Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4 ENTER THE NAME OF THE VARIABLE CONTAINING YOUR DATA: DELTA NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS = 176 (0 MISSING VALUES EXCLUDED) SAMPLE AVERAGE = -0,031764 SAMPLE VARIANCE = 70.551 SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION = 8.3995 MINIMUM VALUE = -—50.165 MAXIMUM = 49.546 RANGE = 99.71 LOWER AND UPPER QUARTILES = -3.5909 3.0201 INTERQUARTILE RANGE = 6.6209 MEDIAN = -0.083973 2.6303 41.5985 COEFF. OF SKEWNESS = -0, 48545 STANDARDIZED VALUE COEFF. OF KURTOSIS = 18.356 STANDARDIZED VALUE = Fress ENTER to continue. Frequency Histogram 59 PX¥86 - Experiment Single Differences . . . . . . . . . 39 . . . Cr ee  ) SS Ce . . . . . . . . . 26 Serene (4 te Veneer ec eeaaeeeees Leeteeeeee es KLOSDC RADY G je -5; 693 bifference ~ (PSI ~ Control) ESTIMATED FARAMETERS: -O,O71364 &.5995 CHI#2 GOODNESS-OF-FIT STATISTIC = 50,005 WITH & DEGREES OF FREEDOM FROBGABILITY GF A LARGER VALUE = 4. 46902E--9 Vosi - Veontrol FIGURE 8 Experimental PK86 - Detrended by Regression 23 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4 Simple Regression of DELTA on NUM Standard T Frob. Farameter Estimate Error Value Level Intercept 4, &299 1.7187 ~2, 6996 7, S254E-3 Slope 0, 38284 O,19726 m7 BS 4, 7169E-4 sem 0m cote Se et ONL SOD cue sree em ere ces re mes ee re ee ees ean mt POL eee cen Coes me vin Some pashan em seme may sts ey rem ape wm my Se I= MRE ER WS RE come mess eee Gabe) nme eer OE coves SE=ps ment ED fru STON ENED Sine enOL FOURS 7D ast SonmG Com InieY Sen o— ew cee eve en ce eet en ee cn en oe Se tt ay ee ag am em ELE ARR ESSERE Source Sum of Squares - Df Mean Square F-Ratia Model 12068.7197 1 1208.7197 12, BoOS9 Error 20848.099 204 102.197 Total (Corr.) 22156,819 205 Correlation Coefficient = 9.24204 Stnd. Error of Est. = 19.199 Regression of DELTA on NUM PK85 - Single Difference a Fe a Ps Te | el ad 0 NUM ( 4 = Score; NUM = Sequence length FIGURE 9 Experimental PK85 - Detrended By Regression 24 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4 eee
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4 Simple Regression of DELTA on NUM Standard T Firrob. Farameter Estimate Error Value Level Intercept 6. 6804 a. 2024 2.956 3. S755E-3 Slope ~0,4595a 0, 14074 ~s. 2ou4 1.2812E-3 ewe ces sees ba Sorte SO DD NOEL SN Soe SOL ENE SENT SOND OOS SPMD NPE SENS NS STUPD SLID Min SC SUMSE OEE PONE OOO OUND SNS FEN SPaPH GASP SnftY SEND GONG OS HON Sku CUPS Cet SEN comnh rune Cowal SUNEE cman SU =ate Game SG cen. fS sOure Areut coum wove SER Fem can? Rn mine erent Gant Sony welt, ert ee ne ee ee Ser len I EE OS ME NOE SETS OO SOE GH RED SOND Sate com HES, sream OnE Hm Stan rm CUI SVEN SOCKE SOLD SOE OTE CNS SOUPS OLEH! COTS SEtCY Gites SOE DOSED SENET MOD Od GEE EVE GI NN erro are Sahm Gomes SHEE SEN GREED fT Sb) Man Seer FAR SENN SEE COUN cones SO SOE SE St — ne _ Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratia Model 1878. 9294 1 1878. 9294 19, 6627 Error S6125. 957 205 176.214 Total (Corr.) SBH002. BB6 296 Correlation Coefficient = -0,22236 Stnd. Error of Est. = 13.275 Regression of DELTA on NUM. 70 Gloha) PX85 - Single Difference Bir pr NUM ( 4 = Score; NUM = Sequence length FIGURE 10 Global PK85 - Detrended By Regression 25 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4 Simple Regression of DELTA on NUM Standard T Frob. Farameter Estimate Error Value Level Intercept ~O,. 48485 1.1132 -0, 43553 0, 66402 Slope 4, 5057E-3 9. 1509E-3 0.49238 0.62342 Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square FoRatio Model 16. 988159 1 16. 988159 2242439 Error 7777.9715 lil 70.0718 Total (Corr.) 7794. 9595 112 Correlation Coefficient = 9.046684 Stnd. Error of Est. = 8.3709 Regression of DELTA on NUM 69 PK86 - Single Difference Seitrmy NUM ( A = Score; NUM = Sequence length FIGURE 11 Experimental PK8&6 — Regression 26 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4 BC ttttCCtéséaé#é#é#eeo lll rrr
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4 Simple Regression of DELTA on NUM Standard Farameter Estimate | Error Intercept 3. 8801E-3 0.75415 Slope 2, 0449E-3 - &.1989E-3 T Value 5. 1452E-5 0, 32987 Frob. Level 0.9959 Oo. 74212 I ne a ee ne te ee rt ew AS 4990537 wey fer t= os a2, 13555 F-Ratio 21088168 en Source Sum of Squares Df Model 3. 4990537 1 Error 3569, 2564 111 Total (Corr.) wf 3572. 