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were mostly using
ESP,
I
did check
the correla-
tions between real
time hitting and
+1
future
missing
to
see if
they would
be affected
if
the
data from these
two percipients were
thrown
out*
The differences were trivial
and
can
be
ignored:
for
the
first Training Study,
r = -.81
instead
of
r = -.84.
REPLICATION
OF EFFECTS
IN THE
“r
'Fecund training study
The
second Training
Study was
not
as
suc-
cessful
as
the
first
in terms
of magnitude
of
real
time
ESP
shown,
an unfortunate,
but pre-
dicted,
efflect.
Our second Selection
Study and
second Confirmation Study did
not give
us indi-
vidual percipients with
as
high scores
as we had
in
the
first Training
Study,
The group
of per-
cipients
wh:o entered
the
first Training Study
had Confirmation Study scores ranging
from 2.50-
6.00
hits
p|er run of
(chance
is 2.50),
with
a
mean group Iscore of 4.78,
while
the corresponding
range was 2.75
to 4,50,
group
mean of
3.61
hits/
run,
for
the percipients who
completed
the
second Training Study,
The difference was statis-
tically significant
(P <
,05,
2-tailed,
by t-test).
Ideally,
we should
have
run more students
through
our Selection Study and Confirmation
Study
procedure,
and made
the
ESP
talent level compar-
able
to
that
of
the
first Training
Study.
Time,
money,
and manpower shortages prohibited
this,
so
we used
the percipients we
had,
but predicted
that our overall level
of ESP would
be smaller
in the secdnd Training Study.
It was.
Seven percipients
completed
the second
Training
Study.
The overall group mean
(2.61)
did
not differ significantly
from chance expectation,
although
two of
the
seven percipients showed
individually significant results.
One of these
Dercipients showed individually significant
real
time hitting
(average
of 3.20 hits/run,
P ^
.05,
2^tialed),
the other showed individually
significant real
time missing
(average
of
1.85
hits/run,
P <
.05,
t-tailed),
so
they effectively
cancelled each other
out.
Figure
10 shows
the individual percipient
results
for real
time scoring and
+1
missing or
hitting.
My hypothesis
that we still
had
talented
ESP
percipients,
but
that
the increased pressure
of
the Training Study
had probably inhibited
their ESP abilities,
as
in
the
first Training
Study,
was confirmed.
Five
of
the seven percip-
ients
showed individually significant differences
(t-test)
between their
real
time scores
and
+1
future scores.
The negative relationship between
real
time hitting and
+1
missing was again con-
firmed,
with
r
ss -.733,
P <
.05,
1-tailed.
The
more conservative rank order correlation gives
r = -.79,
a slightly stronger effect.
The slight
apparent reversal of
the effect
for
the
top
three
real time hitters does
not detract substantially
from the overall correlation.
It might suggest
10-Choice Trainer
SECOND TRAINING STUDY
r - -.733
Fig.
10.
Relationship between
real time
hitting,
+1
future missing,
and
strategy-boundedness,
second
Training Study.
non-linearity,
but,
given
the
following dis-
cussion,
this
is
unlikely.
As
in
the first Training
Study,
I
carried
out an exploratory,
post
hoc analysis
for
possible nonrandomicity
in
the percipients*
target sequences
that might
represent. a
PK
effect.
One
of
the seven target sequences,
for
percipient E2S10,
showed
too
many
7s.
Curiously,
this percipient scored almost exactly at chance
expectation
(51
hits versus
50 expected)
for
real time hits.
Conservatively deleting
the data
of
E2S10,
however,
again has
a negligible effect
on
the correlation between real
time hitting
and
+1
future missing:
r = -.74, P<.05,
1-tailed.
In many ways,
the percipients from
the
Second Training Study amounted
to
a sampling
of
the
lower end of the distribution sampled
in
the
first Training
Study,
so
I combined
results
of
the
two
Training
Studies,
to produce
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HITTING
Fig*
11.
Relationship
between real time hitting,
4*1
future missing,
and strategy-boundedness*
combined data of both Training
Studies.
the diagram shown in Figure
11.
Here the strong
negative relationship between real time hitting
and
4*1
missing stands out very clearly
(r « -.05,
P < .001,
2-tailed).
The more conservative rank
order correlation is also -.85.
The highly suc-
cessful real
time ESP percipients
strongly
suppressed
the
immediate
future,
while
the ones
who,
under the increased psychological pressure
of
the Training
Study,
tended
to
switch
to miss-
ing in real
time,
an incorrect focusing of
the
ESP
effect, showed some tendency
to switch
to
hitting on
the immediate future.
