Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003300190001-5 NDRI, Sweden Although not a manufacturer or designer of SQUID technology, the Swedish National Defense Research Institute is involved in Magnetic Anomaly Detection. Using fixed base rf SQUID systems (single and 3-axis geophysical magnetometer systems purchased from BTi and CTF or constructed by NDRD), they have been able to detect submarines at distances of a few hundred meters. Asian Capability Japan Currently over 75% of SQUID sales within Japan are from U.S. manufacturers (BTi and QD). Manufacturers Hoxan sells laboratory rf SQUID systems and gradiometers for biomagnetism, has not delivered multi- channel biomagnetic system. They are actively marketing their model HSM-2000 SQUID system and have told prospective purchasers that there would be “no problem” in supplying SQUID systems in the PRC. They claim 50 mF/ for their thin-film sensor, but this increases to 200 mF/ as a system. The equivalent 5 x 10-31 Joule/Hz energy sensitivity for the bare sensor sounds far too good for the 18.4 MHz pump frequency used. The electronics appear to be a copy of BTi’s 330X electronics. Hoxan has delivered 20+ BTi style SQUID susceptometers in Japan. The susceptometer appear to be a reverse engineered version of the BTi 1St generation model VTS. Hoxan has been developing an integrated SQUID fabrication facility and have developed a dc SQUID, not yet commercially available. Their dewar technology includes the use of carbon-fiber and alumina-fiber reinforced plastics, slitted multi-layer superinsulation and coil-foil thermal shielding. Shimadzu Shimadzu sells single channel magnetometer and gradiometer systems along with a 7-channel gradiometer. The probes appeared to be copies of BTi equipment. All systems used rf SQUID technology with system noise = 24 fT/. The electronics also appear to be a copy of BTi’s 330X rf electronics. Shimadzu has built 3-axis geophysical magnetometer (copy of BTi’s GMS-45) for Japan Defense Agency, and 8 single channel systems for magnetic monopole experiment for KEK (Japanese High Energy Group). Yokogawa Another manufacturer of SQUID components, Yokogawa has delivered 20 rf SQUID systems in Japan. They have also delivered 2 single channel gradiometers for biomedical research (Cardiography and auditory evoked response). Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003300190001-5
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003300190001-5 Hitachi Not yet selling systems, Hitachi is developing a SQUID system for commercial applications. Their major interest is in the commercial biomedical market. Hitachi has not publicly announced their intentions towards the biomedical market, but are rumored to be mounting a major R&D effort. They are also involved with high temperature superconductivity and have made a liquid nitrogen dc SQUID magnetometer (like IBM) with a sensitivity of ~50 picoTesla. The claimed critical current of the actual thin film used to make the SQUID loop is ~6,000 A/em2. Hitachi is also interested in Donaldson’s/University of Strathclyde, Scotland NDE work. So much so that Hitachi hired Donaldson’s assistant to come to work for Hitachi to look at stainless steel. Hitachi’s interest is in corrosion of piping in nuclear reactors. Supposedly Hitachi will collaborate with Donaldson, but Donaldson doesn’t expect to get much information back from Hitachi. Fujitsu Originally doing Josephson junction research (5th generation computer). Fujitsu has the potential to build de SQUIDs, but is not presently marketing them. They have announced a planar SQUID on an integrated circuit. The integrated circuit could accommodate >100 devices. The intention is to use these for medical applications. Fujitsu has recently reported on digital SQUID with flux noise of 1 mFo/. Fujitsu is rumored to be in a “subconsortium” with other Japanese companies (Hoxan & Yokogawa?) to produce a 200 channel biomagnetometer. Not yet selling systems. Mitsubishi Not yet selling systems, Mitsubishi has announced a thin film planar de SQUID. They have been developing an integrated SQUID fabrication facility. Device sensitivity said to be comparable to commercial dc SQUIDs. Like Hitachi, Mitsubishi can be considered to be a potential competitor for the commercial biomagnetism market. University, Government and Industrial Laboratories Aisin Exhibited (at the 1987 Biomagnetism conference in Tokyo) a Nb3Ge SQUID (fabricated at Tokyo University) that operates with a cryocooler at T > 10 K. Noise ~200 mFo/ using BTi 330X (rf) electronics. TOYO SODA With researchers at Nagaoka University, TOYO SODA developed a NbN SQUID gradiometer system. The sensor is a planar nanobridge device patterned after IBM dc SQUIDs developed by Mark Ketchen. The SQUID loop is encapsulated in a toroidal structure like current BTi HYBRID dc SQUIDs as described in publications from the now defunct Sperry group. Probe design is similar to BTi single channel gradiometer systems. Sensor flux noise is ~5 mFo/ (2x 10-31 Joule/Hz). Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003300190001-5
