that if there is any positive basis for 
Kirlian photography and the “bio-Plasma" body of humans, the 
Soviets may be closer than is thought on the controlled use of 
the. apport techniques and possible astral projection phenomenon. 
8. 
(U) 
Doctor A. Podshibyakin, an electrophysiologist at the 
Institute of Clinical Physiology in Kiev, has found that by charting | 
acupuncture points 
a correlation exists between the “bio-plasma" 
and changes on the surface of the sun. 
At the exact moment solar 
flares (sun spots) occur, there are changes in the electrical 
potential of the skin's acupuncture points. 
These electrical 
charges are measured by a tobiscope (probably a simple wheatstone 
bridge device). 
In some way, the "bjio-plasma" of the body is 
sensitive to these solar explosions the instant they occur even 
though it takes about two days for the cosmic particles to reach 
the earth. 
9. 
(U) 
The most significant use of Kirlian photography is in the 
area of psychokinesis or mind over matter (PK). 
Doctor Genady 
Sergeyev (75) of the A.A. Uktomskii Military Institute in Leningrad 
believes Kirlian photography may uncover the mechanism of PK. 
Sergeyev is a prominent mathematician for the Soviet military 
who works closely with an electrophysiologist from the University 
of Leningrad, Doctor L. Pavlova. 
Sergeyev has devised important 
mathematical and statistical methods for analyzing the EEG (107) 
which allowed parapsychologists to follow and depict. the actions 
of telepathy in the brain (108). 
The type of work reported by 
Sergeyev in 1967 and 1968 is just now beginning to appear in the 
US efforts 
to understand the transmission of telepathy (109,110). 
Sergeyev has conducted several years of intensive lab research 
on the outstanding PK psychic in Leningrad, Nina Kulzgina 
(pseudonym Nelya Mikhailova). 
Illustration Four is a photograph of 
Doctor G. Sergeyev and Illustration Five is a photograph of 
Mrs. Kulagina. 
Sergeyev registered heightened biological lumi- 
nescence radiating from Kulagina's eyes during the apparent movement 
of objects by PK. 
Sergeyev postulates that the “bio-plasma"™ of 
the human body rust interact with the environment to produce PK. 
Sergeyev emphasizes when target objects are placed in a vacuum, 
li 
Kulagina is unable to move them. 
Barcus 
(111) in the Uníted 
States reports some unusual occurrences during psychic photography 
especially of the eyes. 
Reportedly, Kulagina has caused the 
movement of a wide range of non-magnetic objects: 
(under strict 
— 
| 
scientific control) large crystal bowls, clock pendulums, bread, 
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- 
matches, etc. 
In one test, 
a raw egg was placed in a salt solution 
inside a sealed aquarium six feet away from her. 
Researchers 
report. she was able to'use PK to separate the yoke from the white 
of the egg. 
Observations by Wester scientists of Mrs. Kulagina's 
PK ability has been reported with verification of her authentic 
ability (112,113). 
These same Western scientists have reported 
that as of February 1971, they have not been able to visit or 
observe Mrs. Kulagina. 
A veil of secrecy has been placed on 
| 
Sergeyev and Mrs. Kulagina for unknown reasons. 
_10. 
(U) 
Rather than simply observing PK, the Soviets typically 
‘turned to instrumentation. 
Mrs. Kulagina was subjected to a 
number of physiological electronic measuring devices and tested 
for important body functions during her PK demonstrations. 
The 
Soviets found that at the moment 
an object begins to move, 
all 
of Mrs. Kulagina's body processes speed up drastically 
-~ heart, 
breathing, brain activity 
- and the electromagnetic fields around 
her body. all begin to pulse in rhythm. 
Soviet researchers 
postulate that it was these rhythmic "vibrations" that cause 
objects to be attracted or repelled to her. 
Illustration Six 
shows a photographic sequence of Kulagina's PK ability. 
Š 
11. 
(C/NFD) 
Scientists report 
(113) that Kulagina has been able 
f 
to stop the beating of a frog's heart in solution and to re-activate 
| 
~ 
it! 
This is perhaps the most significant PK test done and its 
military implications in controlled offensive behavior, 
if true, 
are extremely important. 
12. 
(U) 
Space does not permit 
a discussion on other important 
_parapsychological phenomena such as eyeless sight (75,114~129), 
which appeared to be more of a fad than anything else. 
However 
since the mid 1960s, 
the "eyeless sight" fad has subsided and 
serious research has proceeded quietly at the State Pedagogical 
Institute in Sverdlovsk, 
off bounds 
to foreigners 
(75). 
Space 
in. this report does not permit 
a discussion of psychotronic genera- 
tors, devices which are reported to be able to store human bio-plasmic 
` 
forces 
for later use 
(75). 
For further reading on ESP, see the 
non~cited bibliography; 
Section V, numbers 12-30. 
NO FOREIGN DISSEMINATION 
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of G.A. Sergeyev, prominent 
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who reportedly 
moves objects by 
i 
sheer will (PK). 
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Illustration Six - This series 
of photos shows Nina Kulagina moving 
a metallic cigar tube by PK. 
Scale in background 
is in centimeters. 
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SECTION V 7 SUMMARY AND. MILITARY IMPLICATIONS 
1. 
(U) 
The following discussion is based on a report by 
Ostrander and Schroeder (75). 
The authors ask the question, 
"Is ESP a weapon of war?” 
All research on ESP in the USSR is 
funded by the government. 
The authors claim that their sources. 
indicate that psi research with military potential is well-financed 
by the Soviet Army, KGB, and other paramilitary agencies. 
Soviet 
scientists doing psi research in nonmilitary areas often have 
trouble obtaining funds. 
Doctor Milan Ryz] (131) reports that secret 
psi research associated with state security and defense is going 
on in the USSR. 
Communist state authorities, 
the military and 
the KGB display an unusual, disproportionate interest in para- 
psychology. 
The Soviets are attempting to apply ESP to both 
police and military use 
(See appendix VI for biographic data 
on Ryzl). According to Ryzl, some years ago a project was begun 
in the USSR to apply telepathy 
to indoctrinate and re-educate 
antisocial elements. 
It was hoped that suggestion at a distance 
could induce individuals, without their being aware of it, to adopt 
the officially desired political and social attitudes. 
Research 
in this field of endeavor will hopefully become clearer in the section 
on hypnosis later in this report. 
Reports of psi research in Soviet 
submarines help confirm military involvement in parapsychology. 
According to Stone (74), there is clandestine psi research going on at 
the Pavlov Institute of Higher Nervous Activity in Moscow, 
the 
. 
Durov Institute, 
and certain areas in Sibera. 
Obviously, telepathy 
and clairvoyance would make ideal additions to a spy arsenal and 
such undercover groups 
are constantly said to be supporting ESP 
research in the USSR. 
"One conclusion seems justified," says 
Doctor Ryzl (130). 
"Parapsychology in Communist countries and 
especially the USSR occupies a strong position. 
We can expect 
it to be developed with determination." 
According to Ostrander 
and Schroeder, the USSR is ahead of the US in certain areas of 
technical psi research. 
The authors report that the USSR is 
; 
ahead of the US in discoveries about the physical essence of the 
| 
human being and how psi functions in and through us. 
They are 
ahead of the US in uncovering the basic energy behind psi. 
They 
are ahead of the US in attempts 
to control factors like the influence 
of magnetic weather on psi tests. 
They appear to be ahead of the 
[| 
US in seeking out and creating conditions 
that unlock the psi 
potential present in every human being. 
2. 
(U) 
In summary, what is the strategic threat posed by the 
current "explosion" in Soviet parapsychological research? 
Soviet 
efforts in the field of psi research, sooner or later, might 
enable them to do some of the following: 
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a. 
Know the contents of top secret US documents, the movements 
of our troops and ships and the location and nature of our military 
installations. 
b. 
Mold the thoughts of key US military and civilian leaders, 
at a distance. 
ec. 
Cause the instant death of any US official, 
at a distance, 
d. 
Disable, 
at a distance, US military equipment of all types 
including space craft. 
3. 
(U) 
It is generally conceded that the above four areas 
sound like science fiction, however, 
the literature appears to 
support 
(b) as being the most possible use of psi phenomena 
during the time frame of this study. Again from Ostrander and 
Schroeder who cite Oliver Caldwell, 
an expert on Soviet affairs 
and past-acting commissioner for Intemational Education in HEW, 
| 
as follows: 
"I am amazed at the skepticism and sometimes hostility 
which I encounter when I try to tell Americans about 
some of the experimentation which is taking place in 
the USSR in parapsychology and related fields. 
I find 
this strange because there is available documentation 
in translation which substantiates most of the things 
I saw ín the USSR, 
I am really disturbed, because if 
the United States does not make a serious effort 
to 
move forward on this new frontier, 
in another ten 
years it may be too late." 
: 
4. 
(U) 
In closing this section on parapsychology 
a quote from 
astronaut Edgar D. Mitchell, Jr. 
is appropriate 
(131). 
"Extrasensory perception is not 
a matter of belief. 
There is a great deal of serious scientific work 
being done in it, and it has been established over 
the last thirty years that it is a matter of proba- 
bility, and the probabilities have been established 
beyond chance. 
I think it is an important work. 
I 
happen to be curious about it, and thus have been pur- 
suing it for many years. 
This happened to be an 
opportunity (Apollo 14 lunar mission) 
to do another 
little step 
- 
a piece in the scientific puzzle of 
what man's all about." 
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PART TII 
"MENTAL SUGGESTION AND CONTROLLED BEHAVIOR 
SECTION I - HYPNOSIS 
“PART A ~ The Use of Hypnosis in Medicine 
- USSR 
1. 
(UV) 
In the latter half of the nineteenth century, many French 
and German researchers began to use hypnosis as a therapeutic aid 
and to study the way in which it worked. 
In the Soviet Union, 
pioneer work in hypnosis was undertaken by V. Danilyevski, A. Tokarski, 
and V. Bekhterev (see Part II, Section IV). 
2. 
(wv) 
V. Danilyevski discovered that the major characteristics 
shown by man in a state of hypnosis, such as lower sensitivity, 
“wax-like' flexibility 
of muscles and joints, and suppressed 
movements, were also typical of animals in a similar state. 
This 
led him to assert that hypnosis 
in man was identical in nature 
to hypnosis in animals. 
A. Tokarski proved that hypnosis and 
suggestion, like other psychical phenomena were determined entirely 
by the influence of the environment 
on man. 
He wholeheartedly 
supported the view that hypnosis was an effective treatment for 
a wide variety of disorders. 
V. Bekhterev applied hypnosis widely 
for treatment. 
He maintained that verbal suggestion played a 
big role in developing 
a state of hypnotic sleep; physical stimuli 
merely facilitated the achievement 
of this state. 
I. Pavlov advanced 
a scientifically 
based theory of the nature of hypnosis and its 
potential use as:a method of treatment. 
In 1935 he described 
| 
hypnosis as "the standard method in the physiological struggle 
against the pathogenic agent." 
Pavlov's school gave experimental 
. 
Support 
to the view that hypnosis was 
a specific variety of sleep, 
long before that view had been arrived at emptrically.” 
This 
view had already been advanced in the last century by most doctors 
and scientists who were concerned with the theory of hypnosis 
and its application to therapeutic practice. 
On the basis of 
experiments on animals and later on humans, 
the phasic suppression 
theory developed into a firm physiological foundation for wunder- 
Standing hypnosis and suggestion and the way in which they work. 
The theory held that hypnotic sleep is a transitional stage between 
wakefulness and sleep and that there is an active "watch" point 
in the cerebral cortex of both hemispheres 
(rapport). 
3. 
(U) 
The three generally recognized stages of hypnosis are 
sleepiness, hypotaxia, and sommambulism or, respectively, light, 
medium and deep hypnosis. 
At the first stage of hypnosis, the 
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The psychotherapist will achieve results depending on 
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par 
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a 
- unconditioned responses in most cases hardly differ from the 
responses 
in wakefulness. 
At the second stage, altered uncon- 
a 
ditioned vascular responses begin to prevail over normal vascular 
responses 
to stimulation, 
and thus give evidence of hypnotic 
phases in the cortex of both hemispheres. 
