Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500060001-2 were mostly using ESP, I did check the correla= tions between real time hitting and +1 future missing to see if they would be affected if the data from these two percipients were thrown out. The differences were trivial and can be ignored: for the first Training Study, r = -.81 instead of r= -.84, REPLICATION OF EFFECTS IN THE SECUND TRAINING STUDY The second Training Study was not as suc= cessful as the first in terms of magnitude of Teal time ESP shown, an unfortunate, but pre- dicted, effect. Our second Selection Study and second Confirmation Study cid not give us indie vidual percipients with as high scoras as we had in the first Training Study. The group of per= cipients who entered the first Training Study had Confirmation Study scores ranging from 2.50= 6.00 hits per run of 25 (chance is 2.50), with a mean group score of 4.78, while the corresponding Tange was 2.75 to 4,50, group mean of 3,61 hits/ run, for the percipients who completed the second Training Study. The difference was statis- tically significant (A ¢ .05, 2=-tailed, by t-test). Ideally, we should have run more students through our Selection Study and Confirmation Study procedure, and made the ESP talent level compar= able to that of the first Training Study. Time, money, and manpower shortages prohibited this, so we used the percipients we had, but predicted that our overall level af ESP would be smaller in the second Training Study. It was. Seven percipients completed the second Training Study. The overal}]. group mean (2.61) did not differ significantly from chance expectation, although two of the seven percipients showed individually significant results. One of thesa bpercipients showed individually significant real time hitting (average of 3.20 hits/run, P ¢ .05, 2=tialed), the other showed individually significant real time missing (average of 1.85 hits/run, P< .05, t-tailed), so they effectively cancelled each othar out. Figure 10 shows the individual percipient results for real time scoring and +1 missing or hitting. My hypothesis that we still had talented ESP percipients, but that the increased pressure of the Training Study had probably inhibited their ESP abilities, as in the first Training Study, was ‘confirmed. Five of the seven percip= ients showed individually significant differences (t-test) between their real tims scores and +1 future scores, The negative relationship between real time hitting and +1 missing was again con= firmed, with r = -.733, P€ .05, 1-tailed. The more conservative rank order correlation gives r= =-.79, a slightly stronger effect. The slight apparent reversal of the effect for thea tap three real time hitters does not detract substantially from the overall correlation. It might suggest SS/5 10-Choice Trainer SECOND TRAINING STUDY r= -.733 P< .05 slope = -.755 Ne ww wo Fig. 10. Relationship between real time hitting, +1 future missing, and strategy-boundedness, second Training Study. non-linearity, but, given the following dis- cussion, this is unlikely. As in the first Training Study, I carriad out an exploratory, post hoc analysis for possible nonrandomicity in the percipients' target sequences that might represent a PK effect. One of the seven target sequences, for percipient E2510, showed too many 7s. Curiously, this percipient scored almost exactly at chance expectation (51 hits versus 50 expected) for real time hits. Conservatively deleting the data of £2510, however, again has a negligible effect on the correlation between real time hitting and +1 future missing: r = =.74, P<¢.G5, 1-tailed. In many ways, the percipients from the Second Training Study amounted to a sampling of the lower end of the distribution sampled in the first Training Study, so I combined results of the two Training Studies, to produce Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500060001-2
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500060001-2 HITTING " 10 AND FUTURE (+1) MISSING 9 r= ~85 P<,001 “ @ ~~ o o a w 2 OF “1 +2 “3 ae “ - 3 —_ 6 MISSING STRATEGY-BOUNDNESS 3 gone Fig. 11. Relationship between real time hitting, +1 future missing, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRESENT TIME HITTING PRESENT FUTURE and strategy=boundedness, combined data of both Training Studies. the diagram shown in Figure 11. Here the strong negative relationship between real time hitting and +1 missing stands out very clearly. (r = ~,65, P< .001, 2-tailed). The more conservative rank order correlation is also ~,85. The highly suc} cessful real time ESP percipients strongly suppressed the immediate future, while the ones who, under the increased psychological pressure of the Training Study, tended to switch to miss= ing in real time, an incorrect focusing of the ESP effect, showed some tendency to switch to hitting on the immediate future. If, to be very conservative, the data of the three percipients showing nonrandom target sequences are delsted from the overall == SSIS Approved For Release 2002/05/17 correlation, the change is negligible, with r changing from ~.84 to -,82 instead, so the data from these three percipients will be left in. More microscopic analyses, aimed at distinguish=- ing these small poasible PK affects from ESP effecta will be undertaken in future publica- tions. Such a significant, nagative relationship between real time hitting and +1 missing has not, to my knowledge, been previously reported in the experimental parapsychological litera- ture?5, This may be partly due to the fact that it has not been looked for, but I also suspect it is partially due to a procedurel : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500060001-2
