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FIGURE
(U) VASSY PROTOCOL— 50—TRIAL AVERAGES FOR EACH VIEWER
“
Should this peak be a response to a remote stimulus, then at least one alternative
(to the psychoenergetic
interpretation) must be considered.
Since the
shielded room
for the
MEG
is nearly transparent at frequencies above 100 Hz, the observed peak might result from a
CNS response
to an electromagnetic signal related to the display of the stimuli on
a standard
television monitor.
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r
Jl
in
r
Field
(ft)
Normalized
(
ERF-RS
?
All
Long
Short
Baseline C\\
RS
Poststimulus 5
j,
.
A
Posislimulus
/
.
500
1040
Time (ms)
1700
>
FIGURE
(U) VASSY PROTOCOL-AVERAGES
B.
(U)
Psi Protocol Results
(U)
Viewers
002,
009,
and
372
participated
in
the
psi
protocol
experiment.
Seven
channels of MEG data, one channel of stimuli data, and one channel of button-response data
were stored for each run of 120 seconds for later analysis. A series consisted of 10 such runs.
'I
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(U)
The complete protocol (described in Section II) was used for V002 and V372.
Since V009 was
the
first viewer to participate and the experiment was mostly exploratory, no pseudostimuli were
present, nor were postsession control runs conducted.
1.
(U) Viewer 002
Viewer 002
visited Los Alamos National Laboratory from 22-26 August
1988.
During that time V002 participated in three separate series in the psi protocol experiment.
Figures 7 and 8 show the time series and power spectra, respectively, for the average of
1 18 pre-
and poststimuli for all channels on 25 August.
These data were chosen for display because this
sertes was the first using the complete psi protocol.
For the remote stimuli (Figure 7). channels
1,
4, and 7 show a qualitative change of activity in the time series across the stimulus boundary.
All channels show a decrease of power in the prominent 10-Ha peak (Figure 8).
Figures 9 and
10 show the same data
for 74 pseudostimuli.
(U) To determine
if the qualitative changes are exceptional, we analyzed the data by
the Monte
Carlo
procedure
outlined
in
Section
II.
We
simulated
the
remote
stimuli
by
generating 2000 sets of 118 Monte Carlo stimuli having the same timing as the original data.
For
each set, the data were averaged, detrended, and filtered, and the 10-Hz and total power were
calculated
for the pre- and poststimulus periods.
The ratio of pre- to poststimulus power was
also calculated,
as were p-values (defined as the ratio of the area equal to or greater than the
specified value, divided by the
total area under the histogram).
(U)
Figure
11 shows the resulting histograms of the 2000 sets for the 10-Hz peak in
channel
(Figure
8);
the
ratio
histogram
is
not
shown.
While
separate
histograms
were
generated for 74 pseudostimuli, for convenience the results shown on the histograms are
for the
remote stimuli-the histograms are nearly identical.
The p-values Shown, however, are derived
from their appropriate histograms.
I For this case (channel 4), the prestimulus 10-Hz power
is not exceptional
(p < 0.093) when compared with the
rest of the data
in
this series.
The postsession 10-Hz
power
is exceptionally small-94.4% of the 2000 Monte Carlo cases produce 10-Hz power larger
than the observed value.
The ratio of pre- to poststimulus 10-Hz power
is significant
(p < 0.093).
In other words, the change in 10-Hz power across the stimulus boundary primarily
results from a large drop
(relative to the rest of the data)
in power just after the stimulus.
f Significant changes in 10-Hz power are also observed
in channel 7
(p < 0.038T while no significant changes are observed for the pseudostimuli.
Channels 4 and 7
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FIGURE
(U)
TIME
SERIES:
-0.5
TO
+0.5
SECONDS
FROM
REMOTE
STIMULI
-
V002,
8/25/88
: | | i i d i rl iN A i rn Approved For Release 2001/43/07 : CIA-RDP$6-00789R003200160001-9 Frequency (Hz) + st Q ise) Lo] ol Oo _ o 2 m7 oS N oS aml OQ J Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9 FIGURE 8 (U) POWER SPECTRA: -0.5 TO +0.5 SECONDS FROM REMOTE STIMULI — V002, 8/25/88
JRE
(U)
tj
ME
SERIES:
-0.5
TO
+0.5
SECONDS
FROM
PSEUDO
STIMULI
-
V002,
8/25/88
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FIGURE
(U)
POWER
SPECTRA:
-0.5
TO
+0.5
SECONDS
FROM
PSEUDO
STIMULI
-
V002,
8/25/88
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FIGURE
(U) 10-HZ POWER: CHANNEL 4—V002,
8/25/88
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show significant decreases in total 0- to 40-Hz power (p < 0.002, 0.033, respectively), but no
pseudostimuli show significant changes.
