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is
confronted
with
a
is tainted with
negative
internal
organization
or
means.
These
negative
In
short,
French
parapsychology
familiar vicious circle.
The
field
connotations,
due
to
its
lack
of
cohesiveness
and
its
limited
connotations,
in
turn
identification with
parapsychology^ isolate
th™™
Dpen
active
in
the field,
weaken efforti’to
.
those
already
a distinct
discipline
and
organize
the field
as
funding
or r«p«t.Mm"
her
'' 6", °Ve
a " y chance
f °r
most ^evelaped** and
nr
" back " ai''ls "
in
France,
one
of
the
p«rti.?
e^rf
r
un
i
r
K*
s
*
socio-economic structure
of
the FrenclTsc i en t i
f
S>
*
tha
socialists
have been
in
power
for Uss
ihL ^a “?"*•
Tha
centralisation
has
a very
Iona
t
!!V
h
decade,
but
extends beyond
social
services
util
tiL"
‘"k
F
[
ance
’
and
transport,
etc.,
reachina
intr.
’
tlllties ,
banks,
public
intellectual
and scientific activity
C
?h*
°f. the
country’s
organisation,
the Centre National
natlonal
research
<CNRS1,
has
^ ho,d
C
on
;,l\VancLfof
R\
C
cT:nce
e
8CU " t ” 1 *"
,the
university
and
in
other
centers
and
” n
thi
t
KiInti"iS
n
I
CDntr0lling ths'nstur.
cne scientific enterprise.
both
within
essential ly
and
funding
proven* t^be^a* hand ica^f or
B°C *°~ eC
f
lr'0m ’ <:
*«.
tradition oriented
innovative research;
they
are
and
change.
For example
the
'I’
'
b ° ld
advar,ces
»
initiative
degree)
the CNRS oper^
universities
and
(to
a
lesser
applying for Hosit
n
i, LL
n-
" qU ° ta "
and
the retirement
of someone fan
Tu
*
pDssible
or'ly following
then,
approvals
musl be
coHec^d'by' Tse"
' ^ ^
review
committee,
which
of
course
trlnslatl^
f 6^
1 ® 55
preference for
known
quantities
not
lr,to
a
certainly not
for
"stranae"
tonl^=
?*.
*
newcomers,
and
must
be
recalled
thaf
t-uC
»
^?pics
llke parapsychology.
it
i™, «ri^l
L
F™c
r
r
overaent
haa «
anything wnbling
re 1 igioi.,
aaotor
i
c
S
or°olcu
t°^0aad
to
This
is
perhaps whv
afinatm
»
.
Dr °ccult
claims.
research within
officially
approve?
B^e
university
-
have
generally
It
centers
-
e .g.,
the
resistance.
Remy
Chaulin
was
unable
^surmountable
parapsychology chair establi^aH
!
b
get
an
official
of
the most
powerful
i n
the 5upport
My own attempt
to enter
the
uni vert;!?^
5^* and
gover nment
.
the experimental
psycholoav
Han
*
*
fnd ^ie
Civ,RS
through
Christine
Hardy
^ospe^s
.
establishing
some
research
in ™
.
° r
discreetly
university faculty
members^but
S°me
research would
have
no
immediate access
to
f uld^
d
’
thiS
de
a
p:r t::ntar^ont!?
id
?:: 5
L
b
:
br
;°me
succeeded
in openly maintaining
a
l^ora^
’ f
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number
of
years,
at
the University
of
Toulouse}
however,
the
laboratory’s existence
has never
been officially
approved
from
the
top,
and
the university’s president openly
denies
its
legitimacy.
The survival
of
this
lab would
appear
to
be
a paranormal
feat,
but
can
perhaps be explained
by
Lignon’s
extensive relations
in
the media
and
a tacit
threat
of
a
scandal,
should
anything happen
to
him.
