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„
Ganzfeld Protocol
Project Overview
The
objective
of
this
project
was
to
develop
a
detailed
protocol
for
experimental
assessment of the effects of a sender on anomalous communication in a ganzfeld setting. This
objective has been realized through the completion of three tasks:
•
A meta-analysis of existing ganzfeld communication research was performed and used
in a statistical power analysis to estimate the sample sizes needed to reliably detect (a)
an overall anomalous communication effect and (b) a difference between sender and no
sender conditions (Honorton, 1992). Given the effect size associated with the overall
ganzfeld effect, the power analysis indicated that 95% reliability should be achievable
in studies employing at least 200 trials. The small number of studies without senders,
while limiting the usefulness of meta-analysis of sender impact from the existing data,
nevertheless
indicates
that
overall
evidence
for anomalous communication
in
the
ganzfeld is present only in the subset of studies using senders.
•
Meta-analysis of moderator variables
in
this domain
indicates a reliable correlation
between performance in anomalous communication tasks and the psychological trait of
extraversion.
Less
certain
but
reasonably
consistent
evidence
was
also
found
supporting the predictive utility of abundance of self-reported anomalous experiences,
history of prior testing, involvement with mental disciplines such as meditation, and
certain other personality dimensions (Honorton, in press).
•
Informed by the above meta-analytic studies, development of an automated, computer-
based
testing
system and
protocol
for new
studies
sender
effects
in
anomalous
communication. The testing system and protocol are described in this document.
Study Design
The basic research methodology and design comply with the PRL design described by
Honorton, Berger, et
al. (1990). A new video ganzfeld control system has been developed
with modifications to enable double-blind sender comparisons. (See Video Ganzfeld System.)
New target pools have been created and coded
to enable quantitative characterization of
targets. (See Target Stimuli.)
The project involves two interrelated types of studies. Novice studies provide initial training
in ganzfeld communication tasks for previously inexperienced subjects. The novice studies
form the primary basis for selecting subjects for the sender comparison
study. The novice
studies are conducted in four series. In each series 50 novice subjects or receivers complete
one ganzfeld session involving full target presentation to a sender. A secondary function of the
novice series is to test refinements in predictor measures. (See Predictors.)
Successful novices will be asked to participate in the sender comparison study. Rather than
simply comparing performance
with
and
without
a
sender, we have opted
for
a more
Instead of varying the presence or absence of the sender, we will vary the degree of target
ovoiiohip tr» thp wnHpr
Since we are usins dvnamic video stimuli, each target has
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Ganzfeld Protocol
both visual and auditory components, enabling comparison of four conditions:
Video+audio
(“Full target”) components presented to sender, Video only, Audio only, neither component
(“Null sender” condition). The specific condition for a given session is randomly selected and
unknown to either experimenter or subject until the end of the session. (See Figure
1.)
Figure
1. Study Design
SENDER COMPARISON
NOVICE SERIES
STUDY
Previously inexperienced subjects
1 session each following complet-
ion of personality and demo-
graphic questionnaires
25 subject selected from best of
Novices
Each subject contributes 2
sessions in each condition:
Assess predictors
,
Sender exposed to full target
Serves as screening device for
sender comparison study
r
Sender exposed to video
Four senes, 50 subjects each
Sender exposed to audio
Sender blind to target
i_,
—j
(null sender condition)
Video Ganzfeld System
The video ganzfeld system is a second-generation hardware/software control system for the
study of anomalous communication in the ganzfeld.
It is essentially an updated version of the
PRL automated ganzfeld system (Honorton,
et aL,
1990), providing automated computer
control of major aspects of the ganzfeld session, including:
• Random selection of the target in novice series
•
Random selection of sender condition in sender comparison series
•
Automated VCR control and presentation of the target (or target element) to the sender
during sending periods
•
Presentation of judging pool (target and decoys) to receiver (subject) and experimenter
during the post-session blind-judging procedure
•
Presentation of judging rating scales and registration of blind-judging responses
•
Data recording and storage
•
Automated presentation of subject feedback following blind-judging and data recording
The system also includes modules controlling series design and subject registration which
are described below.