The suppression process 
is most obvious with regard to extent and intensity at the third 
stage, the deep stage of hypnosis known as somnambulism. 
Since 
there is no vascular response to most of the unconditioned stimuli, . 
this means 
that complete suppression prevails. 
The rare unconditioned 
vascular reflexes are of small magnitude, 
are extended in time and 
are characterized by a prolonged latent period. 
4... (U) 
Soviet psychotherapists believe that hypnosis is one of 
the leading methods 
for the treatment of mental disorders. 
The 
Soviets concentrate on the "word" as an adequate stimulus for the 
| 
development 
of the hypnotic state. 
The tremendous role played 
by the emotional message carried by the word should not be over- 
the emotional content of the entire system 
of contact with the 
patient. 
The greater the emotional content the better the results. 
only the meaning of what he is trying to achieve through suggestion, 
but also the emotional content of his work, his contact with the 
patient, his confidence 
in his own abilities, 
and the effectiveness 
of psychotherapeutic treatment 
in general. 
5. 
(U) 
The Soviets believe that the hypnotic state offers the 
| 
researcher the means 
of penetrating into the physiological fundamentals | 
of human thought and behavior. 
The Russians conceive of no other 
state (hypnosis) which would enable the scientist to simplify 
human thought by splitting it into its component parts thus permitting 
him to get to the root of this most complex of nature's phenomena, 
to control and subordinate 
it for purposes 
of research. 
K. Platonov, 
the patriarch of Soviet psychotherapists said (132): 
"I still 
maintain that hypnotherapy is the main stem of psychotherapy. 
Hypnotherapy helps 
us understand better the mechanisms of all 
other forms of psychotherapy and, therefore, 
to master them better." 
6. 
(U) 
The Soviets stress the use of hypnosis in patients 
suffering from disorders 
of the gastrointestinal tract especially 
if neurotic symptoms accompany such disorders. 
They further stress 
the use of hypnotherapy in surgical cases 
thus providing for a decrease 
in anesthetic and drug usage. 
Hypnosis is also being studied for its 
effectiveness 
in treating alcohol addiction. 
At first they approached 
this problem with the idea of developing an emotionally negative 
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nauseous reflex to the taste and smell of alcoholic drinks; this 
method was later abandoned for. lack of positive results. 
The method 
now employed is to instill in the patient the view that excessive 
- 
drinking will inevitably lead to physical and mental destruction. 
The Soviets seek to change the patient's mental outlook on alcohol | 
and to convince them that drinking is impermissible for moral and 
ethical reasons. 
In other words, mental manipulation or behavior 
alteration. 
PART B - Hypnosis and Controlled Behavior 
1. 
(U) 
The possible military uses of hypnotism has many rather 
bizarre applications. 
Although there is no concrete proof that 
. hypnosis will play an important role in controlling behavior 
in military situations, some uses will be mentioned. 
Biderman and 
Zimmer (133) discuss hypnosis and other pessthie alternatives 
for 
defense against brainwashing. 
2. 
(U) 
The following discussion is based on a report by Estabrooks 
(134). 
According to the author, the facts and ideas presented 
are, so to speak, too true to be good, but no psychologist of 
standing would deny the validity cf the basic ideas involved. 
Of interest 
to this discussion are some of the more unfamiliar 
facets of hypnotism which make it of use in warfare. 
If hypno- 
tism can be used to advantage, we can rest assured that it will 
be so employed. 
3, 
(U) 
One in every five adult humans can be placed into the 
hypnotic state 
~- somnambulism 
- of which they will have no memory 
whatsoever when they awaken. 
From the military viewpoint there 
are 
a few facts which are of great interest. 
Can this prospective 
subject be hypnotized against his will? 
Obviously no POW will 
be cooperative if he knows that the hypnotist is looking for 
military information, nor will any ordinary citizen if he suspects 
that the operator will use him to blow up a munitions plant. 
The 
answer to this vital question is yes though hypnotists prefer 
to say "without his consent" instead of "against his will." 
There 
are disguised techniques available 
for hypnotizing an unsuspecting 
or unwilling subject. 
The Soviets believe that telepathy may be 
one such method. 
4. 
(U) 
Multiple personality can be caused by hypnotism. 
One 
could deliberately set up a condition 
of multiple personality 
to further the ends of military intelligence and in the develop- 
ment of the "super spy." 
In his normal waking state which is called 
Personality A, or PA, this individual will become a rabid communist. 
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He will join the party, follow the party line and make himself as 
‘objectionable as possible to the authorities. 
Note that he will 
be acting in good faith. 
He is a communist, 
or rather his PA 
is a communist and will behave as such. 
Then develop Personality B 
(PB), the secondary personality, the unconscious personality. 
This personality is rabidly American and anti- -communist. 
It has 
all the information possessed by PA, the normal personality, whereas 
PA does not have this advantage. 
The proper training of a person 
© for this role would be long and tedious, but once he was trained, 
one would have a super spy compared to any creation in a mystery 
“story. 
The super spy plays his role as 
a communist in his waking 
‘state, aggressively, 
consistently, 
fearlessly. 
But his PB is a 
loyal American, and PB has all the memories of PA. 
As a loyal 
American, he will not hesitate to divulge those memories, but be 
-sure he has the opportunity 
to do so when occasion demands. 
Here 
‘the activities of their "friends, 
being obtained in the trance state. 
They would also be very useful 
is how this technique would work. 
Let us choose the Cubans 
as 
examples. 
One could easily secure, say, one hundred excellent 
hypnotic subjects of Cuban stock, living in. the United States, who 
spoke their language fluently, 
and then work on these subjects. 
In hypnotism one would build up their loyalty to our country; but 
out of hypnotism, 
in the "waking" or normal state, one would do 
the opposite, striving to convince them that they had a genuine 
grievance against this country and encouraging them to engage in 
“fifth column activities. 
So one builds up a case of dual ‘personality. 
They would be urged in the waking state to become fifth columnist 
enemies 
to the United States, but also point out to them in hypnotism 
that this was really a pose, that their real loyalty lay with 
this country, offering them protection and reward for their 
activities. 
Through them one would hope to be kept inforned of 
" this information, 
of course, 
as "plants" in concentration camps or in any other situations 
where 
it was suspected their services might be of use to our 
intelligence department. 
Once again these people would have a 
great advantage over ordinary "informers." 
Convinced of their 
own innocence, they would play the fifth column role with the 
utmost sincerity. 
This conviction of innocence would probably 
be their greatest protection. 
Again, 
if suspected, no one could 
obtain from them any useful information. 
Only a very few key 
people could throw them into the trance and, without this, 
any 
attempt to get information would be useless. 
There are some 
difficulties that would be encountered 
in building up an organi- 
zation of such personnel. 
Hardly one somnambulist 
in ten or even 
a hundred. according to Estabrooks would be suitable for such spy 
work; 
and the determining of this suitability would be a difficult 
task. 
But, Estabrooks reports, 
it could be done, 
and once accom- 
eres would repay amply for all the trouble. 
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5. 
(U). 
The possibility of creating assassins through hypnotic 
techniques on POWs exists. 
As was pointed out above, the subject 
does not need to be willing to enter into such a condition. 
Once 
the captive has been placed in a suitable hypnotic state then 
one need only to establish the post-hypnotic suggestion or plan 
for the assassination. 
After the prisoner is released and returned 
to his organization, he will carry out his assignment through his — 
unconscious state, while appearing~pertectly rehabilitated in his 
wakeful state. 
The main problem in the assassin plan is in the 
area of post-hypnotic reinforcement. 
There have been some ideas 
mentioned that suggest one needs to establish the reinforcement 
pattern during initial hypnosis; some object that will reinforce 
his goal whenever he looks at it, hears a certain sound, etc. 
The real problem for the friendly forces is the detection of 
these mentally altered individuals. 
At the present time there 
is no fool proof method of detection. 
There is no test by which 
one can discover these agents. 
Blood pressure, heart rate, electro- 
encephalograph, psychogalvanic reflex, all these devices which 
one can use to detect the most subtle bodily changes are worthless. 
for there are no bodily changes. 
Drugs, at least for the present, 
appear to be of no value. 
Further, there are certain safeguards 
that the hypnotic method provides for the enemy. 
Most important 
is the conviction of innocence which the man himself has. 
He 
would never "act guilty" and if ever accused of seeking information 
would act quite honestly indignant, 
the conviction of innocence 
on the part of the agent is perhaps his greatest safeguard under 
questioning by our authorities. 
The Soviets are aware of the 
above mentioned possibilities and appear to be using certain aspects 
of psi research in order to manipulate an individuals mental 
behavior toward these activities. 
PART C — Artificial Reincarnation Through Hypnosis 
1. 
(U) 
Vladimir L. Raikov, M.D., a Soviet psychiatrist, has 
claimed that hypnotic phenomenon can be utilized for what he claims 
to be “artificial reincarnations." 
For example, Raikov claims 
that it is possible to hypnotically suggest to a girl who studies 
violin that she is the virtuoso violinist Fritz Kreisler. 
It 
is interesting to note, says Raikov, that her manner of playing 
at this time is reminescent 
to that of Kreisler. 
If so desired, 
it is also possible to create this capacity in an awake state. 
Raikov has converted persons who have no desire to paint, invent 
complex machines, 
or to play music into masters through hypnosis. 
Raikov reports that he is able to evoke this mental alteration 
only. when the subject is in an exceedingly deep trance which is 
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a new form of an active trance. 
Existence in a.state of hypnosis 
and simultaneous perception of individual moments of reality is 
usually characteristic of light, superficial hypnosis, however, 
as mentioned above, Raikov claims that he uses deep hypnosis. 
As opposed to normal hypnosis, 
the new found talents of Raikov's 
subjects retain in part of their conscious equipment the ability 
gained by this technique. 
Raikov explains, "The student is thinking, 
forming relationships 
and judgments, acquiring his own experience. 
during reincarnation. 
Consequently the creative Porentrat he 
develops, draws out, becomes his own." 
(75) 
2. 
(U) 
Raikov has ere the EEG to prove his supposition that 
the trance 
of reincarnation is a new phenomenon. 
The usual passive. 
trance of deep hypnosis shows via the EEG alpha rest rhythm. 
In 
| 
reincarnation the alpha disappears completely and the EEG shows 
a pattern like that normally recorded in high wakefulness 
(135). 
Reincarnation appears 
to be the antithesis of sleep. 
3. 
(U) 
Raikov has worked closely with V. Adamenko, 
a physicist 
. 
who reportedly has invented the CCAP (Conductivity of the Channels 
| 
| 
of Acupuncture Points) device, 
This machine, 
it is claimed, registers 
energy flow in the body using as check points for its sleerredes 
the acupuncture points of traditional Chinese medicine. 
Adamenko 
reportedly detects changes in body energy caused by alterations 
of consciousness 
and varying emotional states. 
With subjects 
attached to the CCAP, Raikov put them through various forms of 
hypnosis.. 
At the end of many sessions 
the graphs from the CCAP 
were checked by Raikov and Adamenko. 
They claim to have found a 
pronounced difference between the different forms of hypnosis. 
They now claim to be able to chart objectively the physical activity 
of the mind in states of somnambulism and various levels of hypnosis. 
They report that these states are _very hard to measure by any 
other method. 
Apparently there is even more activity. in the 
mind during reincarnation than there is when 
a person is wide 
awake. 
This corroborates 
the EEG findings that reincarnation 
is a state of "super wakefulness" 
and that it is a very different 
animal from regular, passive hypnosis, 
according to Raikov. 
4. 
(U) 
Raikov's methods 
are thought to have great possibilities 
for treating ailments such as alcoholism and certain neuroses. 
His experiments 
are the SubIece of a film "Seven Steps Beyond the 
-Horizon." 
(136) 
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5. 
(0) 
Where the Soviets are going 
to go with Raikov's work is 
open to conjecture. 
There is some indication that the Soviets 
believe that Raikov's work and the CCAP device may unlock many 
of the mysteries behind ESP and other psi phenomena. 