What
about
less
"formal",
privately funded efforts? Although
tax-break
measures
have
been
instituted
to
encourage
contributions
to
non-profit
organisations,
they are
still
not
truly exploited}
the French
are
not
as advanced
as
the
Americans
in
the
fine
tradition
of
donations
and
humanitarian foundations.
Thus,
research
has been
largely
self-funded,
and,
invariably,
short-term.
Christian
Moreau,
who
had
been
keenly
interested
in dream telepathy and
psi
in
psychoanalysis,
has
long
since abandoned
parapsychology
in
favor
of
psychiatry.
Pierre
Janin,
the
inventor
of
the
tychoscope,
also
left
the
field
to
pursue
his
clinical
interests
full
time.
Rene Peoch,
who conducted
a series
of
successful
anpsi
studies
with
Janin’s
moving-RNG
(the
tychoscope)
,
has been
progressively
forced
to abandon
the
field,
and
return
to
his medical
practice.
Christine
Hardy
and
I,
having established
a modest
laboratory dedicated
to
computer -RNG
research,
are feeling the financial
pinch,
and
are wondering
how
long
we
can finance
our
research.
Remy
Chauvin
has managed
to get research
done,
over
the
years,
but
he
remains
quite
isolated,
and
is
now forced
to act
as
his own subject
in
his experiments,
due
to his
remoteness
from major centers.
Besides
lacking
opportunities
for
conducting
research,
either
within
the system
or
independently
of
it,
French
parapsychology also
lacks cohesiveness}
there
is no
single
organization which well
represents
the
field.
The
"Institute
Met apsyc h i que
International"
(IMI),
once
the well-funded
and
internationally recognized center
of
psychical
research,
is
broke,
and
plays
practically
no
role
in
the field
today.
GERP,
an
interdisciplinary reflection group which
sustained
lively
interest
in
parapsychology throughout
the
seventies,
had
to
fold.
Its
livelihood
was
too closely
tied
to
a couple
of
individuals
and
thus
could
not
be
sustained once
they
decided
to move
on.
Recently,
a
new effort
toward
organizing
the field
has
been
undertaken
by Marc
Michel,
a
co-worker
of
Yves Lignon.
His
"Organisation
pour
la Recherche
en Psychotron i que"
(ORP)
is
publishing
a scientific
parapsychological
journal,
and
has
organised
a research congress
and
a number
of
work sessions.
But while
these activities
are enhancing
inter-researcher
cooperation
and exchange,
they
largely
depend,
once
again,
upon
the good
will
and
work
of
a single
individual}
they
are
not
sure
to survive shifts
in
his
life-situation.
320
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The upper
class
and
all
the Rest
I ri genera],
then
u
:::r™b
e
r}itv
or
„ f zsi
budgets,
limited
opportIJilv
*
’
ln
turn
»
means
smaU
with others
in
the fL
V°
r
cooperation
and
exchanol
litt,e™re
tD —---v
situation,
the
e=nr
i
r-k
^
field
*
parapsychologists
are
1°^
-Coition (even’b!"^
«i*
-JoysT
q“ ,te
By
comparison
conditions
tor
favorable:
the
to
this
American
American
parapsychology ^
i^
e^
Dme
tf-ie
relative
success
encouragement
tor
them
anrf
a
source
of
hope
and
ment
tor
the
legitimacy
ot
d
their
tutes
a convenient
argu-
tjme,
the higher
"social
stlu!s" nT* rGSearch
At
the
same
sconce"
-
only
that
iA
thl
"•tabl ishrnent
parapsychology which
is acUng
Ca5&
^
is
American
nature
*
th *
^ericaj ^t
d
' o^dlr"
of Otitic
nature,
methods
and objective-
<
detme
the
field’s
mOSt
important
journal's*?!!
th*
they
co " tr °‘
the
the
flraerican ^
p^wctaiowr
,
“.?:i"T
sdopun9
marginal".
yy
Deih ^
ignored,
or
being
labeled
^nst i ncts°rat her
tD
f °“°“
th*ir
c-cs-isapWi-S
was
the
321
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in response
to
this,
I suggested*thet^he basis ^Europe^n
cooperation
in parapsychol
gy
'
Pnanch coordinate
their
Of
the EuroPA.
