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The PMT housing and slide holder were light-tight and constructed of metal that was
grounded and shielded against rf, magnetic, and electrostatic fields.
Our entire PMT housing was
further
enclosed
in
a
standard photographer's
film
changing bag
so
that
the
slide
selection
remained blind.
A light-tight slide holder, which could be opened and closed easily, was fabricated and
fitted
to
the end
flange
of the PM tube
housing.
The holder was positioned the
slide
within
approximately 2.5 cm of the active surface of the tube.
This distance is 1.5 cm greater than in the
1984
study because
the new cooled
tube
housing had
a
quartz window
to provide
thermal
insulation while allowing optical transparency into the UV.
The PMT was selected to have an active area equal to or greater than the film area of
the slide.
In addition, we required the tube to be sufficiently broad band and sensitive so as to
equal or surpass the device used in the
first experiments by the Chinese.
We also required the
dark count (background) rate to be as low as possible. To achieve this goal, we added cooling so
that the PMT was cooled and the temperature stabilized
at -20 °C (±1°).
This modification
reduced the overall dark count noise by a factor of approximately 50 from the earlier study, and
eliminated slow changes in the count rate caused by ambient temperature
drift.
All
critical
pieces
of
electrical
apparatus were
isolated
from common mode
and
differential mode
noise.
Because the power requirements
for the key experimental apparatus
were too great to make battery power a reasonable option, we surveyed the available ac voltage
regulators and transient suppressors. We selected a Topaz power conditioner as having the most
modern design and providing the best specifications for transient suppression
(1 kHz to 10 MHz
per IEEE Standard 587), for voltage regulation (+4% to -8% for a +15% to -25% variation about
120 V), and noise rejection (130-dB common mode, 58-dB normal mode
at
10 kHz).
Low level signals from the PMT to the preamplifier and preamplifier to amplifier were
more heavily shielded than in FY 1984; the preamplifier was close coupled to the PMT and the
signal from the preamplifier was conducted through semi-rigid coaxial cable, which provides good
electromagnetic interference attenuation up to GHz frequencies.
C.
Signal Processing
The
output
of
the
PMT
was
processed
and
displayed
by
state-of-the-art
instrumentation used
in nuclear radiation spectroscopy.
We selected the multichannel scaling
(MCS) mode of signal processing as the most appropriate for our experiment.
In this type of data
acquisition, the amplified pulses from the PMT were counted for a specific length of time (dwell
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time), and the resulting total was stored and displayed in a single bin (channel).
This process was
repeated for each of 1024 channels.
In
this fashion,
a histogram was accumulated showing the
tube count rate
as
a
function
of time over
a
single viewing
trial (~17 minutes).
We
call
this
particular time record of PMT output a spectrum
.
Because
the
voltage output of a photomultiplier tube
is
directly proportional
to the
intensity
of the incident
light source, we elected to
set two windows on the PMT signal.
One
window
displayed
the
entire
voltage
range
output,
which
is
dominated by
numerous
small
amplitude background pulses. We designated this window Region
I.
The window for Region
II
was
adjusted
to show only
large
voltage
pulses.
In
this fashion, we were
able
to monitor the
system for two possible outcomes:
•
A significant increase
in the number of small amplitude pulses.
•
An increase
in the frequency of relatively rare,
large amplitude events.
The
original Chinese
claim was
that an
individual having
“exceptional
vision”
(an
ability roughly equivalent to remote viewing) could produce an anomalous signal from the PMT
consisting of mainly large amplitude pulses.
Because the PMT was in total darkness and no light emitting materials were included
in the sample chamber,
virtually
all background counts were due to thermionic emission
at the
photocathode
or dynodes. 6
A photon
striking
the photocathode
will produce
a
signal
that
is
indistinguishable
from
that
resulting
from
thermionic
emission.
Therefore,
one
cannot
say
conclusively whether a statistically significant increase in count rate (above background)
is caused
by enhanced thermionic emission or photon production.
