Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED not stand up under scrutiny. Invoking again the idea of a microscopic analog of a quantum transition, we may, as observers of delicate phenomena, be witnesses to observer effects generally associated with the uncertainty prin- ciple. Paradoxically, from the subject's view- point, the production of the phenomena may also be an observer effect, perturbing as it does the expected behavior of a piece of instrumentation. In this model the scrutiny of psychokinetic pheno- mena under laboratory conditions could in prin- ciple be considered to be a collective phenomena involving interfering observer effects in a manner known to occur at the microscopic quantum level. (5) Finally, it may be useful as a guiding prin- ciple to continually recognize that all of the phenomena we deal with in macroscopic psycho- energetics are totally permissible at the micro- scopic level within the framework of physics as presently understood. It is simply that time reversibility, tunneling through barriers, simul- taneous multiple-state occupation, and so on are generally unobservable as gross macroscopic phen- omena for statistical reasons only, as codified in the concept of increasing disorder (entropy). Therefore, it may be appropriate to consider an individual with psychokinetic abilities primarily as a source of ordering phenomena of sufficient magnitude so as to restructure the otherwise random statistics of the macroscopic environment. 2. Disscussion of Possible "Mechanisms''in Remote Viewing With regard to the wider problem of the remote-viewing channel itself, beyond the specific aspects of equipment perturbation via 117 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED this channel there is considerable current interest in quantum theory ; of nonlocal in the implications brought on by the observation? correlation or “quantum interconnectedness" (to use Bohm's term’) of distant parts of quantum systems of macroscopic dimensions. Bell's theorem?> emphasizes that no theory of reality compatible with quantum theory can require spatially separated events to be independent, but must permit interconnectedness of distant events in a manner that 35,36 is "contrary" to "commonsense" concepts. This prediction has been experimentally tested and confirmed in the recent experiments of, for 30,31 E.H. Walker and 0. Costa de Beauregard, example, Freedman and Clauser. independently proposing theories of paranormal functioning based on quantum concepts, argue that observer effects open the door to the possibility of nontrivial coupling between consciousness and the environ- ment, and that the nonlocality principle permits such coupling to transcend spatial and temporal barriers, °°?” An alternative hypothesis (that is, alternative to the specifically quantum hypothesis) has been put forward by I.M. Kogan, Chairman of the Bioinformation Section of the Moscow Board of the Popov Society, USSR. He is a Soviet engineer who until 1969 published extensively in the open literature on the theory of paranormal communi- cation. °-41 His hypothesis is that information transfer under con- ditions of sensory shielding is mediated by extremely~low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves in the 300- to 1000-km region, a prdposal which does not seem to be ruled out by any obvious physical or biological facts. Experimental support for the hypothesis is claimed on the basis of: slower than inverse-square attenuation, compatible with source-per- cipient distances lying in the induction field range as opposed to the radiation field range; observed low bit rates (0.005 to 0.1 bit/s) compatible with the information-carrying capacity of ELF waves; apparent ineffectiveness of ordinary electromagnetic shielding as an attenuator; and standard antenna calculations entailing biologically generated currents yielding results compatible with observed signal-to-noise ratios. 118 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED M. Persinger, Psychophysiology Laboratory, Laurentian University, Toronto, Canada, has narrowed the ELF hypothesis to the suggestion that the 7.8-Hz "Shumann waves", and their harmonics propagating along the earth~ionosphere waveguide duct, may be responsible. Such an - hypothesis is compatible with driving by brain-wave currents, and leads to certain hypotheses, such as asymmetry between east-west and west-east Propagation, preferred experimental times (midnight to 4’a.m.), and expected Negative correlation between success and the U index (a measure of geo- Magnetic disturbance throughout the world). Persinger claims initial Support for these factors on the basis’ of a literature search, 12943 On the negative side with regard to a straightforward ELF interpretation as a blanket hypothesis are: (a) apparent real-tinie descriptions of remote activities in sufficient detail to require a channel capacity in all probability greater than that allowed by a conventional modulation of an ELF Signal: (b) lack of a proposed mechanism for coding and decoding the information onto the proposed ELF carrier; and (c) apparent precognition data. The hypothesis must nonetheless remain open at this Stage of research, since it is con- ceivable that counterindication (a) may eventually be circumvented on the basis that the apparent high bit rate results from a mixture of low- bit-rate input and high-bit-rate "filling in the blanks" from imagina- tion; counterindication (b) is common to a number of normal perceptual tasks and may therefore simply reflect a lack of sophistication on our part with regard to perceptual functioning; and counterindication (c) may be accommodated by an ELF hypothesis if advanced waves as 27,45 : : 1s Experimentation to determine well as retarded waves are admitted. whether the ELF hypothesis is viable can be carried out by the use of ELF sources as targets, by the study of parametric dependence on pro- pagational directions and diurnal timing, and by the exploration of interference effects caused by creation of a high-intensity ELF environ- ment during experimentation, all of which are under consideration as part of a proposed follow-up program in our laboratory. 119 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED The above arguments are not intended to indicate that we understand the precise nature of the information channel coupling remote €vents and human perception. Rather, we intend only to show that modern theory is not without resources that can be brought to bear on the pro- blems at hand, and it is our expectation that these problems will, with further work, yield to analysis and specification. 