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DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
CONTROLLED
OFFENSIVE BEHAVIOR
- USSR
(U)*
PREPARED BY
U.S. ARMY
OFFICE OF THE SURGEON GENERAL
MEDICAL INTELLIGENCE OFFICE
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CONTROLLED OFFENSIVE BEHAVIOR - USSR
(U)
AUTHOR
JOHN D. LaMOTHE
CAPTAIN, MEDICAL SERVICE CORPS
SHORT TITLE
ST-CS-01-169-72
DIA TASK NUMBER
T72-01-14
DATE OF PUBLICATION
July 1972
Information Cut-off Date
31 January 1972
WAKN1NG
*is document contains
information affecting the National Defense of
® United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title 18
“: C‘’
Sections
793 and
794.
Its transmission or the revelation of ’its
on tents
in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
This
is
a Department of Defense Intelligence Document prepared by the
Medical InteHigence Office, Office of The Surgeon General, Department
Intel
^
d^aPPn°r
d by the Directorate for Scientific and Technical
^ eH^-8ence of the Defense Intelligence Agency.
Classified by Chief, MIO, OTSG
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PREFACE
(S/NFD)
This report summarizes
the information available on Soviet
research on human vulnerability as
it relates to incapacitating
individuals or small
groups.
The information contained in this
study
is
a review and evaluation of Soviet research in the field of
revolutionary methods of influencing human behavior and is intended
as an aid in the development of countermeasures for the protection
of US or allied personnel.
Due to the nature of the Soviet research
in the area of reorientation or incapacitation of human behavior,
this report emphasizes the individual
as opposed to groups
.
(U)
It is not within the realm of this
report to make an in—depth
study of research and utilization of the multitudinous aspects of
psychology and psychiatry.
It
is strongly suggested that these
subjects,
and the military use thereof,
should be established as
separate studies.
The importance of basic and applied research in
these areas should not be overlooked.
(U)
The information reported covers
the period from 1874-1972 and
has been drawn from scientific, medical and military journals, intel-
ligence reports, magazines, news
items, books,
conferences,
and other
reports
as referenced.
The information cut-off date for this report
was
31 January 1972.
(U)
The author of this study is Captain John D.
LaMothe, Medical
Intelligence Office, Office of The Surgeon General, Department of
the Army, Washington,
DC
20314.
Constructive
criticism,
comment
and suggested changes are invited from readers.
These should be sent
to the author through the Defense Intelligence Agency,
ATTN:
DT-1A,
Washington,
DC
20301.
iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Preface
iii
Summary
PART
I
- INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR MANIPULATION
SECTION
I - Background
SECTION II - Current Events
—
—
Part A - Events in Northern Ireland —
Part B
- Events in the Soviet Union
Part
C - Soviet Response to Events in the USSR
SECTION III - Soviet Psychology and Psychiatry
Part A - A General Review
Part
B - Soviet Military Psychology
Part
C - Soviet Use of Psychology for Behavior Manipulation -
SECTION IV - Psychological Phenomena/Psychological Weapons
Part A - Temperature
Part B — Atmospheric Conditions
Part
C - Olfactory Phenomena
Part D - Light
Part
E
- Sound
Part
F - Electromagnetic Energy
Part G - Deprivation
PART
II
- PARAPSYCHOLOGY
IN THE SOVIET UNION
SECTION
I
- Background
SECTION
II - Significance of Parapsychology in the .USSR
SECTION
III - The Apport Technique
SECTION
IV — ESP and Psychokinesis
SECTION V
- Summary and Military Implications
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PART
III
- MENTAL SUGGESTION AND CONTROLLED BEHAVIOR
SECTION
I - Hypnosis
Part A - The Use
of Hypnosis
in Medicine
- USSR —
Part B
- Hypnosis
and Controlled Behavior
P®tt
C — Artificial Reincarnation Through Hypnosis
Part D - Telepathic Hypnosis
SECTION
II
- Conditioning Through Suggestion
Part A - Hypnopedia
Part
B
- Subliminal Perception
--
Part
C - Suggestology
PART
IV - PROPAGANDA AND MASS MEDIA
PART V - PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
IN THE USSR
SECTION
I - General
SECTION
II - Main Psychotropic Substances
- USSR
SECTION III
- Psycho-Warfare Agents
Part A - Diethylamide Lysergic Acid
(LSD)
and Psilocybin
Part
B
- Piperidyl Benzilate and Piperidyl Glycolate
Part
C - Countermeasures
SECTION IV - Current Research Interest
in Psychopharmacology
-
USSR
——
Part A -
Bioaraine Research
_
Part
B - Other Areas
of Soviet Research
in Psychopharmacology
PART VI
- LIGHT AND COLOR AS A MEANS OF ALTERING HUMAN BEHAVIQP
-
SECTION
I
- Psycho-Optics
Part A - Background
Part B
- Soviet Research
in Photic-Flicker
SECTION
II
- Color and Light
SECTION
III
- Concluding Remarks
and Countermen
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Page Wo.
PART VII - ODOR AND THE ALTERING OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
SECTION
I - Background
SECTION II - Behavioral Altering Possibilities —
PART VIII - SOUND AS A MEANS OF ALTERING BEHAVIOR
SECTION
I
- General
SECTION II - Infrasonic Noise
SECTION III - Sonic Noise
*
SECTION IV - Ultrasonic Noise —
SECTION V - Conclusion
PART IX - SENSORY DEPRIVATION
101
PART X - ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECTS
—
107
APPENDIX I - PERSONNEL AND INSTITUTES
113
Current Events
113
Part A - Affiliation Known
113
Part B - Affilitation Unknown
114
Part
C - Important Institutes
- No Personalities Available —
114
Soviet Psychology and Psychiatry - Research
114
Part A - Affiliation Known
114
Part B - Affiliation Unknown
116
Parapsychology - USSR
116
Part A - Affiliation Known
—
116
Part B - Affiliation Unknown
(1972)
118
Mental Suggestion and Controlled Behavior
118
Part A - Affiliation Known
118
Part B - Affiliation Unknown
119
Psychopharmacology
in the USSR
119
Affiliation Known
—
119
vii
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Page No
.
LIST OF TABLES
Table
I - Soviet Instruction Courses
- Psychiatric
Specialization
Table
II
- Soviet Psychiatrists
- Comparison 1962 and 1967
Table III
- Basic Types
of Biocommunication Phenomena
Table IV - Relation of Psychoactive Drugs
to Amine Activity —
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SUMMARY
(S/NFD)
Controlled offensive behavior as defined within the scope
of this
report includes Soviet research on human vulnerability as
it applies to methods of influencing or altering human behavior*
There
is
an ever increasing amount of information emanating from
the USSR
(samizdat or underground press)
that suggests
that certain
authoritarian institutions in the USSR are engaged in the practice
of
"mental reorientation” of numerous individuals who are classed
as political dissenters.
The "mental reorientation”
is being accom-
plished through various means
including confinement
,
isolation and
psychopharmaceutical administration*
This treatment of so-called
insane individuals
is causing alarm among an international
cross
sec-
tion of psychiatrists.
The literature contains sufficient data on
human mental manipulation and,
therefore, warrants surveillance by
interested parties.
It
appears that the USSR stresses physical and
medical "treatment” of
its political detainees under the guise of
psychiatric-care rehabilitation.
(S/NFD)
The Soviet Union
is well
aware
of the benefits and applications
of parapsychology research.
The term parapsychology denotes
a multi-
disciplinary field consisting of the sciences
of bionics, biophysics,
psychophysics,
psychology,
physiology and neuropsychiatry*
Many
scientists,
US
and Soviet,
feel that parapsychology
can be harnessed
to
create conditions where one
can alter or manipulate the minds of
others.
The major impetus behind the Soviet drive
to harness the
possible capabilities
of telepathic communication,
telekinetics,
and
bionics
are said to
come from the Soviet military
and
the KGB.
Today,
it
is
reported that
the USSR has
twenty or more centers
for the study
of parapsychological phenomena, with
an annual budget estimated
at
21 million dollars.
Parapsychological research in the USSR began
in the 1920s
and has
continued to the present.
Based on their
"head
start” and financial support,
it could be concluded that
Soviet
knowledge
in this
field
is superior to that of the US.
(S/NFD)
Methods
for controlling behavior of the human being are
numerous.
Not
all
of
the possibilities were included
in this
report,
but
an attempt was made to elaborate on those areas where there
is
intensive research by the USSR,
The use of sound,
light
and color,
or odors have been determined to be possible means
for Soviet exploi-
tation
in order to alter human behavior.
In the area of color and
lights,
usually in
a flickering mode,
there have been reports
of
actual "trials” by
the
Soviets
(Air Force and Navy)
on US or allied
personnel.
The Soviets have shown an in-depth knowledge in the effects
of sound and light on biological systems.
It appears
that with their
xi
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knowledge,
it would be
a rather simple procedure to make the transfor-
mation
(from scientific research to the applications phase).
The area
of pheromone research has interested the
Soviets; however,
their data
is sketchy and
it
is conceivable that they are not yet aware of the
tremendous potentials
that
these substances provide
for causing human
behavioral
changes.
It
is
also
a possibility that
the USSR has realized
the military benefits
and are not publishing or conversing about their
research and development efforts concerning pheromone synthesis and
uses
.
xii
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PART
I
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR MANIPULATION
SECTION
I - BACKGROUND
1.
(S/NFD)
Methods
for manipulating or influencing the human mind
exist and are being thoroughly researched by members of the Soviet
scientific community.
For background and introductory information
it would be best if some of these methods were briefly mentioned.
*
Techniques studied by the Soviets
include biochemicals,
sound,
light,
color, odors,
sensory deprivation,
sleep,
electronic and magnetic
fields, hypnosis,
autosuggestion,
and paranormal phenomena
(psycho-
kinesis,
extrasensory perception,
astral projection, dream state,
clairvoyance,
and precognition).
Paranormal phenomena have caused great
excitement
in recent years
in the Soviet Union;
so much so,
that
it
has been reported
(1)
that
the Soviets had 20 or more centers in
1967 for the study
of this area.
It was also reported that the
annual budget for 1967 for paranormal research was approximately
$20 million.
2.
(S/NFD)
The purpose of mind altering techniques
is
to create
one or more of several different possible states in the conscious
or unconscious area of the brain.
The ultimate goal of controlled
offensive behavior might well be the total submission of one's
will to some outside force.
It
is more realistic
to assume that
lesser degrees of mental aberration would be the purpose of Soviet
research
in this
field.
Some
areas
of human mind manipulation
that,
apply
to this report are morale lowering,
confusion,
anxiety,
loss
of confidence,
loss
of self reliance,
fatigue,
persuasion,
disruption of social cohesion,
or complete
incapacitation.
Since
the desired end product
of
this type of research
is some
change
in the human mind,
only
the non—lethal aspects
are discussed
in this
report.
It should be remembered, however,
that some
techniques have lethal thresholds
.
3.
(S/NFD)
The purpose of this study
is
to portray the Soviet
research
in mind manipulation and its possible use on US or allied
individuals
(e.g.
PW’s)
or troops.
Controlled offensive behavior,
however, has other connotations.
Certain methods of altering
mental or physical states of man may have application on one’s
own individuals.
The apport technique
and astral projection are
examples which will be discussed in this report
.
These two methods
allow the enemy
to impart
certain behavioral characteristics
on
its
own people to the detriment of US or allied personnel or missions.
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1972
SECTION
II
- CURRENT EVENTS
PART A
- Events
in Northern Ireland
1.
(C)
The
following discussion
is based on 1971 and 1972
literature
dealing with
the manipulation of human behavior.
The events "that
have been reported to have occurred are not Soviet originated but
provide
an excellent example of
the type of efforts
that
this
report
is
expressing.
2.
(U)
Recently
there has
appeared in the press
some discussion
elaborating on the techniques
and procedures
for detaining,
treating,
and interrogating prisoners
in Northern Ireland
(2
, 3)
.
According
to
the
report,
once
the detainees
are
in prison,
they come under
three
types
of
regime which
create
in men
a state of great
confusion,
suggestibility,
and distress.
The first
regime contained various
methods
to produce sensory
isolation.
The men were made
to stand
still against
a wall with their hands
in the air for four
to six
hours
at
a time.
The total length was
1/2 hours.
Hoods were
placed over the men’s heads
to
further abolish visual
input.
Sensory
input was
further decreased by having loud noise
generators
turned on
in order
to mask meaningful sounds.
The detainees were,
therefore,
isolated from their sensory world.
3.
(U)
The second sensory
regime has
the effect
of increasing
confusion and disorientation.
Some men were
rushed out, hooded
and doubled
up,
past barking dogs,
loaded into
a helicopter,
doors
closed,
engine revved up,
then unloaded,
then reloaded, with
the
procedure repeated three
times.
In another incident,
detainees
without shoes were made
to move quickly over rough ground by
military police.
4.
(U)
The third type
of treatment has
the effect
of
increasing
stress
and anxiefy and reducing resistance
to
the disorienting
effect
on
the
two
types
described above.
It
appears
that
dietary
intake was
restricted
to bread
and water
at
six hour
intervals.
Maximum weight
loss was
achieved
it
appears.
One detainee lost
eight pounds
in seven
days.
To accompany
the
diet
restrictions,
no sleep was allowed
the
first
two or three
days.
Forty-eight
hours
sleep
deprivation,
in
certain individuals,
has been known
to precipitate psychotic-like states.
5.
(U)
Psychological
torture
and physical abuse has been used
on Catholic detainees
in Northern
Ireland.
High-frequency sound
waves
(range not
given
in
report)
and sensory deprivation - research
methods
that have been outlawed
for use
on humans by
the American
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Psychological Association
» were being used
to undermine the
dignity and destroy
the effectiveness
of the Catholic minority
of Northern Ireland.
The case of one 40-year old released
prisoner has been reported.
Upon release,
the man’s mental and
physical condition suggested senility
- a condition inconsistent
with his health
at
the time of his
internment.
The man walks
like he
is
65, whimpers
In the dark and has
an attention span so
short he cannot
carry on
a conversation.
6.
(U)
The Northern Ireland procedure
can be expected to greatly
increase
the pliability
of detainees under interrogation since
sensory deprivation increases suggestability and lowers
intellectual
competence.
Stress-isolation techniques
can reach the extent of
eliciting false
confessions where both prisoner and interrogator
are convinced the statements
rendered are true.
It
is hoped
that
the above examples
impart
to the reader a feeling for the
type of mind manipulating procedures
that will be discussed later
in this
report.
7.
(U)
Since
it appears
that the research behind sensory deprivation
has been put
to current use on humans,
the interested reader might
peruse Biderman
and Zimmer’s
1961 publication entitled "The Manipulation
of Human Behavior"
(4),
The book represents
a critical examination
of
some of the
conjectures
about the application of scientific
knowledge
to manipulation of human behavior.
The problem is explored
within
a particular frame
of reference:
the interrogation of an
unwilling subject.
Attention has been focused on interrogation
because of
the
central position this
topic has had in public
discussions
of prisoner of war
(PW)
behavior.
PART
B
- Events
in
the Soviet Union
1.
(C)
The use
of psychiatric detention
to silence political
dissenters
appears
to be
a method being utilized by the Soviet
Union.
There
is extensive documention from "samizdat"
(self-
published)
sources
in the Soviet Union,
notably "A Question of
Madness" by Soviet
geneticist Zhores Medvedev,
excerpts
from
which were published
in the Sunday New York Times Magazine of
November
7,
1971
(5).
British Sovietologist Peter Reddaway asserts
that
the number of such political detainees
in the USSR has
grown
sharply
In the
last
two years,
perhaps
to several hundred
(6).
Peter Reddaway
has published several articles
that
give brief
accounts
of several political detainees
as well
as publishing
letters
received from the Soviet underground
(7,8,9).
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2.
(C/NFD)
On the
surface,
the
fact
that
the Soviet Union has
been subjecting political dissenters
to psychiatric institutions
may not appear relevant
to this report.
However,
as one probes
into
this
area, he discovers
that
the medical and physical treatment
of these prisoners borders on
the subject
of controlled offensive
behavior.
Since
the techniques
are reportedly being applied to
Soviet citizens,
it
is simple enough,
as
the researchers gain
knowledge and expertise
in this
area,
to assume that alien personnel
could someday be subjected
to it
as well.
3.
(U)
From the many reports,
some coming from the
Soviet Union
underground press,
the article
that best relates some of the
medical and physical treatment to political detainees
is
discussed
below
(10).
The article was written about Vladimir Bukovsky who
is
frequently quoted in the feature story.
Bukovsky has
spent
six of his
27 years
in Soviet prisons,
asylums and labor camps.
(On January
5,
1972,
Bukovsky was sentenced
to
a 12-year confinement
to include prison,
hard labor camp,
and internal exile.)
In
1962,
Bukovsky organized an illegal exhibition of paintings by abstract
artists not approved by state
censors.
In May 1963,
Bukovsky was
arrested by the KGB.
He was
declared insane by the Serbsky Psychiatric
Institute.
That December, he was transferred to a prison asylum
in Leningrad
(name not mentioned) where he spent,
in his own words
,
"15 months
of hell."
"There were about 1,000 men in the asylum,
political prisoners
and insane murderers,"
says Bukovsky.
"The sick
raved,
the healthy suffered."
Doctors were technically in charge
of
the inmates,
but
the real masters were brutal turnkeys
and
prisoner trustees.
"Only
the
crafty survived, you had to be nice
to
the guards....
you had
to bribe
them.
Otherwise,
they can
beat you until you are nearly dead and tell the doctors you mis-
behaved.
Or they could recommend medical punishment."
4.
(U)
The worst,
according
to Bukovsky, was medical punishment.
The three methods
of medical punishment known to Bukovsky are
described
as
follows:
,
a.
On
the recommendation of
a trustee or turnkey,
doctors
would inject
a drug
(not mentioned)
that produced severe stomach
cramps,
fever,
intense pain,
and
a temperature
of
104.
The sickness
lasted two or three
days
and
left
the inmate very weak.
b.
Another drug reserved for serious misbehavior induced
sleep
and dulled
the brain.
Inmates were punished with ten days
of daily injections.
They woke up
as human vegetables.
Some
regained their senses after two months,
others did not.
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c.
The third punishment was
the canvas bandage.
An inmate
would be tightly swathed in wet canvas from neck to toes while
others in his ward were forced to watch.
"The canvas shrinks
as
it dries.
It is not
a pretty sight.
They usually only
do it
for two or three hours.
A nurse is always in attendance, and the
bandages are loosened when the pulse grows weak."
5.
(U)
A thousand-word telegram by Andrei
D.
Sakhaiov to Colonel
Nikolai
A.
Shchelokov, Minister of the Interior,
relates
further
information on the use of drugs
to alter mental behavior
(11)
.
Sakhaiov,
a physicist and civil-rights champion, charged that a
violation of human
rights
and medical ethics
is occurring in the
Soviet Union.
The contention
is
that
drugs
are being administered
forcibly
to inmates
in an effort
to have them change their political
beliefs.
In addition,
some prisoners are threatened with the possible
use
of electrical-shock "therapy."
According to Sakhaiov, medicine,
one of
the most humane of the professions,
is
thus being turned
into
a servile handmaiden of the regimes correction agencies
.
It
is
further reported that with the help of medicine,
an attempt
is being made
to make people literally lose their minds by chemical
and physical means
if they refuse to adapt their mind to the
standards
of
the
regime.
6.
(U)
One of the
few references
that mention a drug by name
is
a London Times
feature by Richard Preston
(12).
In several
cases,
Soviet authorities
forced political prisoners
to submit
to
the
use of mind-bending drugs, specifically aminazine and
haloperidol.
Aminazine
is
the Soviet brand of a phenothiazine
derivative known as chlorpromazine.
Haloperidol
is
a butyrophenone.
Both drugs
are in the tranquilizer class of therapeutic agents.
An excellent
discussion
on both of these drugs has been prepared
by Goodman and Gilman
(13).
7.
(U)
Information on
the plight of political prisoners
in mental
wards
and other examples
of internal Soviet repression
is contained
ia Issue
18 of
A Chronicle of Current Events •"
The chronicle
has
just passed its
third anniversary despite the increasing
efforts
of the KGB
to shut down this underground publication.
The
last issue discusses
the case of Vasily
I.
Chernyshov who
was arrested in March of 1970.
The chronicle quotes Chernyshov
"I am terribly afraid of torture.
But there is an even worse
torture - meddling with my brain with chemical substances.
I
have now been informed of the decision that
I shall be given
treatment.
Farewell!"
Chernyshov's
compulsory "treatment" was
prescribed after only a five minute interview with the authorities.
The concluding statement from the panel of doctors was,
"The main
thing for us
is
that you shouldn't think at all."
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1972
8.
(U)
A document
that
contains
several
case histories of political
detainees has been prepared by Abraham Brumberg
(14)*
The article
summarizes
the procedure
that
is used
in the Soviet Union from arrest
to
confession.
According
to
the
report,
the KGB performs
the search,
arrest,
and initial investigation.
The medical
"experts'
1 cooperate
in furnishing bogus
diagnoses
and the
court confirms
the findings
of
the doctors.
The victim
is
then sent off
to
a prison asylum
to
languish until
"cured"
(which
in most
cases
consists of the patient’s
confession that he
is indeed guilty of some form of mental aberration)
.
.
(U)
The legal procedures involved
in detaining an "undesirable"
have been drastically reduced by
the
"1961 Directives"
(15).
