Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500160001-1 FIG. 4 Photomicrograph of the locally transformed zone of stainless steel specimen No. 2: (a) near the surface; (b) at the core. revealed a mixture of e« and a' martensites. By comparison with the previous studies on this steel, we can affirm that these structures have neither the appearance of a martensite obtained by cooling, nor that of a martensite produced by de- sensitization of austenite by heating it. ‘It can only be a 17 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500160001-1
Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500160001-1 martensite of deformation (with some traces of martensite due to preparation of the polished surface). The martensite den- sity seems fairly uniform over the entire section. Despite the uncertainty which always results in photomicrography due to the choice of fields, Pigures 4a and 4b exhibit comparable | appearances at the surface and at the core. The quantity of martensite observed in these photomicrographs corresponds to that obtained in this steel by tensile deformations of 5 to 08. Thus it is much higher than what would correspond to the slight bending deformation observed (Figure 3). Its position is very surprising. Simulation tests a ea | The local magnetism of the head of specimen No. 2 could not have gone unnoticed in the verification performed before» he test, particularly on the ends. ! Nevertheless, since two assurances are better than one, we asked ourselves if we could imagine a metallurgical pro- deas capable of producing these localized martensites while leaving the specimens quite straight or only slightly bent. | Since the martensite involved here is the result of work- hardening, it was necessary to operate by deformation. The dlosest method of reproducing this position close to one head, with this abundance, is alternating bending. We ran tests on another specimen (No. 1), which initially was non-magnetic. 18 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500160001-1
er rn eee Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500160001-1 It was necessary to clamp one head in a vise, and bend the specimen by about 30° and then restraighten it. Then, however, because of the special properties of this steel, the specimen had a very visible S-shape (Figure 5). To restore the straight- ness, it would be necessary to machine a die and recompress the specimen with a press! Another difference: in specimen No. 1 treated in this way, the magnetism of the end of the shaft is comparable to that of specimen No. 2, but the head is not magnetic, which is obviously normal. — Ks AMS SER onivitey an Sy CET Tarn San aaa teh i la dM agen ide RO SOR ANT. CEA TE he! SENET I aaa Pat sect Aitens: 3 ast erat iia laces i FIG. 5 Stainless steel specimen No. 1 after a simulation test. A photomicrographic examination of another specimen which was bent even more strongly and then restraightened revealed martensite of work-hardening, but with a very distinct hetero- geneous distribution: the density of martensite is lower at the heart than at the surface (Figures 6a and 6b), which is 19 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500160001-1
Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500160001-1 iN VOCE TERR: at rh € o . Rt, i. “ie AS anes fet at ae ate F arate 4 . . ‘- ~ a 5 ey ve ae 4 - “ 5 oy] en Soe Cs FIG. 6 Photomicrographs similar to those of Figure 4, but for a 'specimen subjected to a similation test: (a) near the surface; (b) at the core. normal, but constitutes a difference with respect to specimen No. 2. To obtain a uniform density in the cross section, and in the concentration observed, it would be necessary to be able to exert a tensile deformation localized in the end of the shaft and in the head (of around 5 to 10% for specimen No. 2, and at least 10% for specimen No. 3), without appreciably altering the diameters of the shaft and head*. A succession of hammering and molding operations would be necessary, all without leaving a trace on the specimen! ——— * In the case of specimen No. 3, we measured a very slight decrease of cross section (0.5%) in the zone which had become magnetic. Note that we could also have considered simulation by torsion. However, we do not see how to accomplish a localized deformation near a head and in it by this method. 20 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500160001-1
Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500160001-1 Conclusion The group of observations described above permits us to state: . | - that a local martensitic transformation occurred during the test on two specimens, accompanied in one test by a small deformation near one of the heads; ~ that we have been unable to conceive of any simple metallurgical operation capable of exactly reproducing the structures observed in the transformed zones. Local modifications in hardness of metal plates This experiment was performed four times by J. P. Girard in different places and before different observers. During the first session (October 27, 1976), one of the investigators un- expectedly proposed a new type of test to him: to harden a metal plate by trying to "compact" the metal. The experimental routine used for this test and repeated for the other three, with some minor exceptions which will be mentioned, was the following: a duralumin plate of dimensions, composition and mark known only to the investigator (and different for each new experiment) was submitted to J. P. Girard. At the outset, J. P. Girard made contact with the specimen by rub- bing or stroking it with his fingers under close inspection by the investigators. The specimen was then placed by the 21 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500160001-1
Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500160001-1 investigator in a closed glass tube, after he had verified the straightness and the marking. The tube was then returned to J. P. Girard for the test. The specimen remained in the tube until the laboratory examination. For test 4, the step with the glass tube was eliminated, since it did not provide any “additional guarantee relative to the initial routine, which accepted manual contact during the initial phase. fest materials and operating conditions The four modified plates all consisted of duralumin in the T351 state (quenched at 505°C in cold water, stress- relief stretching of 1.2 to 2%, maturing for at least 48 hr). Two compositions were used (a quaternary alloy, A-U4SG, of non-commercial composition, and an industrial alloy, 2017). An anonymous symbol scratched by iron on the metal and dif- ferent for each experiment permitted the observers unequivoc- ally to identify the test plate at a glance. Each plate was taken from a lot of identical plates which had been subjected to the same treatment, and reference plates from each lot were kept in the laboratory for comparison and for subsequent simu- lation tests. | | Table II summarizes the places and the characteristics of the test materials for the four experiments. 22 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500160001-1 “CRE RTP ce
Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500160001-1 Table II } | Initial characteristics of the Test Date Place Observers specimen Nature | Dimensions Mark —__—_——-| —--—-- _—_- : 1 Oct 27, 1976 Grenoble 2 et B.D. 16x 25 x 150 11-1 A-U4SG-T351 2 Nov 25, 1976 Lyon i PG. et JG. 14 x 24 x 160 Wed A-U4SG-T351 3 Nov 25, 1976 Lyon J.B. P.G. et J.G.| 14 x 2,6 x 160 11-H A-U4SG-T351 ; + bali-tested 4 Oct 10, 1977 London J.B. et J.H. 12 x 3,0 x 160 VG A-U4G-T351 . | . machining + Polished A Observations during the experiment FIRST TEST: During the phase of contact at the ends of the fingers (ca. 2 min), we observed two successive slight flexures of the plate (11-I), in opposite directions, with deformations of +1 mm and ~-0.5 mm. The specimen was then placed in a glass ‘tube with a total residual deformation of +0.5 mm (the slightly convex fiber corresponded to the scratched face). The tube was then given to J. P. Girard for two periods (5 min). SECOND TEST: No flexure before being placed in the tube. Exposure time 3 min. THIRD TEST: Specimen 11-H had been shot-peened over the entire length Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-06787R000500160001-1
RR A Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500160001-1 of both faces, to determine whether supplementary local harden- ing was feasible. Duration: around 3 min, without deformation. FOURTH TEST: The specimen VG was held twice by J. P. Girard (exposure time: 2 times 2 min). Laboratory examinations aemorarord Srxamineriovs For the four tests, comparative examinations of the scratched marks, dimensions, weights, and initial impressions of hardness of the specimens confirmed that the specimens sent to the laboratory were indeed those which had been prepared for the experiments. HARDNESS: | | After electrolytic polishing, hardness measurements with the Vickers microdurometer under 3-kg load (ca. 30 N) were performed on both faces of the test specimens as well as on reference specimens kept in the laboratory. The impressions were produced with a step of 1 to 2 mm (depending on the case). | Duplicate control experiments by different operators working "blind" (for tests 2 and 4) led to equivalent results. : The results obtained by this technique, whose two cases are represented on Figures 7 and 8, permitted us to detect notable and simultaneous increases in hardness on the two 24 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500160001-1
. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500160001-1 AUs SG T1351 . VICKERS HARDNESS Specimen W-1 face :1 Load: 294 at FIG. 7 Hardnesses measured on both faces of light~alloy specimen 11-I, after the test. opposite faces. The lengths of the modified zones and the maximum increases in hardness are collected in Table III. Allowing for the dispersion (characterized by the standard deviation, indicated in parentheses in the second-last column), these observations show in completely significant fashion that modification of the metal had occurred during the four tests. 25 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500160001-1
Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500160001-1 elements produced during the tests with J. P. Girard. By com- bining several of these actions of simulation in complex fashion (incidentally, such actions would have left marks on the specimen), we would perhaps be able to simulate the local texture and arrangement of these structural elements, but we would produce much larger variations in dimensions than those observed, which are very slight or zero. The localized char- acter of these transformations is surprising. These experiments make up part of a group of much more numerous tests, which we have screened and subjected to pro- longed critical study under the conditions described in the introduction. Within this group, we also had tests in which nothing happened, and others in which we clearly observed muscular efforts, in addition to effects which were positively "abnormal". It is just as well to emphasize that the observed effects exhibit a certain réproducibility: the deformations of bars were produced many times, the local martensitic transformations twice, and the local hardenings four times. The last of these four tests, performed in the laboratory of Professor Hasted, is the most significant, since it involved a measurement of the hardness before the test in the zone where hardening was subsequently produced, and because the increase in hardness was verified in two independent laboratories, of which one English laboratory was working "blind". In no one of these tests did J. P. Girard produce unknown structures. The structural modifications observed are similar 37 Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500160001-1
Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500160001-1 . to those produced by certain types of deformations. Their distribution is normal in the case of simple bending, but abnormal in the transformations without deformation or with slight deformation. If these effects had been produced by application of forces, the work to be expended in the case of the largest specimen would have attained around 12 J. The corresponding enthalpy increase would be 2 to 3 J. In this article, we by no,means intend to impose our conclusions as complete scientific truths. However, we be- lieved that it was our obligation objectively to describe the conditions and the results of these. experiences. We have not found an explanation for the observed effects, either in modern physics or in possible fakeries. Perhaps someone else ! . will be able to conceive of such an explanation. REGARDING THE ARTICLE OF CH. CRUSSARD AND J. BOUVAIST The above article was written following experiments re-~ vealing the abnormal behavior of metals or alloys in the pres- ehce of J. P. Girard. I can assure that these experiments were performed with great scientific rigor, such as to elimin- ate trickery as much as possible. However, several of these experiments are not convincing, since the possibility of fakery always remains. Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-80787R000500160001-1