If,
to
be VBry conservative,
the data of
the three percipients showing nonrandom target
sequences are deleted from the overall
correlation,
the change
is
negligible,
with
r
changing
from -.84
to -.82 instead,
so
thB data
from these
three percipients will
be left
in.
More microscopic analyses,
aimed
at distinguish-
ing
these small possible
PK effects
from ESP
effects will
be undertaken in future publica-
tions.
Such
a significant,
negative relationship
between real time hitting and
4-1
missing
has
not,
to
my knowledge,
been previously reported
in
the experimental parapsychological litera-
ture'15 .
This
may be partly due
to
the fact
that it has not been looked
for,
but
I
also
suspect it
is partially due
to
a procedurel
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difference.
In
the present Training
Studies,
there
was
a sequential generation of targets
”on
line,”
as
it were.
In most parapsychological
studies,
until fairly recently,
targets have
been thoroughly shuffled decks
of
cards.
In
precognition studies with cards,
the entire
sequence of future targets
is generated simul-
taneously when they are thoroughly shuffled
at
a
future time,
rather than being generated
one
by
one after eaqh
real
time response.
I
shall
now present the theory
I
have
devised
to explain these results.
I
am deeply
indebted
to $noch Callaway,
a colleague at
the
Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric
Institute,
who,
after seeing
a preliminary analysis of
thie
data,
suggested
that they resembled
a neural inhibitory
surround,
and started
the
train
of thought in
me that led %o the
following
theory.
THE DURATION
OF THE PRESENT
If you will
stop
to ask yourself what
is
"present”
to your experience,
you will find
that your experienced present, although very
short,
definitely seems
to
have
a certain dura-
tion.
The mathematical abstraction
of
the present
being
a temporal point of Eero width,
sandwiched
between past and
future,
is
a useful abstraction
in
a variety
of applications,
but
a poor repre-
sentation
of psychological experience.
In
Figure
12,
the heavy lines model what we might call,
by
analogy with filters,
the
"passband”
of
the
experienced present.
For some small duration,
INTENSITY OF
EXPERIENCE
H.
NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONING
...
EXTRASENSORY FUNCTIONING
Fig.
12.
Intensity and duration charac-
teristics
of
the experienced pre-
sent
for ordinary consciousness
(heavy lines)
and
the extended
aspect of the mind that uses ESP
(dotted lines).
centered around the now,
all actions and exper-
iences are how .
The length of
this interval
is
slightly variable,
depending
on how our atten-
tion
is
focused,
and probably
is ordinarily
somewhere between one-tenth
and two-tenths
of
a second wide.
Within
this experienped now,
the intensity
of experience
(the vertical
axis)
is very high.
At the edges
of
the pass-
band experience drops
in intensity and clarity.
Dynamically,
we should picture this passband
as moving along horizontally from past
to
future.
Whether experience within
this passband
f
the experienced
now
is actually continuous
or consists of discrete frames, with awareness
of
the inter-frame interval suppressed,
is
an
interesting
question*
An old psychological term
for this effect
was
the
"specious present,”
a
term
I
do
not
like,
as it shows
that the mathematical ab-
straction was
being considered more real
than
actual
experience,
implying
that direct exper-
ience was
specious*
I
shall
speak of
the
experienced present ,
and
its width.
By using
"outside”
timB sources,
such as
a
clock,
we
can say that
the experienced present has
a
definite width,
even though
to
the mind,
this
small segment
of
time
is all
now.
PRECOGNITION
AND THE EXPERIENCED PRESENT
There are dozens
of published parapsycho-
logical studies indicating
that precognition,
under laboratory conditions,
is
a genuine
phenomenon?*
.
These results
are usually con-
ceptualized
as
the future "influencing”
the
present,
or as information flow
from
the future
to
the
past.
Reactions
to
this data are
fre-
quently mixed with
"absolute"
questions about
free will versus determinism or causality,
and
discussions
get phrased
in
such absolute
terms
that
they lead nowhere.
An alternative way
of accounting for
the
data
of precognition
is
to postulate
that there
is
some other temporal dimension
of mental
functioning,
a temporal dimension
in which
time
"flows
at
a different rate”
or some such thing,
with
the consequence
that
the experienced
present
of the mind
in that other temporal
dimension has
a greater duration,
a wider pass-
band than our ordinary experienced present.
This wider passband
is shown
in Figure
as
the dotted
line.
