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217.
May, E. C.
Spottiswoode,
S.
J.
P.,
Piantanida, T. and Walker E.
H.
(1987). A
Quantum Measurement Experiment with
a
Single Photon
Interferometer.
SRI
International, Menlo Park, CA.
248.
Walker,
E.
H.,
May,
E.
C.,
Spottiswoode,
S.
J.
P. and Piantanida, T.
(1988).
Testing Schrbdinger’s Paradox with a
Michelson Interferometer.
Physica B,
Vol.
151, 339-348.
[Replacement for the original 248,]
This experiment demonstrates that consciousness is not a necessary condition for the
collapse of the quantum mechanical state vector— the claim which sometimes appears
in the physics and parapsychological literature.
Conclusions
Based on these studies and on the knowledge of the vast number of ways to mimic large-
scale remote perturbations, the claim for such effects on mechanical systems cannot be
validated. Because of some of
the recent work in Russia,
the case for these effects on
biological target systems is still open.
Statistical
Beginning with so-called PK experiments with dice in the 1930-50s it has been claimed in
the literature that small statistical effects can result from the mental intention of subjects.
In
1969,
Dr.
Helmut
Schmidt used modern
technology
to
address
this
question when
radioactive or
electronic noise devices were used
as
target systems.
There
is a vast
literature now
that suggest such
effects
are
possible on
a
variety
of
target systems;
however, the effects are all small and
can only be observed after sophisticated statistical
analyses.
42.
May,
E.
C., Humphrey,
B.
S.,
and Hubbard, G.
S.
(1980).
Electronic System
Perturbation Techniques. Final Report, Project 8585. SRI International, Menlo Park,
CA.
44.
May,
E.
C.
and Hubbard,
G.
S.
(1980).
Phase
I: Hardware
Construction and
System Evaluation.
Quarterly Reports 1&2, Project 8585. SRI International, Menlo
Park, CA.
[Note: 46 was a repeat of this report in error.]
47.
May, E. C., Humphrey, B.
S.,
and Hubbard, G.
S.
(1980). Phase
II Test Plan.
Quarterly Report 3, Project 8585. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
***
May, E. C. (1983).
Psychokinesis Research at SRI. In Proceedings: Symposium on
Applications ofAnomalous Phenomena. November 3O-December 1. Leesburgh, VA.
This conference proceedings version is
an excellent summary of the SRI study of
anomalous
perturbation on
a
true random number
generators.
The
study
is
characterized by state-of-the art engineering controls and methodology. The authors
report significant effects that are consistent with other such experiments.
***
May, E. C.,
Utts,
J. M. and Spottiswoode, S. J. P. (1995). Decision Augmentation
Theory:
Toward
a Model
of Anomalous
Mental
Phenomena.
Accepted
for
publication in the Journal of Parapsychology.
***
May,
E.
C.,
Spottiswoode,
S.
J.
P.,
and
Utts,
J.
M.
(1995).
Applications of
Decision
Augmentation
Theory.
Accepted
for
publication
in
the
Journal
of
Parapsychology.
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These two papers represent a formal presentation of Decision Aug
mentation Theory
(DAT). DAT holds that statistical anomalous perturbation can be considered a form
of anomalous cognition.
That
is,
subjects
in
these
experiments
are
“statistical
opportunist” by
initiating
a
trial
to
capture
a
locally
deviant
subset
from
an
unperturbed parent population.
In the second paper, the authors apply DAT to a
variety of published data sets and find strong support for informational versus force-
like mechanisms. These papers should be considered instead of documents
165 and
212 .
169.
Humphrey, B.
S. and May, E. C. (1985).
Bacterial Mutation Study. Final Report,
Project 7408-10, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
In a triple-blind experiment, the authors asked
subjects
to attempt
to modify
the
mutation
rate
of Salmonella typhimurium.
They
observed
significant
effects;
however, the results were more consistent with an informational process than with a
force-like mechanism.
188.
May, E. C., Humphrey, B.
S., andPleass, C. M. (1986). Measuring Remote Action
Influence on
the
Vertical Component of
dunaliella
Velocity.
Interim
Report
Objective E, Task 9, Project 1291. SRI International, Menlo Park CA.
218.
May, E. C. and Pleass, C. M. (1987). A Remote Action Investigation with Marine
Animals. Final Report— Objective E, Task
1, Project 1291, SRI Intentional, Menlo
Park, CA.
These two documents describe an unsuccessful attempt to observe mental
influence
of living motile plant cells. The velocity was measured by Doppler lasers effects.
199a. Hubbard, G.
S. and Braud, W. G. (1986). An Experiment to Test Apparent Remote
Action (RA) Effects on Electrodermal Activity.
Final Report— Objective E, Task 6,
Project 1291. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
199b.Braud, W. G. and Schlitz, M. J. (1989). Possible Role of Intuitive Data Sorting in
Electrodermal Biological Psychokinesis (Bio-PK).
The Journal of the American
Societyfor Psychical Research. Vol. 83, No. 4, 289-302.
These two reports describe experiments where humans were the target systems. The
intent was to ask an isolated and remote agent to attempt to calm or arouse the target
person.
The state of arousal was monitored by measuring the electrodermal skin
behavior. The authors report significant effects.
225a. Hubbard, G.
S.,
Utts,
J. M., and Braud, W. G. (1987).
Experimental Protocol for
Hemolysis: Confirmation Experiment. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
225b.Braud, W. G. (1990).
Distant
Mental Influence of Rate of Hemolysis of Human
Red Blood Cells. The Journal ofthe American Societyfor Psychical Research
. Vol.
84, No.
1, 1-24.
Braud observes significant effects when individuals were asked to modify the rate at
which blood cells were being destroyed in a saline solution.
