if | 1092 . M. P. Gorant of action isolating oneself from model concepts corresponding to the results of experi- mental research. In this connexion of interest is the many years of discussion between H. Frohlich and M. A. Livshits and other supporters of their views [15-18]. The point is that to describe the mechanism of excitation of coherent vibrations in the cell Fréhtich proposes [19] a kinetic equation including second order terms (“‘two-quantum” terms) characterizing the redistribution of energy between the different vibrations as a result of interaction with a thermostat. Livshits considers that “two-quantum” terms are not completely written in the Fréhlich equation. But if this omission is removed then the ~ tween these two mutually exclusive views? At first sight the experimental detection of generation by the cells of coherent vibra- tions [1] favours the correctness of Froéhlich’s kinetic equation. But such a conclusion outlined above). Therefore, the view of the author of the review will be formulated below after ending the discussion of the published data. Fréhlich’s hypothesis was not the only approach to the problem; there are others stemming from the idea of the existence in living organisms of coherent vibrations but not solving the real problems listed above, Thus, for example, the author of reference [2] in 1984 advanced a hypothesis based on the assumption of the existence of a still un- identified molecule taking part in the intermedate stages of development of biochemical reactions and present in the triplet state in which two unpaired electrons interact with their magnetic fields. The molecule has three possible initial states to each of which cor- responds its course of chemical reactions. It is assumed that the initial state may be in- fluenced by e.h.f. pumping so regulating the course of the processes. Naturally, this hypothesis, too, cannot give concrete answers to the real problems of using e.b.f. sig nals in medicine and biology if only because of the unidentified nature of the molecwes the existence of which is taken as its base. Effect of external e.h. J: radiation on the process of excitation of acoustic electric vibra- tions in cells, character of the influence of external radiations on the Sunctioning of the cells. In many experimental studies it is emphasized {1] that a single external e.h.f. exposure does not act on the ongoing functioning of healthy cell;. In reference [5] it was shown that this may be due to the absence of a link between the retarded e.h.f. waves in the mem- brane and the unretarded or weakly retarded waves of external radiation. From electro- dynamics it is known [20] that the link between delayed and undelayed waves may b¢ established by one or more coupling elements (antennae, slits, etc.) located at points the vibrations in which occur approximately in the same phase, i.e. shifted relative to each other by a whole number of delayed waves. And, in fact, reference [1] presents published Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R00310G ata on the formatic ‘disturbed (and ext component of the w; exposure to these rface and adhere tc ormed. In fact, the pc smembrane pulsating ir the square of the field erms of smallness the : facting on the protein r #24) where E£, is the az rane; / is the ongoing membrane. Conseq ngth of the retarded hich in line with the fo Optimally the link betw: ( From the photogra Stiuctures described for curvature or in narro pot the fields where thei, Paik Many cases lead to de fon of these temporary he cells with disturbed in the membtane on exp y of the linking eleme Stnation of stable informa ealso after arrest of irrad: @er. It should be noted th RMoted by such cell defo Estructures described but ssponse of the cells to rep: Bio a single exposure cann =; To conclude the expo ‘and the external e.h.f. fiei
oved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7 . Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations 1093 data on the formation at the membrane surface in periods when normal cell functioning is disturbed (and external radiation is capable of acting on its recovery) of tempcrary structures which may also act as coupling elements. But how do these temporary structure form? Since the membrane for the electrical component of the waves excited in it is a retarding system the wave length in which A is shorter than the length of the electromagnetic waves in the surrounding space, the am- plitude of the field on moving from the surface of the membrane decreases approximately by the exponential law exp (—2zx/A) where x is the distance from the surface [21]. The action of the polarization forces on the excited protein molecules (see below) in such a rapidly changing field, especially at the surface of the lipid layer of the membrane (where the aqueous medium does not penetrate), is always directed to the surface [22]. On exposure to these forces protein molecules and aggregates move to the membrane surface and adhere to it [1] from which the elements of the temporary structure are formed. In fact, the polarization forces acting onthe molecules and aggregates are deter- mined not only by the variable but also by the constant components of the field in the membrane