c
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Approved For Release 2001/03/07
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session, but no
signals
at
all were recorded Trom tne aurn
gauge. A resistive thermal sensor (Micro-Measurements type S
with series compensatior
one c tia nrrer$m?$8tf9nl8nPphj sira I appearance the therr
rnocnr !C
Cl ITII hr
rockrivo ctr^in PAN op iMicroMeasu
2.
Typical profile of dynamic strain signals across the thickness of a metal
specimen. Also shown at the left is the profile that would result from a pure
bend. Signals correspond to quasi-forces of about 20 gm weight.
more complicated than the above. A selection of typical arrays,
actually a series from session S, are shown
in Figure 2.
ments type EAOG 125 BT 120) but
its resistance
is insensitive
strain although highly sensitive to temperature. Sudden ternpe
ture changes are unknown
to us
in paranormal metal-bend
sessions, although temperature drifts usually occur, arising
fr
environmental
causes.
Paranormal
strain
signals, on the
ot
hand, are sudden,
in that they are sharpfronted pulses.
Although
these experiments have vindicated the
interp
tation that the paranormal action is an internal strain in therm
or strain gauge or both,
it must be stressed that dummy gai
techniques have not been used as standard practice in all the
periments reported here.
It
is our custom to introduce a dum
gauge at irregular intervals, averaging one session
in ten.
We now describe the use of the strain gauge as a detei
of directional effects
in paranormal metal-bending. The exp
ments on the distribution of signalsalong the length of a metal s
A simple classification of arrays may be made on the basis of
the number of changes of direction
in the line Joining the data
points. Arrays with no changes are bends; those with one change
are symbolized by the letter V, those with two changes by N, those
with three by W and those with four by M.
In table
1 the numbers of signals arrays of each type are listed.
The action inside the metal
is more complicated than might have
been supposed. The phenomenon might more appropriately be
.described as paranormal 'metal-churning' than 'metal-bending
. A
strain
is localized to a depth of less than about a millimetre, and
may often be accompanied by a strain in the opposite sense at a
-jighbouring strain gauge.
It is of course important to verify by other experi ments that the
signals do not
arise from paranormal
action on the electronic
equipment
or
even on
the
pen
of
the
chart
recorder. Two
subsidiary
experimental
programmes
were mounted
for
this
purpose. In the first a galvanometer mirror was mounted on a very
thin spring steel strip, with strain gauge attached. One end of the
spring was attached to a horizontal surface under a glass dome,
and an optical beam from a helium-neon laser passed through the
dome and was reflected through
it again from the mirror and onto a
scale. The optical path was about 5
rri. Small movements of the
light 5pot were seen to synchronize with strain gauge signals, and
some ringing was observed, due to the long-period mechanical
resonance of the system.
NO SIGNALS IN DUMMY GAUGE
In the second experiment a dummy strain gauge was included
with
real
strain gauges on
a
metal
strip. Typical
signals were
observed on the
real strain gauge chart record throughout the
TABLE 1. Numbers of signals sextets of different profile complexity in Stephen
.
North sessions.
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IN.
Dr. John Hasted with
Willi C.
(3) had been conducted using strips of width 8 mm, only jus
ficient to mount the strain gauges. The assumption was ma
analysing the data
that
the extensions and
contractions
directed entirely along the long axis of the specimen (typical
cm
x 7.5 mm x 0.75 mm).
It was decided to test whethe
directed assumption would be valid on wider metal strips.
We therefore experimented with a strip just sufficiently
for a strain gauge to bo mounted across
its width; the dimen
were 13.5 cm x 18 mm x 0.75 mm. Signals were in fact recr
from action on this strain gauge, but they were much smallei
those recorded on the strain gauge mounted along the major
When a wider strip was used, larger signals were recorded.
I
therefore decided to experiment systematically on the direr
of the dynamic strain vectors in sheet-metal specimens.
On long thin specimens, with high axial ratio, there col
a
psychological
factor which favours
the production
oi
vectors directed along the major axis. This factor, whose exis
has
not been
proven,
might be
investigated on
a subse
occasion; but in the first experiments, the safest course woi
to investigate a round or square disc specimen in which the
l^^7j^iE^Q2000clL300'1f1-^ieritation of the disc w
spect to the subject and to the horizontal.
AN IMPORTANT PHYSICAL FACTOR
iru.
*
.
,
.
; c annlipH A ons a diameter o
'
'
y
”
**
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CIA-R^P96-007^R6Q200( II 3001 1 -5
Th^re is also an imporiaru
•
strain WhvnKnsioriipositivvstressi isappiienalorigadia'riMi'ro
a A Ir disc, an eSdensinn (positive
strain)
writ bo recorded
alC-0 thatdiameter but an equal contraction Inef^tive strain) wdl
a
/*
«ilar disc, an extension
-
......