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500060001-2 difference. In the present Training Studies, there was a sequential generation of targets “on line," as it were. In most parapsychological studies, until fairly recently, targets have been thoroughly shuffled decks of cards. In precognition studies with cards, the entire sequence of future targets is generated simul- taneously when they are thoroughly shuffled at a future time, ‘rather than being generated one by one after each real time response. T shall now present the theory I have devised to explain these results. I am deeply indebted to Enoch Callaway, a colleague at the Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute, who, after seaingia preliminary analysis of this data, suggested that they resembled a neural inhibitory surround, and started the train of thought in me that led to the following theory. THE DURATION OF THE PRESENT If you will stop to ask yourself what is "nresant" to your experience, you will find that your experienced present, although very short, definitely seems to have a certain dura- tion. The mathematical abstraction of the present being a temporal point of zero width, sandwiched between past and future, is a useful abstraction in a variety of applications, but a poor repre= sentation of psychological experience. In Figure 12, the heavy lines model what we might call, by analogy with filters, the "passband" of the experienced present. For some small duration, INTENSITY OF EXPERIENCE 1 PAST Now “umes = NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONING peennarene EXTRASENSORY FUNCTIONING Fige 12. Intensity and duration charac- teristics of the experienced pre=- sent for ordinary consciousness (heavy lines) and the extended aspect of the mind that uses ESP (dotted lines). centered around the now, all actions and exper- iences are now. The length of this interval is SS/5 slightly variable, depending on how our atten- tion is focused, and probably is ordinarily somewhere between one-tenth and two-tenths of a second wide. Within this experienced now, the intensity of experience (the vertical axis) is very high. At the edges of the pass- band experience drops in intensity and clarity. Dynamically, we should picture this passband as moving along horizontally from past to future. Whether experience within this passband of the experianced now is actually continuous or consists of discrete frames, with awareness of the inter-frame interval suppressed, is an interesting question. An old psychological term for this effact was the "specious present," a term I do not like, as it shows that the mathematical ab- straction was being considered more real than actual experience, implying that direct. exper- idence was specious. I shail speak of the experienced present, and its width. By. using “outside time sources, such as a clock, we can say that the experienced present has a definite width, even though to the mind, this gmall segment of time is all now. PRECOGNITION AND THE EXPERIENCED PRESENT There are dozens of published parapsycho= lugical studies indicating that precognition, under laboratory conditions, is a genuine phenomenon?? . These rasults are usually con- ceptualized as the future "influencing" the present, or as information flow from the future to the past. Reactions to this data are fre=- quently mixed with “absolute” questions about free will versus determinism or causality, and discussions get phrased in such absolute terms that they lead nowhere. An alternative way of accounting for the data of precognition is to postudeta that there is some other temporal dimension of mental functioning, a temporal dimansion in which time "Flows at a different rate” or some such thing, with the consequence that the experienced present of the mind in that other temporal dimeangion has a greater duration, a wider pass- band than our ordinary experienced present. This wider passband is shown in Figure 12 as the dotted line. The exact shape of the passband as drawn is not important: it merely represents that, ordinarily, the intensity of experience tapers off to near zero at some point. I am proposing that the aspect of mind which is activated on those occasions when ESP abilities are used has two properties different from our ordinary consciousness, which seems spatially localized with respect to the brain and temporally localized with respect to the time system's physical processes of brain operation. The first property is that: this other dimension of the mind is not so spatially -10= Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500060001-2
