Q^RPB£&U)788R001 3001 1 0001-6
jCviTHp
15 November
1979
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
PROPOSED GRILL FLAME PROTOCOL:
TASK
II
(S)
PROPOSED SRI INTERNATIONAL PROTOCOL FOR RESEARCH
ON REMOTE PERTURBATION TECHNIQUES
(S)
CLASSIFIED BY:
Msg,
Jul
78,
DA(DAMI-ISH)
, Wash.,
D.C.
REVIEW
ON:
15 November
1999
SRI
9-4493
This
document consists
of
19 pages
.
Copy No.
jO
ed For
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CONTENTS
(U)
REMOTE PERTURBATION TECHNIQUES:
PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND
EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL
(U)
A.
Background
(U)
B.
Scientific Merit
(U)
C.
Objective
(U)
D.
Plan
(U)
E.
Participants
(U)
.
.
.
F.
Facilities
(U)
REFERENCES
(U)
Appendix A—PHASE ONE TEST PROCEDURES
(U)
ii
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(S)
REMOTE PERTURBATION TECHNIQUES:
PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL
(U)
A.
Background
(U)
(S)
There have been many reported accounts
of phenomena variously
known as telekinesis,
psychokinesis,
teleportation,
etc.
Most
of
these
accounts
are
clearly derived from carefully staged tricks which are re-
vealed whenever they are studied under controlled and well recorded condi-
tions*
There are
a
few,
however,
which describe serious research by
reputable
investigators*
Included among these
are experiments
in which
the subject attempts
to perturb,
by mental
processes alone,
the outcome
of an otherwise random event.
This
kind of remote perturbation experiment
is appealing
in that
it
involves
no
subjective interpretation—the results
may
be expressed entirely
in probabilistic terms.
Reference
contains
a
summary description
of these
experiments.
As
an overall evaluation of
this
data
base
,
it
is unlikely that the apparent
RP effect
is
simply an artifact
of selected reporting by the laboratories
involved;
even if one were
to
assume that
there were
ten unreported nonsignificant experiments
for each
reported significant
one,
the entire expanded data
base would still
show
significant
effects with odds against
chance
of better than 2000:1.
(S)
There are,
however,
two characteristics
of
this
data
base which
pose problems.
First,
the effects
are rarely stable with one individual’s
RP effort,
the quoted results
being averages over
a number
of
individuals.
Secondly,
the physical environment
of the random event
sources
and associated
electronics was
not
discussed
in any detail
for any of
the experiments,
so
it
is possible
that
some
of
the effects may be the result
of
normal and
possibly subtle electronic interference.
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B
.
Scientific Merit
(U
)
(S)
Scientists
have been slow
to admit
that
such phenomena
as RP may
be
consistent with the formalism of established science.
The interpreta-
tion of quantum physics
is
flexible enough
to encompass
a number
of seeming
paradoxes
and
some scientists have suggested quantum mechanisms
to explain
RP without violating
the basic conservation theorems
of physics.
Mattuck
describes
one
such mechanism and shows that
effects
on
a macroscopic scale
are
consistent with the theory.
While these hypotheses
do
not prove
the
existence
of
RP phenomena, when coupled with the findings discussed in
Reference
they
do strongly indicate that further research
is appropriate.
C .
Objective
(U)
(S)
This
experiment
is
designed to replicate
the type
of experiments
described
in Reference
2 under more rigorously controlled conditions
in
order
to evaluate
the
claims
of having demonstrated the RP phenomenon.
D.
Plan
(U)
(S)
Expressed in simplest
terms,
the experiment
may be described
as
follows
:
(1)
(S)
A truly random sequence
of
0s
and
Is
(binary
sequence)
is
generated by processing and sampling the
behavior
of
a
noise
source
or random event generator
(REG)
.
(2)
(S)
The
RP participant
is instructed
to bias
the
composition of
the sequence
in favor
of
Is
or
0s
by
exercising mental
processes.
(3)
(S)
Feedback
is provided the participant,
so that
he
can instantaneously
be aware
of
the degree to which
he
is
succeeding.
