Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 e A. Menlo Park to New York City (Grant's Tomb) ant Stomp) Two subjects, S7 and S8, both in California, participated simultaneously in a trial with Grant's Tomb, the first of two New York City targets. Both subjects independently provided computer-stored records of their impressions, and one made the sketch shown in Figure 6, Subject S8 said in his opening paragraph: "Outdoors, large open * area, standing on and then off asphalt (rough material), dark for a path. . A white building, like a ticket booth. Wooden structure, is white in color, and has an arched look about it. There is a large shade tree close to Russ (outbound experimenter) ." Subject 87, closeted in a separate SRI location, began with: "I thought of a high place with a view." The subject continued with "I saw a tree on your left in a brick plaza--it seemed to be in front of a building you were entering.” Later, "I could not clearly identify the activity. A restaurant? A museum? A bookstore?" And, "You were looking « at coins in the palm of your hand, maybe giving some to Nicky (son of outbound experimenter), The coins were in fact given to the experimenter's son to purchase the postcard from which Figure 6 was made. Both subjects then went on for an additional paragraph to describe details of the activities they imagined to be going on inside the building they saw, details that were partly correct, partly incorrect, B, Menlo Park to New York City (Washington Square Fountain) eee Nee ig ton oquare Frountain) » In the second experiment, the target, again chosen by random protocol, was the fountain in Washington Square Park. One subject, 87, participated, The photos and the subject's drawing of the fountain are shown in Figure 7, The subject began with the following: "The first image I got at about the first minute was of a cement depression--as if a dry fountain with a cement post in the center or inside. There seemed to be * pigeons off to the right, flying around the surface out of the depression .... At one point I thought you were opening a cellophane bag ...." (The experi- menters had in fact bought ice cream during the experimental period.) "There was also a rectangular wooden frame, a window frame, but I wasn't sure if it was on a building, or a similar structure with a different purpose,” » (A possible correlation from a functional viewpoint to the Washington Square Arch through which the outbound experimenters viewed the fountain toward the end of the experimental period.) “All in all I thought you ' were in Riverside Park ....' (Incorrect analysis.) Finally, the subject described "cement steps going into the depression, like a stadium, and a the rounded edge of the top of the depression as you go up to ground level," a description which shows correct detail, 20 td Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 Senate Te OE aoa
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 GRANT’S TOMB TARGET IN NEW YORK CITY Front View FIGURE 6 IN COAST-TO-COAST REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENT, SUBJECT DESCRIBED: “OUTDOORS, LARGE OPEN AREA.... SHADE TREES.... WHITE BUILDING WITH ARCHES” 21 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9
ce Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 FIGURE 7 COAST TO COAST REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENT _ o-- WITH TARGET AT WASHINGTON SQUARE IN NEW ( wy? - YORK CITY. SUBJECT’S FIRST PERCEPTION WAS OF A “CEMENT DEPRESSION - AS IF A DRY \ FOUNTAIN — WITH A CEMENT POST IN THE FR CENTER OR INSIDE”. WASHINGTON SQUARE IN NEW YORK CITY, USED AS TARGET IN COAST-TO-COAST REMOTE-VIEWING EXPERIMENT, 6 JULY 1976 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 » » » » ® » , »
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 Cc. New York City to Ohio (Ohio Caves) A third long-distance remote-viewing experiment was carried out under the control of an independent, skeptical scientist not known to the subject, In this case SRI experimenters visiting in Ohio agreed to a remote-viewing experiment in which the target would be selected by our host, Under the observation of our challenger, we telephoned Subject S4 in New York City and obtained the subject's agreement to participate in a long-distance remote viewing experiment, The subject was told only that we were located somewhere between New York City and California and that shortly we would be taken to a target. The time for the experiment was set for 2:00 PM EDT. We also agreed to call again at 3:00 PM EDT to obtain Subject $4's impressions and to provide feedback as to the actual target. The scientist chose as a target location the Ohio Caverns at Springfield, Ohio (see Figure 8). We entered the grounds through an entrance arch that opened onto an enormous expanse of lawn, perhaps 20 acres, The caves are located at a depth of ~150 ft and are entered through a small building having a long flight of steep stairs. Once underground, we walked through a maze of rock-lined tunnels that led eventually into a series of rooms lined with calcite