If any 
of the above is true, this work may be a new way of looking inside 
and catching the subtle interplay between thought and body, psyche 
and soma. 
‘The CCAP device may have a much wider use than charting 
the mental states of reincarnated artists. 
-PART D - Telepathic Hypnosis 
1. 
(U) 
According to Ostrander and Schroeder (75), the ability 
to put people to sleep and wake them up telepathically from a 
distance of a few yards to over a thousand miles became the most 
thoroughly tested and perfected contribution of the Soviets to 
international parapsychology. 
It is reported that the ability 
to control a person's consciousness with telepathy is being further 
studied and tested in laboratories in Leningrad and Moscow. 
The 
work was started in the early 1920s but was not publicized until 
the early 1960s. 
The work was begun by K.O. Kotkov, a psychologist 
from Kharkov University, in 1924, 
Kotkov could telepathically 
obliterate an experimental subject's consciousness from short 
— 
distances or from the opposite side of town. 
The work was documented 
by Vasilev (62) who conducted research of his own but could not 
reveal it under Stalin's regime. 
The réality of telepathic sleep- 
wake, backed by columns of data, might be the most astonishing 
part of Vasilev's experiments in mental suggestion. 
See reference 
62, pages 
75 through 88. 
2. 
(U) 
Parapsychologists in Leningrad and Moscow are involved 
in the telepathic manipulation of consciousness, now recording 
successes with the EEG. 
Doctor V. Raikov (see PART C of this 
section) 
is involved in this EEG research as well as 
E. Naumov. 
Naumov reports thet mental telepathy woke up a hypnotized subject 
(by telepathy) six of eight times. 
-Naumov remarked that 
as. soon 
as the telepathic "wake up" is sent, trance becomes less and 
less deep, full consciousness returning in twenty to thirty 
seconds 
(137). 
In the Leningrad laboratory of Doctor Paul Gulyaiev 
(Bekhterev Brain Institute), 
friends 
of subjects have been trained 
to put them to sleep telepathically (138). 
3. 
(U) 
Why are the Soviets again hard at work on the telepathic 
control of consciousness? 
Doctor I. Kogan, 
like Vasilev, is 
probably doing it for theoretical reasons; still trying mathe- 
matically to prove that an electromagnetic carrier of telepathy 
is possible. 
Why other scientists may be delving into control 
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of consciousness by ESP is another question. 
During telepathic 
` sleep is an individual simply dreaming his own private dreams ` 
or does someone else hold sway? 
The current Soviets have not 
divulged the psychological details about their telepathic manipu- 
lation of consciousness. 
Vasilev describes some revelations in 
his book (62) but little else has been reported. 
Doctor Stefan 
Manezarski of Poland predicts that this new field of telepathy 
will open up new avenues 
for spreading propaganda. 
He feels 
that the electromagnetic theory is valid and believes, therefore, 
that telepathy can be amplified like radio waves. 
Telepathy would 
then become a subtle new modus for the "influencers" of the world 
(139). 
Doctor Manczerski's wave ideas 
are still very debatable, 
but what about telepathy someday becoming a tool for influencing 
people? 
4, 
(U) 
Hypnotizing someone telepathically probably comes over 
as a more eerie, mystifying, 
almost diabolical act in the US 
than it does in the Soviet Union. 
The US is really just becoming 
adjusted to some of the aspects of hypnotism. 
Since the turn of 
‘the century, the Soviets have been exploring and perfecting the 
various advantages that hypnotism provides. 
In the Soviet Union, 
“ hypnotism is a common tool like X-rays, used in medicine, pay chetherapy:s 
physiology, psychology, and experimental pedagogy. 
5..-(U) 
The Soviets have been reportedly working on the effects 
of drugs used in combination with psychic tests. 
Vasilev used 
méscarine in the early days and more recently M.S. Smirnov, of 
the Laboratory of Vision, Institute of Problems of Information 
Transmission of the USSR Acalemy of Science, has been obtaining 
psychic success with psilocybin (140). 
ise 
6. 
(U) 
The tests 
that Vasilev had perfected may have a more 
. 
interesting future 
in them than the developer had imagined. 
Manipu- 
lating someone else's consciousness with telepathy, 
guiding him 
in trance.....colorful 
uses. 
are too easy to conjure. 
The ability 
to focus 
a mental whammy on an enemy through hypnotic telepathy 
has surely occurred 
to the Soviets. 
In espionage, 
one could 
telepathically hypnotize 
an individual with the post-hypnotic 
suggestion to steal classified documents 
or detonate important 
military equipment. 
The mission is accomplished and the individ- 
ual does not even know that he has done anything. 
Ryz2l (see 
appendix VI) stated in Psychic (141), "The bulk of recent telepathy 
research in the USSR is concerned with the transmission of behavior 
impulses 
- or research to subliminally control an individual's 
conduct." 
Visiting Soviet psi labs in 1967, Doctor Ryzl says 
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he was told by a Soviet, "When suitable means of propaganda 
are cleverly used, 
it is possible to mold any man 's conscience 
so that in the end he may misuse his abilities while remaining 
convinced that he is serving an honest purpose." (140) 
Ryzl 
continues, 
"The USSR has the means to keep the results of such 
research secret from the rest of the world and, as practical 
applications of these results become possible, there is no doubt 
that the Soviet Union will do so." 
What will ESP be used for? 
"To make money, and as a weapon," Ryzl states flatly. 
SECTION II ~ CONDITIONING THROUGH SUGGESTION 
PART A — Hypnopedia 
1. 
(U) 
The subject of hypnopedia or sleep-learning has been. 
openly discussed in the Soviet literature for the past decade 
(142-161). 
One of the most thorough Soviet reports has been 
prepared by Bliznichenko 
(162) in 1966. 
Dodge and Lamont. 
(163) 
have published a report that covers’ the field of hypnopedia in 
the Soviet Union through 1968. 
Further elucidation of this subject 
in this report, with the exception of a discussion of possible 
trends 
in this area since 1969, is believed to be redundant and 
unnecessary. 
ae 
2. 
(U) 
The last decade of Soviet hypnopedia research has led 
them into new concepts of n2mory improvement. 
It is believed 
‘that areas such as subliminal perception and subconscious leaming 
with hypnosis were borne from the basic research involved in 
hypnopedia training. 
The most recent indication of new Soviet 
interest in utilizing the subconscious 
as 
a reserve 
for the retention 
of facts is a booklet written by L.I. Kuproyanovich 
(164). 
This 
book describes 
the equipment and technical means used for improving 
memory as well as the prospective uses 
of cybernetics for memory 
retention. 
One of the more interesting features of this book 
is a discussion on subliminal acquisition of facts. 
This 
is an 
area of concern when one is speaking of conditioned behavior or 
mental alteration. 
It is also an area seldom discussed in open 
Soviet literature. 
PART B of this section will briefly discuss 
some Soviet work in subliminal perception and possible uses for 
this technique. 
3.. 
(U) 
The following discussion on memory and hypnopedia is based 
on Kuproyanovich's report. 
‘The author states that the subconscious 
is one of the unused reserves 
for the retention of facts. 
Memory 
operation on the subconscious level takes place without our realizing 
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it, and a man - without noticing it - has better retention or proceeds © 
f 
to a solution of a complex problem even when he does not specifically 
- 
si 
think of it, such as when he is out for a stroll. 
And, although 
information processing on the subconscious level is widely separated 
from the process 
that takes place in the conscious state, 
the 
transfer 
from the subconscious to the conscious is carried out 
instantaneously. 
This is why a solution or ‘recollection occurs 
unexpectedly after the memory operates on the subconscious level. 
There is one other interesting property that is characteristic of 
the subconscious: 
the simultaneous processing of several parallel 
streams of information. 
This fact is extremely important, because 
when it occurs, 
there is a wider circle of associations and analogies 
that can become the stimuli and sources of new, unexpected recollec- 
tions and decisions. 
And, finally, 
the subconscious operation of 
memory is more subject to the influence of emotions and feelings. 
Hypnopedia with automatic tracking (biological feedback as with 
the use of an electroencephalogram), 
in which 
- with the aid of 
the brains biocurrents 
- information transmission is carried out 
at the most favorable moment 
for retention and the sleep level 
. is regulated by the biocurrents, 
is, in the opinion of the author 
more promising than the generally accepted methods of sleep learning. 
Experiments in instructing while in a semisleep state artifically 
induced in the daytime show good results. 
These methods have 
begun to be used both in the USSR and in non-US countries (Bulgaria, 
| 
l 
$ 
for example). 
Before each training session, 
a suggestion is 
received from the tape recorder that puts the student into a semi- 
‘sleeping state. 
After this, 
as 
in hypnopedia sessions, 
the information 
to be retained is given. 
The new method is as effective 
as hypnopedia, 
insofar 
as the quantity of information retained is concemed, but 
has the advantageous difference that it can be used in the daytime. 
4, 
(U) 
Hypnosis 
is an effective means for improving perception 
and retention of information. 
However, hypnosis 
can be used only 
by. people with medical training, 
and under certain conditions. 
The use of equipment that automatically induces and regulates 
hypnosis has made the problem of using it somewhat simpler. 
The 
most advantageous 
use of it will be made by an automatic device 
for hypnosis during the simultaneous instruction of a large number 
of students 
in hypnotic training classes specially created for 
this purpose. 
Some institutes 
in Japan and the United States 
are already instructing students under hypnosis according to 
Kuproyanovich. 
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5. 
(U) 
The important feature of Soviet hypnopedia research is 
believed to be the conclusions that the Soviets are now arriving 
at in cegards to the manipulation of the subconscious area of 
the brain. 
Much of the early work that is described by Dodge 
and Lamont 
(163) provide the foundation for a much broader under- 
standing of the various methods available for conditioning the 
human mind. 
Hypnopedia research has produced an interest in 
the Soviet Union for the use of the psychology of memory and the 
subconscious in order to create conditions and functional states 
for improving memory operation. 
The areas that grew out of basic 
hypnopedic research include hypnosis, autogenic training and 
| 
subliminal perception. 
It is believed that these newer areas 
of endeavor bear more scrutiny than the more mundane area of 
hypnopedia. 
, 
PART B — Subliminal. Perception 
1. 
(U) 
The use of subliminal perception in the advertising 
industry gained some notoriety in 1958 when an article appeared 
in the New York Times uncovering the technique developed by the 
New York firm known as the Subliminal Projection Company, Inc (165). 
Subliminal perception is a psychological belief that persons 
can 
be stimulated below 
(sub) the threshold (limen) of consciousness. 
Another interpretation, more commonly used, is that persons can 
supposedly be stimulated without being aware of it. 
-Hypnopedia, 
for example, might be considered a form of subliminal perception. 
2. 
(U) 
In the late 1950s there was much debate as to the moral 
and ethical use of subliminal advertising. 
There was in the US 
a strong moral repugnance to the use of subliminal perception 
in TV advertising. 
The furor raised by the public and the press 
concluded when the Federal Communications Commission entered the 
picture in 1957. 
An excellent overview on the subject of subliminal 
stimulation was prepared by McConnell et al in 1958 (166). 
The 
authors attempt 
to clarify the issues surrounding the application 
of subliminal perception. 
The article examines the levels of 
behavior that may be influenced by subliminal stimulation as well 
as the ethical questions that naturally arise. 
The article contains 
an extensive bibliography. 
3. 
(U) 
The distinction between subliminal and supraliminal 
perception cannot always be clearly made. 
Because of the statis- 
\ 
tical nature of thresholds, 
it is possible that many subjects 
may receive some cues 
from stimuli even though they are supposedly 
below threshold. 
Also, what may for one person, 
at a particular 
t 
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‘time with a particular stimulus, be below threshold may for another 
‘person, or the same person in another situation, be above threshold. 
Insofar as subliminality 
is crucial for motivational or security 
reasons, 
stimuli of such low intensity may be required that little 
effect could be obtained. 
As one review of literature in this 
area concluded: 
"There does not appear to be substantial evidence 
for subception (subliminal perception) 
as a distinct phenomenon." (167) 
Another review of literature in this area (168) concluded that 
most effects that suggest discrimination without awareness 
can be 
attributed 
to imperfections in measurement techniques or other 
shortcomings 
of experimental methodology and cannot be clearly 
demonstrated to be related to perceptual variables. 