I
proposed
that ^
added
thatj
effort* with
the members
o
r#>trict . d f
PA
insofar
as participation
_
occasion for several
French
members,
this would
be
a
g
members
of
the
PA,
they could
researchers
to join
the
PA.
tion
D f
other
European
more effectively elicit
the
im
° +
establishing
a
parapsychologists,
while
a
the
internationally
more
promi nent
Fra n ch
par apsychology
.
r ecagn 1 zed organizauun
,
proposed
this during
holt lie!
b
°he
times
the
reactions
ranged
trom
cool
^
t
clearly
arguments against
my
d
u"
R
- h
+rom
a
number
of
side
phrased
or
explicated.
Rath
,
qathere d
that
these
comments
and
•">?•
to join
the PA,
to
adhere
researchers simply
had
no desir
A„eric8n
(rather
than
to
what
they
perceived
«
the most negative
^“a”
not^rom
^clinicians ‘^anthropologists,
SStni™riS"TorS*.KSSM»»fl
Parapsychology.
,
.
*
a
i
this
w3i5
th^t
I
h0wd
MV
-itial
interpretation
o
J
'\^ ritor ial ity
.
I,
a
stumbled
upon
a
cle^
.
had
invade d
the territory
of
foreigner
(worB?' ™?J!
r
and
by suggesting that
they
join
French
pa- apsyc hoi og i sts ,
and,
y
”
e
. r
claim
to fame
as
the
PA
and
EuroPA,
was chal
?
l
still
think
this
leaders
in
European
ihLve since
had
a
interpretation
is Partly
vali
JJk#
to be
in
the
shoes
rat her
personal
taste
o
w
experience
made
of
a foreigner seeking
? t «l!/underlie
the explicit
PA
me
realize
that
some
ac
*
*7
_
f or
discrimination
against
admission
policies,
aii DW1^
rulture
and
have published
candidates who come from
ano
sanctioned
Anglo-Saxon
works
outside
the
tha ?A
is controlled
by
a
journals.
Insofar
as admissi
American parapsychology,
committee
largely representative
o*
*n
'P
th e view
that
it
is
easy
to see
how
foreigners can come
to ^ ternational
f
the
PA
is
in
fact
an
^erican,
r
und erstandable
that
they
organization.
It
is
® JSD J?
to see k
PA
membership.
would
react
aggressively when
aske.d
prominent
in
Whv should
individuals who consider
thero®®;^
H
their
own country
risk
a
humi
1 iating reject ion?
nossitMe
to
defend
the
need
for
strict
Of
course,
it
is
possiD
,
,
more general
need
criteria for
PA membership,
as
„.
,
hica i«
relationships)
tor
strong
ieadership
(hence,
hierarchical
, t
. „ ,
in
within
the
field.
«>ven
*
ld
be argued that
American
numbers,
and
in
funding,
it
fh _
leader
in
the field.
Money
parapsychology
is,
de
facto,
ch
conditions,
better
Uanslates
into
improved
research
w th
other
equipment,
more
talent,
more extensive exchange
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nlT' W^
and
S °
'fDrth
-
Consequent
researche Pr
ir
n ° tl
th *
Ameri^n I
sa >'
that,
^sponsibility
D/n
mPet
f nCe
ar,d
authority
and
PP
f
*
° ther
f u.
*
i
y
oi
promot i nq
the
'f
i
1 w
l
^
^
hav/e
the
the
interest
o-f
the
field*=
fleld
as
they
see
fit-
Needless
to
say,
these
k
,• r *
,
promote communication
and
'
rn t
® r 9uments are
hardly
aot
r n
th *>‘
u Merest irnate
the
c u
3 tu ,
J
aborttt
'io "'
More
importaritlv
perceptions
of
"comp
e ^
J
/elativity
involved
n
;
tD
wh a.t
constitutes van d
and
Progress".
