Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002600290003-0 Zha, Draft 13-Feb-90 page 1 Parapsychology in the People’s Republic of China: 1979 - 1989 Leping Zha! & Tron McConnell ABSTRACT: The senior author, a graduate student of physics in the U.S.A., provides from his personal involvement an informal history of the parapsychology movement in the People’s Republic of China (P.R.C.) over the last decade. From 1979 to 1982, research into ESP (and PK) among children swept through China. This study, under the name “exceptional functions of the human body" (EFHB), gave rise to a sizeable literature and to commitments, pro and con, among scienusts. Two protagonists emerged to carry the battle to the highest political forum. The opponent of EFHB was an eminent social scientist and vice-chairman of the Chinese Academy of Science. The proponent was a physicist regarded internationally as the father of Chinese rock- etry. After public debate, ending in a collaborative test of the country’s best-known psychics, the Communist Party ruled that both sides must cease public discussion but that unsupported research could proceed quietly. From 1983 to 1986, interest shifted to gifted adult psychics. Research was conducted partly at major universities but primarily under defense-related auspices in Beij- ing, where gross PK effects were reported. Meanwhile, privately circulated publications fanned civilian research interest in parapsychology under the ancient rubrics of “qigong” and “Traditional Chinese Medicine." In 1987 a set of seminal PK experiments was reported in the Chinese Journal of Biophysics from Quinghua University. From 1987 to 1989 interest in gigong grew until there were perhaps 20 million participants, including top leaders of the Communist Party. Restraints on research were quietly lifted. Official approval was granted to a "China Society of Somatic Science" for the study of EFHB. The Space scientist mentioned earlier was made responsible for coordinating all of Chinese science. The favoring of parapsychology has ap- parently persisted despite the events of June, 1989. Meanwhile, a divergence of the popular qigong movement and scientific EFHB research has begun. The greater prevalence and Strength of psi effects reported from the P.R.C., as compared to laboratory experience in the West, raises a question as to the role of the West’s Cartesian cultural heritage in determining empirical reality. rr ee ‘In accordance with Chinese custom, Chinese family names precede given names in this paper except in the author’s by-line, where the U.S.A. custom of family-name-last is followed to facilitate indexing. « Mr. Zha is currently studying for a doctoral degree in physics at the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He received a B.S. in physics from Wuhan University in P. R. China in 1982 and an MS. from the University of Pittsburgh in 1988. Berween 1979 and 1986 he participated in parapsychological research activities at Wuhan University, Beijing Teachers College, and elsewhere. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002600290003-0 a | errata eae ee re Et cee he tee
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002600290003-0 Zha, Draft 13-Feb-90 page 2 Introduction \ Although references to the existence and application of psi phenomena are frequently found in the major books of ancient Chinese history dating back 2,000 years, there is also a present-day Chinese interest in such effects. The most recent scientific inquiries began in late 1978 when a group of scientists tested Tang Yu, a 12-year old boy in Sichuan Province, for his reported "Exceptional Functions of the Human Body" (EFHB), a widely used Chinese expression for extrasensory perception (ESP) and psychokinesis (PK). It was a propitious time for such a dis- covery because the chaos of the Cultural Revolution had subsided, while economic reform had not yet begun. The country’s intellectuals were starting to exercise some freedom of choice in selecting what to study, and they did not yet feel under pressure from their regular work at the universities and research institutes as they would several years later. Likewise, for a period of several years, children, who were often the best psi subjects, were under less pressure to devote all of their time to school study. To describe the psi-related activities in China between 1979 and 1989 (inclusive), the senior author has divided this period into three phases. The first phase covers 1979-1982, the second covers 1983-1986, and the third covers 1987-1989, Phase I (1979-1982): The Re-discovery of ESP Early in the Twentieth Century a Chinese psychical-study society had been formed as a result of Western influence, but the society never flourished. In the 1960’s, reports of Western and Russian psi studies appeared in several popular Chinese technical magazines, but shortly there- after the topic was criticized as being "idealistic" and symbolic of “declining capitalism" (Hsin, 1975). The authors of such reports were persecuted during the Cultural Revolution, which ex- tended from 1966 to 1976. The first phase of present day Chinese psychic studies (1979-1982) was characterized by its popularity. Many hundreds of children with EFHB were found throughout the nation. Groups to Cities, and even in some elementary and secondary schools. According to a recent study (Yi, 1987), at least 500 formally trained scholars