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003300190001-5 Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Although not fabricating SQUID devices, NTT has the capability as they are currently producing Josephson junction gates for digital applications. NTT is interested in SQUID applications, Dr. Ueno having purchased a dual 7-channel Neuromagnetometer from BTi in 1988. Nippon Electronic Corporation Like NTT, NEC is producing Josephson junction gates, with the capability to fabricate de SQUIDs. ElectroTechnical Laboratory, Tokyo The ETL has 10 people working on the Josephson junction computer program and 5-6 people working on biomagnetic (neuromagnetism) effort. Funding for ETL is from MITT. Key person at ETL is Dr. Koyanagi. ETL has built a dual channel planar dc SQUID biomagnetometer with integral planar detection coils. Sensitivity 28 fT/ in a magnetically shielded room. The SQUID sensor requires only normal metal connections to room temperature. ETL’s intention is to build a 9-channel system. ETL has also constructed a system comprised of three integrated de SQUID/magnetometer coil devices placed on the orthogonal faces of a cube. A second set of three is located above the first and its output used to (electronically) cancel out uniform fields. System noise (in a shielded room) is better than 30 fT/. ETL researchers have also constructed an integrated NbN dc SQUID magnetometer with MgO barriers. The intention is to couple this particular device with a cryocooler. Hokkaido University Interest is in thin film planar gradiometers with NbN and MoN Josephson junctions. These devices have flux sensitivities ~10 mFo/. Gradiometer designs are fractional loop gradiometers and concentric circles (conceptually similar to (but many orders of magnitude smaller than) those designed by Donaldson/Strathclyde). Shinya Kuriki and colleagues have also developed an ac bias scheme to reduce 1/f noise similar to that developed by Simmonds. Hokkaido has also constructed high-T, SQUIDs. Osaka University Developed 6-channel rf SQUID gradiometer for MCG work. 3 (second gradient) orthogonal channels are for detection of MCG, the other 3 (magnetometer) channels are for electronic noise cancellation. Osaka is developing rf and dc SQUID electronics for multi-channel SQUID systems. Tokyo University developed Nb3Ge Dayem bridge SQUID sensor. The sensor noise was below 200 mFo/ using BTi 330X (rf) electronics. Tokyo University supplied the sensor to Aisin for use with a closed cycle refrigerator. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003300190001-5
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003300190001-5 Kyushu University Developing an all-planar (Nb-NbO-Pb/In) dc SQUID gradiometer with design goals of 7 mFo/ and gradient sensitivity of 24 fT/cm/. Nagoya University NbN microbridge dc SQUID development has led to devices with flux noises less than 50 mFo/. Researchers from Aisin have joined this effort. Nagaoka University Another group working on NbN dc SQUIDs, they have measured flux noises of 30 mFo/. Intrinsic noise is felt to be three times lower. Institute of Physical and Chemical Research The Institute works with Shimadzu Corporation on a dc SQUID development program. Research Development Corporation of Japan RDC) Yet another dc SQUID development program, the aim is to produce magnetometers. Taiwan National Taiwan University Working on Josephson junction characteristics. Also has high Tg interests. China (PRC) Research on SQUID devices is being performed at a number of institutions including Nanjing and Beijing Universities. Activity has included both high-T, and low-Tg devices. As mentioned earlier, a significant number of Chinese researchers have trained in the United States. Additionally, a number of SQUID systems have been acquired from COCOM countries for basic and applied research. Specific activity of interest includes: National Institute of Metrology S. Q. Xue and colleagues have produced a thin-film Nb-Si-Nb tunnel junction with an energy noise of 2 x 10-28 Joule/Hz. Harbin Nuclear Instrument Factory Under the supervision of the China Metrological Scientific Research Institute, they manufacture the model SQD-1 rf SQUID system. Biased at 30 MHz, it has a flux noise of 200 mF o/. Electronics features are similar to BTi’s model 330X electronics. India National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi One of many groups in India working on high temperature superconductivity, they have fabricated a high-Tg rf SQUID with flux noise ~2 x 10-4 Fo/. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003300190001-5
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003300190001-5 South America Research programs (mainly in biomagnetism) exist at Pontificia Universidade Catolica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and the Instituto do Coraao in Sao Paulo, Brazil among others. Budgets normally do not permit purchase of commercially available systems. Components are purchased and systems built in various laboratories. Africa Both Israel and South Africa have purchased laboratory SQUID systems for scientific research, but are not known to be involved in the development of SQUID devices. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003300190001-5