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NGFORN
PROJECT SUN STREAK
WARMING NOTICED
INTELLIGENCE SOURCES AND METHODS
INVOLVED
PRO J ECT NUMBER
i:
0760
BESS I ON NUMBER s
DATE
OF SESSIGNu
:I.O Nay 98
DATE
OF
REPORT'S
i t
May 88
START
ii
1340
END
i:
1440
METHODOLOGY
::
CRV
S
V I
V I EWER
I DENT I F I ER s
079
I-
CB/NF/BK)
MISSIONS
As
a training
session
in Stage
VI
CRV
„
a c c es is
an d
d a s c r i
I::) a
t h a
:i. t e
o f
S t a n e l"i an g a
,,
UK
„
2 „
< S / M S
::: / S l< )
V
ENE R
TAS i< I NG s
En e r y p t e d
c dd r d i n a t e
8 7 93
i 422
3 «
( S / N l
::: ‘ / SK )
COM lv
lEN79
!!
V i awa r
i s
d a va 1 o p i n g
a
:i. 1 1 1 e
mo r a
f ac i 1 i ty
i n
man i pul at i nq
model i nq
mat eri a I s„
Worked
a
I i tt 1 e
w i t h
m i a
a i r
mod e 1 i n q
a n d
o n -p ap a r
d i ag r am i n g / ma t r i x i n g
as
we 1 1
,«
..
< S / NF / BK )
E VA !.... UA T 1 0N s
A
q en e r a 1 1 y
su <::: c e
s f u 1
£1.
a
i n i n q
session *
Vi ewer
has
si i gh t
d i
f f i cul t y
d i st i ngui sh i n^g
AOL.
f r om
—
AOL /ip^Th i s was
d i sc ussed
h e t ween
man
:i. t or
an d
v i ewer
cSTTrd some
s la g q es t i o n s
p r ov i d e d
b y
m on
:i. t
r
t o
v i e we r
t a
i m p r a ve
t. h i s
a s p ee t.
HANDLE VIA SKEET CHANNELS ONLY
/NGFORN
CLASSIFIED
BYii
DIA
DEC L AS S I F Y
i!
0A DR
( DT
)
o#3
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CRV TRA I NTNR
10 MAY 88
DURING
TODAY'S
TRAINING,
I
FIRST
FELT THAT THE SITE HAD
MOTION,
MOVEMENT,
AMD MOBILITY.
I
FELT
A
FAST MOTION.
I
FELT
THAT
THE
SITE
WAS
AIRY
AND
LIGHT.
I
FELT SPACIOUSNESS AMD
VASTNESS.
I ASSOCIATED
BLACK AND
NAVY BLUE
WITH THE
SITE.
I
ALSO ASSOCIATED
WHITE AND TWINKLING WITH THE SITE.
THE SITE HAD
A VACUUM SOUND.
THE SITE WAS HARD AND
IT
FELT SMOOTH.
I COULD
ALSO FEEL SLIDING AND GLIDING.
THE OVERALL FEELING WAS CLEAN AND
I
COULD HEAR MUSIC SOUNDS.
I FELT
THAT THERE
WERE OCCURRENCES
HERE.
IN TWO A I
BK'S,
I
OBJECTIFIED LUXURIOUS AND WONDERFUL.
THE SITE CONSISTS OF
A STRUCTURE OR SEVERAL STRUCTURES.
THE STRUCTURE
WAS ROUND,
HARD,
AND CURVING.
THE STRUCTURE
WAS SCIENTIFIC AND A MUSEUM.
I
OBJECTIFIED ASTRONOMY.
IN AN AOL
BK,
I
OBJECTIFIED BIG DIPPER.
I
THEN OBJECTIFIED BIG WHITE PILLARS.
I
THEN OBJECTIFIED PEOPLE
IN
A LARGE TOWN.
GOING
BACK
TO
THE
STRUCTURE,
I
OBJECTIFIED
STUDYING,
LEARNING,
KNOWLEDGE.
AN
INSTITUTE.
FACTUAL,
INFORMATIVE,
HELPING,
WATCHING,
TAKING
NOTES,
OBSERVING,
RESEARCHING,
SUBS I D I Z I NG
,
HEAL I NG
.
WHEN OBJECTIFYING THE PEOPLE,
I
SAID THAT THEY WERE TALKING,
WALKING,
AND
THEY WERE
NICE AND
CARING.
PEOPLE BELIEVING.
I
OBJECTIFIED YOUNG MEN.
I
ALSO
OBJECTIFIED
PEOPLE
WORKING,
VISITING,
HERE
ON
VACATION,
AND
PEOPLE WITH
THEIR FAMILIES.
