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PROGRAM
SCHEDULE
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at
the site.
The second test
is more constrained than the
first
in that
the
target information is more analytical or abstract,
being associated
with a graphical representation of an item of interest rather than the
item itself.
The third test
is the most jconstrained in that the target
is blind to all participants in the experiment and the subject’s choice
is precisely constrained.
The details
of these tests
are given below.
For the purpose of screening the criteria as
to what constitutes
a paranormal result was chosen arbitrarily
,
viz.
For the purpose of screening
a result
is
to
be considered paranormal
if. the
a prior i
probability for the occurrence
of the result
by chance,
under the null hypothesis,
is
-6
p<10
-
Although the above requirement is exceedingly
strict by usual psyc
physiological standards,
it
is chosen here
(a)
because
the controversial
nature of the subject requires strict handling,
and
Cb>
in our work and
elsewhere,
a bimodal distribution has been observed empirically in which
a subset ol individuals participating in paranormal research produce re-
sults
at a level ol statistical significance pi
10 6 m Comparison
with the bulk of individuals who cluster about the mean as expected.
Therefore
,
we base our criteria on an observable natural division into
clearly functional
and non-functional categories.
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'
Six subjects have been chosen for the study
to date,
subjects
-3
*
considered gifted,
subjects 4-6 acting
as learners or controls.
Subject
1 qualifies as
a gifted subject on the basis of remote viewing j
j*
subject
2 qualifies
as gifted on the basis of the random generator test;
subject
is tentatively classed as gifted in remote viewing,
although
not yet completing the
screening series,
based on client evaluation of
f
highly successful remote -viewing experiments carried out for the client
"*6
in the previous
program,
and also on the basis
of meeting the p< 10
criterion in experimentation at another laboratory.
Subject
5 (learner/control)
,
a male,
age
54,
is paired with gifted
subject
1,
a male,
age
55.
Learner/control subject
6,
a female,
age
34,
is
by
age,
background,
and temperament
paired with gifted subject
2,
a male,
age
31.
Learner subject
(female,
age
53)
and gifted subject
( male,
age
41)
j
J
are
paired on the. basis of artistic occupations
(professional photographer
and painter,
respectively)
and similar emotional and psychological makeup.
?!
>
*
Earlier in the
program nine subjects were' to
be
placed
in three categories,
three
subjects eachj
gifted subjects,
learners,
and controls.
However,
experience
in the early part of
the program indicated that
(a)
a best effort
would require
spending more
time with fewer people,
and
(b)
the distinction
between learners and controls was arbitrary
in comparison with the distinction
between these
categories
and that of gifted subjects
as defined above.
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C
(a)
Remote Viewing of Natural Targets
The first screening test is based on previous SRI research
results which indicate that
it
is possible for a subject to describe
randomly -chosen geographical
sites located several miles from the
subject's
position and demarcated by some appropriate means.
This experiment consists of a series of double^blind tests
involving local targets
in the San Francisco Bay area which can be docu-
~~
mented by independent judging.
Target locations within thirty minutes
driving time from SRI are randomly chosen from a list of targets Rent
lM r
u
blind to subject and experimenters and used without replacement.
^
‘
To begin an experiment,
an experimenter
is closeted with a
V
subject
at SRI
to wait 30 minutes to begin a narrative description of
the
remote
location.
A. second experimenter obtains
a target location
from the target pool and proceeds directly
to the target without communi-
cating with the subject or experimenter remaining behind.
The second
experimenter remains
at the
target site
for an agreed-upon thirty-minute
period following the
thirty minutes allotted for travel.
During the
observation period,
the remote viem ng subject
is asked to describe his
impressions of
the
target
site into a tape recorder.
A comparison
is
made when
the experimenter returns.
Following
a series of nine experiments ,
the results
are sub-
jected
to independent judging on a blind basis by five SRI scientists
not otherwise associated with the research.
The judges
are asked to blind
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match locations,
independently visited,
against typed manuscripts of
tape-recorded narratives
of the remote viewer.
A given narrative can
be assigned to more than one
target location.
A correct match requires
that
a transcript of
a given date
be associated with the target of that
date
.
Probability calculations are on the basis of the
a priori proba-
bility of the obtained series of matches by chance,
conservatively assuming
assignment without replacement on the part of the
judges.
As
r
indicated in Report #1
,
:
Subject
1 has completed
this series,
obtaining a result significant
at
the
p =8 x 10 ^ level
Experimentation is
in progress with Subjects
2 and
4,
two transcripts
having been obtained from each to date.
(b)
Line Drawings
A pool of fifty simple
line .drawings of everyday
objects has
been drawn,
randomized,
and placed in a secure location.
