SHESTELLES reRoleAs D2ZOQR0E1 Oar Ga - RAERACWaNS SARB03 100420 00rd having a relatively high emotion rating and five having low emotion rating. Each high emotion pack consisted of two positive i pictures; the low emotion packs consisted of pictures of material objects. This complex study) involved many different Measurements and analyses, of which only those most relevant to this paper will be reported. The neutral (low) ipsa target packs showed more psimhitting than the high emotion pi + with the difference approaching significance (p = .052, 2=t). Using a scale they devised to measure emotion which both the subjects and agents completed, they found that when a high emotion picture was the amore receivers would feel more total emotion whilst in the ganzfeld than did receivers with a low emotion target pack (p < .04, 2-t). Also receivers felt more emotion when senders felt more emotion while sending (p < .04, 1-t). However, Stanford (1984) has pointed out that this latter finding could be artifactual due to commonalities of experience) between subjects aiid agents (e.g. the weather that day). Using Osqood’s Semantic Differential to measure the components of the target pictures, they found there more hits when the receivers” and senders” evalua of the targets were in close agreement than when their categorization widely differed. Of peenty targets where agreement was close, nine direct hits (p = .04, Both Williams and Duke (1979) and Sondow, Braud and Barker (1981) found significant outcomes in various analyses ining how well their subjects liked (emotionally preferred) the - Williams and Duke comparing subjects” ratings of target erence for hit and missed targets for two different. groups of subjects (with the rating being made prior to obtaining feedback as to the target identity), found the first group of 101 subjects significantly preferred targets with which they had obtained a hit (p < .035, 2=t), as did the second group of 80 subjects (p < .0038, 2rt). A similar finding was reported in the Sondow et al. (1981) study, where a comparison between liking for psi-hit and for psi-missed targets again yielded a significant outcome (p < .0096, 2-t). Another analysis in this study showed that pictures received a significantly higher liking rank (p < .0094, 2=t) when they were the target than when they were a control. Braud and Loewenstern also found that psi-hitters liked their targets significantly better than psi-missers (p < .025, l-t). ‘Two other significant target preference findings were presented in Braud and Boston (1986). ‘The authors replicated the preference effect (p < 1036, 1-t), and also reported similar results fram Braud, Ackles & However, these findings may be contaminated To quote Stanford (1984) * ifactual;... Because of their desire for succes y Subjects may tend to 1d mentation, and such when ESP has actually ly more.” (p. 107). = ’ of target preference. These findings have been reviewed by Carpenter (1977) and Palmer (1978). drawing some conclusions about these findings Palmer caments that ile a preferential effect has been found most often "with respect to esponse type rather than target type, it (the preference hypothesis) pffers our best hope to date of intergrating a very messy and inconsistent pody of data concerning the effect of target type on ESP scoring in orced=-choice experiments." (p. 87). Krippner, Honorton, et al. (1972) cosidered their targets Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001-4 A
CPYRGHT A-RDP9C S9R000T001 20001 -2 Apnnrovecd nelease. 2UU0/0SING - -UU (thenat ica My rela 5 Sfi4se and appropriate sound tra to emotionally arousing, and thought that their significant results provided support for the use of such material. Ullman and Kripmer (1973) also felt “that an important ingredient in the success of experiments in dream telepathy over waking telepathy ... is the use of potent, vivid, emotionally impressive human interest pictures to which both agent and subject can relate." (p. 210). Moss (1968; also see: Moss, 1969; and Moss & Gengerelli, 1968) described the evolution of her experimental methodology over a series of six experiments. Emphasizing the importance of using emotionally arousing targets, her targets evolved to consist of slides accompanied by appropriate sound effects paired so as to present contrasting emotions. The results from these studies were very sketchily presented, although significant outcomes were described for some of the studies. However, no comparison was made between either emotionally arousing targets and neutral ones, or between the effectiveness of the different contrasting emotions. Ina series of studies Preiser (1986) found that ESP performance was highly dependent on the emotional loading of the target material. The information about this study is limited as it was obtained frem an abstract. However, while no overall significance was obtained, one part of the series did get a significant ESP outcome. Cavanna and Servadio (1964) stressed the careful choosing of targets which they considered to have definite emotional significance. while they did mot obtain significant psi-scoring, they did