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INDEX
special evening session
THE STATE OF THE ART
IN PSYCHIC RESEARCH
SESSION ORGANIZER
SESSION CHAIRMAN
Russel
Targ
_
Dr.
George Pezdirtz
Stanford Research
Institute
Director of Energy Storage Div.
Menlo Park,
Ca.
ERDA
Washington,
D.C.
A Look at the Exceptional
.
Astronaut Edgar
D.
Mitchell,
Sc.D,
P.O.
Box 2015,
Pal
nti Beach,
FL.
Direct Perception
of Remote Geographical
Locations
.
Harold
E.
Putoff and Russell
Targ,
Stanford Research
Institute,
Menlo
Park,
CA.
Possible
EEG Correlates
to Remote Stimuli
Under Conditions of Sensory Shielding .
E.
G.
May,
Russell
Targ,
and
H.
E.
Putoff,
Stanford Research
Institute,
Menlo Park,
CA.
An
Investigation of Soviet Psychical Research,
E.
C.
Wortz,
A.
S.
Bauer,
R.
F.
Blackwelder,
J.
W.
Eerkens,
and
A.
J.
Saur.
AiResearch Manufacturing Company of California,
2525
W.
190th St.,
Torrance,
CA.
Improving
Real
Time
ESP
By Suppressing the Future
:
Trans-Temporal
Inhibition .
Charles
T.
Tart,
University of California,
Davis,
CA.
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A LOOK AT THE EXCEPTIONAL
Edgar D.
Mitchell,
Sc.
D.
INTRODUCTION
An inherent danger for a maturing democra-
tized society,, is that the pursuit of egalitar-
ian goals creates neglect of the very charac-
teristics which allow attainment of success;
that
is,
the pursuit of excellence,
emphasis on
creativity and nurturing of those exceptional
human beings who possess the rare talents need-
ed in the vanguard of human progress.
Without
such talents being utilized by leadership
throughout history, mankind would still be
struggling in the dark ages.
If a modern soci-
ety fails to continually cultivate those areas
where creative intelligence can mature into ex-
ceptional capabilities,
the society will find
itself slipping back toward the more primitive
values and institutions characteristic of mun-
dane leadership.
Noble social goals to improve the lot of
the least talented cannot possibly succeed
without developing the highest capabilities of
the most talented who can lead the way.
rrTo give a fair chance to potential
creativity is a matter of life and
death for any society.
This is all
important because the outstanding
creative ability of a fairly small
percentage of the population is man-
kind's ultimate asset and the only
one with which Man has been endowed."
Toynbee — January
1966-^
To emphasize this need—whereas United
States Federal expenditures for social better-
ment
is hovering near the 50% mark of the to-
tal budget of about $400 billion dollars,
the
most recent figures show only 2.56 million de-
voted to training,
understanding and research
of "gifted" individuals and their exceptional
talents.
This
is approximately
.0013% of the
Federal expenditures for achieving social goals
and is a distressingly small investment consid-
ering the magnitude of the problem.
The creative,
cognitive and intellectual
potential of the human mind is vast and of al-
most limitless variation.
On the other hand,
the characteristics that distinguish the un-
usual talent from mediocrity are not at all un-
derstood.
In fact,
some of the unusual talents
possessed by a few are not even believed, much
less understood.
It
is toward such understanding and what
it
could achieve that this author’s effort is
devoted.
*
*
*
A century of competent but always contro-
versial research by dedicated men and women of
science demonstrates convincingly,
for those
who will study the record,
! that a variety of ex-
traordinary capabilities are indeed facts of our
existence.
Further
it seems, human beings are
usually,
and probably always the causative
agents,
Not only
is the range of verifiable
events quite large, but the lines of evidence
point to little understood properties of our hu-
man mental machinery as perpetrator of, or at
least collaborator
in,
these events.
They have
been inappropriately described as:
miraculous,
PARAphysical ,
PARAnormal,
SUPERnatural
,
"spirits"
and other such terms which make a traditional-
ist’s skin crawl.
For this reason,
it is im-
portant to dispel any notion that this paper
will give strength to ideas of "unnaturalness
’
Let us attempt to cut through superstition and
myth and get to the crux of the matter regard-
ing cause, but keeping in mind that
"natural"
does not necessarily inply a "material" or con-
ventional viewpoint.
Quite the contrary.
To the extent that each of the reported
capabilities is valid and observable,
it
is part
of the natural order of the universe which peo-
ple in science attempt to understand.
There are
no unnatural or supernatural phenomena,
only
very large gaps in our knowledge of what
is nat-
ural, particularly regarding relatively rare
occurences.
We should strive to fill those gaps
of ignorance.
The fact that claims about many
phenomena have associated with them a high
"giggle factor" and have historically attracted
an unsavory assortment of cranks,
quacks,
frauds
and charlatans who prey upon the gullible,
should not deter the dedicated investigator from
seeking the truth.
Let
it be remenbered that in
the world of science,
the methods and the sub-
jects one must use for observations are not al-
ways neat,
clean and tidy.
In its infancy,
pathology was dependent upon grave robbers,
and
microbiology is indebted to contents of the
chamber pot
in order to gain knowledge about
human functioning.
No less onerous is the en-
vironment of the contemporary investigator who
chooses to study the functioning of extraordin-
ary human mental processes.
Only in recent months,
after many years of
effort by a handful of dedicated investigators,
including individuals presenting their results
at this conference,
has
it been possible to
bring certain investigations out of the closet
and to publish research results in prestigious
professional journals.
This fact reflects
equally the perseverance of the investigators
and the entrenched rigidity of our scientific
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traditionalism.
With all qandor,
however,
it must be stated
that of the varied forms of extraordinary men-
tal activity,
the nost shunned of which bear
that distressing label "psychic”,
only a few
have yet achieved a sufficient level of scien-
tific control and scrutiny to be repeatably
demonstrable under laboratory conditions.
Some
that meet the test
are:
telepathy,
precognition,
clairvoyance and now,
remote viewing,
which per-
haps includes jseveral of the other categories.
These forms of activity rightly deserve to be
accepted and explained by the scientific com-
munity at
large.
There are numerous other events,
however,
which are quite real but relatively more rare,
and which have proven to be more difficult to
control.
These have yet to be adequately docu-
mented in the manner required by our tradition-
al methodology.
This is true as much because
of the limitation of our methods and concepts
as the rarity of events.
We must remember that
it
is not nature’s task to adapt to our rigid,
and often erroneous,
preconceived notions,
but
rather our task to be sufficiently creative and
intelligent to understand the myriad clues
nature gives us.
The experienced field inves-
tigator who has travelled to different parts of
the world to Observe and measure in situ those
individuals who possess these extraordinary
faculties should be heeded.
Many have arrived
at the conclusion that,
in fact, AIL the vari-
ous reported events can be,
and often are,
gen-
uine occurrences.
I refer in these cases not
only to prodigious feats of computation and mem-
ory,
but more specifically to major psychokine-
tic phenomena which have been observed and
reported by reliable investigators.
None of
these have,
as yet, been sufficiently studied
under laboratory conditions.
It is this auth-
or’s
contention,
however,
that
in the fullness
of time,
the entire class of psychokinetic
events will be learned and brought under the
conscious control of a sufficiently large sanple
of individual^ that field studies can move into
the laboratory where more careful scrutiny is
possible.
It
is because many experienced observers
agree strongly with the view that all the men-
tal
functions now considered extraordinary will,
in due course, be made more ordinary;
that
it
is time to speculate about what this will mean
to our social functioning and institutions.
Is
there an obvious impact not only on our think-
ing and way of daily life,
but also on our val-
ues?
Toward that end,
let us analyze that class
of extraordinary human mental functioning often
referred to as "psychic" and from the sparse
knowledge we currently have, speculate what
is
likely to happen should this class of events
move out of the realm of extraordinary and be-
come more accepted,
and perhaps more available
to human beings.
Preliminary indications are that the poten-
tial for psychic functioning is like musical
talent, widely but not uniformly distributed.
Further,
in the western cultures,
there are good
indications that
it has been suppressed as being
evil or alternatively,
psychotic.
Like other
talents,
it requires a certain level of skill
and technique, which apparently can be developed
with proper training and perseverance.
The de-
gree to which an individual, or group
ofj indi-
viduals,
can become more proficient in psychic
functioning,
and the factors that
govern! profi-
ciency are still not clear.
One should hot
lightly dismiss the admonitions of mystics of
nearly every culture who seem,
as a group,
to be
the most proficient.
They urge caution and have
for centuries cloaked their rites in secrecy and
ritualistic language.
In order to gain the for-
bidden knowledge,
they prescribe ascetic disci-
plines of behavior and training to safely
achieve the emotional stability and spiritual
purity necessary for proficient functioning.
Whether these precautions are valid,
or whether
they serve merely to preserve the status and
mystique of the elite few,
is a proper subject
for conjecture.
For the purpose of this speculation on soc-
ietal implications,
assume that satisfactorily
safe training can be effected and permit us to
classify the events into the following categor-
I.
Animate awareness .
This includes the
traditional categories of telepathy
and pre and post cognition and in-
cludes the subsets:
self-awareness
and awareness of other animate life
forms.
II.
Matter awareness
.
This also includes
traditional categories but
is distin-
guishable from category
I
in that the
information received pertains to other
than the animate universe.
III.
Animate control
.
This category is
concerned with the active processes
of exerting direct or indirect! influ-
ence on another individual or group
of individuals by extraordinary means
and includes,
as a subset,
corftrol of
other forms of animate life.
It also
includes,
as a subset,
the ability to
control one's own physical mechanisms
beyond the boundaries currently under-
stood in classical psychology and
physiology.
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IV.
Matter control
.
This category includes
the traditional notion of telekinesis
or psychokinesis as applied to the in-
animate universe.
I have chosen to use these categories rather
than the traditional parapsychological tenninol-
ogy because they represent an ascending order of
rarity and complexity,
not only in interpreta-
tion but also in the implications they produce
for the social order.
It is not the purpose here to deal exten-
sively with the scientific implications of these
categories.
These issues can be discussed far
more capably and succinctly by persons highly
skilled in disciplines such as theoretical phy-
sics,
mathematics,
neurophysiology and psycho-
logy.
I shall touch upon the scientific ques-
tion only briefly by suggesting that the crucial
issue
is whether or not these events can be for-
malized within the confines of classical theo-
ries.
All would breathe a sigh of relief if this
were found to be true.
On the other hand,
there
is no compelling reason to believe that our
knowledge of the universe is so complete that in
the short century of modern scientific inquiry
we have completely ferreted out all nature's
secrets.
It is reasonable to hope that categories
I,
and
II,
and some phenomena in category III could
be explained within classical structure, or by
modest extrapolations therefrom.
On the other
hand,
it
is exceedingly difficult to understand
how category
IV,
consisting of
Mmind over inani-
mate matter”,
can be understood without major
reworking and expansion of current concepts
about the fundamental nature of matter and add-
itionally some new insights about the nature of
mind.
It
is the author’s personal bias that as a
result of the study of category IV events,
the
Idealist Model
(i.e.
,
that conciousness and
thought represent the fundamental action prin-
ciple of the universe) will be essential for
explaining these events.
(The competing models
are the Materialist Model,
in which matter is
the fundamental
’’stuff” of the Universe and the
Dualist Model
in which matter and thought are
separate
and distinct realms
. )2
However,
rather than pre-empt here the
theoretician's job of explaining such events it
will suffice to suggest that,
in due course,
all
four categories will be established as valid and
will require explanation.
Personal observations
to date,
convince me that all these categories
are a part of the natural order of an evolving
universe.
They will.be developed in sufficient
measure during coming generations to exert
in-
fluence for the betterment or destruction of our
social system.
*
*
*
To digress,
a further discussion of the
four individual categories previously mentioned
will
facilitate in understanding them.
Category
I
is concerned with awareness of
and perceptiveness about other living systems.
This awareness appears to extend the boundar-
ies of conventional notions about space,
time
and information
flow.
An individual with fully
developed perceptual capabilities could,
at
will, be aware of the feelings,
emotions and
thoughts of other individuals.
The limits of
information resolution and the range of subject
matter that can be perceived in this manner have
yet to be explored.
However the remote viewing
experiments of Puthoff and Targ3 give some in-
dication that the distance,
range and resolu-
tion of information transferable between coop-
erating persons
is considerable.
Not only is objective information trans-
ferable from mind to mind,
the condition of the
transmitting system is usually discemable.
Is
it healthy,
is
it comfortable,
is
it honest,
or
is
it lying?
What would it be like to live
in
a society where one's inner feelings,
state of
health and covert motivations could be perceived
directly?
Duplicity,
dishonesty and deception would
no longer be useful characteristics.
With
awareness fully developed in a social structure,
individuals would either become totally honest,
with life as an open book or become paranoid
from one's baser motivation being continually
perceived.
The diplomatic,
political,
military and
promotional games that society currently enjoys,
upon which much institutional interaction is
based,
of necessity, must fall apart.
The al-
ternative is an
’’awareness race” in which ad-
versaries engage in the self defeating practice
of keeping score and out maneuvering the other’s
deceptions
.
This differs from current practice only in
the speed and directness with which it takes
place.
An important elenent of animate awareness
is deeper self awareness.
Achievenent of great-
er awareness of other living systems is not as
likely to occur without first or,
at least con-
currently achieving greater self awareness.
Being able to discern accurately and honestly
one's own condition,
needs,
and motivations may,
in the final analysis,
be the most inportant
social advance to evolve from our exploration of
extraordinary mental functioning,
*
*
*
If an individual can "swallow” the events
and implications of Category
I,
then Category
II
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is only a small step forward.
IMs category
directly implies a notion which modem society
"is approaching from a different viewpoint.
That
notion
is:
the interconnected and interdependent
relationships of all matter.
Ecological studies are convincing even the
most ironclad pragmatist that man cannot, with
impunity,
tiriker with the delicate balances in
nature.
Recognition of the interdependency of
seemingly unrelated systems suggests that there
is no closed
; system smaller than the entire uni-
verse.
Although many systems appear substan-
tially independent,
there always can be found a
small flow of energy or information across the
boundaries which influences the processes of the
system and creates change.
Category II awareness suggests that infor-
mation about; the "states of matter" can be di-
rectly perceived by the human organism by,
as
yet,
unknown
; processes.
To cite a practical example,
the studies by
Douglas Dean' on "Executive E.S.P ."4 show a
strong correlation between the decision making
abilities of
; successful executives and their
ability to precognize a randan ordering of num-
bers subsequently selected by a computer .
From
this study,
it would seem that successfully
guessing the! future needs of a company requires
some of the same skills required for success-
fully guessing the outcome of randan inanimate
events.
For
| this to happen, some information
flow from the matter and from the future event
must take place so that it can be perceived by
the human organism.
If one (develops this notion to its logical
extreme,
one, arrives at the concept that any in-
formation about the universe and its functions
is directly knowable to a talented and trained
individual who chooses to obtain such informa-
tion.
