Approved For Release 2000/08/15 : CIA- - - pp oOo TOTAL A-ROD 96 00792R000500230003-5 physical dimensions (a point source). In well-known early experiments, various crystal structures were usually used as the object of which a hologram had to be recorded.'*" That was because the length of the electron wave is determined by the de Broglie relation 4=h/mv, where ti =f ion? is Planck’s constant, m is the electron mass, and v is the electron velocity. With an electron energy of 1-100 eV, wavelength is 4=(1.5-0.015) 10* cm, so that for observation of interference phenomena, the use of crystals with a lattice element spacing of approximately 10* cm is effective. At the same time, methods developed in recent years for “cooling” particle beams, thereby enabling the achievement of extremely low values for particle velocity straggling, make it technically possible to produce beams with low total energy. For example, electrons have been slowed to an energy of 10° eV, with the wavelength of approximately 0.05 pm approaching the wavelengths of the visible range. The small absolute length of y-waves for electrons with energies of 1-100 eV, most easily detected directly via photoemulsion exposure, makes the technical realization of the holographic process more difficult than if light waves were used. For observing and recording the interference pattern produced by macro bodies even the size of 10-100 pm, one must use either larger distances from the object to the photographic plate or electron optics that result in the period of the spatial pulsations being larger than the resolution element of the emulsion.” . The use of "cold" particle beams with large wavelength and low energy for y-holography raises the issue of what method is to be used to record the amplitude distribution of the wave in the detection plane -- direct exposure of photoemulsion at a particle energy of <0.1 eV, for example, could be virtually absent. Certain difficulties can also arise in the successive recording of the hologram with scanning by an electron beam detector. To record ¥-holograms based on cold electrons, it could turn out that it is best to use various methods of intermediate, simultaneous conversion of the interference pattern —- electron- microscopy methods of image transformation and enhancement and use of enhancement of the "y-image” via direct acceleration of the “cold” electrons between the plane for recording the -bologram and the photodetector, and methods of enhancement that attach electrons to electronegative molecules with subsequent acceleration of those molecules in an electrical field, etc. As with the visible and radio ranges of electromagnetic waves, methods of basic intensity Approved For Release 2000/8818 Ci: RDPS6-00792R000500230003-5
Approved For Release 2000/98/15 .,Gla-BiAR96-00792R000500230003-5 holography, in which only the square of the amplitude of the interference pattern is recorded, are entirely applicable to w-holography, as are methods of holography that use a reference beam, thereby enabling the detection of the amplitude-phase distribution of the ¢-field. Controlling the phase front of the w-wave with electrical and magnetic fields -- something that has been perfected in electron microscopy ~ makes it possible to implement various hologram-recording systems that are well-known today for the optical range (for example, forming reference beams that have a plane or spherical phase front and fall on the hologram recording plane at a given angle). electromagnetic waves stems from the dispersion of the y-wave propa gating in free space. That difference shows up i Smethods of recording and playing back y-holograms, when the radiation used cannot be considered monochromatic. "Diffusion" of the wave packets (pulses) in free space (or in a vacuum) does not take place for electromagnetic waves and is. peculiar only to the y-wave. > The essential difference between y-holography and standard holography based on _ II. Features of the playback of holograms and the uncertainty principle. As with standard optical holography, irradiating a #-hologram with a coherent $-wave (a single-energy flux of wave-particles) makes it possible to produce a three-dimensional image. Of greatest interest as regards the -wave (unlike with the optical hologram) is, apparently, the virtual image, which has a number of features of the actual object recorded in the hologram. The greatest -wave concentration is observed in the region of space in which the virtual | image is formed, and location of the individual elements of the image is determined, naturally, only by the nature of the spatial distribution of the wave emanating from the plane of the w-hologram. We should note, however, a number of fundamental questions that arise in comnection with the possibility of synthesizing an image with a y-hologram. First, there is the possibility of self-stress in the virtual image that is obtained and in its elements -- in general, y-waves interact nonlinearly. For example, electrons are pushed apart by electrical forces and are scattered on other electrons (unlike electromagnetic waves, which obey linear equations with great precision). Next, a virtual y-image can obviously interact directly with an external electromagnetic field, since, generally speaking, that image constitutes a material medium with a given distribution of density and other parameters. Finally, the possibility of a given