,(
that diameter, but an equal contraction (negative strain) wil
the orthogonal diameter. A more complicated
stress produces strains of different magnitudes a'ong orthj/.na
diameters. The
strain
tensor has many components, but
it
is
posTibie with three strain gauges to determine two orthogonal
components^
^ arrangement of the sensors and defines
the angles and magnitudes of the strain, A so.utiorJ^Pjb.ern
of determining the magnitudes and angles 0 and 0
tension and contraction vestors
le and
lc from the vectors
1,
and 13 recorded at the 'rosette' of strain gauges has been give
y
Mr. Jankowski. The equations appear with Figure 3.
..v
>e
_
It + I 2
CL
=
I,+
I 2
•
P
COS2 0
= f arctan
(21 3
- l\~
I?)
e
171
mntintpd in rosGttG. Eouations connect the
‘Star diagram' for Stephen North session N. Solid lines represent extensions
loten TnlscontractioL lengths represent magnitudes. ^rs md, cate the
session numbers of the two corresponding orthogonal s 'Sna,s
.
show that the largest signals correspond to a quasi-force of
g
weight.
NO PREFERRED DIRECTION
Two different configurations of the
disc with
respect
o the
subject have been used. In the first the disc
is hung vertically and
radially in front of the subject. In the second the disc and electrical
connections are strapped upon the bare forearm of the subject
who is presented with another target for his 'action
. He normally
extends his arm to hold his hand about six inches from the target,
and
the
disc
rests
slightly
above
the
hairs on
the
forearm
xr
e ach triplet of dynamic strain pulses represents a positive or
n!
Jve strain
in a direction 0 and a corresponding strain
at 8 +
900 These may be represented on a diagram by two radial lines of
lencthsxorresponding to the strain magnitude. 1 he signals during
a sessi^RlRrWi^ FsQrFRetea«©c2QQMmm
? StA
diagram'. We can see by inspecting such a diagram just what was
thf> directional character of the signals in the session.
In
the sessions with Stephen N.
there were no very strong
preferences of direction. In particular we note session U, m
a square metal specimen was suspended
vertically from one
come'
As appears from the histogram of Figure 5, there
is no
particular preferred direction,
neither
horizontal,
vertical,
nor
parallel to either side of the square.
.
Similarly, there
is no particularly preferred relationship be-
tween the magnitudes of the corresponding extension and ortho-
gonal contraction signals;
for a circular disc suf.ermg a sing e
radial stress vector we would expect the corresponding signals to
be approximately equal. The histogram of ratios, shown..n.Figure
5a, demonstrates the absence of preferred ratio. Indeed there
_
certain number of pairs of corresponding signals which are o
same sign, that is, both extensions or both contractions. These are
not included
in Figure 5a. Such signals arise from a stress more
comDlicated than a single radial vector, and consist of at leas
t
pair of orthogonal vectors (i.e. simultaneous pulling or pushing by
fwo pairs of hands). The proportions of such signals are to be found
^ T3
|t 'wo'uld appear from both types of experiment that there
is
turbulence in the strain, localized to distances of the order of a
millimetre orless. Perhaps on some occasions there
is action on
the strain gauges alone, hardly penetrating into the metal. As has a
ready befn Led,
the phenomenon
might be termed _meta
churning' rather than 'metal-bending'; and
it
is possible that
he
churning takes place on a much smaller scale than we can resove
with arrays of strain gauges.
It requires metallurgical investigate
of the structure to settle the question; but early investigations (4
disclosed no significant differences between paranormally and
mechanically bent metal specimens.
STRUCTUAL EFFECTS SUBSTANTIATED
The first well-substantiated claim that paranormal action cai
produce structural change was made by Crussard and Bouvaist (E
who
investigated
the
adult
French
metal-bender
can-f .err
4 Girard
Probably the most significant report they published w.
that
physical
change could be induced
in alum.mum
alloy
AU4SG-T351 and AU4G-T351, 'without actual bending occur
inp.
However
there was some 'permanent deformation
ot
t
-apj,'.
m-that ihe
st dti became thinner by several microns. T
<>' rnan y points of
tl
mirrnhardness of the metal; an easily detectaWb enhanceme
5.
a) Histogram of ratios of corresponding extension to contraction signals
obtained during Stephen North sessions, b) Histogram of directions of signals
(Irrespective of their magnitude) obtained in session SNU.
under
witnessing exposed
a
similarly
prepared
specimei
AU4G-T351
to
his
action. A
small
decrease
(3 pm)
in
thickness of the specimen was monitored during exposure. A
wards
the microhardness
of both
sides of the specimen
independently measured by "Dr.'~Desvaux
at the
Electrical
search Accociation and by Dr. Bouvaist at the Pechiney lab
tories. The comparison between their data is seen to be satisfac
in Figure 6, and a
local hardness enhancement
is clearly
s
Similar experiments with metal-bending children are in prog
When a metal
is bent, physically or paranormally, the
v.
hardening at the bend
is associated with new dislocations. 7
are
not usually
loop dislocations, which can be produce'
exposure to nuclear radiation. Metals
in which dislocations
induced do not always bend, but internal strains are set up, a
these
are of appropriate magnitude and configuration,
pi
deformation can occur.
