rer of the blas f primary self-c yvements. The spread of the pols | region and inva —can be substai itary propert ‘overall controky f the integrity 4 ‘arized cells ma lly the cells ar 1 of the cellulag’4 embryo. In thet inal conditio action — disapr he conclusions ‘df 980 an) Mosk. piophiysics Vol. 30 No. 5, pp. 975-981, 1985 0006~3509/85 $10.00+ .00 printed in Poland Pergamon Journals Ltd. pHYSICAL MODELLING OF THE ACOUSTIC EFFECTS ON EXPOSURE OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS TO U.H.F. FIELDS* R. E. TiGRANYAN and V. V. SHOROKHOV Institute of Biological Physics, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Pushchino (Moscow Region) (Received 5 March 1984) A physical model of radiosound is proposed based on the phenomenon of excitation of mechanical vibrations in liquid medis on absorption of the energy of u.h.f. pulses. It is shown that a restricted volume of liquid may be regarded as an acoustic resonator with a na- tural frequency of vibrations. Interference occurs for certain ratios between the period of suc- cession and the duration of the pulses. Oscillograms of the mechanical vibrations recorded are presented. An explanation of the low frequency type of radiosound is offered. It is con- cluded that the proposed method of investigating the phenomenon of radiosound is correct. Work on the effect of radiosound [1-5] has reliably confirmed the appearance of sub- ective sound sensations on irradiation of the human head with a pulse-modulated hf. field. Nevertheless, there is still no conclusively formed idea of the mechanisms of origin of such sensations. The socalled thermo-elastic hypothesis of the mechanism of radiosound proposed by Lin [6] is the best researched and most consistent. Its es- ence is to assume that absorption of the energy of the u.h.f. field occurs not uniformly over the whole volume of the brain but is concentrated in its very narrow regions (“hot spots”) with their subsequent rapid thermal expansion and detection on the skull bones. Thanks to the presence of bone conductivity the mechanical vibrations teach the organs of hearing where the sound image also forms. But since the author of this hypothesis regards the head as an acoustic resonator he derives a number of vonsequences consistent with some experiments on radiosound. However, this theory cannot explain a large body of experimental evidence and is in conflict with some of 't. Therefore, it may be desirable in oder to define certain aspects of this phenomenon ‘9 stage experiments on medels which would exclude a subjective evaluation by the ubject of a particulai characteristic of the effect. Foster and Finch observed excitation na cubic vessel with a side of 300 mm filled with 0-15 “ KCI solution of mechanical "brations on exposure to a pulsed u.h.f. field [7]. This phenomenon was taken as the basis of our experiments. * Biofizika 30: No. 5, 894-899, 1985. Bos) Rrerrte teen aca Pte he tae deena >a Rca
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R00310028 : 976 R. E. TiGRANYAN and VY, V. SHOROKHOV In choosing the conditions of the experiments the authors sought to follow the parameters and characteristics of the objects known from the literature on the pheno- menon of radiosound and also the conditions of earlier experiments. As objects we used 1 M NaCl solution and ethyl alcohol poured into tubes with an internal diameter 7 mm and height 100 mm. The height of the column of liquid changed within the limits 30-50 mm. The choice ot 1 M NaCl solution is explained by the fact that the electrical and acoustic parameters of a given liquid, according to [6], correspond to the parameters of brain tissue. The choice of ethyl alcohol was largely arbitrary though dictated by the wish to show that the advent of mechanical vibrations on irradiation with e.m.f, pulses is not exclusively the property of electrolytes but occurs to an equal degree for non-conducting pure liquids. [rradiation was carried out in a rectangular waveguide with section 31 x 240 mm. To raise the concentration of the field in the zone of the tube on the wide wall of the waveguide was sealed a brass tube of height ult generator Amplifier Pulse generator Fic. 1. Circuit diagram of experimental apparatus. 50 mm with an internal diameter 14 mm. The power of the generator in the pulse wa> 72 W, the repetition frequency of the pulses changed within the limits 10-3000 Hz and the duration of the pulses was 10 ysec-1 msec. The mechanical vibrations excited in the liquid were reccrded by a bimorphous crystal. The variable electrical signa! recorded from the detector was amplified with a UBP1-02 bipotential amplifier and recorded on the screen of a S1-19B oscillograph. As source of u.h.f. e.m.f. we used 4 modified GS-6 generator, carrier frequency 0:8 GHz. In [6, 7] this phenomenon !