The exact shape
of
th|s passband
as drawn
is
not important:
it merely represents
that,
ordinarily,
the intensity of experience
tapers
off
to near
zero
at some point.
I
am proposing that the aspect
of mind
which
is activated
on those occasions when ESP
abilities are used has
two properties different
from our ordinary consciousness,
which
seems
spatially localized with respect
to
the brain
and temporally localized with respect
to
the
time system’s
physical processes of brain
operation.
The first property
is
that this other
dimension of the mind
is
not
so spatially
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localized,
and
can
thus somehow pick up informa-
tion
at spatial locations outside
the sensory
range
of
the body/brain/nervous
system.
The
second property
is
that
the center point of
the
experienced present of
this other dimension of
the
mind
can
be
a different time
than
the physical
time associated with
the body/brain/nervous system,
and
the
band width
of
that other part
of
the
mind's
experienced present
is wider
than
the
band width
of our ordinary consciousness's
ex-
perienced
present.
Thus what
is
now
in
this
other dimension of
the mind may include
portions
of time
that,
from our ordinary point of view,
are
P as ^ and
f uture .
as well
as
present.
SincB consciousness
(or basic awareness ,
as
I
prefer
to
call it in my systems approach
to
consciousness 16 )
is ordinarily fully identified
and preoccupied with body/brain/nervous system
functioning,
the experienced intensity of
the
parts
of mind
that operates
in
this other
temporal
and spatial dimension
is ordinarily
quite low,
usually below conscious threshold,
and
is
shown accordingly
so
in
the figure*
When
a percipient
is
asked
to
use
ESP,
he
must disregard ongoing sensory input
(the
experimental conditions make it irrelevant)
and whatever fantasies or strategies he has
about outguessing
the RNG
(since targets
are
equiprobable and sequentially independent),
and
try
to
''contact'
or
"tune
in"
to
that aspect of
mind which exists
or
is capable of using this
broader spatial
and
temporal dimension.
Con-
sidering
the
temporal aspects
of
it,
this
creates
a
problem.
If your desire
is
to obtain
real
time information,
being
"sent" by
the
ex-
perimenter/sender
in another laboratory,
then
simply tapping into
the wider experiential
present of
this other dimension
is
not good
enough:
its
now includes information about past
and
future
events,
as well
as present events*
Since your
goal
is present event information,
this
past and
future information
is noise which
may interfere with detection of
the desired signal.
Given
the psychological
set of experimenters
and percipients
in our studies,
namely concentra-
ting on getting
the real
time information
by
ESP,
this implicitly defined
the
temporal
boundaries
of that
real
time information
as
the
immediate
-1
past and
the immediate
+1
future
targets/trials.
We shall
consider effects
of
altering this psychological definition later.
Figure
13 models what
a percipient must
do
to
use
ESP successfully,
then,
to
get real
time
information.
His awareness
is
receiving irrele-
vant sensory information that must be disregard-
ed.
His memories
of what past
targets have
been
may suggest guessing strategies,
but
they are
irrelevant,
since each output of
the
RNG
is
in-
dependent of
the previous
ones.
He must occasion-
ally
tap into
that dimension of mind
that uses
ESP,
but since that
part of the mind
is getting
PAST
NOW
FUTURE
Fig.
13.
A model
of psychological pro-
cesses used
in making
a success-
ful
ESP
response.
information about past and future as well
as
present,
he must further add
a discrimination
process
of some kind which will clearly identify
the
past and future aspects
of
the ESP informa-
tion,
and then actively suppress
such aspects,
in order
to enhance
the detectability of
the
real
time,
desired
ESP information.
The output
of the discrimination process,
then,
consists
of some kind
of information designed
to
in-
fluence
the percipient's conscious guessing
processes
to correctly guess
the present real
time target,
and
to
inhibit guessing target
identities which
are the same as
the immediate
future and
the immediate past targets,
lest
the
past or future
be confused with
the present.
The non-conscious
ESP and discrimination
processes may certainly work intermittently and
imperfectly,
depending
on other factors which
could constitute both systematic or random
noise at various stages
in the total information
flow system.
TRANS-TEMPORAL
INHIBITION
What
I
am postulating,
then,
is an active
inhibition
of
the precognitively
and post-
cognitively gained information about immediate
future and immediate
past,
in order
to
enhance
thB detectability of
ESP information about real
time events.
Since this inhibition extends
over
time,
I
have named
this phenomenon trans-
temporal inhibition .