As has been previously stated,
questions
about who cap be trained, transfer mechanisms,
limits of resolution and bit rates,
for example,
have yet to be answered.
However, broadly speak-
ing,
the implication of Category
II awareness is
but an extension of Category
I,
namely that the
universe is an "open book" to those who become
trained to read it.
Many current ideas and pri-
orities at
aill levels of social and institution-
al functioning with regard to secrecy,
proprie-
tary information
, and decision making will,
of
necessity,
require modification.
One is jchallenged to ask at this point,
"Is
mankind ready for this?"
*
*
*
Category
I and II awarenesses are essen-
tially concerned with the passive process of
gaining information by direct cognition,
direct
perception,
intuition,
or any number of other
terms which are more or less applicable to
these little understood processes.
Both cate-
gories imply vastly expanded awareness functions
available to some, perhaps many humans,
through
mechanisms yet to be formally explained.
The
foregoing speculations about what one might ex-
pect if large numbers of humanity could develop
these abilities to a high art,
represent a de-
duction carried to its limit.
Ihe truth is pro-
bably less dramatic and, probably lies short of
the limit,
at least in the foreseeable future.
As dramatic as the previous discussion of
passive processes may seem,
it pales in compar-
ison to the implication of the active process
of Categories III and IV.
Category
III
is direct control of animate
systems.
Keep in mind,
that in today's world,
humans attempt to control the animate
, universe
through the usual channels of corrmunication
,
with appeals to reason,
law and self interest.
Where such appeals
fail,
resort is made to man-
ipulation and coercion.
Category III only adds
another tool to our bag of tricks,
a tool real-
ized by conciously changing the information flow
of Category
I from a passive process of aware-
ness to an active process of projection.
All
of the benefits and detriments currently enjoyed
by humanity are accentuated by addition of this
powerful means of direct influence.
Ihe oppor-
tunity for beneficial assistance seems great
but the opportunity for coercion and manipula-
tion of the unaware seems even greater.
Perhaps the most important beneficial as-
pect of Category III
is the implication of
greater control of the individual's own organ-
ism.
The traditional notion is that humans are
limited in concious control of the self by many
physical and psychological factors,
pertainly
studies in biofeedback, meditation,
hypnosis and
guided imagery suggest that control can be
greatly extended beyond what has been considered
possible and,
perhaps,
down to the
lejvel of in-
dividual cells in the body.
If such techniques
can become well developed,
the implication for
self improvement,
health, well being,! wisdom
and fulfillment are quite profound.
It should go without saying that: the proper
training technique for gaining control of Cate-
gory
III capabilities is to first learn to con-
trol self and then,
cautiously,
extend one's
boundaries out toward the rest of
the; animate
universe.
(Nature’s wisdom regarding Man will
hopefully prevent any other approach.)
*
*
*
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Category IV is the control of inanimate
matter.
This,
of course ,
is the most provoca-
tive,
most
rare,
most controversial and least
understood of capabilities.
The Western world
still does not generally accept this type func-
tioning as a part of reality.
However,
it is
analogous to the "white crow" problem in logic.
Finding just one of the set proves that the set
exists.
Similarly,
finding just one bonafide
case of mind over inanimate matter proves that
such control exists.
Finding additional indi-
viduals capable of such control poses untold
problems,
challenges and implications for the
belief systems that shape our reality.
In the
minds of many capable field investigators,
the
traditional paradigm has already been shattered.
The practical implications of this are
probably small,
since few are likely to develop
such capabilities to a high proficiency.
The
profundity of the issue lies in the implications
to our system of thought about the nature of Man,
the Universe and Reality.
In spite of the rela-
tive rarity of these events,
the question must
be asked,
"Could it be that we, each one of us,
every day, by our thoughts are subtly influenc-
ing our environment,
our reality, our Universe,
without consciously knowing it,
or is this type
control strictly the province of a few rare in-
dividuals who possess this unique capability?"
*
*
*
In closing,
the desire in presenting these
ideas was to ask the provocative question,
to
illustrate with the extreme example,
and to ex-
amine the broad implications of what must be
considered "extraordinary events".
It is left
as an exercise for the reader to fill in the
gaps,
to ask questions regarding day-to-day im-
plications for such fields as medicine, busi-
ness, politics and education.
Such exercises
are illuminating,
startling and very much worth
doing.
These ideas present significant chal-
lenges to those interested in the progress of
knowledge
.
Whatever the thoughts one holds about the
events and the research presented at this ses-
sion,
it is important to keep in mind the fol-
lowing facts:
1)
the "white crow" exists,
2)
the attention devoted to the study of ex-
traordinary human functions is still appalling-
ly little,
and 3)
Toynbee’s quote at the
beginning of the paper can be summed up:
"Where do we go from here?"
*
*
*
References
1.
Toynbee,
Arnold J.
,
-
"Is America Neglect-
ing Her Creative Minority?"
Accent on Talent
.
,
Vol.
II,
January
1968.
2.
Mitchell, Edgar D.
,
et al., Psychic Explo-
ration
: A Challenge for Science.,
G.P.
Putnam’s
Sons,
1974.
3.
Puthoff, Harold and Targ,
Russell,
- Pro-
ceedings of IEEE., March 1976.
4.
Dean,
Douglas E.
and Mihalsky,
John,
Execu-
tive ESP .
,
Prentice Hall,
1974.
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DIRECT PERCEPTION OF REMOTE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS
Harold E.
Puthoff
and Russell Targ
Stanford Research Institute,
Menlo Park,
California
94025
ABSTRACT
For
the past five years we have been in-
vestigating aspects
of human perception
that
appear
to
fall outside the range
of well-under-
stood perceptual/processing capabilities.
Of
particular interest
is
a human information-
accessing capability that we
call "remote sens-
ing."
This phenomenon pertains
to the ability
of certain
individuals
to access
and describe,
by means
of mental processes,
information
sources blocked from ordinary perception
(for
example
by distance
or shielding)
and believed
to be secure
against such access.
In particu-
lar,
the phenomenon we
have
investigated most
extensively
is
the
ability
of
a subject to view
remote geographical
locations
up
to several
thousand km distant from his physical
location
given only
a known person on whom
to target,
We have recently carried out
coas t-to-coast ex-
periments using
a computer network
to interface
with individuals whose
remote perceptual
abili-
ties have been developed sufficiently
to allow
them
to describe—often
in great detail—geo-
graphical
or technical material
such
as build-
ings,
roads,
and natural
formations.
Our accumulated data indicate that both
specially selected and unselected persons can
be
assisted
in developing remote perceptual
abilities
up
to
a level
of useful
information
transfer.
Further,
the extent
of physical dis-
tance separating the subject from the target
site up
to transcontinental distances
does
not
appear
to significantly affect
the
accuracy of
the perception,
INTRODUCTION
In over 70 laboratory experiments
that now
include work with more
than
a dozen subjects,
we have
investigated an often-reported human
perceptual ability
that has heretofore not been
widely investigated
in the laboratory.
This
ability,
brought
to our attention by
a subject,
Mr.
Ingo Swann,
we term "remote sensing."
It
is
an ability by which human subjects perceive,
and describe by word
and drawing,
distant
scenes
and activities blocked from ordinary
perception.
In
these experiments,
subjects
have been
able
to describe with equal
accuracy
scenes
at both local
sites
(that
is,
within
a
few miles)
and those
at transcontinental dis-
tances
.
As observed
in
the
laboratory,
the basic
phenomenon appears
to cover a range
of subjec-
tive experiences variously referred to
in the
literature
as
autoscopy
(in the medical
liter-
ature)
;
exteriorization or disassociation
(psychological
literature);
simple clairvoy-
ance,
traveling clairvoyance,
or out-of-body
experience
(parapsychological
literature)
;
or
astral projection
(occult
literature).
We
choose
the
term "remote sensing"
as
a neutral
descriptive
term free from prior associations
and bias
as
to mechanisms.
The need for
a supportive setting
to over-
come prevailing societal prejudices
against
such remote sensing has been provided within
the confines
of
the Electronics
and Bioengi-
neering Laboratory
and the Radio Physics Lab-
oratory
at Stanford Research
Institute
(SRI)
,
Here,
throughout
our research spanning
a five-
year period,
we have worked with new and un-
trained subjects
so as
to avoid reliance
on
the
availability of
a very limited number
of spe-
cial
subjects.
Remote perceptual
abilities
in
several
individuals
have now been developed
sufficiently
to
allow them to describe—often
in considerable detail— geographical
or
tech-
nical material such
as buildings,
roads,
and
real-time activities.
Since
the
initial publication of
our
in-
vestigations
of
this
remarkable phenomenon,
four successful replication experiments
have
been performed
in other laboratories
across
the
country.
In addition,
we have
learned
through private communications
of several un-
published studies
of other successful experi-
ments
in paranormal functioning of
this
type.
In this paper we describe the experimental
protocol used to carry out
the research and the
formal judging procedure used
to quantify
the
results.
In
addition,
we detail
recent experi-
ments
in coast-to-coast remote viewing
that
have yielded results
similar
to those obtained
in the
initial experiments using relatively
local
target
sites.
Finally,
as
a step toward
achieving our research aim of using
the experi-
mental data base
to deduce
relevant physical
principles
and
laws
governing paranormal
or psi
functioning,
we examine
some physical models
potentially applicable
to remote perception.
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
Description of
the Protocol
(Local Targets)
The
general protocol
is
to closet
a sub-
ject with an experimenter
at
SRI
and at
a pre-
arranged time to obtain from the subject
a de-
scription
of
an undisclosed,
remote site being
visited by
a target
team.
In each of
the ex-
periments,
there
is
an SRI experimenter
on the target demarcation team at the
remote
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(a)
City map
of
target
location
FIGURE
SWIMMING POOL COMPLEX AS REMOTE VIEWING TARGET
location that
is
chosen
in
a double-blind
fashion outlined below.
An outbound experimenter
is assigned
a
target location by an independent experimenter
who has
generated
a
list of
targets
located
within
a 30-minute driving time
from SRI,
and
who accesses
this
list by
a randomization pro-
cedure.
The
target pool consists of more than
100 target
Ideations
chosen from
a target-rich
environment.
The
target location selected
is
kept blind
to both the subject
and experimenter
closeted
at SRI.
In detail:
To begin the experiment,
a sub-
ject
is
closejted with
an experimenter
at SRI
to
wait 30 minutes before beginning
a narrative
description 6f an undisclosed remote
location
that will
be
the target for
the experiment.
A
second experimenter,
accompanied by other mem-
bers
of
a target demarcation team,
then obtains
sealed traveling orders
from
a monitor who has
previously prepared and randomized
a set
of
such orders.
After leaving SRI by automobile,
the
target demarcation team opens
the
traveling
orders
and proceeds directly
to
the
target
without
any communication with the subject or
experimenter remaining
at
SRI.
The experiment-
er remaining with
the subject
in the SRI
labo-
ratory
is kept
ignorant
of both the particular
target
and the target pool
so
as
to eliminate
the possibility of cueing
(overt or subliminal)
and
to allow him freedom in questioning the sub-
ject
for clarification of his descriptions.
The
target demarcation team remains
at
the target
site
for
a prearranged 15-minute period follow-
ing
the
30 minutes
alloted for travel.
During
the observation period,
the experimenter
in the
lab
tape-records
the
subject’s
remote viewing
impressions
of
the
target site and collects
any
drawings made by the subject.
After the target
demarcation team returns
to SRI,
the
impressions
obtained from
the subject are compared with the
actual observations of
the
team.
Finally,
following the experiment,
the subject
is taken
to the site so that he may obtain direct
feedback.
Initial Experimental Series with
a Subject
Experienced
in Remote Viewing
Our first subject
in
a formal series
of
experiments
to investigate
the remote yiewing
function was
Mr.
Pat Price,
a former California
police commissioner and city councilmah,
who
participated
in nine experiments.
Mr.
Price
came
to our experiments with
a reported history
of spontaneous
remote viewing experiences.
In
general,
Price's ability
in our experiments
to
describe correctly buildings,
docks,
roads,
gardens,
and the
like,
including structural
materials,
color,
ambience,
and activity—some-
times
in great detail— indicated the functioning
of
a remote perceptual
ability.
A Hoover Tower
target,
for example,
was recognized and cor-
rectly named.
Nonetheless,
Price's descriptions
generally contained
inaccuracies
as well
as cor-
rect statements.
A
typical example
is
indicated
by his drawing shown in Figure
in which he
correctly described a park-like area containing
two pools of water:
one rectangular,
X 89
ft
(actual dimensions
X 100 ft);
the other
circular,
diameter 120 ft
(actual diameter 110
ft).
As can be seen from his drawing,! he also
included some elements,
such
as
the tanks shown
in the upper right,
that
are not present
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target site.
We
also note
an apparent
left-
right reversal,
often observed
in paranormal
perception experiments.
Further,
he
incorrectly
indicated the
function of
the site
as water purification
rather than recreational swimming.
We often
observe essentially correct descriptions of
basic elements
and patterns coupled with incom-
plete or erroneous analysis
of function.
This
theme emerged as
a thread which continued
throughout our work and eventually
led
to
a
breakthrough with regard to an understanding of
the interrelationship between paranormal per-
ception and cerebral functioning,
namely:
that
paranormal functioning may involve specializa-
tion characteristic
of the brain's right hemi-
sphere,
which predominates
in spatial
and other
holistic processing,
in contrast
to the
left
hemisphere which predominateSgin^verbal
and
other analytical
functioning.
Judging of Results
To obtain
a numerical evaluation of
the
accuracy of
the
remote viewing experiment,
the
experimental
results were subjected to indepen-
dent judging on
a blind basis by an SRI research
analyst not otherwise associated with the
re-
search,
Price 's
response packets,
which con-
tained the nine typed,
unedited transcripts
of
the
tape-recorded narratives
and associated
drawings,
were unlabeled and presented
in ran-
dom order.
Working
alone,
the analyst visited
each target location
in turn and
in
a blind
fashion rated Price's descriptions on
a scale
to
(best
to worst match).
The statistic
of
interest
is
the sum
of
ranks assigned to the
target-associated transcripts,
lower values
indicating better matches.
For nine targets,
the sum of ranks could range from nine
(for
perfect matching)
to eighty-one.
The technique
for calculating the probability that
a given sum
of ranks
s
or less will occur by chance
is given
in Reference
2.
The results
of
the judging,
shown in Table
1,
included seven direct hits
out
of
the
nine.
The overall result was statisti-
cally significant
at p = 2,9
X 10
.
Table
also
indicates
the various
types
of
targets
used
in this series.
Further,
in experiments
3,
4,
and 6-9,
the subject was secured
in
a
double-walled copper screen Faraday cage,
which
provides 120-dB attenuation for plane-wave
radio-frequency radiation over the range
of
kHz
to
1 GHz.
The results
of rank-order
judging indicate
that
the use
of such shielding
does not prevent high-quality descriptions
from
being obtained.