7gdd 112 Correlation Coefficient = 0, 0212895 Stnd. Error of Est. = 5.6706 Regression of DELTA on NUM ba eer | i ad NUM Global PK86 - Single Difference A = Score; NUM = Sequence length FIGURE 12 Global PK86 - Regression 27 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4 PARTICIPANT POOL CHARACTERISTICS Our present pool of participants (33) is drawn from professionals (both scientists and not), young adults, and non-professional adults. There are about eight principal participants who will probably do most of the SRI work. None profess psychic ability. All have come to us by “networking” with others closer to the research. We have held an informal lunch—-hour seminar to allow them to meet and comment on the program. Psychological evaluation of the participants will be carried out by Dr. David Saunders of MARS Measurement Associates. Formal psychological evaluations will not begin until a participant has completed an experimental series (10 sets) or shown unmistakable evidence of long-term commitment. COMMUNICATION WITH SRI Our PK85 and WAVE data bases and the corresponding global control data have been shared with SRI International and Dr. Jessica Utts. Dr. Edwin May, SRI, suggested an interesting approach to data processing based on a technique of epoch analysis first reported by Chree,* and now widely used in identifying rhythms in geomagnetic data. Because two of the authors of a recent substantial paper on Chree’s analysis are from the University of Delaware, they were contacted, and a seminar was held. While the conclusion was that sequential events in our present data files were independent, and that Chree’s analysis was unlikely to be immediately useful, it may well come in handy in future work with low-level conventional stimuli (like light), applied rhythmically, The seminar served a second very useful purpose: it exposed the work to three more senior faculty in the Physics Department. The response was positive and encouraging. The climate seems to be changing, perhaps because the data are so robust and the physics of the method so tightly defined. The computer network seems to be functional. Dr. Dean Dey uses it to leave messages at SRI, and we will try to use it increasingly. I am hoping that all modes of communication can be enhanced in 1986-87; we want to keep in close contact to promote the free exchange of ideas. ——— * Chree, C., “Some Phenomena of Sunspots and of Terrestrial Magnetism - Part II," = Pail. Trans, Roy. Sec. London, Volume 213A, pp. 245-277 (1913), 28 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4 MICROBIOLOGY During 1985, we made some substantial improvements in our technique for culturing Dunaliella and transferring aliquots to the laser room. By using laminar flow hoods, sterile techniques, and extensive rinsing of vessels that have been acid—cleaned, we have reached a point at which cultures can be kept in the laser room for more than 24 hours without appreciable deterioration. This technique gives us the option of inserting new samples just before 4:30 p.m. each day, so that we are ready for data collection the following day. Baselines obtained in this way are much quieter. This effect can be observed in Figure 8, the global control for the 1986 data. We are pleased to find that the differences that represent the “scores” are almost normally distributed. CONCLUSION A protocol has been developed that allows the compilation of data relating sequence length and psi “score.” Pilot runs contain strong evidence of a psi effect, and the results have indicated some tentative, but interesting, suggestions of variation of score with sequence length. Details of work to be carried out in 1986-87 will be discussed before data collection. 29 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4 ANNEX 1 30 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4 ey
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4 BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE OF MICROORGANISMS TO psi STIMULUS PART II: STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF DATA FROM DUNALIELLA C. M. Pleass University of Delaware College of Marine Studies Newark, DE 19716 N. Dean Dey University of Delaware College of Marine Studies Lewes, DE 19958 ABSTRACT A consciousness experiment in which the Doppler shift of He/Ne laser light was used to describe changes in the velocity and vector of a marine alga, Dunaliella, was reported by Pleass and Dey in 1985. Because the subject of the consciousness experiment is living, we expect strings of baseline velocity and vector data which are, at some level, inexplicably time-variant. This complexes the statistical procedures which must be used to analyze the data. This paper examines the variation in baseline data strings, and describes two alternative statistical procedures which have been used to determine the probability of consciousness effects. Two levels of control are applied, allowing global comparison of frequency distributions of experimental scores with similar distributions derived artificially from baseline data. In both cases the null hypothesis is that there is no psi effect. The data quite strongly suggest the rejection of the null hypothesis. 