Approved For Release 2001/04/02mstRDP96-00788R002000230004-2
If one or two participants show a significant
RP capability as defined on page
, further experiments will be considered
to determine if the capability can be transferred, or detected to be present
in enough individuals for military consideration.
If any observed effect seems
to be inconstant
-
on again, off again
- the data will be analyzed to seek correlations which
might explain the fluctuation.
A limited number of additional tests might
be necessary to validate possible causes.
(U)
It
is understood that any experimentation not covered by this
document will be subject to the same course of review before implementation.
6.
(S)
PARTICIPANTS
(S)
Some relation between remote perturbation and remote viewing might
be expected since
in ordinary physical interactions information about the
state of a system
(as
in RV)
can be obtained only by way of some interaction
with the system, which in some cases
is supplied by the observer.
We might
therefore expect an observable dependence between RV and RP under certain
conditions.
For this reason, we plan to seek only experienced remote viewers
to participate in this investigation, and we will work with no more than nine
individuals.
All participants are to be
in general good health,
as determined
by a standard employment physical examination.
(S)
The US Army Missile Command (MICOM), Army Materiel Systems Analysis
Agency
(AMSAA)
,
and SRI International have individuals who are presently, or
have past experience
in, participating in remote viewing experiments.
The
MICOM and AMSAA participants are government employees.
The SRI participants
are consultants or members of the
SRI staff and will work if selected in a
contractual arrangement.
Only those individuals who indicate a positive
desire to participate, after familiarization with the remote perturbation
experiments and procedures, will be accepted into the RP program.
The
information and consent form to be used is included as Appendix
D.
Some of
these participants will have had some familiarity with RP experiments of a
similar nature.
The difference in levels of naivete among the RP participants
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will be offset by the oral and written briefing material
(see Appendix D)
and by the four-month pilot period.
(S)
The total duration of Phase
II of the investigation
is six months.
Experiment sessions will take place during the normal work week and will not
exceed 1/2 hour length each.
There will be no more than two sessions per
day,
one
in the morning and one in the afternoon.
The total number of trials
by any individual during the pilot period and the ultimate contribution of
100 trials will not exceed
300.
This should require approximately
30 half-
hour sessions from each participant.
(U)
A medical doctor will be briefed on the program and will be
available during all periods of experimentation on
a standby basis.
Appendix
E describes the available medical facilities,
the procedures employed,
and
insurance coverage applicable to the various participants.
(S)
Participants will be debriefed as follows:
Session Debriefing:
At the end of each experi-
mental session,
the subject will be given all the data available pertaining
to that group of trials.
Any statistical significance
or lack thereof will
also be clearly explained to him.
Experiment Debriefing:
At the conclusion of
experimental testing,
a final unclassified report will be prepared, summarizing
all results from the experiment, together with any conclusions or scientific
findings that may have come out of the study.
The report will be given to
each participating subject.
Finally, any remaining questions that the subjects
may have about the experiment will be answered.
Specific Debriefing Protocols
:
We do not anticipate
that participation in these experiments will have any effect on the day-to-
day life of the subjects.
This study is a purely intellectual activity, and
we believe that the debriefing provided by the final technical report will be
a suitable termination of the experiment for the subject.
7.
(S)
FACILITIES
(U)
The. MIC0M experiment
is to take place in Building 7770, Redstone
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Arsenal, Alabama.
A three-room suite is being adapted to suit the
purposes of the test.
(S)
The room to be used by the RP participants for this work
is a
comfortable,
carpeted, air-conditioned environment.
It
is lit by a combina-
tion of fluorescent fixtures in the ceiling and incandescent table lamps.
There
is a couch,
an easy chair,
and four tables.
The computer graphics
terminal stands
on one of these tables.
The participant will be seated on
a conventional reclining swivel chair.
(S)
In an adjacent room,
the random event generators, computational
equipment , programmable terminals and associated peripheral equipment will
be installed.
This room may be secured independently from the rest of the
facility.
(U)
The third room is
a foyer with costumer, receptionists's desk
and filing cabinets.
(U)
Standby medical facilities are described
in Appendix E.
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APPENDIX A
DATA BASE FOR RNG EXPERIMENTS
Approved For Release 2001/04/02
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’
*
r
*
*
,
(S) APPENDIX A:
DATA BASE FOR RNG EXPERIMENTS
(U)
1.
(S)
EARLY EXPERIMENTS
(s)
In 1970,
H.
