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It
is
well
known
that many
correlations
have been
discovered between
the
memory processes and the behavioral,
physiological,
and neurochemical processes.
Researchers can be
largely divided
into three
camps:
advocates
of the neuroche-
raical
concepts
of
memory
(data
on
the post-translational
protein
modification
during the memory consolidation and on the participation of epidindimine and oth-
er brain-specific proteins
in this
process are presented in
review
[41]);
advo-
cates of the psychological
[2] and physiological
[21]
approaches who study memory
as
a "black box" based
on the
stimulus-response principle;
and synthesizers who
are attempting to combine these two dominant methodologies.
In the latter's opi-
nion,
"...matter
and brain on
the
one
side and
the
abstract and
thought
on
the
other
relate
to
each
other
by
means
of
functional
(physiological-biochemical)
reorderings of this matter)"
[4,
p.
881].
"The behavioral
specifics
of
the
engram
are undoubtedly
transchemical
and
can be adequately explained,
e.g.
, by the spatial organization of the neuroglial
complex formed during the learning process"
[7,
p.
985].
These words
can explain
the low efficiency
of the attempts
to construct
a conceptual model
of memory
on
the basis of local actions
on individual brain segments
or introduction
of vari-
ous arbitrary chemical substances.
Such approaches to memory research are inevi-
tably limited to describing individual phenomena rather than the entire system as
a whole.
This
is best illustrated by the absence of acceptance methods of memory
modification,
except for the methods related
to learning.
If memory
is
understood as
a set
of all behavioral,
physiological,
and
ge-
netic programs,
the need for
an integrated
information approach to
the study
of
living systems becomes
obvious.
In
this case,
it
becomes
necessary
to
develop
the means
of affecting
the entire
system
as
a whole rather
than
its
individual
subsystems.
In practice,
however,
medicine
has
accumulated
a vast
quantity
of
methods and means of correcting violations either
in subsystems or in their indi-
vidual elements yet there are still no sufficient possibilities for employing the
autocorrection capabilities explicitly present
in the organism.
Available meth-
ods
of
increasing the
general
adaptation properties
of
the
organism—medicinal
and non-medicinal
adapt ogens,
various
psychotechnics,
etc.—are
good
yet
it
is
often necessary also to use local stimulation.
For example, gastrectomy
is often
performed
in the case of stomach ulcer yet the psychological discomfort accompa-
nying this disease inevitably leads to the appearance of other psychosomatic dis-
orders
after such
treatment.
The
spiral
coils
are sown
into people
suffering
with chronic alcoholism
and,
for
the
time being,
they
stop drinking yet
often
continue to suffer either from an undetected or untreated affective complex.
And
there are many more such examples.
Under
the conditions
of today's
information
stress
and
a rising volume
of
psychosocial dissonances,
the need has arisen
in being able accurately to stimu-
late the autocorrection capabilities available
in the
organism.
In most
cases,
it would be preferable not to resort
to any exogenic
(chemical and physical)
fac-
tors for this purpose in addition to the customary natural factors so as
to avoid
the habitual
iatrogeny,
addiction,
side
effects,
etc.
Access
to higher
control
system hierarchies—the psychic sphere—always meets
these conditions
but
calls
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for
an
individually oriented
and unique
activity
on
the
part
of
the
physician
which,
in a perfect case,
should be similar to the creative inspiration in art.
In order to see common features
in known yet disjointed facts and understand
the
relationship between
them and
thus
employ
these
and new
facts
deliberately
rather than randomly and thus optimally,
it
is necessary to introduce logic into
the existing agglomeration of knowledge about mental activity.
Let
us
consider
a
simple memory
organization model.
To
this
end,
let
us
represent man as
a complex transient self-organizing system capable of procreat-
ing and possessing the maximum possible number of degrees of freedom in his
func-
tions
in living
nature.
The most important
among these functions
are the
capa-
bility of self-programming and adaptive
reprogramming as
well
as
the ability
to
organize interfaces for
the data
input and output and to
connect peripheral
de-
vices
(tools and
auxiliary
input/output
devices).
This
system
cannot
be
fully
described by the totality of
its component subsystems which are partially known,
primarily due
to
the
fact
that
it
is
open,
i.e.,
constantly
interacts
with
the
environment
and
cannot
be
considered
separately
from
it.
For
the
description
convenience,
cybernetic models
[25]
are
often used although we
should note
that
the approaches used
in this case
differ
in the
extreme.
Thus,
the processes
of
forming conscious
acts
are
likened
to
the
quantum mechanical
behavior
of
elec-
trons
in
a
solid,
and brain
is
considered
as
a sum
of complex
networks with
a
variable
degree
of
internal
relationships
[57]
or,
conversely,
the
validity
of
similarities between
the
human brain
and
the
computer
is being sternly refuted
[56]
.
In our opinion,
since computers
are a product of human creative activity,
it is permissible to treat them as
a model of personality with limited functions.
It will become evident from the subsequent presentation that the goals formulated
in this article also make it possible to make a reverse—generalized—description
of
the
structure
of personality with
the
help
of
cybernetic
constructions
and
computer technology.
A version of
a system which illustrates
at
least
a three-dimensional
model
of the personality structure
is
shown
in
Fig.
1.
It
is
clear
that there
is
an
infinite diversity of models
yet there
is
no need
for a more complicated model
for this
study.
The
decision-making
device
(the
processor)
is
a random access
memory consisting
of
the
monitor memory
and buffer
memory.
The
processor
has
either direct or mediated connections to other modules and contains data and pro-
grams of the most likely behavior and emergency life support
as well
as a system
of programs for
the orientation and
research activity.
There
is
a periodic
ex-
change with the read-only memory
(long-term memory)
in which data files are for-
matted with the help of the burner and programs are formed.
The priority genera-
tor which has a counter for the number of incidents of behavior consistent with a
situation where
a
certain
routine
is
being executed,
allowing
for
the
a priori
probability,
assigns the highest priority to the routines which ensure the maxi-
mum adaptation to the changing environment.
When the value of the program prior-
ity comprised of the number
of its
realizations with
successful or unsuccessful
outcomes
exceeds
a certain
critical
number,
this
routine
is
rewritten
into
the
data bank for permanent storage and
is not subject to correction.
Access to this
memory area under
intact conditions
is
impossible.
Only the
routines which
are
at the stage of exchange between the buffer memory in the processor and the long-
term memory are subject to correction.
It
is assumed that this occurs
as block-
by-block rewriting from the long-term memory into RAM during the slow-wave sleep
[8]
and,
conversely, with a program correction during the paradoxical sleep
[19].
Programs whose realization is enabled are stored in the RAM buffer which,
togeth-
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Fig.
1.
Conceptual
Cybernetic Model
of Functional
Huian
He»ory
Device.