For simplicity, we have referred to the
putative
effect in
this report as “photon production,” and have calculated our results assuming
that photons are
striking the photocathode
in the PMT.
A multichannel analyzer (MCA) received, sorted, and stored the signals coming from
the two windows. A third MCA input came from a signal generator that could be triggered by a
microswitch in the adjoining RV room.
That switch was used to mark the beginning and end of
data taking in the RV session.
Details of the session are contained in the methodology section
below.
A schematic diagram of the equipment used
is shown in Figure
1.
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PREAMPLIFIER
COOLED HOUSING
SWITCH
—HdH
i
Z
J
AMPLIFIER/
PHOTOMULTIPLIER
/
TUBE
/
35-mm SLIDE
PULSER
SINGLE
CHANNEL
ANALYZER
SINGLE
CHANNEL
ANALYZER
All Amplitude
Pulses
High Amplitude
Pulses
Session Marker
Pulses
—
*
w
MULTICHANNEL
ANALYZER AND DISPLAY
SUN 3/160
RS-232
COMPUTER
INTERFACE
FIGURE
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR PHOTON PRODUCTION EXPERIMENT
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Following an experimental session, the data collected by the MCA were transferred to
a Sun Microsystems 3/160 computer via an RS-232 interface.
In our FY 1984 study, the count
rates during control periods in our two regions of interest
were approximately 300/second and
10/second,
respectively.
By cooling the T to —20
C, we were able to reduce the average count
rates in the respective regions of interest to 5/second and 0.7/second.
Because a single photon
can produce a count, we were sensitive to a
lcr increase of approximately y/N photons, where N is
the count rate.
This figure would correspond to about 2 to
3 excess counts in Region
I and less
than
1 excess count in Region
II.
D.
Experimental Methodology
The slides that served as the targets during the session were prepared from a pool of
112 National Geographic Magazine photographs.
Each slide was placed
in a separate opaque
envelope marked with an identification number.
Prior to each session, four slides were selected
from the
target pool by a computer generated pseudorandom number generator (PRNG)
.
All
four slide envelopes were placed in the changing bag with the PMT housing, then shuffled.
One
envelope was selected in a blind fashion; the slide was removed and then placed into the special
holder
covering
the PMT.
That procedure ensured
that
the
slide
selected was unknown
to
everyone.
Four viewers were asked
to contribute
six viewings each.
In
this experiment,
the
personnel consisted of four of the best available viewers participating in ongoing RV programs at
SRI.
The photomultiplier tube and
preamplifier,
the
instrumentation
for
amplifying and
counting the PMT signals, and the computer were
all located in a locked instrumentation room
adjacent to the RV session room.
The only instrumentation in the RV room was the microswitch
used to signal the start and
finish of an RV data acquisition period.
Prior to the
arrival of a viewer, the experimenter selected the
four
slides using the
PRNG, checked the equipment
for proper functioning,
shuffled the envelopes inside the PMT
housing bag, and loaded the target slide.
In addition, the experimenter recorded a control session
under
exactly
the same
conditions
as an experimental
session except
for the absence
of the
viewer. We designated these as “local” control sessions.
In the statistical analysis, these control
sessions
(taken
before
and
after
the RV
session)
serve
as
the
baseline
against
which
the
experimental session was compared.
After the arrival of the viewer,
3 minutes of data were collected before beginning the
RV
session.
Each
time
the
viewer
was
ready
to
give
a response in
the RV
session,
the
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experimenter marked
that time with a press
of
a microswitch.
Closing the switch sent a brief
series
of TTL
logic
pulses which
registered
in
the MCA memory.
After the
response,
the
experimenter again
closed
the
switch
for
to
2 seconds.
These two
bursts of pulses
clearly
defined the period of RV effort for future analysis of the PMT output. A series of several such
efforts using corresponding marker pairs was typically generated during each 17-minute viewing.
This procedure was followed twice
(i.e., viewings were conducted two at a time).
Following the
session, the accumulated data were automatically read out into the computer memory.
Once this
process was begun, the experimenter removed the target slide from
its holder and displayed
it (as
feedback)
to the viewer using a slide projector.