Replication Series with
a Subject Inexperienced
in Remote Viewing
Having completed this
initial series of
experiments with Price,
we concluded that
Table
DISTRIBUTION OF RANKINGS ASSIGNED TO
TRANSCRIPTS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH TARGET
LOCATION FOR EXPERIENCED SUBJECT PRICE
Target Location
Distance
(km)
Rank of
Associated
Transcript
Hoover Tower,
Stanford
3.4
Bay lands Nature
Preserve,
Palo Alto
6.4
Radio
telescope,
Portola Valley
6.4
Marina,
Redwood City
6.8
Bridge
toll
plaza,
Fremont
14.5
Drive-in theatre,
Palo Alto
5.1
Arts
and Crafts Plaza,
Menlo Park
1.9
Catholic Church,
Portola Valley
8.5
Swimming pool complex,
Palo Alto
3.4
Total sum of
ranks
(p=2.9X10-5
)
remote viewing was both
a real
and
a robust
phenomenon.
Our next
task was
to try
to find
out how widely distributed
the ability was
in
the general population.
We began with the
following replication experiment.
The subject
for this experiment was Mrs,
Hella Hammid,
a gifted professional photogra-
pher.
She was selected for this series
on the
basis
of her good performance
as
a percipient
in an earlier EEG experiment designed to measure
physiological response
to remote strobelight
stimuli,
a hypothesized screening procedure
for
remote viewing.
Outside of
that interaction,
she had had no previous experience with apparent
paranormal functioning.
At
the time we began working with
Mrs,
Hammid,
she had no strong feelings
about
the likelihood of her ability
to succeed
in this
task.
This was
in contrast to both
Ingo Swann,
who suggested these experiments and who had
come
to our laboratory fresh from an apparently
successful series
of similar experiments with
Dr, Karlis Osis
at
the American Society for
Psychical Research
(ASPR)
in New York^*
and
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FIGURE
i
SUBJECT HAMMID DRAWING, DESCRIBED AS “SOME KIND OF DIAGONAL TROUGH
UP
IN THE
AIR"
Pat Price,
tl^e first subject
in our formal
series
of experiments,
who felt
that he used his
remote viewing ability
in his everyday life.
In working with an inexperienced subject,
we must take
into account
the
fact
that many
people
are
influenced to
a large degree by their
environment
and by public scrutiny when
it comes
to activities generally considered to be
impos-
sible.
A
reluctance to cope with negative
feed-
back from
socjiety often inhibits
individuals
from exploring
a potential
for paranormal per-
ception.
Therefore,
in addition
to maintaining
scientific
rigor,
one of our primary tasks
as
researchers
is
to provide
an environment that
lends protective support
for
a subject
to pur-
sue such exploration.
With
a new subject,
we
also stress
^he nonuniqueness
of
the ability
because our experience
indicates
that paranor-
mal functioning
is
a latent ability that
all
subjects can demonstrate
to some degree.
We observed
in working with Price that
in
remote viewing structure
and form tended to be
correct even when interpretation was
incorrect.
We
therefore found
it
an advantage
that
Mrs.
Hammid's
artistic background enabled her
to draw and describe visual
images
that she
could not
identify
in any cognitive or analytic
sense.
When the target demarcation team went
to
a pedestrian overpass
target location,
for
example,
the subject said
that she saw
11 a kind
of diagonal
trough up
in the
air," which she
indicated
in the upper part of her drawing
in
Figure
2.
She
further explained that
"if you
stand where they are standing you will
see
something like
this,"
indicating the nested
squares
at the bottom of Figure
2.
As can be
seen from the photograph of
the
target
location
as
shown
in Figure
2,
a judge standing where
she
indicated would have
a view closely resembling
what she had drawn.
We emphasize,
however,
that
judges did not have access
to our photographs
of
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the
site,
used here
for illustrative purposes
only;
rather,
they proceeded to each of
the tar-
get locations according
to
a
list.
As
in the original
series with Price,
the
results of
this nine-experiment series were sub-
mitted for independent judging on
a blind basis
by an SRI research analyst not otherwise asso-
ciated with the research.
According
to
the
judging procedure previously outlined
in the
section,
"Judging of Results,"
the judge ranked
each target location on
a scale of
to
(best
to worst match)
on
the basis of the narratives
and drawings submitted by the subject.
The sum
of
ranks assigned to the target-associated
transcripts was statistically significant at
p = 1.8
X 10”® .
This included five direct hits
and four second ranks
as shown
in Table
2 along
with the
locations
of
the nine experiments
in
this
set.
Table
DISTRIBUTION
OF RANKINGS ASSIGNED TO
TRANSCRIPTS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH TARGET
LOCATION FOR LEARNER SUBJECT HAMM ID
Target Location
Distance
(km)
Rank
of
Associated
Transcript
Methodist Church,
Palo Alto
1.9
Ness Auditorium,
Menlo Park
0.2
Merry-go-round,
Palo Alto
3.4
Parking garage,
Mountain View
8.1
SRI
International
Courtyard,
Menlo Park
0.2
Bicycle
shed,
Menlo Park
0.1
Railroad trestle
bridge,
Palo Alto
1.3
Pumpkin patch,
Menlo Park
1 .
Pedestrian overpass,
Palo Alto
5.0
Total sum of
ranks
(p=1.8X10-6
)
In comparing the results
of
the Hammid and
Price experiments,
we observe
a difference
in
the
subjects
styles that evidently affected
the
pattern of results.
The descriptions
from Price
were usually more detailed than those of Hammid
and thus
led to more
first-place matches—that
is,
direct hits
in the rank order judging.
At
the same
time,
his striving for detail produced
erroneous
analytical
interpretations
that re-
sulted
in two distinct mismatches.
On the
other hand,
the more restrained narratives
of
Mrs.
Hammid resulted
in fewer first-place
matches,
but none
fell below second place.
Such
a comparison of results does not indicate
that
one subject necessarily has more paranormal per-
ception than the
other,
but rather shows
the
effects
in this
type of
judging procedure due
to
a difference
in style.
Experiments with Unselected Subjects
After more
than
a year of following
the
experimental protocol described above
and ob-
serving that even inexperienced subjects ob-
tained results better than expected,
we began a
series of experiments
to explore further
whether individuals other than so-called "psy-
chics"
could demonstrate
the remote viewing
ability.
To
test this
idea,
we
initiated an
extensive series of experiments using unselect-
ed subjects and
local
targets
in the Bay Area.
We
had no particular reason to believe
that
these additional
subjects possessed paranormal
perceptual
ability.
These experiments served a twofold pur-
pose.
First they provided an opportunity
to
obtain data that indicate the level
of profi-
ciency that can be expected from unselected
volunteers.
Second,
they served to dispel con-
cerns about the possibility of deception.
For
example,
many scientists from
the government
and elsewhere have visited our laboratory
to
decide whether their particular departments
should be concerned with paranormal
research.
Their requests generally focus
on
a desire
to
"see something psychic,”
and we had been will-
ing
to demonstrate
the remote viewing protocol
with one
of our subjects.
However,
when an
individual observes
a successful experiment
demonstrated with another person
as subject,
it
inevitably occurs
to him that perhaps chicanery
is somehow involved.
We have
found that the
most effective way to settle this
issue
is
to
have
the doubter become
the subject,
thereby
providing him with personal experience
as
a
basis for evaluating our experimental protocols
and reported results.
Consequently,
we have
discontinued demonstration experiments.
In-
stead,
we
ask
the visitor
to become
a subject
so that he can personally evaluate what
he
ex-
periences
and sees.
After the experiment,
he
is
then taken
to
the target site where he can
determine firsthand
if
it corresponds
to what
he has visualized during the experiment.
We
have
found
that
the
actual experience
as
a sub-
ject
of successful remote viewing
is by far
more
instructive
than observation of what some-
one else has
done.
The
following results
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FIGURE
STANFORD UNIVERSITY, INNER QUADRANGLE — TARGET; SKETCHES PRODUCED BY
SUBJECT INEXPERIENCED AT REMOTE VIEWING
obtained with
the
last two visitors who agreed
to act
as
subjects provide specific examples.
The first was
an electrical engineer who
was
interested
in evaluating our work.
We ex-
plained
to him that
the only demonstration we
were prepared
to offer was
the experience
that
he himself might have
in being
a remote viewing
subject.
His
first
target
location (determined by
the standard random protocol)
turned out
to be
a locale known
as
the Baylands Nature Preserve.
Our visitor described and drew a long wooden
walkway and indicated the presence of extensive
gardens,
an accurate depiction
of
the target
site.
However,
he also described seeing
a
building
that
is
not
at the target
site.
This
sort of superposition of erroneous
imagery
on
otherwise accurate descriptions
is
a common
occurrence
and
is
the principal
source of noise
to be overcome
if remote viewing
is
to become
a
useful
tool.
The next day we carried out
a second ex-
periment with this visitor.
This
time
the
ran-
domly-determined target was
the
inner quadrangle
at Stanford University.
Our subject described
a
courtyard and made
the
two drawings shown in
Figure
3.
Almost every element
of his drawings
corresponds
to
the
actual arrangement
at the
location of
the
remote experimenters.
These re-
sponses
are among
the most accurate
and detailed
that we have ever seen.
This
target had never
been used before,
and
the visitor indicated that
he had never been to the Stanford Campus before
nor had he ever seen
a photograph of
this
location.
A second result,
typical
of what we have
come
to expect from the remote viewing protocol,
was obtained with our most recent visitor/volun-
teer,
a physics professor who was
skeptical of
our reported results.
This man had been lectur-
ing on the West Coast and came
to SRI
to learn
firsthand
of our research.
In addition
to hear-
ing our description of
the protocol,
he Was
also
invited to participate
as
the subject
in an ex-
periment
so that he could personally evaluate
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the experimental aspects of
the remote viewing
channel.
The target chosen by random protocol was
White Plaza
at Stanford University,
the second
time
in four years
that this particular site
came up for experimental use.
The subject gave
an excellent description of
the plaza and the
surrounding buildings
and produced the drawing
shown in Figure
4.
In addition,
he also cor-
rectly described the motion of
the outbound ex-
perimenter who circled the fountain in
a clock-
wise direction as shown in the subjects
drawing.
The results obtained with these two men are
not
isolated examples selected from many unsuc-
cessful
trials.
Rather,
they are simply
the
most recent examples
of visitor first- time
cases,
and are
typical
of what we have
come
to
expect from any serious attempt
at remote
viewing,
LONG-DISTANCE EXPERIMENTS WITH TELECONFERENCING
After establishing
a data base of over 50
experiments with local
targets
(sites within
a
few miles),
we undertook
an experimental series
designed to determine whether an increase
in
subject-target separation
to transcontinental
distances would degrade
the quality or accuracy
of perception.
As
a secondary goal,
we were
interested
in the
real-time data
rate;
e.g.,
de-
termining the extent
to which
a remote viewing
subject can track
the real-time activities
and
movements
of
a known individual
in
a distant
city.
The only communication between the out-
bound experimenter (e.g.,
in New York City)
and
a subject
in the SRI Laboratory
(Menlo Park,
California) was
by means
of
the ARPA computer
net.
Access
to
the computer by
the traveling
experimenter was
by means of
a portable
terminal
carried from point to point.
Following are
the results obtained
in this
series,
which consists of
five experiments
to
date.
New York-Califomia Experiments
Remove
Viewing
at
White
Plaza
Stanford
University
FIGURE
FIRST EXPERIMENT WITH
VISITING
PHYSICS PROFESSOR:
"THERE ARE
WIDE STEPS RUNNING THE ENTIRE
WIDTH OF THE
STRUCTURE....
I
SEE
AN OVAL POOL
IN FRONT OF THE
STEPS AS
I MOVE
BACK.... AND
THERE COULD BE A SMALL
STRUCTURE
IN THE MIDDLE OF
IT
LIKE A CROSS-SHAPED
OBJECT....
ON THE GROUND
I
STILL SEE SOME
KIND OF QUADRILATERAL."
The protocol for this experiment
allowed
the subject
at SRI
in California and the experi-
menter in New York City to communicate via the
conversational TALK mode
available on the ARPA
computer net.
The subject
and the experimenter
at SRI
agreed
(via computer teleconferencing)
to
begin an experiment one-half hour later.
The
purpose of
the computer
in this experiment was
to provide
time-
and date-stamped permanent
records
of
all communications between the vari-
ous parties
involved
in
the experiment.
These
data can be read
in real
time by
any authorized
person entering the SRI-AI Tenex
(MSG)
system.
After logging off
the computer,
the out-
bound experimenter would use
a random number
generator to determine which of six locations
in New York City would constitute
the target
to
be visited
in this experiment.
Neither the sub-
ject nor
the experimenter
at SRI knew the con-
tents
of
the
target
list that was compiled just
before
the experiment.
Having selected
a target
location by
the random protocol,
the experiment-
er would proceed directly
to the site and remain
there
for fifteen minutes.
One-ha If hour after breaking computer
links,
the subject would begin to type
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sions
into
a special computer file established
for
this purpose.
When
the New York City experimenter re-
turned
to his hotel
from his
target
site,
he
would make use
of
a limited-access
file to enter
his description of
the place he actually visit-
ed.
He would then return
to
the executive
level
of
the computer,
and await the
appearance of
the
SRI experimenters who could then
(and only
then)
link terminals.
At that time both files would
be printed out on both terminals
and
the subject
and the experimenter would each learn what the
other had written.
Two subjects,
both
in California,
partici-
pated simultaneously
in
this
experiment with
the first
of
tivo New York City
targets.
The
first of
the
two New York City targets was
Grant’s Tomb.
Both subjects
independently pro-
vided compute rt-st ore d records
of
their impres-
sions,
and one made
the sketch shown
in Fig-
ure
5.
(The five possible
targets
in addition
to Grant's Tomb were
a railroad bridge,
the 20-
story New York University law library,
the
fountain
in Washington Square Park,
the Colum-
bia University! subway station,
and
the 72nd
Street boat basin,
The
targets were chosen to
be dissimilar,
and
thus differentiable,
by po-
tential
judges!.)
The
first; subject,
an SRI
systems analyst,
said in his opening paragraph:
"Outdoors,
large
open area,
standing on and then off asphalt
(rough material),
dark for
a path,
A white
building,
like
a ticket booth.
Wooden struc-
ture,
is white
in color,
and has
an arched look
about
it.
Theye
is
a
large
shade
tree close to
Russ
(outbound! experimenter)
.
The second subject,
a medical student
closeted
in
a separate SRI
location,
began with:
thought of
a high place with
a view.
I
saw
a
tree on your
left,
A brick plaza seemed to be
in front
of
a building you were entering.
I
could not clearly identify
the activity.
A
restaurant?
A; museum?
A bookstore?
You had
coins
in the
pbtlm of your hand,
maybe
giving
some
to Nicky (son of outbound experimenter).”
The coins were
in fact used
to purchase
the
postcard from which Figure
5 was made,
and they
were given
to
the experimenter’s son who made
the purchase.
Both subjects then went on for
an additional paragraph
to describe details of
the activities! they imagined
to be going on
in-
side
the building they
saw,
details that were
partly correct,
partly incorrect.