31 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4 BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE OF MICROORGANISMS TO psi STIMULUS PART Il: STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF DATA FROM DUNALIELLA INTRODUCTION The College of Marine Studies of the University of Delaware have over a decade of experience with the culture of marine microalgae. Initially, these cultures were prepared as experimental diets for oysters in controlled environment mariculture. In 1982, Pleass and Dey began a series of studies of the response of a hardy green alga, Dunaliella to psi stimulus, using the Doppler shift of scattered laser light as a rapid, accurate measure of the change in swimming velocity and direction of individual cells. The apparatus and techniques used were described at the 28th Parapsychological Association Convention and published in the Proceedings (Pleass and Dey 1985). This reference should be taken as Part I in an ongoing series. It contains secondary references relevant to the experiment per se. In summary, cells of Dunaliella are approximately 10-) m in length. Using whiplike flagella in a motion similar to breast stroke, they swim at velocities up to ca. 2x10“+ msec! (Figure 1). The laser Doppler apparatus uses a He/Ne laser in the mode illustrated in Figure 2, The measuring volume is the ellipsoid where the split laser beams cross. It has a volume of ca. Ixl0-6 cc. Cultures of Dunaliella can easily sustain 10° cells per cc, with intercellular spacing of the order of 10“ m. Under these conditions, bursts of scattered light from the laser crossover will normally correspond to the passage of one individual cell. On the rare occasions when the measuring volume contains more than one, the observed velocity will be the mean. Data rates are quite high, ca. 70 secu!, depending on the cell concentration and the average motility. The apparatus is single-component: it will record velocity and direction along any one chosen axis. Since algae frequently migrate vertically in response to circadian rhythms, the vertical axis is normally used, and it may be assumed unless an alternate is specified. The apparatus is interfaced with an IBM PC and baseline data are normally stored as the average of 100 or 200 velocity readings. Laser Doppler studies of the circadian rhythms displayed by motile marine algae have been described (Pleass and Dey 1985). Baseline data describing algal velocities must be assumed to contain trend, rhythm and nonrandom noise, and this complexes the preparation of statistics describing the results of experiments whose objective is to record behavioral response to an exogenous stimulus. This paper will focus on this problem using results obtained from consciousness experiments with Dunaliella. The most fundamental point, which is rarely found explicitly stated in the literature, is that any experiment with a living system is by definition, irreproducible. In fact, the hard physical sciences which derive from observation of inanimate structures, and the application of logic, encourage an invalid extrapolation: that precise replicability is a sine qua non of experimental science. Theoretically, every observation must ultimately reduce to a probabilistic conclusion, in part because of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and in part because no system can be conceived which is perfectly stable through time at any temperature above absolute zero. This point has been widely recognized in the writings of many distinguished physicists and philosophers. Jahn and Dunne have brought these together in an excellent treatment of the "quantum mechanics of consciousness." (Jahn and Dunne 1984) which may provide a starting point for a formal theory of consciousness. 32 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4 eee ee
- 2. Approved For Release 2000/0806: CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4 . oo 4 Flagella at the front end, approximating a breast stroke. Jerky forward motion. Examples are Dunaliella and Chl amy domonas. Flagella at rear end, rotating like a propeller on a natural universal joint. The body counter-rotates slowly. Figure 1 Two common propulsive mechanisms used by microorganisms 33 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4 3 oe c « ———— = oF Detector Fringe Mocie Figure 2 Single-component, fringe mode LDA probe volume 34 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4