Key:
I — Iconic
*eiory;
I I--Shor t-ter i
»eto-
ry;
1 1 1 --Consci ou s
;
I Y--Subconsci ous
;
1 — Analyzer
; 2--Input
interface;
3--8uffer
storage;
4— Translator;
5— Editor
;
6--Coi»uni cator
;
7--Co*»uni cator
»e*ory;
8--Central
processor;
9— Processor
RAM
;
10--R0H;
ll--Data
bank
(data
and
prograt bank);
1 2--Conti guous
storage
device;
1 3--Pr obabi 1 i ty counter
and
priority generator;
H--PR0H burner;
15--
Syste*
loader
(driver);
16— On-line
loader
(driver);
17— Output
interface;
Ef f ector 5
;
19--Ti»er
[top
center];
13--Se»antic field
of
the
universe [bottoa
left]
.
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er with the long-term memory and the data bank,
assists
in the sphere of subcon-
scious
mental
activity.
A part
of
the processor
(the monitor memory)
and
the
monitor itself
as
a
communication
device make up
the
consciousness
sphere.
In
addition, the system contains the input/output devices with semantic interfaces
a
part of whose structure
is combined with a part of the
short-term memory
(input
and output register)
into
the
iconic memory.
Among
other
structures
necessary
for describing the model, we should note the editor which is intended for analyz-
ing the semantic codes
to see whether they correspond to those permitted for
in-
put/output,
a
contiguous
memory which
stores
the nonformatted
information
in-
creases
in
time
layer by
layer,
and
the
driver which performs
the
functions
of
loading data and standard (corrected)
programs
into the data bank.
Even without
a detailed
description
of
the
functioning
of
its
individual
structures,
this model makes
it possible
to illustrate how memory
is transferred
from
a short-term
stack
to RAM
by means
of successive
learning,
i.e.,
multiple
execution
of
the memory
engram
(program)
with
subsequent
transfer
to
long-term
storage and eventually,
to absolute standard memory (databank).
The latter also
contains
all genetic
life support programs.
It is obvious that disruptions
in the state and behavior
(diseases) may be a
result of incorrect operation of any of the structures
(except for certain infec-
tious diseases
or damage due
to an injury)
.
In this case,
a search for the means
of correcting the
control systems
rather than
the local manifestations of
these
violations
is
justified.
If we
extend
the
use
of
the
information
approach
to
describing the personality structure, such facilities should then be exceptional-
ly informative,
i.e.,
being effective not only due to and not
so much by means of
\
its physical
origin
as
due
to
its semantic
organization.
Under natural
condi-
tions,
one can encounter several
layers of semantic organization:
from the
sim-
plest,
in the
form
of,
e.g.
,
a certain
combination
of geoelectromagnetic field
parameters which indicate an impending natural catastrophe
[ 26 ]
to the most com-
plicated verbal
signals.
The
presence
of the
decoder
(the
editor
code
which
identifies the signal and assigns to
it
a corresponding number— is common to com-
plex-organized signals
of
any physical
nature,
making
it
possible
to
refer
to
them as
semantic,
after which
the
semantic
signal
translated
into
autocodes
is
^ny
5y*2
tt
forwarded for processing and incorporated
in associative processes.
It
is obvi-
ar
*f
ous that
the semantic nature of any random signal,
e.g.,
an arbitrary set of pho-
Ui?ri?.*tur V' nemes
,
is
formed
only when
it
is
presented more
than
once
(except
for
the
in-
stinctive behavior
signals whose
corresponding autocodes are
genetically
deter-
mined).
Consequently,
in order to impart meaning to any sequence of signals,
no
matter how complex,
it
is necessary to present
it for the second time
in combina-
tion with
the
context
data
(learning).
As
the
long-term storage
area
is being
filled during the development of an individual,
his ability for learning decreas-
es.
Then,
engram consolidation calls either for a greater number of signal pre-
sentations
imparting
greater
significance
in
the
context
information,
i.e.,
enhancing the
emotional
resonance.
Here,
emotions
play
the
role
of
the
communicative monitor signals which indicate the significance level of the signal
or the engram being reaized for the individual and as an accounting parameter for
the counter which determines
the information or'program priority number.
Thus,
an extended program correction or generation process
is necessary for
modifying the behavior or state under natural conditions;
Ebbinghaus devoted his
efforts to early
studies of this
process.
In
the case of
a pathological
condi-
tion,
correction of the control system disruptions also calls
for an equally long
process if it is possible altogether.
Given a single signal presentation,
orien-
tation-research activity programs
are activated depending
on
the
degree
of
its
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novelty and the semantic driver is organized after subsequent presentations;
this
driver
loads
the program
already
formed
in
the
long-term memory
into
the
data
bank.
As we have
already mentioned ,
the
speed of this
process changes
substan-
tially depending on
the priority.
If the program
is formed and its standard
is
available in the
data bank,
its
source code present
in the random access memory
is periodically compared
to
its
matrix stored
in the long-term memory which
en-
ables constant autocorrection of the program due to the influx of sensory data on
the program realization outcome.
A review of experimental studies
[54]
provides
extensive
information
indicating
that
after
intensive
learning,
the
number
of
paradoxical sleep
events
and
the
duration
of
each such
event
increase
substan-
tially even after several hours following the learning process and decrease grad-
ually during many days.
Paradoxical sleep deprivation causes a considerable de-
lay in
the habit
formation speed.
Based
on
these facts,
many
authors maintain
that
transition
of new
information
from
the
short-term
to
the
long-term memory
actually occurs during
the paradoxical
sleep
[31]
although one
can find
experi-
mental proof that this conclusion
is incorrect
[54].
We know with certainty only
that paradoxical
sleep is vitally necessary and
its deprivation
leads to
a catas-
trophe
[52].
The relationship between the sleep deficit
or disorder and the de-
velopment of chronic mental disorders
is well known
[27].
A
factor analysis
of
the
patients’
reports
about
their
dreams
demonstrates
that
the possibility
of
even
conscious
autocorrection
of
information
during
the controlled
dreaming
is
realistic
[45].
In the opinion of Yu.S.
Borodkin and P.D.
Shabanov,
"consolida-
tion
of
the
persistence
of
memory
[imprint]
as
a
process
of
transition
from
short-term memory
to the long-term memory presupposes transformation of the neu-
rodynaraic changes
(possibly, circulation of nerve pulses in closed nerve circles)
into
stable
neurochemical
reorderings
of
the
synaptic
apparatus
involving
the
neuron genome.
One of the most
important properties of consolidation
is postula-
tion of a certain end time interval during which data are transferred from short-
term to long-term memory.
It depends
on the learning method and varies from sec-
onds
to
hours
and even weeks.
Individual
periods
of
the
consolidation process
are probably not
equivalent.
The
most
important
(and,
consequently,
the
most
vulnerable)
are
the
initial
triggering
stages which
are
carried
out
during
the
very
learning procedure while
the
least
significant
(least
vulnerable)
are
the
end processes
(translation
of
specific proteins,
their
exchange,
etc."
[9,
p.
10]
.
It
is generally assumed that any stimulation of the engrain during the con-
solidation which damages
[9]
or
interferes with
it
[9]
leads
to an
irreversible
change in the engrain.
Obviously, there can be many such actions:
semantic inter-
ference,
concussion,
powerful stresses,
etc.,
and if
it had not been for the pos-
sibility
of constant
autocorrection
of
the
program,
the
life
of the
individual
would terminate.
