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have ranged from examining the differences between effective and ineffective liars to analyzing the dif-
ference between individuals who tend to rely upon external visual fields rather than proprioceptive (i.e.,
musculo skeletal) cues in determining true vertical.20
(U) For each individual, the method involves sorting 100 cards into nine categories with an assigned
number of cards placed within each category. On each card is written a single psychological statement in
a theoretically neutral form, so as to suggest a continuum rather than an either/or dichotomy. The num-
bers of cards within each category must be 5, 8, 12, 16, 18, 16, 12, 8, 5, respectively. The success of this
method, in general, is primarily because the individual is forced to make limited (i.e., ten) decisions
about him/herself in the extreme categories (i.e., the very most and the very least characteristic) where
the Q-Sort comparisons are most sensitive. Those statements that are sorted into the middle categories
represent statements that are psychologically neutral where the Q-Sort comparisons are relatively in-
sensitive. The Q-Sort is self administered and takes approximately 20 minutes per individual.
(U) In 1989 we conducted a preliminary test of this method using 14 individuals, including three receiv-
ers who were known to be talented in AC. Figure 1 shows the results in a cluster diagram. Cluster analy-
sis assembles Q-Sort scores into groups of similar profiles, and attempts to create groups that are as
different from one another as possible. The result is a visual display of the clusters as shown in Figure 1.
lb the 14 receivers, we have added three standard profiles; a normal and two different types of person-
ality pathology.20
It is striking to observe in Figure 1 that the pathological profiles are in a cluster by
themselves and that the normal profile is clustered with the receivers.
(U) lb date, the Q-Sort method shows potential in that the personality descriptions of the three known
talents (i.e., receivers 009, 454, and 389) were grouped together in a single cluster. By averaging the
personality traits of these three individuals we have developed a tentative AC profile, which is also
shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Cluster Diagram for 14 Receivers (U)
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(U) We propose to administer the California Q-Set version of the Q-Sort to approximately 25 people,
including individuals who are known to be highly talented in AC, individuals who are known not to be
talented in AC, and individuals with unknown AC skill. All Q-Sort data will be entered into a cumula-
tive database where it will be available for analysis. A cluster diagram similar to the one in Figure 1 will
be used to display the results. If the AC profile continues to appear in a different cluster than receivers
who have little AC talent, then we will recommend that a formal experiment be conducted to test the AC
abilities of those individuals whose profiles were clustered with the AC profile.
1.3 Theoretical Issues (SOW 6.1.3)
(U)
(U) Theoretical issues include heuristic and fundamental modeling from physics, physiology, and
psychology used to systematize what is known about AMP. In addition, experiments may be conducted
that address specific constructs that are basic to the various models.
1.3.1 Anomalous Perturbation (SOW 6.1.3.1 -3)
(U)
(U) In conjunction with the sponsor, we propose to design a pilot experiment protocol for an anoma-
lous perturbation (AP) experiment, which will be conducted at a facility specified by the sponsor. SAIC
will provide two AP high-talent specialists to participate in that study. Their participation will not ex-
ceed more than two three-day visits to the sponsor-designated laboratory. Should the pilot experiment
succeed, then we will explore the role of a variety of variables such as shielding and distance.
1.3.2
Theoretical Models (SOW 6.1 .3.4-5)
(U)
(U) The data from AMP experiments have begun to suggest theoretical approaches toward under-
standing the underlying principles for the phenomena. Most of the previous modeling has been quan-
tum mechanical,21 ’22 metaphoric 23 or behavioral24 and generally has not led to testable hypotheses.
One heuristic model does suggest experiments, but it does not provide fundamental insight into the
mechanisms of AC.25 We propose to explore a variety of different theoretical approaches that are ei-
ther dictated by the strength of the AC data or strongly suggested by fundamental concepts.
(U) Specifically, we propose to examine in detail those theoretical approaches, from among the follow-
ing, that are most likely to provide testable hypotheses
(i.e., new protocols) and lead us toward a
theoretical understanding of the physics of AC:
(U) The Einstein, Poldasky, Rosen (EPR) Paradox. The paradox suggests possible information transport
during the collapse of a wave function. The paradox arises naturally when considering two-particle correla-
tions and the effect of measuring the state of one particle, which gives rise to unambiguous knowledge of the
state of the correlated particle even though they may outside each others light cones.
While no one any
longer questions the validity of the predictions of quantum mechanics for correlated systems, the fact of that
validity has caused a philosophical revolution.
There is no underlying reality—no absolute reality.
There is
only reality as defined by measurements made by an observer.
This approach is suggested because AC ex-
periments appear to show “correlation” of separated events.
While
it is doubtful that AC is quantum me-
chanical, nonetheless the EPR formalism might provide conceptual insight into possible AC mechanisms.
(U) Thermodynamic Entropy. For nearly two hundred years scientists have taken the position that the
entropy of a closed system can never decrease with time and that, on the scale of the universe, entropy
always increases with increasing time. Recently however, Steven Hawking has raised the possibility that
macroscopic time or psychological time, the time that we perceive, is actually determined by the change
of entropy.26 The study of classical thermodynamic entropy appears likely to be the most productive
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based upon the results of a recent Shannon entropy experiment27 and on the extensive evidence for
so-called precognition—AC of targets before they have been determined .28
(U) General Relativity. Matt Visser’s paper on traversable wormholes suggests that it is physically pos-
sible to transport energy (and, therefore, information) can transfer between remote space-time points
without traversing the classical distance between the space-time events .29
General Relativity, there-
fore, is a candidate for a theoretical basis for AC.
(U) Tachyons.
