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(U)  Soviet  research  has  taken  several  different  directions  ih  efforts 
to  develop  materialistic  explanations  for  observed  PK  effects.  This 
research  has  involved  in-depth  studies  of  the  characteristics  of  the 
electrical  field  between  subject  and  object,  characterization  of  elec- 
trical fields  immediately  around  the  subject,  study  of  bioelectrical 
fields  by  detection  devices,  study  of  subjects’  brainwave  patterns, 
and  photography  of  the  subjects'  bioenergy  fields.  To  date,  Soviet 
scientists  are  by  no  means  in  accord  concerning  the  nature  of  the 
forces  involved,  but  all  are  in  agreement  that  a   physical  energy  is 
at  work.  ' 
 j 
(U)  Dr.  Viktor  G.  Adamenko  of  the  Moscow  Institute  of  Radiophysics, 
Dr.  Viktor  Inyushin,  of  the  Kazakh  University,  Alma-ata,  and  Dr.  Genady 
Sergeyev  of  the  A. A.  Uktomskii  Physiological  Institute,  Leningrad  are 
the  leading  Soviet  theoreticians  studying  PK.  Both  Inyushin  and 
Sergeyev  have  developed  theories  based  on  the  existence  of  a   new  form 
of  energy-a  form  of  biological  energy  referred  to  as  "bioplasma".  They 
consider  PK  effects  as  analogous  to  lightning  accidentally  charging  a 
surface  and  feel  that  movement  in  PK  occurs  as  a   result  of  the  interaction  of 
the  object's  electrostatic  charge  and  electromagnetic  field  with  the 
human  operator's  field.  The  biological  energy  involved  is  under 
conscious  direction  by  the  subject,  who  can  make  a   target  object  start 
or  stop  motion,  change  direction,  or  rotate.  Sergeyev  has . developed 
instrumentation  which  measures  changes  in  the  bioplasmic  field  at 
distances  up  to  3  meters  (9.9  feet);  he  has  recorded  fields  o!f  10,000 
volts /centimeter  in  the  vicinity  of  a   target  object  with  no  indication 
of  an  electrical  field  in  the  space  between  the  subject  and  the  object. 
According  to  Sergeyev,  bioplasmic  energy  is  maximally  concentrated  in  the 
head  region.  He  attributes  PK  to  a   polarization  of  the  bioplasma  in  a 
laser-like  fashion  and  refers  to  this  as  a   "biolaser  effect"  which 
acts  as  a   material  force  upon  the  object.^7 
(U)  Dr.  Sergeyev  has  developed  detectors  that  monitor  the  energy  field 
during  PK  demonstrations.  Although  Western  observers  have  been  denied 
information  on  the  construction  of  the  detectors,  (information  reported 
to  have  been  classified  by  the  Soviet  military),  details  may  have  been 
published  by  the  Soviet  Academy  of  Sciences.  It  is  possible  that  the 
Sergeyev  detectors  are  similar  to  those  developed  by  an  American,  David 
Thomson.  Thomson's  devices,  which  have  been  used  in  human  force  field 
research  at  the  University  of  Saskatchewan,  Canada,  consist  of  two 
capacitor  plates,  a   preamplifier,  and  a   line  recorder  like  that  of 
an  encephalograph .  Other  Soviet  force  field  detector  research  has  been 
done  at  the  Laboratory  for  Biological  Cybernetics  in  the  University  of 
Leningrad  Physiology  Department.  There,  according  to  Soviet  reports. 
Dr.  Pavel  Gulyaiev  developed  extremely  sensitive  electrodes  capable  of 
detecting  the  electrical  force  fields  of  nerves  at  distances  up  to  24 
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centimeters  (9.46  inches).  For  more  detailed  information  on  Soviet 
biological  energy  detectors,  the  reader  is  referred  to  reference  (5), 
pages  393-396. 
(U)  Dr.  Adamenko  has  conducted  experiments  to  ascertain  the  role  of 
electrostatic  charges  on  the  surface  of  target  objects  as  the  cause  of 
their  movement.  Adamenko  has  advanced  the  theory  that  man  may  be 
anisotropic  -   i.e.,  man  may  be  able  to  alter  his  external  energy  state 
in  accordance  with  his  internal  energy  state,  and  this  ability  in  turn, 
may  depend  on  his  physiological  processes.  According  to  Adamenko, 
humans,  animals,  and  plants  probably  possess  electric  fields  as  a   result 
of  spontaneous  tissue  polarization,  and  such  fields  may  interact  with 
externally  imposed  or  induced  charges.  He  proposes  that  the  observed 
properties  of  living  tissue  come  closest  to  the  properties  of  electrets. 
