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reports
from US Air Force personnel
also describe
the
use of
bright
red strobe lights
that pulsate so rapidly
that
it almost
gave a stop-motion appearance that
one of the Soviet’s aircraft
engines was
feathered.
It might be concluded that,
at
least
to the
Soviets,
color
is
a very Important consideration.
The
following information
is based on
a discussion
I Two
4.
(S/CD/NDA)
by
|
,
Canadian
scientists who
are long standing psycho-optic rese arche rs
of the highest
rank and who also
are oriented towards
their military
establishments
are Doctor Douglas Pearce
and Doctor C.E.
Mackinnpn.
The
two doctors have specialized
In psycho-optic research dating
back to
the
early
1950s.
About
1962,
they became associated with
the Canadian Ministry
of Defense
in Toronto,
Canada.
Doctor Pearce
and Doctor Mackinnon have been experimenting with human subjects
since 1952.
Some
of their work Includes
studies on the effects
of light
and other stimuli
on aircraft pilots;
it
is believed
that
this
research was military oriented.
It
is
felt
that their
work
(and future work)
should be studied and watched because of
their expertise
in the area of light
stimuli.
5.
(S/CD/NDA)
Very little literature has appeared on counter-
measures or defense against flashing lights.
One US
expert
(246)
suggests
that perhaps
the most
simple means of protecting against
the
adverse
effects
of flickering
light would be
a series
of
filters
fitted
to eye glasses
or goggles,
but the wearer would
have
to be absolutely
cognizant
of
the exact wavelength employed
against him to
get
the desired results.
A variable and selective
filter
for eye
glasses
could be manufactured.
Also,
there
is
optical
glass
that would
limit
the
field of vision to
a
few degrees.
Based on the discussion of
the
use of
a tungsten light
to conceal
a laser source,
it would be
of interest
to see
if any discemable
eye
damage had occurred
to
any
of
the air crew that was subjected
to Soviet red strobe
lights.
It
appears
to be imperative that
eye examinations must be
given
to
all personnel who report exposure
to Soviet flickering lights.
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PART VII
ODOR AND THE ALTERING OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
SECTION
I - BACKGROUND
1.
(U)
Man has just begun
to research
the areas of odor and
olfactory phenomena*
An increasing amount of evidence implicates
olfactory mechanisms
in communi cation between the sexes in prosi-
mians and also
in their social organization, but
to date there
is only scant information that olfaction plays a similar role
In higher primates
(247)
2.
(U)
Do pheromones operate also in people?
There is no evidence
that they do not,
and some evidence that they do.
Many psychiatrists
have believed that odor
is among the "cues" which operate
in the
transference situation, while schizophrenic patients, who are
receptive
to unorthodox ideas
and have their sensory gain-control
turned right
up,
claim to
"smell*
1 hostility.
Some psychiatrists
themselves have long claimed
to be able to "smell" schizophrenia—
the substance involved has now been identified as trans-3-methylhexanoic
acid.
Olfactory sensitivity varies greatly in humans—a perfumer
can smell the differences between skin and hair colors,
and many
unskilled observers have noted the unique, pleasant skin odor of
redheaded women
(248)
.
3.
(U)
Pheromones control ant behavior and much insect mating.
An artificial pheromone
(gyplure)
can be synthesized to attract
gypsy moth males into an insecticidal trap.
They are also wide-
spread in mammals.
Some mammalian odors,
like
the n-butylmercaptan
of the skunk,
or the labeling of territory with urine,
are straight-
forward signals.
These influence behavior in the same way
as
a
display
of threat,
dominance or attraction.
The action of
a true
pheromone
is more direct;
it
is
a signal, but
its
action
is more
like
that
of
a hormone—the distinction
is not
total,
but
it is
perceptible,
in that many pheromonal odors,
at
least in mammals,
have
a chemical shape rather like that of
a steroid molecule,
and might have been derived from one.
4.
(U)
Insects
take advantage of their keen,
specialized olfactory
organs
(usually the
antennae)
to guide them to
food,
the opposite
sex, or mark the place
to
lay eggs.
Sense of smell
is particularly
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important
to
the social
insects, which manufacture
a variety of
scents
to coordinate
the
activities of their colonies;
they employ
odors
to warn their kind of impending danger,
to recognize intruders,
to mark trails
leading
to
food,
to move their nests,
and to enlist
the help
of other colony members.
Because of this phenomenon,
man may be
able
to control
insects
through
the
use of different
chemical attractants
(249)
.
It may some day be possible
for men
to
control other men by using pheromones.
SECTION II
- Behavioral Altering Possibilities
1.
(C/CD/NDA)
A paper presented
at
the Ciba Foundation Symposium
on Mechanisms
of Taste
and Smell in Vertebrates by M.G.J.
Beets
is of interest because of
the implications
of possible chemical
warfare
use
(250)
.
The paper by Beets
reports
a new line of syn-
thetic odor producing substances with odors
closely related to
those
of some of the steroids.
The steroids
are very complex,
expensive
to produce, naturally-occurring substances with strong
odors which
are quite important
in controlling behavior,
particu-
larly
tn lower animals.
Steroids
are used in contraceptive medica-
ments,
and perfumers have been looking among them for years
for
a substance
to insert into perfumes
as
an aphrodisiac.
Beets and
his
group have come
up with
a very simple artificial product
which
is
easy
to synthesize chemically and which has
the identi-
cal smell
of the natural substance
it mimics.
Instead of having
a large,
complicated chemical structure with,
say four rings.
Beets has produced
a structure with
a single ring but with so many
groups attached
to
it
chemically
that
it
is
the same shape of
molecule
as
the natural substance.
The accomplishment supports
the theory that
odors
of chemicals depend upon the shapes
of
their molecules
(251)
.
2.
(C/CD/NDA)
Beets'
paper reports
an innocent development, but
the principle of the development applies
in chemical warfare with
regard to
the search
for "mind benders."
