CPYRGHT
Krto
®t# a
J*
(1972 > again elicited a significant level of psi-hitting
L".
*°0*K
to even ^her level of significant scoring
(p = .0002) was
obtained byKrippner, Ullman,
et.
al.
(1972)
using ^e
mlti-sensory
target
environment
described
in
the
introduction of this
Dane-T
P^iously mentioned,
Ullman and Krippner (1973)found that paintings of
“S"1* Seaned to te «• ^cessfur^TSSaS
a
1"*
Series *
^
seP°nd
j Erwin study, which again
^^ed a sig^ficant degree of psi-hitting
(reported
effects
"cm
the
2^ia°L
one-
P .116),
usedTarT^ints together with
associated objects and activities on the part of the agent.
noted
f-
Sah*
(1979) '
reviewing seven remote viewing series,
^ ^^i
C
rTi
ar9?^^
re
as readily as stationary ones.
2id
(1979) **”**** «P«
their
remote
viewing work
motion was very rareiy reported,
even Uen it
was an important
^rgj PuthoEf, and May (1979)stata3
t real-time activities at the target site are often perceived"
(n 94 )
Bieseauthors
also noted that "in addition to viLually ate2rable detail’
^ects soretimes report
sounds,
smells, electtanagLSc^Sds, and so
forth, which can be verified
as existing at tarrotloratians "
In 95)
i£
ShOUl
TW^
stSl
th3t *5® ab°Ve ^S
ree ol»ervations| were all ancedotal.
*
dynamic
i-aS^
*,
""S®
•
fP6*^10
comparisons
between
static
and
dynamic
target characteristics.
Hcnorton and Schechter
(1987)
obtained
P3^ effects with dynamic targetsTvtfrile static targets
c^dchajKe
results. KrW*^ zSS' (1TO) fbSSMS
(1978^ ^3
fiMij^8
of
leaner
and Morris
oossihie KonQf't.
Se
• t^le
ff
fVlewe<^ dream studies further
suggest
the
possible benefits of using multi-sensory target materials
.
Form / Meaning and
Trtea
Caiments related to the importance of the shape or form of the target
(1979T °L m "***31 “S included **
®tSory.
Puthoff^Srg
corr^ ^
di!2^
S1Il9
*.?
1f
ir
J^°te
Vlewin9
work
stated
"most of the
SStSin^^UOn
^
t±at
ay
b:,ects
relate ^
of
a nonanalytic nature
Plaining to shape, form,
colour, and material rather than to function or
P
*n?5K
.
BaFmftQn
< 1983 >'
reviewing past work
with
the
medium
exanples
the form of the target had
labelSd^^M
id
.
entl
i
f^- bUt
, not
***
neaningt
a situation^iich she
& 196^ oSf
imiccrrprehending clairvoyance".
Similarly, Warcollier (1938
& 1963)
observed that frequently the shape of a target would be Derceived
to the target 's meaning^ar
JTS2
that meaning and
idea may also be perceived without specific reference to
shape.
warcollier
(1938) also
discusses
the
4rk
MchSS^S
reference provided)
noting
that
Richonnet thoX
Sat toTSs biS
rfuS
^ woula ^ peeved prior to peicepSS
o£ the identity
(idea) of the ESP target.
T
*
to
^-?
nea^il2
3X1(3
if
eaH categorization includes information referring
*
T
Where ?e
meairm?'
idea and oridentity were perceived;
reference to the shape or
physical
appej ranee
of
the
target
^rington U940 ) believed that the idea of
a
Srget?
not theformT^
SSi^d inS6
jGCt * ^^^ers and Podmore
(1886)
1Ildi?ated tbat
neaning and idea were the important
***
target.
The example they provide of this is where a word
SrS
receivfL ln another,
having been suitably translated.
i£^+ii
f£
):
a
si^le
linslarawings
as
targets,
ocmnented that subjects tended to reproduce
the
concept
of the target
CPYRGHT
transmitted them a drawing
(i.e.
farm)
.
As noted above,
Puthoff and Targ
(1979)
believed
that
most
correct
information
provided by subjects
pertained to the ncnanalytic aspects of targets
such
as farm,
shape and
colour.
Indeed,
they thought that errors could arise when
the
subject
tried to
make
sense
(i.e.
label according to name and function) of such
nonanalytical target components.
This category presents sane conflicting
observations
and
opinions,
all
of which are anecdotal in nature,
regarding the utility of form,
as
opposed to
meaning
and
idea,
in
conveying
psi*-related
information.
Given
this
state
of
affairs,
the only conclusion that can be drawn is
that research aimed at resolving this question is needed.
Emotion
Any comments having to do
with the emotional content of or emotional
reactions
to
target
materials were included
in
this
category.