(4)
(S)
The associated computer equipment
simultaneously
carries
out
a
statistical analysis
of
the sequence
of
digits until
it
can be deemed perturbed
(biased
as
instructed)
or
not whereupon the
trial
(or
test)
is ended.
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(S)
The testing phase of the experiment
consists
of
a
large number
of such tests by each participant.
(S)
The basic elements
of the experiment
are:
a.
(S)
Sources
of Randomness
:
Two sources
for genuinely
random binary sequences are
to
be employed as well
as
one pseudo-random
147
binary sequence generator.
The radioactive decay of prometheum 147
(
PR),
occurs
by the emission of beta particles which are readily detected.
The
other random event generator
is an electronic noise diode which is
subject
to avalanche
discharge which
is also easily detected electronically.
The
theory of both these devices and the distribution of random events
(p-
emission or avalanche discharge)
is well understood and has
been well
verified experimentally.
*
The random events
are Poisson distributed in
time.
Each time
a random event
occurs,
it will trigger
a change
in
a
flip-flop device--from one to zero or from zero to one depending upon the
state upon detection
of
the random event.
The flip-flop device thus
randomly switches back and forth between zero and one with the occurrence
of random events.
This
device
is
sampled periodically
(at
intervals
much
longer than the average event
rate)
to produce the desired random binary
sequence
.
(S)
In addition,
a pseudo-random binary sequence will also
be utilized
as
needed.
This
differs from a random sequence
in that,
although
the
numbers
appear to be random,
they are actually calculated by the
computer from a
starting number or
’’seed"
and thus
for any given seed are deterministic.
If
the RP phenomenon should exist,
a great
deal
can be determined about
the nature
of
the phenomenon by
the difference
to which truly random and
deterministic events
are affected by it.
b.
(S)
Analysis Capability
:
The random
(or pseudo-random)
binary sequence must
be statistically analyzed
in order to determine
if
it
is actually random or
is biased.
Computational
capability
is also used to
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govern the sampling process
described above,
to drive the displays and to
catalog and store certain results
of
the
tests.
The analysis
is
carried
out
in real time in order
to provide effective
feedback
to the RP participant.
c.
(S)
Feedback Display
:
In order that
the RP participant
can
benefit from almost instantaneous
feedback,
he will
be provided with
a
color video display driven by the output
from the statistical analysis
of
the binary sequence.
A variety of preprogrammed displays will
be made
available including simple clock motion or "race-car
M
displacement
as
indicators
of perturbation as well
as
more technical ones
such
as
the
progress
of
the sequential
analysis
(see Reference
2).
An auditory feed-
back channel will also be provided wherein the frequency or intensity of
a
tone
(or
complex waveform)
varies
to indicate perturbation.
The partici-
pant
is expected to choose
the particular feedback mode which he feels
is
most effective.
(S)
It has
been tacitly assumed that any RP effect would act upon
the random event generator.
This assumption will
be
checked
by recording
the incidence
of random events,
the resulting binary sequence,
and the
output
of
the statistical analysis
on magnetic disc storage
for subsequent
stage-to-stage analysis.
The analysis
of
this
for consistency along with
the recorded output
of
the feedback
channel
(video
or audio tape) will
isolate
the
source
of any perturbation as
being
in the random source,
the
computer equipment
or
the display equipment,
(S)
We
intend to address the two problems with previous experiments
by first focusing our attention upon a
limited number
(eight
or
less)
of
participants who have shown previous
expertise
as remote viewers.
By
using experienced remote viewers,
it
is anticipated that we should be able
to observe an effect within this
limited number,
rather than having to
average over
large numbers
of
individuals
as
in the
data base experiments.
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Also
,
by using more sensitive analysis techniques
than have been used
previously,
even
a small effect
can
be stabilized.
(S)
Secondly,
to assure ourselves that the noise sources are suffi-
ciently free
of
even subtle
(but normal) electronic nonrandomness, we
intend to use the most rigorous
construction and design techniques possible
(battery power,
optically coupled signals,
etc.)
to isolate the sources
from normal environmental influences.