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : localized, and can thus somehow pick up informa- tion at spatial locations outside the sensory range of the body/brain/nervous system. The second property is that the canter point of the experienced present of this other dimension of the mind can be a differant time than the physical time associated with the body/brain/nervous system, and the band width of that other part of the mind's experienced present is wider than the band width of our ordinary consciousness's ex-= perienced present, Thus what is now in this other dimension af the mind may include portions of time that, from cur ordinary point of view, ate past and future, as well as present. Since consciousness (or basic awareness, as I prefer to call it in my systems approach to conaciousness’5) is ordinarily fully identified and preoccupied with body/brain/nervaus system functioning, the experienced intensity of the parts of mind that operates in this other temporal and spatial dimension is ordinarily quite low, usually below conscious threshold, and is shown accordingly so in the figure. When a percipient is asked to use ESP, he must disregard ongoing sensory input (the axperimental conditions make it irrelevant) and whatever fantasies or strategies he has about outguessing the RNG (since targats are equiprobable and sequentially independent), and try to "contact" or "tune in" to that aspect of mind which exists or is capable of using this broader spatial and temporal dimension. Con- sidering the temporal aspects of it, this creates a problem. If your desire is to obtain real time information, being "sent" by the ax- perimenter/sender in another laboratory, then simply tapping into the wider experiential present of this other dimension is not good enough: its now includes information about past and future events, as wall as present events. Since your goal is prasent event information, this past and future information is noise which may interfere with detection of the desired signal. Given the psychological sat of experimenters and percipients in our studies, namely concentra- ting on getting the real time information by ESP, this implicitly defined the temporal boundaries of that real time information as the immediate -1 past and the immediate +1 future targets/trials. We shall consider effects of altering this psychological definition later. Figure 13 models what a percipient must do to use ESP successfully, then, to get real time information, His awareness is receiving irrele= vant sensory information that must be disregard-= ed. His memories of what past targets have baen may suggest guessing strategies, but they are irrelevant, since each output of the RNG is ine dependent of the previous ones. He must occasione ally tap into that dimension of mind that uses ESP, but since that part of the mind is getting == Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500060001-2 CIA-RDP96-00787R000500060001-2 MEMORY OF Svancoscee GUESSING PAST. . STRATEGIES ‘af DISCRIMINATION PROCESS Poa Z NOISE #* “iN PAST NOW FUTURE Fig. 13. A model of psychological pro- cesses used in making a success= ful ESP response. information about past and future as well as present, he must further add a discrimination process of some kind which will clearly identify the past and future aspects of the ESP informa~ tion, and then actively suppress such aspects, in order to enhance the detectability of the real time, desired ESP information. The output of the discrimination process, then, consists of some kind of information designed to in= fluence the percipient's conscious guessing processes to correctly guess the present real time target, and to inhibit guassing target identities which are the same as the immediate future and the immediate past targets, lest the past or future be confused with the present. The non=conscious ESP and discrimination processes may certainly work intermittently and imperfectly, depending on ather factors which could constitute both systematic or random noisa at various stages in the total information flow system. TRANS=TEMPORAL INHIBITION What I am pastulating, then, is an active inhibition of the precognitively and poste cognitively gained information about immediate future and immediate past, in order to enhance the detectability of ESP information about real time events. Since this inhibition extends over time, I have named this phenomenon trans- temporal inhibition. Except for the unusual features of ax-= tending over time rather than space, SS/5