placement of the "quantum mechanical" object in space in FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Approved For Release 2000/08/15 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000500230003-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Approved For Release 2000/08/15 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000500230003-5 the known Heisenberg uncertainty relation (see Vikhman” and Davydov.” among others). Let us pause in more detail on that question. In recent decades, in connection with the rapid progress in the theory and technology of radar measurements, a number of works that have become classics have examined the overall statistical theory, principles, and limitations associated with measurements that use wave processes. It has become clear that in actual situations, when wave processes (an electromagnetic field, for example) can have a certain, rather complex space-time modulation, the potential capabilities of measurements of target coordinates (range, speed, angle, etc.) are determined by so-called general uncertainty principles (see, for example, Shirman” and Urkovitts”, as well as Bakut et al.” and Middleton,” among others). In the 1950s, in particular, the development of the theory okwideband?rada demonstrated the unsoundness of the Heisenberg uncertainty princi fe with vopard to joint measurement of target range and speed (i.e., temporary position and /illegible] of a wave packet). It turned out that, as correctly pointed by Vakman,” that principle reflects not the potential capabilities of measurements of actual physical magnitudes, but just some trivial /illegible] typical of the most basic type of oscillation fillegible] of a sine curve with a square, Gaussian envelope or one similar to it. In other words, the Heisenberg principle /illegible] that if an oscillation could have a duration of r~T, then its Fourier fillegible] could not be narrower than Jf ~ qr such that +-$f>I. Before the early 1950s, wideband signals were not known in radar, and it was mistakenly believed that the potential capabilities of joint measurement of target range and speed (not a single probing signal) were limited by a given "relation of durations,” i.e., the longer the probing signal, the more accurately the Doppler frequency shift (speed) is measured, but the less accurately the delay of the /illegible] signal (range) is measured. ame out, /illegible] for the first time was In 1953, the ‘ revealed fillegible] of such notions. It became clear that spectral width of the signal W, and. not signal duration T, was the parameter that determines the potential accuracy of. ‘measurement of the range coordinate (delay), while, independent o ofthe magnitude | of W, the accuracy of the measurement of Doppler frequency is determined by signal duration T. Modern detection equipment (radars, sonar, etc.) would be unthinkable without the use of wideband signals with TW>1, frequency modulation, and phase manipulation.*” Woodward’s general uncertainty principle holds true for such signals, saying that the potential capabilities of measurements are determined by a type of autocorrelation function & (7, w) FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Approved For Release 2000/08/15 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000500230003-5
Approved For Release 2008 O8FISIAELRERDPS6-00792R000500230003-5 [sic] of the “wave packet" of the probing signal s(t) ¥ (ca) = efse- Fs "(e— 4) el dt where |: is the total energy of the signal. The function E (7, t) generally has its greatest value (peak) at the origin of the coordinates =0, &=0, and the width of the peak is ~1/w in terms of the 7 axis and ~22/T in terms of the & axis. Those intervals also determine the potential accuracies of measurements in sequential statistical theory. But the Woodward uncertainty principle itself asserts that a volume bounded by (EY and the plane (7, @) is finite and is equal to a constant, regardless of the type of wave packet, vet f (cw) fe drdont —-34 -O0 Figures la and 1b depict the image of a typical autocorrelation function of a wideband . (phase-modulated) signal and, for comparison, the topographic image of that function for an unmodulated radio pulse of the same duration T. Signal at the filter output St) FREQUENCY ~-MODULATED PULSE » t . Sw PHASE-~MODULATED PULSE 6 rl cia + — _ Autocorrelation function of the signal TW>1 lan FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Approved For Release 2000/08/15 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000500230003-5
Approved For Release 2000/08/15 , CIA-RDF96-00792R000500230003-5 Signals (wave packets) and uncertainty functions WOU OO PSE f ier aaa RRS “ae ere, PSs OSS we. DX AL BRK Rk Figure Ib Thus, we see that if the position of the wave packet in terms of the 7 axis were determined only by its envelope curve, then the “relation of durations" would hold true -- increasing the duration of the /illegible] of oscillations would lead to a worsening of the accuracy of measurement of that position. (We are, of course, speaking of the statistical approach generally used both in wave (quantum) mechanics and in modern radar.) That’s not so in an actual case of optimal processing of a wideband signal. The measuring device (filter or correlator), using a prior’ information on the type of interpulse modulation of the wave packet, makes independent measurements of position with an accuracy