During experimentation,
experimenters
and subject are
separated
by either an experimenter or subject entering
a shielded room so:that
from that
time forward the subject
is at all times visually,
acoustically,
and electrically shielded from personnel and material
at
the
target
location
.
Following isolation a target
is chosen by means of the universal
randomization protocol technique described
in Section 4(a),
used in this
case
to generate
a two-digit number modulo
50.
The
subject's
task is
then
to reproduce with pen on paper the
.line drawing now displayed at
the
target location.
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Following
a period of effort not
to exceed half an hour,
the
subject may either pass
(when he does not
feel confident)
or indicate
he
is' ready to submit
a drawing
to the experimenters,
in which case
the
drawing
is collected by an experimenter before
the
subject
is permitted
to
see the target.
The experiment
is then repeated with replacement
until ten drawings
have been obtained from the
subject.
To obtain an independent evaluation of
the correlation between
target and response data,
the experimenters
submit
the data for judging
on
a blind basis by two SRI scientists not otherwise associated with the
research.
The judges are asked to match the response data with the
corresponding target data (without replacement)
.
Such experimentation
is presently
in progress,
a number of
drawings having been obtained from
several of the subjects but not yet
submitted for judging.
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(c)
Four-State Electronic Random Stimulus Generator
The determination of the
state of a four-state electronic
.
random stimulus generator comprises
the
third screening test.
The
target
is
in the
form of one of four art slides chosen randomly
(p =
J)
by an
electronic random generator.
The generator does not indicate
its
choice'
until
the
subject
indicates his choice
to the machine
by pressing a button
(See Figure
)
.
As soon as the
subject indicates his
choice,
the
target slide
is illuminated to provide visual and auditory
(bell if correct)
feedback as
to the correctness or incorrectness of his
choice.
Until
that
time both subject and experimenter remain ignorant of the machine's
choice,
so the experiment
is of the double-blind type.
Five
legends at
the
top ;of the machine
face
are illuminated one
at
a time with increasing
correct choices
(6,8,
10,
....)
to provide additional reinforcement.
The
machine
choice,
sub ject
. choice^, cumulative
trial number,
and cumulative
hit number are recorded automatically on a printer.
Following trial number
25,
the machine must be reset manually by depressing a RESET button.
A methodological feature of the machine
is that
the choice of
a target
is not forced.
That
is,
a subject may press a PASS button when
he wishes hot
to guess,
in which case
the machine
indicates what
its
choice was,
and neither a hit nor
a trial
is scored
by the machine, which
then goes on to make
its next selection.
Thus
the
subject does not have
|
to guess
at targets when he does not feel that he has an idea as
to which
j
to choose
.
;
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Figure & .
ESP Teaching Machine used in this experiment
.
An
incorrect choice of target
is
indicated.
Two of
the
five "encouragement lights"
at
the
top of the
machine are illuminated.
The printer to
the right
of
the machine records data on fan-fold paper tape.
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Under the null hypothesis
of random binomial choices with probability
and no learning,
the probability of observing £ k successes in n trials
is approximated by the probability of a normal distribution value
-
i> /V3n7l6*
For the
purpose of screening, each subject
is required to complete
100 25-trial runs
(i.e.,
a total of 2500 trials).
To date
: subject-
1,
2,
and
6 have completed this phase of the screening program,
and their
results are tabulated
in Table
2.
Subject
4 has completed 2100 trials with
'mean scores of 25.71
(p = 0.20).
Table
X
Screening Data:
Four-state Electronic Randpm Stimulus Generator
Subject
.
/
Mean Score/100 Trials
Over 2500 Trials
Binomial Probability
25.76
0.22
—N
L)f
X7
( 29.36 /
Lh
3 x 10
.
L_
25.40
0.33
On the basis of this test Subject
2.
whose
scores
are plotted in Fig.
9,
qualifies as
a gifted individual,
having satisfied the criterion of
producing a result whose: a priori probability under the null hypothesis
is
p < 10~6
.
Of further interest are
this
subject's personal observations
of subjective experiences during the
screening test,
presented in Appendix
.
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2.
Identification of Measurable Characteristi cs Possessed by
Gifted Subjects
(20%)
.
a)
Medical Evaluation
The medical evaluation of program participants has been
assigned to the Palo Alto Medical Clinic.
Coordination of
the program
is being handled by Dr. Robert Armbruster, Director of the
Clinic''
Department of Environmental Medicine.
The Clinic,
in turn,
has subcontracted
certain special tests
to
the Stanford Medical Center,
Stanford University.