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 trans=temporal inhibition is analogous to a widely used information processing strategy in the nervous system called lateral inhibition’, This is a general phenomenon of a highly stimul- ated receptor sending out inhibitory impulses to receptor endings laterally/spatially adjacent to it, thus suppressing their initially weaker output, unless they are also strongly stimulated by an appropriate stimulus. It amounts to an edge detection process, To illustrate: if you press on your skin with a sharply pointed object, not only.is the touch receptor immediately under the point strongly stimulated, but, because of the mechanical deformation of the skin, receptors laterally adjacent to the point are also stimu- lated, although less intensely. The neural impulses resulting at ithe first stage of detection, then, would be most intense immediately under the stimulated point, but fairly intense on each side of it, gradually tapering off, producing a neural signal pattern suggesting a blunt, rounded stimulating object, rather than a point. The most stimulated receptor under the point, however, sends out inhibitory impulses suppressing the weaker (less frequent) impulses from the laterally adjacent receptors, and so recovering a pattern indicating point stimulation further on in the nervous system. Tha phenomenon of trans-temporal inhibition, then, suggests that a generally useful information processing pro= cedure is also operative for ESP. How well does this theory fit the data? APPLYING THE THEORY TO THE DATA In showing the +1, real time, and =1 score patterns of percipient £151 earlier in Figure 8 (we shall ignore the -2 and =3 points from now on, as they are not related to other things), I indicated that the very significant degree of missing on the immediately past -1 target probably reflected maladaptive guessing habits on the percipient's part. The RNG is so construct= ed that there are no sequential dependencies, i.e, the probability of two saquential targets being a one*one is identical to that of their being a ' tuostuo, a three-three, a three=four, a one=nine, etc. People, however, have inaccurate conceptions of what random sequences are, and usually believe that the probability of the same target occurring twine is considerably less than that of a dif= ferent target following the original one, that is that one-one, two-two, atc., are all much less probably than one-two, one=three, two-four, etc, Thus the percipients tend te avoid giving a response that is the same as the previous target, and I suggest that this accounted for the very large degree! of the -1 missing. The theory of trans-temporal inhibition, however, assumes that the experienced present of this other dimension of the mind is probably symmetrical in most circumstances: this is an assumption that will be made, paralleling the qsneral assumption that works so well in the physical sciences, namely $s/5 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500060001-2 that all physical processes are symmetrical 'S, Given this symmetry assumption, I then postulated that the «1 missing could be partialed into two components. One of these would be post-cognitive ESP inhibition of the calling of the previous target, and I would further assume that this component would be approximately equal in mag- nitude to the inhibition of the +1 response for each percipient, treated individually. The rest of the missing on the -1 past displacement would be due to maladaptive guessing strategies, this business of tending not to repeat the immediately past target. I have named this component of the -1 missing, strategy boundness. Figure 14 shows this partialing out applied to the data of parcipient £151. For this particular example, about half of the <1 missing would be assumed to be due to trans-temporal inhibition of the post-cognitive response to the <1 target and half to maladaptive strategy boundness. j i EXTRASENSORY EFFECTS HITTING MALADAPTIVE GUESSING HABITS OTHER GUESSING HABITS PAST FUTURE STRATEGY BOUNONESS w MISSING Partialing aut the strategy boundness measure from the total missing on the «1 temporal dis- placement. Fige 14. My conception of the optimal way to try to use ESP is that all "rational" processes are irrelevant. A guessing strategy which involves keeping track of what the past targets have been and then trying to outguess the ANG is not only a waste of time (because of the sequential independence of the RNGO, but it distracts a percipient from turning his awareness toward more relevant mental processes, toward what we might call metaphorically "listening to the still small voice within" that might occasion- ally give a useful hint about target identity. STRATEGY BOUNDNESS ANO SUCCESS IN USING ESP cite pena na TSO S ERE aN eSHRLONRAUnn PHASE St OER a On theoretical grounds, then, we would expect that the more strategy boundness a -12— Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500060001-2
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 percipient showed, the less real time ESP he would show. Since trans=temporal inhibition of the future (and by assumption, of the past) target response is adaptive for enhancing real time ESP, we would also expect that with more strategy boundness there would be less missing on the +1 future target. The data bear this out quite convincingly. Because the signs for the straight arithmet- ical computations of missing, strategy boundness, etc, require a good deal of attention to follow in terms of their relationships, I have taken the value of strategy boundness which is inherently negative (missing) and made it positive, to make the results clearer. In orginally computing the correlations be» tween real time hitting, +1 future missing, and -1 past missing for percipients in the combined two Training Studies, I found that +1 future miss~ ing was significantly correlated with real time hitting ( r= =.85, P € .001), but the magnitude