120 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED 3. Communication Theory Approach to Channel Utilization Independent of the mechanisms that may be involved in remote sensing, observation of the phenomenon implies the existence of an infor- mation channel in the information-theoretic sense. Since such channels are amenable to analysis on the basis of communication theory techniques, channel characteristics, such as bit rate, can be determined independent of a well-defined underlying theory in the sense that thermodynamic con- cepts can be applied to the analysis of systems independent of underlying mechanisms. Therefore, the collection of data under specified conditions permits headway to be made despite the formidable work that needs to be done to clarify the underlying bases of the phenomena. One useful application of the communication channel concept was the utilization of such a channel for error-free transmission of informa- tion by the use of, redundancy coding. The experiment was carried out by Dr. Milan Ryzl, a chemist with the Institute of Biology of the Czecho- Slovakian Academy of Science. He reasoned that a paranormal channel exhibits the attributes of a communication channel perturbed by noise, and that redundancy coding could be used to combat the effects of the noisy channel in a straightforward application of communication theory.8 Ryzl had an assistant randomly select five groups of three decimal digits each. These 15 digits were then encoded into binary form and translated into a sequence of green and white cards sealed in opaque envelopes. With the use of a subject who has produced highly significant results with many contemporary researchers, °~>+ he was able, by means of redun- dant calling and an elaborate majority vote protocol, to correctly identify all 15 numbers, a result significant at p = 10715, The experi- ment required 19,350 calls, averaging nine seconds per call. The hit a. rate for individual calls was 61.9 percent, 11,978 hits and 7,372 misses." Tyote added in proof. It has been brought to our attention that a similar procedure was used to transmit without error the word “peace," in Inter- national Morse Code; J.C. Carpenter "Toward the Effective Utilization of Enhanced Weak-Signal ESP Effects," presented at the annual meeting of - the American Association for the Advancement of Science, New York, Jan. 27, 1975. 121 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
a nT Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED As discussed in the section on the random target generator, the bit rate is calculated from R = H(x) - A, (x) : where H(x) is the uncertainty of the source message containing symbols with a priori probability P; 2 H(x) = - ’. p,logoP;, >» i=1 and Hy (x) is the conditional entropy based on the a posteriori probabil- ities ” that a received signal was actually transmitted, 2 A, (x) = y p(i,j)logyp G) i,j=l moO For the above run, with P, = 1/2, Ps (4) = 0.619, and an average time of nine seconds per choice, we have a Source uncertainty H(x) = 1 bit anda calculated bit rate R= 0.041 bits/symbol or R/T = 0.0046 bits/second. Since the 15-digit number (49.8 bits) was actually transmitted at the rate of 2.9 x 1074 bits per second, an increase in bit rate by a factor of about 20 could be expected on the basis of a coding scheme more optimum than that used in the experiments. The actual bit rate is roughly tne same as that observed in our random target generator experiment discussed earlier. An excellent redundancy coding technique for a communication channel is the sequential sampling procedure used earlier in Section II-B for the sorting of SW from non-SW cards. In this application of the se- quential sampling procedure, one would first express the message to be sent as a series of binary digits, encoded, for example, as shown in Table 22. The sequential method then gives a rule of procedure for making one of three possible decisions following the.receipt of each bit: accept 1 as the bit being transmitted; reject 1 as the bit being transmitted 122 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
TT Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED TABLE 22 Five-Bit Code for Alphanumeric Characters E 00000 Y 01000 T 11111 G,J 10111 : N 00001 W 01001 R 11110 Vv 10110 I 00010 B 01010 @) 11101 ) 10101 A 00011 1 01011 S,X,Z 11100 2 10100 D 00100 3 01100 H 11011 4 10011 . L 00101 5 01101 C,K.Q 11010 6 10010 F 00110 7 01110 P 11001 8 10001 U 00111 9 01111 M 11000 . 10000 a | Note: Alphabet characters listed in order of decreasing frequency in English text. See, for example, A. Sinkov, Elementary Cryptanalysis --A Mathematical Approach. 4 (The low frequency letters, X,Z2,K,Q, and J have been grouped with similar characters to provide space for numerics in a five-bit code.) In consideration of the uneven distribution of letter frequencies in English text, this code is chosen such that 0 and 1 have equal probability. (i.e., accept 0); or continue transmission of the bit under consideration. As discussed earlier, use of the sequential sampling procedure requires the specification of parameters that are determined on the basis of the following considerations. Assume that a message bit (0 or 1) is being transmitted. In the absence of a priori knowledge, we may assume equal probability (p = 0.5) for the two possibilities (0,1) if an encoding procedure like that of Table 22 is used. Therefore, from the standpoint of the receiver, the probability of correctly identifying the bit being transmitted is p = 0.5 because of chance alone. An operative remote 123 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED sensing channel could then be expected to alter the probability of cor- rect identification to a value p = 0.5 +), where the parameter » satis- fies 0 < lw] < 0.5. (The quantity may be positive or negative, depending on whether the paranormal channel results in so-called psi-hitting or psi- missing.) Good psi functioning on a repetitive task is observed to result in ’= 0.12, as reported by Ryzl.4 Therefore, to indicate the design procedure, let us assume a baseline psi parameter vy = 0.1 and design a communication system on this basis. The question to be addressed is whether, upon repeated trans- mission, a given message bit is labeled a "1" at a low rate Pp, commensurate with the hypothesis H, that the bit in question is a "0", or at a higher rate By commensurate with the hypothesis Hy that the bit in question is indeed a '1". The decision making process requires the specification of four parameters: * Py! The probability of labeling incorrectly a "0" message bit as a "1". The probability of labeling correctly a "O" as a "0" is p=0.5 + ¥ = 0.6. Therefore, the probability of labeling incorrectly a "0" as a "1" is l-p = 0.4 = Pg: : The probability of labeling correctly a "1" message bit as a "1", given by Py = 0.5 + VS = 0.6. ea: The probability of rejecting a correct identification for a "0" (Type I error). We shall take a = 0.01. * 68: The probability of accepting an incorrect identification for a "L" (Type II