Hardware System
Tty
computer. The computer is equipped with a 210 MB fixed tusk, 8
ports
an 80387 numeric coprocessor, and a super VGA monitor. The video subsystem has onboard
5DX
erial
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genlock capability to enable transfer of the VGA graphics screen to an NTSC composite monitor in the
receiver’s room.
..
__
The
target presentation subsystem
is an NEC PC/VCR,
a
frame-accurate NTSC
videocassette
recorder with an onboaixl RS 232
serial
interface.
All VCR
functions
are controlled via computer
software. Custom-designed video switchng circuitry enables
the computer
to route VCR video an
audio signals (as well as the computer graphics screen) to any combination of the three expenmen
rooms (experimenter’s monitoring room, receiver’s room, sender’s room). Each room is equipped with
a 14 in. Panasonic color monitor and headphones.
Two audio
cassette decks
are
used. One deck enables two-way audio communication between
experimenter and receiver, and records the receiver’s mentation report during the session as well as any
interaction
between
experimenter and
receiver. The
other
audio
cassette
deck
plays
prerecorded
relaxation
exercises,
session
instructions,
and
white
noise
during
the
session.
One-way
audio
communication from receiver to sender enables the sender to monitor the receiver s mentation repo
during the
session. Figure 2 provides a schematic diagram of the communication Dow during the
experimental session.
Figure
. Schematic Diagram of Video Ganzfeld Communication Flow
ROOM SI 7B
^
EXPERIMENTER’S
ROOM
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Ganzfeld Protocol
Software System
The
video
ganzfeld
software
runs
under
Microsoft Windows
3.1. The
initial
startup
sequence requires the experimenter to enter a valid security password. (See Figure
3.) The
system automatically terminates if a valid password has not been entered.
Figure 3. System Startup Sequence
Series Manager
Upon entry of a valid password, the Series Manager is loaded. Series Manager
is
the central control program.
It enables the experimenter to design new experimental
series,
register new
subjects,
run
experimental
sessions,
and
export
data
files
to
database management packages. (See Figure 4.)
Figure 4. Video Ganzfeld Series Manager
Apprqvet&EiK
components is described below.
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Figure 5. Series Manager Menu Structure
A
Bcgistcr New Pirtidpint
Video
i >anrte Id Series Manager
l*roccr}iir"’';;
Series
Participants
j
Bun Session
Judging
Abort Current Session
Session Log
Check System...
Au<ho Video System
IestRNG
Video Ganzteld Series Manager
Afiaiy.'.ij
Series
Participants
Procedures
Series
The Series menu allows the experimenter to
list currently active experimental
series, review completed series, and design a new series. The Series Design option
is the most important function in this menu.
It provides the only means through
which a new experimental series can be created and requires advance specification
of the study sample size (number of trials and subjects), the series type, and the
target display (sender) mode:
•
Full Target:
The sender will be exposed to both the video and auditory
components of the target episode
•
Sender Comparison: The system randomly determines whether the sender
is
to
be exposed
to
the
full
target,
its
video component,
its
auditory
component, or a blank screen (null sender mode)
Data input validation routines check for inappropriate or contradictory input
(e.g.,
that the product of the maximum number of participants and maximum
number of trials per participant does not exceed the total number of trials). The
Series Design parameters are stored in a series startup
file. The
file is read into
memory when
the
series
is
selected from the
Series Manager and the system
checks to insure that the specified sample size and maximum trials per subject are
not exceeded in the series.
Participants
The Series Manager Participants menu allows the experimenter to
list current
in which each subject contributes multiple sessions, the list of current participants
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The Participant Registration option provides the only valid means by which
new participants can enter an experimental series. Upon selecting this option, the
experimenter
is presented with a dialog box which prompts him to
enter
the
subject’s name, a unique identification (PIF) number, the participant’s sex, date of
birth, source of recruitment into the study (from a standardized
list), and prior
testing history. As with the Series Design dialog, data input validation routines are
used to insure appropriate input and check for contradictions (e.g., checking
No
prior testing” and one of the other prior testing options).
The Series Design and
Participant Registration dialogs are shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6. Dialogs for Series Design and Participant Registration
Design New Series
Series Name [max = 8 char.)
