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analyze more carefully the alternative possibilities of communication betw^n isolated syslems
and, above all, possibilities that are feasible in the context of the existing fundamental
physical concepts.
a vnnrax.nVn *friL* have shown that there exists a consistent po
ssibility for the exchange^f
_
wZ ut the involvement of anyjand of energy_samgr, with the
\
/ with the^/tegiWe/ components of that field E and E absolutg^equal tozerp.
The formal body of mathematics for modern electrodynamics, constructed ^th^uential use
of the Drinciples of the theory of relativity,’ shows that an electromagnetic field
* Afield potential* -ft * wh^ and |rW only a
few combinations of derivatives of its components
^ -^and
» - V x a
.
Tfvlav’s eneineerine
however, often uses field potentials superficially, for simplifying
mathemati(^computations in the calculation in practical problems of the wmponents E and
1, and those very components are felt to provide a complete description of an electromagn
field in its interaction with matter £»<$(£ v\/x8)
The interpretation of fields X and
cp as "realjphys^fields" is hindered, to some^tent by
their mathematical ambiguity and the conHpOTm^hteramre about choice of
•
same time,
it known that only a Lorentz gage V->C= -
^
whereas, for example, the oft-used gage
is relafctically ™
that
indicates the existence of purely transverse - i.e., plane - waves of potential, something that
electromagnetic waves with infinitely large energies would conform to.
In theoretical physics
it is the potentials of A and ptte&M ** mtar^y g0 j”**6
•
c
expressions for the artion integral and the Hamiltonian function
In quantum eledrcxlynanucs,
variation in the quantum mechanical phase of a particle of me^o^ehc field
^ ^ ^
determined by the well-known Feynman mtegral ££>=
"
-ft I$
*’
function of the field potential itself.
In the 1960s
Jaklevic, Lambe, Mercereau, and Silver*
7 and_B^kf[siclLj\iono_v, and
’a number of experiments that were
manifestation of field potentiajjiurgions nf
JoseohsoT effectfby J&evicjand electron diffraction [by Chambers]). The work
y
l^rdiSTdSTnstrated experimentally the possibility of detecting field
l potaibal when
^_w_0 and thereby showed the limitedness of the "engineering
description of
Z E and B. Ilm^nsuJrsx.f^
again announce the "physical reahty"_of^eMj>pf^qa^
The successful experiments of Jaklevic and Chambers
legjgmize the issue of the
_ "reality" of
%
ofSmaenetic field potMti^Qn^^^Sa^pn^agatin^J^
/
ak^ thejilane of a_magnetic djpole) •
As
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•
involving the determination of the
we know
the solution of an electr(^yn^^|^
® ^nce in the entire space of a
radiation field of an electrical tfipole^«1 o
^ „ ..ppUtude that dummies m
a
spherical_waveA-2£!^1^5£^^^^=^^^g vector A parallel to the™ofthedtpo'e
to
at a distancewmiWj>^
at each point in space.*' Detecting &—
realization of aneyrtyp^sf^^
without any tracer ofengraL.—
/the ITmov-^Y11^^ vector *s
-=—
"rwe note thaTinthe well-known
Sfa. an outside source is expended
^S^tatedSiction ofAwhST^H-O, enerH ^ ^ ^
removes the
in the detector.) The need to
with the law of conservation of energy,
apparent contradiction m the concept in question
W
.
.
„f fi.1,1 potentials and ofjhe.possibsilty uf
We know that the problem of
Z.-.^R*mHs closely relat^Lfil-^^^sS-l^gdfi^—
qnantum mecttanica!
-
understood to mean
S5f '
derivatives) has no effect on system
^assignment of given ®diSS5aS^
reajized for measunng and compamg
ic :« Anwiment. the possibility
f .*
mnqam M=A -t"B4'
is realized for measuring and companng
arrn ,
unwever
if in experiment, the possium y
.
.
„
0f the system M=A+B+...,
phases "of *-waves that correspond to cotam e^^some amount of energy on the process of
dren, after
formation on the values of the components of
that measurement,
it is possible ro
field potentials at the location of sys
•
...
the
E
L
.
,, r^rmpr were the first to observe
For example, the classic experiments
structures.
11 Thomson's
diffracliou of "^X^ta^ference rings formed b, election waves on a
Fabrikant etal
^
^^ nn>cesses ^ us^morewdely^ ^^Bc^hnology
phe
relationships ofj^aye_prQC
-
than mengineeringap^cations .
.
.