of <1 past missing did not correlate significant- ly with either the magnitude of real time hitting (r = =-.24, non-significant) or with the magnitude of the +1 future missing (r = +14, non-signifi- cant). After factoring out strateay boundness, as discussed above, it turna out that strategy boundness is significantly correlated with the other two measures, Strategy boundness correlates r= -.64, P < .01 with present time hitting, and r= +683, P< .001, with +1 future missing. Referring back to Figures 9, 10, and 11, where the degree of individual strategy boundness was plotted for the perciptents in the lower part of the graphs, the strength of this relationship is very clear. The more a percipient was caught up in maladaptive strategy boundness, the less likely. he was to show real time hitting and the less likely he was to show trans-temporal inhibition, missing of the +1 future target, Strategy boundness can be conceived of as a failure to direct awareness to that part of the mind which is not so localized in space and time and so exercises ESP, but instead leaving awareness involved with ordinary aspects of the mind which cannot use ESP, Applying the symmetry assumption, then, takes some random data (the absolute magnitude of the =1 past deviations) and partials it into highly meaningful data. A FURTHER TEST OF THE THEORY As I mentioned earlier, both percipients and experimenters in my two Training Studies were focused on the ordinary present, on the task of picking up real time information, This implicitly defined the immediate boundaries of the now as the +1 and -1 future and past target events. Since my data rarely suggest significant ESP missing on the +2 target (and, by the same sort of operations described above, on the <2 target), -13= : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500060001-2 this suggests that while the experienced present of this other dimension of the mind was wider than the ordinary experienced present, it was not too much wider, Otherst studies of precog= nition8s9, however, have often dealt. with events which are much further ahead in the future, minutes, hours, days, and sometimes months. Insofar as the trans-temporal inhibition theory is correct, I would predict that if the focus of attention is successfully placed on some future event, there ought to be ESP hitting on that event, but inhibition of responses to events temporally surrounding that future avent. Using our filter analogy, with the experienced present of the dimension of the mind that uses ESP corresponding to the band width of that Fllter, it should be possible, by means of psychological processes, to shift the center point and/or the band width of the filter, and see a corresponding shift of trans-temporal inhibition. I have been able to carry out one test of this prediction to date. Ingo Swann is a well know New York artist who posses a variety of ESP abilities which he has demonstrated under rigorous laboratory conditions in other investigators! laboratorias, including Stanford Research Jgstitute’® and the City College of New York’”. Swann was present at a small meeting of parapsychological researchers in October, 1976, when I presented the above data and the basic theory about trans=temporal inhibition, although I did not say much about the prediction of the possibility of shifting the center point of the experienced now of this other aspect of mind, or its predicted consequences. Swann was very intrigued by my data and made a number of useful comments on it, including his own observation that what he and the SRI researchers Targ and Puthoff called “analytical overlay" seemed to correspond to my concept of strategy boundness, any kind of "rational" but actually irrelevant activities that diverted one from relevant aspects of the ESP task. He wanted to try my ADEPT training device, and a few days later was able to briefly visit my laboratory. I looked forward to his visit with con-'! siderable interest, for he would be the first percipient who, because he had heard about trans=temporal inhibition, would be psychologic- ally set to have some concern with the immediate (+1) future target, as well as the real time target. I predicted he would probably show hitting on the +1 future target, but missing on the +2 future target. This is what happened, Swann did 5 runs on ADEPT in the course of a little over an hour, for a total of 129 trials (in one run he inadvertently did 29 trials instead of the usual 25). He made 21 real time hits in the 5 runs, where only 12.9 would be expected by chance, P = 9x1075, jetailed. In terms of +1 future scoring, he SS/5 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500060001-2