I
COULD ALSO SMELL
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FOOD AND
THE STRUCTURE
WAS CLEAN.
I
SAID THAT THE SITE WAS NOT
AS MUCH FUN AS DISNEYLAND BUT NOT AS SERIOUS AS
A SPACE MUSEUM.
I
THEN OBJECTIFIED WHAT THE STRUCTURE
LOOKED LIKE.
I
SAID
THAT THERE
WERE TWO ROUND OR CIRCULAR PORTIONS THAT WERE LINKED,
LOOPED,
RINGED OR TIED TOGETHER SITTING
ON
A
HARD STRAIGHT,
AND
THICK BASE.
THERE WERE WINDOWS.
THE STRUCTURE
IS EASILY SEEN.
IN AN
A I
BK,
I
SAID
THAT THE STRUCTURE WAS VERY DECORATIVE AND
VERY ARTFUL.
THE STRUCTURE REMINDED ME OF NEW,
MODERN ART.
I COULD THEN SEE PEOPLE OUTSIDE THE STRUCTURE.
THERE
WAS
A
LOT OF
ACTIVITY.
PEOPLE WERE WITH CHILDREN ENJOYING THEMSELVES
AND THEY WERE HAVING FUN.
IT WAS WARM AND HUMID AND
HOT.
THERE
IS WATER
NEARBY.
PEOPLE COME HERE ON VACATION.
IN AN AOL
BK,
I
OBJECT I F I ED BALLOONS
.
WHEN TRYING TO OBJECTIFY THE PILLARS,
I
GOT
STUCK
IN
AN
A
I
BY SAYING
BIG.
THERE WAS GREEN LAWNS AND ONE HAD TO LOOK UP AT
THE PILLARS AND WALK UP TO
THE PILLARS.
I
COULD FEEL
THE AIR
GOING
IN
AND AROUND THE PILLARS.
THE PILLARS ARE CONTAINED
IN
A
CERTAIN AREA.
THE PILLARS WERE PLACED
IN A CIRCLE.
THE PILLARS
HAD
HISTORICAL
VALUE
AND
THERE WERE BLACK MARKINGS AROUND THE
PILLARS.
THE PILLARS
REMINDED ME
OF
A
MONUMENT.
THE PILLARS
REMINDED ME OF A MAN THAT
IS DEAD
NOW.
I
SAID
A PRESIDENT.
THERE ARE ANIMALS HERE.
IT
IS VERY PLEASANT HERE.
THE
PILLARS
REMINDED
ME
OF
HISTORY
AND
THE
STRUCTURE
REMINDED ME OF
A SCIENCE.
I
FELT THAT THE PILLARS AND THE STRUCTURE WERE MAN-MADE
AND
THEY WERE NOT ROCKS.
I
FELT THAT
I
WAS
IN SAN FRANC I SCO OR
WASHINGTON
D.C.
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CPYRGHT
Stonehenge,
the
ruins
of
an
ancient
religious
center
and
astronomical
observatory.
Sightings
from
different
positions
and
along
the
various
stones
were
used
to
predict
astronomical
events
with
remarkable
accuracy.
TONEHENGE,
stdn'heni,
is the ruins of a Stone
ge monument
situated
on
Salisbury
Plain
in
m thorn England.
It:
is one of the most imposing
id complex of the 40
to 50 prehistoric circular
^closures
or “henge” monuments known
in
the
ritish
Isles.
The most striking features
of Stonehenge
are
te
remains
of
a
great
circle
of
lintel -capped
ret angular
stone
columns
surrounding
a
still
iller
“horseshoe*’
of
trilithons,
each
trilithon
insisting of two columns supporting the ends of
horizontal
top
piece,
or
lintel.
The
tallest
ilithon rises 24 feet (7.3 meters) above ground,
nd each of
the uprights weighs up
to 50
tons,
•ther
conspicuous
features
of
the
monument
elude the Slaughter Stone, the Heel Stone, the
uestones, and
ditches.
Many
of the elements have changed through
me
as
the
result
of
natural
forces
or human
-tivity.
Standing
stones
have
toppled,
ditches
ave silted, and additions and changes have been
lade by
the
prehistoric
peoples
to whom
this
te was an important religious center during the
enlithic
Period
and
the
Early
Bronze
Age,
3ughlv from
1900
to 1400
b. c.
Speculation on and study of Stonehenge have
^ntinued
unabated
from
the
time
that
it
was
rst mentioned
in the
literature shortly
after the
‘Orman Conquest
of
1066.
Its
construction has
een
attributed
to many
of
the
various
peoples
ho have
inhabited
the
British
Isles.