stalactites and stalagmites, frosty white and beige crystals formed like icicles. The entire cavern was illuminated by small electric light bulbs attached to the walis. After a 45-minute walk, we exited the caves through a large metal door giving access to a square cross-sectional shaft with stairs leading to the surface. Following the experimental period, the scientist-observer called the subject in New York, 45 minutes after we left the caves, The opening statements of the subject's transcript as dictated over the phone and posted to the SRI experimenters was as follows: "47-50 PM before starting--Flat semi-industrial countryside with mountain range in background and something to do with underground caves or mines or deep shafts--half man made, half natural--some electric humming going on--throbbing, inner throbbing. Nuclear or some very far out and possibly secret installation--corridor--mazes of them--whole under- ground city almost--Don't like it at all-long for out- doors and nature. 2:00 PM-~(Experimenters) R and H walking along sunny yoad--entering into arbor-like 23 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 e tae ea td -_ = FIGURE 8 OHIO CAVES: DESCRIBED BY SUBJECT IN NEW YORK AS, “UNDERGROUND CAVES OR MINES.... DEEP SHAFTS.... e DARKER, COOL, MOIST EARTH-SMELLING PASSAGES” = ~ 24 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 cine Oe eee
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 shaft--again looks like man helped nature--vines (wisteria) growing in arch at entrance like to a wine cellar--leading into underground world. Darker earth-smelling cool moist passage with something grey and of interest on left of them-~musty--sudden change to bank of elevators--a very man-made steel wall--and shaft-like inverted silo going deep below earth-~brightly lit ...." As is often the case, one observes that the basic gestalt of the target site was cognized (the underground caves aspect) while a specific interpretation (the labeling of the location as a nuclear installation) was in error, A second subject (S88) who had agreed in advance to participate in the same experiment by date and time, was less successful with the cavern target. This subject erroneously interpreted early impressions as associated with a museum, As a result the majority of his transcript, although containing some correct elements, reflects primarily this incorrect analytical interpretation and cannot be said to constitute evidence for paranormal functioning. Dd. New Orleans to Palo Alto (Northern California Bank Plaza) Two trials carried out between New Orleans and Menlo Park, California, constitute the final tests of this long-distance series. These last two were carried out with the two subjects who had participated in the first two California-to-New York experiments. The first experiment in this series required Subject S7 in New Orleans to view the activities of a group of three people known to the subject, at a location in a Palio Aito/Menlo Park area 2000 miles away, The subject's principal impression was of an "overhang of a building over their heads ... also a round gold rim around a sunken depression." The target, a bank building, is shown in Figure 9, Principal features of the target include a building overhang, and a rectangular concrete depression with a fountain in which the water comes out of a circular gold rim, The subject also reported “some kind of fake china flowers mushrooming out of the depression,” a possible correlation to four orange lamps mounted on the gold rim. Finally, S87 reported “there was a projectile coming toward (one of the outbound experimenters). Like a ball or frisbee, as if (another experimenter) has tossed hima ball." The experimenters had in fact found a paper airplane lying on the ground and had thrown it back and forth several times; the photo of the site taken at the time of the experiment shows the airplane between them. 25 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9
FIGURE 9 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 Circular Fountain in Concrete Depression REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENT — NEW ORLEANS TO PALO ALTO, 30 OCTOBER 1976. Subject described: “The overhang of a building over their heads,” also “A round gold rim around a sunken depression” .... “In the surface of the depression there is some kind of fake china flowers. It's like a Bonsai tree mushrooming out of the surface.” Later in the transcript she said “There was a projectile coming toward Dave. Some kind of a projectile, like a ball or frisbee. As if Elizabeth tossed him a ball.” (It was a paper airplane.) 26 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 » » iain nO OO