In
fact,
Beets observed
that
the basic idea of his accomplishment could be extended to
drugs
,
hormones and some other substances, making their synthesis much
easier by simplifying the
steps
of production while retaining
the overall shape
of
the molecule
(251)
.
3.
(C/CD/NDA)
There
are
at
least
two problems
in using this
synthetic mimicry
for
a placating or confusing effect
in chemical
warfare.
One
is getting
the substances sufficiently volatile
for
dispersal
in
the
air.
The natural substances
are generally not
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volatile, but
a way may be found to make them so.
Moreover, we
are just
at the beginning of a knowledge of the chemical contro-
lers that are produced
in the body,
and it
is not unlikely that
some of these substances are small—moleculed and thus replaceable
by a synthetic substance which could be readily distributed through
the air.
There is
also
the possibility of distributing the non-
volatile substances through the water system, which
is probably
more efficient for some purposes.
4.
(C/CD/NDA)
The second problem has
to do with whether odor
that
is,
the chemical traces entering the body which produce the
effect we call odor— can have
a substantial behavioral effect
upon
human beings.
There
is the ancient
idea of the aphrodisiacal
odor in perfume.
Certain food odors
can start one to salivate and
make one hungry.
Certainly, most of the lower animals and insects
do have strong odor-responsive systems.
A bitch
in heat will
attract male dogs from half
a mile or a mile around.
Many insects
use similar systems
for attracting a mate or for knowing where
to lay their eggs.
Ants produce
a smell warning other ants of
danger.
In the animal world the phenomenon of pheromone—of
odorous signaling substances— can be powerfully controlling,
and
it would be very surprising if the human being
is exempt from this.
5.
(C/CD/NDA)
Many of the secretions of the endocrine glands
have profound effects in signaling changes in the basal metabolism
and changes in the whole operation of the body.
It
is probable
that more and more substances will be
found that
are put
into
the blood stream by the endocrine glands, or by the brain, which
control whether we
feel
awake,
or sleepy,
or active, or sexy,
or hungry or whatever else.
So
there
is
a very definite possi-
bility of an eventual chemical warfare application of these substances
synthetically reproduced or mimicked.
And just conceivably.
Beets'
principle
is
the. way
to go
(251).
6.
(U)
There appears
to be
a very definite lack of Soviet literature
on the subject of pheromones
and odor.
However,
in 1968,
Klimenko
(252)
authored a book entitled "Live Radio Electronics."
There are
some enticing chapter titles but unfortunately no translation was
available
at
the time of this
report.
The titles
are
as
follows:
a.
Organs of Sense,
Special Devices and Analyzers
in
Animate Organisms.
b.
Olfactory and Gustatory Organs
c.
Use of Odors
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It
is
further believed that
the book,
since
it contains
a chapter
on biocommunication,
deals with parapsychological phenomena,
7.
(U)
Suffice
it
to say that
the Soviets have been working with
the synthesis of various mercaptan compounds.
Apparently
they
are looking
for oil and water soluble mercaptan compounds with
sharp odors
(253)
.
The only reason this
is mentioned
is because
the work comes
from a pharmacology and toxicology laboratory
and not a pure chemistry or industrial laboratory.
This suggests
that
the Soviets are interested
in the effects of these compounds
on living organisms.
8.
(C/NFD)
Another area of interest
is
the Soviet work on the
influence
of carbon tetrachloride on
the human body.
Belkov
(254)
reports
that
small concentrations
(8 mg.
per cubic meter)
decreases
the light sensitivity of the eye.
The threshold of reflex action
of
this sensitivity was
rag.
per cubic meter.
Thus concentrations
of carbon tetrachloride undetectable by
its odor can change the
light
sensitivity
of the eye.
This
fact has possible application
in chemical warfare use
as
a behavioral control mechanism.
9.
(U)
Pheromone phenomena has
interested researchers
in Poland,
A 1969
review article with
88 references was written by
J.
Kwiatkowska.
The article
deals with pheromones and communication in the animal
kingdom
(304).
A 1970 review by Malicki discusses physical and
chemical
at tract ants
for insects
(305)
.
10.
(S/NFD)
One approach
to behavior alteration in humans
is
through
the possible use
of the olfactory sensitivity
of insects
or animals.
One
can
use
a pheromone or other odor-producing
agent
to create
a condition that will
cause
insects
for example
to gather to
a specific location,
e.g*
on
an enemy troop
camp.
Another
pheromone
could be
released that
could cause aggressive behavior
in
the
insects,
this
in turn would disrupt
the military unit
and render them ineffective.
The Soviets have been working with
attractants
for the Aedes mosquitoes.
They have shown that solutions
of lysine and alanine
are
useful
as Aedes attractants
(306)
,
It
might be mentioned that
these aqueous solutions would probably
be adaptable
to aerosol dissemination.
11.
(U)
Shamshurin
et
al have claimed that they
are
able
to
synthesize the sex attractant
of Peotinophora gossypiella
(307).
Burtsev and Gladilin have reported on
the isolation
and testing
for biological activity of the attractant
for the butterfly Danus
gilippus
(308).
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PART VIII
SOUND AS A MEANS OF ALTERING BEHAVIOR
SECTION
I - GENERAL
1.
(U)
The psychological and behavioral effects of infrasound
and
the
low ranges
of audible sound
(those
frequencies
in the
range of
to 100 cycles per second,
i.e.
Hertz
(Hz)
are poorly
documented,
especially
Soviet work.
There
is some sketchy data
available on sonic
(20
to 20,000 Hz)
and ultrasound
(usually
any frequency greater than 20,000 Hz).
2.
(U)
The Soviets
are, however,
aware of the biological effects
of sound and seem to be interested
in establishing protective measures
for humans.
The Soviets believe that
the
fact
that human beings
are not biologically adapted to the rapid tempo, noise,
and pressures
of an urban industrial society accounts
for the increase
in cardio-
vascular and nervous disturbances.