In
the second experiment,
the
target,
again
chosen by random protocol,
was
the fountain
in
Washington Square Park.
One subject partici-
pated.
She produced an exceptionally accurate
transcript.
The photos and
the subject's draw-
ing of
the fouhtain are shown in Figure
6.
The
Grant's Tomb
Target
in New
York
City
FIGURE
COAST-TO-COAST REMOTE VIEWING
EXPERIMENT.
SUBJECT DESCRIBED:
“OUTDOORS, LARGE OPEN
AREA....
SHADE
TREES.... WHITE BUILDING
WITH ARCHES."
subject began her printout with the
following:
"The first
image
I
got
at about the
first minute
was
of
a cement depression—as
if
a dry fountain
with
a cement post
in the center or inside.
There seemed to be pigeons off
to the right,
flying around the surface out of
the depres-
sion
.
.
. At one point
I
thought you were open-
ing
a cellophane bag
.
.
(The experimenter
had
in fact bought
ice cream during the experi-
mental period.)
"There was also
a rectangular
wooden frame,
a window frame,
but
I wasn’t sure
if
it was
on
a building,
or
a similar structure
with
a different purpose."
(A possible corre-
lation from
a functional viewpoint to
the Wash-
ington Square Arch through which the outbound
experimenters viewed the fountain toward
the end
of
the experimental period.)
"All
in all
I
thought you were
at Riverside Park ..."
(In-
correct
analysis.)
An SRI scientist,
familiar
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Subject's
Perception
was
of
a "Cement
Depression —
as
if
a
Dry
Fountain — with
a Cement
Post
in
the
Center
or
Inside."
FIGURE
COAST-TO-COAST REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENT WITH TARGET AT WASHINGTON
SQUARE
IN NEW YORK CITY
with the New York City area but blind
to the
target,
did,
however,
identify the
target cor-
rectly on reading
the
twenty lines
of printout
as
it emerged from the computer terminal.
As
an example of
the style of narrative
generated by
a subject during
a computer tele-
conferencing experiment,
we include
the entire
unedited computer-logged text
of the Washington
Square experiment below (Figure
7).
These teleconferencing experiments provide
an elegant demonstration of
the utility of
the
teleconferencing process
as
a secure data re-
cording system useful
in real-time monitoring of
long-distance remote viewing experiments.
In
a more detailed tape recording she made
after the experiment,
but before
any feedback,
she described "cement steps going into the de-
pression,
like
a stadium,
and
the rounded edge
of
the
top
of
the depression
as you go up
to
ground
level.'
These descriptions not only are
correct but
also show remarkable detail.
New York-Ohio
A
third long-distance remote viewing experi-
ment was carried out under the control
of an
independent,
skeptical scientist.
In this
case,
both SRI experimenters visiting
in Ohio agreed
to
take part in
a remote viewing experiment
in
which our host would select
the
target.
Under the observation of our challenger,
we
telephoned one of our subjects,
Hella Hammid,
in
New York City and obtained her agreement
to
participate
in
a long-distance remote viewing
experiment.
She was
told only
that we were
located somewhere between New York City and our
California laboratory and that shortly we would
be
taken
to
a target that we would like her to
describe.
The
time
for
the experiment was
set
for 2:00 PM EDT.
We also agreed
to call her
again at 3:00 PM EDT to obtain her impressions
and to give her our feedback
as
to the actual
target.
The scientist took us directly
to Spring-
field,
Ohio,
to
the Ohio Caverns that he had
chosen as
the target
location
(see Figure
8).
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TYPE
CMESSPiGE SEGUEINGS)
C MSG
.
« 6?
1730
CHfiRS)
Date:
6 JUL
1976
1354-F'DT
From*
Tars
Subject: SUSRMS REPORT PART
£ NYC EXP
THE FIRST
IMAGE
I
GOT AT ABOUT THE FIRST MINUTE WAS OF
A CEMENT
DEPRESSION
-
AS
IF
A DRY FDUNRTAIN
- WITH
A CEMENT POST
IN THE
CENTER OR
INSIDE
.
THERE SEEMED TO EE PIGEDNS OFF TO THE RIGHT
?
FLYING AROJNDTHE SURFACE OUT OF THE DEPRESSION.
THEN
I
SAW AS
IF
IFIF
IN THE DISTANCE
A REAL"
STADIUM WITH GRASS
IN THE
CENTER AND PERHAPS STADIUM LIGHTS.
OTHER
IMAGES WERE ARDW
F IhDUSES/APICKET FENCE
- SDME VERTICAL UNITS WITH JAGGED TOPS.
THEN
A
FLUTED.--SRODVED VERTICAL COLUMN?
BUT
I
COULDN'T SENSE WAHT
IT WAS RELATED
TO.
AGAIN YOU WERE
IN
A DEPRESSED AREA WITH
CEMENT SIDES?
LOOKING OUT ONTO THE SURFACE OUTSIDE.
THE CEMENT
SIDES ARE NOT STRAIGHT?
BUT SLOPING?
ALMOST S-SHAPRD
.
ALSO
A
CLEAR FEELING OF THE HEAVY?
WORN METAL BAR ON THE TDP OF
TYPICAL NYC OR ANYCITY FENCES.
THERE DIDN'T SEEM
TO BE ANYTHING
REALLY SPECIAL
INSIDE?
JUST
A SEPARATION BETWEEN TEWD TWO
SIMILAR AREAS.
AT ONE POINT?
I
THOUGHT YOU WERE OPENING
A
CELLOPHANE BAG AND LATER
I
SENSED YDU FEEDING POPCORN
-
TO
PIGEONS.
THERE WAS ALSO
A RECTANGULAR WDDDEN FRAME?
A WINDOW
FRAME?
BUT
I
WASN'T SURE
IF
IT WAS ON
A BUILDING?
DR
A
SIMILAR STRUCTURE WITH
A DIFFERENT PURPOSE.
ALL
IN ALL?
I THOUGHT
YOU WERE
IN RIVERSIDE PARK NEAR
A TRACK AND PLAY AREA?
OCCASIONALLY LOOKING UP AT THE
"ROCK AND LEAF"
CLIFFS LEADING
UP TO THE DRIVE.
AFTER
I
HAD THOUGHT THAT AND FIT
IT
IN
T
WITH THE
IMAGES RECEIVED SD FAR?
IT KIND DF STUCK?
AND
I
POSSIBLY GENERATED MORE PARK SCENES.
THE STADIUM /FDUN
TAIN
IMAGES WERE THE FIRST AND THUS THE LEAST BJIASED
AS TO
PARK MEMORIES.
<1
SURE
DO LIKR THE TLELETYPE
.
IT CAN BECOME
AN OBSESSIVE PASTIME?
I
SEE)
Thrt wrs
messjrge
FIGURE
COMPUTER
FILE PRINTOUT.
CALIFORNIA-NEW YORK LONG
DISTANCE REMOTE VIEWING.
TARGET:
WASHINGTON
SQUARE
(NYC).
We entered
the grounds through an entrance arch,
that opens onto an enormous expanse
of
lawn,
perhaps
twenty acres.
The caves
are located at
a depth of ** £50 ft and are entered through
a
small building having
a long flight of steep
stairs.
Once underground,
we walked through
a
maze
of rock-lined tunnels
that lead eventually
into
a
series! of rooms
lined with calcite sta-
lagtites
and stalagmites,
frosty white and
beige crystals
formed
like
icicles.
The entire
cavern
is illuminated by small
electric light
bulbs attached to the walls.
After
a forty-five
minute walk, we exited the caves through
a large
metal door giving access
to
a square cross-
sectional shaft with stairs leading to the
surface.
Following the experimental period,
the
scientist observer called the subject
in New
York,
forty-five minutes after we left
the
caves.
The opening statements
of
the subjects
transcript
as dictated over the phone
and posted
to the
SRI experimenters
is
as follows:
FIGURE
OHIO CAVES:
DESCRIBED BY
SUBJECT
IN NEW YORK
ASj
"UNDERGROUND CAVES OR
MINES....
DEEP
SHAFTS.... DARKER, COOL,
MOIST EARTH-SMELLING PASSAGES."
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"l:50 PM before starting
Flat semi-industrial countryside with
mountain range
in background and some-
thing to do with underground caves
or
mines
or deep shafts—half man made,
half natural—some electric humming
going on— throbbing,
inner throbbing.
Nuclear or some very far out and
possibly secret
installation— corridor
mazes of
them—whole underground city
almost—Don't like
it at
all— long for
outdoors
and nature.
2:00 PM
(Experimenters)
R and H walking along
sunny road—entering into arbor- like
shaft— again looks
like man helped
nature—vines
(wisteria)
growing
in
arch at entrance
like to
a wine
cellar— leading into underground world.
Darker earth-smelling cool moist
passage with something grey and of
interest on left of
them—musty
sudden change
to bank of elevators—
a
very man-made steel wall— and shaft-
like
inverted silo going deep below
earth—brightly lit
.
,
She concludes with
"I
see
a lot of
gold and metal
and
silver-gold glow all over—not much
sound—very silent
factory—scary—few
people—very special."
As
is often the case,
one observes
that
the
basic gestalt of the target site
is cognized
and even experienced, while specifics are mis-
interpreted.
New Orleans-California
Two experiments carried out between New
Orleans
and Menlo Park,
CA,
constitute
the
latest members
of
the long-distance
series,
five
experiments
of which have been completed
to date
(all reported here).
These were carried out
with the
two subjects who had participated
in
the New York-California experiments.
During
an extensive cross-country
trip,
we
arranged to conduct two experiments between New
Orleans
and Menlo Park,
CA,
one each way.
The
Menlo Park subject was not
told
in what city the
outbound experimenter was
located.
He knew only
that the outbound experimenter was
in
the cen-
tral
time zone.
For the first experiment
(subject
in Menlo
Park)
it was agreed that
at 12:00 noon CST on
a
particular day,
the outbound experimenter would
choose
a target location in his city by random
protocol
and remain there
for
the required fif-
teen minutes.
During
this
time,
the subject
in
Menlo Park would tape-record his
impressions
and
make any drawings
that seemed appropriate.
(The
ARPA net was not available because of computer
net malfunction.)
The target chosen by randomized entry
into
a New Orleans guide book list was
the Louisiana
Superdome.
The outbound experimenter tape-
recorded
the following description as he
looked
at
the building,
"it
is
a bright sunshine day.
In front of me
is
a huge silvery building with
a
white dome gleaming in the
sun.
It
is
a circu-
lar building with metal
sides.
It
looks
like
nothing so much
as
a flying saucer.
The
target
is
in fact the 80,000-seat Louisiana Superdome
stadium."
The subject
in Menlo Park described the
target
as
"a large circular building with
a
white dome."
He also expressed feelings
of
wanting to reject what
he saw because
the dome
looked
to him "like
a flying saucer
in the
middle of
a city."
Some appreciation for this
perception can be obtained from Figure
in
which the target
is shown,
together with the
sketches
that the subject made.
The most recent experiment
in this series
involved
a subject
in New Orleans viewing activ-
ities
of
a group
of
three people known
to her,
at
a location in the Palo Alto/Menlo Park area
2000 miles
away.
Her principal impression was
of
a "overhang of
a building over their heads
,
.
.
also a round gold rim around a sunken de-
pression."
The
target,
a bank building is shown
in Figure
10,
Principal features
of
the target
include
a dramatic building overhang,
and
a
rectangular concrete depression with
a fountain
in which
the water comes out of
a circular gold
rim.
The subject also reported "some kind of
fake china flowers mushrooming out of
the de-
pression."
There were four orange lamps mount-
ed on the gold rim.
Finally,
she reported
"there was
a projectile coming
toward David
(one
of
the outbound experimenters)
,
Like
a ball or
frisbee,
as
if Elizabeth
(another experimenter)
has
tossed him
a ball."
Actually
the experi-
menters had found
a paper airplane lying on
the
ground and had
thrown
it back and forth for
some period of
time.
In fact,
the photo of
the
site
taken at
the time of
the experiment shows
the airplane between them.
This
is one of the
few
times that
a remote viewing subject has per-
ceived rapid motion at the target site.
The results obtained
to date
in the
long-
distance remote viewing series
appear
to be
roughly of
the same caliber
as
those obtained
in
local remote viewing experiments.
The descrip-
tions not only contain correct information
beyond that expected by chance,
but also show
remarkable detail
and resolution.
Although ex-
tensive data must be taken before a final con-
clusion can be
reached,
we
are
led
to conclude
at this point
that
there
is
little,
if
any,
de-
gradation
in quality of perception as
the sub-
ject-target distance
is
increased from
a few
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FIGURE
LONG DISTANCE REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENT — SRI,
MENLO PARK, TO LOUISIANA SUPERDOME.
SUBJECT
DESCRIBED LARGE CIRCULAR BUILDING WITH A WHITE
DOME.
31 OCTOBER
1976.
miles
to transcontinental distances.
The
re-
sults obtained on
the basis
of viewing
a New
York site
fronj SRI
in Menlo Park,
California,
three
thousand miles
away,
for example,
are
similar
to those obtained
in local remote view-
ing experiments.
Any theory of paranormal func-
tioning put forward
at this
time should take
this
insensitivity to distance
into account.
PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICS
POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE TO PS I PHENOMENA
One
of
the common objections to
the exis-
tence
of so-called paranormal functioning
is
that
it would: seem
to be
in conflict with the
laws
of physios.
Our investigations,
however,
have led us
to
the contrary view that the data
can in all probability be accounted
for either
within
the
framework of physics
as presently
understood,
ot within the framework
of extra-
polations
that have been proposed
to account for
other
(non-psychic)
data.
In
fact,
we antici-
pate that not only can we use physical princi-
ples
to help us understand psi phenomena,
but
the psi data base will probably shed light on
some of
the current problems
in physics,
e.g.,
with regard
to the foundations
of quantum
theory,
and for geometrical models
of space-
time events such as
exist
in relativity theory.
In this section we outline how we
are making use
of
our experimental data base
to deduce
the
relevant physical principles and laws that
govern psi functioning.
In addition
to attempting to determine
whether psi phenomena are generally compatible
with
the laws
and content
of physics
as pres-
ently codified,
we
are also examining the limits
of specific physical
theories
in modeling psi
phenomena.
The areas
of physics we have under
consideration
as potentially relevant
to model-
ing psi phenomena include:
the possibility that
remote viewing
is mediated by extremely low-
frequency
(ELF)
electromagnetic waves; 12-17 the
possible significance
for remote viewing of
Bell’s
theorem18
and the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen
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FIGURE
REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENT — NEW ORLEANS TO PALO ALTO,
30 OCTOBER
1976.
SUBJECT DESCRIBED:
"THE OVERHANG OF A BUILDING OVER THEIR HEADS/' ALSO
"A ROUND GOLD
RIM AROUND A SUNKEN
DEPRESSION"
....
"IN THE SURFACE OF
THE DEPRESSION THERE
IS SOME
KIND OF FAKE CHINA FLOWERS.
