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uysics Vol. 30 No. J, pp. 973-981
, 1985
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PHYSICAL modelling of the acoustic effects on
Exposure of biological systems to
u.h.f.
fields*
R.
E. Tigranyan and V.
V. Shorokhov
Institute of Biological Physics, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Pushchino (Moscow Region)
(Received 5 March
1984)
A
physical
model
of radiosound
is
proposed
based
on the phenomenon of excitation of
mechanical vibrations in liquid medis on absorption
of the
energy
of
u.h.f.
pulses.
It
is
shown that a restricted volume of liquid may be regarded as an acoustic resonator with a na-
tural frequency of vibrations. Interference occurs for certain ratios between the period of suc-
cession and the duration of the
pulses. Oscillograms of the mechanical vibrations recorded
are presented. An explanation of the low frequency type of radiosound is offered.
It
is con-
cluded that the proposed method of investigating the phenomenon of radiosound
is correct.
Work on the effect of radiosound [1-5] has reliably confirmed the appearance of sub-
cctive sound
sensations on
irradiation
of the human head
with a pulse-modulated
u.h.f.
field. Nevertheless, there
is
still no conclusively formed idea of the mechanisms
of origin of such sensations. The socalled thermo-elastic hypothesis of the mechanism
of radiosound proposed by Lin
[6]
is the best researched and most consistent.
Its es-
sence
is to assume that absorption of the energy of the u.h.f. field occurs not uniformly
over the whole volume of the
brain but
is concentrated in
its
very narrow regions
rhot spots”)
with
their subsequent
rapid
thermal expansion and detection on
the
skull bones. Thanks
to the presence of bone conductivity
the mechanical vibrations
reach the organs of hearing where the sound image also forms. But since the author
of this hypothesis regards the head as an acoustic resonator he derives a number of
.onsequences consistent with some experiments on radiosound. However,
this theory
cannot explain a large body of experimental evidence and
is
in conflict with some of
t. Therefore,
it may be desirable in older to define certain aspects of this phenomenon
‘o stage experiments on models which would exclude a subjective evaluation by the
ubject of a particulai characteristic of the effect. Foster and Finch observed excitation
.n a cubic vessel with a side of 300 mm
filled with 0T5 M KC1 solution of mechanical
vibrations on exposure to a pulsed u.h.f.
field
[7], This phenomenon was taken as the
bads of our experiments.
*
Biofizika 30: No.
5, 894-899, 1985.
19751
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976
R. E. Tigranyan and V. V. Shorokhov
In choosing the conditions of the experiments the authors sought
to
follow
the
parameters and characteristics of the objects known from the liteiature on the pheno-
menon of radiosound and also the conditions of earlier experiments.
As objects we used
1 m NaCl solution and ethyl alcohol poured into tubes with an
internal diameter 7 mm and height 100 mm. The height of the column ofliquid changed
within the limits 30-50 mm. The choice of
1 M NaCl solution
is explained by the fact
that the electrical and acoustic parameters of a given liquid, according to
[6], correspond
to the parameters of brain tissue. The choice of ethyl alcohol was largely arbitrary though
dictated by the wish to show that the advent cf mechanical vibrations on irradiation
with e.m.f. pulses is not exclusively the property of electrolytes but occurs to an equal
degree for non-conducting pure
liquids.
Irradiation was carried out
in a rectangular
waveguide with
section
31 x 240 mm’. To
raise the concentration of the
field
in
the
zone of the tube on the wide wall of the waveguide was sealed a brass tube of height
Fig.
1.
Circuit diagram of experimental apparatus.
«
50 mm with an internal diameter 14 mm. The power of the generator in the pulse wa>
72 W, the
repetition frequency
of the pulses changed within the
limits
10-3000 H/
and the duration of the pulses was 10 //sec-1 msec. The mechanical vibrations excittu
in
the
liquid were recorded by a bimorphous
crystal. The
variable
electrical
signal
recorded from the detector was
amplified with a UBP1-02 bipotential amplifier and
recorded on the screen of a S1-19B oscillograph. As source of u.h.f. e.m.f. we used
a
modified GS-6 generator,
carrier frequency 0-8 GHz. In
[6,
7]
this phenomenon
considered on exposure to e.m.f.
pulses with a catrier frequency of 918-2400 MHi
from which it may be concluded that the character of the effect over a wide frequency
range
is quite general. The apparatus at the disposal of the authors operates at
t
c
frequency of 800 MHz which
is quite close to the values presented in the
literature.
