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AU«
SG
T351
..
VICKERS HARDNESS
1300
1300
face
:
iioo L
o
Distance to the marked end
iso
i/tvTj}
FIG.
Hardnesses measured on both faces
of the
light-alloy specimen
11-1,
after
the test.
opposite
faces.
The lengths
of
the modified zones
and the
maximum increases
in hardness
are collected
in Table
III.
Allowing for
the dispersion
(characterized by the standard
deviation,
indicated in parentheses
in the second-last column)
,
these observations
show in completely significant fashion that
modification of the metal had occurred during the
four tests.
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VICKERS HARDNESS
Plate VG
'
.
.
,
.
,
u
ueiure
Hardness at half length
the experiment
+
after
FIG.
Hardness measured on both
faces of the
light-alloy specimen VG,
before and after
the
test.
We
see
that the maximum hardenings observed range
from
6^
(test
4)
to
12%
(test
2)
,
and that they are
8%
on average.
Fpr test
4,
we had made
six Vickers
impressions at half-
length before
the experiment because,
in the preceding tests,
tjie hardening had
always occurred
in this
zone, giving hard-
nesses of
1200
to
1210,
which permits us completely to eliminate
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Table
III
Test
Specimen
Maximum hardness
c
in the modified zone
(MPa)
Initial hardness
Significantly
modified
length
(mm)
End of
plate
Reference
(standard deviation)
11-1
Face
1340
1240
1220
(15)
Face
(R)
1290
1200
1230
(14)
11 -J
Face
1340
1180
1180
(20)
Face
(R)
1310
1190
1200
(21)
11 -H
Face
1420
1290
Face
(R)
1380
1260
VG
Face
(R)
1270
1200
(7)
1210
(15)
Face
1290
1200
(9)
1200
(10)
the hypothesis
of
a pre-existing heterogeneity of hardness.
We should note in passing that this test
is particularly in-
teresting,
since
it was performed in England,
in the laboratory
of Professor
J.
Hasted,
and that the hardnesses were remeasured
"blind"
and confirmed
in
an independent English laboratory
at
the Electrical Research Association.
INTERNAL STRESSES:
Two techniques were used to detect possible differences
in longitudinal residual
stresses
of the modified zones.
The
technique of surface measurement by x-ray diffraction
(sin
ijj
method),
used on specimen
11-1
,
indicated
a large modification
of the longitudinal residual stress on the two opposite
faces
of the modified
zone:
in
fact,
we observed
a residual
stress
of
-80 MPa
on the unmarked face
(slightly concave)
and of +80
MPa on the opposite
fiber
(marked).
At the unmodified ends,
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We found the initial
stress condition which
is normal
for this
njetallurgical state
(T351)
,
i.e.
oR
-
15 MPa.
This point was confirmed by measuring
the relative defor-
mations produced on face
of specimen
11-J by progressive
Chemical shaping of the entire opposite
face
(1)
.
By this
technique
(the Rosenthal-Norton technique)
,
we observed a
large and significant variation of
the gauge situated verti-
cally above the modified zone,
although
a gauge situated on
tjhe same
fiber,
25 mm from the modified
zone,
exhibited normal
behavior similar to that of the two gauges situated on the
Reference .
We
can therefore conclude without ambiguity that
the local modification of hardness
is associated with
a local
modification of the residual stress condition of this
zone.
MICROSTRUCTURE
:
The specimens modified during tests
1 and
2,
together
With the corresponding reference specimens,
were examined by
the transmission electron microscope
(100
kV)
.
Thin laminas
parallel
to the surface
and carefully machined down
to avoid
ajny deformation were sampled at half thickness and on the two
cjpposite
faces of the modified
zone of specimen 11-1
,
and
also
qn the modified surface
zone
(face
2)
of specimen
11-J.
In both
cases,
we observed that the modified zones
ex-
hibited
a characteristic microstructure consisting of
a very
high density of small dislocation loops with diameter of
ca.
2i00 A
(Figures
9a,
10a
and 10b).
At half
thickness,
the
density of
loops was
less,
but was significantly greater than
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Table IV
Sampling
Density of visible
loops
(cm'3
}
Relative density com-
pared with reference
11*1
(reference)
HV =
1240
7.4.10 13
hi
i
face
modified zone
\
HV =
1340
COo
o
11*1
J
face
modified zone
HV =
1290
. 10 13
11-1
half-thickness
. 10 13
in the initial metal sampled
at the end of the specimen and
from
a reference
specimen.
In the case
of specimen
11-1
,
we made
a comparative count
of the
loops which were visible
in the
(110)
section, with
g =
[111]
s
>
0.
After having measured
the respective thick-
nesses of the different laminas, we found the results given
in
Table
IV
(average of
five
fields)
In summary,
we observed that the modifications produced
by
J.
P.
Girard on duralumin plates submitted
to him simul-
taneously involved:
-
a surface hardening on the order of
8%,
localized on the
two faces
of the plates,
over
a length which can attain
40 mm
and
a width
of
to
15 mm;
- modification of
the surface residual
stresses
in the
modified zone;
-
the creation,
in this
zone,
of
a particular micro-
structure,
consisting of
a very high density of small dis-
location loops
(diameter
=
200
A)
;
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It therefore seems that we
can accept the
"abnormal"
Character of these effects,
particularly
if we take the
fol-
lowing observations
into account:
”
for one of
the deformed specimens
(see
"Session of
October
27,
1976"),
the precautions taken
to mark
it and follow
its deformation by tracing successive profiles
are
such as
to
pjrove that there was no substitution.