Furthermore,
the noise sources
will be
chosen for their internal simplicity
and thus may be amenable to
realistic mathematical modelling.
Using the models, we are able to calcu-
late by Monte Carlo techniques
a noise source's dependence on various
external and internal physical parameters.
(S)
The experiment will
be conducted in two phases.
Phase
I
consists
of the assembly and checkout
of
the apparatus and exhaustive validation
testing.
During the validation testing the entire system will be exercised
over
a wide range
of environmental and testing conditions
to assume the
randomness
of the binary sequence and the proper functioning
of
the
computer
and displays.
Appendix A
provides
further information on the validation
testing procedures
.
(S)
Phase
II
consists
of the actual RP participant
testing.
There
are three primary independent variables
that may be varied during the
course
of the investigation.
Two of
them,
the random source
(beta
decay,
noise diode,
pseudo random) and the mode
of feedback have been discussed.
The third,
and prime independent variable
is the presence or absence of an
RP participant.
The final measure of significance of
the experiment
is
essentially whether
a consistent
difference
can be discerned in the randomness
of the binary sequence when the apparatus
is operating with and without
an
RP participant.
The dependent variable,
provided by the statistical analy-
sis
of the binary sequence,
is
a quantitative measure
of the degree
to
which the composition of the sequence differs
from what would
be expected
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by chance.
(Details
of
the statistical analysis
are provided in Reference
2).
For individual trials,
the
criterion
for success will
be that
the
odds against
chance expectation be greater than 20:1.
The
first
four
months
of the investigation will
be used
as
a pilot
period during which
participants will familiarize themselves with the experiment and explore
various
techniques
in
a
learning mode.
This period will also be used
to
optimize
the
device parameters.
(S)
During the
final two months
of the investigation,
each partici-
pant will
be asked to contribute
100 trials.
The following
is
a typical
succession of
events during an RP trial
session:
•
The participant and experimenter will discuss
the program
status
to date.
If
the participant
feels
that
set
or
circumstance are unfavorable
to his participation,
the
session will
be postponed.
•
The variables
or other changes
in the experiment will
be
described to the participant
to whatever extent
desired.
•
The participant will
select whatever mode
of feedback he
prefers
for the trials
in the
forthcoming session.
•
The participant
initiates
successive trials
at his own pace
at
the instant
of
his
choosing until
the
(nominally)
30-
minute session is
concluded
or sooner
if
the participant
wishes
.
•
The participant
is then debriefed.
He
is
told
of
the
outcomes
of the trials
,
the statistical significance or
lack thereof
and given the answers
to any other questions
concerning the session or his
cumulative performance.
(U)
At
no time will any participant
be exposed to radiation or
be
instrumented for monitoring
of any physiological function—even by remote
sensors.
No drugs,
hypnosis,
special
sensory or proprioceptive stimuli,
liminal,
or subliminal,
electrical,
or electromagnetic, will
be used.
(U)
After
a participant
has
contributed one hundred trials,
we will
determine
the number of
trials
that had odds against
chance expectation of
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greater than 20:1.
If this
total number of runs
is greater than ten
(the
number required by exact binomial calculation to meet
odds against
chance
of greater than 20:1) then we will declare that participant
to have
a
significant
result.
To assess whether the entire investigation is
sig-
nificant,
we
shall
combine the results
of
all participants using standard
statistical procedures,
(S)
One primary consideration in the planning
of the experiment
is
assuring the
credibility
of
the
findings.
If
positive results
are reported,
critics will
challenge virtually every aspect
of
the test and data analysis.
The following measures are being taken to reduce the vulnerability of
the
experiment
to attack,
a.
(S)
Safeguards Against Deception
:
At
no time will
the RP
participant have access
to the equipment room in which the
computer and
random source hardware
is
kept.
All raw data are recorded,
back up
copies
made and stored each day in
a secure GSA approved
safe after each session.