/ a postsession background series was conducted with both sender and viewer
absent from the experimental area
(see Section
II. B).
Figures 12 and 13 show the time series
and power spectra, respectively, for the background “remote" stimuli.
As can be seen from the
power spectra
(all data
for
this day are plotted on the same
vertical
scale),
overall power
is
sharply reduced, reflecting that the MEG was not observing any CNS activity.
Qualitatively, the
changes shown for the experimental conditions (remote stimuli) do not result from noise in the
MEG hardware.
1 These qualitative results are confirmed by the Monte Carlo
analysis.
The
p-values
for
the
changes
in
10-Hz and
total power
for
channel
are
0.406,
and
0.141,
respectively;
for channel
7,
the p—values are 0.993 and 0.243,
respectively.
The
significant
change
in 10-Hz power
in channel
is
in the
opposite
direction
from
that observed under
experimental conditions.
<
f During the series on 25 August 1988, V002 kept his eyes closed throughout
the session. On 26 August, V002 was instructed to keep his eyes open.
Similarly to the analysis
of the 25 August series, the Monte Carlo analysis shows a sharp decrease in 10-Hz power (p <
0.100) and a significant decrease
in total power (p < 0.049)
for the CNS
activity detected
in
channel 4. No significant changes are observed for channel 7, nor are significant changes seen in
the
pseudostimuli.
The change from 25
to 26 August might
result from
a
slight change
in
positioning of the detector array.
'^Figure 14 shows the positions of the detector array, relative to the inion, for
V002 for the~25 and 26 August placement of the detector arrays.
The magnitude of change in
detector placement is approximately twice the magnitude of the changes used in searching for the
response to direct stimulus during initial calibration.
This relatively large position change could
account
for the reduction
in changes across the stimulus boundary.
2.
(U) Viewer 009
Viewer 009 visited Los Alamos National Laboratory from 20-24 June 1988.
During that time, V009 participated in one psi series on 24 June 1988.
Figure 15 shows the time
series data averaged over 97
trials, displayed -0.5 to +0.5 seconds from the remote stimulus.
Figure
16 shows
the power
spectra
for
the
0.5-second pre- and
poststimulus times
for
all
channels.
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FIGURE
(U)
TIME
SERIES:
-0.5
TO
+0.5
SECONDS
FROM
REMOTE
STIMULI
-
V372,
10/19/88
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FIGURE
(U)
POWER
SPECTRA:
-0.5
TO
+0.5
SECONDS
FROM
REMOTE
STIMULI
-
V372,
10/19/88
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j
Using the Monte Carlo technique we
find channel
4 shows
a
significant
increase inl^nTpower (p < 0.038), and channels 3 and 5 show similar trends.
The strong
peak at 8.9 Hz in channel 4
is significantly larger in the poststimulus condition.
7 Figures
and
show
the
time
series
and
power
spectra
for
the
pseudostimuli.
The 10-Hz and total power in channel 4 show no change across the stimulus
boundary (p < 0.667 and p < 0.506. respectively).
Channel 3 also shows no significant changes
in the 10-Hz and total power (p < 0.140 and p < 0.180, respectively).
Channel
5, however,
shows a significant increase in total power
(p < 0.026). and a strong increase
(p < 0.082)
in
10-Hz power.
C.
(U)
Psi Protocol Results—Vassy Consideration
(U)
Because the Vassy and psPprotocol both present a remote stimulus to the viewer,
the
candidate peak seen in the Vassy protocol data should also be seen in the psi protocol data. One
run on one channel
is shown in Figure 21
for each participant in the psi protocol experiment.
fv009 ’s
data
show
a
candidate peak
within ±2
ms
of
the
candidate
peak
idehtifi^der the Vassy protocol.