pulsating in response to the acoustic wave. These forces are proportional to the square of the field strength. As shown by calculation, if one ignores second order terms of smallness the variable component depending on the coordinate / of the forces F, acting on the protein molecules at the membrane surface is proportional to E, sin? (2z// ‘2A) where £, is the amplitude of the variable component of the wave field in the mem- brane; / is the ongoing coordinate read off along the perimeter of the excited section of the membrane. Consequently the F, maxima are shifted relative to each other by the length of the retarded wave A (but not 4/2 as in the standing wave), i.e. by the distance which in line with the forgoing is necessary for the temporary structures formed to ensure optimally the link between the waves in the membrane and surrounding space. From the photographs given in reference [23] it will be seen that the temporary ectrons interact with structures described form not over the whole perimeter of the membrane but at points so) to each of which coz. of curvature or in narrow gaps between the membranes, i.e. in regions of concentration itial state may 1 bei in- of the fields where their amplitude is maximal. The factors disturbing cell functioning asses. Naturally; this in many cases lead to deformation of the membranes which apparently causes the forma- tion of these temporary structures. Therefore. the effect of the external e.h.f. signals on aoe the cells with disturbed functioning grows. At the same time amplification of the field nthe , in the membrane on expesure to e.h.f. fields leads to acceleration of the formation not ead rcoustic electr: re only of the linking elements of the cells with the external e.h.f. field but also to the for- unctioning of the’tells. mation of stable information structures ensuring generation by the cells of e.h.f. signals ternal e.h.f. exposure also after arrest of irradiation [1] (see also below). as of using e.h-f, sig- ture of the molecules 2 [5] it was shown t " It should be noted that strengthening of the link with the external field is also pro- f. waves in the “ moted by such cell deformations still not leading to the formation of the temporary jiation. Frome 0 structures described but such a link must be weaker. This probably determines the re- layed waves sponse of the cells to repeated exposure to external e.h.f. irradiation where the response cd | located at poini to a single exposure cannot be detected [24]. 3 iifted relativ To conclude the exposition of tbe question of the link between the cell membranes ‘| (1] presents p bi and the external e.h.f. field we would mention that the literature quoted in reference [1] oy
° 1094 M. B. Gotant going remarks, In reference [25] the authors discuss the nature and character of the influence of low intensity external e.h.f. radiation on the cells which is linked with synchronization by co- herent low intensity radiaticns of the vibratory processes in the cell. With synchroniza- tion is linked the strengthening of these vibrations determined, in particular, by the co- herent Summing of the vibrations previously dephased or excited at different frequencies of the intracellular sources and the formation of a highly effective controlling signal capable of orienting in a definite way or reorienting the processes in the cells (see above). Since ionic and molecular transport takes place across the membrane ensuring the Vital activity of the cell and the membrane takes an active part in its regulation [3] in reference [25] it was assumed that external e.h.f. radiation must influence it, It is important to emphasize that external e.h.f. radiation is not an energy source for the established coherent vibrations in the cells but merely synchronizes them. The question of the transformation of the random energy of metabolism to the energy of cohe- rent vibrations demands special analysis. One of the later sections is concerned with this question. Excitation of the vibrations of protein molecules in the cell. The published data outlined in reference [1] referring to experimental studies indicate that the living cell as an auto- nomous system is controlled by e.h.f. signals generated by the cell itself. A major role in this process is apparently played by the protein molecules. In the literature the prob- lems of excitation of vibrations in protein molecules have been explored reasonably fully both experimentally and theoretically, The most detailed experimental investigations [26-30] were undertaken under the di- rection of Didenko on a specially designed apparatus permitting use of spectra obtained by the method of nuclear gamma resonance spectroscopy. The apparatus permitted various measurements in conditions of e.h.f. irradiation both of crystalline and lyophyl- lic haemogicbin samples including measurements in a strong magnetic field ensured by the use of superconducting solenoids with change in the temperature of the samples from room to helium. Haemoglobin was used as protein, although the results of measurement probably apply more generally. As shown by the measurements, e.h.f. exerts a resonance confcrmational states distinguished by the distribution of charge of the electrons