V.N.
Chalidze
(16),
in
an underground document,
explains how the "1961
Directives" allow for the immediate detention of
a sane individual
who
is not
a criminal
in the legal
sense.
Chalidze sums
up his
argument by noting that
the viciousness
of
the present-day practice,
not based on the
law,
of psychiatric preventive measures
is
due
to
the
absence of any public means
of defense
for the patient.
The
"1961 Directives" are included in this
report
in Appendix IV.
10.
(U)
The office
that prepared this
study has
copies
of various
reports
from the Soviet Union
that
deal with some
of the more
celebrated political detainees.
There
are three reports available
that
illustrate the forensic-psychiatric examinations
of
I.
A.
Yakhimovich.
Two
of these documents
list
the names of the psy-
chiatric teams
that
carried out
the examination
(17-19).
By
reading
these
reports,
one can trace
the
fate
of Yakhimovich
up
to early
1970.
No
further reports were available so
the ultimate
fate
of
the individual
is unknown.
B
11.
Cu)
A report
is available on
A.
Volpln
(20)
that was apparently
prepared by the individual while
in detention.
There have been
several
cases where these documents have been "smuggled" out of
the
asylum.
An outpatient
report
on V.E.
Borosov is
available
(21).
This report
condemns Borosov to compulsory psychiatric treatment.
Reports are available on the plight of N.E.
Gorbanevskaya
(22,23)
as well
as
several
letters
that
she wrote while interned
(24).
An appeal
for human
rights written by V,
Fainberg while he was
incarcerated
is
on
file
(25)
as well
as
documents relating to
the sanity proceedings
for General
P.G.
Grigorenko
(26-28).
12.
(U)
The possible use
of drugs by
Soviet psychiatrists
in
order
to manipulate behavior
can be emphasized by an account
from Vladimir Gershuni,
a Soviet
idealist.
The event
that
follows occurred
at
the Oryol Hospital which
is
some 170 miles
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southwest of Moscow.
Mr.
Gershuni
gives
a description of the
conditions in which mental patients
(both genuine and political)
are held.
"Eight people to a 16 or 17 meter cell.
.
.
.
(Comment:
This seems large enough for eight people if figure is correct.)
There
is no room to move.
One
is allowed to go along the corridor, but
only if it's absolutely necessary - to the toilet, or to get some
food from the nurse. ...
The toilet
is a cesspit:
four holes
in the ground and two taps for 54 people.
.
.
.
From
7 to 8:30
in the evening we're allowed to use the dining room for writing
letters, or to play dominoes and chess.
The bedlam is indescrib-
able.
Mr.
Gershtaii talks about
the use of drugs, one of which
is aminazlne,
a powerful substance,
administered orally or by
intramuscular injections, which causes depressive shock reactions
frequently malignant tumors .
Sometimes drugs are given as
a form of punishment.
"Any phrase spoken incautiously to a doctor
or nurse can serve
as a pretext for a series of aminazine injections.
Sometimes
these injections are prescribed without any pretext,
simply because of some doctor’s whim
.
.
. without any medical
examination.
.
.
.
This medicine makes me feel more horrible
than anything I've ever experienced before; you no sooner lie
down than you want to get up, you no sooner take
a step than
you re longing to sit
down,
and if you sit down, you want to walk
again - and there's nowhere to walk."
Mr.
Gershuni finishes
his account by describing the
fate of
a young man, once brilliantly
^alive and alert," who as a result of repeated doses of aminazine,
"and God only knows what else," had been reduced to a vegetable:
"his head on one side, his speech languid and indistinct,
his eyes
glazed."
"He was thus," concludes Mr.
Gershuni,
"cancelled out for
five whole months.
Hail to Soviet
'special psychiatry'!
I kiss
you all."
13.
(C)
To belabor this subject of political detention
is not
the intention of this section.
However,
it
is believed to be
of sufficient importance that this much material had to be presented.
It
is difficult
to judge
the overall validity of much of the ref-
erenced material because of its source
(primarily samizdat and
letters), but
if true,
it bears watching and possible investigation
for future developments.
Portions of this material contain
sufficient data on human mental manipulation and therefore warrants
surveilance by interested agencies.
From the information available
at
this time,
it appears that
the Soviet Union stresses physical
and medical
treatment"
of its political detainees under the
guise of psychiatric-care rehabilitation.
No data is available
on the use of sound,
lights,
or hypnosis
as methods of obtaining
confessions
or reorientating the beliefs of these prisoners
.
For a listing of personnel and institutes involved in political-
psychiatric care,
see Appendix
I.
Many personalities involved
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in the maltreatment
of detainees
are not
listed but
can be
found
in
the
references
listed.
An attempt was made to
list only the
top professional personnel.
PART
C
- Soviet Response
to Events
in the USSR
1.
(U)
The Soviet government,
quite naturally, has
denied the
charges made in
the USSR and abroad that mentally stable persons
were being detained
in psychiatric hospitals because
of dissident
activities.
The Soviet authorities had said little about the
accusations
until
an article written by
S.P.
Pisarev was
obtained by Western sources
from the Soviet underground
(30).
Pisarev,
69, member of the
Soviet
Communist party since 1918'
and minor party official,
in 1970 directed
a letter to the Soviet
Academy of Medical Sciences protesting the Soviet police practice
of sending political prisoners
to "psychiatric institutions" such
as
the infamous
Serbsky Institute
in Moscow.
2.
(U)
Disputing the
type of charge mentioned by Pisarev,
Soviet
authorities
contended persons
remanded by
a legal psychiatric
commission
to special mental institutions were those "who committed
socially dangerous
acts while not responsible for their actions or
became ill during
a pretrial investigation,
during actual court
proceedings
or after the passing of sentence."
According to
the Soviet government,
such cases
are reviewed every six months
and committed persons
are released if sufficient improvement
is
found in their mental health
(31).
3.
(U)
A. V.
Snezhnevskiy
(32), USSR Academy of Medical Sciences
academician and director of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences
Psychiatric Institute says:
Yes,
I,
too, have read these absurd reports
that
in
the USSR healthy people
are put into psychiatric
hospitals.
Like
all
my' colleagues,
I cannot
express
my feelings
of profound indignation
at
this wild fan-
tasy.
Soviet psychiatrists
-
a detachment of Soviet
medical workers
consisting
of many thousands
- do not
of
course,
need to be defended from insulting attacks’
of this
sort.
In our country and abroad
fame
and
deserved authority
are enjoyed by such psychiatrists
as
A.D.
Zurabasvili ,
V.M.
Morozov
.
.
.
. " etc.
(Snezhnevskiy mentions eight other psychiatrists).
Snezhnevskiy continues
US mission that
toured
says
in
its
conclusion
his
argument by listing the members of a
Soviet psychiatric facilities.
The mission
•
•
.
.
"It appears
that
the Soviets
are leading."
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The US guests stressed the high degree of effectiveness of the
Soviet psychiatric first aid centers,
and the better quality of
their staffs compared with US centers.
The US delegation did
visit the Serbsky Institute.
As
for compulsory treatment,
the
mission stated ....
"it is possible that people who need
treatment should be compulsorily hospitalized for their own good."
4.
(U)
Snezhnevskiy,
in another document
(33),
said that when
mentioning
’brainwashing" many absurd allegations have been made,
such as
the talk of injecting a substance which paralyzes
a person's
will.
Snezhnevskiy contends that "brainwashing," from a scientific
point of view,
is
absurd.
He further believes that the people
dedicated to this sort of propaganda have very few scruples and
irect the propaganda to laymen who know nothing about medicine.
S
tS
^
Vif
?S yltb Snezhnevskiy and Lebeden, chief of psychiatry at
miru
h°if
tal ln Leningrad » were obtained just prior to
the Fifth World Psychiatric Congress in Mexico City which was
held in early December 1971
(34).
5.
(U)
The literature from Soviet authorities denying the mal-
treatment of detainees or other charges does not mention any of
the more celebrated prisoners with the exception of Zhores Medvedev
who was released after a very short stay.
One can draw some obvious
n
a
u
6d
,°n the avoidance of such personalities
as Gershuni,
a
l ’A r
7 ’
Fainberg,
and Borisov in the Soviet statements!
The issue of inhumane treatment
is usually responded to with the
Platitudes and counter-propaganda.
If the Soviets have
co“ceal >
then it would seem that one could expect more
^
f
^
C
j
and concrete responses
as
to the actual situation in
political detention and behavior manipulation with drugs.
SECTION III - SOVIET PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY
PART A - A General Review
1.
(C/CD/NDA)
The past fifteen years have witnessed
a definite
cceieration of growth
in Soviet psychology
(35).
It has been observed
by some American psychologists
that
an upward trend
in the quality and
y
Re.«srH
pu
?
iish
<
d research teg“
hr
d
Here emoWd ^Hrh^T
17T
ed -
o*P«i«n tal controls
d
h
level of sophistication
in laboratory techniques
“
'
nsvchoT '’"“r
? 15’-
"« P«Pl« are entering^nto the’
factor of 2
3 ^4
,
lncre“e h “a been
(1966)
as much
as
a
or of 2,3, or 4
(36).
According to this source
(36), Soviet
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psychology
is
in
a growth stage which appears
to have sprung up
coincident
to
the man-in-space program.
Contrary to the reference
above
(36)
,
this source
(36) believes
that despite the growth and
acceptance by
the
Soviet scientific community,
the Soviets are merely
duplicating or extending
to some degree
the research that
is
already
known.
In the opinion of this source,
there
is
definitely
a tie-in
between the Soviet engineers,
psychiatrists and psychologists.
It must
be
remembered
that
the Soviets
are presently
in a growth stage
and,
therefore,
are merely making their investments
at
this
time.
According
to this
source,
once they have
reached the level off period then this
coordination of tne disciplines will pay off handsomely
in returns
to
the Soviet psychological society.
The source believes
that
in the area
of human engineering the Soviets
are moving very rapidly and
at
least in
many respects are close
to
US
levels.
In behavior studies,
the Soviets
are
stagnant.
They lean
too heavily on the conditional
response approach
of Pavlov.
In the neurosensory areas,
source believes
that
the Soviets
are
considerably behind the
US
and accept
the US
as
the
leader in this
field.
2.
(C/CD/NDA)
According
to
one report,
there
is apparently
classified psychological research work going on
in the area
of cyber-
netics.
One area that
surveillance would appear fruitful
is
Soviet
research
in
the area of artificial intelligence.
This
report
contains
a substantial number of institutes
and personalities which
is reflected
in Appendix
I
(37).
3.
(U)
It
is
concluded that,
in spite of their ideological
resistance
to theoretical psychology,
Soviet behavior scientists
share
a distinguished experimental tradition and possess
the ability
to incorporate
and combine
the principles of biocybemetics , physiology
earning,
memory,
and transfer under a common group of laws
(38).
4.
(U)
The
following brief discussion of Soviet psychiatry
is
based primarily upon
a report by Persic
(39).
The
report
contains
a brief history of psychiatry
in
the
Soviet Union followed by
a
section
that
relates
to
the scientific
and investigative work in
psyc iatry.
Also included
is
a section on
the organization of
psychiatric
care including statistics
on
the number of patients
beds,
and medical personnel
in
the Soviet Union.
5.
(U)
According
to Persic
there
are 94 medical institutes
and
a greater number of medical
research institutes.
The following
research institutes
in psychiatry exist
in Moscow:
the Psychiatric
Institute
at
the Academy
of Science;
the Psychiatric Institute
at
ne Ministry
of Health
for the Russian Federation,
and the Institute
for Forensic Psychiatry
at
the
Institute of the Ministry of Health
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of the USSR (Serbsky Institute).
The research institutes are either
of a general type or of a specialized type which study certain
mental diseases
e.g.
schizophrenia,
epilepsy, or alcoholism.
The
psychiatric research institutes have similar organizational schemes:
clinical departments, laboratories, and methodics departments.
The Psychiatric Institute of the Academy of Sciences in Moscow
is the post-graduate school for psychiatrists.
At the Institute
for Forensic Psychiatry in Moscow
(Serbsky)
are clinics for schizo-
phrenia, psychoorganic disorders,
and alcoholism.
(Naturally
there is no discussion in this report of some of the more infamous
areas of the Serbsky Institute
.
)
6.
(U)
The task of psychiatric institutes
is
to deal with the
educational matters of students,
and physicians specializing in
psychiatry.
This work is conducted in the form of seminars and
in the form of continuous education.
The psychiatric research
institutes
are connected with psychiatric hospitals, departments
and dispensaries
in advancing psychiatric work and the organizing
of psychiatric service.
Great attention
is devoted to health
education
in the USSR.
A great network of institutions devoted
to health instruction exist.
They are affiliated with many groups
which dispense health advice.
Included in the general health
education is also education concerning mental health.
There are
360 health institutes
in the USSR which are devoted to teaching
health.
The Central Institute
for Health Education in Moscow
is engaged
in research
in the field of health education, education
of experts,
training
in the methodology of health education and
organizing health training.
This
Institute employs
a method of
providing health education for schools,
students of medicine,
for
workers
in industry and hospitals.
There
is also cooperation
with physicians concerning public health and seminars are held
where practical matters are discussed.
There is also a functional
connection with health agencies so that officials of these agencies
cooperate with the
Institute
and attend seminars.
These health
agencies also receive support
from the Institute in the form of
trained help and literature which the Institute publishes
through
its own printing outlets.
Table
I depicts the instructional
requirements for psychiatric specialization.
These figures were
prepared by Persic.
Table
II illustrates statistics
on
the number
of neurologists and psychiatrists in the USSR in 1962
(Persic)
and 1967.
The 1967 data was compiled by Fry
(40).
Fry, in his report,
combined
neurologists and psychiatrists into one figure.
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TABLE
I
Plan of Instruction
and Stages
in Psychiatric Specialization-USSR
Subject
Hours
of theoretical
Hours
of practical
training
trainin
Psychopathology
Clinical psychiatry
S chi zoph renia
Manic depressive psychosis
Infectional psychosis
Toxic psychosis
Epilepsy
Noninfectional symptomatic
psychosis
Brain trauma
Arteriosclerotic psychosis
Brain tumors
Presenile psychosis
Senile psychosis
Oligophrenia
Psychopathy
Psychogenic reaction
Organization of
Psychiatric Service
Total
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II
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July 1972
Comparison of the Number of Psychiatric Specialists
in USSR-1962
and 1967
1962
1967
Population
Physicians
220,000,000
400,000
230,000,000
480,000
Psychiatrists
Neurologists
6,140
9,850
Combined Psychiatrists
and Neurologists
total:
24,000
One physician per
520 people
480 people
One psychiatrist per
One neurologist per
35,835 people
22 , 335 people
Combined Psychiatrists
and Neurologists
total:
20,000 people
7.
(U)
The
figures
in Table
II,
if valid,
represent
a substantial
growth
in the number
of specialists
in mental health
care.
The number
and quality of both psychology and psychiatry research reports
is
increasing,
especially
in
the behavioral
fields.
There appears
to be
an ever increasing link between the psychology and psychiatry fields
with the pharmacology, human engineering, bioelectronics, physics, and
parapsychology disciplines.
Some of the multidiscipline aspects of
Soviet
research will become evident later in this study
as
it relates
to the
subj ect
of this
report
.
The above
information on psychology and
psychiatry was intended
to be
a review because it
is believed that
there
is a definite relationship between the two disciplines and mental manip-
ulation.
It
is not within
the scope of this report to delve
into basic
psychological research and discuss
its military implications.
PART B - Soviet Military Psychology
1.
(S/NFD)
The purpose of
this
report
is
to make determinations and
report findings on methods of controlling human behavior.
One aspect
of this subject
is
the possible use of certain novel techniques
to
;!^UP5,?r confuse combat
troops.
Based on Soviet literature dealing
with military psychology,
it appears
that the Soviet military authorities'
might well suspect
their potential enemies
as already being able
to do
this.
The available Soviet literature on military psychology emphasizes
the protection of their troops against such possible attempts e.g.
demoralization and confusion.
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1972
2.
(U)
In
1967,
a book entitled "Military Psychology" was published
in the Soviet Union.
The
authors,
Colonel Dyachenko and Major Fedenko,
are
Candidates
of Pedagogical Sciences
(41)
.
This book
is primarily
intended for commanders
and military doctors.
The book deals with the
various
aspects
of
the personality of the soldier including his
cogni-
tive,
emotional,
and volitional processes,
his
fighting skill,
and his
psychological readiness
for battle.
All
of the psychic phenomena are
based
on the
service,
training,
and fighting activity of enlisted and
commissioned personnel.
One of the more interesting areas
is
found in
Chapter
8 which
is entitled "Will Power."
The chapter contains infor-
mation on will power
as
a psychic process.
The chapter continues by
discussing the qualities
of will power necessary
to
a soldier
as well
as methods
of training will power.
The discussion on will power appears
to be
a very important
topic because if one's will power
is sufficiently
developed,
the use
of techniques
to demoralize or confuse could well be
nullified.
Part
one of the book describes
the general problems
of
military psychology,
followed by
a discussion on psychic processes of
the soldier and concluding with the psychological analysis of the
activity of Soviet soldiers.
3.
(U)
The
group of people most susceptible to offensive behavior
manipulation appear
to be rear-zone troops
and small patrol groups.
The
Soviets
again seem to recognize the fallibility of such groups.
Lieutenant General Tyurnev
(42)
reports
that
the moral-psychological
training of administrative support
troops
in operations under
conditions
of modern war
is
a quite urgent and complicated problem.
The
report suggests
training
and propaganda methods to increase
the morale-psychological condition
of rear-zone troops.
The
training,
to include evening seminars,
propaganda sessions,
political
indoctrination and
field exercises
is suggested in Tyurnev 's
report.
The word moral
and morale seem to be interchanged frequently in the
report.
It
seems
to be
a problem in translation, because the author's
thoughts
are still meaningful.
4.
(U)
Two further reports
from the Soviets have
appeared recently.
One report
(43)
discusses
the
role
of medicine and military medical
personnel
in
the psychoprophylaxis
in morale-psychological preparation.
A 1970
report by Stolyarenko
(44)
reinforces
the thoughts
of Tyurnev.
From
the
above discussion
and
a thorough perusal
of the documents
referenced in this
section,
it
could be stated:
if the Soviets practice
what
they preach,
the psychological
training of Soviet
troops
is
as
good
as
or better than US soldiers.
This does not
include
the 'special
training afforded to
US pilots
on anti-interrogation methods.
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SECTION IV - PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA/PSYCHOLOGICAL WEAPONS
(S/NFD)
One of the purposes of this report
is
to evaluate
research in the field of influencing human behavior in order that
the US may be
in
a position
to develop certain countermeasures.
Therefore, before beginning specific sections in this
report
on
Soviet research,
it
is desirable
to review some of the more
feasible
areas of exploitation in the development of a technique that might
alter human behavior.
Some of these characteristics will be studied
in depth in later sections
of this study.
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PART A - Temperature
1*
An increase
in body temperature decreases
the body water
level
and creates
a salt-water imbalance.
With a large
intake
of water,
but
little
replacement of sodium chloride, painful spasms
of
the skeletal
and abdominal muscles may develop
as may also
faintness, weakness,
nausea,
and vomiting.
With an internal
temperature above
41 degrees
C or below
31 degrees
C, brain
function
is usually impaired.
Irreversible damage to the skin
occurs
at
about
44-45
degrees
C
(46,47).
2.
(U)
The sensitivity and tolerance
for temperature changes
is different
for certain
races.
Negroes have
a greater tolerance
or humid heat
than Caucasians,
and conversely, Negroes
are
more susceptible
to injury from cold stress than Caucasians.
3.
(C/NFD)
It
is believed that
the use of temperature manipulation
as
a technique
to influence human behavior
is practical.
In order to
•
5l
Ct
n Ve
11 would seem necessary
to apply this technique
to
individuals
or small groups
that
are already under one’s influence
such
as prisoners of war.
The application of unnatural temperature
m field situations
appear to be most
difficult.
Further,
there
appears
to be very little applicable research
in the USSR*in
this
area other
than some isolated work in the areospace
field
It may be
concluded
that
temperature fluctuations could be used
for
altering human behavior,
but would probably not
be
as useful
as other
available methods.
PART
B
- Atmospheric Conditions
1.
(C/NFD)
There has been some work reported on the physiological
<
?/
r
ft
P^^
h0l^
;LCal
f ffects of atmospheric or geophysical parameters
(48-51)
.
The works
referenced here are
free world but there
is
little doubt
that
the
Soviet Union has
investigated similar effects
especially
in relation
to their space program.
The utilization of
any of
the
techniques
to alter human behavior by changing atmospheric
conditions
seems
remote
for field application.
These techniques
a-
t ®TnP®rature effects,
are more suitable
for controlled groups or
individuals.
J
c>
2.
(U)
An increase
of 0.2 percent carbon dioxide doubles
the
volume of air breathed.
Breathing becomes deeper, more rapid
and eventually violent.
Depletion
of oxygen or the increase
’
of
carbon dioxide decreases
auditory sensitivity
as well
as visual
sensitivity.
Ten percent of oxygen
for
to
30 minutes sometimes
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results
in
a, hearing deficit
for several hours.
With severe or
prolonged anoxia there may be nausea,
vomiting, extreme weakness,
and eventually convulsions and cardiac failure
(52)
.