Electrets  are  defined  as  "forcibly"  polarized  bodies  having  comparatively 
high  conductivity  and  the  ability  to  maintain  an  external  electrical  field 
after  exposure  to  adverse  factors  of  either  the  external  or  internal 
environment.  Adamenko  has  shown  that  the  material  basis  of  contactless 
interaction  betweenman  and  objects  results  from  an  electrostatic  field 
whose  magnitude  depends  on  man’s  physiological  state.  Other  Soviet 
researchers  have  observed  that  when  subjects  are  exposed  to  various  ex— 
ternal  stimuli,  their  physiological  state  varies  in  both  the  character  and 
magnitude  of  the  bioelectret  effect.  They  have  formed  the  hypothesis  that 
the  polarization  of  living  tissues  is  the  explanation  for  contactless  in- 
teractions between  humans  and  between  humans  and  objects. 
(U)  Adamenko  has  also  advanced  the  concept  that,  in  the  thermodynamic 
sense,  living  tissue  may  not  be  subject  to  the  same  physical  laws  that 
are  valid  for  inorganic  matter.  He  argues  that  living  tissue  may 
possess  "new"  properties  (in  terms  of  thermodynamics)  when  compared  with 
inorganic  matter.  He  believes  that  if  living  molecules  differ 
qualitatively  from  inorganic  molecules,  then  a   distinction  may  exist 
between  "living"  and  "technical"  force  fields.  To  demonstrate  his 
point,  Adamenko  makes  reference  to  healing  by  "the  laying  on  of  hands 
(in  Western  terms  "faith  healing").  The  Soviets  have  measured  electrical 
fields  between  "healers"  and  patients,  yet  knowing  these  field  potentials 
they  have  not  been  able  to  duplicate  the  beneficial  effects  obtained  from 
humans  by  means  of  mechanically  generated  fields. 
(U)  Aleksandr  Dubrov,  a   biophysicist  with  the  Institute  of  Earth  Physics, 
USSR  Academy  of  Sciences,  has  advanced  the  concept  of  "biogravitation" 
to  explain  PK.  Biogravitation,  as  a   term,  was  introduced  by  Soviet 
physicist  V.A.  Bunin  in  1960,  and  was  used  to  refer  to  the  ability  of 
living  organisms  to  form  and  detect  gravitational  waves.  Dubrov  bases 
his  theory  on  currently  accepted  concepts  of  molecular  biology  and 
high-energy  physics. 
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(U)  In  molecular  biology,  the  capacity  of  intracellular  molecules  to 
alter  their  spatial  structure  is  recognized.  Biomolecules  are  capable 
of  making  the  transition  from  a   "liquid"  to  an  orderly  crystalline 
state.  Dubrov  defines  this  change  as  "molecular  conformational  change"; 
like  present  day  high  energy  physicists,  he  believes  that  as  a   result 
of  this  change,  the  molecules  are  brought  so  close  to  each  other  that 
tremendous  forces  of  attraction  or  gravitation  emerge;  when  this  occurs, 
a   constant  conformational  field  having  a   "quasigravitational"  nature  is 
formed.  In  Dubrov' s   opinion,  this  means  that  a   vector,  or  force  field, 
is  formed  at  the  subcellular  level  which  is  capable  of  attracting  or 
repelling  naturally  occurring  gravitational  forces,  or  of  itself 
emitting  minute  gravitational  waves. 
(U)  Dubrov  feels  that  psychic  subjects  may,  in  some  manner,  have  the 
ability  to  synchronize  their  subcellular  molecular  conformational 
changes  and  thus  generate  attractive  or  gravitational  fields  jof 
sufficient  strength  to  alter  electromagnetic  or  natural  gravitational 
forces  acting  on  a   target  object.  Dubrov,  like  some  other  Soviet  and 
Western  parapsychologists,  thinks  that  changes  in  the  space— time 
continuum  may  be  the  basis  for  observed  PK  phenomena  —   i.e.,  time  may 
be  accelerated  or  decelerated  by  the  psychic  subject. 