error). We shall take g = 0.01. With the parameters thus specified, the sequential sampling pro- cedure provides for construction of a decision graph as shown in Figure 27. The equations for the upper and lower limit lines are, respectively, r= dy + sn , 1 Xo = “dy + sn , where log 1-6 a d — 1- > 1 loget Po Po 1-py 124 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED ES AGAINST DECISION 1 Accept “1” as the Bit Being Transmitted DECISION 2 Accept “0” as the Bit Being Transmitted " TARGET MESSAGE SEQUENCE “4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 NUMBER OF TRIALS CUMULATIVE NUMBER OF MATCH TA-760525-8 FIGURE 27 ENHANCEMENT OF SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO BY SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING PROCEDURE (p, = 0.4, P, = 0.6, a = 0,01, B = 0.01) UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED log 1-2 d. = 8 0 joePL 1=Do or I-. Po Py and 1=Po log 7=,~ s = . fi T- log ee Py Py A cumulative record of receiver-generated responses to the target bit is compiled until either the upper or lower limit line is reached, at which point a decision is made to accept 0 or 1 as the bit being transmitted. Channel reliability (probability of correctly determining message being transmitted) as a function of operative psi parameter y is plotted in Figure 28. As observed, the sequential sampling procedure can result in 90 percent or greater reliability with psi parameters of the order of a few percent. Figure 29 indicates the average number of trials required to reach a decision on a given message bit. The average number of trials falls off rapidly as a function of increasing psi param- eters y~. Implementation of the sequential sampling procedure requires the transmission of a message coded in binary digits. Therefore, the target space must consist of dichotomous elements such as the white and green cards used in the experiments by Ryzl. _ / In operation, a sequence corresponding to the target bit (0 or 1) is sent and the cumulative entries are made (Figure 27) until a decision is reached to accept either a 1 or O as the bit being transmitted. At a prearranged time, the next sequence is begun and continues as above until the entire message has been received. A useful alternative, which relieves the percipient of the burden of being aware of his self- contradiction from trial to trial, consists of cycling through the entire message repetitively, entering each response on its associated graph until a decision has been reached on all message bits. From the results obtained in such experiments, the channel bit rate can be ascertained for the system configuration under consideration. 126 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 RELIABILITY (probability of correctly determining message being transmitted) 0 +0.4 +0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 Ww (psi parameter) TA-760525-9 FIGURE 28 RELIABILITY CURVE FOR SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING PROCEDURE (py = 0.4, P, = 0.6, a = 0.01, B = 0.01) UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release "UNCLASSIFIED R000300030004-9 Furthermore, bit rates for other degrees of reliability (i.e., for other PorPy> %> and 8) can be estimated by construction of other decision curves over the same data base and thus provide a measure of the bit rate per degree of reliability. In summary, the procedures described here can provide a speci- fication of the characteristics of a remote sensing channel under well- defined conditions. These procedures also provide for a determination of the feasibility of such a channel for particular applications. 4. Soviet Efforts This discussion would be incomplete if we did not mention certain aspects of the current state of research in the USSR. Since the 1930s in the laboratory of L. Vasiliev (Leningrad Institute for Brain Research), there has been an interest in the use of paranormal communication as a method of influencing the behavior of a person at a distance. In Vasiliev's book Experiments in Mental Suggestion,» he makes it clear that the bulk of his laboratory's experiments were aimed at long-distance communication and what we would today call behavior modification; for example, putting people to sleep at a distance through hypnosis. The behavior modification type of experiment has been carried out in recent times by I.M. Kogan. He was concerned with three principal kinds of experiments: mental suggestion without hypnosis over short distances, in which the percipient attempts to identify an object; mental awakening over short distances, in which a subject is awakened from a hypnotic sleep at the "beamed" suggestion from the hypnotist; and long-range (intercity) paranormal communication.” Kogan's main interest has been to quantify the channel capacity of the paranormal channel. He finds that the bit rate decreases from 0.1 bits per second for laboratory experiments to 0.005 bits per second for his 1000-km intercity experiments. As indicated earlier, in the USSR serious consideration is given. to the hypothesis that paranormal communication is mediated by extremely- low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic propagation. In general, the entire field of paranormal research in the USSR is part of a larger one concerned + fe ea . 54,55 with the interaction between electromagnetic fields and living organisms.” °°’ 129 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED At the First International Congress on Parapsychology and Psychotronics in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in 1973, for example, Kholodov spoke at length about the susceptibility of living systems to extremely low-level ac and dc fields. He described conditioning effects on the behavior of fish from the application of 10 to 100 uWof RF to their tank.°° The USSR take these data seriously in that the Soviet safety requirements for steady- state microwave exposure set limits at 10 uW/em”, whereas the United States has set a steady-state limit of 10 mwW/em2.>? Kholodov spoke also about the nonthermal effects of microwaves on animals' central nervous systems. His experiments were very carefully carried out and are char- acteristic of a new dimension in paranormal research both in the USSR and elsewhere. The increasing importance of this area in Soviet research was indicated recently when the Soviet Psychological Association issued an unprecedented position paper calling on the Soviet Academy of Sciences to step up efforts in this area.