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CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
iii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
ix
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
.
.
xi
I
INTRODUCTION
II
BACKGROUND
III
SRI
INVESTIGATIONS
OF REMOTE VIEWING
A.
Subject
SI:
Experienced
B.
Subject
S4:
Learner
C.
Subjects
S2 and
S3:
Experienced
D.
Subjects
S5 and
S6
:
Learners
E.
Normal
and Paranormal:
Use
of Unselected
Subjects
in Remote Viewing
F.
Technology Series:
Short-Range Remote Viewing
G.
Summary of Remote Viewing Results
.
Discussion
2.
Summary
IV
CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING TIME
V
DISCUSSION
VI
CONCLUSIONS
v
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APPENDICES
A
SIGNAL ENHANCEMENT
IN A PARANORMAL COMMUNICATION
CHANNEL BY APPLICATION OF REDUNDANCY CODING
B
REMOTE
VIEWING TRANSCRIPT
101
REFERENCES
1 07
vi
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ILLUSTRATIONS
Airport
in San Andres,
Colombia, Used
as
Remote Viewing
Target Along with Sketch Produced by Subject
in
California
.
.
.
.
Occipital EEG Frequency Spectra,
0-20 Hz,
of One Subject
(H.H.)
Acting
as Receiver Showing Amplitude Changes
in
the 9-11-Hz Band
as
a Function
of Strobe Frequency
Swimming Pool Complex as Remote Viewing Target
(a)
City Map
of Target Location
(b)
Drawing by Price
(SI)
Subject Hammid
(S4)
Drawing Described as
"Some Kind
of Diagonal Trough up
in
the Air"
Subject Hammid
(S4)
Response
to Bicycle
Shed Target
Described
as
an Open "Barn-Like Building" with
"Slats
on
the Sides" and
a "Pitched Roof"
Subject Elgin
( S 2)
Drawings
in Response
to Tennis
Court Target
Subject
Swann
(S3)
Response
to City Hall Target
.
Subject
(S6)
Drawing
of White Plaza,
Stanford University
.
.
Subject
(Vl)
Drawing
of Merry-Go-Round Target
Drawings
of
a Typewriter Target by Two Subjects
Drawings
by Three Subjects
(S2,
S3,
and V3)
for Xerox
Machine Target
When subject
(V3)
was
asked
to described
the
square
at
upper
left,
the
subject
said,
"There was
this
predominant
light source which might have been
a window,
and
a working
surface which might have been
the
sill,
or
a working surface
or desk."
Earlier
the
subject had
said,
"I have
the
feeling
that
there
is
something silhouetted against
the window."
.
.
Drawing by Two
Subjects of
a Video Monitor Target
Subject
(S4)
Drawing
of Drill Press
Showing Belt Drive,
Stool,
and
a Graph
that Goes Up and Down
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Subject Hammid
(S4)
Described
"Some Kind
of Congealing
Tar,
or Maybe
an Area
of Condensed Lava.... That Has
Oozed Out
to Fill
up
Some Kind of Boundaries”
Subject
(S4)
Described
a Formal Garden "Very Well
Manicured” Behind
a Double Colonnade
Subject
(S4)
Saw
a
"Black Iron Triangle That Hal Had
Somehow Walked Into” and Heard
a
"Squeak,
Squeak,
About Once a Second”
Subject
(S4)
Described
a Very Tall
Structure Located
Among City Streets
and Covered With "Tiffany-Like Glass”
.
.