We could make a reasonable supposition that a
'prin
event in the paranormal metal-bending process is the formatii
loop and other dislocations. These need not necessarily rest
actual
plastic deformation.
In this way both hardness enlia
ment and bending could be classed as the same type of e
differing only in geometrical configuration of the action.
PERMANENT DEFORMATION OCCURS
TABLE
2.
Statistics
of Directional
Vectors.
M'u»b»r
of
• cci'*p»nl(d
by
CtlliUailluli
Nu«t)ir of
Ion*
accompanied
by .al.n.i'jn
SN
N
«»a«
«*>
1)
-
an o
.
.
IS
>
t» u
•
•
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4*f or-*a llon»
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.
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Mr* njuntlnf.
f r«c toreit
i*
.
We have seen that the elastic dynamic strain signals
continually in their geometrical configuration (1,2,3).
It
is
that these represent the dynamic strains caused by the produ
of the dislocations; when there is a sufficient gradient of res
strain,
the yield
point
is reached, and permanent deform
occurs.
Thus the paranormal metal-bending action,
albeit
lin
macroscopically to a 'surface cf action'(2), which
is
still a
i
1^1^^
brought about dislocations
in the lattice; thij 'information'
va/o!I hp rnnnpr ted with the
role of »the observer
in qua
;
mechanics
(7) and might be termed
'mentally induced tunnel
!
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5CIA-RDP96-00788R0020001 3001 1 -5
i
force field acting on the metal.
|
The detailed structure of the surface of action
is a kind of
•f
jin of rainfall', enveloping certain lattice points and causing
the onset of loop dislocations. However, these produce hardening
and not softening of the metal, and we recall that there
is good
evidence, both in early observations and in unpublished observa-
tions
of Crussard and
Bouvaist,
of temporary and permanent
softening, sometimes so extremee that
it has been referred to as
'plasticization' of the metal before fracture.
If we hypothesise that
the surface of action
is sometimes
capable of specific action at grain boundaries (taking on a kind of
irregular honeycomb configuration), then a softening mechanism
similar to the well-known quasi-viscous creep becomes possible.
|
In this high temperature process extremely thin layers of atoms at
|
the
grain
boundaries
actually
liquefy;
but
in
the paranormal
|
plasticization the temperature rise is unobservable, thus implying
!
extreme specificity of the action, which would have to ensure that
,
!
only
a minute proportion
of the atoms ever reached the high
|
temperature phase. Electron micrographic evidence for the lique-
!
faction
has
been
obtained
by
Crussard and
Bouvaist
in
the
!
paranormal permanent softening process.
The direction of work in progress is to test the hypotheses that
the dynamic strain signals correspond in number and strength to
the density of dislocations produced
in the
lattice, and to the
degree of liquefaction at the grain boundaries.
We are grateful to the New Horizons Research Foundation,
and to the Society for Psychic Research for financial support of
these studies.
)<M: V B. HASTED, Ph. D. Professor of Experimental Physics;
•
I hud, Department of Physics, Birkbeck College , University of
London, London, England. Pioneered research in opening up
the microwave region
of the electromagnetic spectrum
in
communications; specialized training in chemistry, Author of
books on atomic collisions, and on
dielectrics, and many
professional papers, including MY CELLER NOTEBOOKS (to
be published).
D
"Aluminum with small proportions of copper and magnesium,
heat treated
in a specified manner, for use in supersonic aircraft
REFERENCES
ry-r
w'v;.>y *»T--
r"-/ : oiy_* -xv
*
1. J.B. Hasted, "An Experimental Study of the Validity of Metal-Bending Phenomena".
Journal of the Society for Psychical Research. Voi. 48, No. 770, 1976. pp. 365-383.
2. J.B. Hasted, "Physical Aspects of Paranormal Metal-Bending”. Journal of the Society
for Psychical Research. Vol. 49, No. 773, 1977. pp. 583-607.
3. J.B. Hasted, "Paranormal Metal-Bending”, in course of publication in New Horizons
(1978). "Features of Paranormal Metal-Bending"
in course of publication
in Zeit. fur
Parapsychologie und Crenzgebiete der Fsychologie. (1978)
4. P. Barnes, J.W. Jeffery, O. Batemen, T. Gate, T. Southern, Birbeck College, University
of london, private communication,
1974.
5. C M. Crussare and
J. Bouvaist, Mcmcires Scientifiques Revue Metallurgique, 1978,
rm
y, p.
ii7.
6. J.B. hasted in The Ccller Papers. Ed. Charles Panati, Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston.
1976, pp. 183-196, 197-212.
Approved For Release
7. E.P. Wigner, "Remarks on the Mind-Body Question"
I.J. Good, Heinornmn, London,
1961. Symetr/es and Reflections, Indiana University
Press, Bloomington, 1967.
2001/03/07
; CIA
in The Scientist Speculates, Ed. -RDP96-00788R0020001 3001 1 -5
One of Peter's Sculpture s