Therefore,
the Soviets are
experimenting with
a concept
they call
"The Zone of Health."
One
such zone has been established
in Baku.
The
facility includes
parks
and seashore with provisions
for 28 kinds of natural therapy
including
cliraato therapy ,
klnes therapy ,
diet therapy,
phototherapy,
psychotherapy,
etc.
During
1969,
142,000 "patients" were treated
with some 98 percent going home "healthy"
(255).
Apparently the
zone
is
a form of rest
and relaxation with complete absence from
excessive sound stimuli.
This would appear to be
an expensive
project
and therefore illustrates the Soviet
concern
for the
effects
of excessive noxious
stimuli
on
its people.
3.
(U)
A 1964 book written by
G.N.
Krivitskaya
(256)
appears
to be
of extreme interest;
unfortunately only
the preface
and
the
table
of contents
is available
in translated form.
For readers
interested
in behavior modifications
through sound,
it seems
that
a
full
translation
is
a must.
Below is
described the purpose
and coverage
of
the
text
and the abridged form of the table of
contents.
The book
is entitled "Effect
of Intense Noise
on the
Brain;
Experimental Research,"
This book
covers
the problem of
change
in morphological structures
(nerve
cells,
fibers, synapses,
ganglia and vessels)
in the neuron systems using different analyzers
for the effect
of noise stimulants such as
an electric bell with
a strength of 80-130 decibels
(db)
of mixed frequency used from one
to 44
times.
The material
is divided into three parts.
The
first part describes
the harmful effect
of sound irritants on
living organisms.
The second deals with experimental data
(producing convulsive attacks
in
a rat
in response to sound
irritants).
In both chapters,
further references
are
cited.
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In
the
third chapter results
of studies
are compared with data
from references.
This book
is recommended for neuropathologists,
otolaryngologists,
therapeutists
and pathomorphologists
.
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
(abridged)
Foreword —
Introduction —
Harmful effects
of sounds
and noises
on the organism
Producing attacks
caused by sound —
Morphological principles of functional changes
in the central
nervous system caused by sound —
112
Bibliography — 138 references
SECTION
II
- INFRASONIC NOISE
1..
(U)
The
following discussion on the effects
of infrasound
is based on
a report by Maire
(257).
Due
to the lack of appropriate
Soviet literature,
this
discussion
is based upon references
from
other countries*
?
^served psychological and physiological effects have
included significant
impairment
of compensatory tracking ability,
choice-reaction time,
foot pressure constancy and peripheral
vision.
Other effects were greater error increases
in reaction
times
and performance
at
5 Hz than
at
2 Hz,
increased initial
reaction time and
an increasingly detrimental effect on visual
performance
as
frequencies were increased above
8 Hz, with maximum
effect
occuring between
and 50
Hz..
Gavreau
(258)
observed that
high intensity infrasound caused sensations
of panic and the
impression that the head would burst.
Infrasound
at
a frequency
of
7 Hz
(emitted by
a
faulty industrial ventilator)
caused diffi-
culty
in the performance of mental activities
and precision work.
Other studies
(259,
260)
have shown
that
at exposures
to stimuli
15-17
Hz,
at
SPL's
(sound pressure level)
of approximately 104 dB
subjects experienced feelings of apprehension.
During initial
exposures
to
intense sound fields,
many individuals presented symptoms
typical of generalized stress
reactions,
particularly in cases where
sufficiently effective ear protectors were not
in use.
Severe storm
activity
in North America was
compared with
the automobile accident
rate
and
the
rate of absenteeism among school children
in the
area of Chicago,
Illinois
during May
1967.,
The results suggested
that
a correlation may exist between the presence of infrasonic
disturbances
in
the area and changes
in selected patterns of
human behavior
(261)
.
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3.
(U)
Very little information
is available on animal reactions
to infrasound at
this
time.
According to Mai re,
it has been
reported that a frequency of
7 Hz caused "epileptic fits" and
the subsequent death of rats
at some distance from the laboratory
in which the generator was
located.
There is
a newspaper article
claiming that during experiments with
a frequency of
7 Hz,
all
dogs in a nearby apartment building "went completely insane with
fear"
(262)
.
SECTION III - SONIC NOISE
1.
(U)
There have been several pertinent Soviet reports on the
psychological effects of noise
in the 20
to 20,000 Hz range.
Among these was
a report by Korotkin et al
(263)
that showed
changes in auditory thresholds
as
a result of suggestion during
hypnosis.
In 14 of 16 subjects,
the deterioration or improvement
in audibility of sound signals suggested during hypnosis produced
a significant
change
in auditory sensitivity in accordance with
the suggestion of the hypnotist.
More substantial changes in
auditory sensitivity
(up to 60 db)
followed the suggestion of
poor audibility.
The range of changes
in sensitivity following
the suggestion of good audibility was narrower
(up to 21.4
db)
.
The lowering of the auditory thresholds in response to a suggestion
of good audibility was largely dependent on their level on the day
of
the experiment.
The higher the original levels,
the more they
dropped as
a result of suggestion.
The considerable individual
variations in auditory sensitivity caused by suggestion were
obviously related to the degree of suggestibility of the subjects.
(U)
Rudenko reports
that canine death can be caused by strong
acoustic stimulation
(264).
Prolonged attempts
(for six weeks)
to evoke neurosis
in a dog possessing exceptional strength and
equilibrance of nervous processes by using super-strong acoustic
stimuli failed to produce any appreciable disturbances of its
nervous activity.
Then to increase
the excitability of the dog's
nervous system and raise
its working capacity to the
limit,
a
loud tone
(120 decibels) was combined with the administration
of caffeine
in 0.5,
1.0,
and
1.5 grams doses
30 minutes before
the experiment.
Ten minutes after a 1.5 gram dose of caffeine,
was
administered,
there was
a drastic tonic convulsion of the
entire body and
a few seconds
later the animal
died.