Seme
researchers have also made
comments
about specific target themes/content
which
could
be
interpreted
as having
a
strong
motional
component
(e.g. war
scenes,
erotic
scenes,
religious
thanes,
etc.).
However,
whether
these
themes
would
be
regarded
as positive or negative would
probably vary greatly fran subject to subject.
Therefore,
these findings
will not be referred to in this
section
unless the author specifies that
the*
emotionality
of the target was an important factor
in
the
study's
success or failure.
Gurney,
Myers,
and
Podmore
(1886) observed that in spontaneous
cases
emotions
were frequently received,
often with the receiver having
no idea why
they
were
experiencing
certain
feelings.
However,
the
emotion experienced by the percipient was later found to be appropriate to
the
event
which was taking place at the time,
unknown to the percipient
(e.g. feeling sadness
over
the
death
of
a
close friend).
Whroollier
(1938)
also
ccRments that in spontaneous cases,
the message
is
almost
always emotional.
Williams and
Duke
(1979)
conducted
a study specifically examining
various target qualities and their relationship
to psi performance.
They
devised a 39-item Target Evaluation Rating which
measured
various target
qualities,
including
overall emotional impact and positive and negative
emotional dimensions,
upon
which
each
of 152 targets were rated.
They
then looked at data,
gathered from 174 subjects, from other free-respense
studies
which had used these targets.
For
the
purposes
of
their
analysis, they excluded any target which had not been randomly chosen as a
target
at least three times in
the
previous
studies.
This
criterion
provided
targets,
and
ESP
data
from
subjects
(overall
significant psi-hitting
was obtained, p <
.047,
2-t) .
The individual psi
scores obtained for
each
of
these 22 targets were averaged to provide a
composite pai score for each target. The composite psi scores were divided
into
good
psi
targets
and
poor
psi
targets
resulting
in
high
psi-scaring
targets
and
10 lcwpsi scoring
targets.
Comparing
these
targets to the total
emotion score (the mean of the positive and negative
emotion
ratings) from the Target
Evaluation
Rating,
they
found
that
targets containing
a stronger emotional content were significantly better
(i.e. high psi-sooring targets) than ncn-emotional targets
(p <
.001).
Sandcw, Braud and Barker
(1981) conducted a ganzfeld study also aimed
at investigating target
qualities,
which obtained a significant outcome
using a sum of ranks
(p <
.04
l-t) ,
but did not reach significance using
direct
hits
as
a measurement.
Using
the
Target
Evaluation
Rating,
238
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: CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001-4
jpto^iteaiaBe^as^aaoflatftofeirfiiA-tj&BSStdawaftBatuiwUi^ooiMjrit
a
relatively high emotion rating and
five
having
la
low
emot ion rating.
Bach high emotion pack consisted of two positive and two
negative
pictures;
the
low emotion packs consisted of two natural scenes and two
pictures of material
objects*
This complex study involved many different
measurements and analyses,
of
which
only
those
most
relevant to this
paper
will be reported.
The neutral
(low) enrrHm target
packs
showed
more psi-hitting
than
the
high
emotion
pictures,
with the difference
approaching significance
(p = .052, 2—t) .
Using
ai
scale they devised to
measure emotion which both the subjects and agents corpleted ,
they
found
that
when
a
high
emotion picture was the target,
receivers would feel
more
total
emotion whilst in
the ganzfeld than did receivers with a low
emotion target pack
(p <
.04,
2-t) .
Also receivers felt mare emotion when
senders
felt
more
emotion
while sending
(p
<T
.04,
1-t).
However,
Stanford
(1984)
has
pointed out
that
this
latter
finding
could
be
artifactual
due to ocnmcnalities
of
experience! between
subjects
and
5?®??Je,g\
*** weather that day).
Using Osgood's Seiantic Differential
to measure the
components of the target pictures,
they found there mare
hits when the receivers
and
senders '
evaluation of the targets were in
close
agreement
than
when
their categorizations widely
differed.
Of
twenty targets where agreement was close,
nine were direct hits
(p *
.04,
I*L/ •
Both Williams and
Duke
(1979)
and
Sondow,
Brand and parlor
(1981)
found
significant outcomes in various analyses examining how
well
their
subjects liked
(emotionally
preferred)
the
tardet.
williams anl Duke
(1979),
comparing
subjects ' ratings of target preference
for
hit
and
missed targets for
two
different
groups
of
subjects
(with the rating
being
made
prior
to
obtaining
feedback as to Ithe
target
identity),
found
the
first
group of 101
subjects
significantly preferred targets
with which they had obtained a hit
(p
<
.035,
2-t),
as did the second
group of 80 subjects
(p <
.0038,
2rt).
A similar finding was
reported in
the
Sondow
et
al.
(1981) study,
where a comparison between
ng for
psi-hit and for psi-missed targets
again yielded a significant outcome
(p
<
.0096,
2-t).
