can
be observe
.., a j
j „
r n
-
*
_ _
_
,
'
,
_
-**w
y-auo^u
X'iUidUU
2*®,
,
Sj
Suiidy
uhe
frequency-dependent
effects
of MM'v
-orK radiator*;
is tray;
is water;
is
the
light
beam-
- or ranging in the
inner volume
of* tha
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: CIA-RDP96-00789R0031 00280001 -7
in experiments with chlorine plastic radiator of
a
special
shape
(fork)
waves
(Fig.
5,
where
is
the
i^a
s
,oSSrS!.
int,“ i ' j of the iisnt “«
throughout
che
V
entlre°7oXurae"
S
leaving
t
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of th°
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lnk dld noc
spread
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ag^-LT^SSKI-ilS
« y.fSy^opLfLrpar-
nae
been determined experimentally,
for example,
that
lo. intenaLy
Sm raSLtiofcln- ae-
celerate the aetlve transport
of Ions of Na+
CP
>
1 mW/om2
modify the
erythrocyte mem-
brane permeability to
K
ions
<1-5 mW/cm2
),
accelerate
the
peroxide
oxidation
of un-
saturated fatty acids
in liposomes
t>l mW/cm2
),
Increase the
ionic conductivity of two-
% Se wanr
Pflow”^h?ra?Lwfu^Sfif
e
* ^ haS been detei*mined that m radiation speeds
sensor of microwave ’ener^r??-!^
1??
=„!!
Ca^
1^ a
i!Z &S
J fn element ary thermoviscosimetric
near-wall laver
nf*
t-ho
^^,.sef
ras
3bat
radiation,
being absorbed
in the
thin
fying the motion of llqSd SSugh^roapU^f
S±°n
°f
'he
"lth
tfie ™11 «
nodl-
The sensitivity threshold of biological objects
to
low- intensity continuous MM ra-
Jiation
is
1-10 mW/cm
.
Some of the effects
are due to the substantial
tsi Onf<-0
aV,
nen
P
Convection CJClC”
by wat ®?*
ra°lecule s,
leading to liquid convection
in this seed-
(EFEREIICES
nd Hedlo^e°Eln
eHSSS:,
CE?S°^- 3L
S
R?
Biol.*
RE A»•5SSR,
D
r•tosoS^SIl.
(E41t0r,
ltontl»n“d E"e«“
Millimeter Radiation lin Russian],
bjects
lin
^“"“^mal Millimeter Radiation on Biological
*
H.
Froehlich and
F.
Kremmer
(Editors),
Coherent
Excitations
in Biological Systems,
*The
unit
was kindly provided
by
Dr.
p .
t ut t gart
,
FRG )
Keilmann
(Max Planck Solid State
Institute,
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Approved For Release 2000/08/08
: CIA-RDP96-00789R0031 00280001 -7
:ringer Verlag,
Berlin,
198 3.
FroehUoh,
"tong-range
and energy storage
In biological systems,"
20 W.
J.
of Quantum Chemistry,
vol.
11,
pp.
641-649,
1968’
°*
A.
o.
seaman.
Electromagnetic
Fields and .Live
Mature
[In Russian],
'(auka,
Mos-
• isn:Cn^^
sorption li
^
in the ab-
in Biology and Medicine ?ln HgEiffiTWSi
*««*»
Effects
ani Dosl“??; ofTtoSnlalng^aSatbcTom“!frjlf'f
' ’ ”
ln:
B1°l°Slcal
(editors)
Plenum Publishing Corporftion,
Mew York
1983°
*
Mlchaelson »
a^
A.
Rindi
transport
of substances tissolvtT
and
S '
Sharov,
"Convectional
brane processes
by
Mil radiation
"
in- Effect
a
-°° ss;Lhle mechanism of acceleration of mem-
logical Objects
[in SusSanL^fa M 'sS^sco'wfJsfl!!™
1 mil±^
on Blo-
radlatlon on rate of cyridire^protorizat ion^intc tl-,itUdy
el
influence of
low power MM
vol.
282,
no.
4,
pp.
931-933®
1^85.
n in a water medium," Dokl.
Akad.
Nauch.
SSSR,
for measuring* the^power at mLSS^^Iilail™
U an? T ‘
S ’
Sbar°'r ’
" A
Byulleten IztbreteSii,
no.