Except for
the unusual features of
ex-
tending over time rather than space,
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trans-temporal inhibition
is analogous
to
a
widely used information processing strategy
in
the nervous
system called lateral inhibition
*
This
is
a general phenomenon of
a highly stimul-
ated receptor sending out inhibitory impulses
to
receptor endings laterally/spatially adjacent
to
it,
thus suppressing their initially weaker
output,
unless they
are also strongly stimulated
by an appropriate stimulus.
It amounts
to
an
edge
detection process.
To illustrate:
if you press
on your
skin with
a sharply pointed object,
not
only
is
the touch receptor immediately under the
point strongly stimulated,
but,
because
of
the
mechanical deformation
of
the skin,
receptors
laterally adjacent
to
the point are
also stimu-
lated,
although less intensely.
The neural impulses
resulting at
the first stage
of detection,
then,
would
be mos % intense immediately under
the
stimulated
point,
but fairly intense
on
each side
of
it,
gradually tapering
off,
producing
a
neural
signal pattern suggesting
a blunt,
rounded
stimulating object,
rather than
a point.
The
most stimulated receptor under
the
point,
however,
sends
out inhibitory impulses suppressing
the
weaker
(less frequent)
impulses
from the
laterally adjacent receptors,
and
so recovering
a pattern indicating point stimulation
further
on in
the nervous
system.
The phenomenon of
trans-temporpl
inhibition,
then,
suggests
that
a generally useful information processing pro-
cedure
is
also operative
for
ESP,
How well
does
this
theory fit
the data?
APPLYING THE THEORY
TO THE
DATA
In showing
the +1,
real
time,
and
-1
score
patterns of percipient
E1S1
earlier
in Figure
B
(we shall ignore the -2 and
-3 points
from now
on,
as
they
are not related
to other things),
I
indicated thdt
the very significant degree of
missing on tpe immediately past
-1
target
probably reflected maladaptive guessing habits
on the percipient
f s part.
The
RNG
is
so construct-
ed
that therd are
no sequential
dependencies,
i,e.,
the probability of two sequential targets being
a
one-one is identical
to
that
of their being
a
two-two,
a three-three,
a three-four,
a one-nine,
etc.
People,! however,
have inaccurate conceptions
of what random sequences
are,
and usually believe
that
the probability of
the same target occurring
twice
is considerably less
than that
of
a dif-
ferent target following
the original one,
that
is
that one-one,
two-two,
etc,,
are all much less
probably than one-two,
one-three,
two-four,
etc.
Thus
the perpipients
tend
to avoid giving
a
response that
is
the same as
the previous
target,
and
I
suggest that this accounted
for the very
large
degreej of
the
-1
missing.
The theory of
trans-temporal inhibition,
however,
assumes
that
the experienced present of
this other dimension
of
the mind
jis probably symmetrical
in most
circumstances:
this
is an assumption
that will
be made,
paralleling
the general assumption that
works
so well
in
the physical sciences,
namely
that all physical processes are symmetrical 16
.
Given this symmetry assumption,
I
then postulated
that
the
-1
missing could
be partialed
into
two
components*
One
of these would
be post-cognitive
ESP inhibition of
the calling of
the previous
target,
and
I would
further assume that
this
component would
be approximately equal
in mag-
nitude
to
the inhibition
of
the
+1
response
for each percipient,
treated individually.
The
rest of
the missing on
the
-1
past displacement
would
be due
to maladaptive guessing strategies,
this business
of tending
not
to repeat
the
immediately past
target,
I
have named
this
component of
the
-1
missing,
strategy bound ness .
Figure
14 shows
this partialing out applied
to
the data of percipient
El SI.
For this
particular
example,
about half of the
-1
missing would
be
assumed
to
be
due
to trans-temporal inhibition
of
the post-cognitive response
to
the
*1
target
and half
to maladaptive strategy boundhess.
HITTING
MISSING
Fig.
14.
Partialing
out
the strategy
boundness measure from
the
total
missing on the
-1
temporal
dis-
placement.
My conception of
the optimal way
to
try
to
use
ESP
is that all
"rational” processes are
irrelevant.
A guessing strategy which involves
keeping
track of what
the past targets have
been and then trying
to outguess
the
RNG
is not
only
a waste
of
time
(because
of
the sequential
independence
of
the RNGQ,
but
it distracts
a
percipient from turning his awareness toward
more relevant mental processes,
toward what we
might call
metaphorically
"listening
to
the
still
small voice within" that might occasion-
ally
give
a useful hint about target identity.