The
autocorrection process
is
very
slow
and
it
sometimes
lags
far
behind
available needs
for
adaptation.
The
facilities
available
in medicine
are
sto-
chastic
in
orientation
and
hit
the
target
far
from always
even
if
it
is
known
precisely.
The simplified model of memory structure presented here makes it possible to
hypothesize
about
the
possibility of
developing
an
artificial
semantic
driver
whose functions
are reduced
to supplying the correcting
information directly
to
the damaged information
area.
Under natural
conditions,
there
is
such a possi-
bility (imprinting);
furthermore,
it
is employed spontaneously,
albeit
in a frag-
mentary nature,
in some psychotherapy procedures
(catharsis).
Imprinting as
a phenomenon
of imprinting
information after
its single
pre-
sentation was
identified
for
the
first
time by
Lorenz
as
an
individual
special
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psychic
act;
to
this
end,
he examined known
information
about
the movement
of
chicks just
hatched from eggs
after
any moving object.
We can
assume
that
the
possibility of imprinting decreases rapidly with the development of the organism
[33] which is due
to the biological necessity of concentrating the learning abil-
ity during those organism development periods when the role of the acquired habit
is optimal
[47].
Ethological-physiological-biochemical studies make
it possible
to speculate that
the nervous mechanisms
of imprinting
are due to
the right
in-
termediate area of the ventral hyperstriatum whereas the contralateral area per-
forms the
function of translating
the imprinting information into
a certain
un-
identified brain structure
[43]
.
It has been established that a significant dif-
ference in
the distribution
character of synaptosomic proteins
in the
forebrain
from that
under conventional
conditioned reflex
learning
is
observed during
im-
printing
[23].
The
reality
of quick
formation
of
fixed
neurochemical
memory
codes during
imprinting has
confirmed the possibility of reproducing
imprinting
in recipient chicks during the
intra-abdominal
injection of homogenates of donor
chick brain
[34].
This
is possible only during the first
three weeks
of develop-
ment
since
during
this
period,
macromolecules
can
penetrate
the
brain
even
through
the
not-yet-formed
hematoencephalic
barrier.
The
authors
stress
that
imprinting can be realized only during the sensitive period which for chicks,
is
equal
to 32-36
h after hatching
and can be
easily traced by
the low pitch sound
emitted by the chicks.
At the end of this period,
an avoidance reaction develops
which
is accompanied
by distress
tones,
i.e.,
the
sounds of displeasure.
It
is
thought that the amygdaloid complex
plays an
important role in
forming the per-
sistence of memory
during single-session
learning
[22]
and
it
is
stressed
that
the engram activation largely depends on the contextual
(emotionally tinted)
in-
formation available during the presentation of the stimulus being imprinted.
It
is important to note the difficulty of studying such engrams since they may modi-
fy insignificantly yet very stably
in time the behavioral patterns of humans and
animals and have no crude noticeable manifestations
in individual programs
[55]
.
The latter can be attributed to the fact that the researchers do not have an ade-
quate logic approach to the imprinting research methodology.
An analysis of available data shows that the following
is necessary for re-
alizing the imprinting:
•
a
relative
sensory
deprivation
of the
individual
(in
the
literal
sense,
the
chick’s stay
in the egg);
•
a high semantic information gradient
(i.e.,
the degree of its novelty relative
to the preceding' experiment
information which for the chick
is literally reduced
to the medium volume bounded by nontransparent walls);
and
•
a high degree of stress
(which
is probably characterized by being similar to
a
daze after information shock)
.
One
can
clearly
see
that
simple mixing
of these
factors
will by no
means
facilitate the imprinting of information, so these are identified only for didac-
tic purposes for the sake of understanding subsequent text.
In addition to this
factor,
the absence of any kind of external information editing at the moment of
imprinting is extremely important since the system for comparing the memory codes
to the external information codes has not yet been formed.
As the memory
is be-
ing loaded,
the correspondence
codes will
form
in
the
editor and will
play
the
role of identifying the external stimulus
and,
according to the previous experi-
ence,
initiate various behavioral programs.
Any new stimulus which does not have
the corresponding codes
(i.e.,
for which there
is no similar image in the memory)
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initiates
programs
of
the orientation-research activity
as
the
result
of whose
actions the identifying codes form
in the editor.
In humans,
eyeball movement
following the moving object
is observed during
the early days of their
lives yet the rapidly forming editor soon makes
it possi-
ble to perform selective orientation of the information input/output systems
for
perceiving
the stimulus with
the maximum novelty gradient
relative
to
the
con-
text.
At the same time,
the extensively developing associative relationship sys-
tem
attributes
any
new
stimulus
to
a
constantly
increasing
number
of
memory
cells,
and
it
is classified as being partially known.
As the personality devel-
ops,
this
leads
to
a gradual decrease
in the ability to
learn.
We can speculate
that the early
arrays of
information entering
the brain subsequently
serve as
a
peculiar reference
point
and
format
all
subsequent
information
so
that
it
only
complements
the internal model
of the world on the same scale rather than alters
it.
Attempts
to teach social
skills
to
Amal,
Carnal,
et
al.
have been
virtually
unsuccessful
due to
the
fact
that
the proposed
information was
so
inconsistent
with the image of the world stored in
the memory that
the editor could not trans-
mit
it for organizing new memory cells,
while
a large number of information pre-
sentations
in combination with various biological reinforcements would be neces-
sary both for organizing new memory cells and the corresponding codes.
This has
been partially
studied
in
animals
yet
only humans
have
such
a highly
developed
associative
system
which
ensures
the
highest
ability
to
learn
in
the
animal
world.
Yet the editor orients any semantic information,
including verbal,
toward
those memory areas where only gradual program correction
(learning)
is possible,
rather
than
an
instantaneous
program change
(imprinting).
The
latter
is
also
impossible due to the fact
that
all arbitrarily changing random access and long-
term memory programs do not change the standard matrices stored
in the bank which
are not subject
to correction.
While the
learning process has been rather well
described and
is well known even for humans without
the cortex
[42]
and
in
lower
forms
of
life,
the imprinting phenomenon remains unclear.
One can
speculate that imprinting
is
a process where new standard matrices
are formed
as
a result of which the long-term memory
is allowed to form and cor-
rect their working analogues
to whose cells
the editor addresses the new external
information.
—
In N.P.
Bekhtereva’s opinion
[5],
imprinting
is possible under direct elec-
tric stimulation of brain segments
:
she cites references
to studies demonstrating
that
imprinting is possible not only at early ontogenesis
stages.
In
an experi-
ment on humans,
V.M.
Smirnov et al .
[35] demonstrated that direct electric stimu-
lation of
the motor
areas
of the brain which destabilizes
the muscular
tension
leads to the formation of artificial stable functional
links
(ASFS)
when combined
with rhythmic sensory
stimulation and exposed to
the effect
of nonspecific
con-
nectors
(ethymizol).
The authors
classify the
ASFS
as imprinting by placing
it
between
conditioned
and
unconditioned
reflexes.
The
ASFS
formed
between
two
brain zones
is used for treating,
e.g.
,
the Parkinson disease.