* considered on exposure to e.m.f. pulses with a catrier frequency of 918-2400 MHz from which it may be concluded that the character of the effect over a wide frequency range is quite general. The apparatus at the disposal of the authors operates at the frequency of 800 MHz which is quite close to the values presented in the literature. Modulation of the u.h.f. vibrations with pulses of square form was carried out with a G5-54 generator. The circuit diagram of the apparatus is indicated in Fig. 1. Figure - shows arrangement of the tube with liquid in the waveguide and bimorphous crysta used as detector of the mechanical vibrations. Preliminary investigation established that the amplitude of the vibrations in the tube filled with ethyl alcohol is considerably higher than in the case of NaCl solution. Qualitatively the character of the vibration> for these and other liquids used in the experiments completely matches. Therefore- ° res 3 and 4 give ime parameters of ited by both fro: ited by the leadi of the maxima where fis the frequer to the height of th ne graphs (Figs. 5 ar nical vibrations on ations was dete! ¢ signal from an e¢ ith detector. At th ‘and the mechanic. scillograph scree meously on rearr: angement of tub: ; hanical vibrations a axial c:
Acoustic effects on exposure of biological systems to u.h.f. fields 977 for convenience of description below we give the. results ‘obtained for ethyl alcohol jf no special qualifications are made. . Figures 3 and 4 give the oscillograms of the mechanical vibrations for the dif- ferent time parameters of the e.m.f. u.h.f. pulses. For long durations (Fig. 4) the vibra- tions excited by both fronts of the thermal pulse are clearly. visible. The vibration in the duration of the e.m.f. u.h.f. pulse with interference between the mechanical vibra-. tions excited by the leading and trailing edges is observed. The Periodicity of the ap- arance of the maxima (minima) of the amplitude of the mechanical vibrations tr 2 1/f where fis the frequency of the vibrations excited in the liquid, is inversely propor- tional to the height of the liquid column. The graphs (Figs. 5 and 6) indicate the dependence of the amplitude of the excited. mechanical vibrations on the duration of the acting pulse. The frequency of the mechan- cal vibrations was determined from the zero beats between these vibrations and the acoustic signal from an electrodynamic emitter. The emitter was 30 cm away from the tbe with detector. At the moment of equality of the frequencies of the tonal acoustic signal and the mechanical vibrations excited in the liquid zero beats were observed on the oscillograph screen. In this case the detection itself served as a vibration mixer. simultaneously on rearrangement of the frequency of the sound generator beats are. sought to tor in the pulge limits 10-366 l vibrations’ ble electrical: Fic. 2. Arrangement of tube with liquid in waveguide and bimorphous crystal in tube: 7 — detec- we of mechanical vibrations (bimorphous crystal); 2 — test liquid; 3 — packing (fluoroplast); 4 — co- axial cable; 5 — test tube; 6 — tube; 7 — waveguide. Fic. 4 Fig. 3. Mechanical vibrations excited in ethyl alcohol with a short u.h.f. pulse (duration of pulse ‘ ‘less than the half period of mechanical vibrations), ; Fic. 4. Mechanical vibrations exicited in ethyl alcohol with a wide u.hf. puise (duration of the puise amounts to several periods of the mechanical vibrations). Be CIA. PDPOG 00 BOR003100280001-7 | we: . tome
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R00310028000 978 R. E. TiGRANYAN and V. V. SHOROKHOV A, retun, '  § A, pelun. ; 4 / \rrii 2 1 Ny NET EERE? y seem oe 0 1 7) ; 0 10 10 tused! Qo 10 # use 10 Fic. 5 Fic. 6 Fic. 5, Amplitude of mechanical vibrations excited in 1 m NaCl solution as a function of the du- ration of the u.h.f. pulse, Fic. 6. Amplitude of mechanical vibrations excited in ethyl alcohol as a function of the duration of the u.h.f. pulse, observed between the repetition frequency of the emf. u.h.f. pulses and the fre- quency of the acoustic vibrations from the electrodynamic emitter. The beats are re- corded whenever the frequency of the acoustic vibrations is a multiple of the pulscd repetition frequency. As an example, Fig. 6 gives the oscillogram of such beats. The frequency of the acoustic signal is 6x 10? Hz and the pulse repetition frequency of the em.f. u.h.f. is 1-510? Hz. Zero beats may be observed when these frequencies ave equal. An interesting feature of the experiments is that the vibrations excited in the liquid have an intensity sufficient for their auditory perception from a distance of up to | m. The beats of the acoustic signal and vibrations excited in the liquid may also be per- ceived by hearing. In this case the mixer of mechanical vibrations emitted by the tube with liquid and electrodynamic emitter is the auditory apparatus of the observer. The zero beats on hearing may be recorded in parallel with their visual observation on the oscillograph screen. The values of the frequency of