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 E, Menlo Park to New Orleans (Louisiana Superdome) For the final experiment (subject-in Menlo Park) it was agreed that at 1200 CST on a particular day, the outbound experimenter would choose a target location in his city by random protocol and remain there for the required 15 minutes. During this time, Subject S8 in Menlo Park would tape-record impressions and make any drawings that seemed appropriate. The target chosen by randomized entry into a New Orleans guide book list was the Louisiana Superdome. The outbound experimenter tape- recorded the following description as he looked at the building: "It is a bright sunshiny day. In front of me is a huge silvery building with a white dome gleaming in the sun, It is a circular building with metal sides,. It looks like nothing so much as a flying saucer, The target is in fact the 80,000-seat Louisiana Superdome stadium.” The subject in Menlo Park described the target as "a large circular building with a'white dome."' The subject also expressed feelings of wanting to reject what he saw because the dome looked "like a flying saucer in the middle of a city.'' Some appreciation for this perception can be obtained from Figure 10 in which the target is shown, together with the sketches that the subject made. Due to the expense and distances involved, these five trials were not evaluated by our usual double-blind matching procedure. None- theless, on the basis of post-hoc content analysis it appears that the results obtained in these five long-distance remote-viewing experiments were roughly of the same accuracy with regard to site description as those obtained in local remote-viewing experiments, (For more detail, including samples of complete transcripts and associated content analysis, see Ref. 46,) The descriptions not only contain correct general information, put often show remarkable detail and resolution, Furthermore, in a number of instances, real-time activities were observed and correctly described, Similar data has been obtained by Bisaha and Dunne in a series of successful long-distance remote viewing experiments, carried out over intercontinental distances (e.g., Chicago-Moscow) .?° The data from our five trials taken together with their formally-judged experiments would seem to indicate that there is little, if any, degradation in quality of perception as the subject-target distance is increased from a few km to intercontinental distances. Therefore, any theory of paranormal function- ing put forward at this time should take into account this apparent insensitivity to distance, and any application of paranormal functioning need not, to first order, consider distance as a barrier, at least to the range examined, This conclusion admittedly is based on the long-distance data 27 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 e » FIGURE 10 LONG DISTANCE REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENT —— SRI, MENLO PARK, TO LOUISIANA SUPERDOME. Subject described large circular building with a white dome. 31 October 1976. » 28 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 CN eee
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 obtained to date, which is not as extensive as that obtained for shorter distances. Nonetheless, in our opinion the indications are strong that this conclusion is correct, VII RESOLUTION IN REMOTE VIEWING STUDIES: MINI-TARGETS In order to obtain an estimate of the resolution capability of the remote-viewing process, an experimental series was carried out in which a subject (S84) was asked to render descriptions of objects hidden in small light-tight metal containers (35 mm film cans), This was the first experiment of this type in our laboratory. There were no previous trials or pilot experiments with these or similar targets. In this series the target can was not seen by the subject before or during the experiment; the location of the target was known to the subject only as being on the person of a known experimenter who had left the laboratory, obtained the target from a previously prepared target pool by use of a random number generator, and was now located at an unknown site away from SRI (about 1/8th mile distant). Furthermore, in order to test the "transmitter" hypothesis, during the trials no experimenter, including the out bound experimenter with the target, knew either the particular target, nor the contents of the target pool, The experiment was thus of the double-blind type, Statistically significant results, determined by blind judging, was obtained for this series. In preparation for the series, a target selector not known to the subject and not otherwise associated with this study was asked to select ten small objects and to place each ina separate 35 mm light-tight film can.” The target pool was constructed to contain a number of cylindrically shaped objects, a number of metal objects, and so forth (that is, the objects were. not chosen to be particularly distinct from one another), so as to circumvent subject strategies based on knowledge of previous targets (by feedback) as the series progressed. The film cans were then turned over to a second experimenter who, without opening them, numbered the film cans 1 to 10 and placed them in a secure safe. At this point all information as to film can contents and target can number was lost. At the beginning of each trial the subject was closeted with an experimenter in