PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE tlon ate, ~teq S in Nta} . & 88), Cn. ica. ing | | | \ i (toy | _-yssion of learning during sleep) that seem sensitive to , dise of learning without awareness (‘‘data-driven 1yPe> sing”), there is renewed interest in subliminal prone (e.g., Jacoby & Whitehouse, in press; Marcel, year While such results suggest a new look at the sub- im. ,|-learning issue, a large variety of subliminal tapes _ned to alter attitudes, enhance confidence, reduce i n “ . { re fies, and so forth, have had striking success in the i qf n arketplace. gnipulating mental, emotional, and arousal states draft review of the literature on techniques to - ygnge mental states, commissioned by ARI and pre- chee d by J. Brener and S.R Connally, was reviewed by vyekinan and Posner for implications for task perfor- once. Research developments in various fields, includ- ! m health psychology, suggest that altered states of sciousness may affect a variety of physiological pro- on c es, The converse may be true as well; recent work - ess i enggests that mood states may be altered by influences on ploodflow that are a consequence of the differing facial muscular patterns corresponding to various emotional ; expressions (Zajonc, Murphy, & Inglehart, 1989). ARI, _ motivated by the problem of detecting deception (Hy- man, 1989), has urged the committee to consider also the physical manifestations of mental and emotional states. : Career development A class of techniques designed to improve perfor- | mance through increased self-insight is widely used in i public and private organizations; included are assess- | ment batteries designed to facilitate leadership, interper- | sonal influence skills, team building, and decision mak- | ing. Specific examples are the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (Myers & McCaulley, 1985), the Managerial Grid (Blake & Mouton, 1964), and the Social Styles Pro- file (Merrili & Reid, 1981). These techniques have con- siderable appeal to trainers as weil as to the trainees be- cause of high ‘‘face validity,’’ but they have been subject 1o little rigorous research. To help define the questions, the committee commissioned Paul Thayer to write a crit- | ical review of the relevant literature. Part-whole methods to enhance group processes At its first meeting the continuing committee became convinced that certain issues of group performance de- served study. Should the members of a working group be trained as a team or individually? If team training facili- tates initial performance, is that advantage offset by greater disruption when original members of the team need to be replaced by new members? Should the indi- viduals in a group be trained in only their task, or should there be backup training to increase the flexibility of the group? Current research may not supply definitive an- VOL. 1, NO. 2, MARCH 1990 swers to these and a number of related questions, but the issues are important enough to army functioning to be addressed, if only to clarify the questions and to outline needed research. CONCLUSION Although other arrangements might be workable, we found that the National Research Council provides an ideal setting for a study of this sort. The Council was designed expressly for the purpose, first under the spon- sorship of the National Academy of Science and now administered as well by the National Academy of Engi- neering and the Institute of Medicine. The NAS was chartered by Congress in 1863; the NRC was established in 1916. Among the NRC’s strengths are that it spans the scientific and professional disciplines; it benefits from the prestige of its governing academies; it provides in com- petent fashion the services required by committee func- tion; and it follows guidelines to promote thorough and objective reports, including procedures for proposal and report review. Committee members are suggested by broadly based advisers, proposed by a commission’s staff and executive director working with the committee’s chairperson, nominated by the commission, and ap- pointed by the NRC’s chairperson in the interests of com- petence, relevance, and diversity of viewpoints. They are asked to verify that they have no conflict of interest and they serve without financial compensation. Members of the committee generally regarded their task as challenging and they demonstrated consistently that it was engaging. They came to the meetings almost without exception, made site visits willingly, submitted draft sections of the report nearly on time, and achieved consensus in an advised, efficient, and congenial way. They feel that their training and experience were ade- quate to the task and they are pleased to recommend the process to psychologists and scientists in related fields. The continuing committee can reasonably anticipate that it will contribute more by steering the army toward prom- ising new ways to enhance training and performance and less by saving the Army from investing in ineffective techniques. It will likely also serve an advisory role for some specific enhancement projects undertaken in the army. A long-term, successful impact of the committee’s work, in both of its phases, is hardly assured. The power of the human-potential movement in the minds of the citizenry, as evidenced by its marketplace popularity, dwarfs the force of mainstream psychology. New Age techniques are also apparently making substantial in- roads on the more than $30 billion a year that the Amer- ican Society for Training and Development estimates to be spent on formal courses in industry (Wall Street Jour- 95 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200640001-7
PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE prove or Release erformance Enhancing Human nal, August 5, 1986). The army, of course, will continue to have serious needs for performance enhancement and will continue to be bombarded by strong, new claims for existing and new techniques. The lack of theoretical and empirical support for many such techniques does not sti- fle their ability to capture the imagination of consumers. Still, the Condon Report of 1968 on unidentified flying objects was cited recently (Alexander, 1989) as continu- ing to depress the government’s interest in that subject, and we note that the Condon Committee had nothing positive to substitute. The continuing challenge to main- stream psychology will be to translate its findings and concepts into practical enhancement techniques and to package those techniques so it can “‘give psychology away’’—or sell it, for that matter. The committee’s ef- forts, we submit, should be only an installment. 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