the natural vibrations of the liquid obtained by the method of zero beats recorded by the detector concur with those determined on hearing. Similarly, parallel recording on the oscillograph screen and on hearing of the maxima and minima of the amplitude of the free vibrations the appearance of which is due to the presence. of interference in the vibratory system is possible. Interference appears not only through change in the duration of the pulses (Figs. 5 and 6) at a low frequency of their succession. With increase in the repetition frequency of the pulses and for a short duration of them the excited mechanical vibrations do not have time to wane in the pauses: between pulses and starting from a certain value of the repetition frequency interference of the mechanical vibrations is also observed: with agreement of the signs of the initial phases of the vibrations their amplitude grows, in counter-phase the vibrations die away (Fig. 7). At these moments a lower tone corresponding to the pulse repetition frequency is clearly perceived. In the experiment increase in the !n- tensity of the low frequency vibrations perceived on hearing is noted with fall in the repetition frequency of the pulses down to 10 Hz. This is explained by the fact that quency spc tions of the ; 4 of the ordé W Beats between ;; Fic. 8. Quen We also ran ext. s on their irrad Ge described « to this pher is not pos: ance char: 4 ET
Acoustic effects on exposure of biological systems to u.h.f. fields 979 ulse repetition frequency the amplitude of the pectral ccmponent increases [8]. The tone corresponding to the free pulse repetition fre- in the energy spectrum with fall in the p low frequency s vibrations ‘of the system is perceived on hearing starting from a quency of the order 250 Hz. unction 0! on of the curp a i nae : ; r Fic. 7 Fia. 8 3 and Fic. 7. Beats between pulse repetition frequency and frequency of acoustic signal, a multiple of the rhe beat : pulse repetition frequency. aaa 7 Fic. 8. Quenching of excited mechanical vibrations as a result of interference. he character of the mechanical vibrations in liquid-fi ied beads on their irradiation with pulsed e.m.f. u.-h.f, All the other conditions corresponded to those described earlier. A bead of diameter 20 mm with a tube 9 cm long filled with sited in the ethyl alcohol has a resonance frequency of about 9 kHz and filled with 1 mM NaCl solution of the order 11 kHz. For a bead of diameter 30 mm with a tube 8 cm long the corresponding values are 6-4 and 8 kHz. A sealed 30 mm bead containing alcohol has nitted by the fi + a resonance frequency of 7°8 kHz. The results permit some assumptions on t We also ran experiments on t he possible mechanism of radiosound. the observer. ' al observation: . The clarity of the effect investigated in the experiments, the possibility of direct auditory vibrations: Ol perception and visual observation on the oscillograph screen of the vibrations excited ector concv in the liquid on irradiation of the tube with pulsed e.m.f. u.h.f, support the assumption ; that the effect of radiosound is due to the same processes as generation of sound vibra- ring of th tions in a test tube containing liquid; namely: transformation of the diminishing e.m.f. 2 of w energy into the mechanical energy of the absorbing substance. From this point of aterference’s view the object on which the investigations were carried out may be regarded as a phy- : sical model of radiosound and the results of the model experiments be interpreted in ses and fe relation to this phenomenon. However, it should be noted that within the model de- ime to warlty scribed it is not possible to explain the effect of high frequency radiosound (9, 10] of a he fact that the measured rate of rise non-resonance character. But, if one starts from t in temperature in the tube was 0-1°C sec! for 1-5 cm? 1 M NaCl solution for a pulse porosity 20 then the URM for this object has a value of the order 8-4 kW/kg in the epetition eement _ counter-ph mrresponding pulse. The calculations show that for such a UPM the power absorbed by the tube increase in: fhe \ must be about 8 W in the pulse. Accordingly, to excite the mechanical vibrations of vted with faff i _, the same amplitude in a volume of 2:5 x 10? cm? (the volume of the head of the human ry. Naturally, adult) a pulse power of the generator of not less than 13 kW is necessa
