STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Menlo Park, California 94025
U.S.A.
1 October
1973
Proposal
for Research
SRI
No,
ISH 73-146
PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES.
Part One—Technical Proposal
Prepared
by:
Harold
E.
Puthoff
Senior Research Engineer
Russell Targ
Senior Research Physicist
Approved
:
Earle
D.
Jones,
DirebTOr
Electronics
and Bioengineering Laboratory
Bonnar Cox,
Executive Director
Information Science
and Engineering Division
Copy No.
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CONTENTS
LIST OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
LIST OF TABLES
I
INTRODUCTION
II
BACKGROUND
A.
Exploratory Research
in Remote Viewing
1.
Global Targets—Training Mode
2.
Demonstration-of-Ability Tests:
Double-Blin
Client-Supplied Coordinates
B.
EEG Experiments
'
C.
Remote Perception of Graphic Material
Ill
PROPOSED PROGRAM
A.
Objective
B.
Technical Approach
.
.
.
.
C.
Statement
of Work
D.
Reporting Schedule
IV
QUALIFICATIONS OF STANFORD RESEARCH
INSTITUTE ....
iii
iv
ii
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ILLUSTRATIONS
Training Results
(Swann)
Map No.
of West Virginia Site
(Swann)
Map No.
2 of West Virginia Site
(Detail— Swann)
Map
of Urals Site
(Price)
Map No.
of Kerguelen
Island Site (Detail—Swann)
Map No.
2 of Kerguelen
Island Site
(Swann)
Map No.
of Kerguelen
Island Site
(Price)
Occipital EEG Frequency Spectra,
to
25 Hz,
of
Jean Mayo,
Receiver
Occipital EEG Frequency Spectra,
to
25 Hz,
of
Hella Hammid,
Receiver
Shielded Room Used
for EEG Measurements
Target
(Firecracker)
and Geller's Responses
Target
(Grapes)
and Geller's Response
Target
(Devil)
and Geller's Responses
Target
(Solar System)
and Geller's Response
Target
(Camel)
and Geller's Response
Target
(Golden Gate Bridge)
and Geller’s Response
•
•
Target
(Seagull Flying)
and Geller's Response
Target
(Kite on CRT Display)
and Geller’s Response.
.
Target
(Church,
Stored
in Memory of Text-Editing
Computer)
and Geller's Response
Target
(Arrow Through Heart,
Stored
in Computer
Graphics Program)
and Geller’s Responses
iii
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TABLE
Results of Global Targets Training—Run
iv
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I
INTRODUCTION
Stanford Research Institute proposes
to undertake
a one-year research
program
to investigate,
and develop techniques
to enhance,
human percep-
tual
abilities.
The perceptual abilities
that we have been investigating for the
past year are sometimes considered paranormal phenomena.
However,
our
recent work leads us
to consider them
as,
to
a greater or lesser extent,
latent
in all people.
The phenomena we have investigated most exten-
sively pertain to the ability of certain individuals
to view with great
clarity distant
scenes not presented to
any known perceptual
sense.
In
addition,
we have performed more modest experiments with unselected sub-
jects who have been found
to exhibit direct physiological
(EEC)
evidence
of perception of remote happenings.
Our accumulated data make
it appear
that both gifted and ordinary persons can be assisted in developing
remote perceptual
abilities up to
a level dictated by their individual
potentialities.
The purpose of the proposed research
is
to
investigate
the physical
and psychological variables underlying these phenomena so
that we may gain
a greater understanding of
this ability and
a more com-
plete grasp of
its
limits and applicability.
Section
II
of
this proposal provides background material,
detailing
the evidence pertaining
to remote viewing and other nonregular percep-
tual abilities.
In
this
section we describe:
•
Experiments with two gifted individuals who
took part
in
double-blind experiments
to perceive
scenes
at
intercon-
tinental
distances.
•
Brain wave experiments
in which ordinary
(not
specially
selected)
subjects were asked
to perceive whether or not
a remote light was flashing—the EEC data from several of
these
subjects
indicates objectively
that they did perceive
the presence of the light,
even
if only
at
a noncognitive
level of
their consciousness.
*This proposal has been prepared
at
the request
of
the
client
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•
Carefully controlled remote perception experiments with
Mr.
Uri Geller,
in which
he,
while located
in an elec-
trically shielded room,
was able to reproduce target
pictures drawn
for
the occasion at various SRI
locations.
Section
III
describes the proposed program and presents
a detailed
work statement,
along with the major program milestones.
Section
IV outlines the experience,
facilities,
and personnel of
Stanford Research
Institute,
and
its Electronics and Bioengineering
Laboratory that
are available to contribute
to the successful completion
of
this work.
A separate Part Two
of this proposal
covers contractual matters
and costs.
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I I
BACKGROUND
A
.
Exploratory Research
in Remote Viewing
As
a result
of experimentation carried out
in
an eight-month program
to investigate the abilities of
a gifted subject,
Ingo Swann,
Swann ex-
pressed the opinion that the insights obtained had strengthened
an ability
that has been researched before he joined the SRI program;
namely,
the
ability to view remote
locations.
To test Swann's
assertion,
SRI
re-
searchers
set
up
a series of experimental protocols on
a gradient
scale
of
increasing difficulty.