STRATEGY BOUNDNESS AND SUCCESS
IN
USING
ESP
On theoretical grounds,
then,
we would
expect that the more strategy boundne&s
a
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percipient showed,
the
less real time ESP
he
would
show.
Since trans-temporal inhibition of
the
future
(and
by assumption,
of
the past)
target response
is adaptive
for enhancing
real
time
ESP,
we would
also expect
that with more
strategy boundness there would
be
less missing
on
the
+1
future target.
The data bear
this
out
quite convincingly.
Because
the signs
for
the
straight arithmet-
ical computations
of missing,
strategy boundness,
etc.
require
a good
deal of attention
to
follow in
terms
of their relationships,
I
have taken
the
value of strategy boundness which
is inherently
negative
(missing)
and made
it positive,
to make
the results clearer.
In orginally computing
the correlations
be-
tween real
time hitting,
+1
future missing,
and
-1
past missing
for percipients
in
the combined
two Training Studies,
I
found
that
+1
future miss-
ing was significantly correlated with real
time
hitting
(
r = -.85,
P < .001),
but
the magnitude
of
-1
past missing did
not correlate significant-
ly with either the magnitude of real
time hitting
(r = -.24,
non-significant)
or with
the magnitude
of the
+1
future missing
(r = +J4,
non-signifi-
cant).
After factoring
out strategy boundness,
as
discussed
above,
it turns out that strategy
boundness
is significantly correlated with
the
other two measures.
Strategy boundness correlates
r = -.64,
P <
,01
with present time hitting,
and
r = +.83,
P <
.001,
with
+1
future missing.
Referring back
to
Figures
9,
10,
and
11, where
the degree of individual strategy boundness was
plotted
for
the percipients
in
the lower part
of
the graphs,
the strength
of
this relationship
is very clear.
The more
a percipient was caught
up
in maladaptive strategy boundness,
the
less
likely
he was
to show real
time hitting and
the
less likely he was
to show trans-temporal
inhibition,
missing
of the
+1
future target.
Strategy boundness
can
be conceived
of
as
a
failure
to direct awareness
to
that part of
the
mind which
is
not
so
localized
in space and
time
and so exercises
ESP,
but instead leaving
awareness involved with ordinary aspects
of
the
mind which
cannot use
ESP.
Applying
the symmetry assumption,
then,
takes some random data
(the absolute magnitude
of
the
-1
past deviations) and partials
it into
highly meaningful
data.
A
FURTHER TEST OF THE THEORY
As
I mentioned earlier,
both percipients
and
experimenters in my two Training Studies were
focused on the ordinary present,
on
the task of
picking
up real
time information.
This implicitly
defined
the immediate boundaries
of
the now
as
the
+1
and
-1
future and past target events.
Since my data rarely suggest significant ESP
missing on the +2 target
(and,
by
the same sort
of operations described above,
on the
-2
target).
this suggests
that while
the experienced present
of
this other dimension
of
the mind was wider
than
the ordinary experienced
present,
it was
not
too much wider.
Others
studies
of precog-
nition^t^,
however,
have often dealt. with
events which are much further ahead
in
the
future,
minutes,
hours,
days,
and
sometimes
months.
Insofar
as
the trans-temporal inhibition
theory is correct,
I would predict
that
if
the
focus
of attention
is successfully placed
on
some future event,
there ought
to
be
ESP hitting
on that event,
but inhibition of responses
to
events temporally surrounding
that future event.
Using our filter analogy,
with
the experienced
present of
the dimension of
the mind
that uses
ESP corresponding
to
the
band width of that
filter,
it should
be possible,
by means of
psychological processes,
to shift
the center
point and/or
the band width of
the
filter,
and
see
a corresponding shift of trans-temporal
inhibition,
I have
been able
to
carry out one
test of
this prediction
to
date.
Ingo Swann
is
a well know New York artist
who posses
a variety of ESP abilities which
he
has demonstrated under rigorous laboratory
conditions
in other investigators 1
laboratories,
including Stanford Research
Institute^® and
the City
College
of
New York*^.
Swann was
present at
a small meeting of parapsychological
researchers
in October,
1976,
when
I
presented
the above data and
the basic theory about
trans-temporal
inhibition,
although
I
did
not
say much about
the prediction of
the possibility
of shifting
the center point of
the experienced
now
of
this other aspect of mind,
or
its
predicted consequences.