The most
’ulely held belief was that Stonehenge was built
y the Britons, a Celtic people, for druidical
rites.
:
is now known,
however,
that
the
Celts
and
^eir druid
priests did
not come
to
Britain
until
,000 years
after Stonehenge was abandoned.
The
first
architectural
study
of
the
site was
aide
in
tile
17th century by the
English
archi-
L*ct
Inigo Jones
at
the command
of king James
More accurate surveys and observations were
conducted
subsequently
by
such
British
anti-
quaries
as John Aubrey,
Sir Richard Colt Hoare,
and
William
M,
Flinders
Petrie.
The
numbers
assigned by Petrie to the various holes and stones
are
still employed
in
identifying them.
Archaeological research has provided the most
trustworthy
evidence
concerning
not
only
the
several
phases
of
const met ion
and
their
dates,
but
also
the
cultures
to which they belong.
In-
terpreting the original function of Stonehenge
is
partly
an
archaeological
matter
and
partly
an
astronomical
problem.
Scientific
excavation
and
restoration began
in the 20th century,
especially
with the work
of William Hawley from
1919
to
1926.
The
most
meticulous
investigations
were
conducted
jointly
by
Richard
J.
C.
Atkinson,
Stuart
Piggott, and John
F.
S.
Stone from
1950
to
1954,
The
result
of these excavations was an
extremely
complicated
picture
of
successive
pe-
riods
of
construction.
Construction.
The
history
of Stonehenge may
be
j divided
into
three
main
periods.
The
first
major
construction,
or
Period
1,
took
place
be-
tween 1900 and 1700
b. c.
It was accomplished
by people belonging
to
the secondary
Neolithic-
culture, a blend of earlier hunting and gathering
peoples and the
first groups with an agricultural
economy
to
appear
in
the
British
Isles.
This
construction
consisted
of
a
circular
ditch
and
bank
about
320
feet
(97
meters)
in
diameter,
broken by an entrance causewav from the north-
east.
Just
inside
the hank
and
concentric
with
it was dug a
circle of 56 equally spaced holes—
called
the Aubrey
holes
for
their
17th
centurv
discoverer
John
Aubrey.
The
holes
were
filled
with
chalk
rubble
and,
in some
instances,
with
cremated human bones.
Charcoal from one htde
yielded
a
radiocarbon
date
of
1848
B. c.
• 2<5
years.
The
16-foot
( 4. 9-meter)
tall
Heel
Stone
was
erected
at
this time
or
earlier,
a
short
dis-
Approved
-Q0789RQ0 16021 50001-6
1 5 LARS HSaet BG eal ens oe BRO RE OAS TL er Phang scab ef SED ANE Me 8 eget end fer i 4 STONEHENGE tance outside the ditch to the northeast. The Hee) Stone is a block of sarsen stone, a type of sandstone used for many of the larger stone elements in the monument. The structure of Period 1] (about 1700-1500 B.C.) does nat now exist but can be inferred from the existence within the ditch and the Aubrey hole circle of the “Q” and “R” holes. These holes form a double circle, 86 feet (26.2 meters) and 74 feet (22.5 meters) in dianieter, each circle originally containing about 38 blue- stones. Many of these stones were removed and used for later constructions. Two parallel ditches were dug outward from the main entrance, form- ing an avenue running northeast toward the point on the horizon at which the sun rises on mid- summer day, or the summer solstice. Because of the absence of holes in the western part of the double circle, it would appear that Stone- henge II was never completed. The architects must have belonged to the Beaker culture, col- onizers who came from the European continent at the end of the Neolithic Period, for shards of Beaker pottery have been found in association with the traces of this structure. Period HI] (about 1500-1400 8. c.) wituessed the final and most spectacular phases of construc- tion. One of the principal features is the 100- foot (30.5-mneter) circle of 30 sarsen stone columns. Each coluinn weighs about 25 tons; measures about 3 to 4 feet (0.9-1.2 micters) thick. 7 feet (2.) meters) wide, and 13 feet (4 meters) high; and is capped by a continuous circle of horizontal lintels held in position by mortise and tenon 8 TSEN Cir, cee = ae . Ee cce Cirg Qe eee le ® ° pproved For Release 2000/08/08 joints. Within this circle Js the central horses} of five sarsen trilidions referred. to previog in Other features, such as the circles ob “yo “ “Z holes outside the sarsen circle and a sitet horseshoe of bluestones within the trilithon rn appear to represent later modifications of 4" plan. The largest of the blucstones, Altar-Stone, now lies under two fallen triliq}, stones. Its original location and functioy " unknown. The builders of Stonchenge almost certainly members of the Early Bron Age Wessex culture, at the time one of the mos advanced European cultures outside of the Med; terranean area. Other sites of this culture, large. ly graves, have produced bronze ax blades any other artifacts resembling strikingly in detail many objects from central Europe and My cenaean Greece. In 1953 a carving of a bron34 dagger similar in form to those used at Myconay during the period of the shaft graves was foun, on one of the sarsen stones. As for the construction techniques of Storr henge, much practica) experimentation has bee done with simple equipment to determine pos sible methods of transport and the size of th labor force needed to move and erect the largi sarsens. Geological studies have shown that th: sarsens came from Marlborough Downs, some 2¢ miles (32 km) north of Stonchenge. The bhuc stones were brought from the Prescelly Monn tains of southwestern Wales, probably by sea anc then overland by sledges running on rollers, ] has been estimated that it might require upward of 500 men to pul] a 50-ton stone up the steepes # Standing stone @ Fallen or missing stong al () 50 F vet biota ee 0789R001 602150001-6
CPYRGHT
STONE’S RIVER, BATTLE OF-STONEWARE
•
c
utral
liorsi-sln,,.