. Ketmn to be used in electron microscopy for producing
gT
At present, that process has^
based on electron -waves.
'
’
sraaU
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physical dimensions (a point source).
In well-known early experiments, various crystal structures were usually used as the object of
which a hologram had to be recorded.
16 " That was because the length of the electron wave is
determined by the de Broglie relation
X=h/mv,
whereU=Jj-«IDtf7is Planck’s constant, m is the electron mass, and v is the electron velocity.
With an electron energy of 1-100 eV, wavelength is X =(1.5-0.015) 104 cm, so that for
observation of interference phenomena, the use of crystals with a lattice element spacing of
approximately 104 cm is effective.
At the same time, methods developed in recent years for "cooling" particle beams, thereby
enabling the achievement of extremely low values for particle velocity straggling, make
it
technically possible to produce beams with low total energy. For example, electrons have
been slowed to an energy of 104 eV, with the wavelength of approximately 0.05 /im
approaching the wavelengths of the visible range.
The small absolute length of ^ -waves for electrons with energies of 1-100 eV, most easily
detected directly via photoemulsion exposure, makes the technical realization of the
holographic process more difficult than if light waves were used.
For observing and recording the interference pattern produced by macro bodies even the size
of 10-100 fim, one must use either larger distances from the object to the photographic plate
or electron optics that result in the period of the spatial pulsations being larger than the
resolution element of the emulsion.
The use of "cold" particle beams with large wavelength and low energy for
ifr-holography
raises the issue of what method is to be used to record the amplitude distribution of the wave
in the detection plane — direct exposure of photoemulsion at a particle energy of <0.1 eV,
for example, could be virtually absent. Certain difficulties can also arise in the successive
recording of the hologram with scanning by an electron beam detector.
To record ^-holograms based on cold electrons,
it could turn out that it is best to use various
methods of intermediate, simultaneous conversion of the interference pattern - electron-
microscopy methods of image transformation and enhancement and use of enhancement of the
"i^-image" via direct acceleration of the "cold" electrons between the plane for recording the
^-hologram and the photodetector, and methods of enhancement that attach electrons to
electronegative molecules with subsequent acceleration of those molecules in an electrical
field, etc.
As with the visible and radio ranges of electromagnetic waves, methods of basic intensity
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holography, in which only the square of the amplitude of the interference pattern is recorded,
are entirely applicable to ^-holography, as are methods of holography that use a reference
beam, thereby enabling the detection of the amplitude-phase distribution of the ijr-field.
Controlling the phase front of the *-wave with electrical and magnetic fields -- something
that has been perfected in electron microscopy — makes it possible to implement various
hologram-recording systems that are well-known today for the optical range (for example,
forming reference beams that have a plane or spherical phase front and fall on the hologram
recording plane at a given angle).
The essential difference between ik-hologrdphy and standard holography based on
' electromagnetic waves stems from the dispersion of the fr-wave propagating in free space.
That difference shows up faTbffise^methods of recording and playing back ^-holograms, when
the rachaBon ii^d cannot he considered monochromatic. "Diffusion" of the wavejackets
(pulses) in free space (or in a vacuum) does not take place.J&MLelfiCtromagngtic_w_aves.and is-
peculiar only to the fr-wave.
in. Features of the playback of holograms and the uncertainty principle.
As with standard optical holography, irradiating a ^-hologram with a coherent i^-wave (a
single-energy flux of wave-particles) makes it possible to produce a three-dimensional image.
Of greatest interest as regards the ifr-wave (unlike with the optical hologram) is, apparently,
the virtual image , which has a number of features of the actual object recorded in the
hologram.
The greatest ifr-wave concentration is observed, in the region of space in jwhich the virtual
jmage is formed, and location of the individual elements of the image is determined,
^tSaily, only by the nature of the spatial distribution of the wave emanating from the plane
of the ifr-hologram.
We should note, however, a number of fundamental questions that arise in connection with
the possibility of synthesizing an image with a ^-hologram.
First, there is the possibility of self-stress in the virtual image that is obtained and in
its
elements - in general, »-waves interact nonlinearly. For example, electrons are pushed apart
by electrical forces and are scattered on other electrons (unlike electromagnetic waves, which
obey linear equations with great precision).
Next, a virtual ifr-image can obviously interact directly with an external electromagnetic field,
since, generally speaking, that image constitutes a material medium with a given distribution
of density and other parameters.
Finally, the possibility of a given placement of the "quantum mechanical" object in space in
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