Approved 5 | pproved For Release 2000/08/08,: CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4 Nonliving systems change their visible form through time in response to physical and chemical laws. Since the kinetics of many of the reactions involved in these changes are slow, relative to human lifetimes, we may conveniently speak of replicable changes such as the expansion of a bar of pure metal which is subjected to a standard rise in temperature. This allows us to distinguish living systems as those which change measurably in response to endogenous stimuli within the time span of human observation. Challenging these definitions is interesting. A bacterium falls in the category of living, and a macromolecule does not. The key to the separation is that we Can, at least in theory, explain the movements of the macromolecule as the result of environmental (exogenous) stimuli such as molecular collisions and changes in van der Waals forces. When we observe a bacterium we cannot escape the conclusion that endogenous stimuli are involved in determining its behavior. It may absorb chemicals from solution to acquire information suggesting a preferred direction of motion, but that by itself cannot explain its time-variant behavior such as its “run-and-twiddle" pathway. This commentary is relevant to the analysis of velocity and vector data from Dunaliella. Because it is living, we must expect data from our BLD experiments which is inexplicably time variant. Only in the most general case such as 24 hour circadian rhythm will a consistent pattern be visible. If data from successive psi and control periods are tc be accumulated, statistical protocols which "see through" trend and rhythm become most important: without them meaningful results cannot be expected unless the data extends many times the length of the longest cycle, and runs are randomly distributed in time. The general question of rhythmic changes which could possibly be anticipated by a participant in a psi experiment must be. thoughtfully addressed. In_ biological experiments which have paralleled our psi research we have sought for, but failed to find replicable rhythms other than the circadian or "diurnal". This was an important prerequisite to the experiments to be discussed. If, for example, time series analysis had revealed a subtle replicable rhythm with a ten minute period, this information would allow an informed participant who wished to create an artificially high score to execute psi runs at ten minute intervals. Fortunately, the only relicable rhythm has such a long period (24 hours) that it cannot be used to advantage. It is manifest in the data strings as a trend. Note that most participants choose to work in the mornings at approximately the same circadian phase angle. The data is detrended by our statistical protocol. The most relevant reference to other current work seems to be to May et al., (1985), and references therein. These authors offer evidence for an informational model called Intuitive Data Sorting (IDS) in which individuals "sort" locally deviant ‘sequences from a random sequence into significant and non-significant bins. Although their data were derived from a meta-analysis of binomial data (Radin et al., 1985) the concept of IDS provides an intellectual "foothold" for someone interested in examining our data. Secondary references within these two papers are also useful. RESULTS Since the statistical results developed in this section are quite robust, the reader may wish to consult Appendix 1 which describes the precautions taken to ensure target system and data security. This information complements the description of the laboratory and the method given in Pleass and Dey (1985). 35 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4 . 5 Baseline Data Properties The understanding of the statistical properties of our baseline data stream is an essential and ongoing endeavor. Baseline data, meaning a stream of velocity readings taken by the computer when neither participant nor experimenter are present in the laboratory, have been collected and subjected to numerous visual inspections (via time plots) and more quantitative analyses. Note that the examples given in this section are chosen to represent extreme cases. With that caveat, the following properties have been found to exist in our "normal" baseline: A. Noise - the variation of velocity readings around an average value. This variation is neither a constant nor a constant percentage of the average. Standard deviations (c) of baseline velocity readings range from 5 to 35x10-6 msec-! with coefficients of variation 1000/x from 10 to 60 percent. A particularly disconcerting example of baseline noise is shown in Figure 3, where noise appears to consistently increase for approximately two hours. B. Trends - where velocity is consistently