cc
In
l'ic\ iriu s | N
iulcs
<*( "V
ail,
|
u
le and
a
sni H ||
ti c
(rilitltcm ar<^
di ications
of
t} 1(
‘
-s< mes,
called
tin-
fallen
d
function
an
lienee
111
were
[*
Early
Bronze
one
of
1 1 jc most
dc of
tin* Modi,
s
culture,
Lrg<<.
ax
blades and
ugly
in
details
rope
and
My-,
mg of
a
bronze
sed
at Mycenae
aces was found
liques
of
Stone-
tali on has been
del en nine
pos-
the
size
of
the
eject
the
larg*
shown
that
iht
3owns, some 20
nge.
The
hlue-
Veseelh
Maun-
>ably by sea and
g on
rollers.
It
require upwards
up the steepest
4jing stone
si or missing stone
dope along
the
route.
Timber crilnvork.
levers,
And
ropes were
considered adequate
for
raising
dunes
to
vertical positions and placing
lintels on
their tops.
Function.
The
original
function
of
this
ex-
traordinary monument
has been
the
subject
of
much
speculation.
It has been thought
of
as
a
monument,
funeral
or
otherwise,
to various
leg-
endary
ov
historic personages.
It
has
also been
considered
to be
the
center
of
a
religious
cult.
Because
of
its orientation toward the
rising sun,
scientists have seen
it as an astronomical observa-
tory of some kind,
Archaeologists arc
in
general
agreement
that
the
site had both a religious and
an
astronomical
function.
It
is
likely
that
the
monument
at
Stonehenge, hallowed by
its
early
use as a purely religious structure, became modi-
fied
gradually
in
its
early
phases
to
perform
astronomical functions as well—first to rword the
advent
of
the summer
solstice,
then
to
predict
sunrise,
nioonrise,
and
probably
eclipses,
all
as
part of a
religious and
agricultural
ritual.
In 1963, Gerald Hawkins, an astronomer, used
a computer
to
work
out
all
observations
that
could be made by sighting along and through the
various
markers,
stone
posts,
and
openings
be-
tween
uprights,
including
four
“station”
stone
locations that form a rectangle on the line of the
Aubrey holes.
His calculations indicated with
al-
most: perfect probability that Stonehenge can be
used
as
an
astronomical
instrument
to
predict
accurately, with adjustment of movable marking
stones once
a
year, the movements
of both sun
and moon as well as eclipses.
Various objections
to
the
theory
and
its
implications
have
been
raised by
archaeologists.
One
of
the important
ones
is the unlikelihood of the existence of such
a
sophisticated device, requiring the passing
or) of
accumulated observational data over a long period
of time, in a culture that was otherwise on a con-
siderably
lower
level
of
development
than
the
heart
of
Bronze
Age
culture
in
the
eastern
Mediterranean.
Donald F. Brown
Boston
University
Further
Reading:
Atkinson,
Richard
3- C.,
Slone-
hetige
( Macmillan
3 956);
Hawkins,
Gerald
S.,
and
White, John
B., Stonehenge Decoded (Doub)eday 1965 );
Petrie,
William
Flinders,
Stotiehcngc
(3881 );
Stone
John
F.
S.. Wessex Before the Celts
{rraeger 1958).
STONE'S R(VER, Battle of, in the American Civil
War, fought Dec.
31,
1862-Jan.
2,
1863, about
30 mi 1es (48 km )
sou th east of N ash vil 1 e , Term
.
It
is often called the
Battle
of Murfreesboro.
