Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 5) - Opthalmologist examination, including comprehensive, ecard testing, peripheral field test, muscle test, dilation funduscope, and indirect opthalmoscopic and fundus examin- ation; 6) Special visual examinations, including electroretinogran, dark adaptation test, and visual contrast sensitivity; 7) EMI Brain scan. As indicated in Table 3, medical testing is currently in progress. -To date the return information is sparse, having to be collated from several clinics before a complete analysis can be completed. To provide an indication of the type of raw data that is to be collated, a small sample of data obtained on Subject 1 is presented in Appendix 3. As indicated, the EMI computerized brain scan reveals a slight enlargement of b eaten the entire right lateral ventricle, while the left appears normal in size. An. asymmetry in alpha development between left and right hemispheres is also indicated. Also noted is some concern about the EKG suggesting a The significance of these factors for our interest coronary artery probiem. will be developed under the direction of Dr. Armbruster and made available to the client as available. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 ee
ee b) Psychological Evaluation . \ The psychological ‘evaluation of program participants consists spo of both baseline personality evaluation, and of ongoing testing associated with daily experimentation. The collection of baseline data:(e.g., in- depth interview, WA.I.5., ete.) ig for the purpose of identifying pase- line characteristics possessed by gifted subjects. The ongoing testing associated with daily experimentation. (2.865 Mood Adjective Checklists). is for the purpose of identifying psychological correlates of successful versus uwasuccessful performance tasks. ; wn eet 1) Baseline Data | The bulk of the baseline evaluation has been assigned to the Palo Alto Medical Clinic. Coordination of the program is being handled by Dr. J.E. Heenan, Chief Clinical Psychologist of the Department of Psychiatry. t The baseline evaluation, outlined in Table 4, consists of (1) In depth interviews, including objective events and subjective views relating to the discovery and enhancement of paranormal capacities ; socio-economic, cultural, familial, réligious environment; outstanding peaks, traumas; yalues, motivation, , | interpersonal style; \ (2) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (W.A.1.S3)3 (3) Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (M.M.P.1I.) Ve Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0
Le Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 2) Cognitive Style Preference Test - _ ! In connection with testing hypotheses associated with hemispheric specialization of the brain, Dr. Robert Ornstein of the Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California, San Francisco, has been brought into the program as a consultant. In his capacity as consultant, Dr, Ornstein has provided an instru- ment named the Cognitive Style Preference Test.. This test was developed for use in differentiating between individuals preferring a gestalt ! oriented cognitive style as compared with a verbally-oriented cognitive” style. For the purpose of the. program this instrument is administered f fl to determine whether individuals exhibiting paranormal functioning prefer, as a group, one style of cognitive functioning predominantly as compared with individuals in a control group. The test is administered once to each individual. A sample of the test is included below. Preliminary results indicate some preference for a verbal ly~oriented i cognitive style on the part of good subjects (Figure 10), >. but further data is required | before any Significance is to be attached to the results tabulated thus far. Should a correlation of test results with paranormal functioning be found, it would be ‘appropriate in later work to determine whether this test instrument would be useful. as a screening device, i.e., determine -whether other individuals sharing the profile also exhibit paranormal functioning, Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0
Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 “50 mn 20 a. ° Fo x o 30 tet o u Pa + 20 fr _ a 8 = 10 ° a ‘ 0 10 o 20 QO a o u 2 30 A Aa 2 9) ae) wm o i) x4 1 90 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 a Gifted Subjects Learners/Controls Experimenters FIGURE 10 SUMMARY ON COGNITIVE STYLE PREFERENCE Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0
ee TT LOT I nerey $SNS EMESIS COO! 08/40: SVA-RPPR6 -OREEZRBVOF00520001 -0 Please do not.turn over the pages until I ask you ta do so. On each page of this booklet there are sets of three items arranged in rows. Two of them are alike or fit together in some way. Your task is to select which one is different and doesn't belong with the other two. The two columns on the first page are samples. There are three designs or shapes in each row. Each design has a word printed on it. In the first row of the first column all the words are the same. Most people would say that the first and second shapes go together and the third one doesn’t belong. Would you agree? (If not, explain.) Mark the third one with an X then. In the second row most people would say that the first one is different and the last two go together. Do you agree? Then mark the first.one with an X. | In the third row the shapes are all the same, put the words HORSE and SADDLE go together and the world FAULT doesn't belong. Do you agree? (If not, explain.) Mark the third one with an X. Which would you pick as the odd’ one in the 4th row? [Color (2nd one) | In the 5th row you could choose either a word that doesn't belong or a shape that doesn't belong. Which is the odd word? (TROUT.) Which is the odd shape? [the CIRCLE (DIME)] Either one of these answers is right. Mark either one of them. ° . The last row also has two possible right answers. Which is the odd word? (SHIRT.) Which is the odd shape? LThe second one (p0G) | Mark either one of them with an xX. On some of these sets people find it easier or more natural to pick out the odd word, and one some they find it easier to pick out the odd shape. Either way is correct. We want you to make your selections whichever way seems most comfortable and natural to you. Mark only once in each row, and go as fast as you cen. Any questions so far? Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0
Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 The second column has more samples. When I say begin, please mark an odd member in each row, and say "STOP" as soon as you finish this sample column. BEGIN. (Check forced choices-—) Any questions? Then when I say "BEGIN" turn over the next page. Work as fast as you can, and continue until you-have finished the booklet, then say “STOP”. Ready? BEGIN. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0
TT eenemenmmmemnsneaemmmnemmencmmmnessnemnccere casas casas caaaasasaaaasiaaaacaaiaaaiaaaaiaaal Approved For Release 2000/08/1 0 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 ‘PSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Ce Personnel #1 - 3, subjects; #4 ~ G@ learners/controls; #7 - 8, experimenters. © SRI Palo Alto Medical Clinic @ Client Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0
SN Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Benton Visual sonory Test and Wechsler Memory Seale; Thematic Apperception Test (2.A.7.) and Rorschach projective tests Bender Gestalt Test, Lusicher color test Strong Aptitude/Values Test Cognitive Style Preference Test As indicated in Table 4, the psychological testing is well underway. There is, of course, a considerable lag between testing and results. To date, only a partial analysis of data from Subject 1 is available. We present this data in Appendix 4 as a sample of the type of analysis that will become available. We note. in passing. that the data on Subject 1 from the W.A.I.5. appears to correlate with that obtained from the , . client-administered W.A.I.S., an indication of the uniformity of results available from such testing. * Private communication. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 ’
Approved For Retaawe 2OO0EERITORADEA-FRETPS EO SARRIVO 100020001-0 PeEe EEE PEEP TT Ett ryevrabagdrareeri gs Segeeo=aagee: eosc=ce=aae=e3 = ee Bee eae BEG 4 Cee Petts SEEcr EERE EER Saas = RSEPLA nev Sn HEN Rt CASPAR : site ree es ees OO (Oe Pred tad rrodet tt br bee tet prtati bb debe tee tea sa eee ny surereernigl ITASSSETOCIESSNIS Pettagbtbrrrt dtd | re hal _ ah + DP96- 00787R0001I 1. i” I rovéed For Release 20! 0/08/10 ; CIA \-R SOTO TOTO TTT OTTO aa aera "LL | 5p
Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 (a) Universal Randomization Protocol It was deemed desirable in our work to establish a universal randomi- zation protocol independent of the particular experiment under consideration. The only exceptions were to he automated experiments where target selection is determined by radioactive decay or electronic randomization. The randomization procedure is designed around a ten-unit base, C685, ten targets, ten work periods, etc. A ten-digit sequence governing an experiment is blind to both experimenter and subject, and is uncovered by means of the following procedure. A three-page RAND Table of Random Digits (Table 5) is entered to obtain the ten-digit sequence, the entrance point being determined by four throws of a die, | the first 1, 2, or 3 determining page, the next 1, 2, 3, or 4 determining column block, and the final throw determining from which of the first six rows in the block the ten-digit sequence is to be taken. An opaque card with a single-digit window is then moved across. the row to uncover digits one at a time. If a multiplicity of targets exist, the digits 0 through 9 are employed directly. If a binary command is required (e.g., increase/decrease or activity/no activity) the parity of the digit (even or odd) is employed. + A technique found in control runs to produce a distribution of die faces differing nonsignificantly from chance expectation. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0
Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 used to measure magnetic fields originating from processes within the human body, such as action currents in the heart which produce magneto~ cardiograns. The sensitive tip of .the instrument is simply placed near the body area of interest. In our application, however, the subject is located at a distance of tour noters fron the gradionster probes As a result the Subject is located in a zone of relative insensitivity; Coss standing up, sitting down, leaning forward, and arm and leg movements produce no signals. From this location the subject is asked, as a mental task, to affect the probe. ‘The results of his efforts are available to him as feedback from three sources: an oscilloscope, a panel meter, and a chart recorder, the latter providing a permanent record, — After initial difficulty with the instrument due to RF interference effects, which required modificaton by the manufacturer, the gradiometer was available for use by the contractor from June 10 to June 21. Some RF int erference effects remained, due in part to environmental proximity to other instrumentation, but the device was usable nonetheless, Protocol for subject participation was instituted as follows. The subject removes all metal objects, and the effects of body movements are checked at the start of each experimental period. ‘The subject then works with the machine in a learning mode, observing effects being produced, if any, via feedback from the instrumentation. Once satisfied that a possibility exists of producing effects on command under experimenter Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0
Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 The subject is asked, as a mental task, to affect the pendulum motion, the results of which would be available as feedback from the chart recorder . The subject is then encouraged to work with the pendulum from a distance of 1 meter, observing effects being produced, If satisfied that there is a possibility of producing effects (typically following a week's activity, a couple of hours per day), an experiment is begun. As in other experiments, subject efforts to increase or decrease oscillation amplitude are determined by an experimenter utilizing the uni- versal randomization protocol described in (a). Each experiment lasts one hour and consists of six 5~-minute work periods alternated with six 5-minute vest periods. | In later work, the subject is removed to a room 12 meters down the hall with three intervening office spaces to determine whether effects can | be produced from a remote Location, The subject is provided feedback at the remote location either by chLosed circuit video or by a second chart recorder in parallel with the recorder in the enclosed target laboratory. The remote aspect was instituted both to prevent artifactual effects from pody heat, etc., and also to determine whether energy can be coupled via the remote viewing channel to a remote Jocation.| +. Both experimental evidence and theoretical work indicate that distance a may not be a strong factor in paranormal phenomena. See, for example, NR ne E.H, Walker "Properties of Hidden Variables in Quantum Theory: Impli- cations for Paraphysics’, U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0
LAS Ln Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 In pilot studies. we observed considerable evidence indicating that a gifted subject Located 4n the same room is able, by concentration, to increase or decrease pendulum motion on command while sitting quietly one meter from the bell jar. The change-to-baseline ratio is often 5:1 or better so the effects are not small, A sample chart showing a rest period followed by a decrease period is given in Figure 14. Vibrational artifacts can be ruled out on the basis that when such inputs occur, 4 marked 1 Hz oscillation signal due to vertical motion is superimposed on the 0.1 Hz torsional motion. What is especially interesting are the decreases which take the motion below that generally observed due to en- vironmental noise driving. Such observations indicate the application of a constraint which couples energy out of the pendulum motion. Similar ob- “> Ne, servations have been observed with the subject removed to the second location 12 meters away. Although less pronounced (change -to~base Line ratios typically 2:1), the effect remains easily observable. The universal randomization protocol is used throughout to determine increase/decrease periods. Control run data are being collected to be sub- jected to the same analysis. - Multiple recording is used throughout to rule out artifacts due to recorder effects. Finally, an electrometer with the pase of the bell jar serving as one electrode. is monitored to record acoustic. vibration independently. Due to the potential significance of such findings, considerable data is being taken in order that the matter can be subjected to gtatistical analysis over a large sample involving hundreds of work periods. A few hundred data samples have already been. collected for this purpose, an —™~ _the results will b published when available. 9 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 >C+A-RDP96-0078¢K0901%90020001-0
eS Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA- | test should detect a stable pias, AROS POZ8ZRODDAPAN2 09050 To test for this second possibility we also tally the distribution of outcomes in each group of 100 trials, then compute a Likelihood ratio test statistic (see below) for each group. Under the null hypothesis of equal likelihood of the four states, these statistic values are distributed approximately as chi-square with three degrees of freedom and their sum for m groups distributed approxi-~ mately as chi-square with three m degrees of freedom. This test may also detect stable bias, but is not as powerful for this purpose as the first test. Variable bias of still shorter period, if substantial, can be tested for by tallying the frequency with which the previous machine state is repeated; an overall repeat ratio ("all") significantly above 0.25 is indicative of such bias. If for any reason the machine were to fail to sample the counter to establish a new state, the previous machine state would be repeated. To test for this possibility, we tally the number of repeats following the depression of each key. A repeat ratio significantly greater than 0.28 should be con- sidered a danger signal. We also tally the initial machine states following reset and the tran- gitions between states.. In each case, the number of occurrences of each of the four possible outcomes should be approximately equal, When repeats are deleted from the sequence of trials (nondiagonal transitions’), the four states should also be approximately equal in frequency. In testing the null hypothesis of four equally likely outcomes of a trial, a Likelihood ratio test is used. The statistic + Alexander Mood, Introduction to the Theory of Statistics (McGraw Hill, New York, 1950). Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0