increasing or decreasing for periods of several hundred to several thousand readings. Figure 4 shows two examples of long term (decreasing) trends in baseline velocity readings. C. Periodicity - repeating cycles of varying frequency. Periodicity includes strings of velocity readings with significant autocorrelation. Figure 5 is an interesting example. In the raw velocity readings, Figure 5A, periodicity is nearly obscured by noise. However, Figure 5B shows significant autocorrelation(s) in the same series even after 20 lags. Finally, Figure 5C, a plot of cumulative Z score versus time, shows a definite cycle in the data with a period of approximately 450-500 readings. Note that no replicable frequencies characteristic of the organism or its environment (other than the diurnal or circadian) have been found. D. Trends and periodicity - combinations of repeating cycles with consistently increasing or decreasing average velocity readings. Figure 6A shows both trend (increasing) and cycles in a sample of over 1300 baseline readings. Also, Figure 6B shows significant autocorrelations through 50 lags for the same series, with some slight periodicity visually apparent in the correlogram itself. E. Mean Shift - an obvious and relatively abrupt shift in the average velocity. This characteristic may be a "discontinuity" in an apparent long range trend and may or may not include periodicity. An example is shown in Figure 7. General Observations of Baseline Data e@ All of above, items A thru E, exist, or can exist in the data stream at any given time. e Existence of one or more of these phenomena can only be determined after the fact, i.e., after the data have been collected and analyzed. e No a priori adjustment of data to "compensate" for these phenomena is conceivable. They must all be treated as inherent properties of the "baseline". @ Statistical treatment of the data, e.g., to test the null hypothesis of no psi, ‘must be "robust" enough to cope with these issues. 36 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4 a ae a a a a
LLL LS TTS Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4 6 Baseline pata eEacerages ef 10) 240 70) ee y 0) Oa eee ae) ae ‘ f UY i 120 ne , i . Ri aL Hf ie ‘ i oth pum fl AY L 6 ror eo at. eee ae DS 7 4! ! i 4 | iN uid We Y Hy [tt \ bi is Wa 4 CE iB . j Ae Wo oe 7) ; i: x, 1 Hat . % 400 =00) 0 Datum Number 37 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4 FIGURE 48 5 Baseline Data v E L Q ¢ ] T Y (xX 100) Datum Number FIGURE 4B Baseline Data - (Averages of 10) 100 F 0 ¢ 1 T Y Datum Number 38 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4
LCN ASAE Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4 FIGURE SA Baseline Data 240 vo haat ween a Td a a 12 Datum Number FIGURE SB - Baseline Data 4 Estimated Autocorrelations of Velocity A382 moO FIGURE SC - Baseline Data 420 Cumulative Z Score from Velocity Nn z00 Datum Number 39 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4 Figured 6a 200 Baseline Data Vv ¢ I T Y Datum Number (X 100) _ FIGURE 6B - Baseline Data t Estimated Autocorrelations of Velocity c c Oe SHAT HE ag. cee ce ewe ec ee ceed acct e tr eetseeeneveeeuteteeeres e ; jE Ch tice ticccreees n ° ODS te cence ee Lace e eee ee cde neeeeresebeteeacesvelvaucenves -{ 0 10 2 x 40 x” & Lag Number 40 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4
re ere en * Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4 10 TIGURE 7 120 Baseline Data KOOKS 43 (X 100) Datum Number 4\ Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4 1] e All of the above points argue for the use of "global" comparisons and relatively large sample sizes to provide meaningful statistical tests of the null hypothesis. Statistical Analyses Two experiments known as PK85 and Wave will be discussed. Both involve marking the ongoing data string in similar formats, illustrated in Figure 8, using preprogrammed keys on the computer keyboard. The psi interval is followed immediately by a control interval of the same length. After a pause of random duration, pseudo psi and pseudo control intervals which have identical dimensions to the real run are automatically marked in the data file. In each analysis the null hypothesis was that there was no psi effect extant, and the data were detrended by using the double difference z (Xx pseudocontro? ~ X pseudopsi control ~ Xosi) BX ) as the score for the run. PK 85 Additional details of the PK&85 protocol are given in Pleass and Dey (1985). The participants were asked to try to visualize the algae in the vicinity of the laser crossover during the psi period using informal, light-hearted imagery, while excluding all unrelated conscious thoughts. The initial procedure required ten