Other research 
in the communications 
field suggests that research on reactions 
to propaganda might more profitably focus upon other factors than 
upon intensity of stimulation. 
i 
4, 
(U) 
There is strong moral repugnance to the use of subliminal 
perception in propaganda. 
This was made evident 
a few years ago 
when some efforts were made (169) 
to introduce subliminal stimulation 
into TV as 
an advertising technique. 
Insofar as the US is trying 
to project abroad an image of itself as 
a nation encouraging indi- 
vidual freedom, 
it would seem extremely inappropriate to risk being 
detected employing propaganda techniques which appear to invade 
human privacy. 
It is highly doubtful that the American public 
would condone such use abroad, just as broadcasters have been 
reluctant 
to use this technique for fear of hostile reactions 
on 
the part of their audiences. 
While the risks of national public 
and international condemnat::n may be run for worthwhile objectives, 
if no great advantage accrues 
the risky approach would be inappro- 
priate. 
5. 
(U) 
The possibility of utilizing subliminal perception for 
military purposes may have been realized by the Soviets. 
As 
mentioned earlier, there is a distinct 
lack of open literature 
from the USSR dealing with this subject. 
However, 
there 
is mention 
‘of it in Kuproyanovich's recent book (164). 
The author states 
that the showing of movie films and slides, along with being 
an additional retention source, has yet another important value 
that aids in revealing the subconscious reserves of memory. 
Earlier 
in the author's 
text he describes 
the showing of movies where 
additional frames, 
of an advertising nature, were inserted between 
the film's basic frames. 
It was shown that, because of their 
brief but sufficiently frequent appearance, 
this technique acted 
on the subconscious 
(similar 
to US work in the 1950s). 
The Soviet 
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technique, when it is necessary to strengthen memory or to create 
an emotion, utilizes supplemental frames at the rate of one per 
25 basic frames. 
These supplemental frames, according to the 
Soviets, should contain explanations amplifying the memory of the 
basic film or creating some mood. 
Thus whether the movie watcher 
wishes it or not, the information filtering through his subconscious 
will create an overall background mood supplementing the basic one. 
According to Kuproyanovich, these films, which enlist both the 
conscious and subconscious memory functions, 
are very promising. 
6. 
(S/CD/NDA) 
According to a French expert in the field of 
electrosleep and electroanesthesia, 
the Soviets used a motion 
picture technique to interrogate prisoners (170). 
The French 
expert described the method as follows: 
"A movie film which shows what you want the 
individual to do is flashed on a screen at 
double the normal running speed. 
A speed of 24 
frames per second was considered critical to the 
success of the method. 
While the movie is being 
shown, 
a 35mm slide projector is used to flash a 
written statement of what you want the person to 
do. 
The slide is interposed between each frame 
of the movie projection. 
The net effect of the 
operation is that neither the movie scene nor 
the slide can be read, but the subconscious picks 
up the information. 
As the individual becomes 
disorientated, h2 then responds to questions. 
Apparently there are no long term or residual. 
effects 
as a result of the procedure. 
It was 
described as being particularly useful for 
interrogating hostile prisoners." 
With the above description, Kuproyanovich's work and the Soviets 
knowledge in all areas 
of human behavior, 
it is not unlikely 
that they may be in a position to militarily threaten their 
enemies with sophisticated mind manipulation techniques in 
controlled situations 
or in the field. 
' PART C - Suggestology 
1. 
(U) 
Suggestology is a new "ology" defined by the communist 
countries 
as the scientific study of suggestion. 
It is reported 
to be a method of reaching and making use of the unknown reserves, 
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powers, 
and abilities 
of the human mind. 
In some areas 
it over- 
laps with parapsychology. 
One individual responsible for 
many of the claims for success 
in the field of suggestology is 
Doctor George Lozanov, head of the Institute 
of Suggestology and 
Parapsychology in Sofia, Bulgaria. 
Through extensive research 
he has discovered laws of suggestion which he has applied in 
many fields from medicine to education. 
The Bulgarian methods 
of suggestion are mentioned in this report because some of the 
theories have been adopted by the Soviets in their work on auto- 
suggestion. 
2. 
(U) 
Suggestology is not hypnosis. 
With this method of 
conditioning, 
the individual 
is always in the waking state. 
It 
has been reported that. 
suggestology has been used successfully 
in medicine especially in functional disorders of the nervous 
system. 
The healing is based on the positive suggestion that 
nothing is wrong; 
it is a type of mind over body phenomenon. 
Sanatorium officials in Bulgaria testify that many patients are 
cured after a few sessions of positive thought patterning (171). 
Suggestology has been reported to be successful in replacing 
anesthetics in surgical cases 
as well as aiding the patient in 
decreasing his own blood flow. 
It is further claimed that with 
suggestology the incisions 
from surgical operations heal much 
faster than usual 
(172). 
The Bulgarians believe the technique 
of waking suggestion 
(not hypnosis) will continue 
to find a wider 
and very useful place in the practice of medicine 
(173). 
3. 
(U) 
The possibility for upgrading the memorizing process and 
for accelerating the automation of habits, discovered through 
suggestological experimentation, offers possibilities 
for the 
development 
of a new science: 
sugges topedagogy 
(sugges topedy) - 
The suggestopedic method of mastering 
a foreign language is not 
a 
variety of the current methods 
(audio-visual, audio-linguistic, 
conscious-practical, hypnopedic, 
etc.), but 
a qualitatively new 
training process in terms of its content, structure, 
and results. 
This method uses suggestion not 
as 
a means 
for some kind of mystical 
influence, 
not 
as some kind of abstract, "vague" factor, but as 
a specific method for directly influencing the emotional world and 
intellectual activities, 
the entire personality, 
of the student. 
Practical experience has revealed that 
a suggestion is not 
a sort 
of "third grade, marginal factor." 
Controlled and used purposefully, 
it creates conditions 
for upgrading considerably 
the capacity to 
memorize and to assimilate knowledge faster. 
In the training process 
usually suggestive methods 
are used spontaneously, 
intuitively. 
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Quite frequently, 
a number of hindering factors are present in 
the course of the training process, preventing the spontaneous 
adoption of the new material, 
its energizing and retention. 
The 
new aspect of the suggestopedic training process is that all means 
of suggestion ~ authority, complexity, intonation, music, etc. 
- 
have been scientifically selected and organized in a way as to 
achieve the memorization and creative assimilation of a considerable 
volume of data without student tension. 
Creating a favorable psycho- 
logical climate 
in class, suggestopedy converts the training process 
into an emotion of joy, into pleasure for the student and the 
teacher. 
Under these circumstances the personality of the student 
is freed from various hindering complexes. 
It is "liberated." 
New intellectual and memory reserves are discovered. 
It is this 
new psychological system and concept of the training process 
that is one of the major features of suggestopedia (174). 
4. 
(U) 
According 
to Doctor Lozanov, 
the suggestopedic method 
allows an individual to learn five to fifty times faster. 
It 
is based on the yoga technique of relaxation 
- "Savasanna." 
Using 
suggestion and autosuggestion, muscle tension is relaxed and the 
brain is relieved of the usual anxieties and stresses. 
During 
suggestopedic sessions the alpha rhythm of rest predominates in 
the brain. 
The Soviets were among the first to seize on Bulgaria's 
suggestopedia. 
The Moscow Foreign Lanugage Pedagogical Institute 
has claimed resounding success with Lozanov's method (175). 
5. 
(U) 
The Soviets, although they adopted some of Lozanov's 
teaching techniques, have appeared to search for more conclusive 
results in the use of autosuggestion. 
‘Early work was carried 
out under the direction 
of Professor A.M. Svyadoshch, of the 
Karaganda Medical Institute's Department of Psychiatry. 
It was 
reported in 1965 that 
as 
a result of a special four month training 
session, 
40 out of 50 people learned how to produce, 
at will a 
significant change in their own skin temperature. 
To raise or 
lower the temperature they simply repeated to themselves for a 
short period of time the appropriate autosuggestion formula: 
“hand warm" or "hand cold." 
The Soviets found that the use of auto- 
suggestion during a state of muscular relaxation, known as autogenous 
training, makes possible a hypnotic state similar to that which 
is observed during hypnotic sleep. 
Moreover, 
a person is able to 
maintain control over his emotions and carry on further autosuggestion. 
Using ordinary verbal formulas, 
one can subject various organ systems 
to arbitrary effects during such 
a state 
(176). 
Autogenic training 
| 
has been reported by the Soviets 
to be useful in the elimination 
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of pain and in the treatment 
of neuroses and other functional 
disturbances 
(177). 
Professor Svyadoshch believes that autosuggestion 
may be used with success in cosmonaut training. 
In his opinion, 
autosuggestion can be of great value to those whose occupation 
makes particularly great demands 
on self-control, 
in particular, 
space crews. 
Svyadoshch reports that it takes five or six months 
of special. exercises 
to master the autosuggestion technique. 
This 
makes a person "immune" to fear, worry, and emotional instability (178). 
6. 
(U) 
The Soviets have shown interest in the ability of humans 
to alter their psychophysiological state by autogenous 
and exogenous 
suggestion. 
A study was conducted to determine the possibility 
of changing the activity of individual organs and systems of the 
human body by autogenous and exogenous suggestion. 
Six test 
subjects were exposed to 70-day bed rest. 
Three of the subjects 
served as controls, 
and the other three were trained for the 
first ten days to arbitrarily strain or relax individual muscular 
groups, with subsequent sleep. 
Myotonometric data showed that different 
muscle tonus indices could be reduced 5-25%, 
ECG, EEG, myotonometric, 
and actographic data showed that sleep occurred by the 7 to 15th 
minute during the second to third weeks of the experiment. 
By the 
fourth week the test subjects were able to arbitrarily achieve a 
state of relaxation. and sleep at any time, regardless of the emo- 
tional reaction background. 
At such times arterial pressure and 
pulse rate were significantly lowered. 
By the fifth week the 
test subjects attained similar results, although somewhat less 
effectively, by self-suggestion. 
Thus it is possible, by auto- 
genous conditioning, 
for a subject to attain deep refreshing 
sleep at a scheduled time even with 
a background of different 
stress factors. 
Most effective changes in the psychophysical 
state occurred during direct contact 
of the test subject with 
the instructor, but exogenous suggestion was performed almost 
as well by means of a radio or tape-recorder 
(179). 
7. 
(U) 
The possibility of being able to predict suggestibility 
in man prior to engaging him in long term trials has intrigued 
the Russians. 
E.F. Mordinov and A.A. Genkin (180) have shown 
that 
the electroencephalogram may serve 
as one of the objective 
quantitative measures of suggestibility 
in man in the wakeful 
state. 
Thirty-nine subjects 
in quiet wakefulness were subjected 
to two EEG parameters: 
(1) average level of asymmetry of 
oscillations 
and 
(2) average period of activity. 
Significant 
differences were reported in the average level of asymmetry of 
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oscillations in the readily suggestible group 
(20 subjects) com- 
pared to the resistant group 
(19 subjects). 
Suggestibility 
difference effects existed in the hypnotic state and during wake- 
fulness. 
The test of suggestibility was the classical one wherein 
the inability to unlock interlocked fingers of the two hands is 
suggested. 
8. 
(C/NFD) 
The field of suggestion provides a further means 
for controlling or altering mental behavior. 
From the available 
Soviet literature it can not be determined to what extent it might 
be used for changing or manipulating behavior of their enemies. 
A possible application for US military forces is in the area of 
establishing defenses against hostile interrogation. 
The ability 
to control one's own emotions through autogenous suggestion might 
be most useful in PW situations. 
This, 
in turn, might provide 
the US with 
a clue as 
to why the Soviets seem so interested in the 
field of suggestion. 
On the other hand, the Soviets may have the 
ability to directly influence the emotional and intellectual 
activity of a prisoner, without his knowledge, by using Lozanov's 
techniques employing subtle conditions 
of seemingly relaxing 
and unmolesting environments. 
