= APRFOVES -d For Release 2000/08/07 : i GIA; RDP9E- 00787R000500230002- -2 Of the annroximately ten to tventy billion neurons in the human body, only about C.1 billion sre efferent sensory neurons caneble of yroducing graded generator votentials The two orimary “sources of human bio-information are victon, | which a electromagnetic radiation between the frequencies of 4 ~ x 1014 Iz, and audition, which is mechanicsl oscillations between 30 Ha ond 24,000 Hz. The neture of neuronal resvonse is such that most nerves are tuned, eith witely or narrowlw to a svecific frequency, such that when a neuron is activated the snecificity of the neurons automatically, and usually, uniquely is adcressed with a syecific bond of frequencies, such that the’ messazve encoded is the intensity of the stimulus acting uvon the al- ready frecuency~snecifie neuron. In adv ition, the brein, where the afferent sisnals have their des stinavion, is arransed tonotonically; that in a avecific frequency (tono ) is located in only certain allovable structures of spaces (topo in the brain. Several such tonotopic mapvings hace been observed, as for instance the cochlear nerve, and the central auditory analy rer in the ectos yt: “ie yyrus, See fig. 4.3 _ in KHz “ae 4 ab >. - 14.0- ok, 5 “30 oy oN | 16.0 ~ . G0280 SOLS Ng Be / Vos Sylvian * . ° ca a nes” gyrus - an Now, altho the frequencies of the auditory end visual stimuli are ree smecticely in the KHz and 100 THz ranges, the frequencies at which both the gene~ator and action potentials operates are tens to billions of times less frequent than the input stimuli. Thus, the generator votentials, which may be added tog gether, have no refractory veriod, but a snike duration of 1-2 msec is de facto limited to firing frequencies no greater than 500 to 1000 He, pinilarly, the constant voltege action notentials have refractory neriods of sbout 1 msec and so are alco limited to firing frequencies below 1000 Hz. Since, as ve shall show leter (Cf ch 5), that neurons firing below say 500 to 250 Hz do so with inductive re actance, ELF electro- magnetic fields are created. Of imvorteance to our study of conscious- ness and telepathy, »ractically all sensory information is created int: freauencics in the SUP range, The nature of sory trensduction is this: a stimulus of a give intensity acts upon an afferent nerve, which is a membrance which conducts ions. The larrer the intensity of the eau LS y the greate ig the membrance area activated, and since this means a larger flow of ions an¢ electrons thru that "membrance, this determines the amn~ lituce of the the gene ator notential. The aaplitude of the generator notential, once synapted (either e excitory or pnnibivory), determines the frequency of the action potentials. See fig 7.4 below peak 100 woo output 80 _ / amplitude yr freq. i “o of the va impulses “ generator a yer 40 a notentiat ; / sec 0! Lo. aprovedkge aig aseZp00t08i07 : CIA- RDPSEADIE7AGOOBOERBDOOD 2 Potential
ra . Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA- RDP96- 00787R000500230002- 2 BIOENYSICS CODING 16 Tnvestientions have been male releting the intensi’y of the in-~ out gtimuli to the freauency outyut for all of the sense modalivies. Stevens hynothesizes that the sensory trensduction ~rocess follows 2 ynover jay, ie fo ax” $ 3.4 where fo = ontout frequency ayn = dynenie “ischarze resnonve to stimulus ™ static discharge rate. when 3.4 is revritten, we see that this is sinply a form of ord log fo = (n log xtlog a) + b 3.5 the Weber-Fechner lav: relating sensation to stimulus, exce here ot she reletionchi» in the frecuency of neuronal outnut to the stimulus intensity. Altho most trencduection nrocesses follot the pover. lar over = corbin range of inout stimuli, it has been hypotnesi PACKaN (Linetz) that the trensducsion process is better descrived by . & fo = tanh x (hyverbolic tangent) 3.6 Since, as ve ehall show, the sreateat majority of outout fre- miencies ars betuven 0.01 Hz and 500 Hz, some mechanism must provide discrimination for all the messages croveing wis given band, woich ‘because of the extromely lotr frequencies, have Limited channel censcitr. In > ct tis identification comes froin the exponent which igs generally unicue for 2 given sense modality. Of importance is that these exnononts exhibit values sencrally inéicative of the oft observed vrovnerty of differences due to orgenism individuality. A corsllery to this voul’ be that there is probably no universally compilable freoucney or vaveform Cictionary.for come phenomena. fable 3.1 ig an arrangement of the various observed power lw xponents oa commiled by Stevens and oy Livetz from e large nuaber of investigations completes on the average, since 1965. TABLE 3.1 -- Pover Law Uznonents 0.10 - 0.18 Vertex votential 1.0 Cold on arin 0,21 light intensity av. 1.0 Visual leneth cortical notentials 1.05 Sueroce as of 14 subj. 0.33 Brightness 5° target 1.11 ~- 1.97 | 0.52 Av. cort. not. 200 Iz 1.1 “hite noise duration vibration on finger Let Yocal effort sound pressur: 9,62 Same ac above, 50 fly 1.1 Static pressure on’ slin 0,67 Loudness 3000 Hz tone 1.20 Denolarizins current for 0.5 Smell - hentane 630 nm 0.67 Denclarization current a) Finger span optic nerve at 550 nm 1.45 Heaviness—- lifted wolaghts 0.7 Projected visual area 1.47 Citric acid -one subject 9,715 Intensity - light 1.5 Monverature-warmtn on arm 0,735 Intensity - 680 nm 1.5 ‘actual roughness: 0.8 "actual hardneas 1.7 Force of hend grin 0.85 Citric acid one subject 9.89 Illumination 3.5 @lectric shock- current 0.975 Light intensity 620 nm through fingers Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500230002-2
at ae prcppreved For Release 2000/08/90 i&1A-RDP96-00787R000500230002-2 Although the maximum firing rate of a given sensory afferent er motor efferent neuron is limited to frequencies (usually) below 1000 H; either because of refractory veriod or spike duration, it is also understood that stimuli change ranidly, so thet the actual signal is usually limited to only a limited number of waveforms in any given time interval. The various coding/transducing nrocesses provide several different modes wherein the frequency of noural discharges provide unique and unambiguous information about the stimulus. For example in phase coders (T~tyne) or latency-burst disversion coders (D tyve), a given neurons! output frequency is relatively constant over any giver long duration, lets say 120 impulses yer second. The coding occurs by the mechanism that the discharges vary from their normel intersvilke interval by only a few tenths of a milli~second, the information thus being a code based uvon the nhase or earliness-lateness of a given soil with resvect the the average intersnike duration. Bullock, from who the above coding schema ere credited indicates that at least two additional codines occur: one, a probability coder (P-tyve) which produces snikes in a quasi-chance manner, end two, a burst coder (B-tyr which »vroduces svikes in clusters of varying number. (Szabo and Fessar¢ Once a stimulus is sunerthreshold, a signal vroceeds into the brain structures by variovs multivly~synanted afferent pathways. Once in the annropriate ccrebral structure the incoming information is processed in masse, »roducing the vhenomena of averaged cortical resvonses, It has been shown that these average cortical potentials have almost unique waveforms for the given sensory innut. The average votential's voltage amplitudes vary unon the mechanism of whether or not the ap»yronriate neurons fire in phase. When neurons or a given constant voltage end given outnut frequency discharge, amplitude modulation (ie of voltage) is a function of the phase differences between those neurons, For example, in a neuron firing at 60 Hz, there is one spike every 1/60 of a sec, or 0.0167 sec. If another neuron, regardless of its outout frequency delivers to some cortical structure an imnulse that arrives simultaneously with the above 60 Hz frequency, the two waveforms, much like oceanic tides,crest together, amnliflying the voltage of the thus averaged cortical resnonse. However,’ should the two (or three, or n) Signals