Swann was very intrigued
by my data and made
a number of useful comments
on
it,
including his own observation
that what
he and
the
SRI
researchers Targ and Puthoff
called "analytical overlay" seemed
to correspond
to my concept of strategy boundness,
any kind
of
"rational" but actually irrelevant activities
that diverted one from relevant aspects
of
the
ESP
task.
He wanted
to
try my ADEPT training
device,
and
a few days latBr was able
to
briefly visit my laboratory.
I
looked
forward
to his visit with
con-7
siderable interest,
for he would
be the first
percipient who,
because he had heard about
trans-temporal inhibition,
would
be psychologic-
ally set
to have some concern with
the immediate
(+1)
future
target,
as well
as
the real time
target,
I
predicted
he would probably show
hitting
on
the
+1
future
target,
but missing
on
the
+2
future target.
This
is what happened.
Swann did
5 runs on ADEPT in the course
of
a little over an hour,
for
a total of
129
trials
(in one run he inadvertently did
trials instead of
the usual 25).
He made
real time hits
in
the
5 runs,
where only
12.9
would
be expected
by chance,
P = 9x10“^,
1-tailed.
In
terms
of
+1
future scoring,
he
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made
19 hits
iuhen only 12.4 were expected by
chance,
P =
.'03,
1-tailed.
His
+1
precognition
scores*
significance
is
probably underrepresented
by
this conventional evaluation,
because he
tended
to have bursts
of hitting twice
in
a row on
+1
precognition,
and
a separate evaluation of
the
probability of the number of doublet precognition
hits
he showed gives odds of
1CT 6
.
On
+2 precognition hits,
he
scored only
hits when
11.19 would
be expected
by chance,
P «
.07,
1-tailed*
This
is
not
quite independently
significant
fjor below chance
scoring
by itself,
but,
as predicted,
a t-test shows
the difference
between the scoring rate on
the
+1
and
+2
hits
is
statistically significant
(t = 2.59,
df, P<
.05,
1-tailed) 20 .
later asked Swann if he was deliberately
trying
to guess the immediate future target as
wbII
as
the Teal
time target,
and he replied
that
he had pot been deliberately trying
to do
this,
consciously he was concentrating on the
real
time target.
This
suggests
that the pass-
band
of
the
"wider dimension filter"
can
be
altered withdut there being
full
conscious
awareness of
it*
ESP MISSING
Fig.
15;
Widened temporal passband
for
Ingo
Swann.
Figure
15 shows Swann's performance on -1,
real
time,
+1,
and
+2 temporal displacements.
It
is also interesting
to note
the magnitude of
his
-1
displacement scores
it
is only slightly
larger than the
+2 missing displacement,
indi-
cating a very low degree of strategy boundness.
This
is precisely what we would
expect for
someone with high ESP abilities.
Incidentally,
we should not overlook the fact that it
is
a
quite amazing performance for Mr.
Swann
to have
walked in
"cold"
off the street,
as
it were,
and immediately shown statistically significant
ESP
in
a new test situation.
Although
it
is
a post hoc speculation,
it
is
of interest
to
raise the question as
to
whether
the
"passbands"
of some of
the Barlier
percipients*
trans-temporal inhibition processes
were shifted
in
a manner analogous
to Swann's.
In
the first Training
Study,
percipient E5S14
had
Z-scores
of -6.69
for -1
temporal missing,
+1.04 for real
time hits,
+1.83 for
+1
future
hits,
and -2.64
for
+2 future missing,
and the
drop from
+1
hitting
to
+2 missing
is signifi-
cant21
(t = 3.40 with 19 df, P<
.005,
1-tailed).
In the second Training
Study,
percipient E4S4
had
Z-scores of -5.48 for
-1
temporal missing,
-.89 missing
on real time targets,
+1.83
hitting on
+1
future displacements,
and -.78
on
+2 missing.
The difference between
+1
hitting and
+2 missing is significant
(t = 2.00
with
19 df,
P 4
.05,
1-tailed).
The difference
between
+1
and
+2 scoring for
a third percipi-
ent from the second Training
Study,
El SB,
who
showed
a tendency
toward hitting
(Z = +1.06)
on the
+1
future target,
is
not at all signifi-
cant (for +2,
Z = +.62).
CONCLUSIONS
The major mystery about various
kinds
of
ESP
is
how the information gets from the target
to
the percipient:
once the percipient has
"received" or
"sensed" the information on some
non-conscious level,
it generally seem$
to be
processed
in psychologically familiar ways
•
Trans-temporal inhibition
is
a general infor-
mation processing procedure that is psychologic-
ally and neurologically familiar!
the puzzle
is
in the precognitive
(and postualted post-
cognitive) acquisition of
the information about
immediate future
(and immediate past) targets.