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PART IV 
PROPAGANDA AND MASS MEDIA 
1. 
(U) 
It is difficult, 
if not impossible, 
to assess the Soviet's 
potential for controlling or manipulating the behavior of their 
enemies through the use of propaganda. 
One can survey the Western 
literature and be able to make some rational judgments on the 
effects of mass media, for example, on the mental behavior of 
its audiences. 
Walter Weiss of Hunter College in New York has 
published an excellent study (181) on the relationships between 
mass media of communication and social change. 
The author also 
reports on the roles of the mass media in the development of 
modernized countries. 
In another report 
(182), Weiss surveys 
the significant literature on the mass media from January 1967- 
December 1969. 
Unfortunately these surveys deal primarily with. 
the free world. 
3. 
(U). 
A report prepared by Goure 
(183) further depicts the 
emphasis that Soviet authorities place’ on propaganda. 
The report 
relates the all out effort that Soviet authorities 
are using in 
order to indoctrinate their own people on the importance of civil 
defense. 
‘Included in their attempts to create fear of nuclear, 
chemical, and biological attack are direct assaults on the US. 
This certainly represents 
a method of behavior change or control. 
In an effort 
to propagandize civil defense in the Soviet Union inten- 
sive use 
is being made of all media of mass communication: 
the press, 
television, radio, movies, exhibits, 
and lectures. 
Pamphlets and books 
are published and disseminated on a wide scale. 
All the national 
and major provincial newspapers, 
including Pravda, Izvestiya, 
and Red Star, have published articles on civil defense, often 
by prominent party or government officials 
(184). 
The basic 
pamphlet for the instruction of the general public, Everyone 
Should Know This, first published in 1968 has been issued to 
most families. 
The following are 
a few select examples of the 
intensity and scope 
of Soviet 
civil defense propaganda activities: 
In 1969, the Belorussian SSR local newspapers printed 1,200 
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articles 
on civil defense, 
one district 
(rayon) alone publishing 
700 of them, and there were 45 television broadcasts and over 
1,000 radio talks and reports 
on civil defense 
(185,186). 
In 
Novosibirsk, 
2,000 lectures were given on civil defense subjects 
by the "Znaniya" (Knowledge) Society 
(187). 
In the Georgian SSR 
over 7,000 propagandists of the Ministry of Culture are promoting 
information 
on civil defense 
(188). 
Forty civil defense movies 
are being shown throughout the country in regular movie theaters 
and in various clubs, which were said to have been seen in 1969 
by about 90 million persons 
(185). 
In the town of Orel, one city 
district alone had 179 civil defense exhibits 
(189). 
In the 
Azerbaidzhan SSR, in one month there were nine television broadcasts 
and 300 items in the local press dealing with civil defense, while 
in a district 
in Belorussia in one month there were held 120 
public lecture sessions, 
75 showings of civil defense movies and 
numerous broadcasts 
(190,186). 
Many factories broadcast weekly 
or biweekly talks 
on civil defense over their public address 
systems. 
Soviet civil defense authorities also have tried to 
expand civil defense propaganda by bringing to it writers, 
journalists, painters, movie producers and other persons 
from the 
creative arts. 
As part of this effort, arrangements were made with 
the Union of Writers 
to send groups 
of their members 
to attend two- 
week seminars 
at the Higher Central Officer Course on Civil Defense 
of the USSR. 
Meetings and conferences 
of writers and other artists 
with civil defense officials were also held in a number of the 
major cities 
(191,192). 
Soviet civil defense leaders argue that 
the population must be well prepared in a morale-psychological 
sense 
if it is to withstand the shock of a nuclear war and its 
‘aftermath. 
Consequently, 
in addition to reassuring the population 
about the effectiveness of civil defense measures 
and the strength 
of the Soviet Armed Forces, 
the propaganda and training programs 
are also used to instill in the population "hatred for the enemies." 
It is noted that: 
A rise in the importance of indoctrinating hatred of 
the imperialist aggressors 
is also due to the objec- 
tive pattern of a further rise in the role of morale 
in modern war (193). 
This 
is accomplished by stressing the alleged US plans to attack 
the Soviet Union and other "peace-loving" peoples. 
It is noted 
with some satisfaction that Soviet soldiers "like all honest 
people in the world, detest Americans 
and all other imperialists." 
The literature emphasizes the importance of teaching the youth 
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to hate all enemies of the Soviet Union, since unlike its elders 
it has not passed through the harsh experience of revolution and war. 
This indoctrination, 
of course, 
also serves the political purposes 
of the Soviet leadership and tends to facilitate its control over 
the population. In this respect the civil defense program con- 
tributes to strengthening the Soviet citizen's loyalty to the 
leaders and the Communist system. 
4. 
(U) 
It is evident from the information provided above and 
in Appendix V that the Soviet Union has a well polished and sophis-— 
ticated system of utilizing propaganda and the mass medium for its 
own advantage. It is thought to be very possible that with the 
knowledge gained in utilizing their system on their own people, 
and other communist countries, 
this system of control could be u- 
leashed on military forces confronting Soviet or allied Soviet 
units. 
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ee 
PART V 
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY IN THE USSR 
SECTION I — GENERAL 
l. 
(U) 
Since ancient times, men have been aware of the fact 
that plant and animal products can induce desirable or undesirable 
psychological effects. 
For example, a primitive faith in the 
psychological effects of drugs is evident in the continued use 
of philters and potions to induce love and hate. 
Hippocrates 
proclaimed that the brain was the organ of the mind, 
a view 
still not held by those of dualistic persuasion. 
2. 
(U). Before the twentieth century, when little was known 
about the pathophysiology of somatic disease and even less about 
mental disease, remedies were largely effective on a psychological 
basis. 
However, substances long known to have true psychophar- - 
macological actions were opium and wine. 
These were employed 
not only to treat disease but also to make life more bearable. 
During the nineteenth century, 
the development of the science 
of chemistry made possible the discovery of agents with relatively 
selective effects upon the central nervous system. 
The nineteenth 
century saw the development of nitrous oxide, diethyl ether, sedatives, 
and hypnotics. 
However, until the mid-1950s there was little 
real progress in clinical psychophamnacology. 
The development of 
the phenothiazine drugs :n the 1950s saw the augmentation of 
synthetic agents for therapy in psychotic disorders. 
The pheno- 
thiazines as a class, and especially chlorpromazine (Thorazine) , 
are among the most widely used drugs in the practice of medicine 
today. 
From 1955 to 1965 at least 50 million patients received 
chlorpromazine and more than 10,000 publications have dealt with 
its actions 
(195). 
3. 
(U) 
The use of psychopharmacologic agents is of keen interest 
throughout the world including the Soviet Union. 
Investigations 
on psychotherapeutic agents can no longer. be overlooked in the 
Soviet literature. 
In the pharmaco-therapeutic reference work 
: 
by Aronovich (196), four phenothiazines 
— aminazine (chlorpromazine), 
propazine, dinezin, 
and mepazine 
- and also reserpine (serpasil) 
are listed: but reports of clinical experience with phenothiazines 
(Rauwolfia derivatives play a smaller role altogether) refer almost 
exclusively to aminazine (approximately 127 references available- 
USSR). 
Most of the aminazine studies follow standard clinical 
research techniques however, 
some uses as mentioned in PART I 
of this report appear to be for more sinister purposes. 
Based 
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on the wealth of Soviet literature, 
the popularity, 
for whatever 
reasons, 
of aminazine therapy in the Soviet Union cannot be disputed. 
(114 references available on psychopharmacology-USSR) 
SECTION II - MAIN PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES 
- USSR. 
1. 
(U) 
According to Guseynov 
(197), modern Soviet medicine 
is devoting special attention 
to the development of psychopharma- 
cology. 
At the present time (1971), Soviet scientists 
are conducting 
intensive investigative work on the study and introduction into 
medical practice of new psychotropic substances. 
The most important 
Soviet psychotropic agents are as follows: 
(1) Diethylamide lysergic acid -- LSD-25 
Disrupts the psyche, causes hallucinations, 
but consciousness 
is maintained. 
Used to diagnose schizophrenia, 
and also to create 
a model of psychosis in animals. 
(2) 
Mescaline -- Mescalinum 
Under its influence 
a dimming of consciousness 
takes place, 
and hallucinations and psychosis develop. 
Used to diagnose certain 
mental illnesses and to create 
a model of experimental psychosis. 
(3) 
Harmine -- Harminum 
Calms the central nervous system, disrupts the psyche, causes | 
hallucinations, 
eliminates spasms. 
Used in parkinsonism. 
Pre- 
scribed for internal use. 
(4) Indian cannabis 
The active ingredient 
is a tar used under various names 
-- 
hashish, marijuana, bhang, dagga, and others. 
This tar is smoked, 
chewed, and added to food and drink as 
a stupefacient. 
Cannabis 
disrupts the psyche, 
causes hallucinations 
and euphoria, 
and 
subsequently psychoses 
and schizophrenia develop. 
It has no 
medicinal significance. 
(5) 
Iprazide -~ Iprazidum (Marsilid) 
Stimulates 
the mental sphere, eliminates states 
of depression. 
The effect comes 
on gradually over 12 to 16 hours and lasts T 
days. 
It is used for schizophrenia, psychoses, states of depression, 
and hypertonia. 
(6) 
Imizine 
-- 
(Tofranil) 
Has 
a thymoleptic effect, eliminates 
states of depression. 
Used in cyclophrenia and other mental disorders. 
Prescribed for 
intetnal use 
or is introduced intramuscularly. 
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(7) 
Transamine — 
(Parnate) 
By blocking the enzyme monoaminoxidase 
(MAO), it increases 
the content of biogenic amines 
in the brain and by so doing 
eliminates states of depression. 
Used for mental disorders accom- 
panied by severe depression. 
Prescribed for internal use. 
(8) 
 Phenamine -- 
(Benzedrine) 
Sharply stimulates the central and sympathetic nervous systems. 
Increases blood pressure, 
dilates the pupils, quickens pulse, 
relieves fatigue and somnolence. 
Perception is facilitated in 
people who have taken phenamine, thinking and memory are improved, 
motor activity and speech are increased, 
and mental and physical 
efficiency are improved. 
Used in narcolepsy, alcoholic psychoses, 
psychogenic depression, 
and poisonings by narcotics and somi- 
facients. 
Prescribed for internal use. 
(9). 
Phenatine -- 
(Nicotinamide) 
Stimulates 
the central nervous system, 
in contrast to phenamine, 
it does not increase, but rather lowers blood pressure. 
Used for 
mental and physical fatigue, 
and also for hypertonia. 
Prescribed 
for internal use and is introduced subcutaneously. 
(10) 
Piridrol 
-- 
(Meratran) 
Intensifies higher nervous activity, eliminates states of 
depression. 
Used in narcolepsy and psychoses accompanied by 
depression 
and apathy. 
Prescribed for internal use. 
(L1) Meridil -- 
(Ritalin) 
Stimulates the central nervous system, eliminates states of 
depression. 
Used in psychoses and states of depression. 
Prescribed 
for internal use. 
(12) 
Aminazine -- 
(Chlorpromazine) 
Calms the central nervous system, lowers blood pressure and 
body temperature, halts vomiting, slows down pulse, eliminates 
the effect of histamine. 
Successfully used in schizophrenia, 
psychoses, neuroses, 
delirium tremens, 
and hypertonia, toxicoses 
of pregnancy, 
dermatoses, 
and in surgery to create artificial 
hypothermy. 
Prescribed for internal use or introduced intra- 
muscularly. 
(13) 
Meprotan -- 
(Equanil) 
Eliminates internal anxieties and feelings of fear and alarm, - 
calms the central nervous 
system. 
Used in physchoses, neuroses, 
epilepsy, insomnia, 
and moderate hypertonia. 
Prescribed for 
internal use. 
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(14) 
Amizil -- 
(Diazil). 
Calms the nervous system, eliminates spasms and the effect of 
histamine, restores disrupted pulse. 
Used in psychoses, neuroses, 
and states of depression and phobia. Prescribed 
for internal use. 