express the belief that air future targets should be chosen to be even stronger, emotionally. Som studies utilizing physiological measurements have used argets chosen to have specific emotional significance for individual subjects. Esser, Etter, and Chamberlain (1967) used plethysmographic esponses to personalized target material, devised from initial interviews with the participants. The resulting targets, designed to ave greater emotional significance for either the percipient or the Agent, were either names of importance to the subject or sentences or quotes describing a anotional conflict of relevance to the participants. © significant outcomes were obtained, but the results were suggestive in at there was sane correspondence between onset of the sending period and Dlesthysmograph responses. Dean (1971) contrasted plethysmograph ecordings of vasoconstriction examining the reaction of subjects to argets consisting of either a blank card or a card upon which was written A name Of a person who has emotional significance to the subject. He ound larger vasoconstrictions (i.e. more emotional arousal) for the names for the blanks. This study also had a group of control subjects for m the names would have had no special relevance. Interestingly, he ound that the control subjects displayed a greater level of reaction to © names than did the subjects for whan the names had emotional pignificance. Haraldsson (1983) again used names of emotional Significance to the participants as the target in a study using a plesthysmograph. No overall significant results were obtained, however, be did obtain a significant outcome in the first 20 sessions of the study p < .003), with results declining later. Several studies have campared targets having positive emotional alities to those having negative emotional characteristics. Williams and Duke (1979), comparing good psi targets to poor psi targets, found at targets which contained a positive emotion were significantly better argets (p < .02) than those which did not and that targets which Gontained negative emotion were significantly worse (p < .047) than those which did not. Sondow, Braud and Barker (1981) found no significant A ly DMO OD (RON IT aja arata Z
CPYRGHT Appioved OT KeEIe@aSEe JUUIUO/UO . A= UPYVO-UU /OyRUU UU JUU T =-4 difference between positive and negative emotional targets. Eisenberg and Donderi (1979) used 7 emotionally stimulating sound films as targets ina study incoporating both forced-choice and free-response conditions. They | obtained a significant degree of psi~hitting (forced-choice condition: p < -02; free-response condition: p <  .001). The film clips were classified as conveying either positive or negative emotions, although no significant difference was found between the scoring on the positive and negative emotional targets. Krippner and Zeichner (1974) found more misses when the target was described as pleasant and more hits when the target was described as unpleasant (whether these findings were significant is not reported). — Qne forced-choice study which specifically addresses the positive/negative issue was conducted by Johnson (1971) who asked sub‘jects to provide two words, one having an exceeding] Pleasant meaning for the subject and the other having a very unpleasant ing, from which he created targets of associated words/concepts. These concepts (secondary targets) were paired with a digit from me to five (primary targets), although 20 per cent of the primary targets e left unpaired as a control (emotionally neutral targets). The subjects in this precognitive study were to guess what number would be sel as the target. Johnsm compared performance on positive, neutral negative emotions. No significant overall scoring was obtained, the positive targets showed a non-significant degree of psi-hitting, the negative targets significantly psi-missed (p = .0094, l-t), and the neutral targets scored at chance. the difference between the positive and negative targets was significant (p < .005, lt). The anecdotal observations in this category reveal that many researchers believe emotional targets to be (superior to non-emotional ones. However, only two studies (Williams & Duke, 1979; and Sondow et pl., 1981) explicitly examined this assumption and they obtained ponflicting results. ne analysis. in Sondow et al. (1981) found that the percipient would experience more emotion with a high emotion target, but as this study also obtained a greater degree of psimhitting with low motion targets, this result could be seen as arguing against the use of igh emotion targets. Nor can the physiological studies be readily erpreted as providing support for the utility of using target material osen to have specific emotional significance for individual subjects. Aside from the general lack of significant outcomes of these studies, the bean (1971) study actually obtained a greater response from his control subjects to whom the target material should have had no special elevance. The studies comparing positive emotional targets to those with negative emotive qualities also obtained conflicting results. Thus, qgain more research is needed before any clusions can be drawn egarding the psi-conducive effects of emotional | ts. meme / Content This category includes all references which associate the specific fontent or theme of individual targets with the success/failure of these fargets. Williams and Duke (1979) found that “most of the psi-hitting argets were natural, while the missing targets were material abjects~—-metal, concrete, man-made, and mechani 1."