Perhaps
the applicable symptoms
of anoxia to this report
are
the homeo-
static inbalances in the brain:
loss of ability to carry on complex
activities,
restlessness,
loquacity,
delirium,
confusion,
and
unconsciousness.
3.
(U)
Intermittent exposures
to negatively ionized air produces
a sedating effect on humans.
There are some researchers who believe
that positively ionized air causes irritation and anxiety which
is
applicable to altering behavior.
PART
C - Olfactory Phenomena
1.
(U)
Seven primary odors have been identified;
they are campho-
raceous , musky ,
floral, minty,
pungent, putrid,
and ethereal
(53).
From the seven primary odors,
every known odor can be made by
mixing them in certain proportions
.
2.
(U)
Man expresses pleasure or displeasure to various odors.
If the smell
is
foul or irritating enough,
man will attempt to
avoid it.
If escape
is hindered or if odors are used with surprise
they may elicit certain behavioral changes in the individual.
Odors
are suitable
for use in controlled situations and in the
field.
For these reasons
odors will be discussed more
fully
later in this report
.
PART D - Light
1.
(U)
Although it
is customary to specify
the wavelength range of
visible light as
lying between 400 and
750 millimicrons
(u^i)
, never-
theless, with sufficient energy,
the eye can be stimulated up
to
1050
nyn.
Also,
the
fovea
(phototopic vision)
can be stimulated down
to about
320
n^i.
It
is
thought that 1150-1200 mu marks
the
limit
at which
radiant energy would cease
to be seen and would be
readily
felt
as heat
(54)
.
2.
(U)
Yellow light has maximum effect
on the retina and
is
most effective
in eliciting photophobia.
Non-rhythmic bright
lights
can interrupt or prevent sleep.
It has been claimed that
if sensory stimulation
is sufficient,
sleep can be prevented even
if
fatigue
is carried to
the point of death
(52).
The physiological
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1972
and psychological effects
of flashing lights
(stable)
and
phot.ic-
tlicker appear
to have raised interests
in the Soviet Union.
Since lights
can be
utilized in the field or in controlled situations
and
do
cause
certain behavioral
changes
in man,
this subject will
be discussed in detail
later
in
this
report.
PART
E
- Sound
1.
(U)
Sound,
from one source or another, has been used
to elicit
avioral changes m man
in every war ever recorded.
It
may be
a simple bugle call or battle cry or
a mechanical siren device;
th^
re
13 normally * Psychological response
y
the
receiver.
Regardless
of the absolute level,
sounds of
enemy weapons with which one
is unfamiliar is
frightening provided
the
sounds
are associated with
a feared weapon or the unknown.*
2.
(U)
Auditory effects have been and still are researched.
\nZ
& dea
f
nes%
can certainly result
from prolonged exposure to
loud sounds.
For the purpose
of this study
it
is believed that
he nonaudit ory effects
are just
as
important when discussing
sounrorLt-^f
1008
’
f°
r example ’ ^posure
to
a siren-generated
ound
of
20 kilohertz
at
1 watt per square centimeter kills
a
(mice/in
^
nS
^
Ct
ilfe
in
three
to
four minutes
and larger animals
f
b
°ne
rainut
f-
Human operators, with earplugs,
experience
.
°
h
slzzllnS sensations"
in the mouth and an unpleasant tingling
in
the nasal passages when near
the. siren.
fbia
C/N
c
D)
J
Sound
can be used on controlled groups or in the
field.
Sound can produce behavioral changes and the effects
of
sound on humans
is being investigated in the Soviet Union.
For
these
reasons,
a more detailed discussion
can be
found later in
PART
F
- Electromagnetic Energy
(C/NFD)
Super-high
frequency electromagnetic oscillations
('SHF')
^ie rUnL°n
e
:nd
al
th
USe f
*
f° r
abt-ing
behavior ^
definite behavioral
chan 8es have
to Ld S,“
tiammals
, when exposed to SHF,
in the sensitivity
to sound,
light,
and .olfactory stimuli
(55).
i
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2.
(C/NFD)
Because of the possible behavioral changes and reactions
to other important stimuli and the emphasis the Soviet Union has
placed on SHF research,
a more detailed discussion of this subject
appears later in this
report.
PART G - Deprivation
(C/NFD)
The behavior effects on man from the deprivation of food,
sleep,
and sensory stimuli have been studied by the Soviet Union.
As mentioned in Section II of this report, certain forms of depri-
vation to humans
is in current use.
This area is very important
in the discussion of controlled offensive behavior and it is
clear that
the Soviet Union
is well aware of this potential.
Because
one is able to apply deprivation techniques in controlled situations
as well as in the
field,
it will be discussed in detail in a later
section of this
report.
Hahn
(56) provides further discussion
on the areas mentioned in this section to include fear phenomena,
anxiety and stress,
and cultural background.
These specific areas
are not mentioned specifically
as separate sections in this report
because they become interlaced with the other areas of major concern.
(Reverse Blank)
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PART II
PARAPSYCHOLOGY IN THE SOVIET UNION
SECTION
I - BACKGROUND
1.
(U)
The science of parapsychology includes special sensory bio-
physical activities, brain and mind control,
telepathic communications
or bioinformation transceiving, bioluminescent and bioenergetic emissions
and the effects
of altered status of consciousness on the human psyche.
The Soviets prefer the term biocommunications instead of the term para-
psychology.
Other terms
that may appear in the Soviet literature that
normally mean parapsychology
are:
psycho-physiology,
psychotronics,
psychoenergetics,
or biophysical effects.
The term parapsychology
(biocommunications)
as used in this report denotes a multi-disciplinary
field consisting of the sciences of bionics, biophysics, psychophysics,
psychology,
physiology,
and neuropsychiatry
(57,58).
2.
(U)
The broad area of biocommunications can be further subdivided
into two general classifications:
Bioinformation and Bioenergetics
«
Bioinformation includes paranormal events between living organisms
(telepathy,
precognition)
and events between living organisms and the
inorganic world.
Bioenergetics
denotes those activities such as
biological location and indicator techniques, bioenergetic therapy
using electromagnetic
fields,
and psychokinesis,
or the influence of
mind upon matter.
The definitions
of the terms Biocommunications,
Bioinformation,
and Bioenergetics are given in Table
III which appeared
in the Mankind Unlimited Research
report.
The basic definitions
are
based on information provided by Ryzl
(59)
.
It should be mentioned that
parapsychology was
accepted in
1969
as
a legitimate
field of science
and scientific research by the American Association for the Advancement
of Science
(AAAS).
TABLE
III
BASIC TYPES OF BIOCOMMUNICATION PHENOMENA
(U)
General:
Biocommunications
A new branch of science involved with the human capability
of obtaining information from other than
the normal senses
and the ability
to respond to or reasonably interpret such
information.
Biocommunications,
also synonymous with para-
psychology,
is,
however,
distinct
from other sciences
in
that
it
is primarily concerned with researching the exist-
ence of a definite group of natural phenomena controlled
by
laws which
are not based on any known energetic influence
.
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TABLE III
(Cont)
TYPE
I:
BIOINFORMATION
(U)
Those phenomena associated with
the obtaining of information through
means
other
than the normal
sensory
channels
e.g.
through extra-
sensory perception
(ESP).
There
are several
forms
of ESP,
including:
a.
Telepathy,
transmission or "reading"
of thoughts
refers
to
the extrasensory reception of information about
the mental
processed
of others
.
b.
Proscopy or precognition
- While the above
forms appear
to differ only
in the nature
of the object
about which information
is
received,
numerous
observations
indicate
that precognitive
ESP involves,
under certain circumstances,
trespassing the barrier
of
time
to obtain information
about
future events
,
c.
Paragnosia or clairvoyance
refers
to the extrasensory
reception of information
about
objective events
in the outer world.
,
TYPE
II:
BIOENERGETICS
(U)
Those phenomena associated with the production
of objectively
detectable effects
through means other than the known energetic
influences.
Seemingly incredible effects have been reported,
such
as
the movement
of distant objects without
any detectable
use
of physical
force
(telekinesis),
antigravitational effects,
transformations
of energy,
electromagnetic effects arising without
adequate physical
cause,
and chemical reactions
and biological
processes
occurring through mental concentration.
3.
(U)
Scientists
in pre-revolutionary Russia were studying the area
of parapsychology
as
did
later such Soviet scientists
as V.M.
Bekhterev,
A.G.
Ivanov-Smolensky
and B.B,
Kazhinsky
in
the
twenties
and thirties
(60,61).
In 1922,
a commission composed
of psychologists,
medical
hypnotists,
physiologists,
and physicists worked on parapsychology
problems
at
the Institute
for Brain Research
in Petrograd
(Leningrad)
.
Work flourished throughout
the thirties with
research being reported
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in the literature in 1934, 1936,
and 1937
(62).
After 1937 further
experiments
in the field of parapsychology were forbidden.
During
Stalin's time,
any attempt to study paranormal phenomena might have
been interpreted as a deliberate attempt to undermine the doctrines
of materialism.
4.
(S/NFD)
According to Dodge
(63)
in 1964,
the Aerospace Technology
Division of
the Library of Congress reviewed the Soviet literature
in an unpublished bibliography entitled,
"Soviet Parapsychology"
(ATD Report U-64-77)
.
At that time, academic opposition to para-
psychology in the USSR had reached its zenith which led ATD observers
to the reasonable conclusion that official Soviet support or funds
for parapsychological research were unlikely and that investigation
in this area might be terminated.
5.
(U)
The above conclusion was apparently misguided because
of events
that occurred in 1959 and 1960.
In 1959
a book entitled
Mysterious Phenomena of the Human Psyche was published in the USSR.
Its author was Professor L.L. Vasilev, head of the Department of
Physiology of Leningrad University and a corresponding member of
the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR
(64).
A year later.
Professor Vasilev was given state
funds
to establish at the
University appropriately equipped laboratories for the study of
telepathy.
The published findings
from this laboratory attracted
attention and began to find repercussions in the columns of the
non-specialized periodical press
(65-70)
.
This was
followed by
a publication in 1962 by Kazhinskiy
(71)
.
Following the example
of Leningrad, other cities,
including Moscow, Kiev, Novosibirsk
and Kharkov, established similiar laboratories and research centers,
at which not only the phenomena described
in world literature
were examined, but
a study was made of parapsvchic features
displayed by Soviet citizens.
The journal Science and Religion
(72)
has published many articles on Soviet parapsychology, including
a discussion of whether it was worth-while continuing research
in this field
(1965).
Affirmative,
though extremely cautious,
replies to this question were given by Vice President of the
Academy of Sciences,
N.N.
Seminov, by Academicians M.A.
Leontovich,
A.L. Mints and G.M.
Frank,
and by Professors A.N. Leontev and
V.F.
Asmus
(73).
This brief survey brings the study of paranormal
phenomena up to the time when studies of a more pertinent nature
to this report have begun.
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SECTION
II
-
SIGNIFICANCE OF PARAPSYCHOLOGY
IN THE USSR
1.
(U)
The Soviet Union
is well aware of the benefits
and applications
of parapsychology research*
In 1963,
a Kremlin edict
apparently
gave
top priority
to biological research, which in Russia includes
parapsychology
(74),
The major impetus behind the Soviet
drive
to harness
the possible capabilities
of telepathic communication,
telekinetics,
and bionics
is
said to
come
from the Soviet military
and
the KGB
(57)
,
Today
it
is reported that
the USSR has twenty
or more centers
for the study
of parapsychological phenomena, with
an annual budget estimated
in
1967
at over
12 million rubles
(13 million dollars)
and reported
to be
as high as
21 million
dollars
(1,57,75).
2.
(U)
According
to
a report by Velinov
(76),
Soviet interest
in biocommunications was
clearly indicated
in 1965 when the Depart-
ment
of Bioinformation of
the Scientific and Technical Society
of Radio Engineering and Telecommunications was established at
the Popov Institute in Moscow.
Its stated objectives are
to
discuss physical, biological,
and philosophical aspects
of bioinfor-
mation and
to acquaint
the
Soviet
scientific community with bio-
coramunications
research conducted outside the Soviet Union.
3.
(U)
Soviet parapsychology research was actually stimulated
by
the
1960 French story
(77)
concerning the US
atomic submarine
Nautilus
.
The French journalists splashed the now rather infamous
Nautilus
story in headlines
"US Navy Uses ESP
on Atomic
Sub!"
Ship
to shore telepathy,
according
to the French, blipped along
nicely even when
the Nautilus was
far under water.
"Is
telepathy
a new secret weapon?
Will ESP be
a deciding factor
in future
warfare?"
The speculating French sensationalized,
"Has
the
American military learned
the secret
of mind power?"
In Leningrad
the Nautilus reports went off
like
a depth
charge
in the mind
of L.L.
Vasilev.
In April of 1960,
Doctor Vasilev, while
addressing
a group of top
Soviet scientists
stated:
"We
carried out extensive
and until now completely
unreported investigations under the Stalin
regime,.
Today the American Navy
is
testing telepathy
on their
atomic submarines.
Soviet scientists
conducted
a great
many successful telepathy tests over
a quarter of a
century
ago.
It
f s urgent that we throw off our
prejudices.
We must again plunge
into the exploration
of this vital field."
(78)
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Although
the US Navy subsequently denied the reports of telepathic
testing on atomic submarines,
the Soviet hierarchy apparently
heeded Doctor Vasilev’s advice and gave support, both moral
and financial,
to his dynamic view that:
"The discovery of the
energy underlying telepathic conanunication will be equivalent
to the discovery of atomic energy
(62).
4.
(U)
Since
1962, Doctor Vasilev has headed
a special laboratory
for biocommunications
research
at the University of Leningrad.
Major aspects
of the work of this laboratory are to conduct
research
and to develop machines capable of monitoring,
testing and studying
telepathic communication
(79).
5.
(U)
In
1963, Doctor Vasilev claimed to have conducted successful
long-distance telepathic experiments between Leningrad and Sevas tapol
a distance of 1200 miles, with
the aid of an ultra-short-wave
(UHF)
radio transmitter.
As
a result, Doctor Vasilev was convinced
that his experiments,
and those he conducted jointly with the
Moscow-based Bekhterev Brain Institute,
offered scientific proof
of telepathic communications.
His next
goal was
to identify
the nature of brain energy
that produces
it
(59).
Theorizing on the above experiments,
one Soviet scientist suggested
that telepathic impulses
are radiated along the lines of bits of
information in
a cybernetic system.
Another scientist
is known
to be working on the idea of time as energy,
speculating that
telepathic transmissions may be propagated through
a supposed
time-energy system,
rather than through
the electromagnetic
field.
6.
(U)
Soviet research
into biocommunications phenomena does not
appear to be earth-bound and limited
to inner space,
but apparently
extends
to outer space
as well.
The so-called Father of Soviet
Rocketry,
K.E. Tsiolkovsky,
stated that:
ff In the coming era of space flights,
telepathic
abilities
are necessary.
While the space rocket
must bring men toward knowledge of the grand
secrets
in the universe,
the study of psychic
phenomena can lead us toward knowledge of the
mysteries
of the human mind.
It
is precisely
the solution of this secret which promises the
greatest achievements."
(80)
There
are reports that the Soviets are training their cosmonauts
in telepathy to back-up their electronic equipment while in outer
space.
One of these back-up schemes
is known to involve coded
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telepathic messages.
This method was previously demonstrated
in March
1967, when
a coded telepathic message was
flashed from
Moscow
to Leningrad
(81).
The involvement of astronauts or cosmonauts
in telepathy experiments
is not necessarily unprecedented.
In
February
1971,
during
the Apollo 14
flight
to
the moon,
astronaut
Edgar Mitchell made
150 separate attempts
to project his
thoughts
from inside
the space capsule back to
an individual on earth.
The
results
of the Apollo
14 experiments have been well-documented
in detail and
are published
in the Journal of Parasychology
(82).
Further documentation
of Mitchell’s experiments
can be
found in
the University of California Newsletter
(83).
7*
(U)
There
are numerous
reports on Soviet applications
of£
clairvoyance,
hynotism,
dowsing,
etc.
,
in military operations.
In
the
case
of dowsing,
this
is
also not unprecedented, since
US
forces have employed dowsing in Vietnam for locating enemy
tunnels
and
caches.
With respect
to brain and mind control/
conditioning,
a recent report
indicates
that
the Soviet Union
has made
great strides
in emotional training and conditioning.
Soldiers
are being taught
to set their own emotional tone
in
battle and stress
situations.
Further,
astronauts
are being taught
through such mental conditioning to distort time and to offset
boredom in outer space
(84).
8*
(U)
Man’s
sight and hearing are limited to
a relatively
small range of wavelengths,
other living beings often possess
much wider perceptive
capabilities, both with regard to sharpness
of perception and range of stimuli.
For example,
dogs hear higher
sound
frequencies
than man;
bats
and dolphins orient themselves
by means
of an ultra-sound
radar; bees perceive
colors even in the
ultraviolet part of the spectrum;
some snakes perceive minute
differences’ in temperature and orient themselves by means
of
thermoreceptors.
Certain living beings even react
to stimuli
to
which man
is
absolutely
insensitive.
Some species
of
fish and
homing pigeons,
for instance,
react
to changes of the electric or
magnetic
field
in their surroundings
(59).
In view of these
perceptive
processes,
it
has been difficult
to differentiate
between
those sensory
processes which
are merely sharpened or
highly honed
and
those
that
are
extra or super-normal*
Certain
military advantages would
come
from the application and control of
these
perceptive
processes.
For example,
such application
amjt
control
could be used
in the detection and identification of
animate objects
or humans
through brainwave interactions, mass
hypnosis
or mind control through long-distance telepathy,
thermal
receptors,
and sensitivity
to changes
in magnetic/electrical/
gravitational
fields.
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9.
(U)
According to observations made by Doctor Montague Ullman
(M.D.)
during a trip to the
Soviet bloc countries
in the
fall of 1970,
Soviet biocommunications investigations are effectively combining
the
use of modern and sophisticated technology with basic pragmatic
approaches.
This was evident, he states,
in their approach to
long-distance telepathy experiments where the results were analyzed
in physiological
(elect roencephalographic data)
as well
as phycho-
logical task performance
(transmission of data in Morse Code)
(85)
.
Doctor Ullman
further observed that
the Soviet
researchers seemed
intent on confirming
the existence of
a new form of energy, referred
to
as bioplasma, which they maintain
is characteristic of life
processes
and represents matter in the
form of an integrated system
of elementary charged particles.
Such energy,
through interaction
with other systems,
is thought
to provide
the basis
for biocommuni—
cations
(86).
10.
(C/NFD)
The above commentary documents
a clear case for
research
in the Soviet Union
in parapsychology.
It
is significant
because of the energy and resources being allotted for this work
in
the Soviet Union and because of its military implications especially
in mind manipulation and controlled offensive behavior.
The
more sinister aspects of paranormal research appear
to be surfacing
in
the Soviet Union.
Why else would Soviet researchers make the
statement
:
Tell America that
the psychic potential of man must
be used
for good."
(75)
SECTION III - THE APPORT TECHNIQUE
1.
(U)
The following discussion on apports and astral projection
is not
intended to be
an endorsement
for its scientific verification
or even
its existence.
However,
reputable scientists
in the USSR
and
the US are keenly interested
in this phenomenon.
Areas
that
appear to have potential must be discussed, even
if only briefly.
2.
(FOUO)
According
to Welk
(87),
a costly weakness
in our
intelligence system,
to
a large extent,
is
an inability
to use
effectively
the resources
of the science of parapsychology
(there
definite
indicators
that
the Soviets realize the potential
of
"psi" which will be
reported later
in this section)
.
Whenever
parapsychology
is mentioned, most people are likely
to
think of
ESP.
However,
there
are other types
of parapsychological phenomena
which
are just
as
important militarily
as
ESP.
Welk claims,
based on many Soviet sources,
that
the
so-called "apport"
technique
is likely
to meet valuable intelligence needs.
When
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fully developed ,
thi s
technique would make possible the abduction
— actual object s
(including documents)
In enemy territory and
*
there transfer to
friendly territory.
Objects so abducted are
knnun
a o
”
tS
• ”
'T’l-*
n
_a
i
_
—
***"7
*
—
r*
»
- —-
could be
returned to the point of origin
known
as
—:—
»—
—
-1- w
luc puiuu
ui origin
without
the enemy becoming aware
of this
temporary abduction.
3.
(U)
Some
of the world's most eminent scientists
from the
late 1800 's
and early 1900's have claimed to have witnessed apport
phenomena.
These include Sir William Crookes
(1832-1919)
, British
chemist
and physicist
discoverer of the element thallium and former
president
of
the British Association for the Advancement
of Science
(88)
Alfred Russel Wallace
(1823-1913)
, British naturalist and
co-
discoverer, with Charles Darwin,
of the theory of evolution
(89)
Johann K.F.
Zoellner
(1834-1882),
professor of physical astronomv
at
the University
of Leipzig,
Germany
(90).
4.
(U)
In the
discussion of such
an esoteric subject
as apports
it
is
deemed sufficient
to
relate only one experience claimed to
have occurred to Sir William Crookes
.
The interested reader can
consult
the non-cited bibliography for further references .
The
following account
is
taken from pp
.
and
88 of reference
88:
"Class
IX.
The Appearance of Hands,
either Self-
luminous
or Visible by Ordinary Light."
......
I
(William Crookes) will here give no instances
in which
the phenomenon has
occurred
in darkness,
but will simply select
a
few
of
the numerous
instances
in which
I have seen the hands
m
the
light.