runs to complete a set. The random interval (Figure 8A) was limited to a maximum of up to 5000 raw data points. After one run cycle was completed, a symbol would appear in the bottom left corner of the monitor, indicating that another run could be initiated whenever the participant elected. The time required to complete a set of ten runs was 1.5 - 2 hours. The participants soon learned that selecting the shortest psi period possible would shorten the length of the set. Typical psi intervals ranged from 30 seconds to 2 minutes. After discussions with participants the number of runs in a set was reduced to five, which could be completed in approximately one hour. This helped to eliminate the "mid-set blues"; the feeling that there were still many more runs to do. The statistics routinely calculated were the differences in the means and standard deviations. The results were presented to the participant at the conclusion of each set, and saved to file with the raw data. To accumulate from set to set scores were calculated for each run from the double difference (mean control - mean psi) - (mean pseudocontrol - mean pseudopsi) and these scores were developed into histograms with the best fitting Gaussian overlaid. Figure 9 reports the results of 22 sets, treated as 205 runs. A significant step forward occurred when the results of these experiments were compared to results artificially generated from data collected when no psi experiments were in process. In this additional level of control, which will be referred to as "global control", the data file dimensions of the sequence psi/control/spacer/pseudo~psi/pseudo- control were taken from the markers identifying the real psi experiment data string and transferred to data taken without psi intent, either before or after the set. Note that although overnight data were available, we chose not to use these for global control 42 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4
Appro 08: CIA- pproved For Release 2000/08/08 , CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4 Figure 8 PK85 and Wave Procedures Null hypothesis: no significant difference between s ) > _v _ - (S control ~ Sosi) ~ (S ,seudocontrol pseudopsi where S is any statistic such as the mean A. PK85 RUNX RUNX+1 Ongoing Data String — e aa aoe ae oe oe ‘ St . bea | rr B. WAVE eam PS| Period wow een Random Space socsecccoceees Control Period coe ewe Pseudo PSI Period . ome eww com PSeUdO Control Period Ongoing Data String —_—-}- RUNX+1 Same data dimensions as RUNX 43 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4 13 FIGURE 9: PX8S Experiment Results “4 205 Runs SCORES‘ cra CONT. -MEAN PSI) = AN: PCONT. -MEAN PPSI ) <KAZSCoOrww™ SCORE (micrometers/sec) FIGURE 10: Global PKS85 Experiment Results 60 2S Buns SCORE =< MEAN: CONT, -MEAN P51)- CMEAN: N PCONT. “EAN PPSI) <KOZMCOrtives scone ¢ (Cmicrometers/sec) 44 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4
enema enemeimasemn en pe Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4 14. since the circadian phase angle differs so much from that extant during the sets, which were carried out during the day. Figure 10 illustrates the global control “scores”. To develop a probability value we compared the best fit Gaussians representing the scores from the real experiment with the global control, using an F test. o ea obal «psi = 1.64 With 204 degrees of freedom this gave a probability of a chance difference less than 2x10-4, suggesting that the null hypothesis should be rejected. WAVE This modification to the PK85 protocol was a consequence of discussions with our participants during the informal debriefing period which normally followed each session. It is illustrated in Figure 8B. In it the participant was asked to begin his psi effort at his own pace, at any time after the computer signaled its readiness to accept another run. This warm-up and psi period had no set length; indeed participants often took several minutes warming up to their psi effort. We asked them to touch the F1 key on the computer keyboard when they felt their psi effort was at a strong peak, and to immediately turn away to the trivial control period task. Reading a dictionary was found to be an effective way of quickly transferring attention. In this way, we hoped to observe the release of psi pressure. It was suggested that the movement to press the Fl key be a response to a subconscious cue, and none found this difficult. Once the Fl key was pressed, the monitor screen was turned blue during collection of the control, the spacer segment, the pseudo-psi and the pseudo-contro] data. At the conclusion of this period, the monitor screen turned grey, signaling readiness for another run. The peak