It is possible to describe mathematically a fully consistent universe in which everything
moves faster than the speed of light. The particles inhabiting such a universe are named tachyons while,
in contrast, the particles with which we are familiar are named tardyons. The important fact is that nei-
ther particle can ever travel at the speed of light.
Photons, of course, are common to both universes.
Moreover, this is a non-quantum mechanical description. Theoretical understanding of tachyons may
assist in defining an energy transfer mechanism for AC.
(U) Physical Interpretation of Potentials.
Classical mechanics and, for the most part, quantum mechanics
have treated potentials as convenient mathematical descriptions for which there was no physical instantia-
tion.
Recent experiments have shown, however, that a potential can affect a particle even when there is no
corresponding force present.
If potentials could be made to propagate, then they could be candidates for an
energy transfer mechanism for AC.
(U) All theoretical approaches will be constrained to provide testable hypotheses. We suspect that if a
reasonable theoretical model can be developed, that it will entail physics mechanisms that can be tested
by traditional experimentation.
1 .3.3 Change of Shannon Entropy: An Intrinsic Target Property (SOW 6.1.3.6)
(U)
(U) Most previous research has considered AC from a “systems” perspective in that the target and
receiver are thought of as a single AC unit .30-31 This is not particularly productive ifwe are search-
ing for intrinsic properties of target systems to guide target selection. An intrinsic target property is
one that is inherently tied to the target (e.g., size, distance from the receiver, activity, entropy) and
devoid of any external interpretation.
Interpretations, such as emotional impact, can be consid-
ered as extrinsic properties of the target or, more precisely, intrinsic properties of the receiver.
Extrinsic target properties are critical when AC is viewed from a systems point of view; however, if
these properties can be controlled in experiments, then it is possible to examine intrinsic target
properties with little confounding interference from the extrinsic ones.
(U) As an aid in understanding extrinsic noise properties of targets, we define target pool bandwidth as
a qualitative indicator of the number of disparate target elements in the pool. Clips from video movies
represent a large-bandwidth pool; such disparate scenarios as Superman in space, a nature segment on
the Grand Canyon, and a James Bond thriller can be included in the same target pool. Conversely, the
well-known Zener cards represent a vary narrow target bandwidth.
Our collection of National
Geographic magazine photographs represent an intermediate bandwith; the size and general content of
the material is roughly the same throughout this pool.
(U) We hypothesize that the bandwidth of the target pool is a source of intrinsic noise in the receiver.
We assume that the information that is gained by AC is small compared to other sensory mechanisms,
and the primary mental task for a receiver is to discriminate the AC data from internally generated,
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target-unrelated information.
For large bandwidth target pools that may contain almost anything, a
receiver is unable to censor his/her interna] experience. Thus, target-related and target-unrelated ma-
terial are equally reported; therefore, large bandwith pools are extrinsically noisy.
Small bandwith
pools are also extrinsically noisy but for a different reason. If a receiver is cognizant of all of a limited set
of target elements (e.g. Zener cards), then he/she has an internal discrimination problem.
All target
possibilities are experienced with equal intensity because of knowledge about the pool and vivid short-
term memory. Assuming there is weak AC information about the specific target, then target-extrinsic
noise is generated because of the very low signal-to-noise ratio.
(U) By developing an appropriate target pool, which possess an intermediate bandwidth, we may be able to
control for various target-extrinsic noise sources and, therefore, focus upon intrinsic target properties.
If the
change in Shannon entropy is an intrinsic target properly, then we would expect that AC quality for dynamic
targets should be higher than the quality from static targets.
In the previous program we observed a signifi-
cant correlation between AC quality and entropy within the static target pool, but we did not obtain signifi-
cant evidence for AC within the dynamic pool, and thus were not able to determine entropy correlations
within that pool. We speculate that the lack of significant AC in the dynamic pool might be due to band-
width considerations. We propose to improve upon this previous study.
Specifically,
• We will develop a new target pool of static and dynamic targets that possess an “intermediate” bandwidth
similar to our existing photographs from National Geographic magazine. Our approach will be to develop
dynamic segments that are similar in quality to the existing static pool, and select frames from that dy-
namic set to construct a new static pool. This will assure that the bandwidh of the two target types (i.e.,
static and dynamic) are similar. The static and dynamic Shannon entropy will be calculated as described
in the technical protocol for the earlier experiment.32
• We will conduct each AC trial at our Menlo Park facility, and each trial will be monitored. This is in
contrast with our earlier experiment during which receivers were unmonitored.
• We will provide immediate and full color feedback at the end of each trial. This is in contrast with our
earlier experiment during which feedback was significantly delayed.
(U) With these improvements, we plan to conduct an experiment to test the specific hypothesis that the
quality of AC linearly depends upon the intrinsic target property, the change of Shannon entropy.
(U) We will employ approximately five receivers who will contribute a total of 20 trials each (i.e., 10
trials with dynamic and static targets, respectively).
(S/NF) A successful outcome of this experiment will determine, with a high degree of confidence, if the
change of Shannon entropy qualifies as an intrinsic target property. If it qualifies, then we will be able to
improve target selection significantly for laboratory experiments and intelligence applications.
1.4 Applied Research (SOW 6.2)
(U)
(U) Applied research ofAMP is defined as that activity that is primarily designed to improve the quality
of experimental results.
1.4.1
Database (SOW 6.2.1)
(U)
(S/NF) As an aid to determining the range and limits ofAMP for applications, we propose to construct
an on-line database that records a number of physical, psychological, and environmental variables for
each AMP trial. Examples of physical variables include receiver-target distance and changes in thermo-
dynamic and/or Shannon entropy of the target system. Similarly, psychological and environmental vari-
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