from more than a hundred centers joined the effort. Reports published in Nature Journal (WJ), which had supported the EFHB research from the beginning,” reported that 40 to 63 percent of children around age 10 were found to have EFHB to some extent in a large-scale ESP investigation in Beijing (Cheng, et al., 1979; He, et al., 1980). The term was expanded to include PK after it was discovered that subjects with ESP could sometimes also affect the state of small objects, e.g., bend a match or reset the hands of a watch. The senior author, while still an undergraduate student, was able to repeat many of the reported ESP and PK experiments successfully with his young friends. These replications were performed under fairly tight conditions and without much difficulty, usually by just telling these friends what others had claimed to be able to do and letting them try immediately. In the early 1980's, nearly every issue of NJ Teported new discoveries of EFHB. Researchers used a variety of analytical instruments in an attempt to detect any "radiations" that might be produced by the children’s efforts. In these investigations, signals ranging from infra-red emis- sions modulated by low audio frequencies to gamma photons were detected, although many of the effects were weak. Traces of exposure were found on protected x-ray films, and various nerve, *Nature Journal (Ziran Zazhi) is a major Chinese scientific monthly, published in Shanghai at a technical level comparable to that of U.S.A.’s Science with some original research papers and letters. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002600290003-0
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002600290003-0 Zha, Draft 13-Feb-90 physical, chemical, and biological detectors registered an "output." The researchers were excited, convinced that their discoveries were not artifactual but were of scientific importance, and would lead possibly to a great scientific breakthrough. However, Dr. Qian Xuesen,? a leading physicist, and several other top researchers pointed out that these signals were probably only secondary manifestations of an underlying information spirit", or "vital energy” in Chinese), and not the under- lying carrier itself.4 As the research continued, scientists began to realize how weak and unstable the EFHB effects were. Having been isolated from the rest of the world for so long, Chinese researchers were now independently re-discovering evidence for psychic phenomena that had been studied in the West for a hundred years. In the course of these re-discoveries, Chinese carrier, "qi" (which means "air", "gas", " researchers became increasingly aware of the difficulties and complexities of the subject. An unofficial preliminary organization, called the Chinese Human-Body Science Association Preparatory Committee was formed in 1980 under the aegis of Nature Journal.> preparatory committee was nationwide in scope and sponsored two national conventions which were held in Shanghai (1980) and Chongqing (1981). The conventions were somewhat informal and were attended by amateur enthusiasts of differing backgrounds as well as by serious scien- tists. To accommodate the large number of papers sent to NJ’s editors, publication of a monthly newsletter, the EFHB Bulletin, was begun in 1981, staffed by employees from NJ. Nevertheless, most of the major research results in this phase were published in NJ. The invited speech by Chen Xin and Mei Lei at the joint convention of the Parapsychological Association and the Society for Psychical Research held in Cambridge, England, in 1982 (Chen & Mei, 1983), was a good summary of Chinese parapsychological research activity at that time.® Although some of the experiments reported in this early phase seemed naive; still there were many challenging or puzzling findings. For example, results obtained with a group of blind subjects in an experiment done by the EFHB Research Group of Bambu Traditional Chinese Medicine College (1980) provided strong evidence of ESP. It is interesting that in later, well controlled experiments, the "sheep-goat" and “decline" effects were encountered by Chinese experimenters. They also collected other evidence which, to a degree, weighed against fraud as an explanation for the many successful experiments. Although there is as yet no paper specifically dealing with this evidence in a systematic fashion, some arguments are as follows: 1. The accuracy of the ESP result or the effectiveness of the PK effort was found to vary inversely as the ‘ gf " *Transliterated as “Tsien Hsueh-Sen” in his early publications. “Tn transliteration, the Chinese phonetic symbols g, x, and z, for example, correspond in Mandarin to sounds that cannot be represented by a single letter in English. Expressed without benefit of the intemational phonetic alphabet, when they appear at the beginning of a syllable, these letters are approximtely equivalent to English language combinations ch, sh, and ts, respectively. Thus, the approximate pronounciation of gi is "chee." The pronunciation of persons names is further confused by the fact that. some professionally established Chinese were allowed to keep their previous English spellings after the 1950's transliteration reform. 