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Mr. Spottiswoode applies multidimensional scaling to remote viewing analysis.
In
photographic
targets,
he found weak
evidence
for
the
existence
of
underlying
semantic
dimensions
of predominately
man-made
scenes
versus
predominately
natural scenes and the presence versus the absence of land-water interfaces.
Conclusions
The analysis of choice
for laboratory experiments
is
the rank-order method.
In
this
technique, a target pack, from which the target will
be randomly selected,
is constructed
prior to the experiment.
Usually great care is exercised to include targets within a pack to
be as different from one another as possible and that the random number generator meets all
accepted criteria for being random. For a single response, an independent analyst who is
blind to the experimental details, rank orders the targets within a pack from the one that best
matches the given response, second best, and so
one through the pack.
Under the null
hypothesis, the average
rank after many such
trials should be (N+l)/2, where N
is the
number of targets in the pack. Typically N=5 in our studies so the expected average rank is
3.
Our best receivers generally produce average ranks of approximately 2.
We have also explored a variety of other methods including concept analysis— reducing a
response to conceptual elements,
rating scales, and an elaborate application of fuzzy set
procedures.
In the application environment, we have developed a variety of approaches that rely upon
historical responses to similar situations or invoke pre- and post-session calibrations where
the target material is completely known. One method has incorporated an
adaptive fuzzy
set approach; however, these methods have not yet been tested in the field.
Basic Research
Research that is primarily directed to understanding the mechanisms of AC is called basic.
In this section we follow the engineering metaphor as illustrated in Figure 1
Source
What is the source of the energy/information that is available to AC-receivers? Some in the
parapsychological research community believe we are dealing with non-physical parameters
and that traditional science must be signif icantly modified to account for AC phenomena.
Our approach is more conservative. We assume that AC will eventually be
explained by
the known laws of nature, or perhaps small
modifications to them.
There
is no known
transfer of information without a concomitant transfer
of energy.
Our research assumes
that is must be true for AC as well.
***
May, E. C., Spottiswoode, S.
J.
S., and James, C. L. (1984). Shannon Entropy as
an Intrinsic Target Property: Toward a Reductionist Model.
In May, E.
C.,
Luke,
W. L. W., and
James,
C.
L.
(1994).
Phenomenological Research and Analysis.
Final Report.
Science Applications International
Corporation,
Menlo
Park,
CA.
[Note: This document is also
listed under Target Selection above.
The concept
applies to both areas of the research infrastructure.]
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lejuneisao
A reviewed and edited version of this paper has been accepted for publication in the
Journal of Parapsychology.
It is suggested that the gradient of
Shannon’s entropy
may be an intrinsic target property and that the quality of AC may proportional to it.
Conclusions
Out latest results suggest that the
gradient of Shannon’s entropy
is,
or
is
related to,
the
source for AC.
Considerably more research is required to validate this finding, but to our
knowledge, this is the
first physical variable that is exclusively related to the target that
produces reliable correlations with the quality of AC.
Transmission
How does the information propagate from the source to the receiver? What is the
carrier
for the information? Since there is compelling evidence for precognition (i.e., a statistical
leakage of information from
the
future),
the transmission
is
required to be a 4-space
mechanism.
207a. May, E. C. andLantz, N. D. (1987). Feedback and Precognition Dependent Remote
Viewing Experiments. Final Report-Objective F, Tasks la and lb. Project 1291. S
International, Menlo Park, CA.
An experiment to contrast real-time versus precognitive remote viewing is presented
in addition to a feedback experiment using a tachistoscope. The first ex penment did
not yield significant evidence for remote viewing, but the second one showed strong
evidence.
207b.May, E. C., Lantz, N. D. and Piantineda, T. (1994). Feedback
Considerations in
Anomalous Cognition Experiments. Journal of Parapsychology.
The second experiment has been
accepted
for
publication
in
the
peer-reviewed
technical journal, Journal of Parapsychology. [This version has been included in the
document set as a replacement for 122. ]
Conclusions
Very little has been explored in this domain; thus, it is premature to comment other than to
say that special 4-dimensional geometries have been
examined in hopes to reduce the 4-
space distance from source to detector to zero.
Detector
What are the physiological mechanisms for the detection of AC information? We generally
have proposed that AC is detected by an additional sensorial system.
We expect to find
neurological structures that behave similarly to the known ones for other senses
(e.g.,
receptor neurons that are sigmoidal in their response, etc.).
13.
Targ, R. May, E.
C.
and Puthoff,
H.
E.,
Galin,
D.
and Omstein,
R.
(1976).
Sensing of Remote EM Sources (Psychological
Correlates).
Final Report,
Project
4540. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
This
report
describes
in
detail
three
experiments
with
a
single
receiver
that
demonstrate that the central nervous system (i.e., the brain) responds to sensonally
isolated stimuli. This was a joint effort
between SRI International and the Langly
Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute, San Francisco, CA.
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13a.
May,
E.
C.,
Targ,
E., and Puthoff, H.
E.
(1977).
Possible EEG Correlates to
Remote Stimuli Under Conditions
of Sensory Shielding. Proceeding of Electro/77
Special Session (IEEE): The State of the Ait in Psychic Research. New York, NY.
May
et.
al present their analysis of the SRI/Langly
Porter experiments.
They
acknowledge
that
there appears
to be
significant changes
of
alpha
production
concomitant with remote stimuli; however, they advise caution in that the sign of the
changes are not consistent and the effects occurs under different EEG leads.