Further data on these effects would
be
very desirable.
Although emphasis of teaching
improved
ESP skills
in our two studies made
the provision
of immediate feedback necessary,
one clear line of research
to
follow,
once
percipients have been brought up
to high levels
of performance,
is elimination of the feedback,
so
the postulated postcognitive inhibition
component can be assessed independently of
effects of maladaptive guessing
habits;.
Further
work
on deliberatley shifting
thB focus of
attention,
as with Swann,
is also needed.
If
the trans-temporal inhibition effect
is
vali-
dated,
it
-ought
to
be possible
to combine it
with an information theory approach
to optimize
ESP performance, would long
time intervals
between
trials,
for example,
make
real
time
ESP more successful
by reducing interference
from future and past targets?
Is comparing the
contrast between real time hitting and
+1
future missing a better measure
of
a percipient's
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potential
ESP capacity than hitting
per
se ?
I
plan considerably more analysis of the
microstructure of
the already collected
data,
and will,
if
funds
become available,
carry
out
further research along
the lines
suggested
above.
I
hope
others will investigate
this
fascinating
new effect.
NOTES
AND REFERENCES
'1.
Pratt,
3.
G.,
The meaning
of performance
curves in
ESP and
PK
test data.
3.
Parapsychology .
1949,
1J3,
9-22.
2.
Rhine,
3.
B.,
The
Reach of
the Mind .
New
York:
Wm.
Sloane,
1947.
Pp.
189-190.
3.
Tart,
C.,
Card guessing
tests:
learning
paradigm or extinction paradigm?
3.
Amer.
Sac.
Psychical
Res .
t
1966,
60,
46-55.
4.
Tart,
C.,
Conscious control
of psi
through
immediate feedback
training:
some consid-
erations
of internal processes.
Submitted
for publication.
5.
Tart,
C. Learning
to
Use Extrasensory
Perception .
Chicago:
University
of
Chicago
Press,
1976*
The research reported in
that book was generously supported
by
the
Parapsychology
Foundation,
with adminis-
trative assistance
from
the
Institute
for
the Study
of Human Knowledge.
6.
This second study
by myself,
John Palmer,
Dana
Redington,
Henry Bennett,
and my
students,
was supported
by
a generous
grant
from
the
est Foundation.
7.
Construction of ADEPT was made possible
by another grant
from
the Parapsychology
Foundation.
8.
Rao,
R.,
Experimental Parapsychology .
Springfield,
111.:
Charles
C.
Thomas,
1966,
is an excellent survey
of experimental
work
in parapsychology,
although
a
little
dated.
9.
White,
R.
(Ed.),
Surveys
in Parapsychology :
Reviews
of
the Literature,
with Updated
Bibliographies ,
Metuchen,
N.
3.:
Scare-
Crow Press,
1976.
Updates
the
Rao
book,
above.
10.
Schmeidler,
G,,
& McConnell,
R.,
ESP
and
Personality Patterns .
New
Haven:
Yale
Univ.
Press,
1958.
11.
Palmer,
3.,
Scoring in
ESP
tests
as
a
function of belief
in
ESP,
Part
I.
The
sheep-goat effect.
3.
Amer.
Soc.
Psychical
Res..,
1971
,
65.,
373-408.
Also
Palmer,
3.,
Scoring
in
ESP
tests
as
a
function of
belief in
ESP.
Part
II.
Beyond
the sheep-
goat effect.
3.
Amer.
Soc.
Psychical
Res .,
1972,
66,
1-26*1
12.
In the original publication of these
ESP
learning results 5
,
we worked with
total
run scores and did
not realize
that
the
total number of
trials
was
slightly
less
than 5,000.
The current total analysis
here
retains
the convention
of 5,000
trials
to
be consistent with
the original
publication,
as
this
is
a conservative
error:
the data are slightly more signifi-
cant than
the results
here calculated,
13.
Siegel,
S.,
Nonparametric Statistics
for
the
Behavioral Sciences .
New
York:
McGraw-Hill ,
1956.
14.
Andr£,
E.,
Confirmation
of
PK action
on
electronic equipment.
3.
Parapsychology ,
1972,
3£>*
283-293.
Braud,
W.,
et al.,
Psychokinetic influence on random number
generators during
the evocation of
"analytic" versus "nonanalytic" modes
of
information processing.
In
Morris,
3.,
et
al.,
(Eds.),
Research in Parapsychology
1975 .