Schmidt
reported that he had observed significant
perturbations by psychoenergetic means, of an otherwise binary
(0,1) random
sequence that was derived from the beta decay of strontium
9°SR.
The
binary sequence was produced by the random interruption of a high speed
binary electronic clock when an electron from the
9SR decay was detected.
The sequence generation rate was approximately
1/S.
(S)
In this experiment, individuals were asked to focus their attention
on the electronic system by remote viewing the noise source , and monitoring
any effects that occurred by watching the random walk of a display light
feedback system.
(A circular array of lights was used to indicate the state
of the interrupted clock by advancing the position of the activated light
clockwise for each logical "1" and counterclockwise for each
"0".)
(S)
When individuals focused their attention on the apparatus, the
resulting binary
(0,1) sequence was found to contain only 49.1% one's.
Since the total sequence had a length of over
32,000 bits, the deficit of
one's was highly significant.
The probability of such a result occurring
by chance
is less than one in a thousand.
Furthermore,
during extensive
control runs when no individual was focusing his attention on the electronic
hardware,
the system performed according to the usual binomial statistic,
and showed no statistical effect.
The original paper describing this
experiment
is inclosed at the end of this appendix.
2.
(S)
TOTAL RNG DATA BASE
(S)
As of 1978,
a total of
54 experiments of this type had been
reported in the literature
(see Table 1).
Of these,
35 reported significant
departure from chance expectation, and none reported similar effects during
control runs.
We can summarize the data base generated in these experiments
as follows:
a.
(S)
The generation rate extended from a few per second to
300 per second.
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b.
(S)
The sequence lengths varied from 10
to 10
bits.
c.
(S)
Beta decay and thermal noise were used as sources
of
randomness.
d.
(S)
The effects
(deviation from 50% chance expectation) were
on the order of 1% to
5%.
e.
(S)
Control runs did not yield results which differ signifi-
cantly from chance expectation.
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Tire Journal of
VOLUME 34
SEPTEMBER 1970
NUMBER 3
A PK TEST WITH ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
By Helmut Schmidt
The
subjects
in
this
research were
tested
for
their
psychokiDetic
ability by
1 means of an electronic apparatus made up of a random number gen-
erator (RNG) connected with
a
display paneL The RNG produced random
se-
quences of two numbers which were determined by a simple quantum
process
(the decay of radioactive strontium-90 nuclei). The essential aspect of the display
panel was
a circle of nine lamps which
lighted one
at a time
in the 'clockwise
(+1) direction or the counterclockwise (—1) direction depending on which of the
two numbers
the RNG produced. The
subject’s
task was
to choose
either
the
clockwise or counterclockwise motion and
try by PK to make the
light proceed
in
that direction.
One run was made up of 128 "jumps” of the tight, and there were four runs
per session.
In a preliminary
series
of 216 runs, the
18 subjects had a negative
deviation of 129
hits. Accordingly, the main
series, was expected to give negative
scores, and
a negative
attitude was encouraged among the subjects. Fifteen sub-
jects
carried
out 256
runs,
with
a
significant
negative
deviation
of 302
hits
(P = .001).
The RNG was checked
for randomness throughout
the experiment and was
found
to be adequate.—Eld.
In previous work
(4, 5) the author was able to get significant ev-
idence of precognition in which the testing apparatus was an
elec-
tronic
device
based on a
simple quantum
process.
The
present
experiment was an attempt to get significant evidence of psychoki-
nesis by the use of a similar apparatus.
The basic part of the apparatus was a binary random number
generator which produced the numbers *'-f 1” and "—1" in random
sequence, and the general objective was to have the subjects try to
mentally influence the generator to produce one of the two numbers
more frequently than the other.
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CPYRGHT
176
‘
The Journal of Parapsychology
The most easily available random generators, which have been
used in many PK experiments, are a rolled die and a flipped coin.
In comparison with
these, an electronic random generator, the op-
eration of which most of the subjects cannot understand, may at first
thought seem
psychologically unfavorable.
Results
of experiments
with complex targets
(3, p. 142), however, suggest that PK isgoal
oriented
in the sense that results can be obtained by concentrating
on the goal only, no matter how complicated the intermediate steps
may seem to the rationalizing mind. A.definite advantage of an elec-
tronic apparatus
is that it permits a psychologically challenging for-
mulation of the goal. In the present experiment the random number
generator (RNG) was connected with a
display panel showing a
circle of nine lamps. One lamp was
lit at a time, and each generated
“+1” or "—1” caused the light to jump one step in the clockwise
or counterclockwise
direction,
respectively. The
subjects were not
asked to try to force the generator to produce more -fTs than — l’s
but, rather, to force the light on the panel to make more jumps in
one direction or the other. Both tasks are certainly equivalent, but
the latter seems psychologically much more appealing to most sub-
jects.