The
first
step toward
the proof that
such
an ability might
exist
in principle was
completed
in our laboratory
in
a series
of experiments
^
^Ith another subject
in which target pictures were successfully received
where
the
subject was separated from the target material either by an
electrically isolated shielded room or by the isolation provided by
East-coast/West-coast
distances.
These data are presented
in Part
C of
this
section.
1.
Global Targets—Training Mode
For the
first
experiment,
considered
to be
a training mode,
100 targets
on the earth's
surface
(ten per day for
ten days)
were chosen
at
random,
often by different experimenters.
For each ten-trial
session,
the experiment would begin with the
subject
(Swann)
being given
a target
location by latitude and longitude only,
for which he had to provide
an
immediate response
of what he
saw.
Following his response,
some brief
indication was given
as to whether any correspondence existed between
his description and the target
location.
The next
coordinate was
then
given until
all
ten coordinates were exhausted.
A run of ten coordinates
was always completed
in less than
30 minutes.
The
results obtained during the training mode
are summarized
in Figure
1,
where
a least-squares
fit
to the data
is
shown by the
solid
lines.
Details
for the
final
run
(Run
10)
are
shown
in Table
1.
The
second coordinate
in Run
(Table
1)
affords
a surprising
example of precision that
sometimes occurred.
The experimenter chose
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HITS/RUN
out
of
trials/run
LESSE R
CORRESPONDENCES/
RUN out of
10 trials/run
MISSES/RUN
out
of
trials/run
RUN NUMBER
SA-261 3-1
FIGURE
TRAINING RESULTS (SWANN)
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Table
RESULTS OF GLOBAL TARGETS TRAINING—RUN
Target
45 °N
150 °W
(ocean)
Response
Ocean,
beautiful blue-green waves,
sun
shining,
ship toward north
E valuat ion*
H
2°S
34 °E
(eastern
shore,
Lake
Victoria,
Africa)
Sense of speeding over water,
landing
on
land.
Lake
to west,
high elevation
H
55 °N 150°E
(Sea of Okhotsk)
Not many trees,
patches
of
snow,
marsh?
M
64 °N
19 °W
Volcano
to
southwest.
I
think
I'm over
H
(20 miles ENE
of
Mt.
Hekla volcano,
Iceland)
ocean
.
55 °N
130 °E
(Soviet Union)
Wind blowing there,
night,
telephone
wires.
Land,
flat place with fields;
Cold.
N
60 °N 90 °W
(Hudson Bay)
Open water,
stands
of pine
to north.
H
60 °N 91 °E
(Soviet Union)
City,
snow on ground,
city
to north-
east,
factory
to
south.
N
30 °S
0°
(ocean)
Ocean,
Atlantic,
deep blue water.
H
H
42°N 105°
(Gobi)
Mountains
28 °S
137 °E
Islands,
Land mass
to east,
west.
H
(Lake Eyre,
Australia)
An open
sea,
night.
*H
Hit
;
good description of area in near vicinity of
target.
N—Neutral;
some possibility of correspondence.
M—Miss;
clear lack of correspondence.
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the coordinate
from
a world map
to represent
the middle
of
Lake Victoria,
Africa.
However,
Swann insisted that
the coordinate,
when given,
turned
on
a picture
of
land to
the right
of
a
large lake.
Subsequent checking
with
a detailed map of
the
region indicated
that his perception had
been correct
.
We must ,
of
course,
point out
that the
results of
such
a train-
ing mode
can be taken
as
indicative only,
since even under
the carefully
controlled experimental
conditions
in
force,
•
An
individual
could— in principle—obtain good
results
on
the basis
of
eidetic memory.
•
Given the hypothesis
of extraordinary functioning
an individual
could— in principle—obtain
the data
subliminally from an experimenter who knows
the
target
location.
Therefore,
the rapid global targets training mode was
followed
up with
a series
of global
targets
supplied by Stanford Research
Institute
personnel
on
a double-blind basis
in which detail was obtained
on build-
ings,
roads,
bridges,
and
the
like.
The
results were
sufficiently
ac-
curate
to
lead us
to propose
the client-controlled demonstrat ion-of-
ability
tests described
in the
following paragraphs.
The
final evaluation
rests
on
the analysis
of the double-blind targets used
in
the concluding
demonstrat ion-of-ability tests
.
2.
Demonstration-of-Ability Tests
:
Double-Blind
Client-Supplied Coordinates
In order to
subject
the
remote viewing phenomena to
a rigorous
test under control
of
the
client,
a request
for coordinates was trans-
mitted to
the
client.
In
response,
SRI personnel
received
the
first
set
of coordinates,
hereafter referred
to
as
the West Virginia Site.
a
.
West Virginia Site
(Swann)
Date:
29 May
1973,
1634-1640,
Menlo Park,
California
Protocol:
Coordinates
38°2,3
f
45-48"N,
79°25
00 "w
given by
Dr.
H.
E.
Puthoff
to
subject
I.
Swann to
initiate experiment.
No maps were permitted
and
the
subject was
asked
to give
an immediate response.
The
session was
recorded on video
tape.
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Swann response:
This
seems
to be
some
sort of mounds or rolling hills.
There
is
a city to the north
(I
can
see
the taller buildings
and
some
smog).
This
seems
to
be
a strange place,
somewhat
like
the
lawns
that
one would
find around
a military base,
but
I
get
the
impression that
there
are either
some old bunkers
around,
or maybe this
is
a covered reservoir.