Another analysis in
this
study
showed
that
pictures
received a significantly
higher
liking
rank
(p < .0094 ,
2-t) when they
were the target
than
when
they
were
a
control. Braud and Loewenstem
(1982)
also
found
that
psi-hitters
liked
their targets significantly
better
than
psi-missers
(p
<
.025, 1-t).
TWo other significant target
preference
findings
were presented in
Braud
and
Boston
(1986).
The
authors replicated the
preference
effect
(p
<
L036,
1-t),
and also
reported
similar
results
from
Braud, Ackles & Kyles
(p <
.045,
1-t).
However,
these
findings
may
be
contaminated
due
to
response
biaa
blems.
To
quote
Stanford
(1984)
"these
findings
could
be
Lfactual;. ..
Because of their desire for success, subjects may tend to
like
pictures
which
correspond
to
their
ganzfeld mentation, and such
espondence tends to be greater and more detailed when ESP has actually
rred.
Thus such pictures may be liked
appreciably
mare."
(p. 107).
ny
forced—choice
studies
have examined the role of target preference,
ese findings have been
reviewed
by Carpenter (1977) and Palmer (1978).
m
drawing some conclusions about these
findings
Palmer
ccnments
that
while a
preferential
effect
has
been found most often "with respect to
espanse type rather than target type,
it
(the
preference
hypothesis)
ffers our best hope to date of intergrating a very messy and inconsistent
ody
of
data
concerning
the
effect
of
target type on ESP scoring in
orced-choioe experiments."
(p.
87).
Krippner,
Honortan,
et
al.
(1972)
considered
their
targets
Approved For Release 2000/08/08
: CIA-3Sp96-00789R003100120001-4
CPYRGHT R = 5708 . CIA-RDP96- 59R003100120001-2 (thenta PREPMG? FOlaseieashi see eae ° aroaiate sound ta to be emotionally arousing, and thought that their significant results provided for the use of such material. Ullman and kripmer (1973) also felt “that an important ingredient in the success of experiments in dream telepathy over waking telepathy ... is the use of potent, vivid, emotionally impressive human interest pictures to which both agent and subject can relate." (p. 210). Moss (1968; also see: Moss, 1969; and Moss & Gengerelli, 1968) described the evolution of her experimental methodology over a series of six experiments. Emphasizing the importance of using emotionally arousing targets, her targets ‘evolved to consist of slides accompanied by appropriate sound effects paired so as to present contrasting emotions. The results from these studies were very sketchily presented, although significant outcomes were described for same of the studies. However, no comparison was made between either emotionally arousing targets and neutral ones, or between the effectiveness of the different contrasting emotions. Ina series of studies Preiser (1986) found that ESP performance was highly dependent on the emotional loading of the target material. The information about this study is limited as it was obtained frem an abstract. However, while no overall Significance was obtained, one part of the series did get a significant ESP outcare. Cavanna and Servadio (1964) stressed the careful choosing of targets which they considered to have definite emotional significance. While they did not obtain significant psi-scoring, they did express the belief that sir future targets should be chosen to be even stronger, emotionally. Some studies utilizing physiological measurements have used argets chosen to have specific emotional significance for individual subjects. Esser, Etter, and Chamberlain (1967) used plethysmographic esponses to personalized target material, devised from initial interviews with the participants. The resulting targets, designed to ave greater emotional significance for either the percipient or the Agent, were either names of importance to the subject or sentences or quotes describing a emotional conflict of relevance to the participants. © significant outcomes were obtained, but the results were suggestive in at there was sane correspondence between onset of the sending period and Dlesthysmograph responses. Dean (1971) contrasted plethysmograph ecordings of vasoconstriction examining the reaction of subjects to argets consisting of either a blank card or a card upon which was written A name Of a person who has emotional significance to the Subject. He ound larger vasoconstrictions (i.e. more emotional arousal) for the names for the blanks. This study also had a group of control subjects for om the names would have had no special relevance. Interestingly, he ound that the control subjects displayed a greater level of reaction to © names than did the subjects for whan the names had emotional Bignificance. Haraldsson (1983) again used names of  enotional Bignificance to the participants as the target in a study using a plesthysmograph. No overall significant results were obtained, however, pe did obtain a significant outcome in the first 20 sessions of the study p < .003), with results declining later. Several studies have campared targets having positive emotional alities to those having negative emotional characteristics. Williams and Duke (1979), camparing good psi targets to poor psi targets, found at targets which contained a positive emotion were significantly better fargets (p < .02) than those which did not and that targets which ¢ontained negative emotion were significantly worse (p < .047) than those which did not. Sondow, Braud and Barker (1981) found no significant 2OD ANnNHrOVOO a ~~ O16 S aralariab: LS A ost MU fit) 7s aate Zi