© The Association recommended that the newly formed Psychological Institute within the Soviet Academy of Sciences and the Psychological Institute of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences review the area and consider the creation of a new laboratory within one of the institutes to study persons with unusual abilities. They also recommended a comprehensive evaluation of experiments and theory by the Academy of Sciences' Institute of Biophysics and Institute for the Problems of Information Transmission. i 5. Conclusions "Tt is the province of natural science to investigate nature, 199 Nowhere in scientific inquiry has impartially and without prejudice. this dictum met as great a challenge as in the area of so-called para- normal perception, the detection of remote stimuli not mediated by the usual sensory processes. Such phenomena, although under scientific con- sideration for over a century, have historically been fraught with unre- liability and controversy, and validation of the phenomena by accepted scientific methodology has been slow in coming. Even so, a recent survey conducted by the British publication New Scientist revealed that 67 percent of nearly 1500 responding readers (the majority of whom are working 130. UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED scientists and technologists) considered paranormal perception to be an established fact or a likely possibility, and 88 percent held the investi- gation of paranormal perception to be a legitimate scientific under- taking. °° A review of the literature reveals that although well-conducted experiments by reputable researchers yielding reproducible results were begun over a century ago (e.g., Sir William Crookes' study of D.D. Home, 1860s) ,°2»? emerging from the realm of quasi-science. One reason for this is that, many consider the study of these phenomena as only recently despite experimental results, no satisfactory theoretical construct had been advanced to correlate data or to predict new experimental outcomes. Consequently, the area in question remained for a long time in the recipe state reminiscent of electrodynamics before the unification brought about by the work of Ampere, Faraday, and Maxwell. Since the early work, however, we have seen the development of quantum theory, information theory, and neurophysiological research, and these disciplines provide powerful conceptual tools that appear to bear directly on the issue. In fact, several leading physicists are now of the opinion that, contrary to "common sense" notions, these phenomena are not at all inconsistent with the framework of modern physics» the often-held view that observa- tions of this type are a priori incompatible with known laws is erroneous, such a concept being based on the naive realism prevalent before the development of quantum theory. In the emerging view it is accepted that research in this area can be conducted so as to uncover not just a catalog of interesting events, but rather patterns of cause-effect relationships of the type that lend themselves to analysis and hypothesis in the forms with which we are familiar in the physical sciences. Accordingly, we consider it important to continue data collection and to encourage others to do likewise; investigations such as those reported here need replication and extension under as wide a variety of rigorously controlled conditions as possible. 131 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
res A AAP ST TT TOO Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED IV PROGRAM SUMMARY As a result of exploratory research on human perception carried out in SRI's Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory, we initiated an inves- tigation of a perceptual channel whereby individuals can access by means of mental imagery and describe randomly-chosen remote sites located several miles or more away .°? In this final report, we document the study at SRI of this human information-accessing capability that we call “remote viewing,’ the characteristics of which appear to fall outside the range of well-understood perceptual or information-processing abilities. This phenomenon is one of a broad class of abilities of certain individuals to access by means of mental processes and describe information sources blocked from ordinary perception and generally accepted as secure against such access. Individuals exhibiting this faculty include not only SRI subjects, but visiting staff members of the sponsoring organization who participated as subjects so as to critique the protocol. The program was divided into two categories of approximately equal effort--applied research and basic research. The applied research effort explored the operational utility of the above perceptual abilities. The basic research effort was directed toward identification of the charac~ teristics of individuals possessing such abilities and the determination of neurophysiological correlates and basic mechanisms involved in such functioning. E The phenomenon we investigated most extensively was the ability of individuals to view remote geographical locations (up to several thousand kilometers away), given only coordinates (latitude and longitude) or a person on whom to target. We have worked with a number of individuals, including sponsor personnel, whose remote perceptual abilities have been developed sufficiently to allow them at times to describe correctly --often in great detail--geographical or technical material, such as buildings, roads, laboratory apparatus, and the like. "The development at SRI of successful experimental procedures to elicit this capability has evolved to the point where (a) visiting personnel of the sponsoring organization without any previous exposure to such UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED concepts have performed well under controlled laboratory conditions (that is, generated target descriptions of sufficiently high quality to permit blind matching of descriptions to targets by independent judges), and (b) subjects trained over a two-year period have performed well under operational conditions (that is, provided data of operational significance later verified by independent sources). Our data thus indicate that both specially selected and unselected persons can be assisted in developing remote perceptual abilities to a level of useful information transfer. Furthermore, the data, accumulated from over 50 experiments with more than a half dozen subjects, indicates the following: a) the phen- omenon is not a sensitive function of distance over a several-km range and is still operative over a several thousand km range; b) Faraday cage shielding does not appear to degrade the quality or accuracy of perception; c) most of the correct information that subjects relate is of a nonanalytic nature pertaining to shape, form, color, and material rather than to func- tion or name--(this aspect suggests a hypothesis that information trans- mission under conditions of sensory shielding may be mediated primarily by the brain's right hemisphere); and d) the principal difference between experienced subjects and naive volunteers is not that the naive never exhibit the faculty, but rather