25° 198™radlatlon ’
USSR Authors'
Certificate
no.
1101750,
24 March 1986
JRadioelectrcnics
and^Coramunicat ions
Systems.
Available from Allerton
Press,
Inc
"*
“
~*Apprbveft
:For Release 1200d/&8/0824eiA£R-DP96-00789R00310028000f-7
Approved For Release 2000/08/08
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Contents
RADIOELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS' SYSTEMS
PAGES
RUSSIAN/ENGLISH
SPECIAL
ISSUE
MICROWAVE
ELECTRONIC
DEVICES
• or oal°™ion of ^intXSy
'
okki raiiaiiin!
"
SimillitiJ ltween living organisms
and certain microwave, devices
; ^ ^
voaeling^of^nonlinear problems" ir^micind^tir' iiiwiivi electronics.
.
.
Main trends ^hTm^ling’ of
effect
transistors
(a review).
G.
V.
Fet
of so iid state
Design elements
and ®l£^
enGy
s°
A
ZinchtSo
and E.
A.
Machusskli
--^£^itivlty
°f
Calculations
U
of° diode
up^nverter.
Stud/of
^soiu^on of
a
devices with
a periodic
structure.
A.
V.
and V \J’
S aimHt’hm' used" for* study
" of* vacuum* tubes with prolonged
POWeri;SSSJSn?
1<P £
L . Tobrfvskii Id
S
R.
Zarembskii
A multiperiod numeric model
of
fn
cr°"!ed- fdel
^aiSSrin!?
A.
A.
Terent’ev,
E.
M.
I}'
J*
n
Pchel'nikov
Unconventional
uses
of retarding
sy
Brief Communications,
tumeric modeling of microwave
limiter diode.
OptlmikLofS“?hfIn;rCT'ihdr^ierieii^'if'varaotor microwave Mtere
;
Ootlm^afiorf/pnafe^i
‘
microwave semiconductor amplifier.
Efficiency ^matching circuits
in solid state Mcrowave
^ oscillators
.
^
^
c.
.
A.
Machusskii
*
* 1’*
tl,^+-h
a resonant
grating as
a control
SOlld
a li£StT
aVe|ff
Pefrov!
V.
v.
Povarov,
and
I.
V.
Lebedev
.
*
-o
P
i,U
'
r.
,rr^TO^w"S’?«."
,ssssE sss. -»
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EDITOR'S FOREWARD
I
.
V
.
Lebede v
Izvestiya
VUZ.
Radi oe 1 ektroni ka
,
Vol
.
29,
No.
10,
p.
3,
1986
'
: vfT i \i.
i 1 i*,t
ss=
- liese'
|’)aner-
:Fhe data and
the: Possible explanations offered
4 n
’
.nese
paper o
(some, of which may
be
debatable)’
will promote.: further nrovress
in
t-vf,
,tVe. a1
_rea,
whlcn stretches
far beyond the conventional framework of^electronics .
-
-
~„ a «S‘L^fua1
.
4 n
.uch attention
In this
issue
is given 'to
so lid-state "'microwave device®
- s-rj.e-.-i articles discusses
the general aspects
of computer simulation o^ ncn-
“ J'
•, ° 5j-ems
oj,
semiconductor microwave electronics;
another" review deals wi^h
‘•'ip'
rent
prooxens
in modeling of submicronic
field-effect
transistor®
?•*?.
Wl - h
ui
}e
sur “
-lloMiSiJ ™Phasl= e
; he contribution likely to
be made
in thLva^^b. ule-Srap-
ind im^SveSL? o?°U»J
!?h
aa “e11 “
-61K mainframes;
so 'as
to hasten the treason
dau improvement
or new solid-state microwave devices
.
. v*;
'•«>*
^ ^
..^
^
...
*
*,
.
»•
a-- 4 r
.
thA
„n
S!n! °A thf articles and communications describe the'55rrent problems
in" increasing
Unppr
solid-state microwave devices and units. ^There
is .a paper presenting non-
’
dfa ?ar analysis of
a semiconductor delimiter - one of...the less. studied tvpes of solid-
3 ![!^® nl ° ro "ave devices.