There must be
a flagpole,
some highways
to
the west,
possibly
a river over
to
the
far
east,
to
the
south more
city.
The map
of Figure
2 was
drawn.
On
the
following morning,
Swann submitted
a written
re-
port
of
a second reading,
dated
30 May
1973,
0735-0758,
Mountain View,
California.
Cliffs
to
the east,
fence
to
the north.
There's
a circular
building
(a tower?),
buildings
to
the
south.
Is
this
a former
Nike base
or something like that?
This
is about
as
far
as
I
could go without
feedback,
and perhaps guidance
as to what was
wanted.
There
is
something strange about this
area,
but
since
I don't know particularly what
to
look for within the scope of
the cloudy ability,
it
is extremely difficult
to make decisions
on what
is there
and what
is
not.
Imagination
seems
to get
in
the way.
(For example,
I
seem
to get
the impression of
some-
thing underground,
but
I'm not
sure.)
However,
it
is apparent
that on
first
sighting the general
location was correctly
spotted
The map of Figure
3 was
drawn.
b.
West Virginia Site
(Price)
As
a back-up
test,
the coordinates were given
to
a second
subject
(Price)
who appears to possess
similar ability
in casual
testing.
The task was presented
to the second subject
independently of
the
first,
both
to prevent collaboration
and
to prevent
any sense of competition.
Date:
1 June
1973,
1700,
Menlo Park,
California
Protocol:
Coordinates
38°23'
45-48"N,
79°25'
00"w
given by
Dr.
H.
E.
Puthoff
to
subject Price by
telephone
to
initiate experiment.
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FIGURE
MAP NO.
1 OF WEST VIRGINIA SITE (SWANN)
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rs?.-
Looked
at general area from altitude of about
1500'
above
gest terrain.
On my left
forward quadrant
is
a peak
in
a
chain of mountains,
elevation approximately
4996'
above sea
level
Slopes
are greyish slate covered with variety of broad
about aH'
V1T'
ShrUbbery '
and ^dergrowth.
I
am facing
rie-ht
t
° f
L°°king
d°Wn the mountain
to
the
ight
(east)
side
is
a roadway,
freeway country style-curves
around base
of mountain from S.W.-swings north
for
a few miles
then heads E.N.E.
to
a fairly large city about 30-40 miles dis-'
tant.
This
area was
a battleground
in civil war-low rolling
i
Is,
creeks,
few lakes
or reservoirs.
There
is
a smaller
town
a little
S.E.
about
15-20 miles distant with
small
settle-
ments,
village
type,
very rural,
scattered
around.
Looking
oTrmUeV
6?
250°"3000
'
m°UntainS StretCh
a ^ndved
r so miles.
Area
is essentially wooded.
Some of the westerly
slopes
are eroded and gully washed-looks
like
strip mining
coal mainly.
& >
Weather at this
time
is
cloudy,
rainy.
Temperature
at my alti-
Unnori
4 ”high CUmUl° nimbus clouds
to about 25,000-
30,000
.
Clear
area,
but turbulent,
between
that
level
and
some cirro stratus
at 46,000’.
Air mass
in that
at^
W.N.W.
to S.E.
that
striP moving
1318
- Perceived
that peak area has large underground
storage
areas.
Road
comes up back side of mountains
(west
slopes),
air
y we
concealed,
looks deliberately
so.
It's
cut under
trees where possible-would be very hard
to detect
flying over
area.
Looks
like former missile site-bases
for launchers
still
there,
but
area now houses record
storage
area,
microfilm,
file
roned
’’ r
y °U g°
±nt° under£round area through aluminum
h
+-
inn'
OO^SJ,
first
areas
filled with records,
etc.
Rooms
about
100’
long,
40’
wide,
20’
ceilings with concrete
supporting
as
ers,
lare
shaped.
Temperature cool—fluorescent
lighted
ersonnel,
Army 5th Corps Engineers.
M/Sgt
.
Long on desk plac-
ard on grey
steel desk-file
cabinets
security locked-combina-
lock^
steel
rods through eye bolts.
Beyond these
rooms,
heading east,
are several bays with computers,
communication
equipment,
large maps,
display
type,
overlays.
Personnel,
Army
faignal
Corps.
Elevators.
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1330
- Looked over general area from original
location again
valleys quite hazy,
lightning about
30 miles north along moun-
tain
ridge.
Temperature drop
about
6°,
it
T s
about
48°.
Looking
for other significances:
see warm
air mass moving
in from S.W.
colliding with cool
air mass
about
100 miles E.S.E.
from my
viewpoint.
Air
is very turbulent—tornado
type;
birds
in my
area seeking heavy cover.
There
is
a fairly
large
river that
I
can see about
15-20 miles north
and
slightly west;
runs N.E.;
then curves
in wide valley
running
S.W.
to N.E.;
river then runs
S.E.
Area to east,
low rolling hills.
Quite
a few Civil War
monuments,
A marble colonnade
type:
"in this area was
fought
the battle of Lynchburg where many brave men
of
the Union and
Confederate Armys
(sic)
fell.
We dedicate
this
area to
all peace
loving people of
the
future—Daughters G.A.R."