This
indicates
that this
type of
animal has strongly pronounced protective mecha-
nisms and that destruction of these mechanism may lead to
a break-
down of higher nervous activity or to even graver consequences.
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3.
(U)
Alekseyev and Suvarov
(265)
studied the speed and intensity
of acoustic and visual reactions
in subjects
exposed to noise
from
thirty minutes
to
four hours.
Using
to 90
db noise intensities
in
a soundproof
chamber,
the investigators recorded vocal and motor
reaction
response
times
after varying exposure durations.
Prolonged
(3-4 hour) testing
at either
db
level
caused fatigue of
the central
nervous system,
reduced effective
response,
and disturbed relation-
ships between motor responses
and strength
of stimulus.
Noise of
db produced no essential changes
in responses within the
first
hour
of testing, while 90
db noise caused changes
in vision dependent
reactions
and slowing
of
reaction times.
4.
(U)
Strakhov
(267) has
investigated the effect
of high intensity
noise
(95-100
db
,
1500-3000 Hz)
on EEG patterns.
In human subjects
a gradually increasing desynchronization of cortical rhythms was
noted together with
the appearance of slow waves.
In rabbits
and
cats, both desynchronized and synchronized rhythms
o.ccurred.
The
general
character of noise induced
changes,
the
considerable after
effect
of noise,
accompanying changes
in respiratory function,
and
the presence of
a cardiovascular reaction suggested that subcortical
brain structures
(especially
the reticular formation of the medulla
oblongata) were primarily
responsible
for the genesis and development
of these
changes.
This hypothesis was confirmed by electrophysio-
logical studies with potentials
taken directly
from subcortical
structures.
In addition, histological examination showed pronounced
changes
in medullary nerve
cells.
In
a later report
(267),
Strakhov
reported that
a generalized alpha rhythm depression develops
during
a period
of several minutes
as
a result
of exposure
to 95-100
db
noise, but
that
if photic stimulation were applied at
the beginning
of
the noise,
alpha rhythm bursts appeared which weakened,
then
completely disappeared
as
the noise action continued.
Discontinuation
of
the noise first brought
about new bursts
of alpha rhythm in response
to photic stimulation,
and subsequently led to
its
complete restoration.
The administration
of scopolamine delayed the development
of the
changes.
The results were
regarded to be
due to development of an
inhibitory
state in the cerebral cortex due
to the activation by
noise of
the
reticular structures
of
the inferior parts
of the brain
stem and
the
release
of inhibitory mechanisms
of the nonspecific
thalamus.
Other EEG work has been reported by Korzh
(268)
and by
Doroshenko et
al
(269).
5.
(U)
On
a more subjective psychological
level,
Vogel
(270),
classifies effects
into
three
categories:
gross,
annoyance,
and
subtle,
arranged roughly according to decreasing sound intensity.
Subtle
involves
sounds
used
to instill fear,
anxiety,
confusion,
panic,
etc.,
examples of which would be the bugles played by
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the Communist Chinese
in the Korean War and the Confederate "yell
of
the Civil War.
Annoyance sounds would be sounds used to interfere
with work performance such
as
the ability
to learn
and retain.
Gross psychological damage would be the complete loss of the ability
to
function,
destroying or "muddling" of the conscious
to such
a
degree
that
the ability
of
all but involuntary actions
(breathing,
heart beat) would be
destroyed.
Vogel
states
that nowhere
in the
scientific literature could there be
found
a documented incident
where high intensity sound caused a gross psychological effect,
or any closely related effect,
on a man.
6.
(U)
The intense noises associated with aircarft may
in many
ways be similar to those that might be purposely generated under
combat
conditions.
In this
respect,
the work of Terent'yev,
Sheludyakov
and Sviridova
(271)
may be
quite relevant to assessment of the psycho-
logical effects of noise on highly motivated,
trained personnel.
These
investigators observed 90 people
from an aviation engineering techni-
cal staff, who,
in
the course
of their work, were subjected to the
influence of noise with
an intensity of 100-102,
110-112,
118-120,
and 130-136
db
daily,
or two to three times
a week for one to six
hours
at a time.
The majority
of the technicians exposed to
130 db
and more,
complained of general
fatigue,
reduced work capability,
headache,
unpleasant sensations
in the region of the heart, noise
and ringing in
the ears after each day's work,
less
frequently of
itching over the entire body,
pains
in the front wall of the abdomen,
and sometimes nausea and vomiting.
In some,
sleep was irregular and
appetite lowered.
In
a majority,
these phenomena disappeared after
a nights sleep;
in others after 2-3 days if work under noise condi-
tions was not
repeated.
Analysis
of case data showed that the
frequency,
expression and duration of unfavorable sensations were
determined by both intensity
and noise
duration.
Individual charac-
teristics
of those examined were also important.
The symptom complexes
described developed more frequently and earlier in people
in whom
head trauma, hyperthyroid, neurocirculatory dystony and other
illnesses had been noted.
In order
to validate the observations
made
under work noise
conditions,
fifteen healthy volunteers were
tested under laboratory
conditions.
After exposure
to noise with
an intensity of 100-102
db
for one hour,
some subjects
complained
of noise
in the head and sleepiness;
after three hours,
five of
eleven complained of general
fatigue and one, of sleepiness;
after
six hours,
all examinees
complained of noise and ringing
in the
ears, headache and general
fatigue,
reduced appetite, nausea,
sleepiness and general irritability.
After exposure
to
an intensity
of 110-112
db for up
to three hours,
all subjects
complained of
headache,
fatigue, sleepiness,
and a sensation of deposits
in the
ears;
one subject complained of nausea and reduction of work capability.
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Under daily six hour exposure
to noise
of 110-112
db
for five
days,
the
changes increased
from day
to
day:
fatigue, headache and general
malaise.
After
the third
day the symptoms did not disappear by the
beginning
of the
following work day.
With noise
of 118-120
db
,
a single exposure elicited the
same changes
as
at lower levels, but
the degree
of expression increased significantly and the aftereffects
lasted longer.