Among other results published
is research connected with the
de
un^s
?he
^
PeS
° f solld -3tate oscillators ,
-> amplifiers ,f converters
,
W
and control
oecililv ?Lld ASAAt
a
?VanCrt We are
,CurEently witnessing
in microwave -transistors ,
es-
field-effect
transistors,
and their expansion, into.- th,e ^millimeter wave bands
te^oenetration^f
e
the
V
mAthod®^
e
f
,C1
*i
at ^°n
° f various
radio- engineering systems.
The
in-
^,,pi an^
rat:1 °T of the mfthods of microwave technology and superhigh-speed integrated
c 4 r-
cuxts
is
further expanding the capabilities ^nd applications of skid-state electronics!
,
Lfyel E research
is under way also
in the
field' of' vacuum microwave electronics
and
j.n parvicuxar,
the development
of effective methods of computer- analysis and syntheses
especially the specific
problems
in the development of O-type and M-tS Svices
One’
SS^«)f,°US3e5
! hf AppiioaciOA of retardation systems
in fields of enSineJSnfnot ?n-
;
diateiy connected with, electronic devices.
The
vast, store .of experience accumulated
rfioh microwave electronics
can be productively utilized^ .other,spheres of thlTeconomy.
•' - i-- %c
«*U
“*
Some of the important
trends of microwave electronics are
not. .covered
in the’issnp
nf^A^f117
)
thS develo Pment
of monolithic
integrated microwave devices and units
which
’
°f;?L!?f°ad °PP°rtunities
for microminiaturization of
, microwave technology,
raising the
oo^anpp
1!'^
C ° St
ef5
e o t;I-veness
of these products.
. This
'and., other areas of current
4 i“ ^fL!Lcovered
the
future
lssues of
^urnal
.-
:
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SIMILARITIES BETWEEN LIVING ORGANISMS AND CERTAIN MICROWAVE DEVICES
M.
B.
Golant
and
T.
B.
Rebrova
Izvestiya
VUZ.
Radi oel ektronl ka
,
Vol.
29,
Mo.
10,
pp.
10-19,
1986
UDC
538.56:57:621.385.6
Vital functions of live organisms
are discussed on
the
basis
of published ex-
perimental data concerning the effects
of lower-power millimeter-band electro-
magnetic
waves on these organisms.
Analogies with operation of microwave de-
vices
are drawn.
In
[1]
the possibility was discussed of applying the concepts
of radioelecuronics
and
cybernetics
to medical and biological problems.
The
study was
concerned with the
general
aspects
of organization of the control of complex systems,
as
they refer
to utilization
of
low
(nonthermal)
power milliter-band waves of electromagnetic radiation
(EMR)
in order
to mobilize forces
in a live organism,
to eliminate disbalances
in
its functioning,
or
to
prepare the organism for future detrimental
impacts.-
Parallels between the EMR effects on live organisms
[2] and general operation regu-
larities of Information systems have been drawn in
[3,
1*].
These regularities,
which de-
termine the
choice of the oscillation power and frequency,
the requirements
to oscillation
stability,
radiation site and time,
etc.
[5]»
proved important
in the EMR uses
for medical
treatments
and in biotechnology.
This universality
is connected with the
fact
that
the
general patterns of operation of information systems apply to different
organisms and ac-
tions.
Mechanisms triggered by control
signals
can differ substantially,
depending on the
Information content
of the
signals and the nature of the objects. at which they are
di-
rected.
Can an analogy with the organization principles
of a microwave device
be useful
for
understanding the operation of the informational processes
in live organisms?
We believe
that
it
can,
although such an analogy cannot
be
as
complete
as when one analyzes
the
gen-
eral patterns of operation of information systems.
Here one
can
- cautiously
- compare
the characteristics observed
in experiments on live organisms with the characteristics
of
microwave
devices and units.
Ample experience accumulated
sifter five decades of develop-
ment of microwave technology can give
clues to interpretation of the results.
This possi-
bility
is extremely valuable because of the insurmountable obstacles faced by attempts
at
direct observations
in this
area.
RESONANCE
IN
CELL MEMBRANES
Considerable biological
effects
in various parts
of the
body,
often quite remote
from
the irradiated part
of the body surface,
can be produced by an infinitesimal EMR power.
Thl3 observation Initially
suggested the possibility of some
informational
function per-
formed by irradiation.
What
elements -in the body respond to
signals of such
a high fre-
quency?
Theoretical analysis of the experimental facts connected with the EMR effects
In
live
organisms Indicated early on that
it
Is
cells
and cell elements,
and especially membranes,
that
respond
to EMR action
[ 6 j
.