(p. 8) A post hoc analysis revealed this difference to be significant (p < .02). Dunne, ahn, and Nelson (1983), reporting on several remte viewing studies, oted that there was no difference in effecti 8 between the following qite characteristics: natural vs. man-made; petranent vs. transient; and door vs. outdoor. The Psychophysical Research. Laboratory (1985) A 5=6 j
CPYRGHT Comparaed prasviauh 0 cdtebead ec2060/08AGatC |AcRERD GeO 0729 RP QA R042000404 successful than others. The category of "disasters" obtained significant psi~hitting (p = .014, 2-t). Sexual themes were associated with significant pei-missing (p = .008, 2-t). Non-significant scoring in the psi-hitting direction was obtained by (listed in descending order of strength of effect) the categories of religion, sports/hunting, locales, ani animals. Nom-significant scoring in the psi-missing direction was obtained by the racing and fighting/warfare categories. A post hoc analysis by Sondow (1979) found that targets were chosen and non-targets avoided significantly often when the pictures showed harses (p < .01), water (p < .02), fire (p < .03), and flying-leaping-swinging (p < .04). Such effects were not found with the target categories of food, war and famine, and music. Ullman and Krippner (1973) observed that the art prints containing/portraying religim, colour, eating/drinking, emotions, and people tended to be successful, as did the agent’s multi-sensory involvement with the target. Stuart (1945), using simple line drawings as targets found that the two most successful targets portrayed a cartoon Character anda candle. The two least successful targets were a book and a mathematical equation. In another drawing study, Stuart (1947) found the best target was a church and the worst was a train. Lastly, Braud, Davis, and Opella (1985) found a predaminance of human characters and architectural content contained in i frequent were mythical characters, i body parts. These findings could contribute to Spurious anecdotal observations. Examining these diverse content categories it was discoved that religion was mentioned three times as a generally successful target topic. Warfare was twice mentioned as being less successful. Williams and Duke (1979) found that natural targets were associated with psi-hitting, and the categories specified as successful by Sondow (1979) could also be classified as natural. However, given the wide diversity of actual targets which these findings represent, these similarities should be viewed at most as possible trends which require further reseach for confirmation. : Discussion The most consistent category findings of this paper relate to the possible advantages of using dynamic, milti~sensory targets. However, these findings are based on the outcome of relatively few studies and thus should be treated with caution pending further confimmaticn. The novel category provided some tentative support for the use of new targets with which the subject is not familiar for each trial with that subject, and also suggested possible benefits of using imaginative and interesting targets. But again these finding are derived fran very few studies. The two findings relevant to the abstract categorization both found abstract targets to be associated with poorer results. The emotionality of targets, often quoted in the literature as one of the yardsticks by which targets are chosen, has not been shown to be reliably associated with psi-hitting. Nor have any of the other categories investigated herein. In short, this review has not succeeded in shedding a great deal light upon what qualities/characteristics might discriminate successful from unsuccessful free-response targets. Indeed, the outcom of this Approved For Release 2000/08/98 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001-4
PEANSGEST Rate se SugAmE : Cla Rbp See ASR DE s FOURZRD OP. guccesecel Warcollier (1963) commented that "No two subjects respond alike to the same aka ue oe eet seem to affect the same subject in the way."(p. - Indeed, a t deal of tion CPYRGHT examined and revealed interactions a petween various sap erait fectors ond pSi performance (for reviews of this literature’ see Palmer, 1978; or Carpenter, 1977). Other variables such as state, setting, response method, and soon, may also influence the particular type of target which is successful in any given situation.) Future research could profitably examine the effects of such variables. In addition, the development of a descriptive set of scales, such as the three-dimensional scale discussed in the introduction of this paper, which could be used on an inter~laboratory basis, could forward our Knowledge of target success considerably. The development of such scales will be the focus of future research at the Biinburgh Lab. | 1 1 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001-4 243 | |