Total Number of Trials
Max Number of Participants
Max Trials per Participant
Target Display Mode
r SERIES TYPE
O Pilot
O Novice
O Experienced
O Sender Comparison
Full Target
.Oneat^$er^i|
I
K
nggrerer New pamcipanr
Last Name
First Name
PIF#
Date of Birth
(DD-MM-YYJ
Sex
O Male O Female
Source of Recruitment
Volunteer
Testing History
I
1 Ganzfeld
I"! Other Free-Response
I
I Forced-Choice
I
I No Prior Testing
RegistrirMore ^
IjOK.
Procedures
The primary options available on the Procedures menu enable the experimenter
to run a session and to
initiate the blind-judging procedure
at
the end of the
session.
When the experimenter selects “Run Session” from this menu, Series Manager
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Figure 7. Video Ganzfeld Session Controller
The experimenter turns on the PC-VCR by clicking the “POWER” button. The
session is begun when the experimenter clicks “RUN.” After randomly selecting a
target for the session, the Session controller reads a
file containing the
digital
addresses
of each
target
in
the
pool. The program
verifies
that
the
proper
videocassette target pool has been inserted into the PC-VCR, then searches for
the target on the videocassette and places the PC-VCR into pause mode. The
system clock
is used to time the onset of each of the six sending periods in the
session. Fifteen seconds prior to each sending period, the program uses the PC-
VCR
character
generator
to
display
a
message
on
the
sender’s
monitor,
announcing that a sending period is about to begin, then displays the target on the
sender’s monitor.
In
sender comparison
studies,
the
system performs another
randomization to determine whether the sender will be shown the complete target,
the target video component, audio component, or a blank screen, then routes the
appropriate target element to the sender’s monitor. At the end of the sending
period, the program rewinds the videocassette to the beginning of the target and
the PC-VCR is placed in pause mode. This procedure is repeated for each of the
six sending periods
The Session Controller provides the experimenter with a count down of the
number of minutes remaining in the session.
At
the end
of the
session,
experimenter and
receiver, communicating
via
intercom
link, review the receiver’s mentation. The experimenter then
selects
Approve^(J|efgReIefl5Be29fi(^fl84a8agGIAFR£tR9£^QiflSi89R008d QtitfSttMMffsglays
each of the
four possible
targets on
both
experimenter’s and
receiver’s TV
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random
sequences.
The
receiver
is
prompted
to
identify
whatever
correspondences they perceive between their ganzfeld mentation and each of the
four potential targets. The receiver is given the option to view any or all of the
elements in the judging pool as many times as desired, then precedes to perform
the blind judging task. The program displays a judging scale (Figure
8) on the
receiver’s monitor for each of the four possible targets in the judging pool. The
judging scale shows a brief descriptive name for each target, a thermometer-style
rating scale, and three buttons. Using a mini-joystick, the receiver rates the degree
of perceived similarity between each potential target and
their mentation. The
scale ranges from 0% to 100% and the current value of the scale is displayed both
numerically and graphically as the receiver clicks either the
left or right arrow
buttons.
Figure 8. Video Ganzfeld Judging Scale
Judging Scale
H
RATE TARGET:
mmmssmmmxsm
:o rate this target.
When the receiver is satisfied with the rating assigned, she or he presses the
“OK” button. The judging procedure
is repeated for each of the four potential
targets in the judging pool. The program checks for tied ratings and prompts the
receiver to re-rate in the event of a
tie. Once the receiver has rated
all of the
elements in the judging pool, the program converts the ratings to ranks and stores
the
ratings and ranks
as
fields
in
the
session
database
record. The program
calculates a standardized rating
(z-score) based on
the difference between
the
rating assigned to the correct target and the mean of the
three decoy
ratings
divided by the standard deviation of of
all four ratings
(Stanford &
Sargent,
1983).
The
program
times
the
duration
of
the
judging
procedure
from
initial
presentation of the four judging pool elements to completion and adds
it to the
session database record.
current session,” “Session log,” and “Check System.” The abort session option is
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used to terminate an ongoing session prior to completion. Premature termination
of a session may only occur in the event of a protocol violation (e.g., sender or
receiver
leaving
their
respective rooms
after
the
beginning
of
the
session),
equipment failure, or an emergency situation. When “Abort session”
is selected,
the system displays a dialog box prompting the experimenter to enter his or her
security password and indicate the specific reason for terminating the session. This
information, along with the the participant’s ID, and the date and time are written
to
a
series
abort
file.