The
fact
that
a very
low power was
sufficient
for an
in-
formational Impact [MOTE.
Simple estimates based on the totalnumber of cells in
the human body
(10 14-10 1 ^)
and the general thermal output
of the body
(measured by hundreds
of watts)
show that mean power output
of
a cell
is
0.5-5
pW;
for bacteria,
based
on
the
ratio
of an organism's volume
to the mean volume of the human cell,
this power
is
lower by
a
factor of
10^.
The density of the power flow absorbed by
a cell during irradiation and
sufficient
for producing the biological effect
(see,
e.g.,
[3,9])*
adjusting
for absorp-
© 1986 by Allerton Press. Inc.
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-ion
in
-he environment,
is
net
larger than
0.1 of these quantities.
Studies
of
the in-
formation effects
produced, by impulse
signals
[10]
suggest
that
the mean energy
of
the ex-
citing signal can
be
even
lower,
at
least
by an order of magnitude]
suggested
two alterna-
tives:
either the
cells,
under
certain biological conditions,
exist
in a state
close
to
a
triggering threshold of signal generation or,
even before the EMR action,
such generation
takes
place
in the
cells.
In the
former
case,
the generation of an information signal by
the
cell
is
similar
to
signal amplification
in
a regenerating amplifier
[6];
in the
latter,
the
function of the EMR
is
to
synchronize
signals .generated by a large number of oscilla-
tors
[7].
In view of the
instability of regenerating amplifiers,
as contrasted against
the
stability and reliability of functioning of live organisms,
the mechanism determined
by synchronisation of
a large number of oscillations
appears more natural.
As
has been demonstrated
in
[11],
a notion of such oscillators
is provided by the
fine
structure of the spectra of EMR-induced effects
[8,12,13]
(Fig.
1),
due
to
the possi-
bility of inducing
in
lipid cell membranes acoustic
waves
of the whispering
gallery
(waves
not
radiated into the external environment
because of
the complete internal reflection).
Data
in
[14] on the elastic modulus of distension of cell membranes
K
(K
-
0.45
;i/m)
and
the
thickness
A
r/[ of their hydrophobic region
(A^
a
310
mm) make
it possible
to estimate
the velocity
v^
of acoustic
waves traveling along the membrane
oi » (AC./pA,,)
0*4
,
(1
)
•
-.•mere
a
is
the density
of the
lipid
(fatty)
layer,
which for the evaluation
can
be
set
at
300
kg/m'3.
The value of v^
computed with
(1)
is approximately 400 m/sec.-
The membranes
of cer-
tain cells and subcellular elements are cylindrical
[15,16].
11“ the oscillations
are ex-
cited along the perimeter of the
side surface of the cylinders,
their resonance condition
will
require that
the parameter
ird
(where
d
is
the diameter of the
cylinder)
be equal to
an integer
U of the length of acoustic waves
A
A -VJf
(2)
(where
f
is
the oscillation frequency).
N - ad!A,
(3)
(3’)
The
frequency diversity Af of two neighboring resonances corresponds
to
a change of
N by
±1 and
is equal
to
| Af
| - v,!nd » (KJpAH)
0Ji (nd)-.
rv—
»
(4)
Cellular membranes
are polarized,
and each has
a constant potential difference
corre-
spending
to
a field Intensity of the order of
10'
V/m.
The acoustic vibrations deforming
the membrane,
therefore,
induce
a variable electric
field,
forming an acoustic-electric
wave.
The
spatial period of the variable component
of the electric
field
is
equal
-to the
wavelength of acoustic oscillations determined by
(2).
For example,
for
E.
soli
,
which
has
the diameter of about
0.65
pm
[15],
when the excitation
is produced by wavelength in
the
free
space
of
A
»
6.5 mm
(corresponding to
f
=
46,1. GHz),
the wavelength
in the mem-
brane
A will
be approximately equal
to
100
A.
The electrical length N of the ’perimeter,
according to
(3),
is
close
to
200.
The variation
AX of the wavelength in the
free space
or
\ corresponding
to
Af,
defined
by
(4),
is
AX
s
3*10 -2 mm.
This practically coincides
as 352 655 555 558
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WOO
41800
Frequency, MHz
Fig.
with the experimental data
[8]
(Fig.