In this case,
the
light which
is blinking
at the
same
frequency
as
during imprinting
is
shown
to
the patient,
and a decrease
in the muscular hypertension is attained the same way
as
it happens when current pulses are applied to the motor zone through invasive
electrodes
[36]
.
Today,
the ASFS are formed in patients
for therapeutic and di-
agnostic purposes and in healthy individuals,
for the purpose of optimizing their
mental condition
[37].
Versions of forming the ASFS without inserting electrodes
into the brain
are possible
yet
this has been
described
in
considerably
lesser
detail
[37].
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We can speculate that
imprinting moments appear during the process of intact
vital activity when information slides
into the data bank area.
In this case,
it
turns into
a standard compared to which all service programs are formed
(the life
support and behavior systems).
If this
information is
a fully and correctly cor-
rected program
(i.e.,
consistent with the corresponding tasks),
there will be no
noticeable
crude personality
changes:
a motor
skill
(automatism)
develops
in
a
musician
as
a
result
of
goal-oriented
learning,
a
man
acquires
conversational
language
in
a
foreign
language
environment
under
latent
learning,
etc.
If
an
inadequate program
is
imprinted,
a disease develops,
i.e.,
a stable pathological
state
of
the
brain
[10],
a somatic
disruption,
etc.
No matter
what
they
are
aimed at,
in this case the therapeutic facilities are not pathogenetic since they
by no means eliminate the cause of
the disease,
i.e.,
the fixed standard engram.
In the cases where the symptomatic treatment works,
one can suspect that there
is
an imprinting phenomenon when "correct” information about
the state and behavior
of
the
system
due
to
this
treatment
slides
into
the
data bank
and
forms
a
new
standard.
Such
standard may
exist
in
the memory simultaneously with
the
first
one
(inadequate)
yet
when
the
source
codes of
service programs
are
compared
to
them,
priority
is given
to
the correct one
as being more capable of adapting,
so
commands
equivalent
to
the
situation
also
appear
on
the
input/output
systems,
including behavioral,
somatic,
and
vegetative.
The possibility
of substitution
of the standard program or
its part cannot be ruled out.
All
of the foregoing has been generally well known and
is merely an outcome
of using
a
certain
conceptual
tool
for
ensuring
the possibility
of formulating
new premises.
To this
end,
let
us again examine
Fig.
1 and try
to establish how
the memory zones should differ.
The iconic memory retains
information from milliseconds
to tens of seconds.
It
is
physically
localized
predominantly along
the periphery
of
the
analyzers
(e.g,,
in the retina of the eye)
and
in their central
sections.
From the infor-
mation viewpoint,
it
is
an
analyzer
(1),
a semantic
interface
(2)
which
inter-
prets the serial code of the external stimulus
as a parallel code of the neuronal
pulse, and a short-term memory input
(3).
In
its functions,
it
is similar to the
computer analog-to-digital converter and has
the same properties:
a controllable
sampling rate
(space-time discrimination
thresholds)
and the
dynamic
amplifica-
tion range
(perception thresholds).
It plays the role of a delay line
in ensur-
ing adaptive tuning of other elements of the perception system to a discrete sti-
mulus.
In
an
off-line mode,
it continuously directs
streams
of
information
to
the
short-term
and
contiguous
memory.
From
the
information
viewpoint,
iconic
input and output memories
are identical and form
a single autonomous system with
feedback.
The short-term memory retains
information from hundreds of milliseconds
to
several hours.
Its capacity
is
much higher
than
the iconic memory capacity
yet
it
is
a
stack memory,
i.e.,
when a new register
is
filled,
the contents
of
the
old register are erased,
which
is manifested as
a semantic interference phenome-
non
(the
effect
of
new
data during
the
consolidation
of
the
short-term
engram
leads
to
its
partial
or complete
erasure).
It contains
a
translator
(5)
which
translates
the
neuronal
autocodes
(spatially
organized neuronal
constellations)
into the information display monitor codes
(images,
thoughts,
feelings, and visu-
alizations).
It integrates
information from the iconic memory into the system
in
the domain of
time which
is manifested by
the possibility of
recalling the
con-
text of
recently presented stimulus;
many violations
of this
ability are known,
e.g.,
"tunnel" vision as
a result of intoxication with hallucinogenic drugs when
only a point of fixation
is perceived while the context of the present moment
is
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irreproducible.
It
is physically located largely
in the cortex of the brain.
It
is similar to the input/output register
in the computer.
The consciousness stores information until the monitor memory
is turned off,
which occurs most
often upon falling
asleep.
It
is intended
for exchanging
in-
formation with the environment and displaying information about
the internal en-
vironment (partially)
.
It comprises a communicator monitor
(6) for orienting the
input/output
device,
an
emotional
resonator
(18)
(a statistical
counter
which
checks the
correspondence
of
the
commands
to
the
outcomes),
and monitor memory
(8)
which
is similar
to the computer graphics display.
The consciousness system
may
exist
for
a
certain
time
autonomously
both
when
external
information
is
blocked
(sensory
deprivation)
and
when
exchange
with
the
processor
is
blocked
(endogenic depression).
It
is similar to the computer random access memory.
It
can be easily
turned off
or modified by
external stimuli but
is easily
restored
upon
an
exchange with
the processor.
The monitor memory is
controlled by both
perceived and unperceived commands
and contains
a agglomeration
of external
in-
formation and activated engrams of the processor buffer memory.
The subconsciousness stores information indefinitely long yet
it
can be cor-
rected
(forgotten)
or completely erased (lacunar
or total
amnesia after
concus-
sion,
retrograde amnesia
after electroconvulsive
shock,
etc.).
In
order
to
in-
crease the information storage reliability,
it invariably contains
identical
in-
formation
blocks:
a
data base
(10)
and
a buffer memory
(9).
The
latter
has
a
combinatorial apparatus
for making
the command decision which
is
a priori most
statistically optimal with respect
to behavior
and condition
(motivation,
will,
desire,
needs,
etc.).
This information may be partially perceived yet the degree
of perception depends on^numerous factors and almost never
is controlled random-
ly.
The subconsciousness
is similar
to the computer processor since the princi-
pal behavior and state strategies are being generated there.
The affective com-
plexes
(programs with
high
priority)
which
in healthy
people
are preformed
as
passions,
impulsive actions,
etc.,
form there.
In sick people, they have already
slipped through
into the data bank and
inevitably transform
any correct program
forming in the long-term memory until
it matches an incorrect standard.
For this
reason,
various
types
of
suggestions,
rational
psychotherapy,
and other methods
employing learning are rather inefficient.
The continuous
storage device
(12)
stores
information during
the
lifetime.
It differs
from
other types of memory
in that
information
is
not stored
in
for-
mats and
is
not
organized
into
files
or blocks
but
is
accumulated permanently.
It
is impossible to access
it;
randomly selected information
is used by the PROM
burner
(14)
as
a substrate for malting the program blocks.
Cases where fragments
of such information
enter random
access memory
are known
(dreams,
sudden
recol-
lections of
things allegedly never
seen before,
conversations
in
a foreign
lan-
guage,
etc.,
which is especially frequent as
a symptom of mental disorder).