On
a later date Price was
asked
to return
to
the West
Virginia
site with the goal
of obtaining codeword information,
if pos-
sible,
In
response,
Price
supplied
the following information:
Top of
desk had papers
labeled:
Flytrap
Minerva
File cabinet on north wall
labeled:
Operation Pool
(2nd word unreadable)
Folders
inside cabinet
labeled:
Cueball
14 Ball
4 Ball
8 Ball
Rackup
Name
of
site vaguely seems
like Hayfork or Haystack.
Personnel:
Col,
R.
J.
Hamilton
Maj
.
Gen.
George
R,
Nash
Major John
C.
Calhoun??
Urals Site
(Price)
*
After obtaining
a
reading on
the West Virginia
site,
Price
volunteered
that
he
scanned the other side
of the globe
for
a Bloc equiv-
alent,
and found
one
in
the Urals
at|
| described
as follows.
Elevation,
6200’
,
Scrubby brush,
tundra type ground hummocks,
rocky outcroppings,
mountains with
fairly steep
slopes.
Facing
SG1A
li
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north,
about
60 miles ground
slopes
to marshland.
Mountain
chain runs off
to right about
35°
east of north.
Facing south,
mountains run fairly north
and
south.
Facing west,
mountains
drop
down
to foothills for 60 miles
or
so;
some rivers running
roughly north.
Facing east,
mountains
are rather abrupt,
dropping
to rolling hills
and to
flat
land.
Area site under-
ground,
reinforced concrete,
doorways
of
steel
of the roll-up
type.
Unusually high ratio
of women
to men,
at
least
at
night.
I
see some helipads,
concrete.
Light
rail tracks run from pads,
to another
set of
rails
that parallel
the doors
into
the mountain
(see Figure
4).
Thirty miles north
(5° west
of north)
of
the
site
is
a radar installation with one large
(165')
dish and two
small
fast-track dishes.
The
above reports were
submitted
to the client
for evalua
tion.
A second set of coordinates was requested
and obtained,
hereafter
referred
to
as
the Kerguelen Island Site.
MOUNTAIN FACE
FIGURE 4
MAP OF URALS SITE
(PRICE)
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d ,
Kerguelen
Island Site
(Swann)
Date:
21 July
1973,
1708-1730,
Menlo Park,
California
Protocol:
Coordinates
49°20'S,
70°14’E given by Dr.
H.
E.
Puthoff
to subject
I.
Swann to
initiate experi-
ment.
No maps were permitted and the
subject was asked
to give
an
immediate response.
The session was recorded
on video
tape.
Swann response:
My
initial response
is that
it’s
an island,
maybe
a mountain
sticking up through
a cloud cover.
(Experimenter
checks,
gives
positive feedback.)
Terrain
seems
rocky.
Must be
some
sort of
small plants growing
there.
Cloud bank
to the west.
Very cold.
I
see
some buildings
rather mathematically laid
out.
One
of
them
is orange.
There
is
something like
a radar antenna,
a
round disc.
(Subject
draws map during report.)
Two white cy-
lindrical
tanks,
quite
large.
To the northwest
a
small
airstrip.
Wind
is blowing.
Must be two or three trucks
in front
of build-
ing.
Behind,
is
that
an outhouse?
There's not much there.
That’s
all,
I
think,
for now.
Swann submits map,
Figure
5.
On the following
day,
1152-1215,
the identical protocol
was followed for
a second reading.
Again,
no maps were permitted.
During this
reading,
Swann described following the coastline of
the
island,
drawing segments on 8-1/2"
X
ll" pieces of paper
as he went,
resulting
in Figure
6 when the pieces were
assembled.
It's not completely dark there,
sort
of orangish
light.
If
I
look to the west,
hills;
to the north flatlands
and,
I
think,
airstrip
and ocean
in
the distance;
to the east,
rolling bumpy
grasslands with bumps;
to the
south
is -
I
can't
see anything
to
the
south.
I move north to
the coastline
and follow
it
around.
That’s point A
(begins
to draw map).
Point
B,
rocks
sticking up out of
the ocean,
breakers on them.
Point
C,
little
cluster of buildings with wharf,
boats.
Point
D,
jutty
of land
sticking
out.
Point
F*
is
sand basin,
river coming through,
jjc
Lettering out of order.
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FIGURE
MAP
NO.
OF
KERGUELEN
ISLAND
SITE
(DETAIL—
SWANN)
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lots
of birds.
Point
E ,
brush of
small
trees.
This
is
fun
(laughs),
first time
I've ever done this.
(Following E)
almost
a straight
coastline,
cuts
in rocks,
beach.
Then curves back.
I
see
to northwest
a mountain rising,
snow on
top.
Area G
is
irregular.
Point H
is
a high cliff,
Point
I
is
a promontory.
Point
J has big breakers,
K
is
a bay,
L
is area
I drew yester-
day
(circles
area,
draws airstrip and buildings
for orientation
to previous map).
That will
do for today.
May be
a lighthouse
(on tip?).
I
lacked courage going around Point
G.
Kerguelen Island Site
(Price)
Date:
20 July
1973,
1400,
Menlo Park,
California
Protocol:
Coordinates
49°20'S,
70°14’E given by Dr.
H.
E.
Puthoff
to
subject Price
by telephone
to
initiate
experiment.
Price Response:
On the morning
of
21 July 1973 Price’s written response
(dated
20 July
1973,
2055-2232,
Santa Clara,
California)
was received
(hand carried)
.
Picked
15,000'
altitude.