Following
the
departure
of
the
viewer,
the
experimenter
recorded
another
local
control session, and then transferred
all data from the computer hard disk to magnetic tape.
Following the manufacturer’s recommendations,
all of the principal hardware (PMT,
amplifier,
MCA,
etc.) remained on continuously.
E.
Control Sessions
Prior to any RV data collection, 50 control sessions were recorded with no one present
in the experimental area.
After the completion of all RV sessions, another 50 control sessions
were recorded. We have chosen to call these “global” control sessions to distinguish them from
the data collected before and after each RV session.
As discussed elsewhere in this report, these
100 sessions allowed us to examine the parent distribution of dark counts, and provided a good
record of the maximum count rates observed under normal conditions.
As described, the experimenter also recorded a control session under exactly the same
conditions as an experimental session except for the absence of the viewer, before and after the
RV session.
These sessions were designated as “local” controls and are the baseline against which
the experimental session was compared.
F.
PMT Data
During a 17-minute RV trial, the typical data recorded from the PMT consist of three
count
rate
records
(we
designate
these
as spectra
for convenience.
These three
spectra
are
displayed concurrently.
Each spectrum has a common x-axis of 1024 channels.
In order to
accommodate a 17-minute
trial, the dwell time was set at
1 second/channel.
The
first spectrum
displayed
all pulses from the PMT, regardless of their amplitude, that were detected during each
1-second counting period.
The second spectrum displayed only those pulses—detected in the
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same
1 -second
interval—whose amplitude exceeded
a preset threshold which was adjusted to
eliminate all but the largest pulses.
This amplitude discrimination was accomplished using a single
channel
analyzer (SCA) whose
settings were
the same
as
in
the FY
1984
experiment.
The
remaining spectrum represented RV session dependent timing markers.
For the all-amplitude
pulse case, the average counting rate was about 5 counts per channel (1 second).
Average rates
in the high-amplitude spectrum were about 0.7/channel.
With the dark count
stability provided by the temperature
controlled PMT,
it was
possible to collect meaningful baseline data. We accumulated one baseline for each RV session.
Because two viewings were always carried out
at each meeting, one control session was taken
before and one after the entire RV period.
Our planned
statistical analysis procedure was very similar to that used
in
1984:
a
linear correlation coefficient was computed between the FM and the number of excess
(>
p. ±
1.65 a) pulses from the All-Pass and High-Pass PMT data.
Many viewers report perceiving RV
data
during
rest
periods
as
well
as
ostensible
effort
periods.
Accordingly,
we
examined
correlations between FMs and
the
entire RV
session PMT
output,
as
well
as
the RV
data
acquisition periods indicated by the microswitch closures.
Because the average pulse rate during
this experiment was considerably less than in 1984, a t-test comparing the average count rates in
the control trials and RV trials was used to determine whether there was any significant increase in
the count rate regardless of the FM.
A second analysis program searched the RV sessions for
unusually high or low pulse rates
(as compared with the baseline data)
.
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III
RESULTS
A.
Remote Viewing Results
Each RV session was judged using an FM analysis.
The FM
is defined as the product
of two measures: accuracy and reliability.
The accuracy of an RV response
is the fraction of the
target material that is described correctly.
Reliability is the fraction of the response that
is correct.
Tables
1 through 4 show the RV results for each trial. The session number (9001.cr, for example)
incorporates
a code
for each viewer as well as the chronological sequence of viewings.