Jud-
ging
from
available
data,
it
indeed
contains
absolutely
all—even
contextual
information ever received (including unperceived).
Cases of phenomenal absolute
memory which are used most often as
a circus act are known.
The data bank
(11)
stores
some information
during the lifetime
of the bio-
logical object and some during the life span of the progeny of given species
(ge-
netic programs).
This
information
is standard and
is not subject
to correction.
Direct access to
it
is
impossible and is
gained only through
the somatic
driver
(15)
which
is
organized
exclusively
when
the biological
object
is
in
special
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states
(imprinting)
and relocates
this
or
another
information
from
the bank
to
the long-term memory or vice versa.
The semantic
field
of
the universe
(19)
per se
is
information.
It
is
the
most hypothetical of all aforementioned formations.
There are many hypotheses of
its existence
(the world of Plato
ideas,
Young’s archetypes,
etc.),
yet the most
up-to-date
interpretation
was
given
by
V.V.
Nalimov
and
Zh.A.
Drogalina
[30]
which, however,
elicited justified criticism
[3]
.
To a certain extent,
it corre-
sponds
to
P.V.
Simonov’s
"superconsciousness"
category.
It
is
related
to
the
concept of public consciousness
and metaphysical categories of Ygregor, Atman
(in
Buddhism)
,
et
aJ.
Without further dwelling on describing the components of the proposed model
of the personality structure, we should reiterate that
it does not claim to be
in
absolute correspondence with
any currently known reality but serves merely
as
a
scheme for explaining the proposed approach to developing new nonmedicinal meth-
ods
of correcting the state and modifying the biological object behavior.
Based on the
goal
thus
formulated,
we
shall assume that
at
any personality
stage,
any
disruption
of
information
or
the
systems
retaining
it
(memory)
may
lead
to a
consolidation of
the incorrect
standard engram during the
imprinting.
Consequently,
virtually all diseases
(except for injuries and certain infectious
diseases)
call
for
a certain
critical
time
for treatment which exceeds
the
time
between two
imprintings.
In other words,
in
order to
re-record
or
duplicate
a
standard entry
in
the data bank
for the purpose of treating
the patient
(elimi-
nating or suppressing the incorrect standard),
it
is actually necessary to enter
the correct
program
into
the bank block which stores
the preceding
standard
of
the same program
(the incorrect
one).
This requires
a
lot of
time during which
the correcting
information will
be constantly,
or sufficiently
often,
presented
(drugs,
suggestion,
etc.)
and during which the highest priority will be assigned
to
the program being
formed
in
the
long-term
matrix
(i.e.,
the
already
formed
adequate control program with a positive outcome of its realization must be avai-
lable
at
the very moment of imprinting
in the long-term memory).
This program’s
priority must exceed
the priority
of the standard present
in the
bank,
and
only
then will
the new program, having become
a standard,
receive predominance
in cop-
ying the service programs.
As we can see,
too many conditions
are necessary for
truly pathogenic
treatment.
For
this
very reason,
the
arsenal
of
the
stimulus
facilities
in today’s medicine
is continuing to increase yet neither one of them
is
a panacea,
and there
is no end in sight.
For this reason,
the search for means of controlled imprinting
is justified
since
it will make
it possible deliberately to correct defective information and
will form a completely new trend in medicine.
Based on the proposed conceptual
model of
the personality
structure and
an
analysis of the vast knowledge about imprinting, ASFS,
amnesial actions,
and cas-
es
of self-therapy
for
various
diseases
and successful
therapy by most
diverse
methods, we are proposing the following principle of semantic driver organization
for altering
the behavior
and
state.
The
following
is necessary^for
realizing
it:
1,
To identify the most significant affective information at
a given moment
and
in a given state.
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2.
Block or eliminate the editor.
3. Develop
a semantic resonance with the help of the most significant affec-
tive
information.
4. Assign the highest priority to the correct program being formed by initi-
ating or simulating
its successful
operation.
5.
Supply
the
new program with
the highest
semantic
gradient
against
the
background of relative sensory deprivation.
6.
Consolidate the
engrain.
The methods
existing
in
psychology for
determining
the maximum significant
affective information are hardly suitable.
With respect
to the problem formula-
tion,
the
closest
are
the
psychoanalytical
methods yet
they
call
for very
high
outlays
of time
and
are
fraught
with subjectivism
in
interpreting
the
outcome.
The most acceptable
is
the
A.R.
Luriya’s
principle
[28]
whereby
verbal
stimuli
are presented to the subject under test and his speech responses
(as
is done dur-
ing
the
associative
experiment)
and
ideomotor
reactions
accompanying
the
motor
act
of pushing the button when giving a verbal answer are recorded.
The related
motor-associative
technique
opens
up
new possibilities:
"...the
diagnostics
of
affective imprints
is
entering the
path of considerably higher
accuracy and
ob-
jectivity;
it becomes possible
to observe
the mechanisms
underlying the
identi-
fied verbal reaction
and estimate
the degree
of stress,
excitation,
and disrup-
tion
and,
consequently,
the
degree
of
affectivity
of
the
process
occurring
in
front of us"
[28,
p.
92].
Later,
Razran and Riz and then O.S.
Vinogradova
et al .
suggested a method of assessing the semantic fields
of affective formations where
the key stimulus
is specially formed by developing a negative conditioned reflex
while the response
to the testing stimuli
is traced by the directional spread of
the changes
in
the finger
and forehead plethysmogram.
By using this
technique,
we were able
to prove that
it was
extremely labor-consuming and called for
con-
siderable
time
outlays,
but
its
principal
shortcoming was
the
inevitability
of
subjective
interpretation
of
the
results
even
at
the
stage
of
identifying
the
response against
the background of noise.
While completely reproducing the pro-
cedure
in
[15]
in recording the electroplethysmogram of the finger and forehead,
we obtained curves which were dithered with noise as much as those cited
in
the
procedure
description.
In
other
words,
the
confidence
of response
against
the
background of noise was extremely
low.
To standardize
the response
identifica-
tion and the
entire procedure,
a controlled hardware
system on
the basis of
the
Iskra-1256 microcomputer with real-time analog data analysis was developed.
The
computer presented verbal stimuli on the display or from an analog tape recorder,
controlled the electric stimulator,
generated the conditioned reflex,
and carried
out the
testing procedure
with analysis
of electroplethysmogram
and oscillogram
over two channels
(N.V.
Gavrilov and A.N. Zhuravlev’s procedure) and the galvanic
skin reflex according to Fere.
The computer version of the procedure turned out
to be sufficiently reliable yet the procedure of learning with subsequent testing
of one presumed affective formation
required approximately
one and
a half
hour.
Furthermore,
negative
reinforcement with the
help
of electric shocks was
unac-
ceptable in certain instances.
The source code
is cited in Appendix
1 and a sam-
ple protocol
is presented
in Appendix
2.
For practical purposes,
the above com-
puter procedure
is
inconvenient yet
it
is
suitable for studying the dynamics
of
affective formations
in psychopathology for scientific and research purposes.