Abort
session
is
not
available
after
the
blind judging
procedure has been completed.
Session
log enables
the experimenter
to
register comments concerning
the
current session and “Check System” performs diagnostics on the audiovisual and
randomization functions of the system.
Target Stimuli
Target Pool
Following Honorton,
et
al.,
(1990),
target
stimuli
consist of brief (35-80
sec.)
video
excerpts from a variety of films and documentaries. Two target pools, each containing 40
targets (10 judging pools of four targets each), have been prepared. Each target pool is stored
on one 90-min
.5 in. VHS videocassette tape. Digital addresses on each videocassette enable
frame-accurate access of targets via the video ganzfeld/PC-VCR computer
link. A unique
digital header is recorded on each videocassette and is read by the computer at the onset of
each experimental session. Accidental insertion of a videocassette other than that containing
the designated target pool is automatically detected and results in termination of the session.
Based on an analysis of target success-rates in the PRL experiments, approximately half of
the targets were taken from among the most successful PRL dynamic targets. The remainder
of the targets are new. Pool A will be exclusively used for the Novice Screening Series and
Pool B
will be used for the Sender Comparison Series. Since the
latter series will include
sessions
in which the sender will be exposed only to the audio soundtrack portion of the
target, the elements in Pool B include a high proportion of targets with descriptive narration.
Measurement of Target Attributes
The quantification of complex target material has long eluded investigators of anomalous
communication. The
quantitative
characterization
of
target
attributes
is
important
for
a
number of reasons, for example:
•
Development of more
statistically powerful methods for assessing target/descnption
correspondences,
•
Detection and elimination of targets associated with strong response bias
(i.e., targets
that tend to be selected or rejected because of their intrinsic characteristics),
•
Detection and elimination of targets that activate perceptual defense,
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* re2v^lomir
entS °f t3rget cnvironmems that “y
specially amenable to
remeval via anomalous communication.
it
have
.
be“ 11,3,16 with re«aK* '° cenain aspects of this problem as
specifically applies to remote viewing smdies (May, et al„ 1985; 1990)
While asnects of
May s conceptual schema can also be applied to ganzfeld research, there are mo
p
of
m^f“l:;rT
hatdlffT
,,t aPProaCh:
(1)
™mentation
pto ocol focuses upon the elicitation of unconstrained spontaneous imageiy rather than an
exphcit focus upon describing the target. (2) The video targets are themselves
om those typically used in remote viewing research; They include auditory components (e g
muac dialogue, narranon, sound effects), occasionally major transitions interactive, highly
evocative dramatic and comedic scenes, etc.
For these reasons, we have adopted a somewhat different approach, consistuie of two
distinct aspects: (1) Specific descriptors tailored to the content of the target pools
and (2)
generic characteristics derived from environmental psychology.
Content-based Descriptors
Each target has been coded with respect to Theme, Tone, and Content. Each item is coded
Table
. Content-based Descriptors
Nature/wildlife
Fantasy/religion/mythology
Aggression/battles/warfare/conflict
Social interactions
Sports/athletics/acrobatics
Art/dance/music
Places/travel/exploration
Cartoons/animation
Humor
Documentary
Action
Drama
Wonderment/awe
Light entertainment
People
Animals
Fantasy/mythical characters
Water
Rocks/hills/mountains
Trees/flowers/foliage
Land vehicles/scenes
Terrestrial flight scenes
Underwater vehicles/scenes
)8M^<ffl^mm789R00Z'\ 002&0
Technology/objects/devices/tools
Space/planets/galaxies
1001-9
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on a four-poim scale, where 0 = absent, 1= present, 2= prominent, and 3=dominant
(See
\
2 '7hir
ntent'baSed descriPtors m used (a)
in construction of orthoginal judging
pools
and
(b)
in
exploratory
analysis
of
targe,
attribute
coreelateT of ltTuf
communication.
or
anomalous
Generic Characterization of Targets based on
Environmental Psychology Approaches
The above approach represents what Mehrabian and Russell (1974) describe as “the nwt
"isrrr'
- * * Li
events and entities
(p.