IT'S
LIKE A
BONSAI TREE MUSHROOMING OUT OF THE SURFACE"
LATER
IN THE TRANSCRIPT
SHE SAID "THERE WAS A PROJECTILE COMING TOWARD DAVE.
SOME KIND OF A
PROJECTILE,
LIKE A BALL OR
FRISBEE.
AS
IF ELIZABETH TOSSED HIM A BALL"
{IT WAS A PAPER AIRPLANE.)
(EPR)
paradox*** ® of quantum theory which empha-
size that "no
theory of reality compatible with
quantum theory can require spatially separated
events
to be
independent, 1,20 but must permit
interconnectedness
of distant events
in
a manner
91 —99
that
is contrary to ordinary experience
4**1*
(experimentally confirmed at
the microscopic
level
)
23 “24
proper interpretation of
the
effect of
an observer
(consciousness)
on experi-
mental measurement, 25-26
possible signifi-
cance
in psychokinesis;
the possibility
that
the
causality-reversing tachyon27 or advanced-po-
tential solutions
of physics may play
a role
in
precognition; 28 ” 30
the potential relevance
(for
a general theory of psi phenomena)
of
theories
based on geometries which provide
for
a more
extended structure
of
the space-time metric.*
To
indicate the tenor of our approach,
let us
consider briefly two examples
from this
list.
A reasonable
first hypothesis
is
that
re-
mote viewing
is mediated by extremely low-
frequency
(ELF)
electromagnetic waves,
a hypoth-
esis
that does
not seem
to
be ruled out by
any
obvious physical
or biological
facts.
*We wish
to acknowledge
the technical
contri-
butions
of Elizabeth A.
Rauscher,
a consultant
to SRI on leave from Lawrence Berkeley Labora-
tory,
who has done extensive research on physi-
cal
theories
relevant to psi functioning;
in
particular,
work on multidimensional
geometries
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This hypothesis,
put forward by
I.
M, Kogan
of
the Soviet Union,
suggests that information
transfer und^r conditions
of sensory shielding
is mediated
ELF waves with wavelengths
in the
300 to 1000-km region. 12 ” 15
Experimental sup-
port for
the hypothesis
is claimed on the basis
of:
less
than inverse square attenuation with
distance,
compatible both with earth-ionosphere
waveguide mode trapping, with source-percipient
distances
lying
in the
induction field range
as
opposed
to
the radiation field range;
observed
low bit rate^
(0.005-0.1 bits/s)
compatible with
the information carrying capacity of ELF waves;
apparent ineffectiveness
of ordinary electro-
magnetic shielding
as
an attenuator;
and stan-
dard antenna calculations entailing biologically
generated currents yielding results compatible
with observed signal-to-noise
ratios.
On the Negative side with regard to
a
straightforward ELF
interpretation
as
a blanket
hypothesis
afe:
(a)
apparent high-resolution,
real-time descriptions
of remote activities
in
sufficient detail
to require
a channel
capacity
in all probability greater than that allowed by
a conventional modulation of
an ELF
signal;
(b)
lack of
a proposed mechanism for coding
(and
decoding)
the information onto
the proposed ELF
carrier;
and
(c)
apparent precognition data.
The hypothesis must nonetheless
remain open at
this stage
of
research,
since
it
is conceivable
that counterindication
(a) may eventually be
circumvented on the basis
that
the apparent high
resolution and high bit
rate results from
a mix-
ture
of
low bit
rate input and high bit rate
"filling in the blanks"
from
imagination;
coun-
terindication
(b)
is common to
a number of ^nor-
mal perceptual
tasks
and may
therefore simply
reflect
a lack
of sophistication on our part with
regard to perceptual functioning;*!
and counter-
indication
(c) may be accommodated by an ELF
hypothesis
if advanced waves
as well
as retarded
waves
are admitted, 29 > 32
Experimentation
to determine whether the ELF
hypothesis
ib viable can be carried out by the
use of ELF sources
as targets,
by
the study of
parametric dependence on propagational directions
and diurnal jtimingjby experimentation under
unusual conditions
of shielding
(e.g.,
in a
submarine),
and by the exploration of
interfer-
ence effects! caused by creation of
a high-
intensity ELF environment during experimentation.
All
of
these! are under consideration
in our
laboratory ahd elsewhere.
Because! of
the apparent difficulties with
the ELF hypothesis,
especially
in accounting
for
the relatively high resolution and data rate
of paranormal perception,
serious consideration
is being given to alternative mechanisms.
A
more speculative,
but promising,
hypothesis,
which could in principle account for both remote
viewing and precognition,
was developed
in con-
junction with Gerald Feinberg of Columbia
University.
It
is proposed
that
the ordinary
Minkowski 4-space
(three spatial,
one
temporal
coordinates) might simply be
the
real
t>art of
an
eight-dimensional complex space-time.
For this
generalized coordinate model we let
the spatial
coordinates x
-+ x +
ix',
and similarlyj for time,
t
t +
it*.
Analogous
to the expression for
the square of
the distance between two points
in
Minkowski 4-space,
As2 = Ax2
-
c2At2
,
j
.
we
take
the corresponding expression in the com-
plex 8-space to be
As 2 = AsAs*
.= Ax2
+ Ax
/2
-
c
2At
-
cj
2At
/2
With regard to modeling remote viewing
in
real
time
(At =
0),
we can construct situations
in which the remaining first,
second,
and
fourth terms
in the above equation add
to zero
(As
=
0)
,
Therefore,
even though there
is
an
ordinary
(3-space)
separation Ax between the
two
points,
the distance
in the complex 8^space
is
reduced to zero.
Under the hypothesis that
the
imaginary
(primed)
coordinates
are accessible
to consciousness,
reduction
of
the 8-space
separation to zero could
in principle jprovide
for
a coupling between remote viewer and target
site.
Given
the additional geometrical channels
provided by this model,
a similar argument can
be mounted to account for precognition
(As =
for At <
0).
We
thus have
the possibility
of
a
geometrical interpretation of
the
Quantum
Interconnectedness" principle by which events
remote
in spacetime
are nonetheless connected by
non-local correlations, 22 "
, or,
in this
inter-
pretation,
by the nature of
the
fabric of
spacetime
itself.
We are presently pursuing the
implications
of
these and other models.
Our goal
fn these
investigations
is
to develop a theoretical
structure
to account
for
the data at
Ijand,
and
to predict new,
testable experimental outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper we have described Cur inves-
tigation
of particular aspects
of paranormal
functioning of human subjects.
Specifically,
we
have examined the human capability
to access
and
describe,
by mental processes,
information
sources blocked from ordinary perception by rea-
son of distance and shielding.
We have
found
remote sensing
to be
a robust phenomenon
in
which experienced and inexperienced subjects
are
able
to describe
in words
and drawings both the
location and actions
of experimenters placed
at
undisclosed sites
at varying distances
from the
subjects.
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From over seventy experiments with remote
sensing,
we have obtained three principal find-
ings.
First,
we have established that it
is
possible
to acquire significant
amounts of
in-
formation about remote
locations.
Second,
the
physical distance separating the subject from
the scene—even distances ranging over thousands
of kilometers
in recent transcontinental experi-
ments—does not appear
to
lessen the
accuracy of
the perception.
Third,
the use
of Faraday cage
electrical shielding does not
in any apparent
way degrade
the quality
of
the description
obtained.
One
of
the purposes of our research
is
to
make use of
the remote perception experimental
data base
to deduce
the
relevant physical prin-
ciples and laws
that govern paranormal function-
ing.
In pursuit
of
this goal we are endeavoring
to define
the
level of compatibility of para-
normal phenomena with the laws
of physics
as
presently understood
and
to examine
the
limits
of specific physical theories
in modeling these
phenomena.
To
this
end,
we have considered some
physical models potentially applicable
to remote
perception,
but further investigation must be
pursued.
Therefore,
we plan to continue our
research efforts
in the belief
that not only can
we use physical principles
to help bring about
an understanding of psi phenomena, but we
an-
ticipate
that
the psi data base may make
a con-
tribution toward
the clarification of certain
existing problems
in physics.
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Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff,
” Informa-
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Harold Puthoff
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Historical per-
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I.
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”ls
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Radio Eng.
,
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122, March 1968.
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’’The information theory aspect
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M.
A.
Persinger,
"Geophysical models
for
parapsychological experiences,” Psychoener-
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2,
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63-74,
1975.
17.
,
’’The paranormal—P.
II:
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New
York,
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J.
S,
Bell,
”0n
the problem of hidden
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in quantum theory,”
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Phys
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38,
no.
3,
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447,
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19.
A.
Einstein,
B.
Podolsky,
and N.
Rosen,
’’Can quantum-mechanical description of
physical reality be considered complete?,”
Phys
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,
vol.
47,
p,
777, May
15,
1935.
20.
H.
Stapp,
"Theory of reality,”
Lawrence-
Berkeley Lab.
Rep.
LBL-3837,
Univ,
of
California,
Berkeley, April 1975.
21.
R.
H. Dicke and J.
P.
Wittke,
Introduction
to Quantum Mechanics
.
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MA:
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Wesley,
1960,
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7.
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22.
D.
J. Bohm and B.
J.
Hiley,
"On the
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as
im-
plied by quantum
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93-109,
1975.
23.
J.
J. Freedman and J.
F.
Clauser,
"Experi-
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local hidden variable
theories/'
Phys.
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28,
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14,
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3,
1972.
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J.
F.
Clhuser and M.
A.
Horne,
"Experimen-
tal consequences
of objective
local
theories/’
Phys,
Rev, D ,
vol.
10,
No.
2,
p.
526,
July
15,
1974.
25.
E.
P. Winner,
"The problem
of measurement,"
Amer.
J.
Phys
,
vol.
31,
No.
1,
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6,
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26.
E.
H.
Walker,
"Foundations
of paraphysical
and parapsychological phenomena,"
in Proc.
Conf.
Quantum Physics
and Parapsychology
(Geneva,
Switzerland), New York:
Para-
psychology Foundation,
1975.
27.
G.
Feinberg,
"Possibility
of
f as ter-than-
light particles,"
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,
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159,
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1089,
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J. A.
Stratton,
Electromagnetic Theory .
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i
29.
G. Feinberg,
"Precognition—A memory of
things
future?,"
in Proc
. Conf .
Quantum
Physics
and Parapsychology
(Genev^,
Switzerland), New York-
Parapsychology
Foundation,
1975.
30.
0, Costa de Beauregard,
"Quantum paradoxes
and Aristotle’s twofold information con-
cept,"
in Proc.
Conf.
Quantum Physics
and
Parapsychology
(Geneva,
Switzerland) , New
York:
Parapsychology Foundation,
1975,
31.
B.
Julesz,
Foundations
of cyclopehn per-
ception.
Chicago,
IL:
Univ,
of Chicago
Press,
1971.
32.
H.
Puthoff
and
R.
Targ,
in Psychic Explora-
tion—A Challenge
for Science ,
J. White,
Ed. New York:
Putnam,
1974,
pp .
522-542
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POSSIBLE EEG CORRELATES TO REMOTE STIMULI UNDER
CONDITIONS OF SENSORY SHIELDING
E.
C.
May,* Russell Targ,
and
H.
E.
Puthoff
Stanford Research Institute,
Menlo Park,
California
94025
ABSTRACT
We have
investigated the
ability of certain
individuals
to perceive remote
(faint)
stimuli
at
a noncognitive level
of
awareness.
To
inves-
tigate
this we have
looked for systematic
changes
in
a subject’s brainwave
(EEG) produc-
tion occurring
at
the
same time
as
light flashes
are generated on
a random schedule
in
a remote
laboratory.
Although we have
found
in this
in-
vestigation that significant correlations
appear
to exist between the
times
of light flashes
and
the times
of brainwave alterations,
we consider
these data to be only suggestive, with
a defini-
tive result requiring further experimentation,
INTRODUCTION
In
a number of laboratories evidence has
been obtained indicating the existence
of
an as-
yet-unidentif ied channel wherein information
is
coupled from remote electromagnetic stimuli
to
the human nervous
system as indicated by physio-
logical
response,
even though overt responses
such as verbalizations or key presses provide no
evidence for such information transfer.
Physio-
logical measures have included plethysmographic
response 1 and EEG activity. 2 * 3 Kamiya,
Lindsley,
Pribram,
Silverman,
Waltei’,
and others have
suggested that
a whole range
of EEG responses
such as evoked potentials
(EPs),
spontaneous
EEG,
and the contingent negative variation
(CNV)
might be sensitive indicators
of
the detection
of
remote stimuli
not mediated by usual
sensory
processes
.
A pilot study was therefore undertaken
at
SRI
to determine whether EEG activity could be
used as
a reliable indicator
of information
transmission between an isolated subject
and
a
remote stimulus.
Following earlier work
of
others,
we assumed that perception could be
in-
dicated by such
a measure even
in the absence
of
verbal
or other overt indicators.
To aid in selecting a stimulus,
we noted
that Silverman and Buchsbaum attempted,
without
success,
to detect EP changes
in a subject
in
response
to a single stroboscopic flash stimu-
lus observed by another
subject.
Kamiya sug-
gested
that because
of
the unknown temporal
characteristics
of
the information channel,
it
might be more appropriate
to use repetitive
bursts of
light
to increase
the probability
of
detecting information
transfer.
Therefore,
Consultant to SRI.
in our study we chose
to use repetitive light
bursts
as
stimuli. 7-9
PILOT STUDY AT SRI
In
the design
of
the study
it was assumed
that
the application
of
remote
stimuli would
result
in responses similar
to those obtained
under conditions
of direct stimulation.
For
example,
when normal subjects
are stimulated
with
a flashing
light,
their EEG typically shows
a decrease
in the
amplitude
of
the resting
rhythm and
a driving
of
the brain waves
at the
frequency
of
the flashes.
We hypothesized that
if we stimulated one subject
in this manner
(a
putative
sender),
the EEG
of another subject
in
a remote room with no flash present
(a receiver),
might
show changes in alpha
(8-13 Hz)
activity,
and possibly EEG driving similar to
that
of
the
sender,
either by means
of
coupling
to
the sen-
der’s EEG,
or by coupling directly to the
stimulus.
We informed our subject
that
at certain
times
a light was
to be flashed
in a sender’s
eyes
in a distant
room,
and
if
the
subject per-
ceived that event,
consciously or unconsciously,
it might be evident from changes
in his EEG out-
put.
The receiver was seated in
a visually
opaque,
acoustically and electrically shielded
double-walled steel room located approximately
7 m from the sender’s
room.
We
initially worked with four female and
two male volunteer subjects.
These were desig-
nated "receivers. "
The senders were either other
subjects or the experimenters.
We decided be-
forehand to
run one
or two sessions
of
36 trials
each with each subject
in this selection proce-
dure,
and
to do
a more extensive study with any
subject whose results were positive.
A Grass PS-2 photostimulator placed about
1 m
in front
of
the sender was used
to present
flash trains
of
s duration.
The receiver’s
EEG activity from the occipital region
(Oz)
,
referenced to linked mastoids,
was amplified with
a Grass
5P-1 preamplifier and associated driver
amplifier with
a bandpass
of
1-120 Hz.