The criteria
hence,
as
to who
it
V™*
5 i 9 ni ticant
psi reseat
aS
that
the "Amernl
’
they are
bound
to
resent
iv
* ferent
the
issues
h
model"
i 5
the
only on!
-
messa9*
consi derat ions,
and
fn
,
f
y
.
transcend
socin--r-^
BUt
Psychological
and
ph i
1 osoph'i caTl'i vergences?^
‘ 6P
CUUU,' al
a " d
Psychological
i ssue5
meft tioned
earlier
that
t- =
:
ay
H
inPed8
thd
in
even
„ h . n
they
d |°, t\ a%'£ '*"9^
’
to
''boat
This
ant i -conformism
is
=
j
persist
*
* S
^essarily'
b^ t
UUrSe ’
when
1 t
comes
to
persistent
work
of
t<sr-h„<
buil t
upon
the
modest
=
j
everywhere
else
in
t(
.
' 1C3ans
and
specialists.
And
2*
conservative
in
nature
j
world,
most
scientist-
’
as
French
pride
t hernse 1 ves "
fUSpiciau5
Qf
upstarts.
Yet
fu*
technirian,.
^msafives
above
all
a<=
Z
!
Tet >
the
tar morr%
0r
a!T
iali5t5f
the *™9.
of
**
scientist
Thil
PiratiDn
than
that
of
!
think *r *
vogue has'nuf
a
Particularly
true
non
a
t
[f
systematic
tion:/'
a
?a s
P
ks
l-d"
rr
ber
^ - lent i.tTi™
th !i
A9e "
cur rents,
rust
^em
i n to
Kuhn i an
sh i f ts ''^nd
^nch'cuTtur";,^?^^
1^'^^
individ ^lism and
creativity
i
Nationalistic pMde
^
ethn °-
kindlv
to thf
a
P ra ^cunced
;
the F
t
„
countries,
someone else
n t**
that
they
ms V
be plly^J
°
" 0t
take
323
economic
power
and
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country T
vis-a-vis
probably
organ iza-
Thl. tender, ^s
'
b;en
B "
el^^«rb
‘ h
the anU^fo™!^
ent. -authoritarian sentiments
desJiLd
l£ov“
th t
and' Bt Mt°ry'"Dr*r
percelved
as
a " over -domi nat i ng economic
cooper at Ion
S
orob le'
E
^ ave
tD
do
with
communication
and
p
ation problems
in
parapsychology?
I
think
that
a
number
o-f
our
problems within
the field may have litfL
*
i“rr
i
c
t
i:if
apT^
hc,,D9v
per
se >
and
** -“icu^ri
i
* d
\i
such culture 1
issues.
The
traits
of
our culture
rub off
on
all
of
as,
and,
inevitably,
affect
the kinds
of
relation
5hl " E
we sustain
with
those
from other cultures?
^
t?e Fro
mP
i!
e
’
• th
f
individualist
and
ant i -conformist
traits
of
the French
imply
a
desire
to
remain free,
distinct
and
unc assifiable
-
and,
hence,
a resistance
toward
invitations
to join groups
and
organizations.
Such cultural
traits
ma?
diff icuHv°orQa*
• ^
reaBOnz why
the French
have
had
Coun loH
nganizing parapsychology
in
their
own
American
cha.
•
h<?
s
J
19htly
Paranoid
sentiments
induio
ohauv 1 nisrn
(or
imperialism),
these
traits
nduce considerable psychological
blocks vis-a-vis
ant i - con for m?s-t
^
^f ee? i ngs^
could* ^Iso^l
•»-
toward
methods,
rules
and
standards
"imported" from^me^can
L at tn^va^ues^and
th™«•» out^s^
?T*M?*"dSui:^r
h?ir“
t,
K*'
,*; d
mch
^“Uing
™«5
: r -
-Port s ;
P°
acjfvit
move°thrfie?d
lrr
SPOr
I
?
le
crltic5)
-
A1!
thsse
MtlvitlM
-field
toward
planned
and
systematic,
rather
than
trend
wh?ch
?s
* m P r ov 1 sat 1 onal
research
programmes.