6). They potnt out that
this approach does not permit comnarison
across envtronments,
and
it is impossible to analyze behavioral changes as functions of
inutges in environments so described” (p. 6). Mehrabian and Russell survey a wide array of
evidence pointing to the advantage of generic characterization of environments in terms of the
pnm^y emononal responses they elicit and a (psychologically-based) measure ofZZ
rate. Their general framework is illustrated below in Figure 9.
Figure 9. Mehrabian & Russell Framework for Characterizing Environments
THE ENVIRONMENT
Sense modality variables
|
(e.g., color and temperature)
I
,
BEHAVIORAL
Information rate
PRIMARY
RESPONSES
(characterizing the spatial and
EMOTIONAL
temporal relationships among
RESPONSES
Approach-avoidance
the stimulus components of
an environment)
Pleasure
\
(which includes physical
I
'
annrnao
K
Arousal
Dominance
Characteristic emotions
associated with
PERSONALITY
BEHAVIORAL
RESPONSES
Approach-avoidance
(which includes physical
approach, exploration,
affiliation, performance,
or other verbal and non-
verbal communications
of preference)
After Figure 1.1 of Mehrabian & Russell (1974).
Within this framework, environments are coded using semantic differential scales measuring
the three pnmaty emononal responses (pleasure or evaluation, arousal or activity, dominance
or potency) and information
rate. The scales are reproduced in the appendix. Each of the
targets has been coded on these four scales. We believe that this approach may provide a basis
for broader comparison across laboratories and target sets than more traditional methods
It of
course remains
to be seen how
useful
it will be
as a predictor of success
in anomalous
communication.
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Predictor Measures
Eixtraversion and Openness to Experience
Performance
in anomalous communication
tasks has been found
to
correlate with
the
psychological trait of extravereion in a recent mem-analysis of 15 stndies by five
investtgators (Honorton, Ferrari, & Bern, 1990). The mean con-elation is small (r =
20) but
consistent across investigators, studies, and personality measures.
While
the
meta-analysis
provides
strong
evidence
that
a
relationship
exists
between
lomalous commumcanon and extravereion,
it is silent as to the nature of the relationship
*“rea
S
,
<TTr
y T*"*
With SOdabffi,y
i. is now known
the OTOMs
“t
OIher “mP°nen,S °f exlraversion- Fot
reason, we have chosen
rf
PCTS
°”f
y I"Ven,0'y (Costa & McR“. 1985), an instinmen, that measnes six facets
of exnaversion. Recent research implicates sensation seeking as an instrumental factor in the
ganz e d experience (Glicksohn, 1991) and we are especially interested in the possibility that it
WUh perfonnance ” anomalous communication tasks. We also will use the
f?
PI °Penness a*16, and «s six facets, because a number of studies have indicated a
re anonship
between
anomalous
communication
and
various
measures
of openness
to
experience. Table 2 lists the six facets of extraversion and openness.
Table 2. Facets of Extraversion and Openness
Scale
L
Facet
1.
Warmth
2.
Gregariousness
3.
Assertiveness
4.
Activity
5.
Excitement Seeking
6.
Positive Emotions
iiiiliiiiiiii
|
1.
Fantasy
2.
Aesthetics
3.
Feelings
4.
Actions
5.
Ideas
6.
Values
A computer program scores the questionnaire and presents graphic profiles for each of the
six facets of extraversion and openness. Statistical power analysis (Cohen, 1977) indicates that
a sample size of 200 subjects will achieve a 90% likelihood of detecting a correlation of 2 at
p<.05. With Ni200, the critical value of r (pS.05) is within the 95% Cl of the meta-analysis
Other Moderators
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^
e:rr
S °f tteee nOViCe eXperim<:nK m two “depend™' laboratories radicates
that
anomalous commmt.cat.on perfomtance in the ganzfeld
is related to fonr other factors
(rionorton, m press):
The number of types of personal “psychic” experiences subjects believe they have had.
•
Experience with mental disciplines such as meditation,
Classification as Feeling/Perception on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, and
•
Prior formal testing involving anomalous communication tasks.
Across the three studies, only 15 subjects (about 5%) satisfied all four predictors
but
1 1 of
them
successfully
identified
their
targets
(effect
size =
1.03). When
the
least
frequently
satisfied condition (pnor testing) was eliminated, 99 subjects in the three studies satisfied the
z
h “ effect si“ of
-39 - SubjKIS wh0 *>
«
predictor model (N =
1 90) produced a nonsignificant effect size of .07.