Generally,
the
last safeguard
is
to examine
the
results
of
the
completely
separate experiment
to
be executed by the contracting agency.
b.
(S)
Validity of Data Sample
:
All
data taken in Phase
II
will
be saved and made available for further analysis
if
the data analysis
techniques
should be questioned.
No data will
be discarded.
If any part
of
the data taken subsequent to
the
four-month pilot
period
is
not
included
in the combined statistical assessment,
it will
be
so identified.
Any
circumstances
during experimentation which are
out
of
the ordinary will
be
recorded.
c.
(S)
Validity
of Analysis Methodology
:
After Phase
I vali-
dation
of
the functioning
of
the apparatus,
the entire system will
be
exercised using artificially biased binary sequences
(Monte Carlo testing)
to the extent
that
the probability of errors
of
the first and
second kind
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(s)
are accurately known.
These probabilities
can also be calculated prob-
abilistically to provide an independent
check.
Basically we are testing
the hypothesis
that
the binary sequence
is
composed of
50% zeros
and 50%
ones.
An 'error of
the second kind"
consists
of rejecting
this hypothesis
when it
is
true;
an "error
of
the
first kind"
consists
of accepting the
hypothesis when
it
is
false.
The previously cited criteria
for each trial
of
judging
the sequence
to
be perturbed
if
the odds against
its occurrence
by
chance are greater than 20:1
correspond
to
a probability of error
of
the
first
kind of
0.05.
d.
(S)
Influence
of
Uncontrolled Parameters
:
It
can be
hypothesized that
such uncontrolled factors
as
solar storms,
cosmic radia-
tion,
the phases
of
the
moon,
etc.,
may affect
the experiment.
In some
cases
,
the threshold values
at which
the
level
of
the parameter might
be
significant
can be determined.
In general,
however,
we rely on two safe-
guards
to minimize any effect
due
to uncontrolled parameters
.
During
validation testing and before and after
trial sessions
,
the experimental
apparatus will
be
exercised and any anomalous
behavior recorded.
Second,
the
chief
independent
variable—presence
or absence
of RP participant— should
be uncorrelated with the uncontrolled parameters,
hence
a
clear dependence
of any measured RP effect upon presence of
a participant
can be attributed
to
the participant.
In other words,
it would
be highly improbable that
any uncontrolled parameters
w
?ould
be effective only when the RP participant
is present.
e,
(S)
Interpretation of Results
:
This
experiment
is an attempt
to determine if remote perturbation as
defined exists.
The nature
of the
experiment was suggested
by earlier research which has
claimed some degree
of
success.
The scope
of this project
does
not permit
much extension in
the
list
of independent
variables.
As
a result,
such potentially important
variables
as
shielding,
device/participant
separation or
the simultaneous
use
of multiple participants
cannot
be investigated.
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(S)
It
has
been assumed that
it any RP effect
is
detected it
is
due
to the designated participant.
Obviously,
there
is
a
large number
of
individuals who might
be
in
a position to exert
an RP influence on the
device,
in particular,
the experimenter.
No attempt
has been made
in the
design
of the experiment
to isolate
the agent
of any RP influence.
(S)
At
the end
of
the
current program,
the result
can
be characterized
in one
of
three ways
as
follows:
(1)
Positive
:
The experiments
meet
or surpass
the overall
criteria stated
on page
5.
(2)
Negative
:
The experiments
do
not
meet
the stated criteria
for
the entire experiment
or
the overall performance
of
a
single
subject.
(3)
Indeterminate
:
Anything other
than positive
or negative
as
defined above
.
(S)
If
the result
is
positive, we suggest
that
further experiments
be undertaken in
a
follow
on program to determine
the
limitations
of
the
phenomenon for military exploitation.
Such experiments would include an
assessment
of
the effects
of distance
and shielding,
possible interference
from other physical phenomena and
the potential
for refinement
for greater
consistency or sharper definition.
It
is also
likely that
some experimen-
tation would
be undertaken
to attempt
to determine the mechanism for RP
and
the physiological
source.