Looking
south,
4°
east
of
south,
see
a
site
located on
a cliff about
200'
high
above
the ocean.
In-
stallation
is
a cluster
of buildings and radar tracking
station
(see Figure
7).
Radar
is
a segment concave type rather than
circular dish type.
Building #1
is
the largest,
L-shaped,
front
facing NW,
two
stories plus basement.
Buildings #2
and #3 about
75 ’-100’
east
of main building,
also
two
stories plus basement.
Building #2 has recreation and dining facilities,
building #3
contains living quarters.
Building #4
is
a
shop
and maintenance
area.
Buildings
are
all
interconnected on the ground
floor.
I
see a dock area
at
the base
of
the
cliff,
and 1/4
to
1/2 mile
from
the buildings
is
an airstrip.
The
installation has
four functions:
1)
Tracking
(space)
2)
Meteorological
station
3)
Monitoring equipment
for radiation readings
4)
Radio
relay
station.
I
see
a couple
of other radar installations covered by geodesic
domes.
There
are two
small
tracking radars
interlinked with
main
radar.
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FIGURE
MAP NO.
3 OF KERGUELEN ISLAND SITE
(PRICE)
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I had the impression that the personnel
(military and civilian)
were French,
but
since
I could understand what was being
said
I
assume personnel
are American.
f .
Analysis of Results
(Double-Blind
Client Coordinates)
The results obtained with the double-blind client coordi-
nates have been evaluated separately by the client.
(See attached
supplement
.
)
As
an additional control with regard
to the experimental
protocol,
SRI personnel have not been informed before,
during,
or
after'
ward of
any details of the target
series parameters,
including
the hit-
miss profile.
However,
SRI personnel have been informed that
in each
experiment
there have been
at
least
some categories
of
information m
which the data exceed any possible bounds of coincidental correlation,
and exceed any possible bounds of acquisition by known means.
^
It has
also been reported that
some
of
the data possibly constitute
noise
in the
signal,
but
it has usually been difficult
to negate totally any
information given
by the subjects.
Therefore,
we conclude from this portion of the study
that
:
•
A channel
exists whereby information about
a
remote
location
can be obtained
in the manner
described
.
•
As with
all biological
systems
the
information
channel
appears to
be
imperfect,
containing
some
noise along with the signal.
•
While
a signal-to-noise ratio cannot
as yet
be
determined
by SRI personnel with regard to client-
controlled
targets,
a semiquant itative
signal-to-
noise
ratio might
be determined with additional
experimental
effort.
B.
EEG Experiments
One premise underlying our investigation
is
that paranormal
func-
tioning
is distributed throughout
the population
in much
the
same manner
as
every other ability,
and indeed in much the
same way
as intelligence
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is distributed.
We further conjecture that
it
is partially the
world
view"
of the times
in which we
live that prevents paranormal ability
from surfacing
to
a greater extent.
Our EEG program was
initiated
in
an effort
to determine whether
objective physiological measures of paranormal functioning exist
and
to relieve the subject
from the burden
of having
to demonstrate voli-
tionally
any
sort
of paranormal
functioning.
We inform our subjects
that
a light
is
to be flashed from time to time
in
a distant
room,
and
if
they perceive
that light
it may be evident
from changes
in their EEG
output.
This experiment tests the hypothesis
that perception may take
place and
be measurable
at noncognitive levels of consciousness,
even
though not easily expressed verbally.
In our work with four
female volunteer subjects,
we have
found
evidence
in three of
their EEG
spectra that they
are
influenced by the
remote
stimulus.
Thus
it
appears from this exploratory work that
we
have
a repeatable perception experiment
that
yields significant
results
even with unselected
subjects.
The experimental protocol
for
the experiment
is
as
follows:
A
subject
is
seated
in
a shielded EEG monitoring room
in the Life Sciences
Building of
SRI.
A friend of the
subject
is seated
in
a remote room
with the
stimulus generator,
in this
case
a strobe
light.
The EEG out-
put
is recorded from the vertexes and occiputs
(regions
of
the brain)
simultaneously from both participants.
On each trial,
a tone burst
precedes by one
second
a ten-second train of flashes presented
to one
of
the subjects designated
as
the
"sender."
The subject who does not
see the
flashes
is designated the "receiver;
this subject
also hears
the
warning signal.
This
signal evokes
a contingent negative variation
(CNV)
in each of the subjects
as they anticipate
the occurrence of the
flashes.
Thirty-six
such trials
are given,
each consisting of
12 null
trials,
i.e.,
0 flashes/second,
12 6-Hz
flashes,
and
12 16-Hz
flashes intermixed
in
a random order.
Each of
the
36 trials consists of
a ten-second EEG
epoch.
The EEG data are recorded on magnetic
tape and digitized.
The
12 data blocks associated with the
0,
6,
and
16 Hz
trials
are
averaged.
A spectral
analysis
is then performed on the
average.
This
analysis has given two
types
of
results.
In
two
subjects we
have evidence
of actual modulation of the EEG output
at the
flash fre-
quency.
The other
(more consistent)
observation
is
that
the dominant
alpha production of
the resting subjects
is pulled
to higher frequencies
during the
6-
and
16-Hz
trials
as compared with the
0 flashes/second
trials
.
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In summary,
the ’’receiver"
subject knows when
a trial period
is
beginning but
does not know whether the light will be
flashed nor what
the
flash frequency will
be.