A-l
Enhancement of
Signal -to-Noise Ratio by Sequential
Sampling Procedure
(pq
= 0.4,
p^
= 0.6,
O' = 0.01,
=
. 01 )
A-2
Reliability Curve
for Sequential
Sampling Procedure
(p0
= 0.4,
p x
= 0.6,
ot = 0.01,
= 0.01)
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TABLES
Critical Values
of
Sums
of
Ranks
for Preferential
Matching
Distribution of Rankings Assigned
to Transcripts
Associated with Each Target Location
for
Experienced
Subject Price
(SI)
Distribution
of Rankings Assigned
to Transcripts
Associated with Each Target Location
for
Learner Subject Hammid
(S4)
Distribution of Rankings Assigned
to Transcripts
Associated with Each Target Location
for
Experienced Subjects Elgin
( S 2)
and Swann
(S3)
Distribution of Rankings
Assigned
to Transcripts
Associated with Each Target Location
for
Subjects
S5 and
S6
Distribution
of Rankings Assigned
to Transcripts
Associated with Each Target Location
for Visitor
Subjects VI
and V2
Distribution
of Rankings Assigned
to Subject Drawings
Associated with Each Target Location
Summary:
Remote Viewing
Experimental Protocol:
Precognitive Remote Viewing
A-l
5-Bit Code
for Alphanumeric Characters
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was
supported by
the Foundation
for Parasensory Investi-
gation and
the Parapsychology Foundation
of New York City,
the
Institute
of Noetic
Sciences,
Palo Alto,
California,
and
the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration,
NAS
7-100.
We wish
to express
our
gratitude
to
our principal
subjects, Mrs, Hella Hammid
, Mr.
Pat Price,
and Mr.
Ingo
Swann,
who showed us
patience
and
forbearance
in addition
to
their en-
thusiasm and outstanding perceptual
abilities.
We note with sadness
the
death of one
of our
subjects, Mr.
Price.
We express
our sincere
thanks
also
to Mr. Earle Jones, Mr, Bonnar Cox,
and
Dr. Arthur Hastings,
of
SRI,
and Mrs.
Judith
Skutch and Mr.
Richard Bach,
without whose encouragement
and support
this work could not have
taken place.
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of quasi-science.
One
reason
for
this
is
that,
despite experimental
re-
sults,
no
satisfactory
theoretical construct had been advanced
to corre-
late data
or
to predict new experimental
outcomes.
Consequently,
the
area
in question remained
for
a
long
time
in
the recipe
stage
reminiscent
of electrodynamics
before
the unification brought about
by
the work of
Ampere,
Faraday,
and Maxwell.
Since
the early work,
however,
we have
seen
the development
of
information
theory,
quantum theory,
and neuro-
phyjsio logica 1 research,
and
these disciplines provide powerful
conceptual
tools
that appear
to bear directly on
the
issue.
In
fact,
several
physicists
(Section V)
are now of
the opinion
that
these phenomena
are not
at
all inconsistent with
the framework of modern physics:
the
often-held view that observations
of
this
type are
a priori incom-
patible with known
laws
is erroneous
in that such
a concept
is based
on
the naive realism prevalent before the development
of quantum theory.
In
the emerging
view,,
it
is accepted
that research
in this
area
can
be conducted
so
as
to uncover not
just
a catalog
of interesting events
?
but rather patterns
of cause-effect relationships
of
the
type
that
lend
thepselves
to
analysis
and hypothesis
in
the
forms with which we
are
familiar
in
the
physical
sciences.
One hypothesis
is
that information
transfer under conditions
of
sensory shielding
is mediated by extremely
low frequency
(ELF)
electromagnetic waves,
a proposal
that does
not
seem
to
be
ruled out
by any obvious physical
or biological
facts.
Further,
the development
of information
theory makes
it possible
to
characterize
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and quantify
the performance of
a communications channel regardless
of
the underlying mechanism.
For
the past
three
years,
we have had
a program
in
the Electronics
and Bioengineering Laboratory of SRI
to investigate
those
facets
of
human perception
that appear
to
fall
outside
the range
of well-understood
perceptual /processing capabilities.
Of particular
interest
is
a human
information-accessing capability
that we
call
"remote viewing."
This
phenomenon pertains
to
the ability of
certain
individuals
to access
and
describe,
by means
of mental
processes,
information
sources
blocked
from
ordinary perception,
and generally accepted
as
secure against
such access.