1 have more
th«n once seen,
first
an object move,
then
a luminous
cloud appear to form about
it,
and
lastly,
the
cloud condense
into shape and become
a perfectly
formed hand....,
It
is
not
always
a mere
form,
but sometimes
appears perfectly life-like
and graceful,
the fingers moving and the
flesh apparently
as human
as
that
of any m the
room.
At
the wrist,
or arm,
it becomes hazy,
and
fades
off
into
a luminous
cloud.
To
the touch,
the hand sometimes
appears
icy cold
and dead,
at
other times warm and life-like
grasping my own with_the
firm pressure
of
an old
friend.
I have
retained one
of these hands
in my own,
firmly resolved not
to
let
it escape.
There was
no struggle or effort made
to get loose
but
it gradually seemed
to resolve itself into vapor and faded
in
that manner from my grasp."
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5.
(U)
It
is
a known fact that
the Soviet Union takes the appearance
of luminous bodies very seriously
as evidenced by the Kxrlian
photography of the human body’s aura
(91).
It appears that the
^
Soviets may be considering that-.a.hand which appears out of nowhere
and can nrasp.
"with the firm pressure of an old
, friend
another
~"
rprs"n
first-rate military possibilities.
There has
been
soiie discussion recently about the prospects of being able to
control the apport technique to a point of sophistication where
individuals
could control these "luminous clouds.
The individuals
who have studied these effect s
(real or otherwise) have suggested,
that since these bodies can travel unlimited distances and are
able to pass through solid material
(walls), they might well be^
used to produce instant death in military and civilian officials.
It
is further conjectured that these bodies could disable milit ary
equipment ox communication nets*
6 .
(U)
If one reads the cases and experiments mentioned here
,
as well
as references
two through nine under PART
II of the non-cited
bibliography, he can make certain deductions.
If any of this
highly questionable material is true then it can be inferred that
organic matter can be transformed into "ectoplasm,
that this can
be rendered invisible and impalpable and thus converted into
something which,
for all practical purposes,
amounts
to force.
If organic matter can be converted into such "force—matter,
it
seems reasonable to assume that a physical object,
if similarly
converted,
could travel through space.
7.
(U)
Two things are certain:
(1)
that parapsyetiological
phenomena are due to the little-known faculties of the subconscious
mind;
and
(2)
that
the powers of the subconscious mind are vastly
superior to those of the normal consciousness.
The fantastic
memory of the subconscious mind
(sometimes referred to as
"photographic memory")
is a well-established fact.
So
is
its
extraordinary mathematical ability, which has baffled trained
mathematicians no end.
It seems probable that some of these
little-understood faculties of the subconscious mind have some-
thing to do with its ability to put together again an object
which it had previously disintegrated,
and to manipulate the
forces involved in this process.
The only way one can learn
more about these little-understood processes
is through intensive
study and experimentation.
The stakes seem high enough.
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8.
(U)
While the process by which matter
is converted into
"force-matter"
(and vice versa) may not be understood, neverthe-
less,
one
is
faced with
the possibility
that
the human mind can
disintegrate and reintegrate organic matter
- a feat which seems
far more complex than the disintegration and reintegration of,
say,
a stone,
a piece
of wood,
paper,
etc.
Experiments show
that
a human body which has
lost
about half
its weight can be
reintegrated without
loss
of normal
functions.
Since this
is
possible,
it
does not seem safe
to exclude
- without
further
investigation
- the possibility that inorganic matter might undergo
a similar disintegration
and reintegration.
After all,
apport
phenomena
in which physical objects have passed through solid
walls have been observed
and attested to by some of the world's
most eminent scientists
as well
as by
a host of other responsi-
ble witnesses.
In view of what
the human mind has demonstrated
it can do with organic matter,
and in view of the very real Soviet
threat
in this
sector,
the science of parapsychology should be
investigated
to
its
fullest potential,
perhaps
to the benefit
of national defense.
9.
(U)
According
to Pullman
(92), Director of the Southeast
Hypnosis Research Center
in Dallas,
Texas, before the end of the
1,9 70s
,
Soviet diplomats will be
able to
sit' in their foreign
’
embassies
and
use
ESP
(lo^^this^c^as^e^a^^oirm^of^the^a^^ort^techniQue)
to steal
the secrets
of their enemies.^
(See also reference 91,
p.
216)
Pullman states
that
a spv would be hypnotized,
then
his
invisible
"spirit" would be
ordered to leave his
b ody,
trave
across barriers, of space
and time
to
a foreign government's
security
facility,
and there read top-secret documents
and relay
back their information.
Such
^'astral projection
already has
bein accomplished in laboratory settings,
Pullman said,
adding
that
the Russians
are probably now trying to perfect
it.
Pullman
further states
that
the Soviets
are
at
least
25 years
ahead of
the
US
in psychic
research.
According to Pullman,
the Soviets
have realized the immense military advantage of the psychic ability
known
as
astral projection
(out-of-the-body travel).
In this
reference,
details
are given
for some of Pullman's work
in the
US with astral projection.
Other scientists
and mediums
interested
in this work are professor H.A.
Cahn of Northern Arizona University
(92)
Doctor Charles Tart
of
the
University
of Southern California
(91,92),
and Doctor V.
Inyushin
of Alma-ata
(91).
Sybil Leek, noted astrologer
and author,
states,
"there
is
great
danger that within the next ten
years
the Soviets will be
ab le
to steal our top secrets by using
Q ^t ~°-f~the-body spies. "
Further reading,
although much older,
can be
found in
a book by Muldoon and Carrington
(93).
Suggested
background reading on astral projection can be
found in an excellent
article by J.
Fraser Nicol
in Psychic
(94).
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SECTION IV - ESP AND PSYCHOKINESIS
1.
(U)
The reader by this
time has
realized that
it is very
difficult
to speak of one area of psychic phenomenon without
overlapping into other areas.
There really can be no distinct
separation,
for example, between apports and certain aspects
of telepathy; hypnosis
also enters
into
this
area.
In an attempt
to illustrate the various subjects
in parapsychology, however,
artificial sections were established.
This
is the reason
for
a separate part
in apports
and ESP.
Some aspects
of hypnosis,
depending on its ultimate
use,
falls within parapsychology,
some
areas
into medicine;
therefore,
hypnosis
is presented
as
a separate
section outside of this parapsychology discussion.
2.
(U)
Soviet research
in ESP was started in the
1920 *s
at
Leningrad University by V.M.
Bekhterev.
In his early work,
Bekhterev collaborated with V.L. Durov to investigate the effects
of mental suggestion on
a group
of performing dogs
(62).
It was
believed that telepathic communication depended on electromagnetic
radiation.
Doctor L.L. Vasilev
(95-97),
shown
in
Illustration
One,
at
the Bekhterev Brain Institute set out
to identify these
electromagnetic waves
that
carry telepathy.
By 1937, Vasilev
had amassed evidence that known electromagnetic waves
do not
carry telepathy.
Tests were
conducted in electrically shielded
chambers
and over extreme distances
denying the passage
of electro-
magnetic
fields
(98),
Some of the
long range telepathy experiments
have been published
(63,99,100)
explaining the various
techniques
employed including classical
tests with Zener cards
and more
unique tests with strobe
lights
and codes.
Illustration One - Professor L.L.
Vasilev,
pioneer Soviet para-
psychologist considered the father of Soviet
psychical
research.
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3.
(U)
Professor
L.
Vasilev died
in late 1965
or early 1966
and the task of continuing telepathy research was
taken
by Doctor
I.
Kogan.
Doctor Kogan
is
chairman of the Bio-Information Section
of the Popov Radio and Technical
Institute
in Moscow.
This
individ-
ual
is
still
trying
to wed telepathy
to
the electromagnetic spectrum
(101,102).
Discussion
as
to
the existence
of telepathy has been
bandied
about
the
Soviet Union
(103)
and elsewhere
(104)
for some time.
For the
sake of research the
Soviet Union accepts
the validity
of ESP even though the argument
as
to
the mode
of transmission
continues.
Professor E.K.
Naumov
(105),
Chairman
of
the Division
of Technical Parapsychology
at
the A.S.
Popov Institute mentioned
above,
conducted long range telepathy tests
from Moscow
to
several other
cities.
Illustration Two
is
a photograph of Naumov
with associates.
Illustration Two
- Sender Y.
Kamenshi
(left),
Soviet phvsicist,
and
receiver K.
Nikolaev,
Soviet
actor, with para-
psychologist Edward
K.
Naumov
(far right).
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4.
(U)
In 1967, the Soviet Maritime News reported,
"Cosmonauts,
when In orbit, seem to be able to communicate telepathically more
easily with each other than with people on earth.
A psi
(short
for psychic faculty) training system has been incorporated in
the cosmonaut training program," but the News provided no further
details.
Some informal reports relayed to Ostrander and Schroeder
(106)
indicate that the Soviets are working on psi sys terns for space
use, involving not Just telepathy, but also precognition.
5.
(S/NFD)
Kogan's systematic parapsychology research
(102)
could also be of potential value to the overall Soviet cybernetic
research and development program.
Efforts being made to optimize
sensory inputs in the interest of controlling the quality of human
motor activity are well known,
as is
the ultimate Soviet goalof
achieving a perfect cybernetic man.
It
is of interest that both
conventional psychology and parapsychology programs are headquartered
in Moscow, although as depicted in the personnel and institute section
the trend
is decentralization,
is probably no coincidence and supports
the view that the latter program should not be taken lightly
(63)
.
6.
(U)
As mentioned above,
the Soviets seem preoccupied with
the search for the energy that carries or facilitates telepathy
transmission.
Is
it electromagnetic or not?
The search for this
unknown energy has led the Soviets
to Kirlian photography; named
after its inventors Semyon and Valentina Kirlian.
The Kirlians
developed a technique of photographing with a high frequency
electrical field involving
a specially constructed high frequency
spark generator, tuned
up and down between 75,000 to 200,000
electrical oscillations per second.
Their first phcstographs
showed turquoise and reddish-yellow patterns of flares coming
out
of specific channels within leaves.
A magnified picture
of a finger showed craters of light and flares
(Illustration Three).
By the 1960s research on bioluminescence revealed by Kirlian photog-
raphy was going on in many Soviet universities.
Perfected techniques
of photographing the play of high-frequency currents on humans,
plants and animals,
as well
as on inaminate matter have
set the
Soviets on some striking discoveries about the energetical nature
of man.
"Bio-plasma"
1 is
a term coined by the Soviets for bio-
luminescent phenomenon or energy.
Scientists
at
the Kazakh State
University at Alma-ata have found that
illnesses tend to show up
in advance as a disordered play of flares from the "bio-plasma"
long before they manifest
in
the physical body.
According to
Ostrander and Schroeder,
the Soviets may be attempting to link
Kirlian photography with computers, among other things,
to
instantly analyze the spectra of colors appearing in the vari-colored
flares from the living body.
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Illustration Three
- Upper photograph displays
flares
of energy from
fingers
of the
left
and
right hand of
an individual by Kirlian
photography.
Lower photograph shows
the
fingers
of three different
people
and how the
aura of "energy"
of each
remains intact, yet
interplays
in long thread
like
fibers
in the open area between
them.’
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7.
(C)
It is believed that
if there
is
any positive basis
for
Kirlian photography and the "bio-Plasma" body of humans,
the
Soviets may be closer than is thought on the controlled use of
the apport techniques and possible astral projection phenomenon,
8.
(U)
Doctor A, Podshibyakin,
an electrophysiologist
at the
Institute of Clinical Physiology in Kiev, has
found that by charting
acupuncture points
a correlation exists between the "bio-plasma”
and changes on the surface of the sun.
At the exact moment solar
flares
(sun spots)
occur,
there are changes in the electrical
potential
of the skin’s acupuncture points.
These electrical
charges
are measured by
a tobiscope
(probably a simple wheatstone
bridge device).
In some way,
the "bio-plasma"
of
the body is
sensitive
to these solar explosions the instant they occur even
though it takes about two days
for the cosmic particles
to reach
the earth.
9.
(U)
The most significant
use of Kirlian photography
is
in the
area of psychokinesis or mind over matter
(PK)
.
Doctor Genady
Sergeyev
(75)
of the A. A.
Uktomskii Military Institute
in Leningrad
believes Kirlian photography may uncover the mechanism of PK.
Sergeyev
is
a prominent mathematician
for the Soviet military
who works closely with an electrophysiologist from the University
of Leningrad y Doctor L.
Pavlova.
Sergeyev has devised important
mathematical and statistical methods
for analyzing the EEG
(107)
which allowed parapsychologists
to follow and depict
the actions
of telepathy
in the brain
(108).
The type
of work reported by
Sergeyev in 1967 and 1968
is just now beginning to appear in the
US efforts
to understand
the transmission of telepathy
(109,110).
Sergeyev has
conducted several years
of intensive
lab research
on
the outstanding PK psychic
in Leningrad, Nina Kulagina
(pseudonym Nelya Mikhailova)
,
Illustration Four
is
a photograph of
Doctor G. Sergeyev and Illustration Five
is
a photograph of
Mrs.
Kulagina.
Sergeyev registered heightened biological
lumi-
nescence radiating from Kulagina's
eyes during the apparent movement
of objects by PK.
Sergeyev postulates
that
the "bio-plasma" of
the human body must interact with the environment
to produce PK.
Sergeyev emphasizes when target
objects
are placed in a vacuum,
Kulagina
is unable
to move them.
Barcus
(111)
in the United
States
reports some unusual occurrences during psychic photography
especially of the eyes.
Reportedly,
Kulagina has caused the
movement of a wide range of non—magnetic objects:
(under strict
scientific control)
large crystal bowls,
clock pendulums, bread.
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matches,
etc.
In one test,
a raw egg was placed in a salt solution
inside a sealed aquarium six feet
away from her.
Researchers
report she was
able to use PK to separate the yoke from the white
of the egg.
Observations by Western scientists
of Mrs. Kulagina's
PK ability has been reported with verification of her authentic
ability
(112,113).
These same Western scientists have reported
that
as
of February
1971,
they have not been able to visit or
observe Mrs.
Kulagina.
A veil
of secrecy has been placed on
Sergeyev and Mrs
. Kulagina
for unknown reasons
.
?
10.
(U)
Rather than simply observing PK,
the Soviets typically
turned
to instrumentation.
Mrs. Kulagina was subjected to
a
number of physiological electronic measuring devices
and tested
for important body functions during her PK demonstrations.
The
Soviets
found that
at the moment
an object begins
to move,
all
of Mrs.
Kulagina's body processes speed up drastically
- heart,
breathing, brain activity
- and the electromagnetic fields around
her body all begin to pulse
in rhythm.
Soviet researchers
postulate that it was
these
rhythmic "vibrations" that
cause
objects
to be attracted or repelled to her.
Illustration Six
shows
a photographic sequence of Kulagina's PK ability.
11.
(C/NFD)
Scientists
report
(113)
that Kulagina has been able
to stop
the beating
of
a frog's heart
in solution and to re-activate
it!
This
is perhaps
the most significant PK test done and
its
military implications in controlled offensive behavior,
if true*
are extremely important.
12.
(U)
Space
does not permit
a discussion on other important
parapsychological phenomena such
as eyeless sight
(75,114-129),
which appeared
to be more of a fad than anything else.
However
since the mid
1960s,
the "eyeless
sight"
fad has subsided and
serious
research has proceeded quietly
at the State Pedagogical
Institute
in Sverdlovsk,
off bounds
to foreigners
(75).
Space
in this
report
does not permit
a discussion of psychotronic genera-
tors,
devices which are reported
to be
able
to store human bio-plasmic
forces
for later use
(75).
For further reading on ESP,
see the
non-cited bibliography;
Section V, numbers
12-30.
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Illustration Four - Photograph
of G.A.
Sergeyev,
prominent
scientist at A. A.
Uktomskii
Military Institute, Leningrad
with
an assistant.
Illustration Five — Nina Kulagina,
who reportedly moves
objects by
sheer will
(PK)
.
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Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300020001-6 UNCLASSIFIED ST-CS-01-169~72 July 1972 Illustration Six - This series of photos shows Nina Kulagina moving a metallic cigar tube by PK. Scale in background is in centimeters. 38 UNCLASSIFIED
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July
1972
SECTION V - SUMMARY AND MILITARY IMPLICATIONS
1.
(U)
The
following discussion
is based on a report by
Ostrander and Schroeder
(75).
The authors
ask the question,
"Is
ESP a weapon of war?"
All research
on ESP
in the USSR is
funded by the government.
The authors claim that their sources
indicate that psi
research with military potential
is well-financed
by
the Soviet Army,
KGB,
and other paramilitary agencies.
Soviet
scientists doing psi research
in nonmilitary areas often have
trouble obtaining funds.
Doctor Milan Ryzl
(131)
reports
that secret
psi research associated with state security and defense
is going
on in the
USSR.
Communist state authorities,
the military and
the KGB display an unusual,
disproportionate interest in para-
psychology.
The Soviets
are attempting to apply ESP to both
police and military use
(See appendix VI
for biographic data
on Ryzl)
.
According to Ryzl,
some years
ago
a project was begun
in the USSR to apply telepathy
to indoctrinate and re-educate
antisocial elements.
It was hoped
that suggestion
at
a distance
could induce individuals, without
their being aware of
it,
to adopt
the officially desired political and social
attitudes.
Research
in this
field of endeavor will hopefully become clearer in the section
on hypnosis
later
in this
report.
Reports
of psi
research in Soviet
submarines help confirm military involvement
in parapsychology
.
According
to Stone
(74),
there
is
clandestine psi research going on
at
the Pavlov Institute of Higher Nervous Activity
in Moscow,
the
Durov Institute,
and certain areas
in Sibera.
Obviously,
telepathy
and clairvoyance would make
ideal additions
to
a spy arsenal and
such undercover groups
are constantly said to be supporting ESP
research in the USSR.
"One conclusion seems justified,"
says
Doctor Ryzl
(130).
"Parapsychology in Communis t countries
and
especially the USSR occupies
a strong position.
We
can expect
it
to be developed with determination."
According to Ostrander
and Schroeder,
the USSR is ahead of the US
in certain areas of
technical psi
research.
The authors
report
that
the USSR is
ahead
of the US in discoveries
about
the physical essence of the
human being and how psi
functions
in and through
us.
They are
ahead
of the
US
in uncovering the basic energy behind psi
.
They
are
ahead of the US in attempts
to control factors like the influence
of magnetic weather on psi
tests.
They appear to be ahead of the
US
in seeking out
and creating conditions
that unlock the psi
potential present in every human being.
2.
(U)
In summary, what
is
the strategic threat posed by the
current "explosion" in Soviet
parapsychological research?
Soviet
efforts in the
field of psi
research,
sooner or later,
might
enable them to do some of the
following:
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a.
Know
the contents
of
top
secret
US
documents,
the movements
of
our troops
and ships
and the location and nature of our military
installations
.
b.
Mold
the
thoughts
of key US military and civilian leaders,
at
a distance.
c.
Cause
the
instant death of any US official,
at
a distance.
d.
Disable,
at
a distance,
US military equipment of all types
including space
craft.
3.
(U)
It
is
generally conceded that
the
above
four areas
sound like science
fiction,
however,
the literature appears
-to
support
(b)
as being
the most possible
use of psi phenomena
during
the time
frame
of this
study.
Again from Ostrander and
Schroeder who
cite Oliver Caldwell,
an expert
on Soviet affairs
and past-acting commissioner
for International Education in HEW,
as
follows
:
"I am amazed
at
the skepticism and sometimes hostility
which
I encounter when
I
try
to tell Americans
about
some
of the experimentation which
is
taking place in
the USSR in parapsychology and related fields.
I
find
this
strange because there
is
available documentation
in translation which substantiates most
of the things
I saw
in the USSR.
I
am really disturbed, because if
the United States
does not make
a serious effort
to
move
forward
on
this new frontier,
in another ten
years
it may be
too
late
.
~
4.
(U)
In closing
this
section
on parapsychology
a quote from
astronaut Edgar D.
Mitchell,
Jr.
is appropriate
(131).
"Extrasensory perception
is not
a matter of belief.
There
is
a great
deal
of serious scientific work
being done
in
it,
and
it has been established over
the
last
thirty years
that
it
Is
a matter of proba-
bility,
and the probabilities have been established
beyond
chance.
I
think
it
is
an important work.
X
happen
to be
curious
about
it,
and thus have been pur-
suing
it
for many years.
This happened to be
an
opportunity
(Apollo
14 lunar mission)
to
do another
little step
-
a piece
in the scientific puzzle of
what man's
all
about."
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PART III
MENTAL SUGGESTION AND CONTROLLED BEHAVIOR
SECTION
I - HYPNOSIS
PART A - The Use of Hypnosis
in Medicine - USSR
1.
(U)
In the latter half of the nineteenth century, many French
and German researchers began to use hypnosis
as
a therapeutic aid
and to study the way in which
it worked.
In the Soviet Union,
pioneer work in hypnosis was undertaken by V. Danilyevski,
A. Tokarski
,
and V.
Bekhterev
(see Part
II,
Section IV).
2.
(U)
V. Danilyevski discovered that the major characteristics
shown by man in a state of hypnosis, such
as lower sensitivity,
"wax-like" flexibility of muscles and joints,
and suppressed
movements, were also typical of animals
in a similar state.
This
led him to assert that hypnosis
in man was
identical in nature
to hypnosis
in animals.