A further obvious advantage of electronic test equipment
is that
the detailed results can be automatically recorded and evaluated and
that one can work,
if desired, at high speeds.
The particular type of random generator used here was chosen
partly for practical and partly for theoretical reasons. The sequence
in which the random numbers are produced
is determined by simple
quantum
processes,
the decays of
radioactive strontium-90
nuclei.
The electrons emitted
in
this decay trigger a Geiger counter, and
the random times at which
electrons are registered at the Geiger
counter decide the generated numbers. Practically, the generator is
easy to build, and
the randomness
of the generated numbers has
been found to be very good. Furthermore, the simplicity of the gen-
erator allows a complete theoretical
discussion
(6)
of
its random-
ness properties; and
in addition, one ‘can say fairly well at which
point the random element in th^number generation comes
in. The
generator
is
essentially deterministic except for the random decay
times of the nuclei.
The use of simple quantum jumps to provide randomness
is, for
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CPYRGHT
A PK Test with Electronic Equipment
177
the theorist, a rather natural
choice,
since these processes are as-
sumed by
physicists
to
be
nature’s most
elementary
source
of
' randomness, and some
psi
tests
utilizing quantum processes have
,
already been reported
(1, 2). Certainly, the outcome of a die throw
;
is
also
largely determined by microscopic 'quantum processes. The
j thermal vibrations of the surface and the air fluctuations at an atomic
;
level co-determine the generated die
face. The process
in this case
|
j
is much more complicated, however, since many more factors con-
:
tribute to the end result.
'
Apparatus
’
:
•
u
The test equipment consisted of a binary random number gen-j
erator and a display pan^l/
‘
'
: 3
-
"
:
•
'
"
’
-
Random Number Generator
j
j
.
.
The RNG, which was similar to the one described in connection
with
earlier
precognition experiments
(4,
5,
6),
can
produce
se-
^
quences of binary random numbers of any specified length. Electrons
emitted by the strontium-90 decay trigger a Geiger counter and the
momentary position of a binary high frequency counter at the time
of the electron registration determines whether a ”-f 1” or a ‘‘—1”
is generated.
The numbers
of
electrical
pulses produced on
the +1
output
and the —1
output
are
recorded
by two
electromechanical
reset
counters, and the complete sequence of generated numbers is recorded
on paper punch tape.
Randomness Tests
Because of the simplicity of the circuitry', the degree of random-
ness to be expected of the RNG can be discussed in detail (6) and
it can be shown to be much greater than required by the experiment.
The
electronic
circuitry
is
designed so
that
variations
in
the
characteristics of the components cannot impair the randomness. In
.
order to guard against any gross malfunctions, the proper electronic
operation was
tested
frequently. Furthermore,
tile randomness
of
.
the generated number sequence was tested experimentally. For this
purpose, a sequence of four million numbers, generated on many
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f in TT17T
~~
CPYRGHT
...
The Journal^ of Parapsychology
.......
different days, was recorded on paper tape. Then for the whole se-
quence
the numbers N+, N~
of generated
-fl’s and — l’s were
counted and were found to be consistent with randomness,
as was
the total number of flips (F)
;
i.e.; events wherfe a +1 'was followed
by a —1 or vice versa. The same procedure was applied to the 400
number
sequences
obtained by
cutting
the
whole
sequence
into
blocks of 10,000 numbers each. A goodness-of-fit test verified that
the 400 values for +1 and —1, and the 400 values for F were con-
sistent with their expected normal distribution.
Display Panel
'
;
In testing with this apparatus, the two above-mentioned counters
for the numbers of generated -fl’s and — l’s could serve as the only
display,
i.e., the
(visual)
focusing point toward which the subject
could have directed his PK
efforts. In this
case, the subject might
try to enforce mentally on the -f 1 counter a higher number of counts
than on the —1 counter. It seemed desirable, however, to use a psy-
chologically more stimulating display in the form
of a panel with
nine lamps arranged in a circle and connected to the RNG by a 30-
foot long cable. One of the nine lamps .was lighted at a time; and
each time the RNG produced a
signal, the light advanced one step
in
the
clockwise
or
the
counterclockwise
direction
according
to
whether the signal came to the +1 or the —1 output. Thus the light
performed a "random walk” among the nine lamps. Rather than di-
rect his PK toward the counters,
then, the subject generally tried
to
"will” the
light on
the display panel
to advance
in an
overall
clockwise motion.
