Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200140001-1 two experiments. In Experiment One, the obtained t-value was 1.878, p<.036 (1-t), es=.36. In Experiment Two, the obtained t value was 2.360, p<.014 (1-t), es=.44, As a pre-planned analysis, the combined results of the two experiments were combined, yielding a significant t-value of 2.652, p<.005 (1-t), es=.36, with 47 degrees of freedom. These results supported our two primary hypotheses, providing significant differences in the autonomic activity of Observees during RO and non-RO conditions in the direction of autonomic nervous system activation. Secondary analyses were computed for the psychological data collected on the basis of the NEO and SAD assessments for experiment 1 and on the SAD assessment for experiment 2. Linear correlation coefficients (Pearson r's) ‘ were calculated but no significant relationships were found. To assess the ROE-SAD relationship, Pearson r's were computed for the percent electrodermal activity occurring during the RO versus the SAD scores. Again, no significant relationship was found. In the first experiment, it was noted that there was a relationship between the gender of "Observer" and of the "Observee" in the remote observation experiment. As such, it was decided to analyze this sex pair relationship across the two experiments. This was done through the use of a 2x2 ANOVA (see Figure 2). Results yielded a significant interaction across sex pairs (p<.01, 2-t). Opposite sex pairs showed a larger experimental effect than same sex pairs. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES Various alternative hypotheses to remote observation may be considered to account for the obtained results. These are described below, as well as the rationale for discounting each of them. (1) The results are due to internal rhythms that may have influenced the Observee’s autonomic nervous system activity. This potential artifact has been ruled out by utilizing a random and counter-balanced schedule of experimental and control periods. (2) The results are due to sensory cues or other uncontrolled external stimuli. Based on the experimental design, this alternative hypothesis can be rejected. There were no known or obvious factors that could have influenced the Observee based on the random schedule of experimental and control periods. (3) The results are due to chance correspondences between the Observer's observations and the Observee’s physiological responses. The use of conventional statistical techniques, as well as the existence of effect sizes in the predicted direction, minimize the likelihood of coincidence. Of course, such a gooincidencg is expected to occur once in 200 experiments, according to our Statistics. ~ aed 8 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200140001-1
~ Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200140001-1 (4) The results are due to recording errors or motivated misreadings of the data. The data were recorded through the use of an automated procedure that eliminated human error in data recording. (5) Observees knew the target sequence and so manipulated their physiology to conform to the experimenter’s expectations. The use of a random sequence that was accessed after all pre-experimental interactions with the Observee ruled out this potential artifact. (6) The results are due to arbitrary selection of data. The number of trials and subjects was specified in advance and the reported analyses include all recorded data that fell within the experimental protocol. CONCLUSIONS This research provides an independent conceptual replication of the remote observation experiments conducted by Braud, et. al, under conditions that rule out conventional sensory exchange between experimental participants. The work builds upon an increasing data base suggesting that people are able to interact with one another at non-sensory levels, including the mental influence of one person upon another person's physiology (e.g., Braud and Schlitz 1989; May and Vilenskaya, 1994). As is often the case in research, the findings raise more questions than answers. More research is needed to better understand the mechanisms at play in this work. For example, a larger study designed to systematically manipulate the direction of the effect would be useful. Another promising area of research would address the possible role of influence as compared with information acquisition in an ostensible information exchange process. Following the work of May, Radin, Hubbard, Humphrey, and Utts (1986), this leads us to ask whether the results can be accounted for by a distant influence on the part of the Observer or to a passive responsiveness on the part of the Observee. Lastly, more research is needed to assess the degree to which Remote Observation effects can be limited, blocked or shielded. Such questions are essential to the development of a truly progressive research program (Lakatos, 1978). This work, in the context of previous research by independent researchers, has significant implications for our understanding of human communication processes and for a reevaluation of a worldview in which humans are seen as isolated beings. Furthermore, the results suggest the need for a broader approach to human consciousness than that held by the conventional, reductionistic, scientific paradigm (Harman, 1991). Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200140001-1
~ Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200140001-1 REFERENCES Benor, Daniel. 1990 (September). Survey of Spiritual Healing Research, Complementary Medical Research, 4 (1): 9-33. Braud, W. and Schlitz, M. 1989. A Methodology for the Objective Study of Transpersonal Imagery, Journal of Scientific Exploration, 3: 43-63. Braud, W. and Schlitz, M. 1992. Consciousness Interactions with Remote Biological Systems: Anomalous Intentionality Effects. Subtle Energies, 2: 1-46. Braud, W., Shafer, D., and Andrews, S. 1990. Electrodermal correlates of remote attention: Autonomic reactions to an unseen gaze. Paper presented to the 33rd Annual Convention of the Parapsychological Association, Chevy Chase, Maryland. Braud, W., Shafer, D., and Andrews, S. 1992. Further studies of autonomic detection of remote staring: Replications, new control procedures, and personality correlates. Paper presented to the 35th Annual Convention of the Parapsychological Association (Las Vegas, Nevada). Coover, J.E. 1913. The feeling of being stared at. American Journal of Psychology, 24: 57-575. Costa, P.T. and McRae, R. 1985. The NEO Personality Inventory Manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. Dossey, Larry. 1993. Healing Words. The Power of Prayer and the Practice of Medicine. San Francisco: Harper. Harman, Willis. 1991. A Re-examination of the Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science. Sausalito: Institute of Noetic Sciences. Lakatos, I. 1978. The Methodology of Scientific Research Programs. Cambridge: Cambridge University. May, E., Radin, D., Hubbard, S., Humphrey, B., and Utts, J. 1986. Psi Experiments with Random Number Generators: An Informational Model. Research in Parapsychology, 1985. Scarecrow Press. May, Edwin and Vilenskaya, Larissa. 1994. Some Aspects of Parapsychological Research in the Former Soviet Union. Subtle Energies, 3: 1-24. Peterson, D.M. 1978. Through the looking-glass: An investigation of the faculty of extra-sensory detection of being stared at. Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Edinburgh, Scotland. 10 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200140001-1 Tees
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200140001-1 Schlitz, Marilyn. 1983. The Potential Application of Psi in Healing. Research in Parapsychology, 1982. Edited by W. Roll, J. Beloff, and R. White. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 266-268. Schlitz, Marilyn. 1994. Psychokinesis on Biological Systems. Fact Sheet. Society for Psychical Research. London. Schlitz, Marilyn and Stephen Braud. 1986. Reiki Plus Natural Healing: An Ethnographic and Experimental Study. Psi Research, 4: 39-49. Sheldrake, Rupert. 1994. The Seven Experiments that Could Change the ‘ +World. London: Fourth Estate. Solfvin, Jerry. 1984. Mental Healing in Stanley Krippner, ed., Advances in Parapsychology, Volume 4. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland and Company. Thalborne, M. and Evans, L. 1992. Attitudes and beliefs about, and reactions to, staring and being stared at. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 58: 380-385. Titchener, E.B. 1898. The feeling of being stared at. Science, 8: 895-897. Watson, D. and Friend, R. 1969. Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33: 448-457. Utts, Jessica. n.d. personal communication. _ Williams, L. 1983. Minimal cue perception of the regard of others. The feeling of being stared at. Paper presented to the 10th Annual Conference of the Southeastern Regional Parapsychological Association, West Georgia College, Carrollton, GA. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200140001-1 bad nan =z Seecetens Wenn ope emer sae ns ee ua naneares ennaans sod 5
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200140001-1 SAE Cognitive Sciences Laboratory Figure 1: Floor Plan for Remote Observation Experiment Observee-Observer Distance = 13.7 m. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-REP96-00789R003200140001-1
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200140001-1 .04 .035 .03 .025 .02 .O15 1€-2 5E-3 Call Mean -5E-3 Call Figure 2: Interaction line plot for gender pairings (opposite sex and same sex) and skin conductance activity . 13 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200140001-1