(15) 
Reserpine -- 
(Serpasil) 
Main alkaloid of the plant Rauwolfia serpentina. 
Calms the 
central nervous system, eliminates feelings of fear, longing, 
and alarm, lowers blood pressure, 
and slows down pulse. 
Widely 
used in schizophrenia, psychoses, neuroses, hypertonia, tachy- 
cardia, thyrotoxicoses, 
and others. 
Prescribed for internal use 
or introduced intramuscularly. 
SECTION III - PSYCHO-WARFARE AGENTS 
PART A - Diethylamide Lysergic Acid (LSD) and Psilocybin 
1. 
(U) 
Psycho-warfare agents may be defined as those chemical 
warfare agents whose effects rest on changes of the psyche (198). 
These materials have the advantage over other warfare agents in 
that the efficiency of the victim is impaired even with minimal 
doses. 
Ordinary methods applicable in combat cannot afford detec- 
tion of these agents, 
and for this reason warning cannot be sent 
out in time when these psychotropic poisons are used. 
Only the 
abnormal behavior of the victim may afford the first indication 
that such compounds have been given. 
In effective concentrations, 
these agents are odorless 
and tasteless and they can be utilized 
both on the battlefield and in sabotage for contamination cf 
drinking water and food. 
-For this reason the military medical 
team needs to inform themselves 
on the effect of these weapons 
and their symptoms. 
2. 
(U) 
Lysergic acid diethylamide 
(LSD) 
is almost 
a "classic" 
representative of psycho-warfare agents, 
A. Hofmann synthesized 
this compound in the course of his investigations 
on the composi- 
tion of the ergot alkaloids. 
Even minimal amounts 
of this substance, 
about 30 to 60 micrograms, 
are evidenced by psychological-emotional 
changes 
in man, which may last from six to eight hours. 
There 
is an 
association of motor uncertainty, 
unsure and swaggering walk, poor 
prehension and dragging speech with vivid color hallucinations, 
disturbances 
of spatial and temporal sense, attacks 
of crying and 
laughing, 
fear and delusions 
and sometimes severe phenomena of 
depersonalization. 
The behavior of the victim is comparable to 
that of the schizophrenic. 
LSD is effective in doses that are 
one-ten thousandth of mescaline doses, 
and it is much more readily 
handled in the form of easily water-soluble tartrate. 
After the 
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LSD psychosis wears off, the victim experiences no after effects, 
however it has been reported that. part of the hallucinations: are 
subject to recall and flashback reactions have occurred. 
Psilocybin 
exerts 
a qualitatively similar effect in man, but about 100 times 
weaker than LSD.. 
This material is known as the psychotropic subtance 
of the Mexican magic mushroom (Psilocybe mex. Heim). 
The more effec- 
tive compound is psilozine which occurs in the organism through 
dephosphorylation of psilocybin. 
As shown by animal experiment, 
just 20 minutes after i.p. injection of psilocybin, dephosphory— 
lation is observed, indicating a rather high content of psilozine 
in brain and other organs of the animals. 
The two subst ances 
are identical with respect to their psychotropic effect, and at 
the start of the psychosis there are changes in physical feelings 
(weakness, dizziness) 
as predominant symptoms. 
Only later do the 
optical and acoustic hallucinations start. 
Anxiety, restlessness, 
nausea and difficulty in speech are characteristic of the further 
symptoms of intoxication. 
In the later course of the psychosis 
there is extensive loss of ability to concentrate or think, and 
there is also loss of sense of space and time. 
After the psychosis 
wears off the victim complains of exhaustion, fatigue and headache, 
but these symptoms disappear after a while. 
LSD, psilozine and 
psilocybin are biochemically correlated to serotonin. 
It is 
not yet clear to what extent this correlation is based in enzyme 
chemistry. 
However, similar structures 
in the molecules of these 
substances suggest pharmacodynamic interpretations. 
Since brain | 
- function is closely related to serotonin metabolism it can be 
assumed that this substance is replaced by structurally very 
similar psychotoxins that are built up, namely by substances of 
the tryptamine group, e.g., LSD. 
These poisons do not take over 
the functions of the serotonin, however, 
and this leads to dis- 
. 
turbances in the CNS. 
The comparison of the above named materials 
with other tryptamine derivatives such as dimethyltryptamine 
‘and bufotenine, which is an isomer of psilozine, also fits into 
the framework of pharmacodynamic interpretation. 
Both deriva- 
tives are psychotropically active substances, effective in man 
in doses of about 70 mg. 
3. 
(C/CD/NDA) 
Several institutes in the Soviet Union have been 
identified where LSD research has taken place since 1969. 
The 
Institute of Physiology in Tbilisi was reported to be doing work 
on the effects of LSD on baboon behavior. 
No specific experimental 
work is known (199). 
A group at the Institute of Molecular Biology, 
Academy of Sciences, Moscow, has been working with LSD in experi- 
ments with inhibitors 
(200). 
It is difficult to judge what the 
Soviets are doing, but the work with inhibitors might indicate 
research efforts in the area of medical defense against the use 
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of. LSD on Soviet troops. 
There is a group at the Institute of 
Physiology in Novosibirsk. 
No details on their work is available. 
The relationship between LSD, serotonin, and motor components 
of behavior reactions 
is being studied at the Donetsk Medical 
Institute 
(201). 
The Soviet research in the area concerned with 
the action of bioamines, 
e.g», 
adrenaline, serotonin, 
and nor- 
adrenaline, which the Donetsk group 
is studying, will be discussed 
later in this report. 
Studies concerned with the reversibility 
of pathomorphological changes 
in the brain of rats after chronic 
administration of LSD were going on in 1971 at the Moscow Medical 
Stomatological Institute 
(202). 
The First Medical Institute 
imeni I.M. Sechenov has reported their work on the search for 
antagonists 
for hashish and LSD (203). 
Kudrin reported that 
Haloperidol 
(a butyrophenone tranquilizer) injection in combina- 
tion with Phenitron 
(a propiophenone adrenolytic) prevents cats 
from the development of LSD-induced psychosis and catatonia. 
This 
is an important aspect of Soviet LSD research as it indicates 
their possible interest 
in military medical defense against psycho- 
warfare agents. 
Popova has reported on the effect of LSD on the 
structure of neurons and interneuronal connections. 
The author 
states that her observations suggest that the central effects 
of LSD may be related to changes both in synapses and in the 
cell body (204). 
4, 
(C/NFD) 
This study has attempted to establish the possibility 
that the Serbsky Institute of Forensic Psychiatry in Moscow may 
be one of the main Soviet facilities for studying controlled 
offensive behavior 
(see PART I). 
I.P. Anokhina of the Serbsky 
Institute reported in 1970 or the effect of LSD on the neuro- 
transmitter systems of the brain. 
The experiments brought 
evidence that the site of action of LSD is in the midbrain reticular 
formation and in the limbic system. 
Anokhina also believes 
that 
LSD inhibits monoamineoxidase 
(MAO) activity (205). 
The experi- 
ment reported in the open literature 
is scientifically genuine, 
of course, but the important 
fact is that the Institute is studying 
LSD and other psychotropic agents. 
Since most of the Soviet 
LSD literature 
is from institutes 
in Moscow, 
it might be conjec- 
tured that there is a concentrated effort in the USSR to determine 
the basis of action and uses 
for LSD and other possible psycho- 
warfare agents, 
5, 
(S/NFD) 
Until March of 1968, there were three chemical 
plants located in Czechoslovakia conducting independent research 
on CW compounds. 
As late as March 1968, they were working on 
super-active compounds based on materials such as LSD and mescaline. 
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At that time, the work was supported by the Soviet Union but 
conducted by the Czechs, with the final product going into 
Czechoslovakian stockpile. 
The Soviets furnished formulas, speci- 
fications, production guidance, test procedures, and animal data. 
They may have also provided some precursor chemicals. 
The Czechs 
| 
were working on aerosols as one method of applying the. gaseous 
materials developed from this program. 
It is stated that LSD 
experiments had been disappointing but that other materials 
similar to LSD had been quite successful. 
The compounds were 
being developed to be dispersed over a wide area from the air. 
“The agents were designed to make the population lose its will 
to resist for anywhere from two hours to two days, depending on 
the compound used and the nature of the mission. 
Damage would 
be limited to the brain (206). 
` PART B - Piperidyl Benzilate and Piperidyl Glycolate 
1. 
(U) 
In the course of the search for anticholinergic substances, 
it was found that methylpiperidyl benzilate and its derivatives 
are extremely active hallucinogens. 
If we start from the general 
formula for piperidyl benzilate and piperidyl glycolate, 
a series 
of highly active psychotropic compounds 
can be derived from it. 
The radicals of the formula below are involved as substituents. 
From the piperidyl benzilate series we can mention N-methylpiperidyl 
benzilate as a highly active psychotoxin (R1=CH3; R2 and R3=C6Hs). 
From the piperidyl glycolate series, Ditran (R1= -C2H5; R2= -C6ĦH5; 
R3= -C5H9) can be described as an extremely active compound. 
oO R? 
1 | 
Coa 
SN 
R3 
H 
Ry 
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2. 
(U) 
Poisoning with piperidyl glycolates is hardly to be 
distinguished 
from LSD poisoning at the beginning, because also 
in the first mentioned class of materials the first psychic effects 
~oeeur after 45 to 60 minutes. 
They consist of confusion, speech 
difficulty, disorientation and hallucination of optical and 
acoustic type. 
It is to be noted that in piperidyl glycolate 
psychosis 
the victim can still describe his condition relatively 
clearly after a dose of 0.5 to 2.0 mg. 
At doses of.10 mg and above, 
however, 
contact with the environment and insight into the arti- 
ficiality of the condition is lost. 
The victims react only to 
their hallucinations, 
or they present 
a stupor syndrome. 
At 
still higher doses: (15 mg). there is generally a severe disturbance 
of consciousness with almost complete lack of consciousness. 
The 
effect of Ditran, for example, lasts for about 24 hours, and some- 
times 
as long as 
36 hours. 
Other toxic phenomena are not 
to be 
anticipated at the indicated doses, -- 
at the most nausea and emesis. 
PART C - Countermeasures 
1. 
(U) 
In the use of psychotropic warfare agents, the enemy 
sets himself the task of weakening the will and fighting capability 
of the opponent, 
or to bring about his complete inability to act 
or fight. For this reason, only well-timed application of pro- 
tective equipment and measures 
for guaranteeing indubitably uncon- 
taminated drinking water and food can afford flawless protection. 
This condition in this case has so much the greater significance 
because 
a timed alarm is questionable in dealing with psychotropic 
agents. 
Certain medicaments 
are available to the physician for 
the treatment of those already poisoned to offset the worst effects. 
As antidotes there are: 
l 
(1) 
Azacyclonol (Frenquel) 
in an i.v. or oral dose of 200 mg 
(2) 
Succinic acid, infusion in a 5% phosphate buffered solution 
(5m1/min) 
(3) 
Tetrahydroaminacrin, 
30 mg i.v. within 5 minutes 
(4) 
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) 
25 mg i.m. or orally larger 
doses 
2, 
(U) 
The medicaments under one and two are indicated in “poisoning 
with LSD, psilozine and psilocybin. 
The medicament under three is to 
be given in poisoning with piperidyl benzilate or piperidyl glycolate. 
Chlorpromazine has a favorable effect 
on most model psychoses” 
induced by known psychotropic warfare agents. 
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SECTION IV - CURRENT RESEARCH INTEREST IN PSY CHOPHARMACOLOGY - USSR 
PART A - Bioamine Research 
l 
SG6A 
1. 
(U) 
Space in this report limits this discussion on bioamine 
research. There is a vast quantity of literature available on bio- 
amine research, e.g., serotonin, dopamine, adrenalin, 
and noradrenalin. 
2. 
(C/CD/NDA) 
Discarding some elements of sensationalism, acade- 
mician P.K. Anokhin (relationship to I.P. Anokina unknown; see 
reference 205) maintains that today’s knowledge of the human 
brain gives grounds to believe that in the next decade some 
artificial means will be found to influence the intellectual 
capacities of man (207). 