Modulation of the u.h.fi vibrations with pulses of square form was carried out wit^
a G5-54 generator. The circuit diagram of the apparatus is indicated in Fig.
1. Figure -
shows arrangement of the tube with liquid in the waveguide and bimorphous crys a
used as detector of the mechanical
vibrations. Preliminary
investigation estab is
c
that the amplitude of the vibrations in the tube filled with ethyl alcohol is considera
^
higher than in the case of NaCl solution. Qualitatively the character of the vibration-
for these and other liquids used in the experiments completely matches. There o
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Acoustic
effects on exposure of biological systems to
u.h.f.
fields
97?
f0 r convenience of description below we give the
results obtained
for
ethyl alcohol
jf no special qualifications are made.
Figures
3 and 4 give
the
oscillograms
of the mechanical vibrations for the dif-
ferent time parameters of the e.m.f. u.h.fi. pulses. For long durations (Fig. 4) the vibra-
tions excited by both fronts of the thermal pulse are clearly- visible. The vibration in
duration of the e.m.f. u.h.f. pulse with interference between the mechanical vibra-
tions excited by the leading and trailing edges
is observed. The periodicity of the ap-
pearance of the maxima (minima) of the amplitude
of the mechanical
vibrations
r
* 1 //where/is the frequency of the vibrations excited in the liquid,
is inversely propor-
tional
to the height of the liquid column.
The graphs (Figs. 5 and 6) indicate the dependence of the amplitude of the excited
mechanical vibrations on the duration of the acting pulse. The frequency of the mechan-
ical vibrations was determined from the zero beats between these vibrations and
the
acoustic signal from an electrodynamic emitter. The emitter was 30 cm away from the
tube with detector. At the moment of equality of the frequencies of the tonal
acoustic
signal and the mechanical vibrations excited in the liquid zero beats were observed
on the oscillograph screen. In this case the detection itself served as a vibration mixer.
Simultaneously on rearrangement of the frequency of the sound generator beats are
V
r TE1_1“"C=3 —
\ Irradiation
'
f E-vector
^
F
Fig. 2. Arrangement of tube with liquid in waveguide and bimorphous
crystal
in tube:
1 -
detec-
ior of mechanical vibrations (bimorphous crystal); 2 -
test liquid; 3 - packing (fluoroplast); 4 - co-
axial cable; 5 -
test
tube; 6 - tube;
7 - waveguide.
Fra. 3
Fra. 4
Fig. 3. Mechanical vibrations excited in ethyl alcohol with a short u.h.f. pulse
(duration of pulse
less than the half period of mechanical vibrations).
Fig. 4. Mechanical vibrations
exicited
in ethyl
alcohol with a wide
u.h.f.
pulse
(duration
of
the pulse amounts to several
periods of the mechanical vibrations).
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978
R. E. Tigranyan and V. V. Shorokhov
Fig.
5. Amplitude of mechanical vibrations excited in
1 M NaCI solution as a function of the du-
ration of the
u.h.f.
pulse.
Fig.
6. Amplitude of mechanical vibrations excited in ethyl alcohol as a function of the duration
of the
u.h.f.
pulse.
observed between the
repetition frequency of the e.m.f.
u.h.f.
pulses
and
the
fre-
quency of the acoustic vibrations from the electrodynamic emitter. The beats are
re-
corded whenever the frequency of the acoustic vibrations
is a multiple of the
pulsed
repetition frequency. As an example, Fig. 6 gives the oscillogram of such
beats. The
frequency of the acoustic signal
is 6x 103 Hz and the pulse repetition frequency
ol
the e.m.f.
u.h.f.
is
1-5 x 103 Hz. Zero beats may be observed when these frequencies
ate equal.
'
An interesting feature of the experiments
is that the vibrations excited in the liquid
have an intensity sufficient for their auditory perception from a distance of up to
m.
The beats of the acoustic signal and vibrations excited in the liquid may also be
per-
ceived by hearing. In this case the mixer of mechanical vibrations emitted by the tube
with liquid and electrodynamic emitter is the auditory apparatus of the observer. The
zero beats on hearing may be recorded in
parallel with their
visual observation on
the oscillograph screen. The values of the frequency of the natural vibrations of the
liquid obtained by the method of zero beats recorded by
the detector concur
with
those determined on hearing.