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500060001-2 made 19 hits when only 12.4 were expected by chance, P = .03, 1=tailed. His +1 precognition scores! significance is probably underrepresented by this conventional evaluation, becausa he tended to have bursts of hitting twice in a row on +1 precognition, and a separate evaluation of the probability of the number of doublet precognition hits he showed gives odds of 1076, On +2 precognition hits, he scored only 7 hits when 11.9 would be expected by chance, P = «O07, 1=tailed. This is not quite independently significant for below chance scoring by itself, but, as predicted, a tetest shows the difference between the scoring rate on the +1 and +2 hits is statistically significant (t = 2.59, 4 df, P< -05, i=tailed)29, I later asked Swann if he was deliberately trying to guess the immediate future target as well as the real time target, and he replied that he had not been deliberately trying to do this, consciously he was concentrating on the real time target. This suggests that the pass-= band of the "wider dimension filter" can be altered without there being full conscious awareness of it. ESP HITTING 1.8. FUTURE ESP MISSING Fig. 15. Widened temporal passband for Ingo Swann. Figure 15 shows Swann's performance on -i, real time, +1, and +2 temporal displacements. It is also interesting to note the magnitude of his -1 displacement score: it is only slightly larger than the +2 missing displacement, indi- cating a very low degree of strategy boundness, This is precisely what we would expect for someone with high ESP abilities. Incidentally, we should not overlook the fact that it is a =de Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500060001-2 SS/5 quite amazing performance for Mr. Swann to have walked in "cold" off the street, as it were, and immediately shown statistically significant ESP in a new test situation. Although it is a post hoc speculation, it — is of interest to raise the question as to whether the "passbands" of some of the earlier percipients' trans=-temporal inhibition processes were shifted in a manner analogous to Swann's. In the first Training Study, percipient €5514 had Zescores of -6.69 for «1 temporal missing, +1,04 for real time hits, +1.83 for +1 future hits, and «2.64 for +2 future missing, and the drop from +1 hitting to +2 missing is signifi- cant= | (t = 3.40 with 19 df, P< .005, 4=tailed), In the sacond Training Study, percipisent £454 had Z=scores of -5.48 for <1 temporal missing, -.89 missing on real time targets, +1.83 hitting on +1 future displacements, and -.78 on +2 missing. The difference between +1 hitting and +2 missing is significant (jt = 2.00 with 19 df, P< .05, 1-tailed). The difference between +1 and +2 scoring for a third percipi- ent from the second Training Study, £198, who showed a tendency toward hitting (Z = +1.06) on the +1 future target, is not at all 'signifi- cant (for +2, Z = +62). CONCLUSIONS, The major mystery about various kinds of ESP is how the information gets from the target to the percipient: once the percipient has "received" or "sensed" the information on some nNon=conscious level, it generally seems to be processed in psychologically familiar ways**. Trans-temporal inhibition is a general infore mation processing procedure that is psychologic- ally and neurologically familiar: the puzzle is in the precognitive (and postualted' post- cognitive) acquisition of tha information about immediate future (and immediate past) targets. Further data on these effects would be very desirable. Although emphasis of teaching improved ESP skills in our two studies made the provision of immediate feedback necessary, one clear line of research to follow, once percipients have been brought up to high levels of performance, is elimination of the feedback, so the postulated postcognitive inhibition component can be assessed independently of affects of maladaptive guessing habits. Further work on deliberatley shifting the focus of attention, as with Swann, is also needed. If the trans-temporal inhibition effect is valig- dated, it ‘ought to be possible to combine it with an information theory approach ta optimize ESP performance: would long time intervals between trials, for example, make real time ESP more successful by reducing interference from future and past targets? Is comparing the contrast between real time hitting and +1 future missing a batter measure of a percipient's
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500060001-2 potential ESP capacity than hitting per se? I plan considerably more analysis of the microstructure of the already collected data, and will, if funds become available, carry out further research alang the lines suggested 13. above. I hope others will investigate this fascinating new effect. 146 NOTES AND REFERENCES 4, Pratt, 3. G., The meaning of performance curves in ESP and PK test data. 3. Parapsychology, 1949, 13, 9-22. 2. Rhine, J. Be, The Reach of the Mind. New York: Wm. Sloane, 1947. Po. 199~190, 3. Tart, C., Card guessing tests: learning paradigm or extinction paradigm? J. Amer. Sac. Psychical Res., 1966, 60, 46-55, 4, Tart, Cs, Conscious control of psi through immediate feedback training: some consid= erations of internal processes, Submitted for publication. 5 Tart, C. Learning to Use Extrasensory Perception. Chicago: University of Chicaga Press, 1976. The research reported in that book was generously supported by the Parapsychology Foundation, with adminis= trative assistance from the Institute for the Study of Human Knowledge. 6 This second study by myself, John Palmer, Dana Redington, Henry Bennett, ane my students, was supported by a generous grant from the est Foundation. 