of 1/W and of Doppler frequency with an accuracy of 1/T; expansion of the signal spectrum W does not worsen the accuracy of measurement of speed of ~1/T. The modern statistical theory for the measurement of parameters of wave processes is fully applicable to wave (quantum) mechanics. In making that application, we must, of course, move from the primitive understanding of the essence of measurements in the context of Heisenberg (“relation of durations”) to the modern concept of the limitations on those measurements, which has come about as a result of the development of the theory of statistical radio physics. We cannot fail to note that in the modern literature on quantum mechanics, the use of the Heisenberg principle and the explanation of it as a fundamental relationship (!) is often somewhat peculiar. In the well-known Berkeley Course, for example, for purposes of illustration, there are figures of wave packets with intrapulse modulation "for which the accuracy of measurement of frequency is low," although a figure depicts what is essentially a Approved For Release 2000/08/15 » GlA-RUP96-00792R000500230003-5
Approved For Release 2000/08/15 - CIA-RDP96-00792R000500230003-5 wideband signal for which that assertion does not hold true.” Why, in fact, has quantum theory lagged behind moder radio physics on the concept of statistical limitations on the accuracy of joint measurements of a number of parameters? As we can see, the possibility of achieving the potential accuracy of measurements is governed by two factors: ethe formation of a wave packet with a given type of modulation «the use of a measurement device the performs the procedure of optimal processing (in the_ statistical theory of radio physics, that is a procedure for constructing an a posteriori. distribution of the probability of the presence of a target with given parameters of range and speed) Both those factors have simply been outside the circle of questions studied in quantum theory. For example, the examination of the property of wave packets (de Broglie waves) is usually limited to the so-called quasiclassical approximation where P is the pulse and v is the Hamiltonian operator. In other words, it is limited to cases in which phase modulation /illegible] at a distance commensurate with wavelength 4=h/mV [illegible] that constraint is essentially equivalent to the exclusion /illegible] -ment of wideband -waves with a marked frequency modulation (to say nothing of phase-modulated signals). On the other hand, the measuring device is usually spoken of as a primitive device that records the intensity of a wave in a given region of space, but the obvious possibili recording intrapulse phase relationships is completely ignored (and that in spite of the fact that phase relationships, as already noted above, lie at the basis of many modern macroscopic quantum instruments!). In summing up what has been said, one can assert that no fundamental physical laws are known that would prompt attaching to the Heisenberg relation the sense of a "relation of uncertainties” that determines the potential capabilities of measurements. Quantum theory should use, as does modern statistical radio physics, the general uncertainty principle -- in particular, the Woodward principle, which adequately reflects the true limitations on the process of measuring “additional” magnitudes. Achieving accuracy in the measurement of the position and pulse of a quantum mechanical object in conformity with the Woodward principle requires, of course, the use_in physical ont Re a te acc ge experiment of a competently designed recording instrument that must_ respond not to y-wave intensity, but also to phase relations in wave packet being “received.” An examination of FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Approved For Release 2000/08/15 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000500230003-5
? to FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Approved For Release 2000/08/15 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000500230003-5 specific methods for designing such instruments, however, is beyond the scope of Returning to the question of playing back an w-wave image, we see that there is no contradiction between the possibility of a stipulated location of that image and any fundamental, verified physical law. The analysis that has been made demonstrates that the use of modern mathematics (for example, the Woodward uncertainty principle) in quantum mechanics opens the possibility of recording phase relations between various parts of an isolated system M=A+B+... Those parts can be segments of a wave packet with a complex law of phase modulation. Phase modulation of those separate segments of the packet, in conformity with the Feynman integral, can be assigned external conditions created by another isolated system -- values of the components of 4x potential at the location of system M. We note once again that we are looking at phase modulation of a w-wave in a space only, with the energy of system M remaining constant. According to the Woodward uncertainty such a phase modulation requires using measuring devices that optimal processing of the y-wave like the optimal processing of electromagnetic si ow, have not been developed for Orm At the same time, one can presume that the capacity for such information exchange is built into, and used in, biological systems. Biological obj j in