Some of the subjects, however, preferred to force the
light in
the counterclockwise direction. For them the two signal wires from
the RNG to the display panel were interchanged by flipping a switch
on the display panel so that a count on the -f 1 counter was displayed
as a jump of the light in the counterclockwise direction. Thus, for
all subjects, a jump of the lamp in the preferred direction, whether
clockwise or counterclockwise, was registered on the -f 1
counter.
Test Procedure
The subjects in
this experiment were members of the Institute
for Parapsychology plus a few visitors. During a test
session, the
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CIA-RDP96-00788R002000230004-2
A PK Test with Electronic Equipment
179
subject sat in a dark closet with the display panel in front of him.
The RNG and the experimenter were stationed in the room outside
the closet.
.
'
*
;
Each testing session comprised 4 runs of 128 counts
(steps
in
the random
lyalk). A run took approximately two minutes. The
machine stopped automatically after the one hundred and twenty-
eighth count. There were short breaks, mostly between one-half and
two minutes, between the runs.
j
At the beginning
of each
run, the
subject, having
decided
in:
which direction
(clockwise or counterclockwise)
he wanted to
in-!
fluence the light to go, set a switch on the panel accordingly. Then
the experimenter turned on the
start switch, causing the RNG to
generate 128 random numbers. At the end of each run, the experi-
menter recorded the readings of the -fl
counter and —1
counter.
The correctness of the counter readings was later checked with the
sequence of generated numbers recorded on the paper punch
tape.
From the experimenter’s point of view, the subject’s goal was
always to produce a high number of -f 1 counts. From the subjects
viewpoint the equivalent goal was to influence the light in the di-
rection desired and indicated by
the position of the switch on the
display'panel.
'V
The subject was permitted to
flip the switch during the course
of a run so as to change the direction
in which he wanted the hits
displayed, but only a few subjects actually took advantage of the op-
portunity. With
this arrangement, the
subject could have had the
impression that he was doing a test in precognition (by setting the
switch in the direction in which he thought the light would move
on the next jump) while he was actually doing a PK test
r
t
Preliminary Series
There were 18 subjects in the preliminary series and they carried
out a total of 54
sessions, each
subject
contributing from one to
seven sessions.
The
total
score was a negative
deviation
of
129
hits
below
chance expectation out of 216 runs; CR —
1.55. These results in-
clude one subject who obtained a high positive score of 52 hits above
chance in 16 runs (CR = 2.3).
_
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SECRET
CPYRGHT
180
The Journal of Parapsychology
-
-
'
’*
-
i
:
.
<
.
,
t
Main Series
„
’
It was expected on the basis of the preliminary results that by
leaving out
the one high-scoring
subject,
an
overall
significantly
negative score would be obtained in the main series. In order to em-
phasize the negative scoring, some subjects were asked to associate
feelings of pessimism and
failure with
the experiment. The more
negative-scoring
subjects were used more
frequently,
and a few
new subjects were allowed to contribute only after preliminary tests
had suggested a negative scoring tendency.
The total length of tiie experiment was set in advance at 64 ses-
sions of four runs each. Tt was not determined in advance, however,.,
how many sessions each individual subject should contribute. Alto-
gether there were 15 subjects and they contributed between one and
10 sessions each.
Although the proper randomness of the generator had been tested
extensively, as mentioned before, a further safeguard against a pos-
sible bias of the generator was introduced. After the first half of the
confirmatory
test was completed
the two outputs of the generator
were internally interchanged. Thus, even, a constant bias in the gen-
erator could not have caused the total significant score to be reported.
A total of 256 runs in this part of the experiment yielded a neg-
ative deviation of 302 hits
( CR = 3.33; P < .001, tw-o-tailed). Of
the 64 sessions, 46 gave below-chance scores, 15 above-chance scores,
and three were just at ..chance level _{CR = 4.0). Of the 256 runs,
147 were below chance, 92 above chance, and
17 at chance
level
(CR = 3.55). These three CR values are certainly not independent,
but they do emphasize the consistency of the results.