a ann a a a Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 a\ 2 z n ates n/ ) ar under the null hypothesis is distributed approximately as chi-square with three degrees of freedom, with rejection for large values of this statis- tic. The computer program used in testing randomness includes a subroutine for computing the probability of a chi-square value as large or larger than that observed. . In testing the null hypothesis that the probability of a | repeat is 0.25, the binomial probability of obtaining the observed number — K or more repeats in N trials is computed. For K greater than 1000, a normal distribution approximation is computed, assuming the statistic K =~ 1/2 | N ( x - 0.28) 3/16 to be approximately normal. with mean zero and standard deviation one. er A arene te nce nae The typical test pattern used was six passes followed by twenty-five choices of one color, repeating this for each of the four colors. In this way each of the five keys other than rest were given approximately equal use. Typically, 2,000 to 6,000 trials were made. "in each sitting. In the absence of any unusual results in the randomness tests, a minimum of 10,000 trials were made before using a machine with experimental subjects. With 10,000 trials, the expected fraction of re- peats is 0.25 with a standard deviation of 3/200 = 0.00866. A sample computer listing of the results of randomness ent tests on Machine 4 is included in Table 1. Of the four machines tested, three were found suitable for use in sereening activity. The fourth machine was returned to the manufacturer for adjustment, Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0
ene TT Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 Table 1 RANDOMNESS TESTS--MACHINE 4 [yeiso] creen | suo | Res Number of Trials Initial states Transitions All states Nondiagonal transitions [ w-triats [' nepests | Diagonal transitions Yellow 2774 0.2541 Green 0.2446 Blue 0.2557 Red 0.2433 Pass 0.2323 All 0,2473 Randomness in groups of 100 trials: Chi-sq. = 299.6141 . D.F. = 345 Prob. = 0.9628 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0
Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 troublesome--typically with greater difficulty in determining the order in which the buttons would appear 4s targets and lesser difficulty in determining which buttons were targets. Confusion and error would arise when I assumed the tension/vector perceptions were clairvoyant when in fact they were (say) clairvoyant and precognitive. To explain how this felt, refer pack to Figure A-l. If the actual sequence of correct answers were Buttons B and D, and if I were assuming the perceptions were clairvoyant only, then it was not uncommon to have the perception that the intervening button (C) was the correct choice. The rationale for this perception was that it felt like a balance point between Buttons B (present target) and D (next target). In retrospect, when I am. more rationally aware of the room for error in the use of this cue mechanism, I am somewhat surprised as to how useful it was in operation. It should be clear from the preceding descriptions that selections were made by a variety of processes which were used sometimes in isolation and oftentimes in combination. A typical sequence in the selection process was: (1) Check for "Girect knowing" cues, if not there, then (2) Use “tonsion/vector” cues, then (3) Make final selection with "closure cues." 2. Comments on Perceptual Processes Rather than work rapidly, I chose to work deliberately, consciously, and therefore slowly. I would typically take five to thirty seconds to select a button--enough time to have a firm and conscious sense of my internal cues and what I thought they meant. The typical sequence would be as follows: e Clear mind and become quiet « Concentrate internal awareness Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0
' Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 e Observe various cues ¢ Rationally interact with cues to sort them out e Select a button and press it e Integrate feedback from response e Clear mind and become quiet. Except during "pattern recognition,” when all buttons seemed equally accessible, I found that the top two buttons on the machine were much more accessible than the bottom two. Three plausible explanations emerge to account for this. First (and least likely I think) is a psychological , predisposition against the bottom two buttons~-perhaps because of the color of the buttons or because of the pictures associated with the tar- gets. Second is the possibility that the circuitry of the ESP machine in some way favors the top two buttons or obscures the bottom two. Third (and most plausible to me) is the possibility that to the extent I used the "tension/vector” cue, then the bottom two buttons would be without a vector below them—-making it more difficult to "bracket" the bottom two buttons with this perceptual process. In later phases of the experiment, Il was more able to access the bottom two buttons and this seemed to cor- respond with increasing use of the "pattern recognition” cues and the decreasing use of tension/vector cues. The longer I worked with the ESP machine, the more apparent it be- came that, in an extrasensory perception reality, time becomes fluid. In other words, although the experiment was designed to test clairvoyance (selecting the current target) only, I found that the perceptual cues would oftentimes be equally applicable to precognition (selecting a future target--usually the next one). Therefore, making a correct selection required doing two things; first, finding the correct "pattern" of buttons that would be randomly selected by the machine (typically the pattern consisted of two to three buttons) and second, associating a time component Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0
Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 with the buttons.in.that pattern. Stated differently, the same cues discussed above held equally well for precognition or for clairvoyance-- so the problem of making a selection was compounded by the additional difficulty of having to determine whether a perceptual cue was associated with the button that had already been selected by the machine or the button that would be selected in the next or even subsequent trial. I definitely felt that if I could consistently separate clairvoyant from precognitive dimensions of identical cues, that I could substantially increase the accuracy of overall scores. The cues were not always consistent in their presence and meaning. For example, I might be obtaining good results with the use of tension/ vector cues and then find them becoming ambiguous, with a commensurate decline in my score. Then I would rely more heavily upon other cues. Or, the cues might work well for clairvoyant perceptions for a while but then shift to operate for precognition--then I would -have to "recalibrate" myself to the cue mechanisms. So, it was a fluid, dynamic perceptual process which required flexibility and patience. Highly significant scores and perceptions seemed to go in spurts of ten trials or so, then I would fall back to-a chance level until I could resynchronize myself -ith the machine and the character of my perceptual cues. I tend to agree with the notion that it might be more appropriate to call these processes “oxtraconceptual perception” rather than "extra- sensory perception.” The perceptual cues were definitely present and they had sensory dimensions even though they do not fit into our traditional sensory categories. Just "where" and "how" these sensory cues were present is not clear to me--but these are essentially conceptual rather than sensory issues. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0
Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 3. Problems in Perceptual Translation a A basic problem in using the ESP machine was not so much the obtaining of perceptual data as the translating of those data into sufficient information to allow the action of selecting the correct button. While the act itself is so simple as to be trivial, the information processes (gathering, filtering, dynamically translating) underlying that act seemed to me very substantial. It is within this unseen and unrecorded © portion of the ESP testing process that most of the “action” takes place. From this vantage point I would like to suggest two impediments that might partially account for relatively low scores. First, I am still not fluent in the "language" of extrasensory perceptions--analogously, it is like hearing many separate commands in Russian (or another unfamiliar language), each time spoken in slightly different ways and with different intonations and inflections. The call for action may be clearly heard but the translation of that command into operational reality is an imprecise process until the language can be better understood. Second is the problem created by shifting back and forth between rational and intuitive knowledge processes during the course of the experiment. In selecting a single button I would use intuitive knowledge processes for perception and oftentimes, rational or semirational knowledge processes to in‘ 2rpret those perceptions. This is not to say that the rational component is absolutely necessary, but it did seem to be useful for me. In any event, since the experiment covers thousands of trials (button selections) it required thousands of translations from one knowledge mode to another. Although the rational mode did seem helpful for inter- Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0
Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 ii pretation, it was also "costly" (i.e., by shifting to a rational mode, I could be thrown slightly off-balance in maintaining contact with the subtle and delicate intuitive processes--thereby introducing an additional element of ambiguity and error). Related to the problem of differential knowledge processes is the problem of having to translate between states of consciousness in order to act upon extrasensory perceptions. LeShan* analyzed the experiential properties of what he has termed Clairvoyant Reality and found that while certain events (such as telepathy, precognition, and clairvoyance) are | "normal" to this reality, certain other events (such as being able to take directed action toward a goal) are “paranormal.” For me this was manifested experientially as the feeling that when I obtain extrasensory perceptions, I am so much a part of, and immersed in the Clairvoyant Reality that in order to act, I must causally separate myself from the Clairvoyant Reality and enter the dualistic, subject/object Reality that LeShan terms "Sensory Reality." Encouragingly, the "pattern recognition” process seemed to offer a means of both perception and action, which did not require the same degree of transfer between these subtly different states of con- sciousness. The preceding points suggest that one difficulty in’testing and assessing extrasensory perception may be the apparent need to translate it into an output that is not isomorphic with the perceptions themselves-— a person must translate the perceptual “language” to a familiar form, across rational and intuitive dimensions, and relatedly, from one state of awareness to another. Is it possible, then, that our means for testing * Lawrence LeShan, The Medium, The Mystic, and the Physicist (Viking Press, New York, 1974). Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0