Similarly, small peaks are seen for the other two viewers.
The cross-viewer normalized average
is also shown in Figure 21.
D.
(U)
Psi Protocol Results—Button-Press
(U)
In the
early SRI
studies
significant changes
in alpha production were observed
in
response to a remote stimulus. The statistical evidence, however, did not indicate that the newer
wa? able
to recognize
a remote stimulus cognitively
(i.e..
the viewer's button presses did not
exceed mean chance expectation).
(U)
In the psi protocol oi the current experiment, viewers are asked
to press a button
whenever they think a remote stimulus occurs.
The total number of trials during a series of 10
runs
is not known in advance because of the trial randomization procedures. To determine
if a
viewer is cognitively sensing the remote stimuli, the null hypothesis that the probability of a time
interval having a stimulus is the same for those intervals with a button press as for those without a
button
press.
In other words, the presence
or absence
of a
stimulus
is independent
of the
presence or absence of a button press.
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FIGURE
(U)
TIME
SERIES:
-0.5
TO
+0.5
SECONDS
FROM
PSEUDO
STIMULI
-
V372,
10/19/88
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FIGURE
(U)
POWER
SPECTRA:
-0.5
TO
+0.5
SECONDS
FROM
REMOTE
STIMULI
-
V372,
10/19/88
FIGURE 21
(U) VASSY PROTOCOL-AVERAGES FOR EACH VIEWER
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I
(U) To test the hypothesis, the entire series
is broken into 1-second intervals.
Table
shows the format for data accumulated for one series.
Table
(U) DATA FORMAT
Stimulus
Yes
No
Yes
Response
No
A
B
C
D
UNCLASSIFIED
(U) The fractional hitting rate
is p, = A/(A+B), and the fractional missing rate
is
p2 a C/(C+D). The total number of 1-second intervals is N =
(A+B+C+D ), and the total stimulus
rate
is po =
(A+C)/N
.
Then the following statistic
is approximately normally distributed with a
mean of 0 and a variance of
1 under the null hypothesis:
(P i -Pi)
z =
\
iTable 2 shows N, p0 ,
P\, Pz,
z, p-value, and the effect size,
r,
for the three psi
protocol series for which button press data
exist.
As in the early SRI study, nothing indicates
cognitive recognition of the remote
stimuli.
Table 2
(U) BUTTON PRESSING RESULTS
Viewer
N
Po
Pi
Pa
z
P
r
002
1210
0.167
0.198
0.164
0.951
0.163
0.027
009
1280
0.091
0.068
0.094
-0.978
0.836
-0.027
372
1089
0.157
0.119
0.160
-0.996
0.840
-0.030
«
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IV DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
(U)
F^:"?We have observed two types of CNS activity possibly related to a response to a
remote stimulus. The first of these (changes in alpha and/or total power)
is generally considered
to be less localized than an ERF to a direct stimulus.
Thus, one expects that changes of power
across a remote stimulus boundary should be seen in some related channels.
C—^
11115
is the case for V002
(R8ure
8).
While channels 4 and 7 show significant
changes across the stimulus boundary, a qualitative trend is clear for all channels. The associated
pseudostimuli show no obvious trends.
Viewer 009 demonstrates significant changes in 10-Hz
power in channel 2, and strong changes in channels
1 and 7 (Figure 16).
The grouping of these
channels might indicate a broad neuronal source
in the channel-2 direction.
-- ^e
data
from
V372
(Figure
18)
are
less
clear.
Alpha
power
changes
significantly in channel 4, and a qualitative trend is clear in channels 3 and 5, but the trend
is less
obvious than
for V002 or V009.
V372 posed a special problem.
Anatomically,
his strongest
response to a direct visual stimulus was located below the inion-a difficult location to reach with
the MEG.
To obtain good data, V372 was required to hunch his head forward by bracing his
arms under his chest.
During a long session (20 minutes), V372 could have relaxed slightly from
this uncomfortable position and pulled away from the detector array.
In
this
location, some
detectors were positioned just above V372’s neck.
(
...