Table
REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER 009
Session
Figure
of Merit
p-value
9001. lg
0.5714
0.0238
9002. lg
0.3810
0.1961
9003
. lg
0.4444
0.0497
9004. lg
0.3333
0.3650
9005
. lg
0.0667
0.9233
9006. lg
0.3556
0.2697
Overall
p
<
0.0450
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Table
REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER
105
Session
Figure of Merit
p-value
9001
, rs
0.4571
0.0412
9002
. rs
0.1667
0.3486
9003
. rs
0.1600
0.3618
9004
. rs
0.3333
0.1039
9005
. rs
0.0000
j
1.0000
9006
. rs
0.3810
0.0475
Overall
p
<
0.0488
Table
REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER 177
Session
Figure
of Merit
p-value
9001
. hs
0.4444
0.2430
9002. hs
0.1143
0.9579
9003. hs
0.3810
0.2978
9004 .hs
0.5000
0.2392
9005. hs
0.5952
0.0677
9006. hs
0.6429
0.0136
Overall
p <
0.0385
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Table
REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER
807
Session
Figure
of Merit
p-value
9001
. cr
0.0000
1.0000
9002. cr
0.3333
0.2267
9003
. cr
0.5208
0.0240
9004
, cr
0.0833
0.7494
9005. cr
0.3750
0.1321
9006
, cr
0.1333
0.5911
Overall
p
<
0,1895,
n
. s
.
From the FM analysis performed for our FY 1984 experiment, we determined that by
computing the p-value for each FM we could determine an average p for each viewer and for
all
sessions combined.
The overall probability of obtaining that average p-value was then calculated,
either by an exact method for small numbers of sessions 7 or by using the central limit theorem for
greater than 20 sessions. 0
In the current analysis, an additional test of significance,
the Fisher
Chi-square technique, 8 has been added
to supplement the
probability associated with average
p-value
for a given series.
the overall p-values given
for
each* viewer' s
series
as
shown
in
Tables
through
4 were calculated using the Fisher Chi-square
technique.
Averaging all p-values
for
all
sessions yielded p(avg.)
= 0.3437.
Using
the central-limit
theorem,
the probability associated with that average
value
is
p <0.004.
Using
the Fisher Chi-square method,
a p-value
of <
0.0036 was calculated
for
all
sessions,
indicating good agreement
between
techniques.
We observed
that
three
out
of
the
four viewers
independently produced significant
results.
Such
an outcome
is
an
extremely rare
event.
If
the probability of
success
is
p <
0.05,
the
binomial probability
of obtaining three
out
of
four successful results
is
p
<0.00048.
These
individual and overall
remote viewing results
are
substant ially better
than were achieved
in
the FY 1984
study.
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PMT/RV Correlation Results
As described, the basic data unit was a 17-minute session during which 1024 channel
records
of output were collected simultaneously
in three
records,
Each channel
contains
the
number of pulses recorded during a one-second counting period.
For a given session, one of the
three records contains the All-Pass PMT data and one the High-Pass PMT data. For the RV
sessions, the third data record contains the markers that indicate the beginning and the end of RV
effort periods.
In order that we could characterize the overall behavior of the system, we collected 50
sessions, with no one present, both before and after the entire series of RV effort sessions.
These
were designated as the global control sessions. To characterize the behavior of the system at time
of the RV, one local control trial was conducted both before and after each set of two consecutive
RV sessions.
1*
Global Control Data
An error in the data storage program caused the data from the 50 global control
trials following the entire series of RV sessions to be lost, leaving only the pre-experiment global
controls.
Given the stability of the temperature controlled PMT housing, this set of approximately
50,000 counting periods appears
sufficient to characterize the long-term behavior and general
pulse distribution of the system.
In addition, bracketing the RV sessions with two local control
trials serves to detect any short term fluctuations in the system behavior.
As described, the local
trials served as the
statistical baseline for calculating possible effects on the PMT during the RV
session, regardless of the FM correlation.
The number of counts/channel for the All-Pass mode ranges from 0 to 84, with a
mean of 4.615 and a standard deviation of 3.471;
the values for the High-Pass mode range from
0 to
15, with a mean of 0.700 and a standard deviation of 0.921.
The distribution of the global
control data exhibits a long tail which
is undoubtedly due not only to thermionic emission but also
to the
relatively rare dark count processes mentioned
in the PMT
literature. 6
Suppression of
these sources of dark noise
is possible, but sufficiently difficult and expensive to be unwarranted
at this stage of investigation.
2 .