at \ ‘yt ! 9380 R. E. TiGRANYAN and V. V¥. SHOROKHOV in our experimental conditions such vibrations could not be recorded owing to the considerably lower power of the generator. Nevertheless, it is obvious that if resonance were detected in this system the quantitative results of the experiments would entitle us to give a reliable interpretation of them in relation to the effect of radiosound. It is also interesting to compare the experimental results obtained with those pre- sented in Lin’s work [6]. The author considering the characteristics of the effect of radiosound proposed for its explanation a mathematical model of the action of a single e.m.f. pulse on a liquid-filled sphere. Lin moved away from the real situation auto- matically replacing the linear spectrum occurring on exposure to a sequence of pulses of a definite repetition frequency by a continuous one. The dependences obtained by Lin of the sound pressure on the duration of the pulse are not commented on. If one starts from the fact that the sound. pressure must change in tandem with the frequency of the elastic mechanical vib: ations then from the calculated graphs presented in Lin's work, it follows that a sphere of radius 3 cm must vibrate with a frequency of about 150 kHz and one with a radius of 7 cm with a frequency of about 66 kHz. However. here the dependence of the resonance frequency on the radius of the sphere is presented and the commentary gives the resonance frequencies for radii of 3 and 7-10 cm and 25 of 7-3-10-4 kHz. This contradiction is not explained and it remains only to postulate the causes of its appearance. On the other hand, our experimental findings show that as a result of interference the maxima (minima) following each other allow one to determine the resonance fre- quencies for a liquid column as 4 four-wave resonator. Thus, the foliowing conclusions may be drawn from the work undertaken. 1) A tube filled with liquid may be regarded as 2 physical model for investigating the phenomenon of radiosound. This follows from the obvious assumption that radiv- sound and excitation of sound vibrations in a liquid are based on the same mechanism — transformation of the diminishing emf. energy into mechanical vibrations of the abs orbing substance. _ 2) The socalled second type of radiosound [9, 10], namely perception of a! frequency tone in the absence of resonance vibiations is explained by the presence of mechanical vibrations corresponding to the pulse repetition frequency at the moments when the high frequency components corresponding to the natural frequency 2° suppressed as a. result of the run-on of the phase. 3) On detection of the resonance properties of the head which can be done only on a model since the calculated powers necessary for the advent of vibrations in such a system well exceed the safely norms, the qua ntitative results of the model experiments may be applied quite correctly to the description of the effect of radiosound. ow REFERENCES 1. FREY, A. H., Acrosp. Med. 32: 1140, 1961 2. Idem, 3. Appl. Physiol. 17: 689, 1962 3. Idem, J. Med. Electron 2: 28, 1963 4, Idem, 3. Appl. Physiol. 23: 984, 1967 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96.00789R003100280001.# mm, IEEE Trans i, J. G., Micro R, K. R. a VICH, NYAK, E. - YAK, E. 101, Paris, 198 foments 0! yements for
Aspects of regulation of human locomotor movements 5, Idem, YEEE Trans. MTT 19: 153, 1971 6. LIN, J. G., Microwave Auditory Effects and Applications, Springfield, Iilinois, 1977 7, FOSTER, K. R. and FINCH, E. D., Science 185: 256, 1974 3. KHARKEVICH, A. A., Spectra and Analysis (in Russian) Fizmatgiz, Moscow, 1962 9, KHIZNYAK, E. P. ef al., Activ. nerv. sup. 24: 247, 1979 10. KHIZNYAK, E. P. e¢ ai., Proc. URSI-CNFRS Symp. Electromagnetic Waves and Biology, p. 101, Paris, 1980 piophysics Vol. 30 No. 5, pp. 981-987, 1988 0006-3509/85 $10.00 + .00 printed in Poland Pergamon Journals Ltd. ASPECTS OF THE REGULATION OF HUMAN LOCOMOTOR MOVEMENTS * Vv. A. BoGDANOV Institute of Problems of Information Transmission, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow (Received 18 September 1984) Transforming the experimental kinematic data to normal coordinates and calculating the moments of the muscular forces during walking the author found that the locomotor movements for each degree of freedom of the leg are regulated almost discretely so that the two bit constant control parameters are switched a small number of times in the cycle of the step. Therefore, the musculature acts like switchable elastic links and the energy expenditure depends significantly less on the trajectories of movement than on the kinematic conditions at fixed moments of switching. Posing of problem. Earlier, it was shown [1] that muscular actions are theoretically possible for which the energy expenditure depends on the goal of the movement but not on the trajectories along which the goal is reached. The control of such muscular actions is characterized by parameters instantly changed when the next goal of move- ment arises and constant until the goal is reached. This priniple of control was called iso-energetic and the changes in the parameters termed switching. It was found [2] that iso-energetic control is used in rhythmic movements of the arm in the elbow joint. Similarly during locomotions of man and animals the goal of movement consisting in the displacement of the body to the necessary point in space appears more important than the trajectories of movement. Statistical analysis of the published data showed that during walking by man the muscular actions in the joints resemble the actions of switched elastic links {3]. Let us see whether the intermediate goals of movement * Biofizika 30: No. 5, 900-904, 1985. 4 > i Seams a eke at, dace Hoes