Similarly, parallel recording on the oscillograph screen and on hearing of the maxima
and minima of the amplitude of the free vibrations the appearance of which
is due
to the presence, of interference in the vibratory system is possible. Interference appears
not only through change in the duration of the pulses (Figs. 5 and 6) at a low frequency
of their succession. With increase in the repetition frequency of the pulses and for a short
duration of them the excited mechanical vibrations do not have time to wane
in
e
pauses between pulses and starting from a certain value of the repetition frequency
interference of the mechanical vibrations
is also observed: with agreement of the sip5
of the
initial phases of the vibrations
their amplitude grows,
in counter-phase
t
e
vibrations die away
(Fig.
7). At these moments a lower tone corresponding
to
t
e
pulse repetition frequency
is
clearly perceived. In the experiment
increase
in
the m
tensity of the low frequency vibrations perceived on hearing
is noted with
fall
>n
repetition frequency of the pulses down to
10 Hz. This
is explained by the
fact
t
\
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Acoustic
effects on exposure of biological systems to
u.h.f.
fields
979
in the energy spectrum with fall in the pulse repetition frequency the amplitude of the
low frequency spectral component increases
[8]. The tone corresponding to the
free
vibrations 'of the system
is perceived on hearing starting from a pulse repetition fre-
quency of the order 250 Hz.
Fio. 7
Fio. 8
Fig.
7. Beats between pulse repetition frequency and frequency of acoustic signal, a multiple of the
pulse repetition frequency.
Fig. 8. Quenching of excited mechanical
vibrations as a result of
interference.
We also ran experiments on the character of the mechanical vibrations in liquid-fi led
beads on their irradiation with pulsed e.m.f. u.h.f.
All the other conditions corresponded
to those described earlier. A bead of diameter 20 mm with a tube 9 cm long filled with
ethyl alcohol has a resonance frequency of about
9 kHz and
filled with
1 M NaCl
solution of the order
1 1 kHz. For a bead of diameter 30 mm with a tube 8 cm long the
corresponding values are 6-4 and 8 kHz. A sealed 30 mm bead containing alcohol has
a resonance frequency of 7-8 kHz.
The
results permit some assumptions on the
possible mechanism
of
radiosound.
The clarity of the effect investigated in the experiments, the possibility of direct auditory
perception and visual observation on the oscillograph screen of the vibrations excited
in the liquid on irradiation of the tube with pulsed e.m.f. u.h.f. support the assumption
that the effect of radiosound is due to the same processes as generation of sound vibra-
tions in a test tube containing liquid; namely: transformation of the diminishing e.m.f.
energy
into
the mechanical energy of the absorbing substance. From
this
point of
view"the object on which the investigations were carried out may be regarded as a phy-
sical model of radiosound and the results of the model experiments be interpreted in
relation to this phenomenon. However,
it. should be noted that within
the model de-
scribed
it is not possible to explain the effect of high frequency radiosound
[9,
10] of a
non-resonance character. But, if one starts from the fact that the measured rate oi
rise
in temperature in the tube was (M°C sec'
1 for 1-5 cm3
1 M NaCI solution for a pulse
porosity 20 then the UBM for this object has a value of the order 8-4 kW/kg
in the
pulse. The calculations show that
for such a UPM the power absorbed by the tube
must be about 8 W in the pulse. Accordingly, to excite the mechanical vibrations of
the same amplitude in a volume of 2-5 x 103 cm3 (the volume of the head of the human
adult) a pulse power of the generator of not less than
13 kW
is necessary. Naturally,
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980
R.
E. Tigranyan and V. V. Shorokhov
in our experimental conditions such vibrations could not be recorded owing to
the
considerably lower power of the generator. Nevertheless, it is obvious that if resonance
were detected in this system the quantitative results of the experiments would entitle
us
to give a reliable interpretation of them in relation to the effect of radiosound.
It
is also interesting to compare the experimental results obtained with those pre-
sented in Lin’s work
[6], The author considering the characteristics of the
effect of
radiosound proposed for its explanation a mathematical model of the action of a single
e.m.f. pulse on a liquid-filled sphere. Lin moved away from the real
situation auto-
matically replacing the linear spectrum occurring on exposure to a sequence of pulses
of a definite repetition frequency by a continuous one. The dependences obtained by
Lin of the sound pressure on the duration of the pulse are not commented on.