The EEG
data were recorded on magnetic tape with an Am-
pex SP 300 recorder.
On each
trial,
a tone burst
of fixed fre-
quency was presented to both sender and receiver
and was followed in one second by either
a 10
s
train
of flashes
or
a null flash interval pre-
sented
to the sender.
Thirty- six such trials
were given
in an experimental
session,
consisting
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of
12 null trails—no flashes following the
tone— 12
trials of flashes at
6 f.p.s.
and
trials
of flashes at 16 f.p.s.,
all randomly in-
termixed,
determined by entries from
a table
of
random numbers.
Each
of
the trials consisted of
an 11-s EEG epoch.
The
last
s
of
the epoch
were selected for analysis
to minimize
the desyn-
chronizing ad t ion of
the warning
cue.
This 4-s
segment was subjected to Fourier analysis on
a
LINC
8 computer.
Spectrum analyses gave no evidence
of EEG
driving in any receiver,
although in control
runs
the receivers did exhibit driving when physically
stimulated with the flashes.
But
of
the six sub-
jects studied initially,
one subject showed
a
consistent alpha blocking effect.
We therefore
undertook further study with this
subject.
Of
our six subjects,
this one had by far the most
monochromatic EEG spectrum.
Figure
shows
a
typical occipital EEG spectrum of
this
subject.
FIGURE
TYPICAL POWER SPECTRUM AVERAGED OVER
TWENTY 8-SECOND EPOCHS
Data from seven sets
of
36 trials each were
collected from this
subject
on three separate
days.
This comprised all the data collected to
date with thfs subject under the test conditions
described above.
The alpha band was identified
from average spectra;
then scores
of average
power and peak power were obtained from indi-
vidual trials and subjected to statistical anal-
ysis.
The final analysis showed that power
measures were
less
in the
16 f.p.s.
case than in
the
0 f.p.s.
in all
seven sets
of peak power
measures
and
in
six out
of
seven average power
measures
.
Siegel
f s two-tailed
t approximation to the
nonparametric randomization
test 11 was applied
to the data from all
sets,
which included two
sessions
in which the sender was
removed.
Aver-
age power on trials associated with the occur-
rence of
16 f.p.s.
was significantly
less than
when there
we[re no flashes
(t = 2.09,
d.f
= 118,
P < 0.04),
The second measure,
peak power,
was
also significantly
less in the 16 f.p.s.
condi-
tions
than in the null condition
(t
= 2.16,
d.f.
=118, P< 0.03).
The average response
in
the
6 f.p.s.
condition was
in the
same direction
as
that associated with
16 f.p.s.,
but
the ef-
fect was not statistically significant.
As part
of the experimental protocol
the
subject was asked to indicate conscious assess-
ment for each trial as
to which stimulus was
generated.
The guess was registered b jr the
sub-
ject via one-way telegraphic communication.
An
analysis
of
these guesses has shown them
to be
at chance,
indicating the absence
of
any supra-
liminal
cueing,
so arousal
as evidenced by
sig-
nificant alpha blocking occurred only at
the
noncognitive level
of awareness.
Several control procedures were
. undertaken
to determine
if
these results were produced by
system artifacts or by subtle cueing of
the
subject.
Low level recordings were made from
saline of
12 kQ resistance
in place of
the sub-
ject,
with and without
the introduction of
10 Hz,
jjV signals from a battery-operated
generator.
The standard experimental protocol
was adhered to and spectral analysis of the
results were carried out.
There was no evidence
in the spectra associated with
the
f la£h fre-
quencies,
and the
10 Hz signal was not
perturbed.
In another control procedure
a five foot
pair of leads was draped across
the subject
f s
chair
(subject
absent)
.
The leads were con-
nected to a Grass P-5 amplifier via
its high
impedance input probe.
The bandwidth yras
set
0.1
Hz
to 30 kHz with
a minimum gain of 200,000.
The output of
the amplifier was connected to
one input of
a C.A.T,
400C
11 averager."
Two-
second sweeps,
triggered
at onset of
the
tone,
were
taken once every 13 seconds
for approxi-
mately two hours,
for about 550 samples.
No
difference
in noise level between the fore-
period and
the onset of flicker was observed.
REPLICATION STUDIES AT LANGLEY PORTER
The next effort was directed toward repli-
cation by an independent laboratory of
the
original SRI study of EEG response
to remote
strobelight stimuli.
Arrangements
for replica-
tion were made with the Langley Porter Neuro-
psychiatric
Institute, University of California
Medical Center,
San Francisco.
As
a special precaution against the possi-
bility of system artifacts
in the form of elec-
tromagnetic pickup from the strobelight dis-
charge
or associated electronic equipment
(e.g.,
through the power lines),
SRI developed an
entirely battery-operated package for use
as
a
stimulus generator for the EEG experimentation.
It consists of
a battery-driven incandescent
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FIGURE
SCHEMATIC OF THE REMOTE SENSING EEG EXPERIMENT
lamp,
whose CW output passes through
a mechani-
cal chopper continuously driven by
a battery-
driven motor
as shown
in Figure
2.
A 10-Hz
timing generator
(computer triggered)
controls
the generation of
a 1-kHz warning tone
two sec
before onset
of
the experimental period,
and
also drives
a locking circuit that determines
the presence or absence
of
the ten-sec
light
stimuli,
again all battery operated.
.
Thus
everything on
the
left
of
the diagram of Fig-
ure
is battery operated and therefore
inde-
pendent of
the power line system.
Further,
replacement of
the arc-discharge strobelamp by
an incandescent
lamp eliminates
the possibility
of direct subliminal pickup
of
audio or elec-
trical signals
from possible transients associ-
ated with the
arc discharge or associated
electronics
Description of
the EEG Processor
A hardware single channel power spectrum
analyzer was constructed from
a commercial band-
pass
filter with corner frequencies of 9,0 and
12.0 Hz,
and 48 dB down
at 8.0 and 13.0 Hz.
Analog multipliers convert
the filter output
to
a signal proportional
to in-band power.
To con-
firm that this
system
is equivalent to
the stan-
dard FFT analysis used in the pilot study,
the
analog data of
the pilot study was reanalyzed,
and the
result was
found to be consistent with
the earlier analysis.
Experimental Protocol
Each experimental session consisted of 40
trials,
20 each for
the
(no light)
and 16
f.p.s.
of
the
remote
light
stimultis.
A trial
is
defined
as
a warning tone
followed by
a 10 sec-
ond period consisting of
a 2 second wait,
and
two
4 second data collection periods.
The trial
rate was one trial every 30 ±
1 seconds.
The
trial sequence was randomized subject
to
the
following conditions:
(1)
in each group of
trials
there were equal numbers
of each condi-
tion,
and
(2)
no more than three
in
a row of
a
single
type were allowed.
Seven 40 trial se-
quences were made according to
this prescription
and recorded separately on audio
tape.
During
the session,
trials were generated from one of
these
tapes and the sequence was unknown to the
experimenters since the sequence tapes were
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generated one jmonth
in advance
of
the experi-
ments.
As
in standard EEG protocol,
and
in
accordance
witjh preestablished criteria,
certain
trials were deleted after the session for three
reasons only:
artifact,
logic circuit failure,
or abnormal
EE^G power.
If
a trial was rejected,
a
trial
of
the opposite stimulus condition was
rejected
at random from
the particular set of 10
trials
in question.
If more
than 10 trials of
a given type
\vere rejected from
a session,
the
entire
session^ was deleted,
(This occurred
twice
in each experiment
.
)
Six channels
of EEG and one logic channel
taken from
the sequence tape were recorded on
a
multiplexed FM analog
tape recorder.
The logic
on the tape differentiated
the
trials between
flashing and nonflashing conditions.
In pretexting
the equipment,
we ran
the
experiment using unselected subjects
such
as
laboratory personnel,
in order
to
test
the
adequacy of
the experiment
and
to determine
whether there were
any correlated electronic or
mechanical discharges
from the apparatus.
In
20 sessions
of data acquisition,
of
40 each
(800
trials)
there were no significant differences
between the mill
and 16
Hz conditions.
RESULTS
Using
thq above protocol,
two experiments
were conducted during
a three-month period.
For
half
of
the sessions,
the subject was
asked to
press
a button when she
felt the
light was
flashing.
For
the
six sessions
(105 trials each
for
the
0 and 16 f.p.s.
conditions when she was
not asked
to overtly indicate her feelings
about
the
light,
there was
a slight decrease of
in-
band EEG powet measured over the
left occipital
region of
the! brain.
Similarly,
for
the six
sessions
(107 trials each for
the
0 and 16
f.p.s.
conditions)
when she was asked
to respond overt-
ly,
there was
this time
a significant decrease
of in-band EEG power
(p £ 0.037,
using an F
ratio
test derived from
a two-way analysis
of
variance)
.
In considering the experiment
as
consisting of
the combined 212
trials
in each
stimulus condition regardless
of
the
overt
re-
sponse contingency,
we find
a statistically sig-
nificant decrease
in in-band EEG power
(p <
0.011,
using F ratio test
as above).
During the second experiment,
three months
later,
a different contingency was
added to de-
termine
if
a "sender" was necessary
to produce
the effect we had observed earlier.
For
a given
session,
a random procedure
(with equal
trials)
was used to determine
if
a person (called
the
"sender" person)
would be
looking at
the photo-
simulator.
There was no one present with the
photo-stimulator otherwise.
For the
7 "non-
sender"
sessions
(121
trials each for
the
0 and
f.p.s.
conditions)
we find
a statistically
significant increase
of
in-band EEG power mea-
sured over the mid-occipital
region of
the brain
(p <
0.039 using an F ratio test
as
above).
During
the "sender"
sessions
(123 trials
in each
stimulus condition)
there was
a slight increase
of in-band EEG power.
All
together,
there was
a
statistically significant
increase of
in-band EEG
power when
the 244 trials were analyzed regard-
less
of "sender" condition
(p <
0.008 ujsing an F
ratio test
as
above),
and there was no signifi-
cant difference found between "sender" /"no-
sender"
conditions.
For both experiments,
we considered
in-
band EEG power for
the 0-4 second and 4-8 second
time periods independently
to determine
if
the
effects were time dependent.
Although some of
these
isolated sub-intervals were statistically
significant,
no systematic relationship emerged.
Thus
the effect appears
to be cumulative over
the
8 seconds.
The 0-8 second results
are sum-
marized
in Table
1,
Table
SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF THE REPLICATION EXPERIMENTS SHOWING
POWER MEANS AND STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR THE VARIOUS EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS
Experiment
I
Experiment
II
Guess ing
Sessions
Non-Guessing
Sessions
Combined
Sender
Sessions
Non-Guessing
Sessions
Combined
No light flash
957
704
832
854
766
810
Light flash
873
647
761
860
844
852
F
ratio
4.39
2.20
6.47
0.017
4.33
7.03
dV
df2
1;
202
1;
198
1;
400
1;
232
1;
228
1;
460
p
£
!
0.037
0.14
0.011
0,90
0.039
0.0083
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DISCUSSION
Although our pilot experiment
and the
two
replication studies
all showed significant
changes
in EEG production correlated with the
presence or absence
of
a remote light stimulus,
the sign of
the systematic change
in power
in
the
third study was opposite
to
that of
the
first
two.
We therefore undertook
a detailed
frequency analysis
of
the EEG data tapes
from
the last two experiments,
since
the pilot ex-
periment had already been subjected
to fast-
Fourier- transform
(FFT)
analysis.
We conjec-
tured that the observed power change
in these
experiments might be
the result of
a very small
frequency shift,
which could become translated
into
a large amplitude change due
to discrimi-
nator action of
the alpha-band filter.
In
a
chapter on alpha blocking,
Kooi,
in his Funda-
mentals
of Electroencephalography says,
for ex
ample,
".
]
.attentiveness
is associated with
a
reduction
in amplitude
and an increase
in aver-
age frequency
of spontaneous cerebral poten-
tials.
.
.
The center frequency of
the alpha
rhythm may be influenced by the type
of ongoing
mental
activity.
Shifts
in frequency may be
highly consistent
as two different tasks
are
performed alternately.
The FFT analysis
for
the second experiment showed that
the
average
peak EEG power occurred most often near 8 Hz,
and
thus fell
slightly below the hardware sum-
ming window
(±3 dB at 8,7-12.4 Hz)
enhancing a
possible discriminator effect.
The FFT analysis
further showed that there was
an overall
in-
crease
in frequency
of peak power but the shift
was statistically nonsignificant.
This slight
shift of 0.11 Hz could possibly account for the
observed power increase due to
the highly,
non-
linear discriminator effects.
In examining
other portions
of
the spectrum for further ef-
fects,
we found that systematic amplitude
changes
are highly dependent upon where
in
the
frequency spectrum
the power sum
is
taken.
This
is
to be expected since almost all EEG phenomena
are known
to be strongly frequency dependent.
In the pilot study the
frequency region for
analysis was centered about
the subject’s domi-
nant EEG output frequency with bandpass deter-
mined by the full width ten-percent power points.
In the
two replication studies we used hardware
filters
at
this same frequency.
FFT analysis
showed clearly
that
if other filter bands had
been chosen,
significant correlations would not
have been
found.
Thus,
although our filter
selection was made before
the collection of
any
data,
other experimenters might have reasonably
chosen other criteria for frequency selection.
Therefore,
although we have
found statistically
significant evidence for EEG correlates
to re-
mote light
flash stimuli,
we consider these data
to be only suggestive,
with
a definitive result
requiring further experimentation.
REFERENCES
1.
E.
D.
Dean,
Int.
J,
of Neuropsychiatry ,
Vol .
2,
p.
439,
1966.
2.
C.
T.
Tart,
Int.
J.
of Parapsychology,
Vol.
5,
p.
375,
1963.
3.
T.
D. Duane and
T.
Behrendt,
Science ,
Vol.
150,
p.
367,
1965.
4.
R.
Cavanna,
Ed.,
Psi Favorable States
of
Consciousness .
New York:
Parapsychology
Foundation,
1970.
5.
Ibid., pp.
143-169.
6.
Ibid.
,
pp.
158-159.
7.
R.
Targ and
H.
Puthoff,
"information Trans-
mission Under Conditions of Sensory Shield-
ing," Nature,
Vol.
252,
No.
5476,
pp.
602-
607,
October
18,
1974.
8.
C.
Rebert and A.
Turner,
"EEG Spectrum
Analysis Techniques Applied
to
the Problem
of Psi Phenomena," Physician’s Drug Manual ,
Vol.
5,
Nos.
9-12,
Vol.
6,
Nos.
1-8,
pp.
82-88,
January-December 1974.
9.
H.
Puthoff
and
R,
Targ,
"A Perceptual Chan-
nel
for Information Transfer Over Kilometer
Distances:
Historical Perspective
and
Recent Research," Proc.
IEEE
,
Vol.
64,
No.
3,
pp.
329-354,
March 1976.
10.
D.
Hill
and
G.
Parr,
Electroencephalo-
graphy:
A symposium on
its Various
Aspects .