It
is
a
to
ro-Ho
entirely
justified,
inasmuch
as
the
goal
is
aD j
tr
' d
.
Parapsychology more
"professional",
and
thus
more
apt
to
be welcomed
by
the scipnHUr
_ _
.
.
,
•
.
.
f*
more
is
a
trend
which
has Uc
® scientific
establishment.
But
it
'u
has
lts
P ric ®>
as well;
in
other
cultures
w-earchers may
see
little
reason
to
orient
themselves
ir
h. same direction.
The
cent i ngenc i es
lid
u
ate
propoMla
nn^u.1
?
h°
'"°rk
Sn
l5 ° lat ‘°".
without
budget
The
Pr^the™?,!rt
eErt-h?
r CsicDps »»ln 9
th® doors
down
repllcabjlltv',
or
other
mtrtr^" "“I
‘‘*nd*rd ‘ 2it 1 0(1
feelinu miabt
ho u
,
marks
professionalism.
Th<
Up
illoJ
?I
iS
ti
’
when
it
comes
to
psi
research,
thi
the
-isb
of
crea^ vel >' explore
new directions
-
blind
paths.'
c™»tt,ng errors
or wandering
-
324
down
evei
som<
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"calling
the shots^the r° Which American
parap= yc
(- o1 D
s:dp* J,Md
i a proved
"'
b"? Z
lh f communication'
this
sub„, tt6d
an
.rti J.
R"£
„ ho „ver
P;
tp
P°n v rater
-°ngeutip n^ iv : n
ep°
t7‘^
PK
Potentially important^^l^f
'
Chauv ‘n
cons! dere^
“rth.r
investigation
u
dl " 9 >
worthy
ot
replic-.i
appreciate
the
,a«il
l°"''er '
il «=>«
that
the Jp
d ?d
™;?hr?ad
b™r^r£ FFna-
te
-"-cuo„
u--
'^Ar
c?r
!
r esearch .
He ended uppubU^
JV“
J
of
a
and
not
and
data
In
my
interviews
researchers,
I
had
roKrt
l
i
j
researchers,
I
hart
*L
.
w,eiUVlri
and
some
nn-
rPbellioUe„;ss
‘^e
.mpression
that
there
il
a
/ re,,ch
research,
or accent^
the American criteria
growing
find
approachef L re
?
C"' tin 9
styles,
there ^ 1°Z
PB ‘
priorities.
These feel n^
1 " 9
complementary
val
*
desire
zizrr
v
e™d srrj;
:
s:::
tax.tr -s»- -
" F
Par apSyc h 0 i agy are
t
f
the
^ornmun i cat
i or,
i s = ues
US
emergence
o-f
a
» Lat P
_
? f
a
la rger
development
1 r'
expressiveness
nah=
science",
emphasizing
P
® r,t
.
“
the
rather
than
l
^ersona l
implication
a«H
^
^
individuality
-a, i-
^rx““£
A paradigm
con-f
1 ict?
sensitized
” ri
J
in 9 5
of
Kuhn,
we
have
k
sensitized
to
the cental
,
e
have
become
i,irr „
.
conceptual
frameworks
r ° le
of
tacit
motives,
be
fl?
"' 9 ^
factors define
+i
fl
scientific
rehear
l.
beliefs and
significant
the I®
questi °"s
we
consul
'
Such
tacit
them,
and
’til
° 1S and
Procedures
*
? i
i
1 " g f u 1
frameworks with
^®®PQnses
we
are
likely
1°.
address
Premises collide
+u
eren t
ontological
nr
find.