an isolated windowless room of the Radio Physics Laboratory RL * The film cans were tested for light-tightness by exposing the cans con taining 400 ASA Tri-X film to 30 flashes of a 1200 watt-second strobe light at 11 inches; photodensitometer traces showed no light exposure as compared with unexposed control film, 29 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 e in the SRI complex, A second experimenter then left the laboratory, generated a random number by the use of the random-number function on a Texas Instruments Model SR-51 hand calculator, obtained the associated can from the target pool in the safe,* and took it to a convenient location (not told to the subject) in a park nearby SRI (about 1/8th mile distant). ° Thus the subject knew the location of the film can target only as being on the person of an experimenter, known to her, outbound to an unknown site. The outbound experimenter then remained at the remote location for an agreed-upon ten-minute target period, with the film can still o unopened so that he remained ignorant of the target. During the target period the subject was asked to locate the outbound experimenter and to describe the contents of the film can in his possession, Since the investigator with the subject was ignorant of both the particular target and the contents of the target pool, he was free to question the * subject about her: perceptions without fear of cueing. The entire inter- action in the laboratory was tape recorded, and the subject was encouraged to make drawings to accompany her verbal description of the film-can contents, Following the target period, the outbound experimenter returned to the laboratory, at which time all concerned (subject and experimenters) learned for the first time the contents of the target film can by opening it. A sequence of ten trials was carried out. During the series the target cans were used without replacement until the ten possibilities were exhausted. | series that the ten trials would be broken down into two subgroups of five trials each, Thus, in the blind rank-order procedure used (described below), a judge was asked to compare each target against five transcripts--one generated during the target period of interest and four generated during the other target periods of the subgroup. In preparation for the judging of each subgroup, the subject's tapes were transcribed, The resulting transcripts were then edited only to the * extent of deleting information which might act as artifactual cues to a judge, such as references to other targets, or phrases which might indicate the temporal order of the transcripts. e * Because targets were used without replacement, when a previously used number came up, the random-number generator was reactivated until an unused number was obtained. ; « 30 & Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 Lliaaeinialniee ee ene OOO
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 The transcripts and film can targets, each in their own random order different from the order of target usage, were then turned over to an independent judge not otherwise associated with the experimental series. The judge was instructed to blind rank order, on a scale 1-5 (best to worst match), each of the five transcripts against each of the five film can targets in each subgroup, generating the 5 * 5 matrices shown in Table 4. In the two series of five each, four were directly matched in the first series, two in the second, The resulting matrices were analyzed using the direct-count-of-permutations method discussed earlier. The results ' for the two matrices are, respectively, p, = 2/5: = 0.017, pg = 35/51 = 0.292, one tailed, Combining the results of the 2 subgroups using the conservative method devised by Eddington ,*® we obtain an overall probability of P = @p)N/n: = (py + Pp)? /2 = 0,047, one tailed, Thus the experimental series as a whole reaches significance, with the bulk of the significance being generated by the first subgroup which is independently significant. AS an example of the quality of descriptions obtained, the results generated in the first subgroup of five are shown in Figure ll. The captions contain quotes from the subject's first paragraph of each . description. For a spool and a pin we have: "It's definitely something thin and long ... with like a nail head at the end ... silver colored;" for a curled up leaf: "a nautilus shape with a tail;" for a leather belt tt for a can of sand: " for a grey and white quill: "like a penguin ... grey and black and white ... it's organic and has been alive ... pointed or slightly rounded off at the top ... open or pointed at the bottom," keyring: "The strongest image I get is like a belt; "like a miniature tower ... scalloped bottom ... light beige; In this series we thus obtained evidence that small objects can be dis- criminated by psi processes, and that the channel functions down to at least the order of a few millimeters spatial resolution.” Such resolution would seem difficult if not impossible to accommodate under an ELF hypothesis, unless an