1).
Figure
1 plots the synthesis
induction coefficient
K,
vs.
X
during irradiation of
s.
culture.
Similar estimates
for yeast
cultures
based on spectra published
in
[12]
'vrig.
2)
show that
this
spectrum represents
the oscillations
of the outer membrane,
while
the
spectrum published
in
[13]
(Fig.
3)
refers
to vibrations
of mitochondria membranes.
Figure
2 plots
the normalized rate
of growth of the yeast
culture irradiated
by EMR
vs.
f;
Pig.
3 plots
the dependence on
X of the
change
in the number of carrier sit“s
af'-e^
mice, are exposed to EMR combined with
X-rays
(the
curve
PMD
+
R)
,
as
compared with
chance*
-I!
^he number
of* carrier sites
af*ter irradiation with
X™rays
alone
(curve
R)
*
x
* s
control.
Ii.
is
not
only the quantitative
fit
of the calculated and experimental
SDectrum that
is essential.
The cognitive
significance
of this analysis
is even more
important.
^
clarifies why the lines
in the
spectra are narrow desDite
the
sub-
stantial
losses
in the biological media,
and explains
the presence
of many bands
in the
spectra which correspond to similar biological effect.
Both these observations
are at-
tributable to
the fact that
cell membranes exposed to acoustic vibrations
are resonance
systems
in which a large number of oscillation types
can be
induced;
some of them
(with
“tTu
^^ues
^
are
the type
of fields that
are induced.
In the analysis
of the
effect
spectra shown
in Pigs.
1-3,
one should take
into account
that these
are
sub-
stantially nonlinear relationships between the bodily effects
and the information param-
sters.
It
should also
be noted that
in the elementary case of
a cylindrical membrane
:aken for illustration,
we discuss types of oscillations
that
differ
in just
one parameter
^ £
or> tho
sake of clarity.
In reality, membrane shapes can be
complex, with corresponding
iribrations
characterized generally by more than one parameter.
For example,
in Fig.
3,
;wo
series- of lines with a similar period can be distinguished,
which are shifted relative
;o each other.
Different
series of resonance bands
can correspond
to different
cell mem-
branes
(see below,
the
last
section)
and can be stimulated
in different
subbands.
It
becomes
also
clearly why the biological effect
of EMR on a healthy cell
is weak
.within the natural scatter of the functional indicator),
and becomes manifested only af-
<er several irradiation sessions
[173.
The calculated value
of wave velocity v^
s
400
l/sec
corresponds to the deceleration of the electromagnetic wave by almost
a factor of
ine million
(reduction of the wave velocity compared with the speed of light
in vacuum).
.'he field
is pressed tight
to the membrane:
the distance from the membrane surface
at
rhich the field amplitude
is reduced by a factor of
e
for a wave
X
*
5 mm
is approximately
qual to
A.
In order for such a system to become connected with
a wave propagating
in
he outer environment,
special elements of connection are necessary.
The organization of
hese elements
is discussed
in the next
section.
We will merely note here that
such con-
tection elements arise onlyunder unfavorable bio log! cal conditions , to which cells
or cell
ystems respond by restructuring.
Under normal conditions
the membranes
radiate almost no
illimeter waves;
accordingly,
they
can hardly perceive any external radiation.
' The
highly
rganized energy of microwave vibrations
is not wasted by the body;
in
terras
of energy
oss,
there
is
no
substantial difference between generation and regenerative amplifies—
Another theoretically and practically
important
experimental
fact
also becomes
ex-
licable
:
under the same experimental-conditions,
it is
not
only the
fine
structure
that
is
haracterized by an exceedingly high reproducibility,
but
also
the
frequency values
at
hich specific biological effects
are observed,
despite
the
fact
that
the dispersion of
;he
cell
sxzes
and subcellular elements
is
fairly large.
This hapoens because the value
f
v
z
,
by virtue of
(1),
is affected by several parameters
(the calculated value
of
v^
s
400 n/sec
is
found
for mean values,
and
is
itself an averaged estimate).
By virtue of
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v
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3 m.
t iooy
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b
Pig.
(2)
,
A
for
a
fixed
f
is proportional
to
7 ,,
and so
for given M and
f,
the value of
d
(see
(3)
)
will
also
vary
in proportion to
v^
.