However,
from the accumulated EEG
data,
we tentatively conclude that
there
is evidence
strongly suggesting that
human subjects
can directly— even though noncognitively—perceive
remote
stimuli not presented
to
any known perceptual
sense,
and the perception
event
can be recorded by
an objective process.
Figure
shows the averaged EEG
for
a subject
attempting
to perceive
the remote
stimulus.
In this
case
the twelve averaged trials
are
for the
6-
and
16-Hz
light.
The spectrum indicates
a significant
(p
= 0.05)
in-
crease
in the 16-Hz component during the
16-Hz period.
Figure
9(a)
shows
an overlay of
the three averaged spectra for
a
different
subject.
Figure
9(b)
shows
the difference
spectrum where the
0 trials data
are electrically subtracted
from
the 6-Hz data.
This
difference
curve
shows
a clear frequency
shift
in the dominant component
of the
subject's alpha
(9-11 Hz)
production.
Of our four
subjects,
this
subject had by
far the most monochromatic EEG spectrum.
Again the
fre-
quency
shift obtained from comparing the stimulus versus nonstimulus
trials was significant
at the p
= 0.05 level
for the 6-Hz case and
at
the
p
= 0.005
level
for
the 16-Hz
case.
A second important use
of
the EEG technique
is
to
allow
a deter-
mination
to be made
of what
confidence level
to place on what
a subject
reports
that he
is perceiving during the course
of his remote viewing
experience
.
Subjects taking part
in these EEG experiments
are asked
to indicate
their conscious feelings,
on
a trial -by-trial basis,
as
to which stimulus
is being generated.
They make their guess known
to
the experimenter via
one-way telegraphic communication.
An analysis of these guesses has
shown
a correlation between the correct calls
and certain characteristic
changes
in EEG output.
These changes vary from subject
to subject but
appear to be constant
for any one subject.
Having observed this apparent
correlation
in exploratory work,
it
is important
to continue
this
study
further
to determine
its
constancy.
In experiments with Swann,
the correlation took the
form of
a de-
crease
in monochromaticity of his
alpha production when his verbal
re-
sponses to
a stimulus condition were
correct.
(In this experiment Swann
was
asked to determine whether
a remote helium-neon laser was on or of
.)
In the course
of this experiment there was thus
an apparent correlation
between the accuracy of his perception and his EEG production,
even
though his overall
task performance
in this particular experiment
did
not differ significantly from chance expectation.
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FIGURE
OCCIPITAL EEG FREQUENCY SPECTRA, 0 TO 25
Hz, OF JEAN MAYO
RECEIVER
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Hz
Hz
Hz
Hz
(a)
THREE CASES—0-,
6-, AND 16-Hz FLASHES (12-TRIAL AVERAGE)
10 Hz
(b)
DIFFERENCE SPECTRA—6-Hz MINUS 0-Hz
FIGURE
OCCIPITAL EEG FREQUENCY SPECTRA, 0 TO
Hz, OF HELLA HAMMID,
RECEIVER
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In other work with Swann
at
the American Society
for Psychical
Research,
Dr.
Karlis Osis has reported that when Swann attempted to
reproduce pictorially the contents of
a hidden container,
his EEG out-
put would consistently
shift
from lower
to higher frequencies.
Swann
was highly successful
(eight out
of
eight)
in this
series
of perception
experiments.
It therefore appears that monitoring of the EEG may prove
to
be
a
good
indicator
as to
the measure
of confidence
that
should be placed
in
a subject's
report about his perception of
a remote
scene.
C
.
Remote Perception of Graphic Material
The objective of this group
of experimental
sessions was
to
inves-
tigate
the apparent paranormal perception ability of gifted
subject
Uri
Geller under carefully controlled conditions with the goal
of under-
standing the physical
and psychological variables underlying such ability.
On each day of
an eight-day experimental period,
picture drawing
experiments were carried
out.
In these experiments,
Geller was
separated
from the target material either by
an electrically isolated,
shielded
room or by the isolation provided by having the targets drawn on the
East
Coast.
As
a result
of Geller' s success
in this experimental period,
we consider
that he has demonstrated his paranormal perceptual ability
in
a convincing and unambiguous manner
.
Saturday,
4 August—Two drawing experiments were conducted
this
day.
In both
of
these,
Geller was closeted in
an opaque,
acoustically
and electrically shielded room.
This room
is
the double-walled
shielded
room used
for EEG research
in the Life Sciences Division of
SRI.
It
is
locked by means
of
an inner and outer door,
each of which
is
secured
with
a refrigerator-type locking mechanism,
as shown in Figure
10.
The two drawings used
in this experiment were
selected by randomly
opening
a large college dictionary and selecting
the
first word that
could reasonably be
drawn.
The
first word obtained
in this manner was
"fuse"
and
the object drawn was firecracker
[Figure
11(a)].
All
target
selection and picture drawing was
done with Geller already
in
the shielded
room.
Geller was notified via intercom when the target picture was drawn
and taped
to
the wall outside his enclosure.
He was continuously moni-
tored by
a one-way
audio
circuit
.
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(a)
TARGET
(b)
RESPONSE
-kVj
(c>
RESPONSE
FIGURE
TARGET
(FIRECRACKER) AND GELLER'S RESPONSES
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Geller
T s almost immediate response was
that he
saw "a cylinder with
noise coming out
of
it."