that their results are simply less re- liable--(this observation suggests the hypothesis that remote viewing may be a latent and widely distributed though repressed perceptual ability). The primary achievement of the SRI program was thus the elicitation of high-quality remote viewing by individuals who agreed to act as sub- jects. Criticism of this claim could in principle be put forward on the basis of three potential flaws: (1) the study could involve naivete in protocol that permits various forms of cueing, intentional or unin- tentional; (2) the experiments discussed could be selected out of a larger pool of experiments of which many are of poorer quality; (3) data for the reported experiments could be edited to show only the matching ele- ments, the nonmatching elements being discarded. All three criticisms, however, are invalid. First, with regard to cueing, the use of double-blind protocols ensures that none of the persons in contact with the subject can be aware of the target. Second, selection 133 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED of experiments for reporting did not take place; every experiment was entered as performed on a master log and is included in the statistical evaluations. Third, data associated with a given experiment remain un- edited; all data associated with an experiment are tape recorded and in- cluded unedited in the data package to be judged, evaluated, and so on. Finally, the entire unedited file of tape recordings, transcripts, and drawings for every experiment is available to the COTR and others in the scientific community for independent analysis. Although the precise nature of the information channel coupling remote events and human perception is not yet understood, certain concepts in information theory, quantum theory, and neurophysiological research appear to bear directly on the issue. Therefore, our working assumption is that the phenomenon of interest is consistent with modern scientific thought, and can therefore be expected to yield to the scientific method. Further, it is recognized that communication theory provides powerful techniques, such as the use of redundancy coding to improve signal-to- noise ratio, which can be employed to pursue special purpose application of the remote sensing channel independent of an understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Finally, it is concluded by the research contractors (SRI) that the development of experimental procedures and the accrual of experience in three years of successful effort constitutes an asset that could be utilized in the future both for operational needs and for training others in the development and use of the remote-sensing capability. 134 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
eee eA 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED REFERENCES R. Morris, "An Exact Method for Evaluating Preferentially Matched . Free-Response Material," J. Amer. Soc. for Psychical Research,- vol. 66, No. 4, p. 401 (October 1972). N. Feller, An Introduction to Probability Theory and its Applications, vol. 1, (2nd Ed.), p. 98 (John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, 1950). P. Hoel, Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, 2nd edition, p. 27 (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, New York, 1954). M. Ryzl, "A Model for Parapsychological Communication," J. Para- psychology, vol. 30, pp. 18-31 (March 1966). W. Scherer, "Spontaneity as a Factor in ESP," J. ASPR, vol. 12, pp. 126-147 (1948). R. Ornsteim, The Nature of Human Consciousness, Chapter 7 and 8, (W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, 1973). R.W. Sperry, "Cerebral Organization and Behavior," Science, vol, 133, pp. 1749-1757 (1961). C. Shannon and W. Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 1949). R. Targ, P. Cole, and H. Puthoff, ‘Techniques to Enhance Man/Machine Communication," final report, NASA Contract NAS7-100, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California (June 1974). J.L. Mack, et. al, "Associative Visual Agnosia and its Related Deficits," presented to the third annual meeting of the International Neuropsychology Society, Tampa, 1975. M.L. Albert, et. al, "Associative Visual Agnosia without Alexia," Neurology, vol. 25, pp. 322-326 (1975). . S.N. Davidenkov, Clinical Lectures in Nervous Diseases (State Publishing House of Medical Literature, Leningrad, 1956). | A.B. Rubens and D.F. Benson, “Associative Visual Agnosia," Arch. Neurol. vol. 24, pp. 305-316 (1971). F, Lhermitte and M.F. Beauvois, "A Visual-Speech Disconnextion Syndrome," Brain, vol. 96, pp. 695-714 (1973). 135 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24, 25. 26, 27. 28. Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED H.L. Teuber, personal communication from Dr. William Langston. Proceedings of an International Conference on Methodology in PSI Research, Roberto Cavanna, ed., (Parapsychology Foundation, New York, New York, 1970). E. Douglas Dean, "Plethysmograph Recordings as ESP Responses," Intnl. J. Neuropsychiatry, vol. 2 (September 1966). Cc. Tart, "Physiological Correlates of PSI Cognition," Intnl. J. Parapsychology, No. 4 (1963). D.H. Lloyd, "Objective Events in the Brain Correlating with Psychic Phenomena," New Horizons, vol. 1, No. 2 (Summer 1973). J. Silverman and M.S. Buchsbaum, "Perceptual Correlates of Con- sciousness; a Conceptual Model and its Technical Implications for PSI Research," Psi Favorable States of Consciousness, R. Cavanna, ed., pp. 143-169 (Parapsychology Foundation, New York, New York, 1970). J. Kamiya, "Comment to Silverman and Buchsbaum," Psi Favorable States of Consciousness, R. Cavanna, ed., ppl. 158-159 (Parapsychology Foundation, New York, New York, 1970). D. Hill and G. Parr, Electroencephalography. A Symposium on its Various Aspects (The Macmillan Company, New York, New York, 1963). T.D. Duane and T. Behrendt, "Extrasensory Electroencephalographic Induction Between Identical Twins," Science, vol. 150, p- 367 (1965). S. Siegel, Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, pp. 152-156 (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1956). T,. Sarbin and R. Slagle, "Hypnosis and Psychophysiological Outcomes," Hypnosis: Research Developments and Perspectives, E. Fromm and R. Shor, ed., pp. 185-214 (Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago, Illinois 1972). E.H. Walker, "Foundations of Paraphysical and Parapsychological Phenomena," in Quantum Physics and Parapsychology, L. Oteri, ed., pp. 1-53 (Parapsychology Foundation, Inc., New York, 1975). H. Puthoff and R. Targ, in Psychic Exploration--A Challenge for Science, J. White, ed., pp. 522-542 (G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York, New York, 1974). . R. Jarrard, K. Corcoran, R. Mayfield, and R. Morris, "Psychokinesis Experiments with a Cryogenic Magnetometer," Research brief presented at the 18th Annual Convention of the Parapsychological Assoc., Santa Barbara, August 1975. 136 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