Changes
in the number of wavelengths
!J
(for
a
fixed
f)
on
the perimeter of
a membrane
are unlikely under the conditions of the experiment.
The membrane
is
built
successively of separate
"blocks"
- molecules.
In the construction
of cellular structures,
one error occurs per
construction motions
[18].
On the other
hand,
there
is
a very small number of molecules per one wavelength
[16],
so that
even when
thousands
of wavelengths
can
be fitted along the membrane perimeter,
a change of the num-
ber of molecules
along the perimeter of a membrane
in the
course of
its
construction
is
practically ruled out
for any significant number of cells.
If the number of molecules
is
the
same,
the values of
v^ and
A,
in conformity with the analysis
of
(1)
and
(2),
and’ the
parameters appearing
in
(1),
will
be affected solely by
the density of the packing of
molecules;
the changes
in this density will produce variations of A and
d proportional
to
one
another.
The informational action of EMR on cells appears
to
be connected with
f largely
through
N,
because
it
is
N which determines
the character and direction of forces
in the
natural system of coordinates tied to the membrane.
In particular,
the
fine and flexible
control of cells
functions,
by varying
f can be due to the
fact that with a large number
of “oscillations
characterized by small variations of N and respective field configurations
a fairly smooth regulation of cellular processes
can be achieved.
The excitation of mem-
branes
has been studied extensively
(see,
e.g.,
[16]).
In view of the small value of
v.
,
the mechanism of long-term or multiple interaction of the variable electric field of the
membrane with charges
connected with protein molecules described in
[16]
seems probable.
In electronic devices,
long-term and multiple interactions of charges with a microwave
field are quite
common
(see,
e.g.,
[19]).
In. resonance
systems closed in field and in
current,
such
as the electrodynamic
system of a multiresonator magnetron,
excitations
are
quite easy to
induce
(It
Is
this
kind of system that
a membrane ‘should provide
for the
oscillations closed in a ring and excited
in
it).
The
current necessary for stimulating
oscillations would be determined by the quality of the energy loss
in the system for a
certain amplitude of the microwave field and the energy released into this field by the
charges.
The
charges,
connected with protein molecules oscillating at their resonant
fre-
quencies
(due
to
the metabolism energy),
have,
because of a large molecular weight
of pro-
tein molecules,
considerable stored energy which they can pass on to the membrane's micro-
wave
field In the
course
of interaction.
The oscillations of single protein molecules
can
oe
likened to vibrations of
a spring which responds by attenuating vibrations
at the natu-
ral resonant
frequency to
any nonperiodic perturbation..
For coherent vibrations
to
be ex-
cited
in a membrane,
the vibrations of the
individual oscillators,
however,
should be
co-
chasic.
Since
the polarization of membranes
is necessary for acoustoelectric waves
to be
excited
In them
it
is necessary
for signal generation
In the membrane.
This process
can
be depicted as
the phasing of protein oscillators linked with the membrane by the acoustic
component of the wave
field associated with transfer of energy of these oscillators
to the
wave;
the electric component
of the wave interacts with the charges associated with pro-
tein molecules.
Another legitimate hypothesis
is that
the mechanism is
inverse:
the
phasing of the vibrations
of the electrical component
of the wave field in the membrane
md the transfer of the energy of oscillators of
its acoustic component.
The energy
spent
to
phase
the vibrations
of the oscillators
is
small compared with
: be ir own energy
[ 7 ].
Since
losses
in the lipid membrane are relatively
small,
we
can
“•onclude that
a small number of protein oscillators would be sufficient
for signal genera-
; Ion with this mechanism.
When the
cell,
however,
is
subjected to unfavorable
Impacts
.making
it necessary
to radiate signals
controlling the recovery processes),
proteins
-rom the cytoplasm are drawn toward the membrane
and become associated
in
it
[ 20 ];
this
“.mould increase
the
current
and,
therefore,
the magnitude of oscillations
Induced
In the
embrane
.
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wnicn
aacoi
-he strong influence
of f'on enzymatic activity
[i
luencies
,
CONNECT I OH
BETWEEN
ELECTROMAGNETIC OSCILLATIONS
IN
CELL MEMBRANES
AND
THE
ENVIRONMENT
EXCITED
~n
a normally functioning organism the electromagnetic vibrations
induced in
cell
membranes practically
do
not interact with the environment,
because
the fields
are pressed
oj-^ht
to
^he membrane
surface.