Especially strong reactions were observed in three
and six hour exposures.
All volunteers
complained of noise and
ringing
in
the
ears,
general
fatigue
and heaviness
of the head.
In
some subjects,
paleness of the
skin,
involuntary twitching of face
muscles,
apathy or irritability,
perspiration,
or tremors of
the
eyelids
and
fingers
appeared.
One general observation of considera-
ble significance was
that the effects
of prolonged noise exposure
are
cumulative.
7.
(U)
Mikhaylova and Byshevskiy
report
that
2000 Hz
for various
periods of time
(from
30 minutes
to
days)
on exposed rats may
contribute
to inhibition
of
the anticoagulation process
(272).
Further studies
on
rats exposed
to 2000 Hz
for various
time limits
showed
a reduced transketolase activity
(273).
8.
(U)
Yuganov et
al
(274)
have suggested that
there be
a standardi-
zation
for admissible limits
for high intensity sound.
The effect
exerted on humans by noise
of 114-116 and 125-126
db with
an acoustic
energy
of 500 Hz was
studied.
The auditory thresholds,
blood
pressure values
and time of response to
light stimuli were measured.
Sixty-four healthy male test subjects were used in 152 experiments.
Adverse
changes
in the acoustic analyzer,
cardiovascular system
and locomotor analyzer were
detected during
an exposure to 125-126
db noise.
Taking into account
the
changes
in the thresholds of
skin vibrosensitivity when the ear was protected,
it
is
concluded
that
the skin becomes
a second gauge
for acoustic energy beginning
with
125-126
db.
Noise of 114-116
db
is considered admissible during
powered stages
of spaceflight.
SECTION IV
- ULTRASONIC NOISE
1.
(U)
Various psychological effects
to exposure
to ultrasound
(greater than
20,000
Hz)
has been
reported
in the Soviet literature.
Mel kumova and Koroleva
(275)
reported psychological—subjective
findings based on clinical observations
of 104 individuals exposed
to ultrasound
in
an industrial environment.
The main complaints
of the examinees were headache,
extremely pronounced fatigability,
tiredness
and
a general weakness.
The onset of fatigue in most
of
the
subjects began
as
early
as
two to three hours
after starting
work with simultaneous
development of headache, with
the latter
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increasing progressively
in intensity
until the midday break*
For some,
the
30 minute break at noon restored work capacity and
lessened the severity of the headache.
Considerable exhaustion
was experienced by most subjects by
the end of the workday*
Besides
the marked fatigability
and tiredness the examinees complained of
a constant
feeling of general weakness
and vertigo with dimming of
vision occurring by noon,
at
the end of the workday,
under physical
or mental strain and in stuffy
rooms*
These sensations caused loss
of consciousness
in some individuals*
2.
(U)
Another effect
of ultrasound was disturbances
in sleeping
patterns.
The need
for sleep was
felt by one group during actual
work,
before the noon break,
or toward the end of the work day.
Some individuals were overcome by drowsiness
during short pauses
in work and
in longer pauses
fell asleep standing up or
in other
normally uncomfortable positions*
In rare cases daytime drowsiness
was
of
the nature of
a hypnagogic state,
during which the individuals
continued
to be oriented in their surroundings, hear speech,
follow
the industrial process,
and
at
the same
time,
sleep with
clear
dreams.
Changes
in nocturnal sleep were also reported.
Thirty-
eight per cent
of the workers complained of drug-like heavy,
dream-
less sleep, while another group
(18%)
slept superficially and inter-
mittently with difficulty
in falling asleep and,
in some
cases, with
oppressive dreams.
3.
(U)
Other reported effects were morbidly sharpened perception
of ordinary sounds
during off-duty hours,
leading to sleeplessness
and
the
opposite extreme,
in which one worker reported the sensa-
tion of "wanting to sleep
day and night," even during the workday.
Heightened irritability was detected in
30 persons, while in
others,
intellectual impairments were
found.
These included pro-
nounced loss
of memory
(especially
for current
events)
,
decreased
perception,
and inability
to master new material.
4.
(U)
During
clinical examination of this
group
of workers the
investigators noted lassitude,
apathy and retardation of movements
and reactions.
The examinees
rarely expressed their complaints
themselves,
but more often had
to be prodded verbally In order
to
elicit information.
Replies
to questions were monsyllabic and
conversational initiative was
lacking,
5.
(U)
In other studies
conducted by
the Institute of Hygiene
imeni Erisman, Yefimov
(276)
reported findings
including weakening
of
the sense
of smell
and decreased taste sensations
as well
as
certain disturbances
in digestion.
Of the gastrointestinal symp-
toms,
the most
frequently noted were poor appetite, nausea and a
tendency toward constipation.
In some cases these symptoms were
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combined with pains
in
the
stomach which radiated into
the right
subcostal
region.
Menstrual disturbances
(dysmenorrhea and prolonged
amenorrhea) were detected
in several women workers, but gynecological
examination revealed no
inflammatory or proliferative disease
in
any of them.
Many men among the examinees complained of reduced
sexual
capacity.
Two men,
aged
46 and
48, with
long work exposure
on ultrasonic installations
displayed sexual impotence.
6.
(U)
The organ and cellular effects of ultrasound have also
been documented.
Gorshkov
(277)
cites studies by Wolf
in which-
small aquatic
animals were exposed to varied durations
and intensities
of
800 kHz
ultrasound.
The results
suggested that
a species specific
relationship may exist
for sensitivity
to ultrasonic irradiation.
Gorshkov also
cites
experiments
by Buchtala, who described spon-
taneous bone
fracture
in
a young dog after ultrasonic irradiation,
and Majnc, who exposed
the extremities
of
a rabbit to ultrasound
at
960 kHz,
6 watts/cmS
for 30-120 minutes.
Edemas
of soft
tissues
ulceration,
periosteal separation from the bone,
and subendosteal
hemorrhages
resulted.