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There have been many other attempts
to define the physiological or behavior-
al responses
to semantic stimuli:
from the infamous
’’lie detector”
(an individu-
ally targeted polygraph system
in a general case) to complex methods of analyzing
the elicited semantic potentials
in the brain
[49,
32],
including those recorded
by the electrodes
implanted in the
human brain
[39].
Yet
all these methods
are
fraught with
a significant
defect:
the
editor may,
depending
on
its
tuning
and
even the testee’s
desire,
pass or not pass
all external
information
in the per-
sonality structure or
direct
it
to the memory zones which
are totally
different
from those necessary.
The cognitive processes
developing in this
case will
re-
flect the associations which are very far from the truth.
In order to eliminate
the artificial effect of consciousness,
the editor
is either blocked by initiat-
ing changes
in
the state
of consciousness
in order to
eliminate critiquing
[38]
or the test information
is presented above the perception threshold yet below the
comprehension threshold.
In
the
latter
case,
the
same parameters
are used
for
assessing the response to the stimulus
as
in the case where comprehended stimuli
are presented:
the galvanic skin reflex
[18],
changes
in the encephalogram
[17],
changes
in the
generated potential
[24],
etc.
It
is
assumed that virtually
all
stimuli within the
subsensory range
(6-12
dB for
sound) may be
transferred to
a
number
of comprehended
stimuli which
cause
a random response
reaction
[20]
by
means
of consciously
changing the
analyzer thresholds.
In
the
opinion of other
researchers,
the reactions to perceived or unperceived semantic stimuli differ
in
principle
[16].
All
procedures
for
analyzing
the behavioral
and physiological
responses
to perceived or nonperceived stimuli known
in published sources can be
used only for scientific and research purposes and are not therefore used for the
purpose of practical diagnostics of affective formations.
We developed a research algorithm,
a computer routine,
and the corresponding
hardware system which record
the
time
of complex
visual
and motor
response
of
discrimination
and
semantic
stimuli
and
the
averaged
generated
potentials
to
these stimuli.
The
algorithm
(Fig,
2)
[figure
is not
reproduced]
is
simple:
a
person
is shown randomly alternating words on a display with the task of pushing'
the button
as
quickly
as
possible
when
the
word having
a meaning
appears
and
pushing it no sooner than
s and no later than 5
s later when a meaningless word
presented
upon
the
command
of
another
pseudorandom
number
generator
appears.
Such an operator activity calls
for a high level of stress during the entire pro-
cedure since
the number
of errors
is taken
into
account,
and
information
about
each error
is
displayed on the
display screen.
Naturally,
these words are
per-
ceived and
are not only
a substrate
of the operator activity but
also
serve
as
masking devices
for the unperceived information.
The latter
is presented
in the
form of a closed infinite cycle of words whereby the supposedly significant words
alternate with neutral.
The luminous intensity was not changed while the time of
presentation
of noncomprehended
stimuli was
set
within
a 5.0-40.0
ms
range
so
that
they would not
be
comprehended
in
any situation.
According
to
an
expert
estimate,
200 people, both healthy and sick,
could not comprehend the meaning of
the
test words under masking conditions
although after
receiving corresponding
instructions,
many
(especially the schizophrenics with a high perceptive accura-
cy)
noted that
"something else was blinking under
the words."
Masking was
also
facilitated by various
forms of glare
on the display screen
[46]
.
The validity
of the method was confirmed by testing two
lists of neutral words without mean-
ingful words
as
well
as by
the
fact
that
in practically healthy people,
there
were no reliable differences
in parameters during the testing of any conjectural-
ly
meaningful
stimuli
(money,
exams,
career,
prestige,
jeans,
Zhiguli
[car],
food,
sex,
etc.).
The latter can be attributed to the natural absence of affec-
tive complexes
in healthy people.
Under single conditions of obtaining confident
results from healthy individuals,
deeply concealed affective formations were
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identified;
no comprehensible
information
could be derived
about
them yet
this
was possible to do only by using specially oriented additional procedures.
Sta-
tistically significant parameter deviations of the response to conjecturally af-
fective and neutral stimuli were always discovered in the patients which made
it
possible to determine not only the descriptor of the affective formation but also
its
structure.
The minimum procedure duration
is
30 min.
Parametric parameter
averaging criteria using two variational
series—affective and neutral—and
for
each stimulus separately were used for real-time processing.
Appendix
3 contains
the source codes,
Appendix 4 presents the introductory instruction,
and Appendix
5 contains
the research protocol
(see
Fig,
3).
We should note that
the experimental results
do not bear out the hypothesis
that
in
the
case where
a
significant
stimulus
is
presented,
which
is
a
part
of
the affective semantic field structure,
a large number of associative connections
is
involved
in
its cognitive analysis,
so both the response time and the charac-
ter of the induced potentials change likewise.
The cases where the response
time
is shortened and
changes
in
the form and
latent periods
of the generated poten-
tials
do not
correspond
to known
concepts are
also observed,
albeit
to
a
lesser
extent.
The most frequently occurring pattern of averaged
(600 averagings)
gen-
erated potentials
in the tap from the vertex
is shown
in
Fig.
4.
KojnreecTBo
vcpeflHeHaft no
KaaflOMy
KaHajiy/y=600
*
Fig.
4.
Induced Potentials
to Nonperceived Significant Words
(Channel
1)
and Non-
perceived Neutral Words
(Channel
2)
,
On
top:
The number of averagings
for
each
channel
is N - 600
.
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The use of
the aforementioned algorithm
in
the program
of computer on-line
psychosemant ic testing
(KOPS)
demonstrated
the
high
reliability
(all
criteria
have alpha of less
than 0.01)
of the method for diagnosing affective formations.
Thus,
when the same
lists
of words were presented to patients with chronic alco-
holism
and
surgery
patients
during
the preoperative
examination,
statistically
differing results
were obtained
according to
the affective
formation
diagnosis.
In
other
words,
when
three
to
five
lists
are
consecutively
presented
to
the
healthy or sick persons,
one can objectively diagnose latent alcoholism or hypo-
chondriac manifestations,
etc.,
even without knowing the medical history,
without
talking to the testee,
and without visual acquaintance with him.
This
increases
the method reliability since those already existing are employing the subjective
physician interpretation of the results
in all
cases.
Attempts to automate diag-
nostics,
in particular in psychiatry, have been made before
[50];
mental patients
are used
as
computer
operators
[48]
so
as
to
examine
the
higher
senses
of
the
patients by semantic differential methods yet the unique capabilities of comput-
ers
in
the procedure of verbal testing
have been discovered
only recently
[12].
Namely,
these procedures enabled us
to develop a practical working tool for stu-
dying the affects
rather than a basic research tool which
is
the first component
of the semantic driver design.
Yet for practically healthy people,
it
is necessary to carry out
a consider-
ably greater number
of COPS-type
procedures than
for mental patients.
For
this
reason,
a
verbal
display
testing
algorithm was
developed
which,
in
a
general
form,
represents
a
procedure
of
selecting
a
rhythm
from
the
masking
symbolic
noise.