7. Construction of ADEPT was made possible by another grant from the Parapsychology Foundation. 8. Rao, Roy Experimental Parapsychology. Springfield, I1l.: Charles C. Thomas, 1966, is an excellent survey of experimental work in parapsychology, although a little dated. 9. White, R. (Ed.), Surveys in Parapsychology: Reviews of the Literature, with Updated Bibliographies. Metuchen, N. 3.: Scare- Crow Press, 1976. Updates the Rao book, above, 10, Schmeidler, Ge, & McConnell, Rey ESP and Personality Patterns. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1958, 11. Palmer, J., Scoring in ESP tests as a Function of belief in ESP, Part I. The sheep-goat effect. 3. Amer. Soc. Psychical Ress, 1971, 65, 373=408, Also Palmer, Je, Scoring in ESP tests as a function of belief in ESP. Part II. Beyond the sheep- goat effect. J. Amer. Soc. Psychical Res., 1972, 66, 1-26, 12. In the original publication of thesa ESP 15, learning results®, we worked with total run scores and did not realize that the total number of trials was slightly less than 5,000, The current total analysis -15= here retains the convention of 5,000 trials to be consistent with the original publication, as this is a conservative errors the data are slightly more signifie cant than the results here calculated. Siegel, S., Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. New Yorks McGraw-Hill, 1956. André, Es, Confirmation of PK action on electronic equipment. J. Parapsychology, 1972, 36, 283-293, Braud, We, et ale, Psychokinetic influence on random number generators during the evocation of "analytic" versus "nonanalytic" modes of information processing. In Morris, J., et al., (Eds.), Research in Parapsychology 1975- Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1976. Pp. 85=88. Honorton, Ce, & Barksdale, Wes PK performance with waking suggestions for muscle tension versus relaxation. J. Amer, Soc. Psychical Res., 1972, 66, 208= 214, Matas, Fo, & Pantas, Lo, A PK experi- ment comparing meditating versus non-=- meditating subjects. Proc. Parapsychol. Assmey 1971, Now Gy Po. 12413. Millar, Bey & Broughton, Re, A preliminary PK experiment with a novel computer=linked high speed random number generator. In Morris, Je, Roll, w., & Morris, R. (Eds.), Research in Parapsychology 1975. Metuchen, NeJ.: Scarecrow Press, 1976, Pp. 83-84. Schmidt, He, A PK test with electronic equipment. J. Parapsychol., 1970, 34, 175-181. Schmidt, He, PK tests with a high- speed random number generator. J. Para- psychol., 1973, 37, 105-118. Schmidt, H., Observations of subconscious PK effects with and without time displacement. In Morris, Je, Roll, w., & Morris, R. (Eds.), Research in Parapsycholo 1974, Metuchen, NeJe: Scarecrow Press, 1975, Pp. 116-121. Schmidt, He, PK experiment with repeated time displaced feedback. In Morris, Je, Roll, We, & Morris, R. (Eds.), Research in Parapsychology 1975. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1976. Pp. 107=109. Schmidt, H.», & Pantas, L., Psi tests with internally different machines. J. Para- psychol.e, 1972, 36, 222-232, Stanford, R., & Foxy Ce, An effect of release of affort in a psychokinetic task. In Morris, J., Roll, We, & Morris, R., (Eds.), Research in Parapsychology 1974. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1975. Pp. 6163. Stanford, Re, Zenhausern, Re, Taylor, Ac, & Duyer, M., Psychokinesis as psig mediated instrumental response. J. Amer. soc. Psych, Res., 1975, 69, 127-134. Although there are more than 700 published articles showing experimental evidence for the existence of ESP and investigating its mechanisms, they are not generally known to the scientific community, having SS/5 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500060001-2
16. 17. 18. 19, SS/5 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500060001-2 appeared in specialty journals. The reader interested in getting into this lit- erature should consult the International Journal of Parapsychology, the Journal of Parapsychology, the Journal of the American society for Psychical Research, the Journal of the Society for Psychical Research (Sritish), and the recent European Journal of Parapsychology. Tart, C., States of Consciousness. New York: Dutton, 1975, von B&kSsy, Ge, Sensory Inhibition. Prince- tons Princeton Univ. Press, 1967, Targ, Rey & Puthoff, He, Mind-Reach: Scientists Look at Psychic Ability. New York: Delacorte, 1977, Schmeidler, Ge, PK effects upon continu= ously recorded temperature. 3, Amer. Soc. =-16- 20, 21. 226 Psychical Rese, 1973, 67, 325-240, Five pairs of data points is a low N for a tetest and pushes the underlying assump~ tions, but I used it to be consistent with earlier analyses. In comparing scores between real time, +i temporal displacement, or +2 temporal displacement, we deal with a shortened run length in each case (25, 24, 23), meaning that the expected number of hits by chance would be slightly lower (2.5, 24, 2.3), 80 in doing the t-tests, this was compensated for by testing against the_null hypotheses that /real time hits = {(+1 hits) + (.1)Zand /(+1 hits) + (.7)7 Tart, C., Psiz: Scientific Studies of the Psychic. New Yorks Dutton, in press, Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500060001-2