One visual sensitivity test
is being administered by the Bioengineering
Group of
the Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory of SRI
.
The
testing procedures,
outlined in Table 3^fall into seven categories.
.
1)
General physical examination,
including complete medical
and family history;
2)
Laboratory examinations,
including SMA -1.2. panel blood
j
chemistries,
protein electrophoresis, blood lipid profile,
urinalyses,
serology,
blood type
and factor,
pulmonary
function screening,
and 12-lead electrocardiogram;
3)
Neurological examination,
including comprehensive and
electroencephalogram (sleeping and routine);
4)
Audiometric examination,
including comprehensive,
Bekesy
bone conduction,
speech1 discrimination,
and impedance
bridge
test;
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3)
Midte sting
(SRI -administered)
Ongoing testing associated with daily experimentation is carried
out to provide
indicators as to the effects of mood and conceptualisation
.
Pnnf'lusioiis will
toe drawn in the final stage
on success in experimentation.
Conclusions win
of project effort.
Test: Mood Adjective Checklist
Source:
Psychology Department,
Stanford University
(Hypnosis Lab)
Purpose:
The Mood Adjective Checklist
is
one of a number of pre-experiment
instruments designed
to provide a measure of
a subject's
feelings
of
the moment
as he enters
the experimental situation.
The purpose
is
to determine whether measures
of success in the experimental
phase correlate with pre-experiment mood indicators.
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'
mood adjective checklist
each word according to
these instructions.
If the word definitely describes how you feel at
the rnonent you rea^
circle the double check as
follows.
calm
no
(This means you definitely
feel calm at
this moment.)
If
the «ord only sightly applies to your feelinp, at the "orient.
tircla
the single check as follows
.
calm
o
no
(This means you feel
slightly calm at this
moment .
)
If the word is not clear
to you or if you cannot decide whether or not
it describes your feelings,
circle the question mark
as
folio,
.
calm
no
(This means you cannot
decide whether you are
calm or not.)
If you clearly decide that
the word does not apply
to your feelings at
this moment,
circle the no
as follows:
calm
(This means you are sure
you are not calm at this
Work rapidly.
Your first reaction is
before going to the next.
Please mar
only a few minutes.
best.
Work down
the first column
an the words.
This should take
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angry
vv
V
no
energetic
vv
v
?
no
concentrating
w
V
no
playful
w
v
no
drowsy
vv
V
no
suspicious
w
v
?
no
affectionate
w
V
no
startled
w
V
?
no
apprehensive
w
V
no
relaxed
vv
V
no
blue
w
V
no
defiant
vv
V
?
no
boastful
w
V
?
no
engaged in
thought
w
V
?
no
elated
vv
V
no
active
w
V
no
pleased
w
V
no
nonchalant
w
V
no
tired
w
v
no
skeptical
w
V
no
fearful
w
V
?
no
sho deed
w
V
no
regretful
w
V
no
calm
w
V
no
egotistic
w
V
?
no
bold
vv
V
?
no
overjoyed
w
V
?
no
earnest
vv
V
no
vigorous
w
V
no
sluggish
w
V
V
no
witty
w
V
?
no
• forgiving
w
V
no
serene
vv
V
?
no
clutched up
w
V
no
rebellious
w
V
no
lonely
w
V
?
no
serious
w
V
?
no
cocky
w
V
no
wa rvnh eart e d w
v
no
lighthearted
vv
-
no
insecure
w
V
no
quiet
w
V
?
no
self-
centered
w
V
?
no
still
w
V
no
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Test:
Semantic Differential Checklist
Source:
SRI Urban and Social Systems Division
Purpose:
The Semantic Differential Checklist
is one of a number of pre-
experiment instruments designed
to provide a measure of subject
conceptualization about an experiment in which he
is about
to
participate.
The purpose is
to determine whether measures of
' success in the experiment correlate with pre-experiment conceptualization.
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Semantic Differential Checklist
The purpose of
this rating sheet is
to obtain your candid reactions
regarding the conditions surrounding the experiment.
For each numbered item you will find
a concept
to be judged. You are to
rate each in order.
This
is how you are
to use the scales:
If you feel that the concept
is highly or closely related
to one end of
the scale, you should place your
checkmark as
follows;
impractical
\S
practical
impractical
lx''
practical
If your feelings on the concept are neutral, place your checkmark in the
middle space,
etc.
Work at fairly high speed through this rating sheet. Do not puzzle over
individual
items.
Give your
first impressions, your immediate feelings about
each item.