psi period was taken to be the 25 data records (2500 raw data points) preceding the Fl keypress; thus all Wave runs have the same data dimensions. As usual, the control, pseudo-psi and pseudo-control all had the same dimension as the psi. We continued to use the same null hypothesis, algorithm, and format for feedback. Initially, participants were asked to complete ten runs for each set during one visit to the laboratory. This took nearly two hours, due to the. manner In which most participants chose to undertake their psi effort. As a consequence, the required effort for a set was shortened to five runs per set. Preliminary analysis of this data was conducted at the conclusion of each set, and graphical displays of differences in means were provided as feedback, just as in PK385. Quite striking results were obtained from indiviudal sets (Pleass and Dey 1985). Run scores were then compared with global controls. Figures 11 and 12 show the data, with best fit Gaussians. In this case the experimental results have a much larger range than the global results: 2 o psi Fos mee = 5,99 a 2 global 45 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4
- Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : : 08 GIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4 The probability of obtaining the result by chance is very low, P = 10-6, again suggesting that the null hypothesis should be rejected. It is appropriate to ask if the two "global control” distributions are similar, within experimental error, since the sample numbers are quite high, and it would be difficult to explain any difference. Applying an F test to them we find o “Wave global control 1 a = . nm u o*pKas global control p = 0.2 This gives us substantial confidence in the chosen procedures. DISCUSSION Since PK85 and Wave differ substantially in "feel" and in the method of defining the psi and control periods, the inversion in the F ratios is not unreasonable. There is also evidence that some participants have a general tendency to reduce mean velocities and biological "noise", while others enhance these data properties. Only three participants contributed to the PK85 data shown, with a run ratio of 20s1:1, and it may be that the data reflects one persons "signature". In contrast, fourteen participants contributed more evenly to the Wave data. As our data base expands, we hope to obtain a better understanding of participant-related variables. It is appropriate to use the most cautious interpretation of the results: the physics of the method used in the research is straightforward, but it is conceivable that there are alternate explanations for the differences between experimental and global data, since the global data cannot, by definition, be taken at the same time. The only method which can be used to obtain global data at exactly the same circadian phase angle is to take it from a different diurnal period. This possibility will be examined. The insignificant difference between the distributions of global contro! data from the two experiments (p = 0.2) helps to validate the statistical procedures. However, it is reasonable to question the use of the F test, since the histograms of scores contain several extreme values. This test is used in an exploratory mode, for want of a better method of describing the differences between the two data sets. Suggestions for alternate methods of statistical processing would be most welcome. CONCLUSIONS Two statistical analyses of psi runs carried out with the green alga Dunaliella have been reported. They examine the significance of changes in psi and control perio statistics, derived from strings of velocity data. Taken at face value, the results suggest the rejection of the null hypothesis that there is no psi effect. However, this is the first experiment of this type to be attempted, and the results should be treated with caution until they are substantiated by further research and various alternate statistical treatments. 47 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4 17 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The consistent support of the McDonnell Foundation has enabled this work. We would also like to thank our colleagues at the Princeton School of Engineering and Applied Science for continued inspiration, and many excellent ideas, and Ms. Anju Joglekar, Ms. Lisa Knight, and Mr. Gary Defibaugh for their assistance with the analytical work. 48 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4 in ee