requirements of energy-free sfer of information, and it_ is not only the transmitting system, but also the receiving system that must | be_active energy must be expended for the reception of information). The transfer of information between biological systems is closely linked to brain function and thou relation to which the quantum mechanical and holographic approach is developing If one accepts that ene: « information in remote communications between biological objects a 4x field potential are the carrier of. sy then one begins to Lo References understand many ¢€ ‘mental data thus far accumulated in bioenergetics and bivelectronics that are not contained in the classical theory for the transfer of co ications via _ modulation i 1. Putkhof, Targ. "Perceptive long-distance channel for transmission and information.” TIIRE, No 3, 1976. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Approved For Release 2000/08/15 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000500230 R. F. Avramenko, L. P. Grachev, V. I. Nikolayeva. "Description of electromagnetic 003-5
Approved For Release 2000 /B 8H a ClAR RPP S-00792R000500230003-5 fields via potentials, and Energy transfer problems.” Paper given at the Fourth International Symposium on Information Theory. Leningrad, 1976. 3. L. D. Landau, Ye. M. Lifshits. "Teoriya polya” [Field Theory}. Moscow: Izdatelstvo “Nauka,” 1973. , 4. D. K. Maksvell. "Izvrannyye sochineniya po teorii elektromagnitnogo polya™ [Selected Works in Electromagnetic Field Theory]. Moscow: GI TTL, 1954, 5. R. Feynman, R. Leyton, M. Sends [sic]. "Feynmanovskiye lektsii po fizike" [Feynman Lectures on Physics], Vol 6. Moscow: Izdatelstvo “Mir,” 1966. 6. R. C. Jahlevic [sic], J. Lambe, A. H. Silver, J. E. Mercereau. "Quantum interference effects in Josephson tunneling." PHYS. REV. LETTERS, Vol 12, No 7, February 1964. 7. R. C. Jahlevic [sic], J. Lambe, A. H. Silver, J. E. Mercereau. "Quantum interference from a static vector potential in a field-free region.” PHYS. REV. LETTERS, Vol 12, No 11, March 1964, 8. R. G. Chambers. "Schift [sic] of an electron interference pattern by [illegible] magnetic flux." PHYS. REV., 5 (1960). 9. K. A. Krug "Osnovy elektrotekhniki” [Foundations of Electronics}. Moscow: Gosenergoizdat, 1960. 10. G. G. Markov. "Antenny” [Antennas]. Moscow: Gosenergoizdat, 1960. 11. L. Brillyuen. “Nauka i teoriya informatsii” [Science and Information Theory]. Moscow: Fizmatgiz, [illegible]. 12. R. Tolmen. "Otnositel’nost’, termodinamika i kosmologii” [Relativity, Thermodynamics, and Cosmology]. Moscow: Izdatelstvo "Nauka," 1974. 13. Yu. V. Vorobyev, V. A. Zhukov. "Semiconical illumination and effect of volume in an electron microscope image." Paper given at the Fifth All-Union Conference on Electron Microscopy. Tashkent, 1976. 14. M. Troyon, R. Bonhomme, O. Gallion. "Use of autoemission electron gun in a transmission electron microscope for higher resolution and single-beam Fraunhofer holography.” J. MICROSC. ET SPECTROSC. ELECTRON, 1976, Vol 1, No 3, pp 517, 518. 15. A. Huiser, A. Drenth, H. Ferwerda. "On phase retrieval in electron microscopy from image and diffraction pattern.” OPTIK, 1976, 45, pp 303-316. Approved For Release 2000/08/15 » CIA-RDP96-00792R000500230003-5
Approved For Release 20QQ8E+4c1Ml NdROROS -00792R000500230003-5 16. C. Davisson, C. H. Kunsman. PHYS. REV., 1923. 17. J. P. Tompson [sic]. Procceping [sic] of the Royal Society of London, Series a, 117, pp 600-609 (1928). 18. P. S. Tartakovskiy. "Eksperimental’nyye osnovaniya volnovoy teorii materi" {Experimental Bases of Wave Theory of Matter]. Moscow/Leningrad, 1932. 19. Sushkin N. G. et al. DOKLADY AN SSSR, 1949, Vol 66, p 165. 20. D. Ye. Vakman. "Solzhnyye signaly i i printsip neopredelennosti v radiolokatsii" [Complex Signals and the Uncertuinty Principle in Radar]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo "Sov. Radio,” 1965. 21. E. Vikhman {sic]. “Quantum Physics.” Berkeley Course of Physics. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo "Nauka," 1974. 22. Dzh. [sic] Trigg. "Reshayushchiye eksperimenty v sovremennoy fizike” [Decisive Experiments in Modern Physics]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo "Mir," 1974. 23. Ya. D. Shirman. "Razresheniye i szhatiye signalov" [Resolution and Compression of Signals}. Izdatel’stvo "Sov. Radio," 1974. 24. G. Urkovitts. "Filters for detection of weak radar signals in interference reflections.” VOPROSY RADIOLOKATSIONNOY TEKHNIKI [Aspects of Radar Technology], 1954, No 2, 25. P. A. Bakut, I. A. Bolshakov, B. M. Gerasimov, A. A. Kuriksha, V. G. Repin, G. P. Tartakovskiy, V. V. Shirokov. "Voprosy statisticheskoy teorii radiolokatsii" [Aspects of the Statistical Theory of Radar|. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo "Sov. Radio,” 1963. 26. D. Middlton {sic]. "Vvedeniye v statisticheskuyu teoriyu svyazi" [Introduction to Statistical Communications Theory]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo "Sov. Radio," 1962. 28. V. Zibert. “General laws of target detection with radar." VOPROSY RADIOLOKATSIONNOY TEKHNIK], No 5 (41), 1957. 29. A. S. Davydov. "Kvantovaya mekhanika” [Quantwn Mechanics}. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka,” 1973. {References 30 and 31 not included in reference list] FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Approved For Release 2000/08/15 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000500230003-5