A. Tokarski proved that hypnosis and
suggestion,
like other psychical phenomena were determined entirely
by the influence of the environment on man.
He wholeheartedly
supported the view that hypnosis was
an effective treatment
for
a wide variety of disorders.
V.
Bekhterev applied hypnosis widely
for treatment.
He maintained that verbal suggestion played a
big role
in developing
a state of hypnotic sleep; physical stimuli
merely facilitated the achievement
of this state.
I. Pavlov advanced
o scientifically based theory of the nature of hypnosis
and its
potential use
as
a method of treatment.
In 1935 he described
hypnosis
as
"the standard method
in the physiological struggle
against
the pathogenic agent."
Pavlov's school gave experimental
support
to
the view
that hypnosis was
a specific variety of sleep,
long before
that view had been arrived
at empirically.
This
view had already been advanced
in the
last
century by most
doctors
and scientists who were concerned with the theory of hypnosis
and
its application to therapeutic practice.
On the basis of
experiments on animals and later
on humans,
the phasic suppression
theory developed into
a firm physiological
foundation
for under-
standing hypnosis
and suggestion and the way
in which
they work.
The theory held that hypnotic sleep
is
a transitional stage between
wakefulness
and sleep
and
that
there
is
an active "watch" point
in the cerebral cortex of both hemispheres
(rapport)
.
3.
(U)
The three generally recognized stages of hypnosis
are
sleepiness, hypotaxia,
and somnambulism or,
respectively,
light,
medium and deep hypnosis.
At
the
first stage of hypnosis,
the
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unconditioned responses
in most cases hardly differ from the
responses
in wakefulness.
At
the second stage,
altered uncon-
ditioned vascular responses begin
to prevail over normal vascular
responses
to stimulation,
and thus
give evidence
of hypnotic
phases
in the
cortex of both hemispheres.
The suppression process
is most obvious with regard to extent
and intensity
at
the third
stage,
the deep stage
of hypnosis known
as somnambulism.
Since
there
is no vascular response
to most of the unconditioned stimuli,
this means
that
complete suppression prevails.
The
rare unconditioned
vascular reflexes
are of small magnitude,
are extended
in time and
are characterized by
a prolonged latent period.
4.
(U)
Soviet psychotherapists believe
that hypnosis
is
one of
the leading methods
for the treatment
of mental disorders.
The
Soviets
concentrate on
the "word"
as
an adequate stimulus
for the
development of the hypnotic state.
The tremendous
role played
by the emotional message carried by the word should not be over-
looked.
The psychotherapist will
achieve results depending on
the emotional content
of the entire system of contact with the
patient.
The greater the emotional
content
the better the results.
Soviets
recommend
that
the psychotherapist takes
into account not
only the meaning of what he
is trying
to achieve through suggestion,
but
also
the emotional
content
of his work,
his contact with the
patient,
his
confidence
in his own abilities,
and the effectiveness
of psychotherapeutic treatment
in general.
5.
(U)
The
Soviets believe
that
the hypnotic state offers
the
researcher the means
of penetrating into
the physiological fundamentals
of human thought
and behavior.
The Russians
conceive of no other
state
(hypnosis) which would enable the scientist
to simplify
human thought by splitting
it
into
its
component parts
thus permitting
him to get
to the
root
of this most
complex of nature's phenomena,
to
control and subordinate
it
for purposes
of research.
K.
Platonov,
the patriarch of Soviet psychotherapists said
(132)
:
"I still
maintain that hypnotherapy
is
the main stem of psychotherapy.
Hypnotherapy helps
us understand better the mechanisms
of all
other forms
of psychotherapy
and,
therefore,
to master them better."
6.
(U)
The Soviets stress
the use of hypnosis
in patients
suffering
from disorders
of the gastrointestinal
tract especially
if neurotic symptoms
accompany such disorders.
They
further stress
the
use
of hypnotherapy
in surgical
cases
thus providing
for a decrease
in anesthetic and drug usage.
Hypnosis
is
also being studied for its
effectiveness
in treating alcohol addiction.
At
first
they approached
this problem with
the
idea of developing
an emotionally negative
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nauseous reflex to the taste and smell of alcoholic drinks;
this
method was later abandoned for lack of positive results
.
The method
now employed is
to instill in the patient the view that excessive
drinking will inevitably lead to physical and mental destruction.
The Soviets seek to change the patient's mental outlook on alcohol
and to convince them that drinking is impermissible for moral and
ethical reasons.
In other words, mental manipulation or behavior
alteration.
PART B - Hypnosis and Controlled Behavior
1.
(U)
The possible military uses of hypnotism has many rather
bizarre applications.
Although there is no concrete proof that
hypnosis will play an important
role in controlling behavior
in military situations,
some uses will be mentioned.
Biderman and
Zimmer
(133)
discuss hypnosis and other possible alternatives
for
defense against brainwashing.
2.
(U)
The following discussion is based on a report by Estabrooks
(134).
According to the author,
the facts and ideas presented
are, so to speak,
too true to be
good, but no psychologist of
standing would deny
the validity of the basic ideas involved.
Of interest
to this discussion are some of the more unfamiliar
facets
of hypnotism which make
it of use in warfare.
If hypno-
tism can be used to advantage, we can rest assured that it will
be so employed.
3.
(U)
One in every five adult humans can be placed into the
hypnotic state — somnambulism — of which they will have no memory
whatsoever when they awaken.
From the military viewpoint
there
are
a few facts which are of great
interest.
Can this prospective
subject be hypnotized against his will?
Obviously no POW will
be
cooperative
if he knows
that the hypnotist
is looking for
^lil 3^ information, nor will
any ordinary citizen
if he suspects
that
the operator will
use him to blow
up
a munitions plant.
The
answer to this vital question is yes though hypnotists prefer
to say "without his
consent" instead of "against his will."
There
are disguised techniques available
for hypnotizing an unsuspecting
or unwilling subject.
The Soviets believe that telepathy may be
one Such method.
4.
(U)
Multiple personality can be caused by hypnotism.
One
could deliberately set up
a condition of multiple personality
to further the ends of military intelligence and in the develop-
ment of the "super spy."
In his normal waking state which
is called
Personality A, or PA,
this
individual will become a rabid communist.
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He will join
the party,
follow
the party line and make himself as
objectionable
as possible
to the authorities.
Note that he will
be
acting
in
good faith.
He
is
a communist,
or rather his PA
is
a communist
- and will behave
as such.
Then develop Personality B
(PB)
,
the secondary personality,
the unconscious personality.
This personality
is rabidly American and anti-communist.
It has
all
the
information possessed by PA,
the normal personality, whereas
PA does not have this advantage.
The proper training of
a person
for this
role would be
long and tedious,
but once he was
trained,
one would have
a super spy compared to any creation in
a mystery
story.
The
super spy plays his
role
as
a communist in his waking
state,
aggressively,
consistently,
fearlessly.
But his
PB
is. a
loyal American,
and PB has
all the memories
of PA.
As
a loyal
American,
he will not hesitate
to divulge those memories, but be
sure he has
the opportunity
to
do so when occasion demands.
Here
is how this
technique would work.
Let
us
choose
the Cubans
as
examples.
One could easily secure,
say,
one hundred excellent
hypnotic subjects
of Cuban stock,
living
in the United States, who
spoke their language
fluently,
and then work on these subjects.
In hypnotism one would build up their loyalty
to our country;
but
out
of hypnotism,
in the "waking" or normal state,
one would do
the
opposite,
striving
to convince them that they had a genuine
grievance against this
country
and encouraging them to engage
in
fifth
column activities.
So one builds
up a case of dual personality.
They would be urged
in the waking state to become
fifth columnist
enemies
to the United States,
but also point out
to them in hypnotism
that
this was
really
a pose,
that their real loyalty lay with
this
country,
offering them protection and reward for their
activities.
Through them one would hope to be kept informed of
the
activities
of their "friends,"
this information,
of course,
being obtained
in the trance state.
They would also be very useful
as
"plants"
in concentration camps or
in any other situations
where
it was
suspected their services might be
of use
to our
intelligence department.
Once again these people would have
a
great
advantage over ordinary "informers."
Convinced of their
own
innocence,
they would play
the
fifth column role with the
utmost sincerity.
This
conviction of innocence would probably
be their greatest protection.
Again,
if suspected, no one could
obtain
from
them, any useful
information.
Only
a very
few key
people could throw them into the trance and, without
this,
an#
attempt
to
get information would be useless.
There
are some
difficulties
that would be encountered
in building
up
an organi-
zation of such personnel.
Hardly one somnambulist
in ten or even
a hundred according
to Estabrooks would be suitable
for such spy
work;
and the determining
of this suitability would be
a difficult
task.
But,
Estabrooks
reports,
it could be
done,
and once accom-
plished would
repay amply
for all
the trouble.
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5.
(U)
The possibility of creating assassins through hypnotic
techniques on POWs exists.
As was pointed out above, the subject
does not need to be willing to enter into such a condition.
Once
the captive has been placed in a suitable hypnotic state then
one need only to establish the post-hypnotic suggestion or plan
for the assassination.
After the prisoner is
released and returned
to his organization, he will carry out his assignment through his
unconscious state, while appearing perfectly rehabilitated in his
wakeful state.
The main problem in the assassin plan is
in the
area of post-hypnotic reinforcement.
There have been some ideas
mentioned that suggest one needs to establish the reinforcement
pattern during initial hypnosis;
some object that will reinforce
his goal whenever he looks
at
it, hears
a certain sound,
etc.
The
real problem for the
friendly
forces
is
the detection of
these mentally altered individuals.
At
the present time there
is no
fool proof method of detection.
There
is no test by which
one can discover these agents.
Blood pressure, heart
rate,
electro-
encephalograph, psychogalvanic reflex,
all these devices which
one can use to detect
the most subtle bodily changes are worthless
for there are no bodily changes.
Drugs,
at least for the present,
appear to be
of no value.
Further,
there are certain safeguards
that
the hypnotic method provides
for the enemy.
Most important
is
the conviction of innocence which the man himself has .
He
would never "act guilty" and
if ever accused of seeking information
would act quite honestly indignant,
the conviction of innocence
on
the part
of the agent
is perhaps his greatest safeguard under
questioning by our authorities.
The Soviets are aware of the
above mentioned possibilities
and appear to be using certain aspects
of psi research
in order to manipulate an individuals mental
behavior toward these activities.
PART
C - Artificial Reincarnation Through Hypnosis
1.
(U)
Vladimir L.
Raikov,
M.D.
,
a Soviet psychiatrist, has
claimed that hypnotic phenomenon
can be utilized
for what he claims
to be "artificial reincarnations."
For example,
Raikov claims
that
it
is possible
to hypnotically suggest to a girl who studies
violin that
she is the virtuoso violinist Fritz Kreisler.
It
is interesting to note, says Raikov,
that her manner of playing
at this time is reminescent to
that of Kreisler.
If so desired,
it
is also possible
to create this capacity in an awake state.
Raikov has converted persons who have no desire to paint,
invent
complex machines,
or to play music into masters through hypnosis.
Raikov reports.that he is able to evoke this mental alteration
only when the subject
is in
an exceedingly deep trance which is
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a new
form
of
an active
trance.
Existence
in
a state
of hypnosis
and simultaneous perception
of
individual moments
of reality
is
usually
characteristic
of
light,
superficial hypnosis,
however,
as mentioned
above,
Raikov claims
that
he uses
deep hypnosis.
As
opposed
to normal hypnosis,
the new found talents
of Raikov’s
subjects
retain
in part
of their conscious equipment
the ability
gained by
this
technique.
Raikov explains,
"The student
is
thinking,
forming relationships
and judgments,
acquiring his
own experience
during reincarnation.
Consequently
the creative potential he
develops,
draws
out, becomes his own."
(75)
2.
(U)
Raikov has
used
the EEG to prove his supposition
that
the
trance
of
reincarnation
is
a new phenomenon.
The
usual passive
trance
of deep hypnosis
shows
via the EEG alpha rest
rhythm.
In
reincarnation
the alpha disappears
completely
and
the EEG shows
a pattern
like
that normally
recorded
in high wakefulness
(135)
.
Reincarnation
appears
to be
the antithesis
of sleep.
3.
(U)
Raikov has worked
closely with
V.
Adamenko,
a physicist
who reportedly has
invented
the
CCAP
(Conductivity
of
the Channels
of Acupuncture Points)
device.
This machine,
it
is
claimed,
registers
energy
flow
In
the body
using
as
check points
for its electrodes
the
acupuncture points
of traditional Chinese medicine.
Adamenko
reportedly detects
changes
in body energy
caused by
alterations
of
consciousness
and varying emotional
states.
With subjects
attached
to
the
CCAP
,
Raikov put
them through various
forms
of
hypnosis.
At
the end
of many
sessions
the
graphs
from the CCAP
were
checked by Raikov and Adamenko.
They claim to have
found
a
pronounced difference between
the different
forms
of hypnosis.
They now claim
to be
able
to
chart
objectively
the physical activity
of
the
mind
in states
of somnambulism and various
levels
of hypnosis
.
They
report
that
these states
are
very hard
to measure by
any
other method.
Apparently
there
is
even more activity
in the
mind during
reincarnation than
there
is when
a person
is wide
awake.
This
corroborates
the EEG findings
that
reincarnation
is
a state
of "super wakefulness"
and that
it
is
a very different
animal
from regular,
passive
hypnosis,
according
to Raikov.
4.
(U)
Raikov's
methods
are
thought
to have
great possibilities
for treating
ailments
such
as
alcoholism and certain neuroses
.
His experiments
are
the
subject
of
a film "Seven Steps Beyond
the
Horizon."
(136)
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5.
(U)
Where the Soviets
are going to go with Raikov’s work
is
open to conjecture.
There
is some indication that the Soviets
believe that Raikov’s work and the CCAP device may unlock many
of
the mysteries behind ESP and other psi phenomena.
If any
of the above
is
true,
this work may be a new way of looking Inside
and catching the subtle interplay between thought and body,
psyche
and soma.
The CCAP device may have a much wider use than charting
the mental states
of reincarnated artists.
PART D - Telepathic Hypnosis
1.
(U)
According to Ostrander and Schroeder
(75)
.
the ability
to put people
to sleep
and wake them up telepathicallv
from a
distance o f a few yards
to over a thousand miles became the most
thoroughly tested and perfected contribution of the Soviets
to
international parapsychology.
It
is
reported that the ability
to control a person’s consciousness with telepathy
is being further
studied and tested in laboratories in Leningrad and Moscow.
The
work was started in the early 1920s but was not publicized until
the early 1960s.
The work was begun by K.O. Kotkov,
a psychologist
from Kharkov University,
in 1924.
Kotkov could telepathi cally
obliterate
an experimental subject’s consciousness
from short
distances or from the opposite side of town.
The work was documented
by Vasilev
(62) who conducted research of his own but could not
reveal
it under Stalin’s
regime.
The reality of telepathic sleep-
wake, backed by columns
of data, might be the most astonishing
part
of Vasilev’s experiments
in mental suggestion.
See reference
62,
pages
75 through
88.
2.
(U)
Parapsychologists
in Leningrad
and Moscow are involved
in the telepathic manipulation of consciousness, now recording
successes with the EEG.
Doctor
V.
Raikov
(see PART
C of this
section)
is
involved in this EEG research
as well as
E.
Naumov.
Naumov reports
th=t mental telepathy woke
up
a hypnotized subject
(by telepathy) six of eight times.
Naumov remarked that
as soon
as
the telepathic
’’wake
up” is
sent,
trance becomes
less
and
less deep,
full consciousness
returning
in twenty to thirty
seconds
(137).
In the Leningrad laboratory of Doctor Paul Gulyaiev
(Bekhterev Brain Institute)
,
friends
of subjects have been trained
to put them to sleep telepathically
(138)
.
3.
(U)
Why are the Soviets again hard
at work on the telepathic
control of consciousness?
Doctor
I.
Kogan,
like Vasilev,
is
probably doing
it
for theoretical reasons;
still trying mathe-
matically to prove that an electromagnetic carrier of telepathy
is possible.
Why other scientists may be delving into control
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of consciousness by ESP
is
another question.
During telepathic
sleep
is
an individual simply dreaming his own private dreams
or does someone else hold sway?
The current Soviets have not
divulged
the psychological details about their telepathic manipu-
lation
of consciousness.
Vasilev describes some revelations
in
his book
(62) but
little else has been reported.
Doctor Stefan
Man czarski
of Poland predicts
that
this new field of telepathy
will open up new avenues
for spreading propaganda.
He
feels
that
the electromagnetic theory is valid
and believes,
therefore
that telepathy
can be amplified
like radio waves.
Telepathy would
then become
a subtle new modus
for the "influences" of the world
(139).
Doctor Manczerski's wave
ideas
are still very debatable
but what
about
telepathy someday becoming
a tool for influencing
people?
s
4.
(U)
Hypnotizing someone telepathically probably comes over
as
a more eerie,
mystifying,
almost diabolical act
in the US
than it
does
in the Soviet Union.
The
US
is
really just becoming
adjusted
to some
of the aspects of hypnotism.
Since the turn of
the
century,
the Soviets have been exploring and perfecting the
various
advantages
that hypnotism provides.
In the Soviet Union
hypnotism
is
a common tool like X-rays,
used
in medicine, psychotherapy
physiology,
psychology,
and experimental pedagogy.
5.
(U)
The Soviets have been reportedly working on the effects
of drugs
used
in combination with psychic tests.
Vasilev used
mescarine
in the
early
days
and more
recently M.S.
Smirnov,
of
the Laboratory of
Visio'n,
Institute of Problems
of Information
Transmission of the USSR Academy of Science,
has been obtaining
psychic success with psilocybin
(140)
.
°
6.
(U)
The
tests
that
Vasilev had perfected may have
a more
interesting
future
in them than
the developer had imagined.
' Manipu-
lating someone else
s
consciousness with telepathy,
guiding him
in trance
colorful
uses
are
too easy
to
conjure.
The ability
to
focus
a mental whammy
on
an enemy
through hypnotic telepathy
has
surely occurred
to
the
Soviets.
In espionage.
nn P mniH
telepathically hypnotize
an
indi vidual with
the pos t-hvnnnM
suggestion
to steal, class! fied documents or detonate
important
military equipment?
The miss ion
is
acconmlishpri
qn d
the
indivi d-
ual
does not even know thathe has done anything.
Ryzl'Tsee
~
appendix VT? stated in Psychic~Tf4l)
~ "The bulk'd? recent
telepathy
research
in
the USSR is
concerned with
the transmission of behavior
impulses
- or research
to subliminally
control
an
individual's
conduct."
Visiting Soviet
psi
labs
in 1967, Doctor Ryzl says
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he was
told by a Soviet,
"When suitable means of propaganda
are cleverly used,
it
is possible
to mold any man's conscience
so that in the end he may misuse his abilities while remaining
convinced that he
is serving an honest purpose/
(140)
Ryzl
continues,
"The USSR has
the means
to keep the results of such
research secret
from the
rest of the world and,
as practical
applications
of these results become possible,
there
is no doubt
that
the Soviet Union will
do so."
What will ESP be
used
for?
"To make money,
and
as
a weapon," Ryzl states
flatly.
SECTION II - CONDITIONING THROUGH SUGGESTION
PART A - Hypnopedia
1*
(U)
The subject of hypnopedia or sleep- learning has been
openly discussed
in the Soviet literature
for the past decade
(142-161)
.
One of the most thorough Soviet reports has been
prepared by Bliznichenko
(162)
in 1966.
Dodge and Lament
(163)
have published
a report that
covers
the
field of hypnopedia in
the Soviet Union through 1968.
Further elucidation of this subject
in this
report, with
the exception of
a discussion of possible
trends
in
this
area since
1969,
is believed to be redundant and
unnecessary.
2.
(U)
The last decade of Soviet hypnopedia research has
led
them into new concepts
of memory improvement.
It
is believed
that
areas such
as subliminal perception and subconscious learning
with hypnosis were borne
from the basic research involved in
hypnopedia training.
The most
recent indication of new Soviet
interest in utilizing
the subconscious
as
a reserve
for the retention
of
facts
is
a booklet written by L.I. Kuproyanovich
(164).
This
book describes
the equipment
and technical means used
for improving
memory
as well
as
the prospective
uses
of cybernetics
for memory
retention.
Gne
of
the more interesting features
of
this book
is
a discussion on subliminal acquisition of
facts.
This
is
an
area of
concern when one
is speaking of conditioned behavior or
mental
alteration.
It
is
also
an area seldom discussed in open
Soviet
literature.
PART B of this section will briefly discuss
some Soviet work
in subliminal perception and possible
uses
for
this
technique.
3.
(U)
The
following discussion on memory and hypnopedia is based
on Kuproyanovich ’s
report.
The author states
that the subconscious
is one of the unused reserves
for the retention of facts
.
Memory
operation on the subconscious
level takes place without our realizing
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1972
it,
and
a man
- without noticing
it
- has better retention or proceeds
to
a solution
of
a complex problem even when he does not specifically
think of
it,
such
as when he
is
out
for a stroll.
And,
although
information processing
on the subconscious level
is widely separated
from the process
that takes place in the conscious state,
the
transfer from the subconscious
to the conscious
is
carried out
instantaneously.
This
is why
a solution or recollection occurs
unexpectedly after the memory operates
on the subconscious
level.