In a later analysis May
et al. show that anomalous perturbation better describes the data than does anomalous
cognition— a situation which is not true for most other forms of statistical anomalous
perturbation.
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There
is no correlation between quality of the study and study
result,
yet study
quality significantly correlates with year of publication (i.e., methodology improves
over time).
(2)
Radin,
D.
I.
and
Nelson,
R.
D.
(1989).
Evidence
for
Consciousness-Related
Anomalies in Random Physical Systems. Foundations ofPhysics
, Vol.
19, No 12,
1499-1415. Radin and Nelson analyzed the complete literature of over 800 studies
of consciousness-related anomalies
in random physical systems.
They found a
combined effect of 9.8 a with an
single
trial effect size of 0.0003.
The found no
correlation of study outcome with study quality as determined by a 16-point quality
measure, and a sophisticated analyses showed that the estimated file drawer studies
cannot reduce the result to non-significance.
(3)
Bern, D. J. and Honorton, C. (1994). Does Psi Exist?
Replicable Evidence for an
Anomalous Process of Information Transfer. Psychological Bulletin
, Vol. 115, No.
1, 4-18. Bern and Honorton analyzed the compete Ganzfeld literature and included
329 studies in their primary analysis. They found an overall effect of 2.89 a leading
to a trial effect size of 0. 159±0.005.
Their flaw and file drawer analysis was unable
to reduce the result to non-significance.
(4)
Radin, D.
I. and Ferrari, D. C. (1991). Effects of Consciousness on the Fall of Dice:
A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol.
5,
No.
1,
61-84.
The
authors examined the published data from 1935 to 1987 and found 148 studies from
different
investigators,
involving more than 2
million dice throws by
2,569
subjects. Their careful analysis of
a balanced, homogeneous subset of 59 studies
showed an overall effect 3. 19a for a single trial effect size of 0.003 2±0.00 12. As in
the other meta-analysis, neither study quality
or
file drawer studies can reduce the
result to non-significance.
Taken together, these analyses provide compelling evidence for a statistical anomaly. Or as
Professor Lee Ross (Department of Psychology, Stanford University), who has been a
leading critic of anomalous mental phenomena research, remarked in a seminar, “We must
reject the null hypothesis.”
Search
In general, Search-AC is the reverse process of standard anomalous cognition.
Rather than
specifying a target location and seeking a description, Search specifies the description and
seeks the location. For example, suppose an aircraft is lost at sea. A forward-direction AC
task would be to describe the details of the aircraft,
perhaps the pilot as well.
If accurate
data were obtained in this way,
it would
not help
in
locating the
pilot.
The Search
approach to this example is to provide a photograph of the pilot
and a description of the
aircraft and ask, “Where is this material currently located?”
* By using a form of AC-triangulation, it might be possible to locate something relative to land
marks.
There are a few cases such as this in the Program Office.
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60.
May,
E.
C.
and
Puthoff,
H.
E.
(1981).
Feasibility Study on
the Use
of RV
Detection Techniques to Determine Location
of Targets.
SRI
International, Menlo
Park, CA.
This report describe the use of a sequential sampling
to solve the 1-in-N problem.
That is, given that a target is actually located in one of N possible locations, how may
the correct location be specified? A sample data set from the published literature was
used to demonstrate a 12 out of 12 hit rate in a l-of-10 example.
174.
Lantz, N.
D. and May,
E.
C.
(1986).
Location of Target Material in Space and
Time. Interim Report— Objective E, Task 2, Project 1291. SRI International, Menlo
Park, CA.
Using a hidden computer-generated 20x20
grid,
the authors show
that 8 of 27
participants were able to locate a hidden target square to a significant degree.
Conclusions
With computer-generated laboratory tasks
and statistical averaging techniques,
it appears
possible to locate hidden targets. This result could be generalized to real-world problems
by assigning each computer square to a real-world location. In a potential application, if by
using computer-assisted search techniques, expended resources could be reduced by a few
percent, the technique would contribute significantly.
Generally speaking, however, what
has been called dowsing in the literature is difficult to confirm in the laboratory. Although
there
are examples
in the program
office of spectacular
hits with
Search,
the
rate
is
generally lower than it is for forward direction AC. Information models suggests that this
may be so because of a channel bandwidth limitation.
Replication
of Foreign
Experiments
Often spectacular claims are made in the foreign literature with regard to anomalous mental
phenomena.
These
experiments
are
designed
to
provide
a
conceptual
replication
to
determine the degree to which the claims can be supported.
173.
Hubbard,
G.
S.
and May,
E.
C.
(1986).
An Experiment to Explore Possible
Anomalistic Behavior of a Phonon Detection System During a Remote Viewing Test
Interim Report— Objective E, Task
1, Project 1291. SRI International, Menlo Park,
CA. [Note: This report was inadvertently entered twice on the Bibliography as 1B5. ]
208.
Hubbard,
G.
S.,
May,
E.
C.,
and
Frivold,
T.
J.
(1987).
Possible Photon
Production
During A Remote Viewing
Task: A
Replication
Experiment.
Final
Report— Objective E, Task 1, Project 1291. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
These documents report on a replication attempt of a claim found in the People’s
Republic
of
China’s
journal
Nature .
The
claim was
the
light
is
generated
concomitantly
with
successful
remote
viewing.
The study showed
significant
evidence for remote viewing, but no evidence of generated photons.
***
May, E. C. and Luke, W. L. W. (1993).
Phenomenological Research and Analysis.
Final Report. Science Applications International Corporation, Menlo Park, CA.
Using sequential sampling as an aid to the binary search problem (i.e., one
of two
possible targets) is described as part of this final report.
One experienced receiver
produced significant results; however, the process was extremely inefficient, and in
addition, the novice receivers did not produce significant results.
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