(S)
If
the result
is
negative
as defined above,
we would suggest
that an additional experimental
phase
be added on only
if there were certain
well
characterized portions
of
the
data showing effects which are quite
unlikely to have occurred by chance alone.
This additional effort would
be used
to ascertain what
conditions
(sampling rates,
feedback,
etc.),
prompted
the unlikely results.
(S)
An indeterminate
result may take many forms.
Contingencies
have
been
considered
for
some
of
these.
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(S)
•
If only one
of
the experiments
is
positive,
an additional
phase
of testing might
be undertaken with an exchange
of
certain critical hardware
as well
as
other modifications
which
might
be indicated by an analysis
of the results.
•
If one
or two participants
show
a significant RP capability
as
defined on page
5,
further experiments
might
be
con-
sidered
to determine
if the capability
can be
transferred,
or detected
to
be present
in enough individuals
for military
consideration
.
•
If any observed effect seems
to be inconstant--on again,
off again—the data will
be analyzed
to seek
correlations
which might explain the fluctuation.
A limited number
of
additional tests might
be necessary to validate possible
causes
.
E.
Participants
(U)
(S)
Some relation between remote perturbation and remote viewing might
be expected since
in ordinary physical interactions
information about
the
state
of
a system
(as
in RV)
can be obtained only by way of
some
inter-
action with the
system, which
in some
cases may
be
supplied by the observer.
We might therefore expect an observable
dependence between RV and RP under
certain conditions.
For this
reason,
we plan to
seek only experienced
remote viewers
to participate
in this
investigation,
and we will work with
no more
than eight
individuals.
All participants
are
to
be
in general
good health,
as
determined by
a standard employment physical examination.
(S)
SRI
International
has
individuals who are presently,
or have
past experience
in,
participating in remote viewing experiments.
These
participants
are
consultants
or members
of
the
SRI
staff and will work
if selected in
a contractual arrangement.
Only those individuals who
indicate
a positive desire
to participate,
after familiarization with the
remote perturbation experiments and procedures, will
be accepted into the
RP program.
The information and consent form to
be used
is included
in
Reference
2.
Some
of these participants
may have had some familiarity
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(S)
with RP experiments
of
a similar nature.
The difference
in
levels
of
naivete among
the RP participants will
be offset
by the
oral and written
briefing material
(see Reference
2) and by the four-month pilot period.
(S)
The total duration
of
Phase
II
of
the
investigation is
six
months.
Experiment sessions will
take place
during the normal work week
and will
not
exceed
1/2
hour
length each.
There will
be
no more than two
sessions
per
day,
one
in the morning and one in the afternoon.
The total
number
of
trials
by any individual during the pilot period and the ultimate
contribution of
100 trials will
not exceed
300.
This
should require
approximately 30 half-hour sessions
from each participant.
(U)
A medical
doctor will
be
briefed on the program and will
be
available during all periods
of experimentation on
a standby basis.
Reference
2 describes
the available
medical facilities,
the procedures
employed,
and insurance
coverage applicable
to
the various
participants.
(S)
Participants will
be debriefed
as
follows:
•
Session Debriefing
:
At
the end of each experimental
session,
the subject will
be given all
the
data available
pertaining
to that group
of
trials.
Any statistical
significance
or
lack thereof will also
be clearly explained
to him.
•
Experiment Debriefing
:
At
the conclusion of experimental
testing,
a final unclassified report will be prepared,
summarizing all results
from the experiment,
together with
any conclusions
or scientific findings
that may have
come
out
of
the study.
The report will
be given to each par-
ticipating
subject.
Finally,
any remaining questions
that
the subjects
may have about
the experiment will
be answered.
•
Specific Debriefing Protocols
:
We
do
not anticipate
that
participation in these experiments will have any effect on
the day-to-day
life
of
the subjects.
This
study is
a purely
intellectual activity,
and we believe
that the debriefing
provided by the
final technical report will
be
a
suitable
termination of the experiment
for
the subject.
GCCREi
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F.