There
is
one other interesting property
that
is characteristic of
the subconscious!
the simultaneous processing of several parallel
streams
of information.
This
fact
is extremely important, because
when
it
occurs,
there
is
a wider circle of associations
and analogies
that
can become
the stimuli
and sources
of new,
unexpected recollec-
tions and decisions.
And,
finally,
the subconscious operation of
memory
is more
subject
to the
influence of emotions
and feelings,
Hypnopedia with automatic tracking
(biological feedback
as with
the
use of
an electroencephalogram),
in which - with the aid of
the brains biocurrents
- information transmission
is
carried out
at
the most
favorable moment
for retention and the sleep level
is
regulated by
the biocurrents,
is,
in the opinion of the author
more promising than the generally accepted methods
of sleep learning.
Experiments
in instructing while
in a semisleep state artifically
induced
in
the daytime show good results.
These methods have
begun
to be used both
in the USSR and in non-US
countries
(Bulgaria,
for example).
Before each training session,
a suggestion
is
received from the
tape recorder that
puts
the student into
a semi-
sleeping state.
After this,
as
in hypnopedia sessions,
the information
to be
retained
is
given.
The new method
is
as effective
as hypnopedia,
insofar
as
the quantity
of information retained
is
concerned, but
has
the advantageous
difference that
it
can be used in the daytime.
4.
(U)
Hypnosis
is
an effective means
for improving perception
and retention of information.
However, hypnosis
can be
used only
by people with medical training,
and under certain conditions.
The
use
of equipment
that
automatically induces and regulates
hypnosis has made the problem of using
it somewhat
simpler.
The
most
advantageous
use of
it will be made by
an automatic device
for hypnosis
during the simultaneous instruction of
a large number
of students
in hypnotic training classes specially created for
this
purpose.
Some institutes
in Japan and the United States
are
already instructing students under hypnosis according
to
Kuproyanovich
.
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5.
(U)
The important
feature of Soviet hypnopedia research is
believed to be the conclusions that the Soviets are now arriving
at
in regards to the manipulation of the subconscious area of
the brain.
Much of the early work that
is described by Dodge
and Lamont
(163) provide the foundation for a much broader under-
standing of the various methods available for conditioning the
human mind.
Hypnopedia research has produced an interest in
the Soviet Union for the
use of the psychology of memory and the
subconscious
in order to create conditions and functional states
for improving memory operation.
The areas
that grew out of basic
hypnopedic research include hypnosis,
autogenic training and
subliminal perception.
It
is believed that these newer areas
of endeavor bear more scrutiny than the more mundane area of
hypnopedia.
PART B - Subliminal Perception
1.
(U)
The use of subliminal perception
In the advertising
industry gained some notoriety in 1958 when an article appeared
in the New York Times uncovering the technique developed by the
New York firm known
as the Subliminal Projection Company,
Inc
(165).
Subliminal perception is
a psychological belief that persons
can
be stimulated below
(sub)
the threshold
(limen)
of consciousness.
Another interpretation, more commonly used,
is that persons
can
supposedly be stimulated without being aware of
it.
Hypnopedia,
for example,
might be considered a form of subliminal perception.
2.
(U)
In the late 1950s
there was much debate
as
to the moral
and ethical use
of subliminal advertising.
There was in the US
a strong moral repugnance
to the use of subliminal perception
in TV advertising.
The
furor raised by the public and the press
concluded when the Federal Communications Commission entered the
picture
in 1957.
An excellent overview on the subject of subliminal
stimulation was prepared by McConnell et
al
in 1958
(166)
.
The
authors
attempt to clarify the issues surrounding the application
of subliminal perception.
The article examines the levels of
behavior that may be influenced by subliminal stimulation as well
as
the ethical questions
that naturally arise.
The article contains
an extensive bibliography.
3.
(U)
The distinction between subliminal and supraliminal
perception cannot
always be clearly made.
Because of the statis-
tical nature of thresholds,
it
is possible that many subjects
may receive some cues
from stimuli even though they are supposedly
below threshold.
Also, what may
for one person,
at
a particular
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time with
a particular stimulus, be below threshold may
for another
person,
or the same person
in another situation, be above threshold.
Insofar
as subliminality
is crucial
for motivational or security
reasons,
stimuli
of such low intensity may be required that little
effect
could
fee
obtained.
As
one review of literature in this
area concluded:
"There
does not
appear to be substantial evidence
for subception
(subliminal perception)
as
a distinct phenomenon."
(167)
Another review of literature
in this area
(168)
concluded that
most effects
that suggest discrimination without
awareness
can be
attributed to imperfections
in measurement techniques
or other
shortcomings
of experimental methodology and cannot be
clearly
demonstrated to be
related to perceptual variables
.
Other research
in
the
communications
field suggests
that
research on reactions
to propaganda might more profitably
focus
upon other factors than
upon intensity of stimulation.
4.
(U)
There
is
strong moral repugnance
to the use of subliminal
perception
in propaganda.
This was made evident
a few years ago
when some efforts were made
(169)
to introduce subliminal stimulation
into TV
as
an advertising technique.
Insofar as
the US
is trying
to project
abroad
an image
of itself
as
a nation encouraging indi-
vidual
freedom,
it would seem extremely inappropriate to risk being
detected employing propaganda techniques which appear to invade
human privacy.
It
is highly doubtful that the American public
would condone such use abroad,
just
as broadcasters have been
reluctant
to use this technique
for fear of hostile reactions on
the part
of their audiences.
While the risks of national public
and international
condemnation may be run
for worthwhile objectives,
if no great
advantage accrues
the risky approach would be inappro-
priate
.
5.
(U)
The possibility
of utilizing subliminal perception for
military purposes may have been realized by the Soviets.
As
mentioned earlier,
there
is
a distinct
lack of open literature
from
the USSR dealing with
this subject.
However,
there
is mention
of
it
in Kuproyanovich' s
recent book
(164).
The author states
that the showing
of movie
films
and -slides,
along with being
an additional retention source,
has yet another important value
that
aids
in revealing
the subconscious
reserves of memory.
Earlier
in the author's
text he describes
the showing of movies where
additional
frames,
of
an advertising nature, were inserted between
the
film's basic
frames.
It was shown
that, because of their
brief but sufficiently frequent appearance,
this technique acted
on
the subconscious
(similar, to US work in the 1950s).
The Soviet
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technique, when
it is necessary to strengthen memory or to create
an emotion,
utilizes supplemental frames
at the rate of one per
25 basic
frames.
These supplemental
frames,
according to the
Soviets,
should contain explanations amplifying the memory of the
basic film or creating some mood.
Thus whether the movie watcher
wishes it or not,
the information filtering through his subconscious
will create
an overall background mood supplementing the basic one.
According
to Kuproyanovich,
these films, which enlist both the
conscious
and subconscious memory functions,
are very promising.
6.
(S/CD/NDA)
According to
a French expert in the field of
electrosleep and electroanesthesia,
the Soviets used a motion
picture technique to interrogate prisoners
(170)
.
The French
expert described the method as
follows
:
"A movie film which shows what you want the
individual to do
is
flashed on
a screen at
double the normal running speed.
A speed of 24
frames per second was considered critical to the
suectess of the method.
While the movie is being
shbwn,
a 35mm slide projector is used to flash a
written statement of what you want
the person to
do.
The slide is interposed between each frame
of the movie projection.
The net effect of the
operation is that neither the movie scene nor
the slide can be read, but the subconscious picks
up the information.
As the individual becomes
disorientated, he then responds
to questions.
Apparently there are no long term or residual
effects
as
a result
of the procedure.
It was
described as being particularly useful
for
interrogating hostile prisoners
.
With the above description, Kuproyanovich 's work and the Soviets
knowledge in all areas
of human behavior,
it
is not unlikely
that they may be
in
a position to militarily threaten their
enemies with sophisticated mind manipulation techniques
in
controlled situations or in the
field.
PART
C - Suggestology
1.
(U)
Suggestology
is
a new "ology" defined by the communist
countries
as the scientific study of suggestion.
It
is reported
to be a method of reaching and making use
of the unknown reserves,
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powers,
and abilities
of the human mind.
In some areas
it over-
laps with parapsychology.
One
individual responsible for
many
of the
claims
for success
in the field of suggestology
is
Doctor George Lozanov, head of
the Institute of Suggestology and
Parapsychology in Sofia,
Bulgaria.
Through extensive research
he has discovered
laws
of suggestion which he has applied in
many fields
from medicine to education.
The Bulgarian methods
of suggestion
are mentioned
in this report because some of the
theories have been adopted by the Soviets in their work on auto-
suggestion.
2.
(U)
Suggestology
is not hypnosis.
With this method of
conditioning,
the individual
is
always
in the waking state.
It
has been reported that
aiggestology has been used successfully
in medicine especially in functional disorders
of the nervous
system.
The healing
is based on
the positive suggestion that
nothing
is wrong;
it
is
a type of mind over body phenomenon.
Sanatorium officials
in Bulgaria testify that many patients
are
cured after
a few sessions
of positive thought patterning
(171).
Suggestology has been reported
to be successful
in replacing
anesthetics
in surgical
cases
as well
as aiding the patient
in
decreasing his
own blood flow.
It
is
further claimed that with
suggestology
the
incisions
from surgical operations heal much
faster than
usual
(172).
The Bulgarians believe
the technique
of waking suggestion
(not hypnosis) will continue
to find
a wider
and very useful place
in the practice of medicine
(173).
3.
(U)
The possibility for upgrading the memorizing process
and
for accelerating the automation of habits,
discovered through
suggestological experimentation,
offers possibilities
for the
development
of
a new science:
suggestopedagogy
(suggestopedy)
.
The suggestopedic method
of mastering
a foreign language
is not
a
variety
of the
current methods
(audio-visual,
audio- linguistic,
conscious -practical,
hypnopedic,
etc.),
but
a qualitatively
nfew
training process
in terms
of
its
content,
structure,
and results.
This method
uses
suggestion not
as
a means
for some kind of mystical
influence,
not
as some kind of abstract,
"vague"
factor,
but
as
a specific method for directly influencing the emotional world and
intellectual activities,
the entire personality,
of the student.
Practical experience has
revealed that
a suggestion
is not
a sort
of "third grade,
marginal
factor."
Controlled and used purposefully,
it
creates
conditions
for upgrading considerably
the capacity to
memorize and to assimilate knowledge
faster.
In the training process
usually suggestive methods
are used spontaneously,
intuitively.
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Quite frequently,
a number of hindering
factors
are present in
the course of the training process, preventing the spontaneous
adoption of the new material,
its energizing and retention.
The
new aspect of the sugges topedic training process
is that
all means
of suggestion - authority,
complexity,
intonation, music,
etc.
-
have been scientifically selected and organized in
a way
as
to
achieve the memorization and creative assimilation of
a considerable
volume of data without student
tension.
Creating
a favorable psycho-
logical climate
in class,
suggestopedy converts the training process
into an emotion of joy,
into pleasure
for the student and the
teacher.
Under these circumstances the personality of the student
is
freed from various hindering complexes.
It
is "liberated."
New intellectual and memory reserves
are discovered.
It
is
this
new psychological system and concept of the training process
that
is
one of the major features of suggestopedia
(174)
.
4.
(U)
According to Doctor Lozanov,
the sugges topedic method
allows
an individual
to learn five
to fifty times
faster.
It
is based on the yoga technique of relaxation
- "Savasanna."
Using
suggestion and autosuggestion, muscle tension
is relaxed and the
brain
is relieved of the usual anxieties
and stresses.
During
suggestopedic sessions
the alpha rhythm of rest predominates
in
the brain.
The Soviets were among the first to seize on Bulgaria's
suggestopedia.
The Moscow Foreign Lanugage Pedagogical Institute
has
claimed resounding success with Lozanov's method
(175).
5.
(U)
The Soviets,
although
they adopted some of Lozanov'
s
teaching techniques , have appeared to search
for more conclusive
results
in
the
use
of autosuggestion.
Early work was carried
out under the direction of Professor A.M,
Svyadoshch,
of the
Karaganda Medical Institute’s Department
of Psychiatry.
It was
reported in
1965
that
as
a result of
a special four month training
session,
out of
50 people learned how to produce,
at will
a
significant
change
in their own skin temperature.
To raise ot
lower
the temperature
they simply repeated to themselves
for
a
short period
of
time the appropriate autosuggestion formula:
"hand warm" or "hand cold."
The Soviets
found that
the use of auto-
suggestion during
a state of muscular relaxation, known
as autogenous
training,
makes possible
a hypnotic state similar to that which
is
observed during hypnotic sleep.
Moreover,
a person
is
able to
maintain control over his emotions
and carry on further autosuggestion.
Using ordinary verbal
formulas,
one can subject various organ systems
to arbitrary effects during such a state
(176).
Autogenic training
has been reported by
the Soviets
to be useful
in the elimination
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of pain
and in
the. treatment
of neuroses
and other functional
disturbances
(177)
.
Professor Svyadoshch believes
that
autosuggestion
may be
used with
success
in cosmonaut
training.
In his opinion,
autosuggestion
can be
of great value
to
those whose occupation
makes particularly great
demands
on self-control,
in particular,
space
crews.
Svyadoshch reports
that
it takes
five or six months
of special exercises
to master the autosuggestion technique.
This
makes
a person
"immune"
to
fear, worry,
and emotional instability
(178)
.
6,
(U)
The Soviets have shown interest
in the ability of humans
to alter their psychophysiological state by autogenous
and exogenous
suggestion.
A study was
conducted to determine the possibility
of changing
the activity
of individual organs
and systems
of the
human body by
autogenous
and exogenous
suggestion.
Six test
subjects were exposed
to
70-day bed
rest.
Three of the subjects
served
as
controls,
and the other three were trained
for the
first
ten days
to arbitrarily strain or relax individual muscular
groups, with subsequent
sleep.
Myotonometric data showed that different
muscle
tonus
indices
could be
reduced
5-25%.
ECG,
EEG, myotonometric
,
and actographic data showed that sleep occurred by the
to 15th
minute during
the second
to
third weeks
of the experiment.
By the
fourth week
the
test subjects were
able
to arbitrarily achieve
a
state
of relaxation
and sleep
at
any
time,
regardless
of the emo-
tional
reaction background.
At
such times
arterial pressure and
pulse
rate were significantly lowered.
By the fifth week the
test subjects
attained similar results,
although somewhat
less
effectively,
by self-suggestion.
Thus
it
is possible,
by auto-
genous
conditioning,
for
a subject
to attain deep refreshing
sleep
at
a scheduled time even with
a background
of different
stress
factors.
Most effective
changes
in the psychophysical
state occurred during direct
contact
of
the
test subject with
the
instructor,
but exogenous
suggestion was performed almost
as well by means of
a radio or tape-recorder
(179).
7.
(U)
The possibility
of being
able
to predict
suggestibility
in man prior
to engaging him
in long term trials
has
intrigued
the Russians.
E.F. Mordinov and A. A.
Genkin
(180) have shown
that
the electroencephalogram may
serve
as one of the objective
quantitative measures
of suggestibility
in man
in the wakeful
state.
Thirty-nine subjects
in quiet wakefulness were subjected
to
two EEG parameters:
(1)
average level of asymmetry
of
oscillations
and
(2)
average period of activity.
Significant
differences were reported
in
the
average level
of asymmetry of
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oscillations in the readily suggestible group
(20 subjects)
com-
pared to the resistant group
(19 subjects) .
Suggestibility
difference effects existed in the hypnotic state and during wake-
fulness .
The test of suggestibility was the classical one wherein
the inability to unlock interlocked fingers of the two hands is
suggested.
8.
(C/NFD)
The field of suggestion provides a further means
for controlling or altering mental behavior.
From the available
Soviet literature it can not be determined to what extent it might
be used for changing or manipulating behavior of their enemies.
A possible application for US military forces is in the area of
establishing defenses against hostile interrogation.
The ability
to control one's own emotions through autogenous suggestion might
be most useful in PW situations.
This,
in turn, might provide
the US with a clue as to why the Soviets seem so Interested in the
field of suggestion.
On the other hand, the Soviets may have the
ability to directly Influence the emotional and intellectual
activity of a prisoner, without his knowledge, by using Lozanov's
techniques employing subtle conditions of seemingly relaxing
and unmolesting environments
.
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19 72
PART IV
PROPAGANDA AND MASS MEDIA
1.
(u)
It
is difficult,
if not impossible,
to assess the Soviet's
potential
for controlling or manipulating the behavior of their
enemies through the use of propaganda.
One can survey the Western
literature and be able to make some rational judgments on the
effects of mass media,
for example,
on the mental behavior of
its audiences.
Walter Weiss
of Hunter College
in New York has
published an excellent study
(181)
on the relationships between
mass media of communication and social change.
The author also
reports
on the roles
of the mass media in the development of
modernized countries.
In another report
(182), Weiss surveys
the significant literature on the mass media from January 1967-
December 1969.
Unfortunately these surveys deal primarily with
the
free world.
SGI
B
3.
(U)
A report prepared by Goure
(183)
further depicts
the
emphasis
that Soviet authorities place on propaganda.
The report
relates
the
all out effort that Soviet authorities
are using in
order to indoctrinate their own people on the importance of civil
defense.
Included in their attempts
to create fear of nuclear,
chemical,
and biological attack are direct assaults on the US.
This
certainly represents
a method of behavior change or control.
In an effort
to propagandize civil defense
in the Soviet Union inten-
sive use
is being made of all media of mass communication:
the press,
television,
radio, movies,
exhibits,
and lectures.
Pamphlets
and books
are published and disseminated on a wide scale.
All the national
and major provincial newspapers,
including Pravda,
Izvestiya ,
and Red Star , have published articles on civil defense,
often
by prominent party or government officials
(184).
The basic
pamphlet for the instruction of the general public. Everyone
Should Know This ,
first published in 1968 has been issued to
most families
.
The following are
a few select examples of the
intensity and scope
of Soviet
civil defense propaganda activities:
In 1969,
the Belorussian SSR local newspapers printed 1,200
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artless
°n
civil
defense,
one district
(rayon)
alone publishing
i
ono
f them ’
and there were
45 television broadcasts and over
1,000
radio
talks
and reports
on civil
defense
(185
186)
In
Novosibirsk: ,
2, 000 lectures were given on civil
defense subjects
over ? onn
anlya
(Kaowled8 e)
Society
(187).
In the Georgian SSR
over 7,000 propagandists
of the Ministry of Culture
are promoting
information
on civil
defense
(188)
.
Forty
civil defense movies
are being shown throughout the
country
in regular movie theaters
and in various
clubs, which were said
to have been seen in 1969
by about
90 million persons
(185).
In the town of Orel,
one city
district
alone had
179
civil defense exhibits
(189),
In the
Z
a
r
^nn
dZhan
S
?R ’
in
°ne
mC>nth there were n±ne television broadcasts
and
300 items
in
the local press dealing with civil defense, while
m
a district
In Belorussia
in one month there were held 120
pu
ic lecture sessions,
75 showings of civil defense movies
and
numerous broadcasts
(190,186).
Many factories broadcast weekly
or biweekly
talks
on civil defense over their public address
systems.
Soviet
civil defense authorities also have tried
to
expand civil defense propaganda by bringing
to
it writers,
journalists, painters, movie producers
and other persons
from the
creative arts.
As part of this effort,
arrangements were made with
the Union of Writers
to send groups
of their members
to attend two-
Hlgh
!
r Central °fflcer Course on
Civil Defense
of
the USSR.
Meetings
and conferences
of writers
and other artists
with civil defense officials were also held in
a numbekof the
major cities
(191,192).
Soviet civil defense leaders argue
that
the population must be well prepared in a morale-psychological
sense
if
it
is
to withstand the shock of a nuclear war and its
tllTT'
Consequently,
in addition to reassuring the population
bout
the effectiveness of civil defense measures
and the strength
of
the Soviet Armed Forces,
the propaganda and training programs
It
is noted
e
thIt-
lnSt111 ±n ^ P°pulation
"hat red for the enemies."
A rise
in
the importance of indoctrinating hatred of
the imperialist aggressors
is
also due
to
the objec-
tive pattern of
a further rise
in the role of morale
in modem war
(193)
.
This
is accomplished by stressing the alleged US plans
to attack
the
Soviet Union and other "peace-loving" peoples.
It
is noted
with some satisfaction
that
Soviet soldiers
"like
all honest
people
in
the world,
detest Americans
and all other imperialists."
The
literature emphasizes
the importance of teaching the youth
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to hate all enemies of the Soviet Union,
since unlike its elders
it has not passed through the harsh experience of revolution and war.
This indoctrination,
of course,
also serves
the political purposes
of the Soviet leadership and tends
to facilitate its control over
the population .
In this respect the civil defense program con-
tributes to strengthening the Soviet citizen's loyalty to the
leaders and the Communist system.
4.
(U)
It
is evident from the information provided above and
in Appendix V that the Soviet Union has
a well polished and sophis-
ticated system of utilizing propaganda and the mass medium for its
own advantage.
It is thought
to be very possible that with the
knowledge gained in utilizing their system on their own people,
and other communist countries,
this system of control could be un-
leashed on military forces confronting Soviet or allied Soviet
units
.
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PART V
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY IN THE USSR
SECTION
I - GENERAL
1.
(U)
Since ancient times, men have been aware of the
fact
that plant and animal products can induce desirable or undesirable
psychological effects.
For example,
a primitive faith in the
psychological effects of drugs
is evident in the continued use
of philters and potions
to induce love and hate.