ene » «> Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4 18 REFERENCES 1. Pleass, C. M. and N. Dean Dey. 1985. "Using the Doppler effect to study behavioral responses of motile algae to psi stimulus." Proceedings of the 28th Parapsychologica! Association Convention, August 1985, p. 373-406. Jahn, R. G. and B. J. Dunne. 1984. "On the quantum mechanisms of consciousness with application to anomalous phenomena." Technical Note PEAR 83005.1, Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research, Princeton University, School of Engineering and Applied Science. May, E. C., D. I. Radin, G. S$. Hubbard, and B. S. Humphrey. "Psi experiments with random number generators: an informational model." Idem, p. 235-266. Radin, D. L, E. C. May, and M. J. Thompson. "Psi experiments with random number generators: Meta-analysis Part 1." Idem, p. 199-234. 49 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4 19 Appendix | TARGET SYSTEM AND DATA SECURITY The lab building Chosen to be free from extraneous vibration and electrical noise, the lab is located on a sand dune known as Beach Plum Island, adjacent to the CMS campus at Lewes, Delaware. To access the lab one must cross the Broadkill River in a small boat. There are no other projects ongoing in the lab. The laser room @ The culture of Dunaliella, the laser, and the transmitting and receiving optics are al! mounted on a vibration isolation table in a very heavily insulated room. Quantitative data describing the residual vibrations on the table under the Conditions of the experiment were obtained using an integrating FFT oscilloscope. When compared to similar FFT's of the Doppler shifts from a culture of Dunaliella on the same table (Figure A-1) it is evident that the vibration isolation is effective. @ There are no motors or lights other than the laser in the room with the subject culture. The laser power supply, the tracking electronics and the PC are in the adjacent room. @ The thermal insulation makes the room almost soundproof. Wind noise outside the building is totally imperceptible. The laser tube is a minor heat source, and to ensure a constant temperature at the culture vesse! the room is cooled by water from dedicated wells, circulated through the room and returned to the aquifer under the lab. This avoids the problems of sound, e.m. field, and air turbulence associated with air conditioning. The temperature of the well water may change by 5°C over the year, but no change is detectable over the period of a run. Room temperature is routinely recorded. @ The door to the laser room was barred by a thick sheet of urethane foam insulation, which was pressed into place in the early morning immediately after the culture had been changed. The participant could not remove this without being observed by the experimenter. The participant's room e This adjoins the laser room. The participant may close the door, isolating themselves visually from the experimenter. Until 1986 there were a number of things which a dishonest participant might have tried to do in an attempt to create an artifically high score: 1) Knock (vigorously) on the wall between the two rooms during either the psi or control period. However, this would be clearly audible to the experimenter. 50 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4 en aT 4
ho. ew ccd Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001-4 20 2) "Play" with the knobs on the electronics adjacent to the computer keyboard. This would normally throw the equipment out of lock, causing the data string to terminate. If by some remote chance it did not, the data might show a sudden mean shift. However, the probability of a participant being able to repeat this without losing control is virtually zero. Since the experiment appears to have potential, we have now (1986) placed all the electronics in a giass fronted locked cabinet. 3) “Play't with the computer keyboard. Nothing the participant could do at the keyboard could give them access to the data or cause any change in the evolving data string. Feedback was after the conclusion of the set. The participants @ No participants professed any psychic ability. Some were fram the University community, and some were interested Lewes residents. The male/female mix was approximately even. e Each participant was allowed to study algae swimming in a haemocytometer prior to their set, to help with visualization. This was done in a separate room. None could have predicted changes in algal velocities based on this preview. Only a few alga are visible in the microscope field, and their behavior there will be dominated by the effect of the high intensity white light of the microscope. 51 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CfA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4 Figure A-1 f2nay 09:18 75801 - Vibration on pedestal 52 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200030001 -4 ne ee 7 ~¢