Local Control Data
All of the RV
trials were conducted
in
pairs, one about 30 minutes
after the
other.
Both before and
after each
set of two RV
trials,
a
local control
trial was collected to
characterize the system’s short term behavior. We observed statistically large differences between
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the means
of
the
global and
local
control
runs,
but normal
aging
of the PMT
or
very slow
temperature
drifts across hours of operating time could easily account for this difference.
The principal effects we wish to examine are
(1) correlations between RV quality
(FM) and pulse rate, and
(2) changes in pulse rate between control and RV sessions.
From the
above analysis,
it
is obvious that the a priori decision to use the local control data as the baseline
to analyze the RV data was correct.
3.
RV Session Data
Data were collected for each RV trial that marked the beginning and end of effort
penods during the session so that the periods of viewing could be isolated in the analysis. Thus,
for each RV session, there are four distinct sets of data:
either the entire RV session or just the
effort period, and for each,
either the All-Pass or the High-Pass mode.
As in the FY 1984 experiment, .we selected the “excess counts” measure as the
quantity most appropriate for our statistical analysis. The excess counts
is the number of channels
m
a
given
session
data
record
with
a count
rate
greater than
a
critical
value. That
value
is
determined from the distribution of counts per channel of the preceding and the following local
control
trials.
The
critical count
rate
is chosen
so
that
the
area from
that
value
to
infinity
represents 5% of the area under the
local control
distribution
curve.
Since the hypothesized
effect results in increased photon production, the excess counts measure will identify significant
fluctuations
in the high count rate events
(p < 0.05).
In the All-Pass mode, the
critical value
ranges from
11 to
14;
for the High-Pass mode, the cutoff value was 3 for
all RV trials.
Once the critical value had been determined for each RV session, the number of
excess counts was tabulated for each viewer’s group of six sessions. We then employed a paired
t-test to compare the RV excess counts value to the appropriate local control trials.
Only one set
of data out of 20 showed a significant result; thus, the conclusion
is that no significant effect
is
present in the excess counts measure overall.
We
also examined the
possibility that some RV interaction with the PMT may
have produced an anomalous high pulse rate event as claimed by the Chinese.
We compared the
maximum count rates observed
in any RV session
(All-Pass,
counts/second;
High-Pass,
counts/second),
with
the
maximum
count
rates
in
the
local
control
trials
(All-Pass,
counts/second; High-Pass,
14 counts/second).
It
is obvious from these
data that no unusual
interaction occurred during the RV session.
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4.
RV/PMT Correlation Data
Our principal hypothesis was:
There
is
a
correlation between increased PMT
count rate and the quality (FM) of the associated RV.
Four sets of linear correlations were done
for each of the four viewers
(i.e., All-Pass and High-Pass for effort periods and total session)
Because the claim was that the RV would result in an increased count rate, we were able to specify
the direction of the interaction and therefore are justified in conducting a one-tailed analysis. No
evidence of correlation was apparent for any measure. We conclude, therefore, that there
is no
significant interaction between the quality of RV and PMT output.
Since the FM
is bounded
[0,
1] and not normally distributed, we performed a
logistic regression analysis as well.
Again, no statistically significant correlations were observed.
For completeness, we reanalyzed the FY 1984 data using a logistic regression.
As
reported earlier ,3 we see a significant correlation between RV quality and PMT “noise”
for the
High-Pass data.
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IV
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
We conducted a replication of experimental work published in FY 1984 in which we
examined
the
possibility
that
light
is
emitted
in
the
vicinity
of
correctly
identified RV
target
material.
In FY 1984, the statistical measure derived from the photon counting apparatus showed
a significant correlation with the RV results
(p ^ 0.035, or p < 0.012 using logistic regression).
That
is, when
the RV was good,
there was an increase
in the
signal detected by the photon
counting system.
When the
viewing was
less
accurate,
a
smaller
signal was
detected by the
counting system.
Out of 22 viewings, we recorded two that contained a photon counting anomaly
having a
signal-to-noise
(S/N)
ratio
of about 20-40:1,
far below the
100-1000:1
anomalies
reported in the Chinese literature that led to our original study.