The very high resist-
ance of this specimen seems sufficient to preclude
any ex-
planation by a purely manual and muscular action;
-
for the other specimen deformed in
a glass tube
(Ses-
sion of March
31,
1976)
,
the described method of operation
sterns to establish that the deformation,
although slight,
is
qtiite distinct and was produced while the specimen was
in
the
tiibe;
-
for the cases of
local transformation of structure, by
martensitic transformation
("Tests on stainless steel in
closed tubes")
or by creation of numerous
small dislocation
lpops
( Local modifications
in hardness of metal plates")
,
the
described precautions
show that substitution did not occur.
The production of these effects
in
a tube
or with
light con-
tact rules
out any "normal"
explanation.
Even
if substitution
haj,d occurred,
it would be necessary to note that we were
com-
pletely unable to reproduce all the physical peculiarities of
thle transformed pieces,
nor could we
conceive
of
any simple
metallurgical operation capable
of doing
so.
Our simulation
tests actually did permit us
to reproduce
the new structural
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elements produced during
the tests with J.
P.
Girard.
By com-
bining several
of these actions
of simulation in complex
fashion
(incidentally,
such actions would have
left marks on
the
specimen)
,
we would perhaps be able
to simulate the
local
texture
and arrangement of these structural elements, but we
would produce much larger variations
in dimensions
than those
observed, which are very slight or
zero.
The localized char-
acter of these transformations
is surprising.
These experiments make up part of
a group of much more
numerous
tests,
which we have screened and subjected to pro-
longed critical study under the conditions described in the
introduction.
Within this group, we also had tests in which
nothing happened,
and others
in which we clearly observed
muscular efforts,
in addition to effects which were positively
" abnormal"
.
It
is just
as well
to emphasize that the observed effects
exhibit
a certain reproducibility:
the deformations of bars
were produced many times,
the
local martensitic transformations
twice,
and the
local hardenings
four
times.
The last of these
four tests,
performed in the laboratory of Professor Hasted,
is the most significant,
since
it involved
a measurement of
the hardness before the test
in the
zone where hardening was
subsequently produced,
and because the increase
in hardness
was verified in two independent laboratories,
of which one
English laboratory was working "blind".
In no one
of these
tests did J.
P.
Girard produce unknown
structures.
The structural modifications observed
are similar
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to those produced by certain types of deformations.
Their
djistribution is normal
in the
case of simple bending,
but
abnormal in the transformations without deformation or with
slight deformation.
If these effects had been produced by application of
forces,
the work
to be expended in the
case
of the largest
sjpecimen would have attained around
J.
The corresponding
enthalpy increase would be
to
J.
In this
article,
we by no means
intend to impose our
conclusions
as complete scientific truths.
However, we be-
lieved that it was our obligation objectively
to describe the
conditions and the results
of
these, experiences.
We have not
fpund an explanation
for the observed effects,
either in
modern physics or in possible fakeries.
Perhaps someone else
I
.
.
;
will be
able
to conceive
of such an explanation.
REGARDING THE ARTICLE OF CH .
CRUSSARD AND
J.
EOUVAIST
The above article was written following experiments re-
vealing the abnormal behavior
of metals
or alloys
in
the pres-
ence
of
J.
P.
Girard.
I
can assure
that these experiments
were performed with great scientific rigor,
such as
to elimin-
ate trickery as much as possible.
However,
several of these
experiments are not convincing,
since
the possibility of
fakery always remains.
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Many phenomena are rejected by the learned world because
they are regarded as irrational.
However,
it does not prove
scientific honesty to refuse
a priori
to try and observe these
phenomena and monitor them in isolation,
in the search
for
truth
.
Several scientific personalities did not hesitate to
participate
in the experiments of
J.
P.
Girard,
simply to
"see"
them objectively.
I personally had this opportunity,
and
I have sometimes been troubled by these experiments which,
as one
of us has
said,
put us physicists
in
a very uncomfort-
able situation.
•
Of all these experiments,
most of which were recorded on
film,
with
a considerable luxury
of' controls,
only those which
form the subject of this article were kept by
C.
Crussard and
J.
Bouvaist.
Until proof to the contrary,
it has not been
possible to give
a rational explanation of the transformations
observed and described — although naturally this does not
mean that such an explanation will not be
found
in the future.
It appeared interesting to the authors of the article to
publish their observations,
knowing well that they would be
faced with fairly general scepticism — but their decision
should be regarded
as
no more than the desire
to obtain infor-
mation on phenomena which are obviously inexplicable
at the
present state of our knowledge.
For my own part,
I
agreed
to
add these
few lines — having
had the opportunity to follow these experiments quite
closely
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7" simply to give my guarantee
of
the scientific rigor with
y/hich they were carried
out by the
authors.
Too many
factors
are still undetermined
for it to be possible
to give
a valid
interpretation of the
results.
J.
J.
Trillat,
Member
of
the Academy of Sciences.
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