and by the electric field gradient on the iron nucleus; at resonance frequencies the tertiary struc- ture is rearranged in the globin part of the molecule and its dynamic properties change. These problems have also formed the subject of numerous theoretical investigations in the recent period, Among them we would note the work of Frauenfelder et al, [31-33] R developed the gplecules perform ny of these state es (nitrogen level coming the pot tgy of the transit ilibrium. The co folecules of their bi yn averaged distrib {The e.h.f. signal i: os nal states in those @enichronizing signal. the electromagnet dlecules are distrib Mpole moments [35] nce [36] at differen icularly effective i @).the membranes wi meeoustic (see precedin Fotein molecule. As 1 iles are drawn to the er surface of the m« a result informatic of them was giver Didenko relates th. the Mossbauer spec quencies of acoustic oustic resonators Q,, with polymers is q ecules the effects 01 one to isolate the a loise. ; Mechanism of gene: ous sections allow eration of e.h.f. vib: ‘eady noted the actio ! or om see AE Teee R AT Ne Re oe ae ce melmnitates their autovib Probably it is ration he autovibrations. I: 8 to anomalies in its { tation are created in $ leads to synchroni: , Ne membrane and the 1
proved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7  _ Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations 1095 who developed the model of the dynamic behaviour of proteins according to which the molecules perform fluctuations passing from one conformational st each other. {5 . many of these states being energeticall 2 from the f% tures (nitrogen level and even lowe “ORE overcoming the potential barriers falls in Proportion to exp [—£,/kT] where E, is the molecules of their biological function, Accordingly thermal equilibrium leads to a cer- tain averaged distribution of these functions between the molecules. The e.h.f. signal is capable of syncht onizing the vibrations isolating certain conforma- tional states in those molecules with 1esonance frequencies close to the frequency of the synchronizing signal. The possibility of excitation of the vibrations in protein molecules > Midae,. protein molecule. As made clear above | data outlingd-- cules are drawn to the membrane surface. aby , the character of the Process of drawing to the ell as ana «inner surface of the membrane bein 8 similar to that of molecules to its outer surface [23]. A major £6] As a result information structures may form on the membrane surface (an example of ture the: pie - one of them was given in reference [1}). ed reasonal bly Didenko relates the results obtained b on the Mossbauer spectra of protein mole y her in study of the action of an e.h.f. signal cules to excitation in the latter at the resonance under the di- frequencies of acoustic vibrations. The quality factor of the haemoglobin molecules as ! :ctra obtained acoustic resonators Q., according to the evaluation made by her (on the basis of the ana- : F tus permitted logy with polymers is quite large: ~10*. The magnitude A/Q,,>> kT and, therefore, in such ste ‘and lyophyl- molecules the effects of accumulation of the energy of many quanta may operate allow- _ id ensured by . ing one to isolate the action of even very weak coherent signals against the background mie samples froiii : of noise. i measurement, : Mechanism of generation by the cells of coherent e.h. f. signals. The material of the Saresonance . previous sections allows us to pass to an exposition of ideas on the mechanisms of auto- ier spectrums -- generation of e.h.f. vibrations in the cell (5). This is a very important question since as eral series of already noted the action of the external signals on the cells is effective only to the extent yauer spectra imitates their autovibrations. pass to Hew:; Probably it is rational to outline as follows the sequence of the process of excitation trons and by of t he autovibrations. In conditions when as a result of certain actions on the cell lead- This leads to synchronization of the vi brations of those protein molecules adhering to 4. the membrane and the resonance freq . uencies of which coincide or are close to the fre-
(explain as a cons. feiwn to them by th Hmich for the corre : fay accelerate the [ ; fective. Fae The process desc: 5 d the membrane St Bve not touched upc n One also conside es). The mechar,  GOLANT, M. B., Bi. ; KEILMAN, F., Phys BYERGEL'SON, L. | 982 — rw > oOo 5 Fas &. ae] a 2 fo} [<5 F<) pod) 2 2. a - & 5 oa = po] a oO 2 co o o “ 3 3 oO oct HAKEN, H., Biol. Cy OLANT, M. B. and FURTA, M. e¢ al., IEE FULTON, A., Cytoske ir, Moscow, 1987 SHINA, M. Ya., chia E:FROHLICH, H., Ibid. 2 LEBEDEV, I. V., Techn e shk., Moscow, 1972 3 SILIN, R. A. and SAZO Moscow, 1966 OHL, H. A., Coherent E B berg, 1983 effects of the action of the forces is in disturbing the Siven state. * Detailed treatment of all 4 Leainako voBs S» Dynan the associated Processes is not possible Since the processes perturbing the work of the cell E GOLANT, M. B. er al., Ef Objects (in Russian) pp. 11 gy. DEVYATKOV, N, D. ef o/ » Climination of the membrane deformations is easy * The Character of the processes is determined 4 the localization of the disturbances Producing them.