When
«
comoonuiul’
th »
"ihiban,'
WJ
e '"‘'‘““'^ical
involved.
t,0n
and
PPU.bor.tioa
t™,,* "
"
*
Iacl<
the
groups
One
of
the
mDs t
nK
•
Parapsychology
is
Ju'*
obs tacJes
to
coliabo
t
the
metaphysical
j f b °rat
1 on
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Approved For Release 2003®10
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i nter ac t
i on i st -dual
i sm
and
monism.
Many,
if
not
most
American
parapsychologists
are
tacitly
or
explicitly
committed
to
dualism.
Even
recent
theories,
inspired
by
quantum
physics,
retain
a distinction between
the
observing
consciousness
and matter.
By contrast,
the French,
who
have
been
struggling
to
rid
themselves
of
their
cartesian
heritage,
are generally
hostile toward dualistic
concepts,
and much
more prone
toward monistic
worldviews
-
whether
materialistic
or
idealistic
in
nature.
Thus,
in seeking
to
explain
psi
phenomena,
they
are more
likely
than
Americans
to use
concepts
often found
in
the East
or
in
Russian
parapsychology
(like
"bio-fields
'
or
"bioplasma")
and
to
explore
the possibility
of
detecting
"psi -energies"
.
Inevitably,
of
course,
the differing
worldviews
lead
to
clashes.
To
many
Europeans
and
Russians,
dualism
seems
reactionary,
like
a
left-over
from
the days
of
spiritualism.
On
the
other
hand,
to
most
American
parapsychologists,
concepts
like
"psi
energies",
and
the work associated
with
these
concepts,
seem rather
"marginal".
But
the
two views do
not
have
equal
opportunities
of
expression;
while
research
consistent
with
the
dualistic
viewpoint
receives
much
coverage,
some
feel
that
the
Americans are prone
to
ignore
work which
is more consistent
with
a monistic
view.
Yvonne
Duplessis,
for example,
complains that
her
work
on
dermo-
‘optic
perception
did
not
receive
the attention
it
deserved,
even
though
it
is conspicuously relevant
to
a
substantial
amount
of
psi
research
(i.e.,
clairvoyance
tasks with sealed
envelopes).
When Carroll
Nash
sought
to explore
protocols
analogous
to
her
own,
he concluded
that
his results
pointed
to something other
than
psi
phenomena;
the results were
"too
good"
to
be
based
upon
psi.
Perhaps
this
is
true.
But
tQ
those who
assume
that
psi
is
a subtle
physical
energy,
rather
than
a
"pure"
mental
phenomenon,
this attitude
seems
incomprehensible.
It
translates
to
abandoning
a
promising
research
lead,
in
favor
of
pre-established assumptions about
the nature
of
psi;
and
it
also
implies the perpetuation
of
par apsyc ho 1 ogy
’ 5
isolation from
"normal"
science.
Another
issue which may
act
as
a divisive force
in
the field
is
the
very
ancient
and
persistent confrontation between
two
ep ist emc
1 og i al
frameworks;
empiricism
and
rationalism.
The
empiricist
approximates truth
by accumulating more
and
more
data,
relying upon
these
to diminish
the
"interference"
of
erroneous
ideas
and
conceptions;
his
preoccupation
with
methodological
purity
and
replication reflects this
search
for
"hard
facts".
By
contrast,
the rationalist
seeks
to
approximate
truth
by constructing
increasingly
compelling
theoretical
structures.
His focus
is upon formal
systems
or
semantics,
and
he
is
preoccuppied
far
more
with
the
coherence
of
thought
than
its correspondence with
data.
In
the
11. S.
,
parapsychology
is
clearly
rooted
in
r«)We
r
a’ft)r ttiS&j »/o^6?W^SS^5?^K6?oteoli8?S
i,"ed
the
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- both ^ex treme^y ° r * Sm ’
a"d
thus
P afap sychol
,
Pr*«ion.
o-f
the
I his
'.
divergence
mer icans
and French
'1
epi stemol oqi cal
resolve
- some d^f
Could
help ciar'f
Priorities.