A post hoc analysis
of the data showed two types
of
decline
effect: more negative scoring in the second half of each run than
in the first; and more negative scoring in the second half (the third
and fourth runs)
of each session than
in the
first half
(first two
runs). The decline results, however, are suggestive rather than sta-
tistically significant:
o
.
.
:
.
......
......
Deviation for pooled first half of the run : —91
'
V.
Deviation for pooled second half of the nm: —211
Deviation for the pooled
first half of the session: —83
Deviation for the pooled second half of the session: —219
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CPYRGHT
A PK Test with Electronic Equipment
181
.
<
‘
Discussion
-
.
’
'1
The result of the experiment shows that the binary random num-
.
ber generator had no bias for generation of -f-l’s or — l’s as long as it
was left unattended (in the randomness tests) "but that
it displayed a
significant bias when
the
test subjects concentrated* on the display
i
panel, wishing for an increased generation rate of one number,
s
The experiment has been discussed in terms of PK] but in prin-
‘
j
ciple the result could certainly also be ascribed to precognition on
the part of the experimenter or
"the subject.
Since the sequence of
generated numbers depended
critically on
the time when’ the
test
run began, and since the experimenter, in consensus with’ the sub-
ject, decided when to flip the start switch, precognition might have
prompted experimenter and subject to start the run at a time which
favored scoring in a certain direction.
i
If the PK
interpretation
is
appropriate,
the
results limply the
action of PK
at some distance, since the generator was separated
from the subject by a wall and only the display panel wks close to
the subject.
References
1.
Beloff.,
J., and Evans, L. A radioactivity test of psychokinesis.
/.
Soc. psych. Res., 1961, 41, 41-46.
2. Chauvin, R., and Gentbon, J.
Eine Untersuchung iiber die Mog-
lichkeit psychokinetischer Experimente mit Uranium und Geigerzahler
[An
investigation of the
possibility
of PK experiments
with
ura-
nium and a
Geiger
counter].
Zeilschrift jur Parapsychologie und
Grenzgebiete der Psychologie, 1965, 8, 140-47.
3. Rhine, L. E. Mind Over Matter. New York: Macmillan,
1970..
4. Schmidt, H.
Anomalous prediction of quantum processes by some
human
subjects. Document
Dl-82-0821
(1969).
Boeing
Scientific
Research Laboratories,
Seattle, Washington.'
Available from Gear-
ing House, U.S. Dept. Commerce, Springfield, Va.
........
5. Schmidt, H.
Precognition of a quantum process.
/. Poropsvchol
1969,33,99-108.
*’
6. Schmidt, H.
Quantum-mechanical random-number
generator.
J.
app. Physics, 1970, 41 (No. 2), 462-68.
Institute for Parapsychology
College Station
ts
.
—w
,
Durham, N. C. 27708
.
.
.
.
bjB—
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APPENDIX B
DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTS
UNCLASSIFIED
Approved For Release 2001/04/0f?CIA-RDP96-00788R002000230004-2
Approved For Release 2001/04/02
: CIA-RDP96-00788R002000230004-2
(U) APPENDIX
C:
AN OUTLINE OF TESTING PROCEDURES
TO BE USED IN PHASE
I
1.
INTRODUCTION
During Phase
I,
an LSI-11 computer based random number generator will
be constructed and certified as "random."
The following
is an outline of
the testing procedures that will be implemented.
2.
SUB-SYSTEM TESTING
a.
Haitz Noise Diode
(1)
Measure filtered and raw power spectra,
and filtered
pulse height distribution as
a function of the following: physical para-
meters:
(a)
Diode reverse current for
60-200 y
amps
(b)
Reverse current of 100 y
amp
(manufacturers
recommendation
)
Temperature
-40° to +40°C
Magnetic field
6000 gauss
(parallel
and perpendicular to
the diode junction
Low intensity gamma
1.33 MeV
ray irradiation
(2)
Measure filtered and raw power spectra,
and filtered pulse
height distribution at
100 y
amps reverse current at 20°C with the diode
and temperature sensor mounted in its final package,
b.
Electron Detector
(1)
With detector and source mounted in the final assembly,
confirm manufacturer’s noise specifications, and measure the
147Pm beta
decay pulse height spectrum and compare with the known spectrum.
(2)
Confirm that amplifier and pulse shaping system IC's are
functioning per manufacturer's specification.
c.
Pseudo Random Generator
Generate the entire number set
(2
8-l) and compare with expected
number set.
Approved For Release 2001/04/02 M^I|^ppfg6-00788R002000230004-2