EI1R Irradiated
into
the environment
or perceived from out-
aiae
are negligibly
small.
While any connection with the environment would mean
a waste
Oj.
energy for^a normally functioning organism,
it
may become necessary when the normal
functioning
oi
ceils
is disrupted.
It
could help processes aimed
at
eliminating the
dis-
ruptions
or adapting to
changed functional conditions.
How are vibrations
in the membrane connected with the environment?
Of interest
in
this
context
are the
so-called temporary structures that
appear on membranes only during
“‘"e restructuring of the function and later disappear.
Could these
structures
^unction
as
communication elements?
Experience with multiresonator magnetrons,
where
the
field
°
r
^ cture »
to
some extent,
is similar
to the above-described field structure
in an excited
membrane
(an integral number of lengths of slow waves
In both cases
fit
into
the
circle
of
>-ne resonating system),
suggests that interaction with this
field could be arranged with
-he aid of
a probe
connected with the field of one of the standing waves
in the
system.
e
GOi:munication elements,
placed
at
a distance
equal
to the wavelength of the
slow wav®
irom one another,
introduce
a greater load into
the
system;
they effectuate
the connections
wiuh the
crests of waves corresponding to the
same
phase' of the oscillation.
A studv of
^A\harl0r
K f
°ells
®xposed t0 unfavorable factors under an electron microscope showed
„
r-1®mt,rane
surfaces developed septa - periodic protrusions
shifted relative
to
approximately 100
8.,
i.e.,
the value of the
slow wavelength A estimated
In
Por evaluating the
size of these protrusions
it
should be noted
tnat
li
the oscillations
are moved away from the _ membrane
(where
they occur
in the
same
phase)
to
a distance of Just
about
A/2ir from the
surface
(i.e.,
a distance of about
X)
then an ordinary time-variable field will be excited outside of the membrane.
A decrease’
in the amplitude of this field with the increased distance from the site of excitation
will
no longer be associated with the total internal reflection but mainly with the active
losses m the environment.
It
is through these protrusions
or septa that
the primary
con-
tact occurs between the membranes,
brought
closer together by the unfavorable
impacts
(Fir.
* -the protrusions reduce the degree
of field attenuation since
the distance
from the
surface
at
these points
is shorter;
as
a result,
interaction can be established
at a greater
overall distance.
Figure
f20]
is
a diagram of the process
of reactive restructuring of
membranes after being exposed to a variable field:
a)
formation of protrusions;
b)
pulling
together of membranes;
1) membranes;
2) material adhering to the membrane;
and
3)
inter-
membrane gap.
*
One might
think that
since, according to
(.2),
A
is frequency dependent,
a SDecific
distance between the protrusions,
if
it
could be tied to
the field configuration,
would
Indicate that
the communication between them
is of
a narrow band type.
The real number
of protrusions
in periodic sequences,
however,
is relatively small
Cup to
5-6)
and they
vary noticeably
in shape £20],
They can be used,
therefore,
for communication in
a very
broad frequency band for intersepfal distances equal to the mean
A for this
band.
Be-
sides,
variations
in the degree of connection in a broadband affect
little the
informa-
tional effect.
The latter depends
little on the
signal amplitude
[4],
The degree of con
nection
in
case of an underloaded generator changes
the radiated power relatively slowly
The existence
of a connection between the periodic membrane structures
and the elec-
tromagnetic field
is
supported also by the
fact
that
these structures arise
in areas where
membranes
cup out;
this cupping out of itself provides
some connection
(although very weak
In
ohe absence of septa)
between the high-frequency fields
in
the membrane and
in the en-
vironment
Similar results have been obtained
in
a different
way
in
[.21],
The
study was
con-
cerned with the
interaction between cells
(erythrocytes)
in
a medium into which long-fiber
polyethylene oxide molecules were introduced.
In terms of the
above
scheme,
these mole-
cules could operate as communication elements
for removing the microwave energy from the
membrane
surface.
After the molecules were introduced into
the medium the maximum distance
between the
cells
at which an Intercellular interaction could be observed greatly
in-
creased.
The optimum concentration of polyethyloxide molecule
(corresponding to
the maxi-
mum intercellular interaction)
was achieved with an intermolecular distance
of about
X.
xt
should be noted that,
first,
the ends of all molecules
are not
situated
in the
same
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