His
drawing representing his
response
to
the
target was
a
drum,
along with
a number
of other cylindrical-looking
objects
[Figures
11(b)
and
11(c)],
The
second word selected was
"bunch, "
and
the target was
a bunch
of grapes.
Geller
r s immediate response was
that
he
saw "drops
of water
coming
out
of
the picture."
He
then talked about "purple circles."
Finally,
he
said that
he was quite sure that he had the picture.
His
drawing was
indeed
a bunch of grapes.
Both the target picture
and Geller
rendition had
24 grapes
in the bunch
(Figure
12)
In this work the target picture
is never discussed by the experi-
menters after
the picture
is
drawn or brought near the shielded room.
The intercom operates only from the
inside of
the room
to
the
outside,
except when
the push-to-talk switch
is depressed on the outside of
the
room.
In our detailed examination of
the
shielded room and
the protocol
used
in these experiments
no
sensory
leakage has been
found,
nor has
any defect
in the protocol
been brought
to our attention.
Sunday,
5 August --Geller
is
locked
in
the shielded room with one
experimenter outside
as
a monitor while the target
is drawn
in the other
experiment er
f s office about
a half mile
away.
The
target
selected from
the dictionary was
an outline drawing of
a man,
which evolved through
the drawing process
into
a devil with
a trident
[Figure
13(a)].
To
start
the experiment,
Puthoff,
who was with Geller,
called Targ,
who
was with the drawing.
Geller
spent
almost
a half-hour working on
the
drawing before "passing,"
as he
felt unable
to
get
the drawing.
We
in-
clude his efforts nonetheless
for
the insight
into
the process
that they
provide
His drawings
[Figures
13(b)-13(d)]
were
as
follows:
•
"Moses
f
Tablets,"
i.e.,
Ten Commandments.
•
Apple with
a worm coming out of
it,
a
snake was
in the
same picture,
and
the Tablets
symbolism of
the
first
drawing
•
Composite picture with the Ten Commandments
on
top
of
the world
and the trident
on
the outside,
along with
a
neatly drawn
leaf.
One
is
led
to
speculate that
the Biblical
representation
in these three
drawings
is perhaps
associat ional material triggered
by the
target.
The
inability on Geller' s part
to draw
the devil may be culturally
induced.
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<d
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FIGURE
TARGET
(GRAPES)
AND
GELLER'S
RESPONSE
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With regard to
the target picture,
Geller did draw the trident
from the
target picture,
but he did not draw the man who was holding
it.
From this
it
seems
clear
that Geller does not
simply
copy lines
from
the target picture,
but
rather he apparently performs
some mental pro-
cessing before drawing
them.
The
second
target picture was drawn by
an experimenter while he
was
inside
the shielded room with Geller outside the
room with another
experimenter.
In this
case
the target
[Figure
14(a)]
was
a representa-
tion
of the
solar
system.
His immediate verbal reaction before drawing
was
one of "space."
Geller’s drawn response
to the target while outside
the
room [Figure
14(b)]
coincides well with the target
drawing.
The
block
in the center of Geller' s picture,
according
to his
statement,
was his afterthought
suggested by the movie
2001
and was drawn
as an
addition just before comparing target with response.
Monday,
6 August—The experiment
to
be done this day was
a pure
clairvoyance task.
A picture was
drawn by
a scientist outside
the usual
experimental
group.
The picture was locked in the
shielded room before
Geller’ s
arrival
at
SRI.
Geller was
then
led by the experimenters to
the shielded
room,
and asked
to draw the picture inside
the room.
He
drew
a number of pictures,
all
of which he rejected
as not being appli-
cable.
He
said that he got no clear impression and passed.
The target
was
a rabbit,
and nothing Geller drew
in any way resembled
a rabbit.
It should be added that
the picture was
drawn by
a scientist
of whom
Geller
is not
fond,
and Geller asked
at
the outset
if this was the
case.
The experimenters said that this was not
the
case,
since
they did not
know who had drawn the picture.
Geller felt vindicated to some extent
when he found out
that his
initial guess
as
to the artist had been correct
Tuesday,
7 August—This
day two
target pictures were attempted with
Geller
in the
shielded room.
He was connected
to
an EEG apparatus
to
allow measurement
of his brain waves
at
the
time that he was attempting
to perceive
a hidden picture.
The two target pictures were
a tree
and
an envelope.
He experienced difficulty,
did not make
a drawing
that
corresponded to either drawing,
and passed.
Also,
he
found
it very
difficult
to hold adequately still
to make good EEG
records.
The
same
skeptical experimenter who drew the rabbit was
the EEG operator on
this
second unsuccessful
day.
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Wednesday,
8 August—Three
targets were drawn during the course
of
this day’s work.
In the
first,
the experimenters closed the outer
door of
the laboratory
in which the shielded room
is located
(in addi-
tion
to
the
inner double doors)
and worked
in an adjoining
room.
The
target picture
in this
case was
a camel.
Geller felt unsure
and passed,
but his
first
choice drawing was
a horse
(see Figure
15).
The experimenters
then returned
to the room outside the shielded
room and drew the second picture,
which was the Golden Gate Bridge
[Figure
16(a)].
Geller inside
the shielded room drew
some curved lines
with
some
squares underneath
[Figure
16(b)].