TT 3 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 ESP may not be highly congruent with the nature of the phenomenon, and this may inherently reduce the significance of the test results that can be obtained? 4. Two Views of the ESP Process I suspect that, to an external observer, my work with the ESP machine might appear as fairly consistent scoring slightly above chance--the logical inference could then be made that a small. amount of extrasensory perception was mixed with a substantial amount of pure guessing. While the scoring data may support this inference, my awareness of the input process does not. Consider the following: on the first run, a person could get six "hits" out of twenty-five by pushing buttons at random; then on the second run, he could get six “hits” out of twenty-five by using extrasensory perception. To the statistician who looks only at the output, the scores are identical--they are no more than would occur by chance-— and the logical inference would be that the input processes were identical or at least very similar. However alike they might appear externally, internally they could feel like quite different runs. In the second instance, the chance level of scoring would be the result of an imperfect but operative extrasensory perception process. Obviously, then, measure— ment of ESP by statistical output alone obscures the nature and extent of the extrasensory input. A relatively modest score on the ESP machine can--I think--substantially understate the amount of learning and perceptual development that actually occurs. The foregoing is consistent with my impression that my scores, though statistically significant, still did not reflect the actual amount of learning that had occurred. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0
Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 5. Supportive Mind Set There emerged, after a time, what seemed to be a series of pre-~ conditions to good performance in terms of mind set. These were: e A high level of motivation seemed essential. The task of pushing one of four buttons over thousands of trials could be rather boring--enough to allow one's attention to wander. With each trial, it was necessary to have a high level of motivation to ensure adequate levels of concentration and focused attention. e Although motivation, concentration, and attention were important, it was also necessary not to be too concerned with the success or failure associated with each selection. If I became “attached” to the outcome of a previous trial, whether a success or a failure, it could divert a significant amount of attention from the present trial. Therefore, each trial must be separate/fresh/clear/unconditioned by the actual success or failure of previous trials and separate from the imagined successes or failures of upcoming trials. e A relatively stable, undisturbed emotional state also seems important. I noticed the most substantial fluctuation in my scores when I was emotionally stressed (angry, hassled, and so on). . e Feeling rested physically also seemed important. This was particularly true if I were to work with the machine for an hour or two-~-as this required a substantial amount of energy. e A positive attitude--a feeling that I could do well and could always score at least at the chance level--was also important. A corollary. to this was that I found I did better when I "azways liked myself even if I did poorly. Self-deprecation seemed to be a sure way of rapidly diminishing the accuracy of the perceptual processes. 6. The Environment There were attributes of the surrounding environment that seemed to enhance the accuracy of my selections. The more significant factors seemed to be the following: Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0
Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 ¢ It was helpful to have a relatively quiet working environ- ment. Or, if there were noises, to have them of a sort-- fairly constant ones that remained in the background~-that could be readily filtered out of my consciousness. My impression was that external sensory information--particularly sounds--could readily overload/override subtle and delicate internal sensory information. ® It also seemed to help to have low light levels--I would always turn out the overhead lights in the testing room. I experimented with closing my eyes to further reduce external sensory stimulation and I found that this would increase the sensitivity of sensory cues, but this increase in sensitivity was offset by a lack of visually based feedback to verify the accuracy of the selections. As a consequence, I chose to keep my eyes open. e I found it essential to work with the ESP machine by sitting somewhat above it so that I could look down on the face of the machine. For some reason, perceptual discrimination seemed much more difficult when I would sit at a lower level which placed the buttons in a plane more nearly horizontal to my face and upper body. ° 7. Transferability of Processes The perceptual learning gained in this experiment seemed generally transferable to other situations where I might use ESP abilities, in ‘particular, telepathy, precognition, and clairvoyance. The inference is that a process or faculty is being developed which has numerous appli- cations in other situations which would rely upon ESP. Analogously, just as jogging could exercise muscles to make a person more adept at _ playing football, dancing, swimming, and the like, the use and development of these "psychic" muscles seems to have some degree of transference to other situations. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0
Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 8. Conclusions I found the experiment to be a very substantial learning experience in which, I feel, I learned much more than was reflected in the scores, It allowed me to begin to identify an ability which I presume was largely latent within--never having had a prior opportunity for overt expression. Finally, it suggests to me that this must be a common ability among many people that they simply do not recognize--primarily because they have ; never had the opportunity to explore it as a legitimate and "real" | phenomenon. Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0
Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0 APPENDIX 3 SAMPLE OF RAW DATA - MEDICAL EVALUATION OF SUBJECT 1 Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000100020001-0