Necrotization of the bone eventually
followed,
although
the joint
cartilage and epiphyseal growth plates remained
completely unchanged.
7.
(U)
Klupp
(278)
jit
_al exposed the kidney region of animals
to
2 MHz ultrasound
at intensities greater than
5 watts/cm2
.
Morpho-
logical
changes were found
in the primary convoluted tubules,
the
loops
of Henle ,
the secondary
convoluted tubules,
and the descending
arms
of
the
loops
of Henle.
The connective
tissue elements and
collecting tubules
of
the medullary layer were
found
to
be more
resistant
to ultrasound.
Other investigators have observed dila-
tation of the renal blood vessels,
hemorrhages
in the medullary
and cortical layers,
and degenerative changes
in the epithelium of
the
urinary tubules
following exposure
to high
intensity sonic waves.
8.
(U)
The behavioral effects
of ultrasound on animals have been
examined to
a limited extent.
9.
(U)
Wood
and Loomis
(279)
exposed
fish
to ultrasound.
The
fish showed initial disquietude,
then rushed from side
to
side
in
the
tank,
swam
to
the
surface and attempted to gulp greedily
for
air.
Some,
after
as
little
as
one minute
of exposure,
became
sluggish,
motionless,
or showed symptoms
of disturbed equilibrium
and weak,
irregular respiration.
At
times,
sporadic attacks
of
renewed frenzied activity followed, with rapid respiration and
cardiac
activity.
Subsequent increase
in intensity killed the
fish.
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10.
(U)
In chronic experiments with ultrasound of moderate
intensity, Onanov
(280) observed changes
in animal behavior
(apathy,
lassitude,
refusal of food, emaciation,
trophic ulcers and loss
of fur).
Death due to stress with adrenal failure has been reported
in sheep subjected to ultrasonic irradiation at high intensities
similar to those used in the treatment of human auditory disease.
Stress due to ultrasound of lower intensities has also been claimed
(281)
.
SECTION V - CONCLUSION
1.
(C/NFD)
Although the above discussion on Soviet research in
the areas of biological
(psychological) properties of sound was
brief,
it expresses an awareness on the part of the Soviets of
the potential harmful effects on humans.
Some Soviet research
has indicated that
the behavioral changes
in man and animal are
of prime importance.
2.
(C/NFD)
According
to Maire
(257)
scientists
from Warsaw
Pact countries have evinced interest in French sonic and ultra-
sonic sirens and pneumatic compressors
for acoustic wave generation.
Therefore,
the Soviets may be expected to continue research on small
siren powered emitters
for mob control and on larger acoustic arrays
for area denial and anti—infiltration application.
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PART IX
SENSORY DEPRIVATION
1.
(U)
A relatively recent development
in experimental psycho-
logy ha? been the study of the effects
upon hteuan behavior of
a severe reduction in the level and variability of visual,
auditory,
and tactual-kinesthetic stimulation.
The experimental attempts
to achieve such a non-changing sensory environment
are often
referred to by such terms
as stimulus deprivation,
sensory or
perceptual deprivation,
or sensory and perceptual isolation.
What-
ever the terminology,
this condition can produce marked behavioral
and physiological changes.
It has been demonstrated that
a varied
and patterned sensory environment
is essential to the maintenance
of normal human behavior.
If
a person
is
required to live
for
many days
in a monotonous,
non-changing sensory and perceptual
environment, his physiological and psychological processes may
operate
in extraordinary ways
(282)
.
2.
(U)
The
following discussion is excerpted from a report by
Zubek
(282).
According to Zubek,
the
first experimental work on
perceptual deprivation began in 1951
at McGill University.
Its
purpose was to further
the understanding of the mechanisms under-
lying "brainwashing
(e.g.
Korean War)
and of the lapses
of atten-
tion noted under monotonous environmental conditions,
such
as
watching a radar screen
for
a prolonged period of time.
The
results
of the McGill research were very enlightening.
The subjects,
who were paid to
do nothing except
lie alone
in a semi-soundproofed
chamber for several days, wear translucent goggles and listen to
a constant masking sound of
low intensity,
reported a variety of
unusual subjective phenomena e.g.
vivid and highly structured
hallucinations,
delusions,
and gross
changes in the appearance
of the perceptual environment upon emerging from isolation.
In
addition to these introspective
reports,
objective test data
were obtained which indicated an increased susceptibility
to
propaganda material,
impairments
in cognitive and perceptual
functioning,
and a progressive slowing of occipital alpha
fre-
quencies with increasing duration of isolation.
3.
(U)
The
results described above,
together with several other
post-World War
II developments,
soon started worldwide interest in
the effects of sensory isolation and confinement.
One source of
interest came
from the highly publicized "confessions" extracted
by communist interrogators
(e.g.
the Cardinal Mindzenty case).
What little information was available suggested that
the results
were obtained by techniques which often employed solitary confinement
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and the deliberate impoverishment of the prisoner's perceptual
environment
(283)
.
Drugs
and physical torture were apparently
not
used.
Another development was the arrival of the space age
in 1967.
Other advances,
as reflected in increased use of sub-
marines,
isolated radar and meteorological stations,
and of auto-
mated equipment
in general,
also provided considerable impetus
to the initiation of research programs dealing with reactions
to
restricted sensory and social environments.
4.
(U)
Despite the recounts
of the Mindzenty case,
the Soviets
did not publish reports on sensory deprivation until the mid 1960s,
The
Soviet
data is
usually published in their aerospace or related
literature.
Hinkle in 1969, however,
has reported that
under
prison isolation,
as this has been carried out by Soviet
and
Eastern European state police, most prisoners developed symptoms
of disorganization within three
to six weeks; but some have been
known to endure this
for many months,
and some have succumbed
within days
(284)
.
Based on Hinkle's
statement
and numerous
other accounts
on the
treatment of prisoners in the Soviet Union
and other communist
countries,
it seems safe
to say that they have
had some experience with
the effects of sensory deprivation prior
to their acknowledgment
of actual research
in this
field.