He
said that he didn't
know what
the picture was
and passed.
The third picture was
a flying seagull.
Geller
said almost
imme-
diately that he
saw
a flying
swan over
a hill.
He drew several birds
and said
that
he was
sure that his drawing was
correct,
which
it was
(Figure
17)
Experiments were conducted
in
the
shielded room for
six days,
good
results were obtained on four of
the days when there was
no openly
skeptical observer present.
Thursday,
9 August—The experiments were moved
to SRI's Engineering
Building
in order to make use of
the computer facilities available.
After Geller was
secured
in
a shielded room about
150 feet down the hall
and around
a corner from the computer room and placed under continuous
monitoring,
a picture of
a kite was drawn on the face of
the TV screen
driven by
the computer’s graphics program.
Shortly after Geller was
notified that
the picture had been drawn,
he had the computer room called
to determine
if
the target picture was
a geometric picture or an object.
By talking
to
an intermediary,
who was
ignorant
of
the target picture,
we
told him that
it was
an object.
Geller’ s first drawing
in this case
was
a
square with
the diagonals drawn
in.
He
then also drew some trian-
gular airplanes
and passed.
His
first drawing was
a good representation
of
the actual target picture
(Figure
18).
Friday,
10 August—Two pictures were drawn and
stored
in the
corn-
puterli^^y^^
visible evidence was available
in the computer
room after the picture was
drawn.
The
first picture was
a church.
The picture was drawn and stored
in the memory
of
the computer.
Geller’ s responses
are shown
in the
attached collection of drawings
(Figure
19).
It appears that both
of:
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(b)
RESPONSE
FIGURE
TARGET
5 (CAMEL) AND GELLER'S RESPONSE
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(a)
TARGET
B
(b)
RESPONSE
FIGURE
TARGET 6 (GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE) AND GELLER'S RESPONSE
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TARGET
(SEAGULL
FLYING)
AND
GELLER'S
RESPONSE
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oooocoocooo
.
o
o
OOOOOO
°
o
c
0OO
P
«
P
o
O
O
coooeocooocoooooooooco
(a)
TARGET
h
(b)
RESPONSE
(c)
RESPONSE 2
F,GURE
,9
TARGET 9 ICHURCH. STORED
IN MEMORY OF TEXT-EDITING COMPUTER)
AND GELLER'S responses
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his attempts have some elements
in common
he had no
idea that
it was
a church and he
with the target
passed
drawing
,
but
The
second target picture was
stored on the face of the TV
with
the intensity turned off
so that no picture was visible with the
Tom TilhL turned on.
GeUer immediately drew an arrow under
a rounded
brick and then drew another arrow inside
a suitcase.
We consider the
arlow in the suitc.ee similar to
the target, which was
an arrow through
a heart
(Figure
20)
These latter two experiments admit
to
at
least
two hypotheses,
which will
require further work
to differentiate:
.
Perception of
information stored in the computer.
.
Perception of mental
contents,
since there were
several
people
in the computer room,
all of whom knew the nature
of
the target that was
stored.
A long-distance telepathy experiment was
also done on
10 August.
An East Coast scientist was called and asked
to draw
a
simple represen-
tational object
for Geller
to copy.
[Following the experiment he
indi-
cated that he drew two peaked mountains with
a sun in the uPP® r
* *
Geller drew two arches
side by side with
a circle
in the upper righ
.
Geller' s picture
also had
a train-like object running through
it.
consider this
to be suggestive of communication but not conclusive.
Further work along these lines
is
indicated.
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(c)
RESPONSE 2
FIGURE
TARGET
10 [ARROW THROUGH HEART, STORED
IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS
PROGRAM) AND GELLER'S RESPONSES
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\
v.
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EARLE
D.
JONES, DIRECTOR
ELECTRONICS AND BIOENGINEERING LABORATORY
INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DIVISION
Specialized professional competence
•
Analysis
and design of electronic-optical systems;
design of television
systems; facsimile systems,
including bandwidth compression;
electro-
static printing
Representative research assignments at SRI
(since
1956)
•
Character generator for high-speed electrostatic printer
•
Delay line scanning techniques
.
.
.
.
_
•
High-density photographic recording of television information
•
Bandwidth reduction study for satellite cloud
. photograp
•
Design of bandwidth reduction system for facsimile
#
.
•
Development of communication line equalization system using automatic
transversal filters
t
.
.
•
Color facsimile systems with electrostatic printing
•
Design of a new frequency synthesizer
Other professional experience
•
Student engineer, Boeing Company; microwave ;airborne radar
•
Designer, Square
D.
Company;
electrical equipment desig
Academic background
.
B.S.
in electrical engineering
(1956), Georgia Institute of Technology;
M.S.
in electrical engineering
(1958), Stanford University
Publications and patents
•
"A Versatile Character Generator with Digital Input,"
1959
IRE WESC0N
•
"Character Generator for Digital Computers," Electronics
(February
•
Six°patents
in electronic circuitry,
character generators,
frequency
synthesizers,
and electrostatic printing systems
Professional associations and honors
•
Institute of Electrical
_ and Electronics Engineers
•
Optical Society of America
.
.
.
•
Society
for Motion Picture and Television Engineers
•
Eta Kappa Nu
•
Phi Kappa Phi
•
Tau Beta Pi
•
Phi Eta Sigma
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