er i 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 38. 39. —~ 40. Al. Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED E.P. Wigner, "The Problem of Measurement," Am. J. Physics, vol. 31, No. 1, p. 6 (1963). J.J. Freedman and J.F. Clauser, "Experimental Test of Local Hidden Variable Theories," Phys. Rev. Letters, vol. 28, p. 938 (3 April 1972). . ” J.F. Clauser and M.A. Horne, "Experimental Consequences of Objective Local Theories," Phys. Rev. D., vol. 10, No. 2, p. 526 (15 July 1974). D. Bohm and B. Hiley, "On the Intuitive Understanding of Non-locality as Implied by Quantum Theory," Preprint, Birkbeck College, London, England (February 1974). J.S. Bell, "On the Problem of Hidden Variables in Quantum Theory," Rev. Modern Physics, vol. 38, No. 3, p. 447 (July 1966). H. Stapp, "Theory of Reality," Lawrence-Berkeley Laboratory Report No. LBL-3837, University of California, Berkeley, California (April 1975). A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete?," Phys. Rev., vol. 47, p. 777 (15 May 1935). R.H. Dicke and J.P. Wittke, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, Chapter 7 (Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., Reading, Massachusetts, 1960). 0. Costa de Beauregard, "Time Symmetry and Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics," Foundations of Physics (in press), Lecture delivered at the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science, February, 1974, I.M. Kogan, "Is Telepathy Possible?" Radio Engineering, vol. 21, No. l, p. 75 (January 1966). I.M. Kogan, "Telepathy, Hypotheses and Observations," Radio Engineer- ing, vol. 22, No. l, p. 141 (January 1967). I.M. Kogan, "Information Theory Analysis of Telepathic Communication Experiments," Radio Engineering, vol. 23, No. 3, p. 122 (March 1968). I.M. Kogan, "The Information Theory Aspect of Telepathy," RAND pub- lication, p. 4145, Santa Monica, California (July 1969). M.A. Persinger, "ELF Waves and ESP," New Horizons Transactions of the Toronto Society for Psychical Research, vol. 1, No. 5 (January 1975). 137 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
43, 44, 45. 46. 47. 48, 49, 50. D1. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED M.A. Persinger, The Paranormal, Part IL: Mechanisms and Models, (M.S.S. Information Corp., New York, New York, 1974). B. Julesz, Foundations of Cyclopean Perception (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1971). G. Feinberg, "Precognition--a Memory of Things Future?," Proc. Conf. on Quantum Physics and Parapsychology, Geneva, Switzerland (Para- psychology Foundation, New York, New York, 1975). M. Ryzl and J. Pratt, "A Repeated-Calling ESP Test with Sealed Cards," J. Parapsychology, vol. 27, pp. 161-174 (1963). M. Ryzl and J. Pratt, "A Further Confirmation of Stabilized ESP Performance in a Selected Subject," J. Parapsychology, vol. 27, pp» 73-83 (1963). J. Pratt, "Preliminary Experiments with a 'Borrowed' ESP Subject," J. Amer. Soc. Psych. Res., vol. 42, pp. 333-345 (1964). J. Pratt and J. Blom, "A Confirmatory Experiment with 'Borrowed' Outstanding ESP Subject," J. Amer. Soc. Psych. Res., vol. 42, pp. 381-388 (1964). W.G@. Roll and J.G. Pratt, "An ESP Test with Aluminum Targets," J. Amer. Soc. Psych. Res., vol. 62, pp. 381-387 (1968). J. Pratt, "A Decade of Research with a Selected ESP Subject: An Overview and Reappraisal of the Work with Pavel Stepanek," Proc. Amer. Soc. Psych. Res., vol. 30 (1973). A. Sinkov, Elementary Cryptanalysis-~a Mathematical Approach (Random House, New York, New York, 1968). L.L. Vasiliev, Experiments in Mental Suggestion, (ISMI Publications Hampshire, England, 1963). A.S. Presman, Electromagnetic Fields and Life (Plenum Press, New York, New York, 1970). Influence of Maenetic Fields on Biological Objects, Y.A. Kholodov, ed., JPRS 63038, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia (September 24, 1974). _y.A. Kholodov, "Investigation of the Direct Effect of Magnetic Fields on the Central Nervous System," Proc. of the First Conference on Psychotronic Research, JPRS L/5022-1 and 2 (September 6, 1974). D. Mennie, "Consumer Electronics," IEEE Spectrum, pp. 34-35 (March 1975). 138 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED APPENDIX A Remote Viewing Transcript for Subject S6 Learner/Control, First Experiment Following is the unedited transcript of the first experiment with learner/control $6, an SRI volunteer, a mathematician in the computer science laboratory, without any previous experience in remote viewing. The target, determined by random procedure, was White's Plaza, a plaza with a fountain at Stanford University. The capitalized words are the experimenter's statements and questions. As is our standard protocol, the experiment with the subject is kept ignorant of the specific target visited as well as of the contents of the target pool. k & * TODAY IS MONDAY , OCTOBER 7TH. IT IS 11:00 AND THIS IS A REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENT WITH RUSS TARG, S6, AND HAL PUTHOFF. IN THIS EXPERIMENT HAL WILL DRIVE TO A REMOTE SITE CHOSEN BY A RANDOM PROCESS, S6 WILL BE THE REMOTE VIEWER, AND RUSS TARG IS THE MONITOR (EXPERIMENTER). WE EXPECT THIS EXPERIMENT TO START AT TWENTY MINUTES AFTER ELEVEN AND RUN FOR FIFTEEN MINUTES. IT IS JUST ABOUT TWENTY MINUTES AFTER ELEVEN AND HAL SHOULD BE AT HIS TARGET LOCATION BY NOW. WHY DON'T YOU TELL ME WHAT KIND OF PICTURE YOU SEE AND WHAT YOU THINK HE MIGHT BE DOING OR EXPERIENCING. The first thing that came to mind was some sort of a large, square kind of a shape. Like Hal was in front of it. It was a...not a building or something, it was a square. I don't know if it was a window, but something like that so that the bottom line of it was not at the ground. About where his waist was, at least. That's what it seemed to me. It seems outdoors somehow. Tree. DOES HAL SEEM TO BE LOOKING AT THAT SQUARE? I don't know. The first impression was that he wasn't, but I have a sense that whatever it was was something one might look AvL UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED at. f{ don't know if it would be a sign, but something that one might look at. CAN YOU TELL IF IT IS ON THE GROUND OR VERTICAL? It seemed vertical. I don't have a sense that it was part of anything particular. It might be on a building or part of a building, but I don't know. There was a tree outside, but I also got the impression of cement. I don't have the impression of very many people or traffic either. I have the sense that he is sort of walking back and forth. I don't have any more explicit picture than that. CAN YOU MOVE INTO WHERE HE IS STANDING AND TRY TO SEE WHAT HE 158 LOOKING AT? I picked up he was touching something--something