Hippocrates
proclaimed that the brain was the organ of the mind,
a view
still not held by those of dualistic persuasion.
2.
(U)
Before the twentieth century, when little was known
about
the pathophysiology of somatic disease and even less about
mental disease,
remedies were largely effective on a psychological
basis.
However, substances long known to have true psychophar-
macological actions were opium and Wine.
These were employed
not only to treat disease but also to make life more bearable.
During the nineteenth century,
the development of the science
of chemistry made possible the discovery of agents with relatively
selective effects upon the central nervous system.
The nineteenth
century saw the development of nitrous oxide,
diethyl ether, sedatives,
and hypnotics.
However, until the mid-1950s there was
little
real progress in clinical psychopharmacology.
The development of
the phenothiazine drugs
in the 1950s saw the augmentation of
synthetic agents
for therapy in psychotic disorders.
The pheno-
thiazines
as
a class,
and especially chlorpromazine
(Thorazine)
,
are among the most widely used drugs in the practice of medicine
today.
From 1955 to 1965
at
least 50 million patients received
chlorpromazine and more than 10,000 publications have dealt with
its actions
(195)
.
3.
(U)
The use of psychopharmacologic agents
is of keen interest
throughout the world including the Soviet Union.
Investigations
on psychotherapeutic agents can no longer be overlooked in the
Soviet literature.
In the pharmaco—therapeutic reference work
by Aronovich
(196),
four phenothiazines - aminazine (chlorpromazine),
propazine,
dinezin,
and mepazine
- and also reserpine (serpasil)
are
listed: but reports of clinical experience with phenothiazines
(Rauwolfia derivatives play a smaller role altogether)
refer almost
exclusively to aminazine
(approximately 127 references available-
USSR)
.
Most of the aminazine studies follow standard clinical
research techniques however, some uses as mentioned in PART
I
of this report appear to be
for more sinister purposes
.
Based
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on the wealth
of Soviet
literature,
the popularity,
for whatever
reasons,
of aminazine therapy
in the Soviet Union cannot be disputed.
(114 references
available on psychopharmacology-USSR)
.
SECTION
II
- MAIN PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES
- USSR
1.
(U)
According
to Guseynov
(197), modern Soviet medicine
is
devoting special attention to the development of psychopharma-
cology.
At
the present
time
(1971),
Soviet scientists are conducting
intensive investigative work on the study and introduction into
medical practice
of new psychotropic substances.
The most important
Soviet psychotropic agents
are
as
follows:
(1)
Diethylamide lysergic acid — LSD-25
Disrupts
the psyche,
causes hallucinations,
but
consciousness
is maintained.
Used to diagnose schizophrenia,
and also
to create
a model of psychosis
in animals.
(2)
Mescaline — Mescalinum
Under
its influence
a dimming of consciousness
takes place,
and hallucinations and psychosis
develop.
Used
to diagnose certain
mental illnesses
and
to
create a model of experimental psychosis.
(3)
Harmine — Harminum
Calms
the central nervous
system,
disrupts
the psyche,
causes
hallucinations ,
eliminates
spasms.
Used in parkinsonism.
Pre-
scribed for internal use.
(4)
Indian cannabis
The active ingredient
is
a tar used under various names —
hashish, marijuana, bhang,
dagga,
and others.
This
tar is
smoked,
chewed,
and added
to
food
and drink
as
a stupefacient
.
Cannabis
disrupts
the psyche,
causes hallucinations
and euphoria,
and
subsequently psychoses
and schizophrenia develop.
It has no
medicinal significance.
(5)
Iprazide — Iprazidum
(Marsilid)
Stimulates
the mental sphere,
eliminates states
of depression.
The
effect
comes
on gradually over
to
16 hours
and lasts
days.
It
is
used
for schizophrenia,
psychoses,
states
of depression,
and hypertonia.
(6)
Imizine —
(Tofranil)
Has
a thymoleptic effect,
eliminates
states
of depression.
Used
in cyclophrenia and other mental disorders.
Prescribed for
internal
use
or is introduced intramuscularly.
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(7)
Transamine —
(Parnate)
By blocking the enzyme monoaminoxidase
(MAO)
,
it increases
the content of biogenic amines
in the brain and by so doing
eliminates states of depression.
Used for mental disorders accom-
panied by severe depression.
Prescribed for internal use.
(8)
Phenamine —
(Benzedrine)
Sharply stimulates the central and sympathetic nervous systems.
Increases blood pressure,
dilates
the pupils,
quickens pulse,
relieves
fatigue and somnolence.
Perception is facilitated in
people who have taken phenamine,
thinking and memory are improved,
motor activity and speech are increased,
and mental and physical
efficiency are improved.
Used in narcolepsy,
alcoholic psychoses,
psychogenic depression,
and poisonings by narcotics and somni-
facients.
Prescribed
fori internal use.
(9)
Phenatine — (Nicotinamide)
Stimulates
the central nervous system;
in contrast
to phenamine,
it does not
increase,
but rather lowers blood pressure.
Used
for
mental and physical fatigue,
and also
for hypertonia.
Prescribed
for internal use and is introduced subcutaneously.
(10)
Piridrol —
(Meratran)
Intensifies higher nervous activity,
eliminates states of
depression.
Used in narcolepsy and psychoses accompanied by
depression and apathy.
Prescribed for internal use.
(11)
# Meridil —
(Ritalin)
Stimulates the
central nervous system,
eliminates states of
depression.
Used in psychoses
and states of depression.
Prescribed
for internal use.
(12)
Aminazine —
(Chlorpromazine)
Calms
the central nervous system,
lowers blood pressure and
body temperature, halts vomiting,
slows
down pulse, eliminates
the effect df histamine.
Successfully used in schizophrenia,
psychoses, neuroses,
delirium tremens,
and hypertonia,
toxicoses
of pregnancy ,
dermatoses ,
and
in surgery to create artificial
hypothermyr.'
Prescribed
for internal use or introduced intra-
mus cularly
.
(13)
Meprotan —
(Equanil)
Eliminates internal anxieties
and feelings of fear and alarm,
calms
the cepfral nervous
system.
Used in physchoses, neuroses,
epilepsy,
insomnia,
and moderate hypertonia.
Prescribed for
internal use.
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(14)
Amizil —
(Diazil)
Calms
the nervous system,
eliminates spasms
and the effect of
histamine,
restores disrupted pulse.
Used in psychoses, neuroses,
and states
of depression and phobia.
Prescribed for internal use.
(15)
Reserpine —
(Serpasil)
Main alkaloid of the plant Rauwolfia serpentina.
Calms
the
central nervous system,
eliminates
feelings of
fear,
longing,
and alarm,
lowers blood pressure,
and slows down pulse.
Widely
used in schizophrenia,, psychoses,
neuroses,
hypertonia,
tachy-
cardia,
thyrotoxicoses,
and others.
Prescribed for internal use
or introduced intramuscularly.
SECTION
III
- PSYCHO-WARFARE AGENTS
PART A - Diethylamide Lysergic Acid
(LSD)
and Psilocybin
1.
(U)
Psycho-warfare agents may be defined as those chemical
warfare agents whose effects
rest on changes of the psyche
(198).
These materials have the advantage over other warfare agents
in
that
the efficiency of the victim is impaired even with minimal
doses.
Ordinary methods applicable
in combat
cannot afford detec-
tion
of these agents,
and for this reason warning cannot be sent
out
in time when these psychotropic poisons
are used.
Only the
abnormal behavior of
the victim may afford the first indication
that
such compounds have been given.
In effective concentrations,
these agents
are odorless
and tasteless and they can be utilized
both on the battlefield and in sabotage
for contamination of
drinking water and
food.
For this reason the military medical
team needs
to inform themselves on the effect of these weapons
and their symptoms
.
2.
(U)
Lysergic acid diethylamide
(LSD)
is almost
a "classic"
representative of psycho-warfare agents.
A. Hofmann synthesized
this
compound
in
the course
of his investigations
on the composi-
tion
of
the ergot alkaloids.
Even minimal amounts
of this
substance,
about
to
60 micrograms,
are evidenced by psychological-emotional
changes
in man, which may last
from six to eight hours.
There
is
an
association of motor uncertainty,
unsure and swaggering walk, poor
prehension and dragging speech with vivid color hallucinations,
disturbances
of spatial and temporal sense,
attacks
of crying and
laughing,
fear and delusions
and sometimes
severe phenomena of
depersonalization.
The behavior
of the victim is
comparable
to
that
of
the schizophrenic.
LSD
is effective
in doses
that
are
one-ten thousandth of mescaline doses,
and
it
is much more readily
handled
in
the form of easily water-soluble tartrate.
After the
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LSD psychosis wears
off,
the victim experiences no after effects,
however it has been reported that part of the hallucinations are
subject
to recall and flashback reactions have occurred.
Psilocybin
exerts a qualitatively similar effect
in man, but about 100 times
weaker than LSD.
This material
is known
as the psychotropic sub tance
of the Mexican magic mushroom (Psilocybe mex. Heim)
.
The more effec-
tive compound is psilozine which occurs in the organism through
dephosphorylation of psilocybin.
As shown by animal experiment,
just
20 minutes after i.p.
injection of psilocybin, dephosphory-
lation is observed,
indicating
a rather high content of psilozine
in brain and other organs of the animals.
The two substances
are identical with respect to their psychotropic effect
,
and at
the start of the psychosis
there are changes in physical feelings
(weakness,
dizziness)
as predominant symptoms.
Only later do the
optical and acoustic hallucinations start.
Anxiety,
restlessness,
nausea and difficulty in speech are characteristic of the further
symptoms of intoxication.
In the later course of the psychosis
there is extensive loss of ability to concentrate or think,
and
there
is
also loss of sense of space and time.
After the psychosis
wears off the victim complains of exhaustion,
fatigue and headache,
but these symptoms disappear after a while.
LSD, psilozine and
psilocybin are biochemically correlated to serotonin.
It
is
not yet clear
to what extent this correlation
is based in enzyme
chemistry.
However,
similar structures
in the molecules of these
substances suggest pharmacodynamic interpretations
i
Since brain
function is closely related to serotonin metabolism It can be
assumed that this substance
is replaced by structurally very
similar psychotoxins that are built
up, namely by substances of
the tryptamine group,
e.g.,
LSD.
These poisons
do not take over
the functions of the serotonin, however,
and this leads
to dis-
turbances in the CNS.
The comparison of the above named materials
with other tryptamine derivatives such as dimethyltryptamine
and bufotenine, which
is
an isomer of psilozine,
also fits into
the framework of pharmacodynamic interpretation.
Both deriva-
tives
are psychotropically active substances, effective in man
in doses of about
70 mg.
3.
(C/CD/NDA)
Several institutes in the Soviet Union have been
identified where LSD research has taken place since 1969.
The
Institute of Physiology in Tbilisi was reported to be doing work
on the effects
of LSD on baboon behavior.
No specific experimental
work is known
(199).
A group at the Institute of Molecular Biology
,
Academy of Sciences, Moscow, has been working with LSD in experi-
ments with inhibitors
(200).
It is difficult to judge what the
Soviets are doing, but the work with inhibitors might indicate
research efforts in the area of medical defense against the use
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of LSD on Soviet troops.
There
is
a group
at the Institute of
Physiology in Novosibirsk.
No details
on their work is
available.
The
relationship between LSD,
serotonin,
and motor components
of behavior reactions
is being studied
at
the Donetsk Medical
Institute
(201).
The Soviet
research
in the area concerned with
the action of bioamines,
e.g.,
adrenaline,
serotonin,
and nor-
adrenaline, which the Donetsk group
is studying, will be discussed
later in this
report.
Studies
concerned with the reversibility
of pathomorphological changes
in the brain of rats
after chronic
administration of LSD were
going on in 1971
at
the Moscow Medical
Stomatological Institute
(202).
The First Medical Institute
imeni
I.M.
Sechenov has
reported their work on the search
for
antagonists
for hashish
and LSD
(203).
Kudrin reported that
Haloperidol
(a butyrophenone tranquilizer)
injection in combine
tion with Phenitron
(a propiophenone adrenolytic)
prevents
cats
from the
development of LSD-induced psychosis
and catatonia.
This
is
an important
aspect
of Soviet LSD research
as
it
indicates
their possible interest
in military medical defense against psycho-
wsiiciGLTQ agents.
Popova has
reported on the effect
of LSD on the
of n6urons
and intemeuronal connections.
The author
states
that her observations suggest
that
the central effects
of LSD may be related to changes both
in synapses and in the
cell body
(204)
.
4.
(C/NFD)
This
study has
attempted to establish the possibility
that
the Serbsky Institute
of Forensic Psychiatry in Moscow may
be
one of the main Soviet
facilities
for studying controlled
offensive behavior
(see PART
I).
I.P. Anokhina of the Serbsky
Institute reported
in
19 70 on
the effect
of LSD on the neuro—
transmitter systems
of the brain.
The experiments brought
evidence that the site of action of LSD
is
in the midbrain reticular
formation and in the limbic system.
Anokhina also believes
that
LSD inhibits monoamineoxidase
(MAO)
activity
(205)
.
The experi-
niejiC
reported in
the open literature
is scientifically genuine
,
of
course, but
the important
fact
is
that
the Institute
is studying
LSD and other psychotropic agents.
Since most of the Soviet
^
LSD literature
is
from institutes
in Moscow,
it might be conjec-
tured
that
there
is
a concentrated effort
in the USSR to determine
the basis
of action and uses
for LSD and other possible psycho-
warfare
agents..
5.
(S/NFD)
Until March of 1968,
there were three chemical
plants
located in Czechoslovakia conducting independent research
on CW compounds.
As
late
as March 1968,
they were working on
super—active compounds based
on materials
such as LSD and mescaline.
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At that time,
the work was supported by the Soviet Union but
conducted by the Czechs, with the final product going into
Czechoslovakian stockpile.
The Soviets furnished formulas, speci-
fications, production guidance,
test procedures,
and animal data.
They may have also provided some precursor chemicals.
The Czechs
were working on aerosols
as one method of applying the gaseous
materials developed from this program.
It
is stated that LSD
experiments had been disappointing but that other materials
similar to LSD had been quite successful.
The compounds were
being developed to be dispersed over a wide area from the air.
The agents were designed to make the population lose its will
to resist
for anywhere
from two hours
to two days, depending on
the compound used and the nature of the mission.
Damage would
be limited to the brain
(206)
.
PART B - Piperidyl Benzilate and Piperidyl Glycolate
1.
(U)
In the course of the search
for anticholinergic substances,
it was
found that methylpiperidyl benzilate and
its derivatives
are extremely active hallucinogens.
If we start
from the general
formula for piperidyl benzilate and piperidyl glycolate,
a series
of highly active psychotropic compounds
can be derived from it.
The radicals
of the formula below are involved as substituents.
From the piperidyl benzilate series we
can mention N-methylpiperidyl
benzilate as a highly active psychotoxin
(Ri=CH3 ; R2
and R3=C6H5 ).
From the piperidyl glycolate series,
Ditran
(Rl= -C2H5 ;
R2=
_C6h5
J
R3= -C5H9 )
can be described as
an extremely active compound.
R2
I
0 — C— C — OH
I
N"
R3
I
R1o
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2.
(U)
Poisoning with piperidyl
glycolates
is hardly
to be
distinguished from LSD poisoning
at
the beginning, because
also
in the
first mentioned
class
of materials
the
first psychic effects
occur after
45 to 60 minutes.
They consist
of confusion,
speech
difficulty,
disorientation and hallucination of optical
and
acoustic
type.
It
is
to be noted that
in piperidyl glycolate
psychosis
the victim can still
describe his
condition relatively
clearly after a dose
of
0.5
to 2.0 mg.
At
doses
of
10 mg
and above,
however,
contact with
the environment
and insight
into the arti-
ficiality
of the condition
is
lost.
The victims
react only
to
their hallucinations,
or
they present
a stupor syndrome.
At
still higher doses
(15 mg)
there
is generally
a severe disturbance
of consciousness with almost
complete lack of consciousness.
The
effect
of Ditran,
for example,
lasts
for about
24 hours,
and some-
times
as
long
as
36 hours.
Other toxic phenomena are not
to be
anticipated
at
the
indicated doses, —
at
the most nausea and emesis.
PART
C
- Countermeasures
,
(u)
In
the
use of psychotropic warfare agents,
the enemy
sets himself the
task of weakening the will
and
fighting capability
of
the
opponent,
or
to bring about his
complete inability
to
act
or
fight.
For this
reason,
only well-timed application of pro-
tective equipment
and measures
for guaranteeing indubitably
un con-
taminated drinking water and
food
can afford flawless protection.
This
condition
in
this
case has
so much the greater significance
because
a timed alarm
is questionable
in dealing with psychotropic
agents.
Certain medicaments
are available to the physician for
the treatment
of those already poisoned to offset
the worst effects.
As antidotes
there
are:
(1)
Azacyclonol
(Frenquel)
in
an i.v.
or oral dose of 200 mg
(2)
Succinic
acid,
infusion in
a 5% phosphate buffered solution
(5ml /min)
(3)
Tetrahydroaminacrin,
30 mg
i.v. within
5 minutes
(4)
Chlorpromazine
(Thorazine)
25 mg
i.m.
or orally larger
doses
2.
(U)
The medicaments
under one
and two
are
indicated in poisoning
with LSD,
psilozine and psilocybin.
The medicament under three
is to
be
given
in poisoning with piperidyl benzilate or piperidyl glycolate.
Chlorpromazine has
a favorable effect
on most model psychoses
induced by known psychotropic warfare agents.
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SECTION IV - CURRENT RESEARCH INTEREST
IN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
- USSR
PART A - Bioamine Research
1,
(U)
Space in this
report
limits
this discussion on bioamine
research.
There
is a vast quantity of literature available on bio-
amine
research,
e.g.,
serotonin,
dopamine,
adrenalin,
and noradrenalin.
2.
(C/CD/NDA)
Discarding some elements of sensationalism,
acade-
mician P.K. Anokhin
(relationship
to
I.P. Anokina unknown;
see
reference 205) maintains
that
today’s knowledge
of the human
brain gives
grounds
to believe that in the next decade some
artificial means will be
found to influence the intellectual
capacities
of man
(207),
Doctor Anokhin is with the Institute
of Normal and Pathological Physiology in Moscow
(208)
.
3,
(U)
A small group of little-known amines,
commonly referred
to
as
the biogenic amines,
seemed to provide links between behavior
and such
fields of brain research
as neuroanatomy, neurochemistry,
and neurophysiology.
It seemed possible
that
advances
in the
neurochemistry of these amines would greatly enrich one’s knowledge
of
a variety of processes related
to brain and mind.
This has
indeed happened.
Although the surface has still barely been
scratched,
research
in the interim has broadened the ideas
con-
cerning such phenomena as mood,
sleep,
sexual desires,
and appetite —
and such neurological disorders
as parkinsonism and chorea.
More-
over,
the whole field of psychopharmacology has become rationalized
as
relationships between
the major psychoactive drugs and amine
action have been revealed,
4.
(U)
It has now been established beyond reasonable doubt
that
communication between neurons
in the mammalian nervous system is
by
means
of chemical agents,
or neuro transmitters , which
are released
from the nerve terminal
of one neuron and which cross
the synaptic
cleft,
or intemeuronal space,
to influence
the excitability of
the next neuron*
The alternative possibility
of electrical trans-
mission has been ruled out.
The existence of these chemical
messengers provides
a possible way of influencing behavior and
mental performance while leaving other aspects
of brain function
almost completely unaffected.
If the transmitters governing the
cells associated with such functions
as sex, appetite,
sleep, or
mood turn out to be specific and
if chemical methods
can be
found
for selectively interfering with their metabolism,
then fairly
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precise behavioral modifications might be brought about.
Unfor-
tunately,
the identity
of neurotransmitters associated with most
cells
is
unknown.
However,
a few neurotransmitters have been
identified,
and an exciting flood of research has always accom-
panied their discovery.
Bridges
are built between the often
separated fields
of pharmacology,
physiology,
and biochemistry,
and
a new level of understanding of the nervous system is achieved.
S®
it was when acetylcholine
and noradrenaline were found many
years
ago
to be
the transmitter substances
for the parasympathetic
and sympathetic parts
of
the autonomic nervous system.
And so
it has been in the past few years
as evidence has built
up in
favor of dopamine, noradrenaline,
serotonin,
and acetylcholine
playing neurotransmitter roles
in the visceral brain.
5.
(U)
Two groups of workers have recently reported that
cholinomimetic stimulation of the brain produces
aggressive
behavior and killing in
rats.
Cholinergic blocking agents
reverse
the effect
.
The areas
involved are the lateral hypo-
thalamus
(Smith,
King,
and Hoebel
1970), septal area and
amygdala
(Igic,
Stern,
and Basagic 1970).
Pathological aggressive-
ness
is probably
the most disagreeable of all human traits.
The
precise identification of circuits
of violence and
a definition
of their means
Of control would be of inestimable social value.
That pathologically agressive behavior can be triggered without
discernible provocation
in susceptible individuals
is
as well
known
to
the
courts
as
it
is
to the medical profession
(209)
.
6.
(U)
The discussion above was
included
as
important back-
ground
information on the brain, biogenic amines
and theories
for controlling behavior.
The author mentions
that
the precise
identification of the mental pathways
for aggression in humans
would be of inestimable social value.