New York:
MacMillan,
1963.
11.
S,
Siegel,
Nonparametric Statistics for
the Behavior Sciences.
New York;
McGraw-
Hill,
1956,
pp.
152-156.
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AN
INVESTIGATION OF SOVIET PSYCHICAL RESEARCH*
E.
C.
Wortz,
A.
S.
Bauer,
R.
F.
Blackwelder,
J.
W.
Eerkens,
and
A,
J.
Saur
AiResearch Manufacturing Company of California
2525
W.
190th
St., Torrance,
Calif.
90509
SUMMARY
This paper
presents the results of
an
analysis
of
Soviet research on the biophysics
of
parapsychological
processes.
The study
covered
Soviet application of
statistical
theories,
research
done on electro-statics,
the development of remote sensors,
hypothesized
carrier mechanisms,
human sensitivity to
magnetic
fields,
and training to
improve
performance of
subjects.
Speculations
are
made with regard
to Soviet research organiza-
tion
and
as to the direction
of
future R&D.
For example,
it appears that parapsychological
investigations
in the Soviet Union
are con-
ducted
under two types of circumstances:
first,
work that
is
not officially sanctioned
or supported by the Russian government;
and
second,
work that
is officially supported
and
is conducted
in
a military research
laboratory or
in
a
laboratory that
is
an
adjunct to another
institution.
Finally,
some conclusions
are drawn concerning
Soviet progress
in understanding and employing
what are considered
novel
biophysical
infor-
mation transfer mechanisms.
INTRODUCTION
Historically,
parapsychological
research
in
tne United
States
and
the Soviet Union
has
been
markedly different
in approach.
The Soviets
have generally proceeded
from the perspectives
of
a psychophysiology,
which
is Pavlovian
in
origin,
and
the physical
and mathematical
sci-
ences,
whereas parapsychological
research
in
the U.S.
has been
largely
Influenced
by early
approaches
in England
and dealt with attempts
to convince others
that
such
processes exist.
In the recent
past,
typical
research
in the
United
States
has
attempted to reveal
the
legitimacy of parapsychology by statistically
oriented experimentation based on association
theory or
by exploration of experimental
para-
digms that might
be more demonstrative,
such
as exploring telepathy via dreams,
sheep
versus
goat experimental
designs,
children,
receiver
character
i st
i cs,
transmitter character
i st
I cs,
psi
character
i st
i cs,
etc.
Recently,
investiga-
tors
in the United
States have become gradually
influenced
by the apparent successes of their
Russian counterparts
and
in general
seem to be
commencing
to emulate their
approach.
* Abstracted
from Novel
Biophysical
Information
Transfer
(NBIT),
AiResearch Report 76-13197.
On reviewing the Soviet
I iterature,
research
in
novel
biophysical
information
transfer
(NBIT)
was emphasized.
The Soviet
I iterature almost
invariably shows
interest
in
the physical
and
physiological
mechanisms.
An
example
is the
interest
in psychoenergetics,
bioplasma,
and psychotron ics .
The term psycho-
tronics was coined
by
a French journalist after
the analogy with electronics,
bionics,
nucle-
onics,
and others.
The Russians have devised
their own term— psychoenergetics.
These new
names were chosen to give the field of
study
an
air of scientific or technological
respect-
ability.
A
fundamental
question
remains:
does the
name
imply
a basic difference
in the approach
and,
if
so,
what effects can
be expected
from
it?
Judging
from the available
literature,
the
name does
imply
a
difference
in the approach
of
the Russian
and Czech
Investigators from that
of most Western parapsychologists.
Some of the
differences are outlined below.
(1)
The Russians do not undertake studies
like those of
J.B.
Rhine,
in which
remote card reading or other
simple
telepathic tasks are carried out
repeatedly to gather statistical
evi-
dence.
The Russians assume the reality
of thought transference.
Their
best
experiments are designed to elucidate
the physical
basis of these
novel
bio-
physical
information transfer
(NBIT)
mechani sms
.
(2)
Many of the Russian researchers that
publish
in open
literature
in this
field pursue their
studies on their
own time and
at their own personal
expense.
They
lack the resources
to carry out
wel
I
designed or
long
statistical
studies.
(3)
Many Westerners remain convinced that
parapsychology
will
never
be explained
in terms of
physics.
They cling to
an
undertone of
a
rel
i g ious-
I
i ke belief
in
transcendent mechanisms.
The Russians,
in contrast,
reject such
an approach;
being doctrinaire materialists*
every-
thing
has
a physical,
scientific expla-
nation.
Again,
this
line of reasoning
reinforces the trend toward eliciting
the physical
mechanisms of NBIT.
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In reviewing
Soviet and Western work on
NBIT phenomena,
it seems reasonable that
serious
i nterd
I sci p
I
1 nary research
and develop-
ment
is being carried on.
Furthermore,
there
seems to be veridical
indication that the
Soviets have organized
laboratories
for
just
such
programs.
On the other
hand,
it
is obvious
that many Russian workers
in this
field pursue
their research
as extracurr icu
I ar
activity,
with
little or
no funding.
Thus,
there are hints
of
secret work
as
well
as
indication that
para-
psychological
research may be
in disfavor.
It
may be that high
quality,
systematic research
is officially approved,
well
funded,
and
well
organized,
whereas research
in this
field
from
"nonof f icial ”
laboratories may be allowed to
flounder
without
funds,
thus
providing
a
smoke
screen of
poor quality work.
If the Soviets
did
indeed
establish
laboratories
for
a
systematic approach to this problem,
in our
opinion
they
are certainly capable of making
good
progress.
The
literature surveyed varies widely
in
degree of
sophistication.
Most experimental
papers give rather
vague descriptions
and
insufficient data to assess the accuracy and
Importance of claimed results.
Upon completion
of the review,
the bulk of what was considered
to be creditable
work
was
found to be centered
around,
but
not
limited to,
the activities
of three principal
individuals—Kogan,
Adamenko,
and Sergeyev.
Of the theoretical
papers,
those
by Kogan
are undoubtedly the best and reflect
the good thinking of
an experienced physicist.
Using physically acceptable arguments,
Kogan
demonstrates the possibility that ELF
and
VLF carrier
waves might
be
part of NBIT
mechanisms,
and
initiates
an
information theory
approach
to the
study of
NBIT.
His
ideas
are
much
like those of Persinger.
The papers by Adamenko,
on the other
hand,
are spotty with respect to knowledge of modern
physics
and
physiology.
He utilizes
a
number
of
poorly defined
and
unquant
i f
i ab
i e concepts
such
as
"b iop
I asma,
,!
"psi
energy,
etc.
Neverthe-
less,
significant contributions
are made by
him— particularly
his
study and explanation
of
telekinesis
in terms
of electrostatics.
The
papers
by Sergeyev
show the effectiveness
of
a radar signature expert turned
to analyzing
el ectrophys
i ol og
i ca
I
events.
He shows some
interesting
new possibilities,
taking
into
account that
the
noise
in the signals
not only
contains stat
1 st
i ca
I
random variations,
but that
the carriers
also may have non-stationary
drifts.
His work also seems to suffer
from
the
lack of
an
i nterd
i sci p
I
i nary approach
Furthermore,
he
is probably responsible
for the development of
at
least one
(and
perhaps two)
.remote physiological
sensor.
APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL THEORIES TO NOVEL
B
I OPHYS
I CAL
1 NFQRMATION TRANSFER MECHAN
I SMS ~
In the
field of theoretical
statistics,
the Russians are usually considered
to be
ahead of the Western countries.
Kolmogorov
and
his contemporar ies did
a considerable
amount of work
in the
1920 to
1945
era,
developed many new theories,
and applied them
to some classical
problems,
such
as
Kolmogorov’s theory of
isotropic turbulence.
Directly before and during World War
II,
Rice,
Shannon,
and others
in the West developed more
advanced
ideas that are now embedded within
information theory and communication theory.
However,
the Soviets have been the first to
apply these
ideas
and techniques to the field
of
parapsychology.
I.
M.
Kogan seems to have been
the
leader
In this venture and
the known papers
by him are good
In that he demonstrates
a
knowledge of these advanced
fields,
correctly
applies the techniques,
and reaches some justi-
fiable and creditable conclusions.
Kogan
seems
to have started working on these
ideas
in the
early 60’s.
Ryzl
states that the Bioinformation
Section of the Scientific Technical
Society of
Radiotechnique
and Electrocommunication was
founded
in
1965
and that Kogan was
its
first
director,
indicating that Kogan’s
ideas were
viewed
favorably
at that tlmeJ
Ryzl
further
reports that the Bioinformation
Section seemed
to flourish
under Kogan,
it organized meetings,
seminars,
and discussions;
he embarked upon
a
publicity campaign
in newspapers and magazines
and was concerned with the use of parapsychology
as
a military weapon.
Kogan also headed the
section
as
it undertook some successful
experiments
Involving transmission of
images
over
short ranges.
Kogan seems to have been
at
h
i s peak when
he visited the United
States
in
1969
and gave
a
presentation
at U.C.L.A.
on the application of
information theory to the problem of telepathy .2
That paper
summarized
his work and represents
the most advanced work on this topic by anyone.
Then publication of
his work
inexplicably
stopped.
Judging
from the papers reviewed,
no one else
in the U.S.S.R.
has reported
this
line of endeavor
Although this work may have been completely
stopped,
it hardly seems
likely.
Considering
that Kogan
had successfully started to apply
these new concepts to parapsychology and
had
obtained
some new
information,
it
is more
plausible that this work did
not abruptly
stop,
but
Is continuing secretly.
Ryzl
indirectly
lends credance to this
idea by discussing the
military work done
at Kogan’s
institute.!
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It
Is significant that the Soviets
pursued the application of nonstationary
analysis to parapsychology,
especially
in the
study of EEG signals.
Sergeyev has been the
leader
in this effort;
he
has
used
both
correlation
functions
and
spectral
analysis.
Under the mord common assumption of
station-
arity, these statistical
quantities are
independent
of] time.
Since parapsychol og ica
events
are
quiite
Intermittent and occur
rather randomly,
their
statistical
functions,
such
as correlation,
spectra,
etc.,
may vary
dramat ical
I y
In
time.
Sergeyev Ithus defines
a nonstationary
auto-correlatijon
function
as:
t+T
R( + ,T)=iJ_ f
[X(S)
- X(S)][X(S + T)
(1)
t
- X(S + t)] dS
where X
is the stochastic variable,
X
Is the
average value of
X
(presumably over time T),
t
is
a time delay,
and
T
is the averaging
time.
He does
not specify the averaging time
T,
but T must |be of the same order of magnitude
as the time scale of the event being studied.
Since R(t,r)
is
a
function of the time
delay
t,
Sergeyev suggests character izing this
correlation function by several
time scales,
which
he defines
as:
T
T (n)
( + )
= J
[R( + ,
T )J
n dr.
(2)
!°
Thus,
ar4 random functions of time and
Sergeyev claims that tO)/t( 2)
is
a measure of
the non
I
i near modu
I at ion
by the stimuli
received
through extrasensory channels.
He does
not
justify
nor substantiate this conclusion,
Sergeyev
has applied this type of analysis
in
at
least two
d
i fferent modes
.
First,
he
compares the ratio
from
a ’'bioplasma-
gram"
to that obtained
from signals external
to
the body,
such
as the
fluctuations
In the
earth’s magnetic
field. 4
He claims to have
obtained
a well-defined
relation between these
two signals;
however,
the data
shown
in
his
paper
do not Support the statement that
Is given
in the text.
In
spite of this
discrepancy,
Sergeyev’s
iddas are sound,
and
in view of the
intermittent nature of
parapsychol og ical
phenomena,
it seems reasonable to explore
nonstationary analysis of the recorded
data.
Ryz
I
(1968)
claims that Sergeyev
can
detect
an
incoming telepathic stimulus by analyzing
EEG records.
|
Secondly*
Sergeyev
has applied these
Ideas
in studying changes
in the
"b iop
I asmagram"
during emotional
stress.^
He used
digital
analysis and retained the high-frequency
content
(I.e.,
up to 30
kHz)
of the
EEG.
It
is
obvious after studying the data
in
his previous
paper that
he also retained
the high-frequency
content there as well. 4
Although
it
Is not
obvious what type of
information
Is obtained
in these higher
frequencies,
Sergeyev does
believe that they
are
Important
In the dynamic
functioning of the brain;
it
Is conceivable
that
frequencies higher
than the normal
beta
wave frequency may be present and would be
instructive to study.
Also,
If
a very
low frequency
(VLF)
carrier
wave
is
Important
in the parapsychol og Ica
communication channel,
a study of these
frequencies would
be beneficial.
It
is
purely speculative to guess what
type of work the Russians are now doing
in
this
area.
Obviously,
they have
a great
Interest
in parapsychology.
Mutshal
I
says that
they have opened seven
new
laboratories to study
these phenomena
since
1960.5
Kogan
had just
started
to apply
information theory to these
problems
and seems to have developed this
technique to the point of
usefulness before
publication of
his work ceased.
Although
information theory cannot explain the
physical
mechanism of the NBIT communication channel,
it
Is
a very useful
tool
to analyze the data
quantitatively.
Kogan had already used this
to yield new
information
(e.g.,
the
information
rate dropped
as distance traversed
increased).
More advances
from this avenue of approach
can be expected,
such
as
(1)
qualifying the
information to be transferred,
(2)
designing
experiments more amenable to analysis,
and
(3)
studying coding
and encoding techniques.
Sergeyev’s published work suggests that
he
Is possibly continuing
his
study of hon-
stationary analysis of NBIT phenomena.
In
particular,
It seems strange that
he did
not
publish or even mention the
use of
his
techniques
for cross-correl at ions or cross-
spectra.
Since he almost always was comparing
two different signals
(EEG
and the earth’s
magnetic
field),
a nonstationary analysis of
the cross-correl at ion
between these signals
seems more appropriate than the
s
i ng
I e channel
analysis
he published.
It also could
be expected that Sergeyev
has pursued
nonlinear analysis and modeling of
NBIT events.
He reported that
he
found
a
modulation of the EEG
at
a
frequency
f
i — f 2
when
lights were
flashing at
frequencies
f^
and
f 2
* 4
If only
linear mechanisms were
involved,
there would
be no energy or modula-
tion of the spectra
at
a
frequency of
f^-f 2
,
thus suggesting that
non
I inear mechanisms may
be responsible
for this behavior.
This
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phenomenon
should
be verified
and explained,
i f possible.
The
Soviets should
have
a vested
interest
in remote viewing,
which
interestingly
is never
mentioned
in the available
I iterature.
Based
upon the experience
of Puthoff
and Targ,
it
is
not too difficult
to set
up
an experiment
in
this
area,
and
it seems reasonable to assume
that the Russians have probably successfully
done
so. ^
The
next
step
is obviously to
improve the efficiency of
the transmission
process.
Here,
the
ideas
from
information
and
communication theory become
important tools
because they can
be
used to determine the
amount
of
information transferred,
and thus
represent
a quantitative measure of success
or
failure.