In particular,
the phenomenon we have
investigated most extensively
is
the ability of
a
subject
to view remote
geographical
locations
up
to
several
thousand km distant
from his physical
location
(given only
a known
person on whom
to
target).
We have
carried out more
than
50 experiments
under controlled
laboratory conditions with several
individuals whose
re-
mote perceptual
abilities have been developed sufficiently
to allow them
at
times
to describe correc tly--of ten
in great
de tail--geographical or
technical material
such
as
buildings,
roads,
laboratory apparatus,
and
the
like.
Our
initial work
in
this
area was reported
in Nature
252
,
October
18,
1974
[4],
and reprinted
in
the
IEEE Communications Society
,
January 1975.
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As observed
in
the
laboratory,
the
basic phenomenon appears
to
cover
a
range
of subjective experiences variously referred
to
in
the
literature
as autoscopy
(in
the medical
literature)
;
exteriorization or disassocia-
tion
(psychological
literature);
simple clairvoyance,
traveling clairvoy-
ance,
or out-of-body experience
(parapsychological
literature);
or astral
projection
(occult
literature)
.
We
choose
the
term "remote viewing”
as
a neutral,
descriptive
term
free
from prior associations and bias
as
to
mechanisms.
The development at
SRI
of
a
successful
experimental
procedure
to elicit
this
capability has
evolved
to
the
point where:
persons
such
as
visiting government scientists
and contract monitors,
without any
previous
exposure
to
such concepts have leared
to perform well;
and
sub-
jects who have
trained over
a one-year period have
performed excellently
under
a variety of experimental
conditions.
Our accumulated data
thus
indicate
that both specially selected
and unselected persons
can be
as-
sisted
in developing remote
perceptual
abilities
up
to
a
level
of useful
information
transfer.
In experiments
of
this
type,
we have
three principal
findings.
First,
we
have established
that
it
is possible
to obtain significant amounts
of
accurate descriptive
information about remote
locations.
Second,
an
in-
crease
in
the distance
from
a
few meters
up
to 4000 km separating
the
sub-
ject
from
the
scene
to
be perceived does
not
in any apparent way degrade
the
quality or accuracy of perception.
Finally,
the
use
of Faraday
cage
electrical shielding does
not prevent high-quality descriptions
from being
obtained.
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To build
a
coherent
theory
for
the explanation of these phenomena,
it
is necessary
to have
a
clear understanding of what constitutes
the
phenomena.
In
this
paper,
we
first briefly
summarize previous
efforts
in
this
field
in Section
II.
We
then present
in Sections
III and
IV
the
results of
a
series
of more
than
50 experiments with nine
subjects
carried
out
in our own
laboratory,
which represent
a
sufficiently stable data base
to permit
testing
of various hypotheses concerning
the
functioning of
this
channel.
Finally,
in Section V we
indicate
those areas
of physics
and
information theory
that appear
to
be relevant
to
an understanding of cer-
tain aspects
of
the phenomena.
First,
however,
we present an illustrative example
generated in
an
early pilot experiment.
As will be clear
from our
later discussion,
this
is not
a
?, best-ever M
example,
but rather
a
typical sample of
the
level
of proficiency
that can
be
reached and
that we have
come
to expect
in our
research.
Three
subjects participated
in
a
long-distance
experiment
focusing
on
a
series
of
targets
in Costa Rica.
These
subjects
said
they had never
been
to Costa Rica.
In
this
experiment,
one
of
the experimenters
(Dr.
Puthoff)
spent
ten days
traveling
through Costa Rica on
a combination
business/pleasure
trip.
This
information was
all
that was known
to
the
subjects
about
the
traveler's
itinerary.
The experiment called
for
Dr.
Puthoff
to keep
a detailed record of his
location and activities,
includ-
ing photographs
of each of seven
target days
at 1330
PDT.
A
total
of
twel
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