Doctor Anokhin is with the Institute 
of Normal and Pathological Physiology in Moscow (208). 
3. 
(U) 
A small group of little-known amines, commoniy referred 
to as the biogenic amines, seemed to provide links between behavior 
‘and such fields of brain research 
as neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, 
and neurophysiology. 
It seemed possible that advances in the 
neurochemistry of these amines would greatly enrich one's knowledge 
of a variety of processes related 
to brain and mind. 
This has 
indeed happened. 
Although the surface has still barely been 
scratched, research in the interim has broadened the ideas con~ 
cerning such phenomena as mood, sleep, sexual desires, and appetite 
-~ 
and such neurological disorders 
as parkinsonism and chorea. 
More- 
over, the whole field of psychopharmacology has become rationalized 
as relationships between the major psychoactive drugs ¿ad amine 
action have been revealed. 
4, 
(U) 
It has now been established beyond reasonable doubt that 
communication between neurons 
in the mammalian nervous system is by 
means 
of chemical agents, 
or neurotransmitters, which are released 
from the nerve terminal of one neuron and which cross 
the synaptic 
cleft, 
or interneuronal space, 
to influence the excitability of 
the next neuron. 
The alternative possibility of electrical trans- 
mission has been ruled out. 
The existence of these chemical 
messengers provides 
a possible way of influencing behavior and 
mental performance while leaving other aspects 
of brain function 
almost completely unaffected. 
If the transmitters governing the 
cells associated with such functions 
as sex, appetite, sleep, or 
mood turn out to be specific and if chemical methods can be found 
for selectively interfering with their metabolism, then fairly 
pore 
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precise behavioral modifications might be brought about. 
Unfor- 
tunately, the identity of neurotransmitters associated with most 
cells is unknown. 
However, 
a few neurotransmitters have been 
identified, 
and an exciting flood of research has always accom- 
panied their discovery. 
Bridges are built between the often 
separated fields of pharmacology, physiology, 
and biochemistry, 
and a new level of understanding of the nervous system is achieved. 
So it was when acetylcholine 
and noradrenaline were found many 
years ago to be the transmitter substances 
for the parasympathetic 
and sympathetic parts of the autonomic nervous system. 
And so 
it has been in the past few years 
as evidence has built up in 
favor of dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, 
and acetylcholine 
playing neurotransmitter roles in the visceral brain. 
5. 
(U) 
Two groups of workers have recently reported that 
cholinomimetic stimulation of the brain produces aggressive 
behavior and killing in rats. 
Cholinergic blocking agents 
reverse 
the effect. 
The areas involved are the lateral hypo- 
thalamus 
(Smith, King, and Hoebel 1970), septal area and 
amygdala (Igic, Stern, 
and Basagic 1970). 
Pathological aggressive- 
ness is probably the most disagreeable of all human traits. 
The 
precise identification 
of circuits of violence and a definition 
of their means 
of control would be of inestimable social value. 
That pathologically agressive behavior can be triggered without 
discernible provocation in susceptible individuals 
is as well 
known 
to the courts 
as it is to the medical profession (209). 
6.. 
(U) 
The discussion above was included as important back- 
ground information on the brain, biogenic amines and theories 
for controlling behavior. 
The author mentions that the precise 
identification of the mental pathways 
for aggression in humans 
would be of inestimable social value. 
However, 
if one does - 
learn and identify these pathways and ways of initiating aggres- 
sive behavior as 
in the rat experiment above, 
it may be used 
for antisocial effects 
as well. 
7. 
(U) 
A.R. Luria of the University of Moscow has been studying 
the functional organization of the brain for several years. 
In 
a recent article, Doctor Luria describes some recent Soviet advances 
in the mapping of the brain 
(210). 
The lengthy article 
is con- 
cluded by Luria stating that neuropsychology has put us 
(the 
Soviets) 
on a new path in the investigation of how the brain 
functions. 
Luria feels 
that this 
is likely to lead the way to 
substantial changes 
in the design of psychological research in 
the future. 
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8. 
(U) 
An interesting research report in 1968 appeared in the 
Soviet press which related biogenic amines with psychotropic 
drugs (211). 
The type of mental disturbance produced by psycho- 
pharmaceuticals was investigated in human volunteers. 
The volun- 
‘teers received a variety of compounds 
(not named) in 20--150 mg 
doses. 
Psychic disturbances were of two types: anxiety depressive 
and deep depressive. 
The first group reported more phobias, 
l 
while the second group exhibited general lassitude, and hypochon~ 
driac symptoms. 
Adrenalin and noradrenalin were given by injection. 
DOPA and serotonin were also given. 
Creatine levels in the urine 
were determined after treatment. 
Other metabolites were detected 
chromatographically or by paper electrophoresis. 
Before treatment, 
group I patients excreted higher than normal levels of creatines, 
their metabolites and precursors. 
In the second group, excretion 
of catecholamines, precursors and metabolites was higher (up to 
2 times) 
than in the controls. 
The administration of tranquilizers 
(Librium) accompanied the reduction in excretion of abnormal 
metabolites. 
This study is important because it illustrates 
Soviet interest 
in not only biogenic amines, but also in the 
mode of action of psychotropic substances. 
Once the parameters 
are understood, then the development of highly sophisticated 
-mood altering chemicals should follow. 
9. 
(U) 
Of interest was 
the symposium on Mechanisms 
of Regulation 
of the Biogenic Amines. Level in the Tissues held in Lodz, Poland 
in August of 1971. 
No data is available but the abstracts of the 
papers is to be published in Acta Medica Polonica in April of 1972. 
The main aim of the sym» sium was for the comparison of data 
on the mechanisms 
of regulation of the biogenic amines level 
in the tissues with special emphasis on the role of enzymes respon- 
sible for synthesis, 
catalysis, 
and storage of amines. 
‘10. 
(U) 
The relationship of psychoactive drugs to amine activity 
is shown in Table IV below. 
l 
TABLE IV 
Relation of Psychoactive Drugs to Amine Activity 
(209) 
A. 
Drugs which impair amine synaptic activity 
— 
1. 
Tranquilizers 
a. 
Inhibitors 
of vesicle binding: rauwolfia alkaloids-- 
e.g. reserpine 
b. 
Blockers 
of receptor sites: phenothiazines, 
buty rophenones--e.g.. 
chlorpromazine and halo- 
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2. Amine synthesis inhibitors 
a. 
Inhibitors of catecholamine synthesis: e.g. 
- 
alpha-methyl-p-tyrosíne 
b. 
Inhibitors of serotonin synthesis: e.g. p-. 
chlorophenylalanine 
B. 
Drugs which enhance amine synaptic activity 
1. Psychic energizers 
: 
a. 
Inhibitors of monoamine oxidase: 
hydrazines 
and monoamine analogs--e.g. 
iproniazide, 
tranylcypromine, amphetamine 
l 
b. 
Inhibitors 
of amine uptake: 
dibenzazepines 
and miscellaneous derivatives--e.g. imipra- 
mine, amitriptyline, 
cocaine, amphetamine 
c. 
Amine releasers: 
amine analogs--e.g. amphe- 
© 
tamine, tyramine 
2. 
Amine synthesis stimulators 
a. 
For dopamine and noradrenaline: 
L-dopa 
b. 
For noradrenaline: 
L-dihydroxyphenylserine 
c. 
For serotonin: 
L-5-hydroxytryptophan 
PART B - Other Areas of Soviet Research in Psychopharmacology 
1. 
(U) 
Barkov and Gurovich 
(212) reported on the effects of 
tripthazine (stelazine) 
and aminazine 
(thorazine) 
on emotional 
behavior. 
The compounds were found to inhibit agetene+cn but 
prolong the fear reaction in rats. 
2. 
(U) 
The Soviets have conducted experiments which use an 
automatic, multichannel register of motor activity. 
The instrument 
iadependently records all the movements 
of the animals located ina 
special chamber and transmits 
the signal to 40 counters. 
Kruglov is 
using a modern radio-electronic device which can record the signals, 
of milli-second duration, by which neurons transmit information 
to each other. 
Kruglov and his colleagues have established that 
morphine, aminazine, 
and similar substances 
inhibit the signaling 
rhythm of nerve cells. 
These experiments yielded many new tran- 
quilizers and stimulants. 
None of these "new" substances were 
described. 
The Soviets claim that neurotropic drugs are now 
making it possible to intervene 
in the most important processes 
taking place in the organism. 
No description of what important 
processes taking place is mentioned 
(213). 
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3. 
(U) 
Controlling group behavior with drugs has been reported 
by I.P. Lapin (214). 
The study dealt with animals but may have 
some bearing on human behavior reorientation. 
According to Lapin, 
in order to change the behavior of a large group of animals, it 
is sufficient to use drugs to control the behavior of the most 
active animals 
(leaders). 
The article discusses the use of amphe- 
tamines and aminazine. 
Further reference to Lapin can be found 
in an article of 23 September 1968 (215). 
4, 
(U) 
One of the most interesting areas of research into finding 
new psychotropic substances may be associated with the gonionemous 
jellyfish. 
Research into the nervous and pychic disorders resulting 
from lesions caused by the jellyfish has been reported by the 
aforementioned Serbsky Institute 
(216). 
It appears that literature 
=- on Soviet research in this field is extremely limited. 
Mikhalev 
and Vatskov studied 260 cases of lesions by poisonous gonionemous 
jellyfish. 
General and local disturbances are distinguished 
according to their severity and symptoms of intoxication in the 
clinical picture. 
In cases of a severe course of the affection 
(18 patients), except for polymorphic somatic symptoms, there 
were distinct neuropsychiatric deviations. 
They were expressed 
in tormenting headaches, convulsions, paresis, disturbances 
of 
statics, sacral posterior radicular pains. 
Vegetative symptoms 
were in the form of hyperhydrosis, acrocyanosis, hypersalivation, 
and red demographism. 
Mental disturbances proceeded with an 
- increasing fear of death, sometimes with speech and fugiform 
excitation, altered consciousness of the delirio-amentive or 
oneiroid type with illusions, hallucinations, psychosenory and 
delusional symptoms. 
The psychotic symptoms of an acvte exogenous 
reaction subsided during the following 
two to five days. 
This research 
might have significance in the Soviets attempts 
to arrive 
at suitable 
means 
for controlling or altering behavior. 
5. 
(U) A noteworthy book from Czechoslovakia that discusses 
some of the present problems of some militarily important psychoactive 
substances has been published 
(217). 
The book discusses 
the history 
of natural psychotomimetics used in religious rituals. 
There are 
mentioned two possibilities 
for the application of presently known 
© 
psychoactive drugs for the purpose of military gain: 
a. 
Controlling stress situations 
in special military units 
in combat to include means 
for treating mass psychoses 
in extra- 
ordinary situations. 
b. 
The use 
of temporary incapacitating ARS. for disrupting 
and capturing enemy personnel. 
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The problems associated with military misuse of drugs is discussed. 
The classification of psychotomimetic drugs relating to their 
effects, either on higher nervous activity or in producing temporary 
disorders, mainly in somatic functions 
is outlined. 
The authors 
also mention some characteristics 
of the piperidyl glycolate group 
of psycho-warfare agents. 
Structural analogy of psychotomimetic 
derivates 
to the particular neurotransmitters 
is considered together 
with a hypothesis of competitive antagonism on receptors. 
The 
authors state that competitive antagonism seems 
to be one-of the 
most acceptable possibilities 
of hallucinogenic effect mechanisms 
as well. as a good base for the investigation of potential means 
for the effective prevention and treatment 
of hallucinogen intoxi- 
cations. 
The influence of stress and conventional weapons 
on 
the eventual result of pschotomimetic drugs effect in exceptional 
situations 
is taken into account. 
, 
6. 
 (C/NFD) 
It must be concluded, based on the Soviet literature 
on psychopharmacological research, that the USSR has the ability 
and knowledge to develop and produce a sophisticated arsenal of 
incapacitating or mind altering weapons in the form of chemical 
agents. 
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4, 
(S/NFD) 
Again in 1968, another F-102 pilot reported that 
a 
steady brilliant white light was shined from a hand-held aldis- 
type lantern situated in the tail blister of a BEAR B aircraft. 