Myers-Bnggs Feeling/Perception is highly correlated with the NEO Openness Scale used in
this study. We have developed more refined items regarding reported personal anomalous
experiences, prior laboratoiy testing, and mental disciplines. Prior to contributing to the novice
senes (total N = 200), subjects will complete the NEO-PI Extraversion and Openness scales
and a demographic survey incorporating measures of personal experiences and prior testing. If
the predictive
utility of these factors
is confirmed
in the new novice
series, a composite
predictor measure will be used in addition to novice target acquisition to select subjects for the
sender comparison study.
"
Subjects
Previous research
also indicates
that
artists and musicians are particularly successful
in
anomalous communication tasks (Schlitz & Honorton, 1992). For this reason, we will recruit
as many subjects as possible from University music and arts departments and local creative and
performing arts groups.
References
Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical power analysisfor the behavioral sciences (rev. ed.). New York:
Academic Press.
Costa, P. T., & McRae, R. R. (1985). The NEO Personality Inventory manual. Psychological
Assessment Resources, Inc.
Glicksohn,
J.
(1991). The induction of an altered
state of consciousness as a function of
sensory environment and experience seeking. Personality and Individual Differences
1057-1066.
’
’
HonortonAC ^1992^.
-9
power estimates. Report to SAIC.
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°p°^0n ’
^
The ganzfeld novice: Four predictors of initial ESP performance
Proceedings of the 35th Annual Convention
of the
ParoDsvrhni„
,
,
Research Triangle Park, NC: Parapsychological Assaiiation.
Assocla“on-
Honorton, CBerger, R.
E.,
Varvoglis, M. P„ Quant, M„
Derr, p.
Schechter E
I
h
Ferrart, D. C (1990), Psi communication in the ganzfeld: Experiment
testing system and
a comparison
with
a
meta-analysis of
earlier
studies .ww
r
Parapsychology, 54, 99-139.
studies.
Journal of
Honorton, C„ Ferrari, D, C, & Bern, D.
J. (1990). Extraversion and ESP performance- A
meta-analysts and a new confirmation. Proceeding, of ,He 33rd Annual cZenZZfihe
Parapsychological
Association.
Research
Trianele
Park
Nr-
r>
.
.
Association, 113-125.
’
C
Psychological
May, E. C„ Humphrey, B. S
& Mathews, C. (1985). A figure of merit analysis for free-
esponse material. Proceedings of the 28th Annual Convention of the Parapsychological
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X A' ° 974) -
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Psychology.
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Stanford, R. <3 & Sargent, C. L. (1983). Z scores in free-response methodology Comments
Te^cTZt" of “ eiTOr-*— fthe
***»“
Approved For Release 2000/08/08
: CIA-RDP96-00789R0031 00260001 -9
Approved For Release 2000/08/08
: CIA-RDP96-00789R0031 00260001 -9
Ganzfeld Protocol
Appendix
!“° Di
!
,®ren6,lal 388,88 Us8d >or Generic Target Characterization
(Mehrabian & Russell, 1974)
,zaTlon
I. Primary Emotional Responses
your check mark to It.
approp
e the adjective seems, the closer you put
TARGET NAME
TAPE ADDR. (START
: END)
Influential
In control
Important
Autonomous
Unhappy
Annoyed
Unsatisfied
Melancholic
Despairing
Bored
Relaxed
Calm
Sluggish
Dull
Sleepy
Unaroused
S3«GE3iB5Eli
!
11 n i(
Approved For Release 2000/08/08
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Ganzfeld Protocol
H. Information Rate
in the target episode, Each^^efo^^
to desc^ ^ situation depicted
relation among the various parts SXTS JS““5
defi™the situation or the
indicate what ?ou think13^^^^
3“
* 0ne °f
to
Varied
Simple
Novel
Small-scale
Similar
Dense
Intermittent
Usual
Heterogeneous
Uncrowded
Asymmetrical
Immediate
Common
Patterned
Redundant
Complex
Familiar
Large-scale
Contrasting
Sparse
Continuous
Surprising
Homogeneous
Crowded
Symmetrical
Distant
Rare
Random
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