However,
if one does
learn and identify these pathways
and ways of initiating aggres-
sive behavior
as
in the
rat experiment above,
it may be used
for antisocial effects
as well.
7.
(U)
A. R.
Luria of the University of Moscow has been studying
the
functional organization of the brain for several years.
In
a recent
article,
Doctor Luria describes
some recent Soviet advances
in. the mapping of
the brain
(210)
.
The lengthy article
is con-
cluded by Luria stating that neuropsychology has put
us
(the
Soviets)
on a new path in the investigation of how the brain
functions.
Luria feels
that
this
is
likely
to lead
the way
to
substantial changes
in the design of psychological research in
the
future.
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8.
(U)
An interesting research report in 1968 appeared in the
Soviet press which related biogenic amines with psychotropic
drugs
(211).
The type of mental disturbance produced by psycho-
pharmaceuticals was investigated in hunan volunteers.
The volun-
teers received a variety of compounds
(not named) in 20——150 mg
doses.
Psychic disturbances were of two types: anxiety depressive
and deep depressive.
The first group reported more phobias,
while the second group exhibited general lassitude, and hypochon-
driac symptoms.
Adrenalin and noradrenalin were given by injection.
DOPA and serotonin were also given.
Creatine levels in the urine
were determined after treatment.
Other metabolites were detected
chromatograph!cally or by paper electrophoresis*
Before treatment,
group I patients excreted higher than normal levels of creatines,
their metabolites and precursors.
In the second group , excretion
of catecholamines, precursors and metabolites was higher
(up to
2 times) than in the controls.
The administration of tranquilizers
(Librium) accompanied the reduction in excretion of abnormal
metabolites.
This study is important because it illustrates
Soviet interest in not only biogenic amines, but also in the
mode of action of psychotropic substances .
Once the parameters
are understood, then the development of highly sophisticated
mood altering chemicals should follow.
9.
(U)
Of interest was the symposium on Mechanisms of Regulation
of the Biogenic Amines Level in the Tissues held in Lodz, Poland
in August of 1971.
No data is available but the abstracts of the
papers is to be published in Acta Medica Polonica in April of 1972.
The main aim of the symposium was
for the comparison of data
on the mechanisms of regulation of the biogenic amines level
in the tissues with special emphasis on the role of enzymes respon-
sible for synthesis,
catalysis,
and storage of amines.
10.
(U)
The relationship of psychoactive drugs to amine activity
is shown in Table IV below.
TABLE IV
Relation of Psychoactive Drugs to Amine Activity
(209)
A.
Drugs which impair amine synaptic activity
1.
Tranquilizers
a.
Inhibitors of vesicle binding:
rauwolfia alkaloids
e.g.
reserpine
b.
Blockers of receptor sites: phenothiazines,
butyrophenones—e.g.
chlorpromazine and halo-
peridol
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2.
Amine synthesis inhibitors
a.
Inhibitors
of catecholamine synthesis:
e.g.
alpha-methyl-p- tyrosine
b.
Inhibitors of serotonin synthesis:
e.g.
p-
chlorophenylalanine
B.
Drugs which enhance amine synaptic activity
-
1.
Psychic energizers
a.
Inhibitors
of monoamine oxidase:
hydrazines
and monoamine analogs—e.g.
iproniazide,
tranylcypromine, amphetamine
b.
Inhibitors of amine uptake:
dibenzazepines
and miscellaneous
derivatives—e.g.
imipra-
mine,
amitriptyline,
cocaine,
amphetamine
c.
Amine releasers:
amine analogs—e.g.
amphe-
tamine ,
tyramine
2.
Amine synthesis
stimulators
a.
For dopamine and noradrenaline:
L-dopa
b.
For noradrenaline:
L-dihydroxyphenylserine
c.
For serotonin:
L-5-hydroxytryptophan
PART B - Other Areas
of Soviet Research in Psychopharmacology
1.
(U)
Barkov and Gurovich
(212)
reported on the effects of
tripthazine
(stelazine)
and aminazine
(thorazine)
on emotional
behavior.
The compounds were
found to inhibit aggression but
prolong the
fear reaction in rats.
2.
(U)
The Soviets have conducted experiments which use an
automatic, multichannel register of motor activity.
The instrument
independently records
all
the movements
of the animals
located in a
special chamber and transmits
the signal to 40 counters.
Kruglov is
using
a modem radio-electronic device which can record the "signals,
of milli-second duration,
by which neurons transmit information
to each other.
Kruglov and his colleagues have established that
morphine,
aminazine,
and similar substances
inhibit the signaling
rhythm of nerve
cells.
These experiments yielded many new tran—
quilizers
and stimulants.
None of these "new" substances were
described.
The Soviets
claim that neurotropic drugs
are
notv
making
it possible
to
intervene
in the most important processes
taking place in the
organism.
No description of what
important
processes
taking place
is mentioned
(213)
.
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3.
(U)
Controlling group behavior with drugs has been reported
by I.P. Lapin
(214)*
The study dealt with animals but may have
some bearing on human behavior reorientation*
According to Lapin,
in order to change
the behavior of a large group of animals,
it
is sufficient to use drugs
to control
the behavior of the most
active animals
(leaders).
The article discusses
the use of amphe-
tamines and aminazine*
Further reference to Lapin can be
found
in an article of 23 September 1968
(215)*
4.
(U)
One of the most interesting areas
of research into finding
new psychotropic substances may be associated with
the gonionemous
jellyfish.
Research into the nervous and pychic disorders
resulting
from lesions
caused by the jellyfish has been reported by the
aforementioned Serbsky Institute
(216).
It appears
that literature
on Soviet research in
this
field
is extremely limited.
Mikhalev
and Vatskov studied 260 cases of lesions by poisonous gonionemous
jellyfish.
General and local disturbances are distinguished
according to their severity and symptoms of intoxication
in the
clinical picture*
In cases of
a severe course of the affection
(18 patients),
except
for polymorphic somatic symptoms,
there
were distinct neuropsychiatric deviations*
They were expressed
in tormenting headaches,
convulsions,
paresis,
disturbances of
statics, sacral posterior radicular pains*
Vegetative symptoms
were
in the
form of hyperhydrosis
,
acrocyanosis, hypersalivation,
and red demographism.
Mental disturbances proceeded with an
increasing fear of death,
sometimes with speech and fugiform
excitation,
altered consciousness of the delirio- ament ive or
oneiroid type with illusions, hallucinations, psychosenory and
delusional symptoms.
The psychotic symptoms of
an acute exogenous
reaction subsided during the
following two
to five days
.
This research
might
have significance in the Soviets attempts
to
arrive
at suitable
means
for controlling or altering behavior.
5.
(U)
A noteworthy book from Czechoslovakia that discusses
some of the present problems of some militarily important psychoactive
substances has been published
(217).
The book discusses
the history
of natural psychotomimetics
used in religious rituals.
There are
mentioned two possibilities
for the application of presently known
psychoactive drugs
for the purpose of military gain:
a.
Controlling stress situations
in special military units
in combat to include means
for treating mass psychoses
in extra-
ordinary situations.
b.
The use
of temporary incapacitating agents
for disrupting
and capturing enemy personnel.
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The problems associated with military misuse of drugs
is discussed.
The
classification of psychotomimetic drugs relating
to their
effects,
either on higher nervous
activity or in producing temporary
disorders, mainly in somatic functions
is outlined.
The authors
also mention some characteristics of the piperidyl glycolate group
of psycho-warfare agents.
Structural analogy of psychotomimetic
derivates
to the particular neurotransmitters
is considered together
with
a hypothesis
of competitive antagonism on receptors.
The
authors
state
that
competitive antagonism seems
to be one of the
most acceptable possibilities
of hallucinogenic effect mechanisms
as well as
a good base
for the investigation of potential means
for
the effective prevention and treatment
of hallucinogen intoxi-
cations.
The influence of stress
and conventional weapons
on
the eventual
result
of pschotomimetic drugs effect
in exceptional
situations
is
taken
into account
.
6.
(C/NFD)
It must be concluded, based on the Soviet literature
on psychopharmacological research,
that
the USSR has
the ability
and knowledge
to develop and produce a sophisticated arsenal of
incapacitating or mind altering weapons
in the form of chemical
agents
.
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PART VI
LIGHT AND COLOR AS A MEANS OF ALTERING HUMAN BEHAVIOR
SECTION
I - PSYCHO-OPTICS
PART A - Background
1,
(S/NFD)
According to Dodge
(218),
there have been persistent
reports of unusual flashing or bright lights emanating from Soviet
naval vessels
and long range aircraft
(BEAR,
BADGER,
BISON)
.
Such activities have coincided with
US and NATO surveillance
operations conducted from interceptor aircraft and naval vessels
.
In some cases,
surveillance personnel have been temporarily blinded
and disoriented by various
intensities
and colors of continuous
or intermittently
flashing lights during nocturnal missions
.
2.
(S/NFD)
Dodge further relates
that
in 1968,
a night watch
officer aboard the HMS Valiant was temporarily blinded by what
appeared to be
a bright blue light situated slightly below the
mast of a KOTLIN destroyer.
When his night vision recovered,
he
reported perceiving red lights which appeared to be situated
above and behind the blue light.
Both sources of light appeared
to be portable.
In 1970,
an aircraft was
tracked by a spotlight
trained from a Soviet naval vessel.
Several pinpoint bursts of
amber and amber-green light were noted aft of the spotlight and
shined in concert with
it.
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SG1B
4.
(S/NFD)
Again
in 1968,
another F-102
pilot
reported that
a
steady brilliant white
light was
shined from a hand-held aldis-
type lantern situated
in the
tail blister of
a BEAR B aircraft.
In late
1968,
still another F-102 pilot
reported a blinding light
in concert with
a pulsating
(1.5 flashes /second)
red strobe light
from a BEAR aircraft.
In
1970,
an F-102 pilot reported that
a
BEAR
C aircraft shined
a hand-held light
of brilliant intensity
from
its
left
rear tail blister.
The light was
trained on the
pilot
from 15
to
times with
a flash duration of two
to seven
seconds
(218).
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5.
(U)
A report
that appeared in 1971 discusses
some US air personnel
problems when encountering Soviet aircraft over the Mediterranean
Sea
(220)
.
"By
far,
the most dangerous encounters occur after
dark.
For safety's
sake, both the BADGERS and the PHANTOMS usually
turn on their navigation lights
(which they would never do
in
a combat situation
)
, but sometimes the Russians
come
in blacked
out,
or shine searchlights
in the eyes of the PHANTOM pilots -
causing a temporary loss
of night vision - or trickily switch
their navigation lights on and off."
6.
(S/NFD)
Some of the nocturnal incidents described above
suggest
that
the
Soviets have not overlooked the possibility of
utilizing bright
and flashing lights
as
a means of altering
behavior.
It
is interesting to note that the period of active
research in Soviet laboratories,
as will be discussed in PART B
below,
coincides with the reports of their employment
of unusual
flashing lights
against US and NATO personnel.
PART B
- Soviet Research in Photic-Flicker
1.
(U)
A series
of conclusions were drawn on the effects of
flicker at
a symposium held
in the US
in 1957
(221)
.
Although
the meeting and papers presented are fifteen years
old,
the
facts
presented appear to be relevant to
this discussion.
The conclu-
sions
reached by the group
at Tulane were
as
follows:
(1)
There appears
to be general agreement that
flicker has
the potentiality
of causing considerable interruption of
the normal
functions
of the human nervous system.
(2)
One manifestation of such interruption may take
the form
of sleep,
unconsciousness, hypnotic states,
or other forms of
interference with consciousness.
Another manifestation of inter-
ference consists
of annoying or irritating sensations such as
queasiness,
discomfort referable
to the eyeball and caused by
excessive pupillomotor activity,
headaches, or general sensations
of apprehension.
A third type of manifestation concerns visual
illusions including color sensations,
patterns of movement and
development of odd shapes.
These may interfere with visual recog-
nition of any objects which actually are in the visual
field.
(3)
Those
flicker effects which interfere with consciousness
appear at
frequencies related
to the alpha rhythm of the EEG,
or
at
10 Hz.
Annoying or irritating sensations seem to occur
with aperiodic flashes or with rhythmic flashes
at
3-5 Hz.
Visual
illusions appear to be produced by frequencies above 10-12 Hz
.
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(4)
The EEG appears
to be
a reliable indicator of consciousness
but
not
of sleep or wakefulness..*
(5)
Not every subject
shows
truly periodic EEG activity «•
.
(6)
Photic" driving
of
the EEG by periodic
flicker
is
a well
known phenomenon although many
subjects
do not show
the effect...
(7)
The
ease with which photic driving can be produced has not
yet been correlated with emotional patterns or with sleep-wakefulness
cycles.
However,
the visual
illusions which result
from flicker
may be
the basis
for
a highly predictable method of measuring
anxiety
,
(8)
The production of
flicker effects
is not
limited by the
retina but
appears
to be limited by some process
in the central
nervous
system which
converts discontinuous
activity
to continuous
activity
(i.e.
flicker
to
fusion)...
(9)
Flickering
of other sensory modalities may influence
the
ease
of production
of
the desired effects
of visual
flicker.
Auditory flicker
is
particularly promising in this
regard.
(10)
Stress,
comparable
to
that produced in actual combat,
may be needed
to completely elucidate
the practical effects of
flicker
as
far
as military applications
are concerned.
(11)
It
appears
likely
that high intensities of light will
be more effective
in producing
the desired effects of flicker
although much remains
to
be
done
to determine the optimum light
and dark intervals, background contrasts,
and effects
of stray
light.
As will be
depicted later,
the
areas
above where no definite
conclusions were drawn
(4,7,
and
10)
is
the exact
area of high
Soviet
interest.
L.I.
Kuproyanovich
(164)
describes
in some
detail Soviet efforts
in
relating EEG with sleep
and memory
as
well
as
the
areas
of photic drive
and
the synchronization of
flicker
frequency
and alpha wave
rhythm.
At
the University of
Leningrad work has been
done on
the effects
of strobe
lights
flashing
at.
a different
rate
for each eye.
One rhythm for the
left
eye
and another
for
the
right
eye brings
on measurable brain
wave patterns.
Lights
flickering
at different
rates
on each eye
cause
a sensation of rotation and
a very unpleasant feeling in
the
viewer.
It might
be mentioned
that
the Soviets
are thinking
of using
the
"seasickness" application
of flashing lights
in
a
telepathic mode
(222).
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2.
(C/CD/NDA)
The most recent conference on flashing lights
was held during the period of 19 through
22 April 1971 in London.
It was
the "International Symposium on the Perception and Appli-
cation of Flashing Lights."
From the sources available,
it has
been determined that no Soviet
or East European personnel attended;
further, no one
at
the conference discussed the possible use of
flashing lights
for military purposes
(223).
3.
(U)
Among the varied research interests
in the Soviet Union
dealing with flashing lights
is
the
relationship of the vestibular
to the visual systems.
Electrophysiological data on the effect
of the vestibular apparatus on the optical system has been published
in the Soviet Union
(224,225).
It has been reported that stimula-
lation of
the vestibular apparatus
(polarization of the labyrinth
by a direct current)
causes
an increase in neuron reaction to
light stimulation and an increase
in the critical frequency of
flashes.
The Soviets
also conclude
that
the interactions of
visual and vestibular analyzers
is brought about mainly because
of their cortical
levels.
Studies were carried out with deaf
individuals
to provide
further evidence of this.
If these studies
are all valid,
this
could
lead to the possible development of
systems
that combine vestibular stimuli with photic- flicker capa-
bility in order
to achieve
a degree of mental disorientation and
confusion.
The
Soviets
conclude by stating that
functional varia-
tions
of the
cortex of normal subjects caused by vestibular stimula-
tions result
in a disruption of cortical-subcortical relationships,
which
in turn alters
the
functional states
of the retina.
Further
work in the
relationship of visual perception,
auditory stimuli,
and the
cerebral cortex have been reported
(226-228).
Studies
have been conducted on rabbits,
cats,
and Moscow school children.
It was
found that
repeated stimulation with sound resulted in a
complete extinction of neuronal response.
4.
(U)
The reaction to prolonged rhythmic photic stimulation
has interested the Soviets.
In experiments with rhythmic light
flashes
at different
frequencies, monkeys exhibited individual
sensitivity
to certain rhythms.
Some animals recruited and trans-
formed the
lower frequencies better
(7.9
flashes per second),
while others responded
to the higher frequencies
(18 and
25 per
second)
.
The
following variations
in the cortical and subcortical
responses
to the stimuli were distinguished:
(a)
simultaneous
recruitment of the given rhythm by cells
of the motor and visual
cortex and subcortex;
(b)
recruitment of the rhythm only by the
visual
cortex;
(c)
recruitment of the rhythm by the visual cortex
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1972
and
its
transformation
in the subcortical structures;
(d)
recruit-
ment
only by
the
subcortex and motor cortex;
(e)
transformation
in
the visual
cortex and recruitment by
the deeper structures
of
the brain and motor
cortex;
(f)
simultaneous transformation of
the
rhythm by
all
the structures
recorded;
(g)
transformation
by
the
visual
cortex.
All
or
a combination of these variations
in brain activity
could occur
in the
same experiment
(30
to
60 min)
(229).
A study was
reported on non-rhythmic prolonged photo stimu-
lation
(230)
and bn
the
characteristics
of sensory afterdischarge
of
the human brain
to photic stimulation
(231)
.
A conclusion was
drawn
that
the specificity
of processes
in the upper parts
of
the visual analyzer under
a prolonged action
of
light
depends
on
the inhibitory influences
from the visual cbrtex.
3.
(U)
The Soviet
literature contains
reference
to experimental
work in
the effect
of high brightness
on the rate
of eye adapta-
tion
to darkness.
Kartsev
(232)
reports
that
the
rate of
adaptation of
central vision of both eyes
to
the darkness
after
light exposures
of various
durations
(1.5,3, 6 minutes)
after
illumination
(20,000
to
80,000
lux) was studied in four test
subjects
in the age
group
18-30.
A white barium screen illumi-
nated by direct
sunlight was
used
as
a light source.
During
adaptation
to
the
darkness
the central vision response time was
proportional
to the quantity
of illumination during disadapta-
tion.
A value of approximately
8 x 10^
lux per sec was
used.
Apparently
the Soviets
feel that
they have determined the upper
limits
to
the effects
of brightness because Kartsev reports
that
central vision response remained unchanged with
any further
stimulus
increase.
Other researches have prepared curves
for
the
computation of restoration
to
light sensitivity after exposure
to superbright
light
flashes
(233-235).
Visual perception
in
aircraft pilots has
also been studied
(236).
SECTION
II
- COLOR AND LIGHT
,
(U)
The Soviets have reported that
low intensity red light
creates
an irregular alpha rhythm
in humans
(237)
,
Another study
was
conducted
on
the
effects
of
low intensity
red,
green,
and
yellow
light
on humans
(238)
.
Physiological
tests were adminis-
tered
to
412
females working
in
a film processing plant under red,
green,
or yellow light
of low intensity
25 watt bulbs.
Complex
shifts were
found
in
the
central
and autonomic nervous system
which
included marked increases
in optical
rheobase
and chronaxy
and lengthening of
the latent period
of visual and motor reactions
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19 72
during the
course of the
day.
The EEG was characterized by an
irregular alpha rhythm,
frequently followed by more
rapid low-
amplitude oscillations,
an indication of decreased reactivity
of the cortical processes.
The condition of the autonomic nervous
system was judged from shifts
in skin temperature and arterial
pressure, both of which were much lower
at
the end of a work shift
than at
the beginning.
The physiological data were supported by
the
results
of
a neurological examination which showed
a large
number of functional shifts.
In general,
the adverse effects
were most pronounced
In those who worked
in soft
red light.
Yellow
light was less irritating than green.
2.
(U)
Further evidence
of Soviet
interest,
especially
in red
light,
is provided by research emanating from Soviet military
institutes.
The dynamics of work capacity of healthy human subjects
during adaptation to colored lights was evaluated from the rate
and quality of sensorimotor reactions
of varying complexity.
The
subjects,
seated
at
a specially designed control board, were required
to press buttons
to switch off
the lights
at appropriate signals during
a two hour adaptation period.
Adaptation resulted in changes
in
the
rate and quality of the reactions
in relation
to the color
of the light source and the adaptation time.
An increase
in wave-
length increased reaction speed but impaired quality, while
a
decrease
in wavelength had the opposite effects.
Red light produced
tension and irritability.
Yellow light induced
a good mood charac-
terized by "increased motor readiness" and sustained attentiveness.
Sluggishness
and sleepiness were
the characteristic reactions
to
blue
light.
Green light
did not seem to produce any emotional
reaction
(239).
3.
(U)
The
effect
of colored illumination
on monkeys has been
studied
at
the Kirov Military Academy.
The work reported above
also was
done
at
the Kirov Academy
,
The work
as one
can
see
involves not
only monkeys but humans.
The relationship between
agressiveness
and color type
is
of interest especially since the
work comes
from
a known military establishment.
An
abstract
of
the work on monkeys
follows:
"In order
to determine
the
psy chophysiological specifi-
city and
the emotional working capacity
as
influenced
by different
colors
of the visible spectrum — so
important
in technical esthetics
in submarines, mines,
planes,
and light
and heavy industries —
the authors
used two rhesus monkeys.
Sultan,
four years
old, was
rather
immobile
and aggressive with
a big appetite.
Generally
he
sat
at
the screen
and
in the case of a mistaken choice
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