5.
(U)
The Soviets
are quick
to point out that the Canadians
and the Americans were the first
to report
and maintain research
efforts
in the field
of isolation and sensory deprivation
(SD)
.
Perhaps
to detract
attention from the prison reports, Kosmolinskiy reports
that
from the mid-fifties,
sensory deprivation experiments attracted
increasingly greater attention in scientific investigation centers
of
the Army, Air Force,
and Navy of the United States and Canada
(285).
In another section of Kosmolinskiy 's
report, he mentions, however,
that
the question of sensory deprivation was already established in
the USSR in
the
twenties by
I.P.
Pavlov.
The distinction between
Pavlov's work and research by Galkin in 1932
(286)
as
compared to
Western work is
that
the Soviet efforts were more humane.
Kosma-
linskiy states
that
abroad,
crueler forms
of isolation were imposed
and that
sensory limitations were created by
the most severe means
e.g. plaster cast usage.
6.
(U)
Western literature on sensory deprivation deals with many
of
the psychic manifestations
that
appear during or after the
experiment.
Many investigators noted significant
changes
in the
emotional sphere of subjects
in sensory deprivation
(50)
experi-
ments:
the appearance of varying degrees of apathy,
melancholy,
anxiety
fear
(287).
Sometimes,
apathy and dulled consciousness
of the subjects become
so profound that
one of the most important
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instincts
is
destroyed - the instinct of self-preservation
- and
the person contemplates suicide
(288)
.
The Soviets contend that
serious psychological disorders
in subjects
as described above
are evidently related to the exessive burden of the severe experi-
mental conditions on the physiology of the subjects.
The Soviets
continue by stating that
in the above studies
it
is not only
a
matter of the action of isolation and SD factors, but also a
number of supplementary factors complicating the circumstances
of the experiment
(restraint with straps, plaster casts,
uncom-
fortable postures,
and occasional painful sensations).
The Soviets
further believe that Western experimental work does not appear to
be a true model of human
life
and work conditions,
especially in
space flight simulation SD studies.
7.
(U)
According to Kosraolinskiy ,
experiments on the limitation
of stimuli and conditions
of isolation carried out by Soviet
scientists showed that
a healthy person with greater will power
can remain in a soundproof chamber
for an extended period of time
without any psychic changes threatening the condition of his
health.
The various specific sensory illusions which appear are
not
of a morbid nature.
This
form of sensory illusion pertains
to illusions associated with incorrect perception of stimuli,
the information characteristic of which is insufficient
(289)
.
The illusions themselves
do not appear to be
a sign of psychic
disease
and often are encountered in healthy persons
, especially
in those instances when something interferes with the distinct
perception of visual and auditory images;
for example, poor
lighting.
Baseline psychological status,
fatigue, distraction,
states of expectation and fear are of great significance.
O.N.
Kuznetsov and V.I.
Lebedev
(289)
in describing the presence
of
illusions involving recognition errors
in subjects under investi-
gation in the soundproof chamber as
a consequence of insufficient
information,
of
a feeling of the extraneous presence of eidetic
images,
ideas of relationship and over evaluations,
do not consider
these phenomena to be pathological,
and propose calling them
pseudopsychopathological
.
According to the data of F.D.
Gorbov
(290), psychopathological phenomena were
absent in the experiments
of Soviet
cosmonauts
in a soundproof chamber.
8.
(U)
Soviet scientists assume that
the isolation factor must
be studied in conformity with conditions which
can occur on space
flights.
In this
regard,
the most important factor appears
to
be that
a person believe
in the necessity of the work which he
is
to accomplish,
and that he have a clear conception of the objects
of
a given experiment.
Each experiment in the soundproof chamber
is
a moral and volitional examination for future cosmonauts
,
for
example, which prepares them for the performance of complex tasks.
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9.
(C)
Most Soviet
literature,
as was mentioned previously,
dealing with SD experiments
is
related to the space effort. \he
purpose
for discussing some of the Soviet views above was
to
illustrate the rather mundane work that
they report in the open
literature.
The more interesting aspect
is their awareness and
apparent concentration on Western literature
as
is evidenced by the
Kosmolinskiy report.
The Soviets
don't go so far as
to condemn
the Western approach, but seem to be quick
to point out the
c^fferences
from their approach which is reported to be not
as
severe.
Based on early reports on "confessions" and "brainwashing"
in communist countries,
it would be naive not
to assume that
the
Soviets
do not have
a clear conception of the effects of sensory
deprivation.
Based also
on their work
in certain areas such as
the biological
and mental effects
of light and sound it should be
assumed that the capability
for the application of SD in field
situations
exists.
Perhaps Kosmolinskiy gave himself away when
he stated that experiments show that
isolation and sensory depri-
vation create complex physiological and psychological reactions
in
the human organism.
Measures must be developed to prevent
these disorders, which can involve several physiological systems
and lead
to
a decrease
in his
capacity
for work and other psycho-
logical manifestations.
Zubek's
(282) work of 1969 indicated
that
a prolonged period of perceptual deprivation and confinement
can produce,
in most
cases,
a considerable disturbance
of brain-
wave
activity.
Zubek
in concluding his
report said,
"In the
light
of these
results,
one
can only wonder about the possible
physiological
and psychological state of prisoners
of war and
others who,
in
the past, have been isolated for months or even
years/’
10.
(S/CD/NDA)
There appears
to be
a lack of Soviet literature,
outside of aerospace problems,
that
can be directly related to
controlling or influencing behavior in the
context that
is
ad-
dressed in this
report.
A 1970
report
(291)
mentions
B.
Lomov
who
is
the president
of
the USSR Psychological Association.
While
the
4th
International Congress
of Ergonomics
in France
m 1970,
Lomov mentioned that he was
currently working on problems
of sensory deprivation;
however,
he would not elaborate on
the
subject.
B.