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Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001-4 CPYRGHT TARG, E., TARG, R. & ULICHTARGE, O. (1986). Realtime clairvoyance: a study of remote viewing without feedback. In D. H. Weiner & D. I. Radin (Eds.) Research in Parapsychology, 1985 (pp. 36-39). Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, New Jersey. TARG, R., PUTHOFF, H. E. & MAY, E. C. (1979). Direct perception of remote geographical locations. In C. T. Tart, H. E. Puthoff & Targ, R. (Eds.) Mind at Large, Praeger, New York. ULLMAN, M. & KRIPPNER, SQ. (1973). Dream Telepathy. . Penguin, Baltimore. WARCOLLIER, R. (1938). Experimental Telepathy. Boston Society for Psychical Research, Boston. WARCOLLIER, R. (1963). Mind to Mind. Collier Books, New York, New York. WILLIAMS, L. B. & DUKE, M. (1979). Qualities of free-response targets and their relationship to psi performance. Parapsychology Association 22nd. Annual Conference Proceedings, 1979, Moraga, California. Approved For Release 2000/08/08" CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001-4
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001-4 CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL FREE-RESPONSE TARGETS: THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS by Caroline Watt Psychology Department University of Edinburgh ABSTRACT This paper describes theoretical ideas from a variety of sources as to what might be expected to make a successful free-response GESP target. Popular "how to be psychic" literature, analyses of the characteristics of spontaneous cases, and theoretical suggestions from psychology and parapsychology show considerable consistency in their suggestions about the likely features of a good target. Two main recommendations appear to emerge from these sources - good GESP targets should be psychologically salient and physically salient: 1. targets in parapsychological research should be meaningful, have emotional impact and human interest - this may make them salient in the minds of our experimental participants; and, 2. targets should also be physically salient by standing out from their backgrounds - properties such as movement, novelty, brightness and contrast tend to make Stimuli physically salient. Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001-4
CPYRGHT CHAPAOFERIS ROS CR SUCUESSHEIRPRERRESHONGE! IWAGETS: THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS, INTRODUCTION Deborah Delanoy (1988) examined the observations from) some free-response literature on what makes a good GESP target. Despite the flaws and contradictory findings seen in this literature, it was possible to make a few general statements about what experimenters believe constitutes a good GESP target. This paper can be seen as forming the second half of our observations and thoughts about targets in parapsychological research. Delanoy described what is currently believed about the characteristics of successful GESP targets, concentrating on relatively formal free-response experiments in parapsychology. In contrast this paper describes theoretical suggestions as to what might be expected to make good targets, roaming more widely (and consequently with less depth) over some varied literature which has something relevant to say on this question. As stressed by Delanoy, our combined efforts are far from comprehensive, being primarily aimed at getting some idea of what kind of targets we should use in our research in Edinburgh. To do this, we looked through some parapsychological journals (JASPR, JP, JSPR, EJP, WP), parapsychological abstracts, PA and PF convention proceedings, RIP, Parapsychology Review, certain "relevant" books held in the Koestler Chair library, and | have also examined some psychological research which | consider relevant to the target question. Particular attention was given to cases where authors made specific comments about the characteristics of successful GESP targets. Firstly, this paper briefly considers so-called “Airport Project’ books [named after some research by Professor Robert Morris and his students using the kind of “how to be psychic” books which can be found in airport bookshops (Morris, 1977)]. Secondly, the paper examines (again briefly) the kind of "target" information which seems to be transmitted in people’s spontaneous psychic experiences. Thirdly, this paper considers some theoretical suggestions by parapsychologists as to what might be expected to make a good GESP target. Then | make some suggestions of my own on possible characteristics of a successful GESP target, derived from some of the psychological literature on human-environment interactions, curiosity, attention, and attributions of causality. The paper ends with a summary and conclusions. 1 | would like to thank Prof. Jim Crandall, Dr. Deborah Delanoy, Dr. Julie Milton, Prof. Robert Morris and Mr. Robin Taylor for their valuable criticisms of and contributions to this paper. 248 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001-4