be out of vhase, varying dogress of additive or subtractive construction will occur in voltage amplitude. Consider then that the messago or meaning (not the information eg we shall later specify) is function of several factors: the SCNSoOry out-put. frequency, all usually under 1000 Hz: the vower Law functions of the modalities, which discriminates but their rate of change, (that is srovth) the modality; and the amplitude of the averaged cortiecl resynonses, a function of “he vhasc of the incoming frequencies. = The following is then very illuminating. Amnlitude modulation (AI is a function of phase. However, the time rate of change of phase, that is ite first derivatios, is deerees ner second, that is froquency. Mov, in adcition, the vaveforms arc transient, growing and dininishing ranidiv, and the frequency also changes with resnect to time and the first derivative of frequency is change of freuency yer time, or as we know it, frequency modulation (FM). Therefore, the ‘message! is a function of phase, the first derivative of vhase, which is Yrequency | and the socond derivative of vhasc, which is frequency modulation. 2 A A Message = ¢ + ne. t = + (AM) (FREOQ.) (FI) Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500230002-2
appease For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA- RDP96- .90787R000600230092- 2 BIOPNY ICS For the sale of simolicity, the coofficionts | aeve been eliminated from Bo, 3.7 , but it whould be unterstood that in any given messages aon ‘. * the coefficient of eny term may bo scro, Limiting % that he sage! to onl: one or two of the »ossible throe comnonents: i AlL of the sensory endings we heve sson, or shall seo, are Some veriatiation uvon frequency coding, yet thero is another aspocs to tne: codiness which illuminete the nature of vercention most voienantly. Most of tho codines we shall examine are continuous, that is tuey may heve eny value from She minimum to the meximum for that given sensory moc ality y everws those ‘of olfaction, ane verhans come others that have not yet Boen investivcated. i Huehes et al imolantee electrode: into 23 pationts during ortho neurosurecry. “tandardizgod atmos»vheric solutions of variou® ogorente vere administered to the natients and reshonses tere recorded from the olfactory bulb, and omysdala of the conscious subjects, The results can only be Ceccribedc as revolutionary, for what Hughes end hig co- workers vad found vas that odor qualities Were recordec into syecific, that is discrete frequencies, ratver than a wide bend of fy ‘equencies. Altho some of the lines resnonded to more then one “timulent, it could be seit in goneral the: only very sneci*ic frequencies were allocated for vory specific odorant qualitizs, the result being that some songor: coding was ag accurato ené ag snecitic as emiscion or absorption lines from gtellor svoctra. Herc it can be gaid ic spec: Cie evidence for @ dictionery--lixe fre tency code of sencation. Table 3.2 lists the meior freguoney commonents in c clos per second, in a human olf factory bulb. (J.R. Hushes, et al) Teble 3.2 Olfactory snoctreal Lines Odorent Menthone 39.3 46.0 51.6 5743 Pennormint 25.8 30.% . 51.5 53.3 65.9 68.5 Bugenol 26.4 30.3 50.6 51.6 additional common lines oceur at 70.8, 72.9, 73.9, 75.8 and 79.9, with comnonents hisher than 140 Ilz being very rare. Let us conclude this seetion on sensory coding by showing to Giesrams. The first, fisure #3.5 shoves the outout froquency of bone joint yosition recontors, end the second, shows the outout frequency of a mugcle stretch rocentor. Although the reader is asked to, verify, as wo shall latcr shoyv, thet audition end vision outyut frequc sneies do not exceed 500 Tz, tno Following diagrans are added evidence that no scnsory outnut frequency excecds 590 Hz. ‘oe Bone ioint recentor Muscle load recevtor impulses ; d ee impulses, gg: a ner ! ner a gocond . ; secone. “ 20 Vi | i} \ 50 a 10 \l J | : \ ae a ‘ ‘A od » ; {OO T50° Tac 0.5.9 70° 0.5 «1,0 Point nosition logj9 load in grams Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500230002-2