Metuchen,
N.3.: Scarecrow
Press,
1976.
Pp,
85-00.
Honorton,
C.,
& Barksdale,
W.,
PK performance with waking suggestions
for muscle
tension versus
relaxation.
3.
Amer.
Soc,
Psychical
Res .,
1972,
66.,
208-
214.
Matas,
F.,
& Pantas,
L.,
A
PK experi-
ment comparing meditating versus
non-
meditating subjects.
Proc.
Parapsychol .
Assn ..
1971,
No.
8,
Pp.
12-13.
Millar,
B.,
& Broughton,
R.,
A preliminary
PK
experiment with
a novel computer-linked
high speed
random number generator.
In
Morris,
3.,
Roll,
Ul.,
& Morris,
R.
(Eds.),
Research
in Parapsychology
1975 .
Metuchen,
N.3.:
Scarecrow Press,
1976.
Pp.
83-84.
Schmidt,
H, f
A
PK test with electronic
equipment.
3.
Parapsychol ..
1970,
34.
175-101,
Schmidt,
H.,
PK tests with
a high-
speed
random number generator.
3.
Para-
psychol .,
1973,
37,
105-118.
Schmidt,
H.,
Observations
of subconscious
PK effects
with
and without
time displacement.
In
Morris,
3.,
Roll,
UJ.,
&
Morris,
R.
(Eds.),
Research
in Parapsychology 1974 ,
Metuchen,
N.3.:
Scarecrow Press,
1975,
Pp.
116-121.
Schmidt,
H,,
PK experiment with repeated
time displaced
feedback.
In
Morris,
3.,
Roll,
U.,
& Morris,
R.
(Eds.),
Research
in Parapsychology
1975 ,
Metuchen,
N.3.:
Scarecrow Press,
1976.
Pp,
107-109.
Schmidt,
H. f
& Pantas,
L.,
Psi tests with
internally different machines,
3.
Para-
psychol .,
1972,
3i5,
222-232.
Stanford,
R.,
&
Fox,
C,,
An effect
of release
of effort
in
a psychokinetic
task.
In Morris,
3.,
Roll,
bJ.,
& Morris,
R,,
(Eds*),
Research
in Parapsychology
1974 .
Metuchen,
N.3.:
Scarecrow
Press,
1975.
Pp,
61-63.
Stanford,
R.,
Zenhausern,
R.,
Taylor,
A.,
& Dwyer,
M.,
Psychokinesis
as psi-
mediated instrumental
response.
3.
Amer .
Soc.
Psych.
Res ..
1975,
69,
127-134.
15.
Although
there are more
than
700 published
articles showing experimental
evidence
for
the existence
of ESP and investigating
its mechanisms,
they are not generally
known
to
the scientific
community,
having
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appeared
in specialty journals.
The
reader interested
in getting into
this
lit-
erature should consult
the
International
Journal
of Parapsychology ,
the Journal
of
Parapsychology ,
the Journal
of the American
Society for Psychical Research ,
the Journal
of
the 'Society for Psychical Research
(British ),
and ihe recent European Journal
of Parapsychology .
16.
Tart,
C. ,
States
of Consciousness .
New
York;
Dutton,
1975.
17.
von
Bek^sy,
G.,
Sensory
Inhibition .
Prince-
ton:
Princeton Univ.
Press,
1967.
IB.
Targ,
R. ,
& Puthoff,
H.,
Hind-Reach :
Scientists
Look at Psychic Ability .
New
York: Oelacorte,
1977.
19.
Schmeidler,
G.,
PK effects
upon
continu-
ously recorded temperature.
J.
Amer.
Soc .
Psychical
Res ..
1973,
67.,
325-240.
20.
Five pairs
of data points
is
a
low
N
for
a t-test and pushes
the underlying assump-
tions,
but
I
used
it
to
be consistent
with
earlier analyses.
21.
In comparing scores
between real
time,
+1
temporal displacement,
or
+2
temporal
displacement,
we deal with
a shortened
run length
in
each case
(25,
24,
23),
meaning
that
the expected number
of
hits
by chance would
be slightly lower
(2.5,
2.4,
2.3),
so
in doing
the
t-tests,
this
was compensated for
by
testing against
the null hypotheses that /real time hits7
=
/T-i-1
hits)
+ (•1.)7£nd
hits)
+ (.1)7
= L (+2 hits)
+ (.2j7.
22.
Tart,
C.,
Psi:
Scientific Studies
of the
Psychic .
New York:
Dutton,
in press.
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