If one
starts from the fact that the sound pressure must change in tandem with the frequency
of the elastic mechanical vibiaticns then from the calculated graphs presented in Lin’s
work,
it follows that a sphere of radius 3 cm must vibrate with a frequency of about
150 kHz and one with a radius of 7 cm with a frequency of about 66 kHz. However,
here the dependence of the resonance frequency on the radius of the sphere is presented
and the commentary gives the resonance frequencies for radii of 3 and 7-10 cm and
25 of 7-3-10-4 kHz. This contradiction is not explained and it remains only to postulate
the causes of its appearance.
On the other hand, our experimental findings show that as a result of interference
the maxima (minima) following each other allow one to determine the resonance fre-
quencies
for
a
liquid column
as
a
four-wave
resonator.
Thus, the following conclusions may be drawn from the work undertaken.
1)
A tube filled with liquid may be regarded as a physical model for investigating
the phenomenon of radiosound. This follows from the obvious assumption that radio-
sound and excitation of sound vibrations in a liquid are based on the same mechanism -
transformation of the
diminishing
e.m.f.
energy
into mechanical
vibrations
cf the
abs orbing substance.
2) The socalled second type of radiosound
[9,
10], namely perception of a low
frequency tone in the absence of resonance vibiations
is explained by the presence of
mechanical vibrations corresponding to the pulse repetition frequency at the moments
when
the
high frequency components
corresponding
to
the
natural
fiequency
are
suppressed as a result of the run-on of the phase.
3) On detection of the resonance properties of the head which can be done ony
on a model since the calculated powers necessary for the advent of vibrations in sue
a system well exceed the safely norms, the quantitative results of the model experiments
may be applied
quite correctly
to
the description of the
effect of radiosound.
REFERENCES
1. FREY, A. H., Aerosp. Med. 32: 1140, 1961
27 Idem, J. Appl. Physiol. 17: 689, 1962
3. Idem, J. Med. Electron 2: 28, 1963
4. Idem, J. Appl. Physiol. 23: 984, 1967
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Aspects of regulation of human locomotor movements
981
5. Idem, IEEE Trans. MTT 19: 153, 1971
6. LIN, J. G., Microwave Auditory Effects and Applications, Springfield, Illinois, 1977
7. FOSTER, K. R. and FINCH, E. D., Science 185: 256, 1974
g. KHARKEVICH, A. A., Spectra and Analysis (in Russian) Fizmatgiz, Moscow, 1962
9. KHIZNYAK, E. P. et al., Activ. nerv. sup. 21: 247, 1979
j0. KHIZNYAK, E.
P.
et
a!., Proc. URSI-CNFRS Symp. Electromagnetic Waves and Biology,
p. 101, Paris, 1980
gjophysics Vol. 30 No. 5, pp. 981-987, 19$
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aspects of the regulation of human locomotor
MOVEMENTS*
V. A. Bogdanov
Institute of Problems of Information Transmission, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow
(Received
18 September 1984)
Transforming
the
experimental
kinematic
data
to
normal
coordinates
and
calculating
the moments of the muscular forces during walking the author found that the locomotor
movements for each degree of freedom of the leg are regulated almost discretely so that the
two bit constant control parameters are switched a small number of times in the cycle of the
step. Therefore, the musculature acts like switchable elastic links and the energy expenditure
depends significantly
less on the trajectories of movement than on the kinematic conditions
at
fixed moments of switching.
Posing of problem. Earlier,
it was shown
[1] that muscular actions are theoretically
possible for which the energy expenditure depends on the goal of the movement but
not on the trajectories along which the goal
is reached. The control of such muscular
actions
is characterized by parameters instantly changed when the next goal of move-
ment arises and constant until the goal
is reached. This
priniple of control was
called
iso-energetic and the changes
in the parameters termed switching.
It was found
[2]
that iso-energetic control
is used in rhythmic movements of the arm in the elbow joint.
Similarly during'locomotions of man and animals the goal of movement consisting
m the displacement of the body to the necessary point in space appears more important
than the trajectories of movement.
Statistical analysis of the published data showed
that during walking by man the muscular actions in the joints resemble the actions
of switched elastic links
[3]. Let us see whether the intermediate goals of movement
*
Biofizika 30: No. 5, 900-904, 1985.
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