5In P.R.C. all orgnizations of whatever kind must be officially approved. Once approved, an organization is usually provided financial support for its operational activities, depending on the general area of the subject and the size of the membership. SAn independent description of this period of research was given by H. E. Puthoff (1983) from SRI Intemational, based upon his visit to P.R.C. in 1981. Participation in three ESP experiments with children in Hefei and Beijing was reported by C. K. Jen (1983) of Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory as a visiting professor to P.R.C. in 1980-1981. Dr. L.C. Teng, an Associate Director of the Fermi National Laboratory at Batavia, Dlinois, participated in a strikingly successful ESP experiment with a child subject while making a lecture stop at the Institute of Modem Physics in Lanchou in 1980 (Teng, 1981). A detailed account of Chinese parapsychological activity in the years 1979-1982 will be found in Dong (1984), a Chinese-American lecturer and writer who studied Chinese occult beliefs for several years and visited P.R.C. for six weeks in 1981. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002600290003-0
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002600290003-0 Zha, Draft 13-Feb-90 page 4 length of time of the trial once the subject(s) had reached a “favorable state." For instance, it was repeatedly observed in ESP trials (typically recognizing "by ear" Chinese language characters sealed in boxes), that when the children responded within a few minutes, perhaps 90% of their answers were correct. ("Qi is coming", they would say). In many cases they were able to respond in only 2 or 3 seconds, and, when this occurred, the results were nearly always right. However, if they could give only a hesitating description after many minutes, the results were most often wrong -- they were simply guessing. This is contrary to the expectation that when more time is available, there will be a greater chance of success in cheating. 2. Young girls, aged from 6-12, were considered the best ESP candidates, and a majority of the work in the early phase was done with them. However, as they grew a little older or, more accurately, usually after menstruation started, their ESP ability ceased. This is contrary to the rule that the more mature the child, the more easily it can deceive adults. The observed fact is explained by ancient phenomenological qigong theory, which claims that "gi" can come from two sources: “Yuan-qi", or primary "psycho- body-energy” is acquired at birth and disappears as one matures. Qi is also gained through qigong practice.’ 3. There can be interference with psi effort, and it need not come from a hostile person. For example, under the senior author's direction four children, who were well known to him, were doing an ESP demonstration experiment. The experiment was proceeding with a high rate of success until a college student in the audience who had studied qigong for several months but was still a beginner, decided to attempt the announced task. The ESP of the children suddenly disappeared and they reported a feeling of being confused and disturbed. The children’s sudden failure seems contrary to the common sense idea that hoaxers will continue their trick if it works well. The dramatic public interest in psi and the resulting unprecedented large-scale inquiry by academic scholars drew criticism soon after the movement began. The most famous attacker was Mr. Yu Guangyuan, who was backed by many highly placed scientists. On the other hand, there were other eminent scientists who defended the Study of psi. They were represented by Dr. Qian Xuesen (the previously mentioned physicist). Two Eminent Scientists, the Great Debate, and the Party’s Ruling Mr. Yu Guangyuan, a social scientist, held many powerful positions. He was, among other things, vice-chairman of the Chinese Academy of Science, vice-director of the Academia Sinica’s Science and Technology Committee, and director of the Institute of Marxism, Leninism, and Thoughts of Mao Zedong. It is believed that Yu’s Opposition to psi was a personal choice reinforced by, agitation from some high-ranking close-minded scientists who could not consider unexplained phenomena that might affect their fields of research. Mr. Yu’s papers on psi, most of which were very long, appeared after May, 1981, in scholarly journals such as Chinese Social Science and Philosophy Research. His longest, of book length, was scheduled for serialization in the monthly periodical Knowledge Is Power, (a popular science magazine), beginning in October, 1981. During this time, Yu visited many major cities through- out the country, giving lectures at university and government meetings in oppostion to psi and sponsoring a small, short-lived periodical named Investigations of the EFHB. Interestingly enough, Mr. Yu refused to participate in any psychic trials because, as he once "In the West, the term Transcendental Meditation is often used for Chinese qigong, although in fact, this is inappropriate, since the way qigong is practiced (which in many cases is not placid) does not conform to the impression that the term Transcendental Meditation imparts. Qigong has nothing to do with the modem New Age movement, nor should it be equated with Indian yoga, since qigong is independently oriented and was developed beginning several thousand years ago in China. The practice of qigong and yoga are different, although they undoubtedly have a fundamental relationship. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002600290003-0