229.
May,
E.
C.,
Luke, W.
L.
W.,
and
Frivold,
T.
J.
(1988).
Neurophysiological
Correlates to Remote Viewing. Final Report-Objective D, Task 1, Project 1291. SRI
International, Menlo Park, CA.
This
is the
first of a series of experiments to search
for central nervous system
neuromagnetic response to isolated stimuli. The first of two protocols was based on
a Hungarian experiment involving classical conditioning. The second was more like
a replication of SRFs 1977 EEG studies— 13a, above.
266.
May, E. C. Luke, W. L. W., Trask, V. V. and Frivold. T. J. (1990).
Observation
of Neuromagnetic Fields in Response to Remote
Stimuli.
The Proceedings of the
Presented Papers of the Parapsychological Association 33rd Annual Convention,
National 4-H Center, Chevy Chase, MD.
This represents the best description of the magnetoencephalograph studies.
It claims
that an alpha rhythm phase shift occurs from a remote and isolated stimulus.
***
May, E. C. and Luke, W. L. W (1 992). Phenomenological Research and Analysis.
Final Report. Science Applications International Corporation, Menlo Park, CA
This is the final technical report for 1992. After a careful attempt at
replicating the
magnetoencephalograph
results,
it was
discovered
that
a
subtle
design
error
accounted
for
the
earlier
results.
The
technical
flaw
involved
measuring
instantaneous phase in a noisy environment during too short a time interval.
***
May, E. C.. Luke, W. L. W, and James, C. L. (1994).
Phenomenological Research
and Analysis. Final Report. Science
Applications International Corporation, Menlo
Park, CA
Capitalizing upon
all the earlier central nervous system studies, SAIC initiated an
EEG experiment to search for an event-related desynchronization to isolated stimuli.
While there was significant evidence for AC, the
preliminary analysis on one of 4
leads does not appear to demonstrate a central nervous system response.
Conclusions
During the 1972-1976 period, we found significant alpha blocking in a fe w receivers that
was
concomitant
with
an
isolated
visual
stimulus.
Although
the
experiments
were
conducted carefully, the results were weak and the number of receivers was small.
This
line of investigation was abandon until 1987 at which time a multi-year effort was initiated
using
magnetoencephalography
to
measure
central
nervous
system (CNS)
magnetic
responses to isolated visual stimuli.
Early
results were especially encouraging, but later
replications revealed a subtle statistical artifact that accounted for the earlier results.
Each replication attempt yields suggestions for the next experiment. Our most recent study
posited that since external stimuli,
cognitive thought, or conscious attempts at moving a
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body part
all interrupt alpha rhythm
(i.e.,
called event-related desychronization—ERD),
that it is reasonable to assume that AC stimuli will also invoke an
ERD.
In 1993-4, we
conducted a series of experiments that used matched filters that
were derived from direct
stimuli to search for ERDs in the C NS record resulting from AC stimuli. The analysis is
not yet complete but the preliminary results do not show occipital ERDs, but we have been
able to suggest a lower limit
for occipital ERDs.
We collected EEG data at other scalp
locations but that data has yet to be analyzed.
Remote
Perturbation
Large
Scale
Is it possible to affect physical/biological objects, by mental means alone,
in such a way
that statistical analysis is not required to observe the effects?
Examples include stopping
the hearts of animals, levitation by Saints in India, and materialization and dematerialization
of objects.
59.
Hubbard,
G.
S. and May,
E.
C.
(1981).
Macro-Remote Action: A Survey and
Evaluation.
Final Report, Project 3279-3, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
Hubbard and May provide a list of parameters that must be true based on a survey of
all large-scale remote perturbation effects they could find in the English language
literature to date. They conclude that it is highly likely that these reported effects are
not examples of anomalous mental phenomena.
***
May,
E.
C.
and Vilenskaya,
L.
(1994).
Overview of Current Parapsychology
Research in the Former Soviet Union.
Subtle Energies, Vol. 3., No. 3, 45-67.
***
Vilenskaya, L. and May, E. C. (1995). Anomalous Mental Phenomena Research in
Russia and the Former Soviet Union: A Follow Up.
Subtle Energies, Vol. 4. No. 3
,
231-250.
These two published papers
describe what the authors found during three trips to
various laboratories in Russia. Some of the experiments, esp ecially the ones on the
central nervous system and on the behavior of laboratory animals are
particularly
interesting and well constructed.
200.
Hubbard, G. S. and Issacs, J. D. (1986). An Experiment to Examine
the Possible
Existence of Remote Action Effects in Piezoelectric
Strain Gauges.
Final Report
Objective E, Task 8, Project 1291. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
A design, protocol, and construction details for an attempt to replicate earlier findings
is presented.
It was claimed that individuals can
inelastically deform piezoelectric
strain gauges.
Positive results were obtain in a pilot study.
224.
Hubbard, G.
S.,
Bentley,
P.
P.,
Pasturel,
P.
K.
and Isaacs,
J.
D.
(1987).
A
Remote Action Experiment with a Piezoelectric Transducer. Final Report— Objective
H, Tasks 3 and 3 a. Project 1291, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
This is a definitive formal study that displays the extensive number of things that can
mimic remote action.
It is a clear demonstration of the level of effort that is necessary
to properly conduct such experiments.
In the final analysis, no effects were seen that
could be called examples of large scale remote action.
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