rough. Maybe warm and rough. Something possibly like cement. IT IS TWENTY-FOUR MINUTES AFTER ELEVEN. CAN YOU CHANGE YOUR POINT OF VIEW AND MOVE ABOVE THE SCENE SO YOU CAN GET A BIGGER PICTURE OF WHAT'S THERE? I still see some trees and some sort of pavement or something like that. Might be a courtyard. The thing that came to mind was it might be one of the plazas at Stanford campus or something like that, cement. Some kinds of landscaping. I said Stanford campus when I started to see some things in White Plaza, but I think that is misleading. I have the sense that he's not moving around too much. That it's in a small area. I guess I'll go ahead and say it, but I'm afraid I'm just putting on my impressions from Stanford campus. I had the impression of _a fountain. There are two in the plaza, and it seemed that Hal was possibly near the, what they call Mem Claw. WHAT IS THAT? A-2 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED It's a fountain that looks rather like a claw. It's a black sculpture. And it has benches around it made of cement. ARE THERE ANY BUILDINGS AT THE PLACE YOU WERE LOOKING AT? ARE THERE ANY BUILDINGS? YOU DESCRIBED A KIND OF A COURTYARD. USUALLY AT SOME PLACES THERE SHOULD BE A BUILDING, LARGE OR SMALL THAT THE COURTYARD IS ABOUT. LOOK AT THE END OR THE SIDES OF THE COURTYARD. IS THERE ANYTHING TO BE SEEN? I have a sense that there are buildings. It's not solid buildings. I mean there are some around the periphery and I have a sense that none of them are very tall. Maybe mostly one story, maybe an occasional two-story one. — j ; DO YOU HAVE ANY BETTER IDEA OF WHAT YOUR SQUARE WAS THAT YOU SAW AT THE OUTSET? No. I could hazard different kinds of guesses. DOES IT SEEM PART OF THIS SCENE? It...L think it could be. It could almost be a bulletin board or something with notices on it thaybe. Or something that people were expected to look at. Maybe a window with things in it that people were expected to look at. WHAT KIND OF TREES DO YOU SEE IN THIS PLACE? I don't know what kind they are. The impression was that they were shade trees and not terribly big. Maybe 12 feet of trunk and then a certain amount of branches above that. So that the branches have maybe a 12-foot diameter, or something. Not real big trees. NEW TREES RATHER THAN OLD TREES? Yeah, maybe five or ten years old, but not real old ones. IS THERE ANYTHING INTERESTING ABOUT THE PAVEMENT? No. It seems to be not terribly new or terribly old. Not very A-3 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED interesting. There seems to be some bits of landscaping around. Little patches of grass around the edges and peripheries. Maybe some flowers. But, not Lush. YOU SAW SOME BENCHES. DO YOU WANT TO TELL ME ABOUT THEM? Well, that's my unsure feeling about this fountain. There was some kind of benches of cement. Curved benches, it felt like. They were of rough cement. WHAT DO YOU THINK HAL IS DOING WHILE HE IS THERE? I have a sense that he is looking at things trying to project them. Looking at different things and sort of walking back and forth not covering a whole lot of territory. Sometimes standing still while he looks around. I just had the impression of him talking, and I almost sense that it was being recorded or something. I don't know if he has a tape recorder, but if it's mot that, then he is saying something because it needed to be remembered. IT'S 11:33. HE'S JUST PROBABLY GETTING READY TO COME BACK, A-4 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED APPENDIX B INSTRUCTIONS TO SUBJECT: EEG EXPERIMENT* The purpose of these experiments is to determine whether stimuli (flashing lights, geographical locations, and so on) located in adjoining laboratories or at more distant locales can be perceived, even though the signals are so low due to intervening walls, distance, and the like, as ordinarily to be considered blocked from the visual modes of perception. In addition to obtaining oral responses, we will also from time to time be measuring physiological parameters with standard apparatus (for example, EEG) to determine whether there is evidence for subliminal perception as registered by physiological correlates, even in the absence of conscious perception. There is no risk associated with these tests, and the only discomfort expected is that attendant to sitting quietly ina darkened room for 30- minute test intervals. During the experimentation feel free to ask any questions that come to mind as to the procedures, purposes, results, and so on associated with the study. As with all our activity you are free to withdraw consent and to discontinue participation in the project at any time without prejudice. *This statement is required by the SRI Administration Manual Topic 812, "Requirements Governing Activities with Human Subjects." B-1 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED APPENDIX C UNIVERSAL RANDOMIZATION PROTOCOL It was deemed desirable in our work to establish a universal random- ization protocol independent of the particular experiment under considera- tion. The only exceptions were to be automated experiments where target selection is determined by radioactive decay or electronic randomization. The randomization procedure is designed around a ten-unit base, e.g., ten targets, ten work periods, and so on. A ten-digit sequence governing an experiment is blind to both experimenter and subject, and is uncovered by means of the following procedure. A three-page RAND Table of Random Digits (Table C-1) is entered to obtain a ten-digit sequence, the entrance point being determined by throws of a die,* the first 1, 2, or 3 deter- mining page, the néxt 1, 2, 3, or 4 determining column block, the follow- ing 1, 2, 3, or 4 determining row block, and the final throw determining from which of the first six rows in the block the ten-digit sequence is to be taken. An opaque card with a single-digit window is then moved across the row to uncover digits one at a time. If a multiplicity of targets exist, the digits 0 through 9 are employed directly. If a binary command is required (e.g., increase/decrease or activity/no activity) the parity of the digit (even or odd) is employed. wA technique found in control runs to produce a distribution of die faces differing nonsignificantly from chance expectation. C-1 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED TABLE C-1 Table of Random Digits 11 16 43 63 18 75 06 13 7674 40 60 31 61 52 83 23 53 73 61 91 2159 1791 76 83 15 86 78 40 94 15 35 85 69 95 86 09 16 10 43 84 44 82 «66 55 83:76 49 73 50 58 34 72 55 95 31 79 57 36 79 22 62 36 33 26 66 65 83 39 41 21 60 13 Il 44 28 93 20 7304 40 47.73 12 03 25 14 14 57 99 47 67 48 «54 62 74 85 11 49 56 31 28 72 14 06 39 31 04 «61 83 45 91 99 15 46 98 22 85 64 20 84 82.37. 