In reality,
the presented information is completely randomized in bright-
ness
and
frequency,
so
the
predictable
distribution
of
descriptors
of
various
semantic formations defined by the physician
is present only in the testing word
sequence
in
this
cycle.
Thirty words are tested during 20 min,
which fully cov-
ers
any
conceivable
sphere
of human
activity.
The parameter
is
the
rhythm
at
which the button
is depressed.
The character of statistical distribution of the
number of depressions for individual words from the file is analyzed and the sta-
tistical significance of the maximum values
of averaged reference points for neu-
tral words
is estimated.
The source code
is cited
in Appendix
6.
The COPS
and PDF
programs
contain
the procedure
of
individually
targeted
subjective scaling—a
repertory
grid
(V.I.
Pokhilko)*
The
results
of
its
pro-
cessing
are
analyzed
by multivariate
statistical
methods
(factor
and
variance
analysis)
after
the
computer
testing procedure
and,
combined
with
the
results
from using the personality questionnaires,
questionnaires form procedures
(MMPI,
Cattle,
Roven,
Spilberger,
Lucier,
et
ai.
)
and the medical history
information,
are embedded into the foundation
of the semantic driver.
In other words,
the first stage
in organizing the driver
is determining the
individually targeted affective information which is
dominant by the survey time.
The second stage
is ensuring the maximum expressed emotional semantic reso-
nance,
first
negative,
then
positive
(something similar naturally
occurs
during
psychedelic,
psycholytic,
and
psychocatarthic
procedures).
In
practice,
this
task
is reduced
to a dichotomy presentation
of semantic information
in
the
form
of operator activity with acoustic
commands
issued
into the right
ear above
the
comprehension level,
and uncomprehended information— into the left
ear.
The
in-
formation structure
is carefully and
individually selected
so as
to ensure
that
the maximum discomfort related to semantic analysis of the presented information
is achieved by the culmination moment.
In this case,
the information not related
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to
the
affective
formations
and
representing operator
activity
commands,
which
require that
phrases be repeated
or uttered,
earlier given
sequences of numbers
be recalled,
etc.,
is presented
in the conscious mode.
In this case,
the respon-
ses are
not
listened
to the
end while
the testee’s
speech
is
interrupted,
very
intimate
questions
are
posed,
etc.
In
the
unconscious
mode,
a dialogue
which
represents doubts
in the possibility of treatment, skeptical statements about the
testee’s personality,
etc.,
is presented.
The unconscious dichotomy presentation
of information makes it possible largely to bypass the editor,
so the information
is perceived without conscious critiquing.
The state of consciousness
is altered
in order
to
eliminate the
editor fully by injecting small
doses of ketamine-se-
ries preparations.
The drug injection time
is
the culmination
of the procedure,
so the absolutely affective information presented at this time causes a consider-
able emotional response which
is accompanied by significant vegetative and behav-
ioral changes.
Against
the backdrop of ketamine,
the negative emotions which accompany the
perception
of
the affective
formation structure
resemble the
state of psychoca-
tharsis.
At
this moment,
the content
of information
is abruptly changed by sup-
plying it with a positive connotation while the stimuli
intensity is suddenly and
abruptly increased to the maximum
(110
dB)
thus causing considerable stress.
At
the time
of
acoustic
shock,
ethymizol
is
injected
to
ensure
data
consolidation
and
thus,
the need
for
treatment
formed by
an
imperative
suggestive method
and
the correct program being subconsciously formed slip through into the data bank.
In order to reinforce consolidation and ensure multiple re-recording of this pro-
gram with the maximum priority,
a hypnotic drug
is
injected which puts
the pati-
ent to sleep.
During this time,
information reflecting the success of the proce-
dure
is being continuously presented.
Ethymizol
(ethylnorantiphein)
was synthesized
in 1962
and
is
a neurotropic
drug from
the
family
of
antifeins
has analeptic
properties.
Compared
to
other
analeptic medications
(corazol,
bemegrid, and caffein)
,
it potentiates the effect
of analgesic
and narcotic
drugs while
simultaneously
stimulating breathing
[40,
29,
1].
It
is used in clinical psychiatry
[1,
6].
Its principal
feature
is
the
unique property
of nonspecific
connection
[11]
which makes
it
possible
to
form
temporary links between various
zones of the brain.
There are many contradictory
data on
this
field yet
it
has been demonstrated
in recent studies
that only
the
ethymizol’s ability
to accelerate
and reinforce
the memory
engram consolidation
is authentic
[29].
Calypsol was selected among the ketamine preparations
as be-
ing
one of
the most
popular
intravenous
anesthetics which causes
the so-called
dissociative anesthesia
and has
a powerful
hallucinogenic effect.
Introduction
of even small doses of this preparation makes it possible, while maintaining con-
sciousness,
to attain a hallucinogenic effect whereby violations of the external
stimuli
perception
in
this
case
potentiate
hallucinations
resembling
oneiroid.
Ethamidat
(radenarcon)
is
one of the softest hypnotics which has no side effects
and contraindications
and
does not
cause a histamine release.
Various
combina-
tions of preparations are common while the preparations themselves
are trivial.
Patient S.V.
Kv-ts is
36 years old and is suffering from logoneurosis
(stut-
tering)
,
has
no somatic contraindications and according to the results of psycho-
logical examinations,
displays
a tendency to astheno-depressive reactions,
a re-
duced self-image,
intrapunit ivity
(aggression directed at oneself) and sensitivi-
ty.
Among his personality traits,
depressive-alarmed complex
is dominant due to
his
living
situation.
Computer
testing demonstrated
the presence
of a
tendency
toward forming an affective formation due to stuttering.
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A block diagram
of a complex for
audio visual stimulation
and recording
of
physiological parameters
is shown
in Appendix
7.
The patient was put
on
a couch
and
subjected
to psychocorrection
according
to
a program
developed beforehand.
The procedure proceeded completely
in accordance with the program and there were
no extraordinary situations.
The working protocols are cited in Appendices 8-11.
As
a
result
of
this
procedure,
depressive
tendencies were
completely
sup-
pressed while maintaining the remaining character of the personality traits.
The
logoneurosis
was
cured.
There were
no
somatic
changes
and
a
decrease
in
the
brain
cortex
tonicity was
detected
in
the
electroencephalogram
(an
increase
in
alpha-indices)
with
a
sharp
increase
in
the beta-activity
which attests
to
an
activationof
the
hypothalamus -hypocampal
formations.
A
subjective
feeling
of
self-confidence developed and the fear of social contacts disappeared.
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Appendix
7.
Slock
Diagraa
of
the
Copplex
for
Audio
Yisual
Stipulation
and
Recording
of
Physiological
Indicators
During
the
"Ipprinting’
Procedure.
Key:
1--B1
Biopedica
averaging
device;
2--Sound
atplifier;
3--FCP-II
Fukuda
Denshi
cardiocopputer
;
A--YC-9
Nihon
Kohden
Biophysical
oscilloscope;
5--Sanei
Instr
Balancing
bridge;
6--DS-S01
Fukuda Denshi
Ca r dioteleponi tor
;
7,
8--Bioiedica Teleponitor
tr anspi tter s
; 9--6io*edica teleponitor;
1 0--Schl uibege
r
pagnetogr a ph
;
11--H0-671
recording pagnetogr a ph
;
12— Halter
recorder;
1 3-- Teleca r dioponi tor DS-S01 transputer;
14--
Jupiter
203
tape
recorder;
15— NO-67
playback
tape recorder;
!6--Button;
17— Tr anspar ency
;
18--G6-28
generator.