Facilities
(U)
(U)
The
SRI experiment
is
to take place
in the Building
44 laboratory.
(See Reference
for
complete description and photograph.)
(S)
The room to
be used by the RP participants
for this work
is
a
comfortable,
carpeted,
air-conditioned environment.
It
is
lit
by
a
combi-
nation of
fluorescent
fixtures
in
the
ceiling
and incandescent
table
lamps.
There
is
a
couch,
an easy chair,
and two tables.
The
computer graphics
terminal
stands on one
of these tables.
The participant will
be seated
on a conventional reclining swivel
chair.
(S)
In an adjacent
room,
the random event generators,
computational
equipment
,
programmable
terminals
and associated peripheral equipment will
be installed.
This room may be
secured independently from the
rest
of
the
faci lity
.
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REFERENCES
(U)
1.
R.
D.
Mat tuck,
" Thermal Noise Theory of
Psychokinesis:
Modified
Walker Model with Pulsed
Information in Rote,” Journal
of
Ps ycho-
energetic Systems
,
August
1977.
2.
’’Proposed Grill Flame
Protocol:
Task
II
(S),"
"Proposed
SRI
International
Protocol
for Research on Remote Perturbation Techniques
(S),"
SRI
International,
Menlo Park,
CA
(8
May
1979).
3.
R.
H.
Haitz,
"Controlled Noise Generation with Avalanch Diodes,"
IEEE Transactions
on Electron Devices
,
Vol
.
ED-13,
No.
3,
pp .
342-346
(March
1966).
4.
P.
C.
Stevenson,
NAS-NS-3109,
"Processing
of Counting Data,"
National
Academy of Sciences/Nuclear Regulatory Commission Scientific
Series
on Radiochemical
Techniques
(May
1966).
5.
R.
Rosenthal,
"Combining Results
of
Independent
Studies,"
Psychological
Bulletin,
1978
,
Vol.
85,
No.
1,
pp
.
185-193.
—
gccrct
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Appendix A
PHASE ONE TEST PROCEDURES
UNCLASSIFIED
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PHASE ONE TEST PROCEDURES
Sub-System Testing
•
Haitz
noise diode
(1)
Measure filtered and raw power spectra,
and filtered pulse
height
distribution as
a function of
the following
physical parameters:
(a)
Diode reverse
current for
(b)
Reverse
current
of
100 p
amp
(manufacturers
recommendation)
•
Temperature
•
Magnetic field
•
Low intensity gamma
ray irradiation
60-200 p amps
-40°
to +40° C
6000 gauss
(parallel and
perpendicular to the diode
junction
1.33 MeV
(2)
Measure filtered and raw power spectra,
and filtered pulse
height
distribution
at
100 p amps
reverse
current
at
20°
C
with the diode and temperature sensor mounted
in
its
final
package.
•
Electron detector
(1)
With detector and source mounted
in the final assembly,
confirm manufacturer's noise specifications,
and measure
the
147 Pm beta decay pulse height
spectrum and compare with
the known spectrum.
(2)
Confirm that amplifier and pulse shaping system
ICs
are
functioning per manufacturer's specification.
•
Pseudo random generator
(1)
Generate the entire number
set
(2 8-l) and compare with
expected number
set.
•
Sequential analysis
(1)
Using tested computer algorithms
for random number generation,
Monte-Carlo test
the sequential analysis formalism.
UNCLASSIFIED
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•
Computer and display sub-systems
(1)
As
there appears
to
be
no evidence
to the
contrary,
we will
assume
that
the manufacturer’s
specifications
of mean-time-
between-f ai lure
to
be
an approximate measure
of these sub-
systems’
susceptibility
to possible environmental
factors
such as geophysical phenomena and cosmic rays.
(2)
We shall
consider what thresholds
must
be exceded before
extreme environmental
factors
such
as gamma
irradiation
become
important,
(3)
These sub-systems must,
of
course,
meet
the usual
acceptance
criteria
applied
to
such apparatus
before
they
are declared operational.
UNCLASSIFIED
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