In late 1968, still another F-102 pilot reported a blinding light 
in concert with a pulsating 
(1.5 flashes/second) 
red strobe light 
from a BEAR aircraft. 
In 1970, 
an F-102 pilot reported that 
a 
BEAR C aircraft shined 
a hand-held light of brilliant intensity 
from its left rear tail blister. 
The light was trained on the 
pilot from 15 to 20 times with 
a flash duration of two to seven 
seconds 
(218). 
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5. 
(U) 
A report that appeared in 1971 discusses some US air personnel 
problems when encountering Soviet aircraft over the Mediterranean 
Sea (220). 
"By far, the most dangerous encounters occur after 
dark. 
For safety's sake, both the BADGERS and the PHANTOMS usually 
turn on their navigation lights (which they would never do in 
a combat situation ), but sometimes the Russians 
come 
in blacked 
out, or shine searchlights 
in the eyes of the PHANTOM pilots - 
causing a temporary loss of night vision 
- or trickily switch 
their navigation lights on and off." 
6. 
 (S/NFD) 
Some of the nocturnal incidents described above 
_ suggest that the Soviets have not overlooked the possibility of 
utilizing bright and flashing lights as a means of altering 
behavior. 
It is interesting to note that the period of active 
research in Soviet laboratories, 
as will be discussed 
in PART B 
- below, coincides with the reports of their employment of unusual 
flashing lights against US and NATO personnel. 
PART B — Soviet Research in Photic-Flicker 
1. 
(U) A series of conclusions were drawn on the effects of 
_flicker at a symposium held in the US in 1957 (221). 
Although 
the meeting and papers presented are fifteen years old, the facts 
presented appear to be relevant 
to this discussion. 
The conclu- 
sions reached by the group at Tulane were as follows: 
(1) 
There appears to be general agreement that flicker has 
the potentiality of causiig considerable interruption of the normal 
| 
functions of the human nervous system. 
(2) 
One manifestation of such interruption may take the form 
of sleep, unconsciousness, hypnotic states, or other forms of 
interference with consciousness. 
Another nanifestation of inter- 
ference consists of annoying or irritating sensations such as 
queasiness, discomfort referable to the eyeball and caused by 
excessive pupillomotor activity, headaches, or general sensations 
of apprehension. 
A third type of manifestation concerns visual 
illusions including color sensations, pattems of movement and 
development of odd shapes. 
These may interfere with visual recog- 
nition of any objects which actually are in the visual field. 
(3) 
Those flicker effects which interfere with consciousness 
appear at frequencies related 
to the alpha rhythm 
of the: EEG, 
or at 10 Hz. 
Annoying or irritating sensations seem to occur 
with aperiodic flashes 
or with rhythmic flashes at 3-5 Hz. 
Visual 
illusions appear to be produced by frequencies above 10-12 Hz. 
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(4) 
The EEG appears to be a reliable indicator 
of consciousness 
but not of sleep or wakefulness... 
(5) 
Not every subject shows truly periodic EEG activity... 
(6) 
Photic driving of the EEG by periodic flicker is a well 
known phenomenon although many subjects do not show the effect... 
(7) 
The ease with which photic driving can be produced has not 
yet been correlated with emotional patterns. or with sleep-wakefulness 
cycles. 
However, 
the visual illusions which result from flicker 
may be the basis 
for a highly pscreug as method 
of measuring 
anxiety. 
(8) 
The production of flicker effects 
is not limited 
by the 
retina but appears 
to be limited by some process in the central 
nervous system which converts discontinuous activity to continuous 
activity (i.e. flicker to fusion)... 
(9) 
Flickering of other sensory modalities may influence 
the ease of production of the desired effects of visual flicker, 
Auditory flicker is particularly promising in this regard. 
(10) Stress, comparable 
to that produced in actual combat, 
may be needed to completely elucidate the practical effects of 
flicker as far as military applications 
are concerned. 
(11) 
It appears likely that high intensities of light will 
be more effective in producing the desired effects of flicker 
¿lthough much remains to be done to determine the optimum light 
and dark intervals, background contrasts, 
and effects of stray 
light. 
a 
As will be depicted later, 
the areas 
above where no definite 
conclusions were drawn 
(4,7, and 10) is the exact 
area of high 
Soviet interest. 
L.1. Kuproyanovich 
(164) describes 
in some 
detail Soviet efforts 
in relating EEG with sleep and memory 
as 
well as the areas 
of photic drive and the synchronization of 
flicker frequency and alpha wave rhythm. 
At the University of 
Leningrad work has been done on the effects of strobe lights 
flashing at a different rate for each eye. 
One rhythm for the 
left eye and another for the right eye brings on measurable brain 
wave patterns, 
Lights flickering 
at different rates 
on each eye 
cause 
a sensation of rotation and a very unpleasant feeling in 
the viewer. 
It might be mentioned that the Soviets 
are thinking 
of using the "seasickness" application of flashing lights in a 
telepathic mode (222). ` 
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2. 
(C/CD/NDA) 
The most recent conference on flashing lights 
was held during the period of 19 through 22 April 1971 in London. 
It was the "International Symposium on the Perception and Appli- 
cation of Flashing Lights." 
From the sources available, it has 
been determined that no Soviet or East European personnel attended; | 
further, no one at the conference discussed the possible use of 
flashing lights for military purposes 
(223). 
3. 
(U) 
Among the varied research interests in the Soviet Union 
dealing with flashing lights is the relationship of the vestibular 
to the visual systems. 
Electrophysiological data on the effect 
of the vestibular apparatus on the optical system has been published 
in the Soviet Union (224,225). 
It has been reported that stimula- 
lation of the vestibular apparatus 
(polarization of the labyrinth 
by a direct current) 
causes 
an increase in neuron reaction to 
light stimulation 
and an increase in the critical frequency of 
flashes. 
The Soviets also conclude that the interactions of 
visual and vestibular analyzers is brought about mainly because 
of their cortical levels. 
Studies were carried out with deaf 
individuals 
to provide further evidence of this. 
If these studies 
are all valid, this could lead to the possible development of 
systems that combine vestibular stimuli with photic-flicker capa- 
bility in order to achieve 
a degree of mental disorientation and 
confusion. 
The Soviets conclude by stating that functional varia- 
tions of the cortex of normal subjects caused by vestibular stimula- 
tions result in a disruption of cortical-subcortical. relationships, 
which in turn alters the functional states of the retina. 
Further 
wark in the relationship of visual perception, auditory stimuli, 
and the cerebral cortex have been reported (226-228). 
Studies 
have been conducted on rabbits, 
cats, and Moscow school children. 
It was found that repeated stimulation with sound resulted ina 
complete extinction of neuronal response. 
4. 
(U) 
The reaction to prolonged rhythmic photic stimulation 
has interested the Soviets. 
In experiments with rhythmic light 
flashes 
at different frequencies, monkeys exhibited individual 
sensitivity to certain rhythms. 
Some animals recruited and trans- 
formed the lower frequencies better (7.9 flashes per second), 
while others responded to the higher frequencies 
(18 and 25 per 
second). 
The following variations 
in the cortical and subcortical 
responses 
to the stimuli were distinguished: 
(a) simultaneous 
recruitment of the given rhythm by cells of the motor and visual 
cortex and subcortex; 
(b) recruitment of the rhythm only by the 
visual cortex; 
(c) recruitment of the rhythm by the visual cortex 
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and its transformation in the subcortical structures; 
(d) recruit- 
ment only by the subcortex and motor cortex} 
(e) transformation 
in the visual cortex and recruitment by the deeper structures 
of 
the brain and motor cortex; 
(f) simultaneous transformation of 
the rhythm by all the structures recorded; 
(g) transformation 
by the visual cortex. 
All or a combination of these variations 
in brain activity could occur in the same experiment 
(30 to 60 min) 
(229). 
A study was reported on non-rhythmic prolonged photo stimu- 
lation (230) and on the characteristics ofsensory afterdischarge 
of the human brain to photic stimulation 
(231). 
A conclusion was 
drawn that the specificity of processes 
in the upper parts of 
the visual analyzer under a prolonged action of light depends 
on the inhibitory influences from the visual cortex. 
5. 
(U) 
The Soviet literature contains 
reference 
to experimental 
work in the effect of high brightness 
on the rate of eye adapta- 
tion to darkness. 
Kartsev (232) reports that the rate of 
adaptation 
of central vision of both eyes 
to the darkness after 
light exposures 
of various durations 
(1.5,3,6 minutes) after 
illumination (20,000 to 80,000 lux) was studied in four test 
subjects in the age group 18-30. 
A white barium screen illumi- 
nated by direct sunlight was used as 
a light source. 
During 
adaptation to the darkness 
the central vision response time was 
proportional to the quantity of illumination during disadapta- 
tion. 
A value of approximately 8 x 10° 
lux per sec was used. 
Apparently the Soviets 
feel that they have determined the upper 
limits 
to the effects 
of brightness because Kartsev reports that 
central vision response remained unchanged with any further 
stimulus increase. 
Other researches have prepared curves 
for 
the computation of restoration to light sensitivity after exposure 
to superbright light flashes 
(233-235). 
Visual perception in 
aircraft pilots has also been studied 
(236). 
“ 
SECTION II ~ COLOR AND LIGHT 
1. 
(U) 
The Soviets have reported that low intensity red light 
creates 
an irregular alpha rhythm in humans 
(237). 
Another study 
was conducted on the effects of low intensity red, green, 
and 
yellow light on humans 
(238). 
Physiological tests were adminis- 
tered to 412 females working in a film processing plant under red, 
green, or yellow light of low intensity 25 watt bulbs. 
Complex 
shifts were 
found in the central 
and autonomic nervous system 
which included marked increases 
in optical rheobase 
and chronaxy 
and lengthening of the latent period of visual and motor reactions 
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_ during the course of the day. 
The EEG was characterized by an 
irregular alpha rhythm, frequently followed by more rapid low- 
amplitude oscillations, 
an indication of decreased reactivity 
of the cortical processes. 
The condition of the autonomic nervous 
system was judged from shifts in skin temperature and arterial 
pressure, both of which were much lower at the end of a work shift 
than at the. beginning. 
The physiological data were supported by 
the results of a neurological examination which showed a large 
number of functional shifts. 
In general, the adverse effects 
were most pronounced in those who worked in soft red light. 
Yellow 
light was less irritating than green. 
2. 
(U) 
Further evidence of Soviet interest, especially in red 
light, 
is provided by research emanating from Soviet military 
institutes. 
The dynamics of work capacity of healthy human subjects 
during adaptation to colored lights was evaluated from the rate 
and quality of sensorimotor reactions of varying complexity. 
The 
subjects, seated at a specially designed control board, were required 
to press buttons to switch off the lights at appropriate signals during 
a-two hour adaptation period. 
Adaptation resulted in changes in 
the rate and quality of the reactions in relation to the color 
of the light source and the adaptation time. 
An increase in wave- 
length increased reaction speed but impaired quality, while a 
decrease in wavelength had the opposite effects. 
Red light produced. 
tension and irritability. 
Yellow light induced a good mood charac- 
terized by "increased motor readiness" and sustained attentiveness. 
Sluggishness and sleepiness were 
the characteristic reactions 
to 
blue light. 
Green light did not seem to produce any emotional- 
reaction 
(239). 
3. 
(U) 
The effect of colored illumination on monkeys has been 
studied at the Kirov Military Academy. 
The work reported above 
also was done at the Kirov Academy. 
The work as one can see 
involves not only monkeys but humans. 
The relationship between 
agressiveness and color type is of interest especially since the 
work comes 
from a known military establishment. 
An abstract 
of the work on monkeys follows: 
"In order to determine the psychophysiological specifi- 
city and the emotional working capacity as influenced 
by different colors of the visible spectrum —- so 
, 
important in technical esthetics 
in submarines, mines, 
planes, and light and heavy industries -- the authors 
used two rhesus monkeys. 
Sultan, 
four years old, was rather 
immobile and aggressive with a big appetite. 
Generally 
he sat at the screen and in the case of a mistaken choice 
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