'
Considering that all three viewers (002, 009, and 372) showed a change (increase
or decrease)
in total or 10-Hz power across a remote stimulus boundary, and considering that
this constitutes a positive replication of SRI’s earlier work, we probably observed a response to a
remote stimulus.
L_
.
..
'
situati°n
is much
less
clear concerning a
localized response
to
a remote
stimulus.
While
a
candidate peak
has been
identified
using
the
Vassy
protocol
and
later
observed
using the
psi protocol,
a
quantitative measure must be developed
to determine
the
probability
of
observing
peaks
with
similar
timing
in
the
same
data
but
with
random
pseudostimuli.
(U)
This work
will be continued during the
first half of FY 1989.
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/
L
/(k
A^provedjFor Release 2001/p3/p7^C^-ipP26-0(J789R003200160001-9
November 1985
White Paper
PSI COMMUNICATIONS EXPERIMENTS
(U)
C
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. Internatio
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nmioDUcn0* w
is that no methods exist
apparent
namely*
ent , therefore, a
^cations ay*®
Tradiuonatty. th
parent m r
perspective « . **•
„ pan
*ZS£Z*.-—J^Ta.—
attributable to:
-
-^innalW been a
WUU“ —
*
i nature of the information, which has traditionally been a
W»* "rea l° addrCSS
(
{eedbacK to the percipient
ienl
Delay in presentation o
reSUlt of
lial)
-STaSS.’®'--’-’-
feedback.
—v'1<*mS m
ieedbSCk
oer „ ,0 explore ho. these
of
f-TS* The aim of this **
me ultimate ann.^ ^ ^^t
cotnmonicah°n mi6»t b.
Milan
A) .
The area
.»—rs^—rjsss—
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FIGURE
FLOW CHART DEPICTING RESEARCH PATHS FOR
DEPLOYMENT OF PSI MESSAGE-SENDING CAPABILITY
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PHASE I (U)
(U)
Phase
I will examine the effects of increasingly delayed feedback on performance.
The proposed experiments will be performed using a computerized binary search program
(b.search), which can easily be linked to a “real world" coin
flip task and requires no
extensive evaluation.
Feedback will be provided
on
a trial-by-trial basis according to the
following schedule:
(1)
Twenty-five binary choice
trials with immediate feedback
(2)
Twenty-five binary choice
trials with feedback delayed in each case by one
hour.
(3)
Twenty-five binary choice
trials with feedback delayed in each case by two
hours.
(4)
Twenty-five binary choice
trials with feedback delayed in each case by four
hours.
(5)
Twenty-five binary choice
trials with feedback delayed in each case by 24
hours
.*
(U)
If degradation in functioning does not occur as a result of increasingly delayed
feedback, then the global feedback experiments proposed in Phase
II can be initiated.
f If degradation of performance does occur, then the decay rate should be
idendfiable, and
it should be possible to determine whether the decay rate
is subject-specific
or universal.
In any case, to ameliorate this situation. Phase
I proposes that a new technique
known as bracketing, which has been hitherto untested, be applied in order to provide closure
for experiments in which degradation of performance has occurred because of feedback delay.
Specifically, bracketing refers to the performance of identical experiments with immediate
feedback directly before and after the delayed feedback experiment, in the same manner as
“on-line" check experiments have been employed previously in operational remote viewing.
The hypothesis under consideration
is that these bracketing experiments may serve to provide
* We have chosen 25
trials in each condition, because at the observed hit rate of 75%,
trials are sufficient to demonstrate significance.
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space/time anchors for the subject, thereby defining a discrete location in space and time for
reception of the delayed feedback information.
This experimental series will also yield
infoimation, incidentally, concerning the veracity of the “on-line check,” prior claims being
that on-line checks with known targets can accurately provide calibration for those
experiments in which feedback
is delayed or nonexistent^^!?
7^.^
If
bracketing is unable to address the delayed feedback signal attenuation problem, then other
new
| concepts (presendy uknown, but perhaps focussing on making the feedback more of an
“eveht”)
will have to be applied successfully before the Phase
II series of global feedback
experiments can be inidated.*
*It
is logical to assume that if trial-by-trial delayed feedback experiments
fail, global
feedback experiments will also
fail, because they entail delayed feedback by definition.
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