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9.
satisfying
disappointing
10.
unprepared
prepared
My involvement in experiment
1.
good
2.
useless
3„
stimulating
4.
positive
5.. passive
6.
capable
7.
important
8.
unsuccessful
9.
prepared
10.
impractical
bad
valuable
dull
negative
active
incapable
unimportant
successful
unprepared
practical
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(4)
Benton Visual Memory Test and Wechsler Memory Scale;
}
(5)
Thematic Apperception Test
(T.A.T.)
and Rorschach projective tests
(6)
Bender Gestalt Test,
!
( 7 )
Luscher color test
(8)
Strong Aptitude/Values Test
(9)
Cognitive Style Preference Test
As indicated in Table
4,
the psychological testing
is well underway.
There
is,
of course,
a considerable lag between testing and results.
To
date,
only
a partial analysis of data from Subject
is available.
We
present this data in Appendix 4 as a sample of
the type of analysis that
will become available.
We note
in passing
that
the data on Subject
from the W.A.I.S.
appears
to correlate with that obtained from the
client -administered W.A.I.S.,* an indication of the uniformity of results
available from such testing.
*
Private communication
.
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(c)
Neuropsychological Evaluation
In addition to the measurement of
the physiological
components
of the neurological system covered
in the medical evaluation,
a neuro-
_
psychological profile
is being obtained by
the administration of the
Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Test Battery, which includes the Category
Recognition Test. Actual Performance Test,, Halstead-Wepman Aphasia
Screening Test,
and other appropriate measures.
This
phase of the
program is being handled by Dr. Donald Dim of
the Palo Alto Veteran's
Administration Hospital, who has personally consulted with Dr. Reitan
on testing procedures and interpretation.
The neuropsydiological evaluation
program is scheduled for the first half of September.
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3.
ratification of Neurophysiology Correlates Which Relate Jo
Paranormal Activities
'
High on the
list of priorities
for the program
is the identification
of neurophysiological correlates accompanying paranormal activity.
The
purpose of
this part
of the study
is twofold:
(a)
to obtain information
about the neurophysiological state associated with paranormal activity
in general,
and
(b)
to obtain indicators which differentiate between
correct
and incorrect responses
to
a paranormally applied stimulus,
so
that
an independently-determined bias factor can be applied during the
generation of data by the subject.
Two facilities
are
in use for the purposes described above.
One
is
a standard EEC facility under the direction of Dr. Jerry Lukas,
head of SRI’s Sleep
Studies program. This
facility consists
of two
sound-isolated rooms with appropriate signal lead connections,
an
eight-channel polygraph for visual recording,
and a magnetic tape/
computer processing/ printer readout which provides on-line
processing,
of the polygraph data.
In our .configuration we obtain
a hardcopy
printout
of 5-second averages
of eight channels
of polygraph information
fifteen minutes following
a fifteen minute run.
At present we monitor
broadha.
alpha
(7-14 Hz)
and beta
(14-34 Hz) brainwave components from
the
left
and right occipital regions,
galvanic skin response,
and two
channels
of plethysmograph data
(blood volume
and pulse height).
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The second facility
Is
a smaller semi-portable four-channel polygraph
with
a GSR channel,
ref lected-light plethysmograph indicating blood volume/
pulse height,
one channel of unfiltered EEG activity,
and a
fourth EEG
channel with aero-crossing digital filtering.
The latter permits
percent-time measurements
in any band, with upper and lower band edge
settings
in
1 Hz. increments.
Considerable data has been obtained with both facilities.
The bulk
of the'data awaits further analysis which will occur at completion of
various series underway.
However,
several results have been obtained
which we describe below.
(a) Bilateral EEG Measurements — Remote Strobe Experiment
As discussed in Report #2,
a variety of evidence from clinical and
neurosurgical sources
indicates
that
' the two hemispheres ofjhej^man
brain
are specialized for different cognitive functions.
The
left
hemisphere
is predominantly involved in(^b^nd other analytic
functioning,
the. right
in spatial and othe^listic. processing
.
In consultation with Dr. Robert Ornstein of the Langley Porter
Neuropsychiatric Institute,
an hypothesis was formed based on certain
observed characteristics that paran^aljuncti oninK might involve
right hemispheric specialization.
To test
this hypothesis,
the EEG
remote strobeflash experiment,
discussed in the original proposal and in
the paper attached to Report # 1 ,
was repeated with Subjec^Jhree^iroes
in the sleep
lab
under the direction of Dr.
Lukas with monitoring of
right
and left occipital regions.
Each experiment consisted of
twenty
15-second trial s,
with ten no-flash trials,
and ten 16-Hz trials randomly
intermixed.
Reduction of
alpha activity
(arousal response)
correlated
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