A
ha-jd-fought
but
indecisive
conflict,
it
had
no
apparent influence on the strategic situation, but
President Abraham Lincoln obsen
?ed
that
if the
Union
Army
had
been
defeated,
“the
nation
could
scarcely have lived over
it.”
After Gen. Braxton Bragg led an unsuccessful
invasion of Kentucky in the autumn of 1862, he
retired to Murfreesboro, in southeastern Tennessee.
Maj. Gen.
William
S.
Rosecrans,
the new com-
mander of the Union Army of the Cumberland,
was based
at Nashville.
Eastern Tennessee was
favorably
inclined
to
the
Union,
and
the
high
command in Washington was determined to drive
the Confederates, from the region.
Under
strong
pressure
for
action,
Rosecrans
led
his army out
of Nashville on Dec.
26,
1862.
Rain,
fog, and Confederate
cavalry
patrols
hin-
dered his advance, and
his leading elements did
not approach Murfreesboro
until the evening of
the
29th.
The
next
dax\
the
two
armies
con-
fronted
each
other
in
strength.
Rosecrans
had
about 45,000 men. Bragg a
little less than 40.000.
Bragg
deployed
his
forces
astride
tin*
west
fork
of Stone s
River,
a few miles northwest
of
the
town.
The bulk
of them were on
the west
bank, but one division, alxmt 5,000 men, was on
the east.
Rosecrans concentrated
entirely on
the
west side
of the
river.
The battle plans of the opposing commanders
were identical in principle.
Each planned to hold
with his right wing and attack with his
left wing,
seeking an envelopment of die enemy.
Bragg struck
first, about 6
a. m. on
Dec*.
31.
lie
surprised
the Union
troops
at
the
right end
of
die
line; many were
cooking
breakfast.
His
assault gathered momentum as reinforcements ar-
rived,
The Union
right was bent back
at
right
angles to die left, and by midafternoon die Union
army was compressed into a tight horseshoe with
its hack
to die
river.
But stout resistance and minor counterattacks
had jolted the Confederates.
Bragg called for die
division on the east hank of die river to strength-
en a
last blow, but
its commander did not move,
fearing a Union
attack.
At
a council
dial night,
some Union
generals wished
to
re treat
to Nash-
ville. but Rosecrans decided to hold.
On
Jan.
1,
there
was
little
fighting.
Both
armies were
exhausted
and had
suffered heavy
losses.
The
next
day,
die only important
action
was
east
of the
river, where
a Union
force
that
had crossed there repulsed
a Confederate attack.
Bragg
realized
dial
Rosecrans
had
received
ammunition and supplies, and on Jan. 3 he with-
drew through Murfreesboro and proceeded south.
Rosecrans occupied the town hut did not pursue
his
foe.
The
situation
in
Tennessee
remained
static
for
six months, but by holding
fast
Rose-
crans had averted what would have been a serious
defeat for the Union at that stage of die war.
The
Union
losses
were
about
12,800
men
killed, wounded
and missing.
The Confederate
casualties totaled about 11,600. The Stones River
National
Battlefield
now
occupies
part
of
the
battle
site.
In the Stones River (or Murfreesl Krro)
National Cemetery are graves of soldiers of both
STONEWARE
is
a
hard,
nonporous
ceramic.
It
is
made
of
a
highly
siliceous
paste,
cither
a
special
clay
or clay mixed
with
other
materials,
such
as
ground
flint,
feldspar,
or
marble.
The
paste
is
fired
at
a
high
temperature
until
it
vitrifies
(fuses)
to form
a nonporous.
glass)
- sub-
stance
that
gives
a
ringing sound when
struck.
Stoneware' tlms differs from soft, low-fired porous
earthenware.
It
closely
resembles
hard,
high-
bred. nonporous porcelain and
is often called por-
celaneous ware.
However, because stoneware
is
usjually heavy and opaque
, with
a bluish gray or
reddish
brown
color.
Western
authorities
have
tended
to
distinguish
it
from
porcelain,
which
they characterize
as
thin,
translucent,, and white.
Stoneware
max*
have
incised,
impressed,
or
applied
relief decorations.
It may be unglazed,
or
it max
- be glazed to
resist acidic liquids or for
decoration.
A
thin,
slightly
pitted
salt
glaze
is
common.
Thicker,
colored
lead
glazes
are
also
found.
Stonexvares were made
in Shang China
be-
fore 1000
b, c.
Heavy, porcelaneous stonewares
of the Han, T'ang, Sung, and Yuan dynasties had
black or brown painted decoration or relief decora-
tion with celadon green glaze.
In die Ming period.
Approved For Retell
602150001 -6