(U)  In  1973  and  1974,  a   Soviet  psychic  named  Boris  Ermolayev  parti- 
cipated in  a   series  of  experiments  at  Moscow  University .  Ermolayev  is 
reported  to  have  the  ability  to  levitate  (suspend)  objects  in  midair  by 
concentrating  psychic  energy  at  a   focal  point  in  space.  In  some  of 
the  tests,  Ermolayev  pressed  an  object  between  his  hands,  then  slowly 
moved  his  hands  apart  until  they  were  approximately  eight  inches  from 
the  object,  which  remained  suspended  in  the  air.  Soviet  scientists 
claim  that  all  tests  were  conducted  under  the  strictest  controls  and 
that  no  strings  or  other  devices  of  any  kind  were  used.  Dubrov  feels 
that  Ermolayev's  levitation  powers  can  be  used  to  prove  that  jspace-time 
and  gravitational  changes  occur  in  the  area  between  the  psychic's  hands 
and  the  object.  He  suggests  that  the  transmission  of  electromagnetic 
energy  of  known  velocity  should  be  delayed  when  beamed  through  the 
levitation  field. 
(U)  Two  female  psychic  subjects,  Nina  Kulagina  and  Alla  Vinogradova, 
have  been  studied  extensively  by  Drs .  Sergeyev  and  Adamenko.  According 
to  Sergeyev,  Mrs.  Kulagina  can  control  the  beat  of  frog  heart  preparations 
imprint  images  on  shielded  photographic  emulsions,  and  move  objects 
weighing  one  pound  or  more.  In  1970,  Dr.  Sergeyev  conducted  experiments 
in  which  Mrs.  Kulagina  was  asked  to  influence,  if  possible,  a   living  frog 
heart  preparation;  such  preparations  normally  continue  to  beat  for  several 
hours  after  removal  from  the  animal's  body.  In  one  experiment,  the 
heart  was  placed  in  a   glass  jar  2 \  feet  from  Mrs.  Kulagina.  As  she 
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concentrated  on  controlling  its  beat,  electrocardiograms  showed  that  the 
rate  of  contraction  increased  or  decreased  at  her  command.  Five  minutes 
after  the  experiment  began,  she  stoped  its  beat  entirely.  When  a   second 
preparation  was  placed  in  the  jar  its  beat  was  stopped  in  23  minutes. 
(U)  In  other  experiments,  Mrs.  Kulagina  imprinted  images  on  unexposed 
film  sealed  in  black  envelopes.  During  these  experiments  Sergeyev 
measured  the  energy  around  the  psychic's  body  and  found  it  to  be  half 
that  of  a   non-psychic  individual.  This  led  Sergeyev  to  believe  that 
she  absorbs,  or  draws,  energy  from  around  her  and  then  discharges  it  on 
the  target  object. 
(U)  Mrs.  Kulagina  experiences  considerable  stress  while  she  is  being 
tested.  Her  pulse  increases,  as  does  her  rate  of  breathing;  she  develops 
pain  in  her  upper  spine  and  the  back  of  her  neck.  At  the  onset  of  her 
"activated"  state  she  feels  thirsty  and  has  a   taste  of  iron  or  copper  in 
her  mouth.  During  the  activated  state,  she  experiences  occasional 
periods  of  dizziness  and  nausea.  Her  blood  sugar  level  rises  and  within 
one  hour  following  cessation  of  tests,  a   loss  of  weight  (1.5  -   2.0  lbs) 
occurs.  She  experiences  less  stress  when  alone,  and  claims  to  respond 
best  in  an  atmosphere  of  friendly  mutual  trust  and  belief.  Her  PK 
ability  is  mood  dependent  (her  mood  and  the  mood  of  the  observers)  and 
she  expends  more  energy  in  a   hostile  or  skeptical  atmosphere. 
The  mechanical  aspects  of  Mrs.  Kulagina's  PK  effects  are  as  follows: 
a.  Size  and  shape  are  more  important  than  the  physical  structure  of 
the  substance  she  is  trying  to  influence. 
b.  Weight  and  dimensions  of  objects  she  is  trying  to  move  are 
important;  the  weights  vary  from  a   few  ounces  to  nearly  one  pound. 
c.  She  finds  moving  a   vertical  cylinder  easier  than  moving  a 
horizontal  one, 
d.  She  causes  no  changes  in  the  shape  of  soft  objects  during 
movement . 
e.  The  direction  an  object  moves  depends  on  her  will,  and  may  be 
either  toward  or  away  from  her.  She  can  also  cause  rotational  or 
vertical  movements  to  occur. 
f.  Kulagina’s  optimum  field  effect  occurs  at  approximately  Ik  feet; 
her  distance  limit  is  approximately  3  feet  and  4  inches,  when  the  object 
to  be  influenced  is  3  feet  form  the  edge  of  the  working  surface.  At 
these  distances  she  is  said  to  be  able  to  move  one  object  out  of  many, 
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