In our FY 1984 experiment we concluded that:
“Since we observed both statistical correlations and two suggestive anomalies, we
ave
concluded
that
there
is
sufficient
evidence
to
justify
another
set
of
^.Tu
6™8 '
T°
Carry
0Ut
a more
definitive
investigation,
those experiments
should be conducted with the following improvements:
•
Add more-experienced viewers to the
initial group.
•
Cool and temperature stabilize the PM tube to reduce background noise count
rates.
•
Introduce yet more stringent electrical isolation from the environment to further
reduce the possibility of artifacts from electrical transients.”
In our present experiment we have satisfied all of the foregoing recommendations and
have improved
all aspects of the previous work-including the quality of RV, background noise
level, and shielding against
artifact.
A.
PMT Anomalies
The most extraordinary original claim of the Chinese researchers was that very
high count rate
signals
(103 to
10s counts/second) were observed to be correlated with correct
“exceptional vision”—a remote viewing-like
ability exhibited by selected Chinese participants).
In both
of our
replications
of that work, we have
obtained good
statistical evidence
of RV.
However, from the analysis of distribution of pulse rates in the current experiment,
it is clear that
we have not observed any photon counting anomalies that can be considered extraordinary when
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compared with long-term control trials.
It is true that the RV sessions contained occasional pulse
rates which, when compared to typical noise background, had an S/N ratio of about 10:1 (~ 50
counts/second, maximum).
Because the variance in the count rates
is very small, these pulses are
statistically improbable.
However, the discussion of PMT dark count processes demonstrates that
such
occasional
relatively
low-rate
events
are
not unknown
or
unanticipated.
We
have
demonstrated that such events also occurred in control periods when no RV sessions were being
conducted.
It is our opinion that the higher rate events observed in our earlier experiments and
in the Chinese work were the result of transients in the experimental apparatus, which have now
been
suppressed
through
the
use
of power
conditioning,
hardening
against
electromagnetic
interference, and temperature stabilization.
In
1985,
SRI had an
opportunity
to
interview Xu Hong Zhang,
one
of
the
principal experimenters in the original Chinese work.
When questioned closely about the actual
experimental protocol and instrumentation he described his technique of drilling
a hole
in the
photomultiplier tube housing to
“let the
psi
in.”
Even though the housing was enclosed
in
a
multilayer
opaque
cloth
bag,
the
hole
obviously
completely
violated
the
physical
and
electromagnetic integrity of the housing.
There can be
little remaining doubt that the Chinese
observations were artifactual in nature.
B.
RV/PMT Output Correlations
Despite the lack of any anomalous large-scale PMT counting events attributable
to RV, the FY 1984 study produced a statistically significant correlation between FM and PMT
output. That correlation at least conceptually paralled the Chinese claim, and appeared less likely
to be artifactual in origin since the correlation was obtained across data generated by
4 viewers
and 22 RV sessions.
In repeating the FY
1984 experiment,
our principal assumption was
as
follows:
If the RV process did in some way interact with the PMT system, then reducing the noise
of
the PMT system
should
dramatically enhance
the
signal
and,
therefore,
the
correlation.
Several techniques were used
to reduce
the background count
rate by
a
factor
of 60
in the
All-Pass mode and at least an order of magnitude
in the High-Pass mode.
Despite
this noise
reduction, and substantially better remote viewing,
the RV/PMT correlation was not enhanced.
As the analysis demonstrates, the correlation disappeared entirely.
The most obvious explanation of the difference in outcome
is that the FY 1984
correlation results were simply fortuitous.
Approved For Release 2000/08/08
: CIA-RDP96-00789R002200190001-7
Approved For Release 2000/08/08
: CIA-RDP96-00789R002200190001-7
VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
authors thank
Dr.
Jessica
Utts
for her
assistance
in conducting
the
statistical
analysis and for reading the manuscript.
Approved For Release 2000/08/08
: CIA-RDP96-00789R002200190001-7