iving rise: tg thering to ‘thee e in the num ation structur lecules to the mi the membranes te : inevitably leads to » steady generation, is of the membrane erated. oe orium to the forces” i down to fall in the iving organising this means that the res the stable state possible fall in the iled treatment of all the work of the cell formations is easy signals generated were _ have not touched upon in the present review in order not to complicate the exposition) . 10, LAND, D. V., IEEE Proc. 134: 193, 1987 11, GOLANT, M. B. and SHASHLOYV, V. A., Use of Millimetre Low Intensity Radiation in Biology oved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7 Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations 1097 to explain as a consequence of the impacts on their protruding portions of the molecules drawn to them by the e.h.f. field. The use of external e.h.f. signals of the same frequencies which for the corresponding disturbances would be generated by the organism itself may accelerate the process of generation of the information structure or make it more effective. The process described is a system process involving metabolism, protein molecules and the membrane system alike and if one considers multicellular organisms (which we then one also considers the organism as a whole (naturally its different parts to differing degrees). The mechanism described, of course, is still highly hypothetical. REFERENCES 1. GOLANT, M. B., Biofizika 34: 339, 1989 92, KEILMAN, F., Physik in unserer Zeit, No. 2, 33, 1985 3. BYERGEL’SON, L. D., Membranes, Molecules, Cells (in Russian) 183 pp., Nauka, Moscow, 1982 4. HAKEN, H., Biol. Cybern. 56: 11, 1987 5, GOLANT, M. B. and REBROVA, T. B., Radioelektronika, No. 10, 10, 1986 6. FURTA, M. er al., IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engng., Vol. BME-33, p. 993, 1986 7. FULTON, A., Cytoskeleton. Architecture and Choreography of the Cell (in Russian) 117 pp., Mir, Moscow, 1987 8. DEVYATKOV, N. D. and GOLANT, M. B., Pis’ma v ZhTF 12: 288, 1986 9, TASTED, J. B., J. Bioelect. 4: 367, 1985 and Medicine (in Russian) pp. 127-131, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1986 12. IVKOV, B. G. and BYERESTOVSKII, G. N., The Lipid Bilayer of Biological Membranes (in Russian) p. 224, Nauka, Moscow, 1982 13. FROHLICH, H., Adv. Electronics and Electron. Phys. $3: 85, 1980 14, Idem., Mol. Models of Photoresponsiveness. Proc. Nat. Adv. Study Inst., San Moniato, 29 Aug. to 8 Sept., 1982, pp. 39-42, N. Y., 1983 15. LIVSHITS, M. A., Biofizika 17: 694, 1972 16. FROHLICH, H., fbid. 22: 743, 1977 AL. 17, WU, T. M. and AUSTIN, S., Phys. Lett. 65A: 74, 1978 pds 18. YUSHINA, M. Ya., Ibid. 91A: 372, 1982 ; | 19. FROHLICH, H., Zbid. 26A: 402, 1968 bel | 20. LEBEDEV, I. V., Technique and U.H.F. Instruments (in Russian) Vol. II, 375 pp., Vyssh. shk., Moscow, 1972 ud 21. SILIN, R. A. and SAZONOV, V. P., Retarding Systems (in Russian) 632 pp., Sov. Radio, Moscow, 1966 22, POHL, H. A., Coherent Excitations in Biological Systems, pp, 199-210, Springer, Berlin-Heidel- berg, 1983 23. SOTNIKOV, O. S., Dynamics of the Structure of the Live Neurone (in Russian) 160 pp., Nauka, Leningrad, 1985 i | 24, GOLANT, M. B. et al., Effect of Non-Thermal Exposure to Millimetre Radiation on Biological 7 Objects (in Russian) pp. 115-122, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1983 25. DEVYATKOV, N. D. et a/., Biofizika 28: 895, 1983 26. DIDENKO, N. P. ef ai., Effect of Non-Thermal Exposure to Millimetre Radiation on Biological Objects (in Russian) pp. 63-77, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1983 fu
1098 L. I. Krisurar 27. 28. 29, DIDENKO, N. P. e¢ al., Pis'ma v ZhTF 11: 1515, 1985 DIDENKO, N. P. er ai., Proc. of the Nuclear Physics Research Institute at the Tomsk Poly- technical Institute (in Russian) No. 10, pp. 77-81, Energoizdat, Moscow, 1983 DIDENKO, N. P. ef ai., Summaries of Reports of Sixth All-Union Seminar ‘‘Use of Millimetre Low Intensity Radiation in Biology and Medicine” (in Russian) p. 40, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1986 30. AMELIN, G. P. et al., Tomsk, 1986 —Dep. in VINITI, 17 January 1986 as No. 319V-86 31, FRAUENFELDER, H., Helvet. Phys. Acta 57: 165, 1984 32. FRAUENFELDER, H. and GRATTON, E., Protein Dynamics and Hydration, Univ. Hlinois, 1985. Preprint IIT-(ex)-85-1, 26 Pp. 33. ANSARI, A. ef al., Proc. Nat, Acad. Sci. Wash. 82: 5000, 1985 34, ZHDANOV, V. P., Rate of Chemical Reactions (in Russian) 101 pp., Nauka, Moscow, 1986 35. RAPPOPORT, S. M., Medizinische Biochemie. Veb. Verlag, ‘Volk und Gesundheit”, Berlin, 1964 