Lomov
is
located
at
the
Institute of Psychology where
he has his
own laboratory
(Laboratory of Sensory Processes) which
is separate
from the Scientific Research
Institute of Psychology
Moscow State University.
Because of where Lomov is employed,
coupled with his
academic background and his
failure
to elaborate
on his
SD work,
it was believed to be of importance
and surveillance
of his work,
if possible,
should be worthwhile.
A second Soviet
researcher whose work borders on controlled behavior is
Y.
Il’in
(292).
104
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PART X
ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECTS
1.
(U)
Over a span of years which exceeds that of a century,
numerous
researches
and observations have been conducted and
published on the physiological and psychological effects of elec-
tric fields.
As Davis
(293) has stated in his exhaustive review
of the subject,
not much of substance has derived from all the
attention which has been paid to the physiological effects on
living organisms
of placing them in environments which have been
changed by manipulating one or more electromagnetic parameters.
Somewhat more
in the way of positive findings has been published
as
they relate to the psychological effects.
There appears to
be more literature from Soviet
sources
than from Western sources
concerning
the effects
of electromagnetic fields on the central
nervous
system.
2.
(U)
A question was
raised concerning the possible hazard
to personnel working with
a device which generated very high field
density electromagnetic pulses.
Of particular concern was the
possibility that people working on an object which was
to be sub-
jected to
the pulse might
themselves
receive the energy by virtue
of
a premature triggering or some other mischance.
The generator
created an electromagnetic field in the
form of a pulse which
had a duration of
3 x 10“^ sec,
at
a voltage
of 1.0 megavolt.
In
essence,
a Van de Graaf generator was used to charge
a bank of
high capacity
condensers.
The condensers were discharged into
a load consisting
of
an array of aerial wires so that
a high
potential difference was
caused to exist between them and
a grounded
metal mesh plate beneath.
With the breakdown of the air dielec-
tric
an intense pulsed
field was
created.
On one occasion when
the generator was being tested after its erection,
a bird
flew
under
the
aerial wires just
as
it was pulsed.
The bird fell from
the sky and flopped about
in
a rather disorganized way
for a
minute or so.
It then appeared to regroup all those
things which
birds must have in order to
fly,
and flew off about
its avian
business
apparently none the worse
for the experience.
This inci-
dent was unsettling to those working with the generator,
so a search
was made in the literature
for something germane which would indicate
whether or not
a hazard to operating personnel existed.
This
literature search was
reported by Hirsch et al
(294)
.
According
to Hirsch,
not very much was
found except for a paper by Salvingnac
et
al
(1967) which related to the psychomotor disturbances in air
crews when their airplanes were struck by lightning.
The density
of the electromagnetic fields
to which these people were exposed
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was probably of the same order of magnitude and duration as was
that associated with the EMP generator,
since
a lightning bolt
generates
a cylindrical electromagnetic field of about
10 mega-
volts
at
its
center with the density decreasing toward the periphery.
The duration
is about
6 microseconds.
Salvingnac described the
psychomotor disturbances
as
a "slowing of thought processes and
psychomotor reactions" from which the people recovered within a
brief period apparently without permanent damage.
3.
(C)
The
above information concerning pulsed electromagnetic
energy could have behavior implications just
as
the photic-flicker
"experiments" described in PART VI
could have.
The "slowing of
thought processes
and psychomotor reactions" could lead to behavioral
changes effecting the ability of an individual to perform a critical
task such
as piloting an aircraft.
It
cannot be determined if
the report mentioned above initiated or accelerated Soviet
research in the area of
the psychological or behavior effects of
electromagnetic energy.
Since the early 1960s,
the Soviets have
been publishing reports
on the effects of electromagnetic and
magnetic fields
on the central nervous system of animals
.
Although
the Soviet
reports
do not
contain specific reference
to effects
on humans,
the data would give one the impression that they have
extensive knowledge of the subject
as
it might apply
to humans.
4.
(U)
One of the more outstanding publications
from the Soviet Union
is
a book prepared by Yu.
Kholodov
(295).
The book
is
a compilation
of Soviet
and Western work
in the area of electromagnetic effects
on the central nervous
system.
The bibliography
to the book contains
455 entries.
A large portion of the text directs
itself to the
subject of the
changes
in conditioned reflexes
and sensitivity
to light
in birds,
rabbits,
and
fish.
The effects of ultrahigh
and superhigh frequencies
on the electrical activity
of the rabbit
brain
is extensively discussed.
A report
on constant magnetic
fields
is
also presented.
Although
the book addresses physiological
responses,
it points
out that the
Soviets have considerable knowledge
and
a keen interest
in the field of electromagnetic energies.
5.
(U)
The UCLA Brain Information Service in Los Angeles
is
a bibliographic collector of information which
is pertinent to
this discussion.
The service has
compiled an extensive biblio-
graphic
list on the biological effects
of electromagnetic fields
(below visible frequencies)
especially' on
the central nervous system.
The list
contains many Soviet references.
However,
the list
is
constructed around research that addresses the physiological
aspects and not
the psychological or behavior effects
(296)
.
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1972
The science of mass manipulation plays
a major role in modern
warfare
-
at
least
theoretically.
In past wars,
a hostile con-
frontation between
two parties was
a diplomatic duel,
or
a military
battle which was based on and regulated,
in general,
by classical
concepts
of acceptable military conduct
(e.g.,
international
agreements
on the status
of POWs,
unarmed civilians,
etc.).
But
this concept has
changed.
In modern warfare,
there
is
a powerful
third
force which has,
perhaps,
the most
decisive bearing on
the
outcome
of any diplomatic and/or military confrontation today.
This
third force
is
the manipulated mass
- individuals who, by
modern mass
communications
media,
have been welded into
a solid
front, holding the
same,
or very similar,
opinions.
This
third
force
conflicts with,
and ultimately
controls
the hostile con-
frontation by appling
its
criteria rather than the older criteria
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July
1972
Figure
(C)
Chart
of Publio Opinion Resonance
142
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