Ame?J
9reemer>t s reqf J
V
"
though
fay
Polished experimental
para
J>
sychoi oqi l'?~’?ethods
and
C ? nV»t.nt
w
- f\
al .f^tocoi,
artd
° U t 1 OOl< s
though
b>
sts
:
between
na weans
par.-
«Uh
th"e“
‘
they
c
**f T
acts which ar^
1St
9°**
o*
f
controls
error
t+
6e said
to be
di=f
S ° eJeme ntar y
and
eel<lr, 9
out
* Optics
oTt
U
h
med
that ^
r
su
e
eh
b
h
y ^•ct?v:
e
o
r
iK"
th *t
the reality o/D5
“ Ch
hard
data
car,
nlT* ?
r
5Ua(J &
U.s
Df
"sd, id-
5°!' tro H.d
the
data
-
led
lab°rato^y
enc °“'
a
gG
even
i*
t he
and
a
tfects observed
s Pecial
i
za
9ood
yield
are near
the
““served
are
- „
'
=iU
J27
are near
the
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Approved For Release 2003/09/10
: CIA-RDP96-00792R000700620001-2
.
on
the other
hand,
vanishing
point.
The ^theoretical,
phenomenological
or
is
1 ikely
to reinForce theoretic
r isky
"macro"
eFFects
-
field
work,
and
a
courti
.
t _
clinical
case studies,
through studies
anthropological
There
is
little
doubt
that
th
har d-headed
sc. entitle
more
likely
to
9am
<J«
+
establishment science!
the
audiences,
and
an entr y
1 nto «
parapsychologists
earlier
mentioned
s“ccesses
ot
B
idventurous approaches
attest
to
this.
However,
th
these which,
in
soroe
K
w j!
d
.
have
their
own
aPP* al
- “
unveil
the true Forms behind
chase over
the
landscap
»
thirst
For meaning,
the walls
of
data,
and
satisFy
our
We
are
all
drawn
to
the 3^0^ impl 1^6^ ichiSnt ,
expansion
collaboration.
Communi
_
vision;
collaboration sugges
oF
knowledge,
broadening
and
promises
levels
oF
the warmth
oF
shared
cr eativ^
J
,
indi v iduals.
In
our
achievement
beyond
the
chronic Funding
Held,
especially,
piqued “
Jesognitioh,
communication
problems
and endless batt 1 * *
. Hes^not
just
luxuries.
But
and collaboration
are
necess
»
at
. Qn
» jus t
happen",
neither
communication
nor
tive ly
pursued
and reinForce
.
automatically!
they must
^geographical
,
linguistic,
"ITtlUrTultirl.
r“
Philosophical
factors obscure and
Strict
star i ng
and
interchange.
I
think
it
is clear,
at^tM^stlge^n
the
oarapsychol ogy
are
inevitabi e
soeciFy
priorities,
development
oF
the Field,
we
unive rsally preFerable over
objectives
and methods which are^
refi ect speciFic
other
ones.
Our
cr
|
ter 1 a
h
j n
turn may be culturally
assumptions
and
values,
art icular
historical
tradition,
bound,
or
the
r.esu 1 1
oF
a
i
a
better
to communicate,
Consequently, m
reF
ecti ng
u|
P
relat ivity
oF
our
own
it
is
important
we apprecia
f or
,
and
respect
oF
,
perspective.,
and
develope
a
approaches probably
d
*j F Ferenc es
.
Once
we
accept
"
weaknesses ,
we may begin
to
have some strengths,
and
so
collaboration.
AFter
exchange more freely
and »jk.
. [TeaUy
need
to speak
the
*11,
tb work
together
, « fYu„«rsLhd what
the other
is
same
language;
we
just
328
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