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Patient
Iv-v,
years
of
age,
is
suffering
from
logoneurosis
and has
no
somatic contraindications and,
according to the results of psychological examina-
tion,
displays
sufficient
activity,
has
high
self-confidence,
and
clearly
ex-
presed tendency toward competition and domination.
His behavior is characterized
by consistency and unity of purpose while control of motivation
is lowered.
Com-
puter testing made it possible to identify affective formations
in the subconsci-
ous memory sphere which attest
to
the presence
of
a psychotrauma
in
childhood.
It was possible verbally to characterize the semantic field of the affect.
The working protocols which characterize
the scheduled progress of the pro-
cedure are cited in Appendices
12-15.
There were no extraordinary situations.
The character of the personality profile did not change after the procedure
although there were
certain changes
on individual
scales.
The speech character
changed:
fluent
speech appeared
and stuttering
during emotional
verbal
contacts
disappeared.
Stuttering
is
possible
in
cases
of
calm
and slowed—down
speech.
The
patient
acquired
a
subjective
feeling
of
controllability
of
his
speech.
There were no somatic changes.
In principle,
the changes
in the electroencepha-
logram are similar
to those of the preceding patient.
From the viewpoint of analyzing the mechanisms which ensure the
effective-
ness of the aforesaid procedure,
we are especially interested
in similar changes
in
the
test
results
of
both
patients.
Thus,
according
to
the
results
of
the
electroencephalogram study,
the cortex tonicity decreases after the procedure
(an
increase
in
the
alpha-index
in
the
Kv-ts
patient
and
a decrease
in
the
alpha-
rhythm frequency
in
the
Iv~v patient).
At
the
same
time,
the
theta-rhythm
in-
creases sharply, whereby
in the
Kv-ts patient,
this rhythm does
not dampen when
stimulated with rhythmic
light while
in
the
Iv-v
patient,
the theta-rhythm
is
amplified under
rhythmic light
stimulation and hyperventilation.
The
aforemen-
tioned shifts attest
to a certain reordering of the
functional relationships
in
the cortex and subcortical formations:
the activity of the hypothalamus-hypocam-
pal structures
is reinforced sharply against
the background of a certain decrease
in the cortex activation.
We know that
the hypothalamus and the hypocampal-type
structures are due to motivation, emotions,
and memory.
Consequently, we can say
that these
results
attest
to
a
restructuring
of
the
stored behavioral
programs
and a reordering of the emotional and conceptual factors which control behavior.
In comparing the shifts of the electroencephalogram and changes
in the per-
sonality profile,
one can see similar changes
on individual scales in addition to
the changes
in profile which are specific for each patient and are determined by
the presence of
affective complexes
(e.g.,
a diminution of depression after
the
procedure
in patient
Kv-ts).
Thus,
a decrease
on
the
sixth scale
of
the
MMPI
test
(the rigidity of the affect) was observed in both patients which,
according
to the aforesaid assumptions,
may reflect
a reordering
of the
emotional-motiva-
tional
sphere.
An
increase
in
the
results
on
the
seventh
scale
attests
to
an
increase in the emotional stress*
The reordering occurring in the emotional-mo-
tivational
sphere
which
is
reflected by
a
change
in
the
cortical-subcortical
functional relationships and is manifested in changes in the personality profiles
similar
in character
according
to
the MMPI
test
leads
to
individually specific
personality
changes.
Thus,
the
theta-rhythm
activation
in patient
Iv-v
can be
attributed to an increase
in the values on the fourth scale and can be interpret-
ed as an enhancement of his impulsive behavior.
Thus,
a good consistency
of the
results of psychological and physiological
testing gives
reason
to
regard
that
the programs
introduced for
the purpose
of
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Appendix 16
Glossary of Terms Used
Processor—a device
intended
for processing
data
stored
in
random
access
memory.
It
serves
for executing the programs and the
related elementary opera-
tions,
while in so doing,
it controls the information flows and connections with
the input/output device.
Buffer memory—memory
used
by the
processor
for storing
and
accumulating
intermediate data or programs during processing or while accessing the input/out-
put devices without interrupting the processor operation at the same time.
Random access memory—memory which contains the programs to be directly used
and data being employed by them as well
as data entering from the input device as
a result of these programs’
execution.
Monitor
(communicator)—a device which ensures generation of messages about
the program-run results and displays data stored in the monitor memory.
It makes
it possible to direct the program execution process.
Read-only memory
(data base and
long-term memory)—serves
for storing
the
formed programs and data files.
When the program
is executed,
it
is transferred
to the buffer memory or the processor RAM.
Burner—a device which serves for developing new adaptation programs by for-
matting data and fragments of programs entering the random access memory as well,
as the contiguous storage device.
Contiguous
storage
device—is
the permanent
memory
which
operates
in
the
sequential
(in time)
accumulation mode.
It contains all data as well as the re-
sponses of the system to various changes
in the environment during the life span.
Interface—performs the functions related to organizing the data collection,
switching information channels to the input—output register,
and at the stage of
accessing the peripheral devices
(analyzers and effectors).
It performs
integra-
tion of sensory codes into semantic codes.
Driver—a device which ensures
addressing and
interchange between
the data
base and the bank and organizes the data bank’s data structure.
Data bank—the principal storage which contains formatted programs
located
in a certain structure.
It permanently stores all adaptation and behavioral pro-
grams and their priorities appearing during the lifetime.
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Appendix 18
Clarifications to the Block Diagram of Conceptual
Cybernetic Model of the Functional Device of Human Memory
Block Name
Analyzers
Input inter-
face
Block Purpose
Data encoding
Image formation
Buffer memory
| Image stabilization
Translator
Editor
Communicator
Communicator
memory
Central pro-
cessor
Processor RAM
Image transformation into
a form accessible
to con-
sciousness
Contiguous
memory device
Data bank
Comparison of the formed
image to
the existing
Incorporation of the
im-
age prepared for compre-
hension
in the system of
existing images
Image storage
in the form
acceptable to conscious-
Constructing behavior
algorithms and control-
ling their realization
Storage of programs en-
tering for realization
and information for con-
struction of algorithms
by the processor
Storage of behavior and
adaptation software pack-
age as well
as catalog of
situations
Storage of standard cop-
ies of the software pack-
age as well as typical
adaptation subroutine
packages
Analogue
Peripheral data pro-
cessing
(eyes,
ears,
etc.)
Subcortical and cor-
tical data process-
ing (primary,
sec-
ondary,
and tertiary
analyzer zones)
Short-term memory
Subconscious percep-
tion of information
Subconscious percep-
tion of information
Conscious perception
of’ information
Subjective experi-
Mechanisms of pur-
pose formulation and
meaning generation
Actual motivation
Individual experi-
Philogenetic and
ontogenetic experi-
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