41 7017 3117 91 40 27 72 27° 79 51 62 10 07 5] 48 67 28 75 38 60 52 93 41 58 2998 38 80 20 12 51 07 94 99 75 62 63 60 64 51 61.79 71 40 68 49 99.48 33 88 07 64 13 71 39 55 52 17 13.01 57 2907 75 97 86 42 98 08 07 46 20 55 65 98 59 71 98 12 13 85 30 10 34 55 63 98 61 88 26 77 60 68 17 26 45 73 27 38 22 42 93 01 65 99 05 70 48 «25 06 77 75 71 95 63 99 97 54 31 19 99 25 58 16 38 11 50 69 25 41 68 78 75 61 55 57 64 04 86 21 0] 18 08 52 45 88 88 80 78 35 26 79 13 78 13 79 87 68 04 68 98 71 30 33 00 78 56 07 92 00 84 48 97 62 49 09 92 15 «84 98 72 87 59 «38 71 23:15 12 08 58 86 14 90 94 91 66 34 44 21 28 30 70 44 58 72 20 36 78 19 18 66 96 02 16 97 59 54 28 «33 22 65 5903 26 18 86 94 97 «51 35 14 77:99 59 13 83 95 42 71 16 85 76 09 «12 89 35 40 48 «07 25 58 61 49 29 47 85 96 52 50 41 43 19 66 33 18 68 13 46 85 09 53 72 B2 96 15 59 50 09 «27 42 97 29 18 79 89 32 94 48 «88 39 25 42 li 99 62 16 65 838 62 96 61 24 68 48 44 91 5102 44 12 61 94 38 12 63 97 52 91 71 02 01 72 65 94 20 50 42 59 68 98 35 05 Gl 1454 43 71 34 54 71 40 24.01 38 64 80 92 78 8] 31 37 74 00 83 40 38 88 27 09 83 41 13 33 04 29 24 60 28 «75 66 62 69 54 67 64 20 52 04 30 69 74 48 06 «17 02 64 97 37 85 87 51 21 39 64 04 19 90 11 61 04 02 73 09 48 07 07 68 48 02 53 19 77 37 17 04 89 45 23 97 44 45:99 04 «30:15 99 54 50 «83-77 84 G1 15 93 03 98 94 16 52 79 51 06 31 12 14 89 22 31 «31 36 16 06 50 82 24 43 43 92 96 60 71 72 20 73 83 87 70 67 24 86 39 75 76 96 99 05 52 44 70 69 32 52 55 73 54 74 37 59 95 63 23 9555 09 11 97 48 03. 97 30 38 87 OL 407 27:79 32 17) 79 42 12:17 69 57 66 64 12 04. 47 58 97 83 64 65 12 84 83 34 (07 49 32 80 98 46 49 26 15 94 26 72 95 82 72 38 71 66 13 80 60 21 20 50 99 08 43 31 91 72 08 32 02 08 39 31 92 17 64 58 73 72 00 86 57 10 01 17 50 04 «86 05 44 11 90 57 23 82 74 64 61 48 75 23 29 99 49 06 54 31 «16 53 00 55 47 «24 21:94 10 90- 08 53 16 15 78 35 54 25 58 65 07 30 44 70 10 31 30 94 93 87 02 33 00 24 76 86 59 52 6247 1855 22 94 91 2075 09 70 24 72 61 96 66 28 7211 53 49 85 58 03 69 91 37 2853 78 43.95 26 65 43 78 51 Source: The RAND Corporation C-2 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED TABLE C-1 (Continued) 07 42 85 88 63 96 02 38 89 36 97 92 94 12 20 «86 43 19 44 85 35 37 92 79 22. 28:90 65 50 13° 40 56 83 32 22 40 48 69 11 22 10 98 22 28 07 10 92 02 62 99 41 48 39 29 35 17 06 [7 82 52 90 12 73 33 41 77 80 GI 24 46 93 04 06 64 76 24 99 04 10 99 63 00 21 29 90 23 51 06 87 74 «76 86:93 93 00 84 97 80 75 04 40 77 98 63 82 48 45 46 52 69 02 98 25 79 91 50 76 59 19 30 96 16 76 43-75 74 10 89 36 43° 52 29 17 58 22 95 96 69 09 47 70 97 56 26 93 35 68 47 26 07) 03 68 40 36 00 52 83 15 53 81 85 81 26 18 75 23 57 07 57 54 58 93 92 83 66 86 76 56 74 65 37 10 06 24 92 63 64 24 76 38 «54 72 35 65 27 53 07 63 82 35 53 40 61 38 55 38 51 92 95 00 «84 82 88 12 48 825 54 83 40 75 55 17 28 15 56 «18 85 65 90 43 65 79 90 19 14 81 36 30 51 73 18 89 90 96 12 77 54 15 7675 26 90 78 81 73° 71 18 92 83 77 68 14 12 53 40 92 55 11 13 26 68 05 26 54 22 88 46 00 63 52 515599 11 59 81 31 06 32 51 42 58 76 81 49 88 14 79 97 00 92 2) 43 33 86 «73 45 97:93 59 «97 17 65 54 16) «67 64 20 50 51 96 46 10 06 04 It 12 02 22 54 23 OL 19 41 08 29 19 66 51 87 28 17 74 41 11 15 70 57 38 35) «675 76 84.95 49 924 54 36 32 85 66 95 34 47 37 81 12 70 74:93 «86 66 87 03 41 «66 46 07 56 48 19 71 22 72 63 84 57 54.98 20 56 72 77 20 36 50 34 73 35 21 68 75 66 47 57 19 98 79 22 22 27 93 67 80 10 09 61 70 44 08 75 02 26 53 32 98 60 62 94 51 “31 99 46 90 72 37 35 49 30 25 11 32 37.00 69 =90 26 98 92 66 02 98 59 53:03 «15 18 25 01 66 55 20 86 34 7 18 15 82 52 83 89 96 51 02 06 95 83 09 54 06 11 47 40 87 86) «(05 59 46 70 45 «45 58 72 96 11 98 57 94 24 81 81 42 28 68 42 60 99 77.96 69 Ot 07 10 85 30° 74 30 57 75 09 2177 :17 59 63) 23:15 19 02 74 90 20 96 85 21 14 29 33 91 94 42 27 81 21 60 32 57 61 42 78 O04 98 26 84 70 27 87 51 54 80 17 69 76 01 14 63 24 73 20 96 19 74 02 46 37 97 37 73 21 12 05 68 63 02 43° 34 13 40 29 36 «©6550 19 77 98 69 86 49 76 87 09 52 99 24 66 50 89 91 05 73:95 46 95 46 75 36 «28 96 88 19 36 94 51 89 39 84 81 47 86 77 50 =82 54 96 26 76 831 12 34 98 99 00 18 47 21 86 78 90 67 54 80 +61 79 88 16 00 80 OL 8B 47 42 87 46 26 31 65 79 81 66 16 30 57 66 62 90 55 «646 51 80 14 87 88 69 25 87 16 12 27 34 81 76 29 80 56 49 94 66 87-26 22 30 20 09 44 29 62 41 38 21 67 68 06 71 13 49 39 «19 59 97 62 47 60 93 58 15 04 50 52 08 21 53) 13 93 44 68 85 58 31 58 83 66 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFI TABLE C-1 (Continued) 51 39 28 59 36 «43 89 85 05 96 928 54 99 83 27 99 94 32 53 77 54 23°94 19 18 79 52 64 G2 74 40 87 16 18 03 25 76 75 54 84 57 89 27 33 94 07 16 09 02 62) 47:70 43 83 55 «671 70 88 O1 17 02 33 07 47 36 «53 27 44 44 68 «062 61:11:96 98 ~=—0Y9 30 42 92 65 76 11 52 92 47. 55 34 25 12 99) «03 04 78 39 81 11 OL 60 92 67 63 31 28 18 86) «29 08 52 01 01 26 4605 05 01 31 73 1L 89 38 27 63 22 15 70 34 27 45 64 26 «01 76 42:59 59 =69 29 38 98 75 06 33 56 2111 44 01 45 25 67 «11 76 25 48 06 «(02 G5 15 29 12 64 14 28 76 76 «21 35 88 87 73° 31 73 63 16 95) «11 «52 36 42 33 28 43 62 54 68 75 23 5753 70 97 15 54 87 06 52 23 92 18 31 09 52 28 38-55 «85 97 31.58 88 «381 18 14 96 72 «17 23 70 40 24 93 71 4154 14 93 71 20 2742 32 11 58 26 83 67 18 28 90 30 15 68 15 35 99 58 18 57 38 40 07 06 87 59.47 «71 74 36 92 85 77°71 22:39 14 08 90 74 37 68 26 62 27 41 84 75 16 69 67 48 78 45 35 48 44 +61 50 90 12 45 02 80 55 26 76 =«=—22 51 94 78 48 24 86 06 82 84 19 36 72 90 73 32 30 15 87 OL 04 19 33 OL 42 37 28 40 68 44 78 88 75 72 76 26 38 95 69 09 39 33 14 21 Ol 35 48 85 24 73 37 63 43 25 69 95 27 40 95 08 Bl Ol 24 24 13 5159 55 99 09 35 22 34 49 91 24 27 53:96 32 09 77 79 BB 00 90 66 03 51 71 30 02 19 11 20 36 11 64 21 28 65 40 19 41 99 47 50 50 20 08 20 30 08 71 88 96 19 50 70 59 «13 26 63 13 89 13 35 00 84 14 +64 04 99 43.77 22 40 89 49 58 =19 09 55 80 35 33 00 69 26 90 69 24 89 74 43 «53 89 G2 35 08 16 22 75 69 29 55 21 66 38 86 06 80 41 18 GL 22 56 50 24.75 00 25 87 90 18 21 99 12 62 28 «14 80 11 91 92. 49 43 82 07 72 «60 84 66 97 32 7) 02 52 82 12 1047 42 75 22 65 62 08 46 84 00 21 00 48 63 65 52 21 52 42 84 55 47 4h 60 20 24 G2 69 41) «4 29 80 47 G3 27 97 55 49 23. 90 65 00 61 70 09 43 30 91 67 «35 16 63 27 31 07 30 00 97 04 «336: 09:96 15 77 «95 55 27 34 56 16 57 88 81 40 54 35 71 36 89 19 56.90 38 14 7605 30 51 50 69 12 56 94 42 00 97 70 44 81 42 04 40 86 49 «34 82 23.58 43 (78 46 88 23780 13 92 07 87 61 12 31 19 28 08 07 75 30 40 73 58 52 08 00 22 08 39 53 70 43 37 88 03 41.72 04 20 49 44 34 «G2 79 8B 19 02 46.16 66 72 06 Ol 61 94 37 69 96 77 01 94 40 29 70 04 20 93 87 76 77.76 07 03 74 20 1613 65 98 96 28 43 «10 D1 73 44 58 29 88 09 52 88 21 G4 44 65 87 06 64 49 47 B4 «66 99 56 18 12 36 24 83 66 G6 14 89 45 92 73 88 95 04 6077 34 65 II 20 38 12 38 62 96 56 30 47 42 59 64 9-21 48 29 54 22 02 00 23 36 71 52 06 87 38 Ol 52 18 8194 91 55 13 76 10 39 02 00 66 99 13 4] 72 75 21 71 56 71 90 60 54 98 44 18 15 29 59 60 76 52 25 Fok C-4 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9