elaborate process for encoding target information onto a carrier is invoked. Furthermore, given that all experimenters were blind as to the target, it would appear that a potential transmitter hypothesis which might in principle provide such an encoding, is not viable. Finally, we note that either (1) the successful use of light-tight film cans indicates that the light level required to illuminate the target can be vanishingly small, or (2) the primary information channel is precognition of the feedback, Further work will be required to differentiate between the two, ein a follow-on study with 1 mm X 1 mm "microdot" targets, photographically prepared by reducing photos of ordinary objects and scenes, and secured inside double envelopes at a remote location, evidence to date continues to support this observation, 31 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 * FILM CAN SERIES a Table 4 DISTRIBUTION OF JUDGE'S RANKINGS al Belt keyring Quill a Leaf 3 | p = 0.017 Spoon and pin Can of sand & (a) First Five-Trial Subgroup ad Transcript Letter Target [4 Pig p= 0.292 Metal spring e Whistle (b) Second Five-Trial Subgroup Total p = 0.047 e * 32 e Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 L hesiteaelinnmtetiame ee Eee OE eee
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 ———————— “IT'S DEFINITELY SOMETHING THIN AND LONG. . . WITH A NAIL HEAD AT THE END .. . SILVERED COLORED.” SPOOL AND PIN “© Cod @&® CURLED UP LEAF “A NAUTILUS SHAPE WITH A TAIL.” “THE STRONGEST IMAGE | GET IS LIKE A BELT.” PI “LIKE A MINIATURE TOWER .. . SCALLOPED CAN OF SAND BOTTOM .. . LIGHT BEIGE.” “LIKE A PENGUIN ... GREY AND BLACK AND WHITE . . . POINTED OR SLIGHTLY ROUNDED ; 7 ; OFF AT THE TOP... OPEN OR POINTED AT GREY AND WHITE QUILL . THE BOTTOM.” FIGURE 11 TARGET OBJECTS IN METAL CONTAINERS. Captions under subject drawings are quotes from first paragraph of transcript. 33 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 « VIII SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Experimental laboratory work at SRI International and elsewhere e continues to provide evidence for the existence of so-called psi processes, a class of interactions between consciousness and the physical environ- ment as yet unexplained. At SRI we have to date concentrated primarily on "remote viewing ," the acquisition of information blocked from ordinary perception by distance or shielding. Our data base now includes the remote viewing of targets ranging from objects in nearby light-tight film cans to geographic sites at transcontinental distances, and viewed from locations that include shielded Faraday cages and a submerged submersible, As is generally true of any subliminal perception process, the infor- mation generated by the psi process is fragmentary and imperfect, None- theless, the data generated by this process appear to exceed any reasonable bounds of chance correlation or acquisition by ordinary means, In Table 5 we summarize the key findings with regard to target acqui- sition, resolution, shielding, and distance effects; factors that appear to enhance or inhibit success in remote viewing; accuracy, reliability, and robustness; screening and training of subjects; and technological and theoretical considerations, 7 ~ Data obtained in our research indicate that the phenomenon is charac- terized by resolution on the order of at least millimeters, apparent ineffectiveness of ordinary electrical shielding, and relative insensi- tivity to distance up to and including transcontinental distances, This work has gone forward in our laboratory under the assumption that psi phenomena are not necessarily inconsistent with the framework of a continually developing modern physics. It is clear, however, that the marriage of physics and psi is still at an embryonic stage, somewhat reminiscent of electrodynamics before the unification brought about by the work of Ampere, Faraday, and Maxwell. Nonetheless, it is our view that experiments can be designed to uncover patterns of relationships that might in principle differentiate between alternative models that are proposed, In pursuit of this goal we are endeavoring to define the level of compatibility between paranormal phenomena and the laws of physics as = presently understood, and to examine the limits of specific physical theories in modeling these phenomena, The data presented in this paper, for example, derive from experiments designed to begin to test the ELF electromagnetic hypothesis, an hypothesis whose viability has been called into question by the results of our experiments. We plan to continue such ~ 34 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 a aa ee nnn een,
Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9 research in the expectation that not only can we use physical principles to help bring about an understanding of psi phenomena, but we can expect that the psi data base will make a contribution toward the clarification of certain problems in physics. 35 Approved For Release 2003/09/10 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001300090001-9