36. CHOU, K. C., Biophys. Chem. 20: 61, 1984 37. TUSHMALOVA, N. A, and NARAKUYEVA, I. V., Comparative Physiological Studies of Ultra- Biophysics Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 1098-1104, 1989 Printed in Poland structural Aspects of Memory (in Russian) 148 pp., Nauka, Moscow, 1986 0006-3509/89 $10.00+ .00 © 1991 Pergamon Press ple he values figurir. if convergence o! Awhere 4G¢ refers es. Convergent ene Maesince the distance Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R00310 ACTIVATION ENERGY AND ANALYSIS OF POSSIBLE PATHWAYS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC EVOLUTION OF OXYGEN* L. I. KRISHTALIK Frumkin Institute of Electrochemistry, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow (Received 23 July 1987) From analysis of the main contributions to the activation energy of a series of stages of oxida- tion of water to O; the following conclusions are drawn: the barrier set up by the repulsion of unbound O atoms on their convergence is partially overcome through the energy of binding - of the water molecules by manganese ions. Concerted electron and proton transfer with the par- ticipation of bases stronger than water greatly improves the energetics of the process; the most probable pathway of the reaction ‘is the rate-determining two-electron oxidation of water to hydrogen peroxide (the possibility of this process taking place in two successive single-electron Stages is not clear) with two subsequent: fast stages of oxidation of H,0;, to HOz and then to O2. IN references [1, 2] we considered the equilibrium values of the changes in the configura- tional free energy of the reaction of evolution of O, as a whole and its individual stages. We now look at the factors determining the height of the activational barrier. Lei us * Biofizika 34: No. 6, 1015-1020, 1989, 02800 er Diagrams of the pote suifferent values of the £O—O bonds in H:02 epulsion equal to 0-6 a Hess than the sum o mluate AG,,, on forir as described by the } B{3] (curve 3, Figure
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7 TAB Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7
| the millimetre wave range from | to 10 mm [1 I. 370 M. B. GoLantr terminant role of the protein Carcass in the Cooperative eff, due to realTangement of the membrane Carcass and cytos tease-induced adhesion of fibroplasts, t Contacts and the excitability of the neurone membranes, Fr, Participation of the cytoskeleton both in local and remote re and ionic channels is formulated, and the lipid bilayer, the transmembrane Potential and th this Metastability Sustaine f | Biophysics Vol. 34 No, 2. pp. 370-382, 1989 0006-3509/89 510.00 + .00 © 1990 Pergamon Press ple Printed in Poland M. B. GOoLANT A review is made of Soviet and foreign €xperimenta] Studies furthering understanding of the mechanism of the acute resonance action of extremely high frequencyt coherent electro- he significance of these radia- tions for the functioning of the fatter, example, [2])) and OcCasioned no surprise, Physiothera Study of the character of the thermal] and radiation effects o their Practical usage, [* Biofizika 34: No. 2, 339-348, 1989. * The range of extremely high frequencies (€.h.f.) from 3 x 10'% to 3x git Hz corresponds to -00789RO0m Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96 ; f functioning of highly Permeable gap om the analysis made the Concept of the gulation of the TeCeptors, enzyme systems Action of e : However, simu: = living Organisms of on exposure to whic} ee. Mature of their actua # Fadiations was explai - the reproducibility of ; and the action was ch es. not compared. Howe ec did not cease and it we techniques in work w At the start of the N. D. Devyatkoy emba level on living organim: Up the first series of gen * the specific features of , quency ranges {4} sugg. Tadiations, Later, the sp S tion to the Problems of . “Le For any sufficiently gs. their Teaction to agents atk: functioning of the syster " gularities of the behavio: first systematic experime: IDENTIFI COHERENT E.| . The first series of 3 i tions, or artefacts, of co} e.b.f. Fadiations) on Jivi; Was undertaken on ofgar The results have been re ews of the first 70 publi. described and the main 'Ments confirming these p desirable without di #nted in the course of th d on their basis. = 1, The dependence , @ the body is of an acu acy bands (usually 2, The effects obser the density of the inc; Hounting for different “Magnitude for a sing’ ’ 3. The memorizatio Posure of the resulting of sufficient length: frc 4. The biological e; Et the body. Single e.hf ai