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<a im. »f (3) 88 ji- ely; aa ron slec- wsses .eir Approved For ReleaSe 1 ye would have jtn™ 10-100 A/cm — at least an order of magnitude lower than the experimental threshold current density. In these lasers, therefore, Auger recombination jeads only to a heating of the electrons. The current in the active region of injection lasers results primarily from carrier diffusion, ! so that we may ; ignore the Joule heating in Eq. (3) in this ease, Further- more, the term TA in Eq. (1), which corresponds to Auger recombination, is assumed to be small in comparison with | the rate of radiative recombination, ry. The dependence of the threshold current on the lattice temperature can now be determined from the onset of degeneracy of the electron gas, which can be found by solving system (1)-(3), | with T, fixed, and with T treated as a parameter. The ‘ expression for the rate of Auger recombination in this case is ~£thr rx p(rje alata, 6) ; where £; a €g (4 and my are the transverse and longitudinal electron masses), nj(T) is the equilibrium intrinsic electron density, and 8(T) is a smooth function of the temperature T and is given in Ref, 4. We evidently | have ry(T) © y(Tyn?, where ¥(T) is also a smooth function . of T (Ref, 1), Figure 1 shows some typical curves of the position of the Fermi quasilevel and of j as functions of the temperature T for various values of &g, plotted under the assumption T, « Ej. N. D. Devyatkov and M. B. Golant (Submitted July 10, 1981; resubmitted November 26, 1981) _ Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 8, 39-41 (January 12, 1982) PACS numbers: 87.50.Eg, 87.10. + It was noted a long time ago that living organisms may be affected significantly by electromagnetic waves in the radiofrequency range at a very low intensity, below that which would cause any significant heating of tissues. effects, There are, however, no clear criteria for judging an effect to be "specific" (the fact that the temperature Change is small cannot serve as such a criterion, if only because the wave energy and, hence the temperature can be increased significantly without affecting the results in several cases’), In the absence of clear criteria, there have been difficulties in deciding whether an effect is a Specific effect or a thermal effect (or an "tenergy" effect’) a Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : C 0360-120X/82/01 Spy Tarn, Phyg, Lett. $11), January 1982 These effects have been Labeled "nonthermal" or "specific" IA-RDP9650078920031002800014-F: SS aga....o6vovogwx—"- | 0/08/ : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7 FIG. 1. Dependence of the position of the Fermi quasilevel ¢ (a) and of the injection current density j (b) on the temperature of the electron gas for various gap widths (¢ g1 > ego). The maxima in these curves result from the activa- tional nature of the Auger recombination, If the electron gas does not become degenerate when t(T) reaches a maximum (as on curve 2), the degeneracy sets in ata temperature T*~ & which is essentially independent of the lattice temperature T,. This case corresponds to an S-shaped dependence of T on the pump current j. Using the expression from Ref, 4 for 8(T), and using the esti- mate vp~ 10*"s!, one can show that for Ty > 10 K curve 2 corresponds to semiconductors with gap widths & <0.1 ev. In summary, for injection lasers made from semi- conductors of this type the threshold pump current be- comes a function of the lattice temperature only at T, > Ej~ 0.1 &. This conclusion is in good agreement with the experimental data. ly, X. Hoal, K. H. Herrmann, and D. Genzow, Phys. Status Solidi A 64, 239 (1981). 2G, Nimtz, Phys. Rept. 63, 265 (1980). 22, W. Keyes, Proc. IEEE 63, 740 (1975). 4p, R, Emtage, J. Appl. Phys. 47, 2565 (1976). Translated by Dave Parsons Informational nature of the nonthermal and some of the energy effects of electromagnetic waves ona living organism in some particular case oF other, and there has been some doubt that specific effects should be singled out as a special group. The phrase "specific effect" has frequency been replaced by tinformation effect" in more recent years, but this change does not eliminate the difficulties, since no clearer criteria for this concept have emerged. A study of the influence of millimeter-range electro- magnetic waves of a nonthermal intensity on living organ- isms of various complexity levels was published in 1973 (Ref, 2). The organisms studied ranged from microorgan- isms to mammals, Some general conclusions about these effects were formulated. 17