This tool
can then
be used
to
measure the effect of
different variables
such
as distance
(which
Kogan
has already done),
directivity,
shielding,
and the type of
information transferred.
Mutshal
l
says
Kogan
has
studied this
also.
It
is more reasonable
to assume that
this work has continued than
that
is was terminated
at this
level
of
deve
I opment
.
ELECTROSTATICS OF TELEKINESIS
According to the published reports,
there
are
several
investigations of telekinesis
(i.e., moving material
objects without touching
them)
that
have occurred
at various times
and
places
in Communist Bloc countries.
In work
done
in Leningrad by Vasil’yev
and his
associates,
Mrs.
Nina Kulagina
(also cal led
Nelja Mihailova)
exhibited remarkable
psychokinetic ability.
Benson Herbert,
Milan
Ryzl,
Zdenek Rejdak,
and Viktor Adamenko,
among others,
have discussed or commented on
Mrs.
Kulagina’s
feats.
In Moscow,
Adamenko
worked with
another
subject,
Alla Vinogradova,
who
is more
skilled
in telekinesis than
Nina Kulagina.
Benson Herbert
and others
also have reported
some of the work of
Julius Krmessky of Bratislava,
who moves
hanging mobiles.
As telekinetic subjects,
the women
seem to be superior to the men;
Vinogradova
and Kulagina
are said to be
able to move objects weighing
as much
as
100
gm on
a table top.
Viktor
Adamenko has
advanced
an expla-
nation
for observed phenomena of telekinesis
that
is more
interesting psychologically
than physically.
In the articles "Some
Problems
of
Biological
Electrodynamics
and Psychoenerget
i cs
, " ^
*
°
he theorizes
that the physical
force causing the objects
to move
is
due to static electric charges
on the objects
and electrical
fields generated
by the subject,
it can be shown
(as
discussed
subsequently)
that electrostatic forces can
Indeed be
strong enough to produce some of
the effects reported.
Anyone
living
in
dry
climates
Is quite familiar with electro-
static
forces:
static electricity discharges
from the finger when one walks across the
room to the
light switch,
and articles of
clothing stick together
and crackle with
corona discharge when removed
from the gas
clothes drier.
Dr.
Adamenko's descriptions
of
the
observed phenomena are easier to
deal
with
than his theoretical
expositions.
An example
is his article
in
The A.R
. E
.
Jour na
I
,
Vol.
v
,
No.
2,
pp.
76 to
77,
March
1973,
cited
on
page
4 of the Annotated Bibliography of
Selective Psychoenerget
i c Activities,
July
1973.
In the work with
Ms.
Vinogradova and
others
in Moscow,
Adamenko used
a dielectric
cube,
50 cm on
an edge,
as
a table.
Various
small
objects were placed on the upper
surface
of the cube.
Ms.
Vinogradova was able to
induce
an electric charge on the cube,
after
which
she could then move
small
objects
on
its
surface.
With biofeedback training,
other
subjects were able to duplicate
Vinogradova’s
feats.
There must have been
some effect that reduced the coefficient
of
friction between the moved object
and the
cube,
since Adamenko writes
at some
length
about the reduced
friction
and theorizes
that the electric
field of the cube polarizes
the
air molecules
and reduces their
number
of degrees of
freedom from six to two.
In
addition,
Adamenko states that the
field
Is
inhomogenous and produces
a
net
flow of
the
air molecules,
which tends to buoy up
the objects on the cube.
Elsewhere he states
that the electric
field
Is
as great
as
10,000
v/cm.
This value
is approximately the maximum
electric
field that can exist
in
dry
air
because of corona discharge and
ionization
of the
air molecules at higher
field
strengths.
The explanation of
air molecules providing
the buoyant
force to overcome sliding
friction
is necessary because electrostatic forces
alone could
not,
in the situation described
by Adamenko,
levitate objects weighing more
than
a gram or
so,
and because the coefficient
of
sliding friction
is
in the range
0.1
to
0.3
for
non
I ubr
i cated surfaces.
The concept of
a conductor
at ground
potential
near
a charged dielectric surface
as the mechanism
for generating
an electric
field whose direction
and magnitude can
be
altered
Is
Illustrated
In simplified
form
in
the Figures
and
2.
In Figure
1,
a
plane
conducting surface
is placed
parallel
to
the dielectric.
The resulting electric
field
is uniform and
normal
to the two
parallel
surfaces.
If the extent of each
surface
is much
larger
than the distance
between them,
the
field
is
not changed
by
moving the plates closer
together
or
farther
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apart.
In Figure
2,
the plates
are not
parallel.
In [this case,
the electric
field
is nonuniform and
has
a component parallel
to the dielectric slab.
CONDUCTING PLANE AT
GROUND
POTENTIAL
777777%777^
DIELECTRIC SLAB WITH
UN
I FORM SURFACE
CHARQE
ELECTRIC
'FIELD
Figure
1.
Electric Field Between
Parallel
Plates
matlon.
The experimental
arrangement
he
describes can be analyzed on the basis of
electrostatic theory,
with predicted results
in substantia!
agreement with the results
reported.
Adamenko’s theoretical
explanation
appears to be
a mish-mash of
classical
electrostatics
and parapsychology.
It appears
probable that Adamenko himself
is
a believer
in the
psi
field because he tries to
i ncor-
porate
it
Into his theoretical
framework.
In terms of
application to the trans-
mission of
intelligence, the telekinetic
work of Adamenko does not seem to
lead
any-
where.
However,
it does point
up the ability
of certain
individuals to develop
an ability
to
Influence the ambient electrical
field,
apparently by volitional
control
over
physical
and physiological
processes
(e.g.,
electrical
conductivity of the skin).
In addition,
we must not overlook the possibility that
the psychophysiology of this phenomenon may
have relevance to transducer mechanism^.
Figure
2.
Electric Field Between
Nonparallel
Plates
In the case
illustrated
in Figure
1,
the object experiences no force parallel
to
the surface of
the
slab.
In the case shown
in Figure
2,
the electric
field
is not
normal
to the slab.
Hence,
If the object
has an
electrostatic charge,
it
will
experience
a
force that tends to move
it parallel
to the
plate,
either toward or away
from the region
of closest
approach between the dielectric
slab
and the conducting plate.
It will
experience
a
force
in the same direction,
but
weaker
if the effect
is due to polarization
of the object rather than
an unbalanced
charge.
The human body
is
a conductor.
According
to Adamenko,
the conductivity can be varied
at
will
to affect the field.
He does not
try to explain
in
detail
the physiological
mechanism
invblved.
Even
with constant
conductivity,
the human
subject can vary the
field
near the dielectric surface by posi-
tioning
his
(her)
body,
arms,
hands,
etc.
There
are two possible mechanisms
whereby
a sma
I;
l
object on the dielectric
surface can
be moved
by the electric
field
particularly
a nonuniform
field.
The first
mechanism
is that the
small
object
is
itself
electrostatically charged.
The second
is that
it
is electrically
neutral
but can
be
polarized.
An electric dipole
in
a nonuniform
electric
field experiences
a
force
in the
direction
of the
field.
REMOTE PHYSIOLOGICAL
SENSORS
A remote sensor
Is
an
Instrument
for
measuring
a physiological
response of the
human body without the use of electrodds or
other means of contacting the body.
In the
I Iterature reviewed,
there are references to
one or more remote sensors developed
by Dr.
Gennadi j
Al eksandrov Ic Sergeyev.*
It
is
claimed that one of these
instruments
will
measure the
el ectroencepha logram of
a person
at
a distance of
m.
The
instrument
tjs
classified and
no credible description
of
it
is available—only allusion to
its
existence.
One must keep
In mind that there
is reason to doubt the Russian claim,
ilf
the
Instrument
is to register the £EG,
it
must remotely sense the electromagnetic
field
associated with the EEG potentials.
These
potentials
are typically of the order of tens
of microvolts.
American
Investigators have
measured
EEG
signals with electrodes placed
a
few centimeters
from the head.
These electrodes
sensed the electric
field generated
by the
brain.
David Cohen
has measured the magnetic
field
associated with the EEG
by means of
a
search
coil
several
centimeters from tpe head.^
At
l arger
distances
from the head,
the electric
and magnetic EEG fields become drowned
in
noise.
The following discussion
Is
a specula-
tive attempt to guess the operating principles
of the
instrument.
It
is possible that
a
sensitive electric
or magnetic sensor,
or some combination of
the two,
would detect electrical
signals
from
a human body
at
a distance of
m.
Although
It
Is
unlikely that the output of
The work reported
by Viktor Adamenko
on telekinesis appears to be genuine
infor-
*Sergeyev also referenced
as Sergeev
in
the
l iterature.
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such
an
Instrument
would
be
a direct measure
of
the EEG,
it would provide
information
of
interest to
a police
I nterrogator ,
such
as
the
strength
and rate of
the heart
beat,
the tensing
and
relaxation
of
muscles,
the
depth
and
rate
of
breathing,
and
perhaps
the electrical
properties
of
the
skin.
The
uses
to which
the
instrument would
be
put
are reasons enough
for official
secrecy
about
Its operating principles.
Moreover,
the story that
a remote sensor
Is
a remote
EEG sensor would
be
a
natural
way
of
trying
to hide the
real
purpose
of
Dr,
Sergeyev’s
invention.
Some support
to the
speculation
that
the
invention
is
a remote
lie detector
Is
provided
by the
statement
by Ostrander
and
Schroeder 10 that Sergeyev
is
a mathe-
matician
at the Uktomsklj Laboratory
run
by the Soviet military.
In
reviewing
the available
literature,
five references
have been
found that may
help
shed
some
light
on
the Sergeyev
Invent Ion Cs)
.
First,
Ostrander
and Schroeder 11
report
Sergeyev’s assertion that Nina Kulagina,
who reportedly exhibits remarkable telekinetic
ability,
generates
a pulsating magnetic
field
whose amplitude
Is
not much
weaker than
the magnetic
field
of
the earth,
according
to measurements made with
his
remote sensor.
Second,
the reporter AnatoliJ Kongro discusses
work
by
Sergeyev
and
hls
students
in measuring
emotional
statds
of
a subject
by
a remote
sensor. 12
No description
of
the
Instrument
is
given
in
the article.
In
another
reference,
there
is
a
description
of
a remote
sensor.
The
sensor
consists
of
a metal
disc suspended
In
a
vessel
of
water.
The disc
is coated
with
a semiconductor
and appears to
be
electrically connected
to
an
EEG recorder.
The patient
is connected to the other
(ground)
Input
of
the
recorder.
The
fourth
article contains
the
intriguing
statement that
the sensitivity
of
the
blop
I asmagram detectors
Is
increased
by
placing them
in
water.
A doubling
of
the output
Is
claimed.
Although
It
is
claimed that these detectors
respond
to
electromagnetic radiation,
this
reviewer
Is
unfamiliar
with
any
simple
detector
whose sensitivity would
be enhanced
by
Immersing
It
in
water,
except possibly
a proton
resonance detector
for
the magnetic
field.
A
small
acoustic
detector
(such
as
a
hydrophone)
consisting
of
a piezoelectric
or magnetostr Icti ve material
with
appro-
priate electrical
connections might exhibit
greater
sensitivities to
sound
when
immersed
in
water.
The greater sensitivity would
be achieved
because
of
the
improved match
of
acoustic
Impedances between
water
and
detector
as
compared
with
the
poor match
between
air
and
detector.
In
addition,
the
physical
size
and
shape of
the water
container might provide
a
larger sensitive
area
for
detecting sound than the detector
alone.
A speculative conclusion
from the
previously
cited
literature,
together
with
the known
fact that Sergeyev
Is
a mathe-
matician
who has published articles
on
the
application
of
information theory to
parapsychology
(see,
for example.
Reference
15)
Is that the Sergeyev remote sensor
does
exist
and
is
an
instrument
for measuring
electric
and magnetic
fields
generated
by
a
human
subject
at
a
distance
of
a
few meters.
Because
of
background
noise,
sophisticated
analysis
of
the
signal
generated
by
the
instrument
is required to extract
useful-
Information.
The
Instrument
is
probably
a research
tool
and apparently has
been
used
with
some success
on
subjects that
generate strong electric or magnetic
fields
(e.g.,
Nina Kulagina).
The coated
disc
in
a
vessel
of
water
is
probably mostly
a Russian
fairy tale
if
we discount the possibility
of
an
acoustic
sensor;
however,
the mention
of
water
suggests that
possibly magnetic
fields
are detected
with
a proton resonance
magnetometer.
Certainly water would
be
a
poor medium
for
detecting electric
fields
because
of
Its
high
dielectric constant.
The
instrument probably comprises
several
sets
of
electric and magnetic
field
detectors
arranged
such that the
noise
due to extraneous
fields
can
be reduced
by
signal
extraction
techniques.
In
the
fifth
article,
a set
of
non-
contacting electrodes
used to measure changes
in
the dielectric properties
of
the patient
is
described. ^
it may
well
be that this
instrument
is completely different
from
the Sergeyev remote
sensor.
On
the other
hand,
these noncontacting electrodes may,
In
fact,
be the Sergeyev sensor
and the
other
published
information
may
be
a
complete
fabrication.
If
it
Is assumed that the described
sensor
Is
different
from the Sergeyev
remote
sensor.
It
can
be concluded
that the
instru-
ment comprises
noncontacting electrodes
arranged electrically to sense
small
changes
In
the
dielectric constant
of
the human
body.
The electrodes
are
silver,
probably formed
by
depositing silver on
plates
of
barium
tltanate.
They
are built
Into
a rubber
covering that
Insulates them electrically
from the
body
and
holds them
in
a
fixed
geometric configuration
with
respect to
a
portion
of
the
body.
The two terminals
of
a high-voltage supply
(e.g.,
a battery)
are
connected to the two silver electrodes,
with
a
large resistance
in
series
with one
electrode.
A change
in
the dielectric constant
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of
the body causes
a change
In
the capacitance
between the electrodes.
The resulting
flow
of
charge either
to or
from the electrodes
produces
a measurable
potential
difference
across
the resistance.
This
potential
difference
Is amplified
and constitutes
the
output
of
the
Instrument.
The resistance or other
details
of
the
signal
conditioning
and
amplifying
system
are
not explicitly mentioned
in
the article.
Instead,
the theory
of
the
Instrument based
on
the
bloplasma hypothesis
is
described,
as
Is
the
notion that there
are maser effects
in
living organisms which
lead
to the emission
of
free electrons
and
protons,
and thereby
to changes
In
the electrical
properties
of
the surrounding
air.
An
analysis also
is
presented
to show that the observed
signal
is
not
due
meifely to the piezoelectric effect
in
barium tltanate.
The
fact that barium tltanate
is
used
to support
thq silver electrodes
is
Irrelevant
to the operation
of
the sensor,
but
relevant
to the evaluation
of
the paucity
of
the
report.
It
is
likely that silver-plated
barium tltanate
slabs
happened
to
be available to the
Inves-
tigators.
Because
of
its piezoelectric
pro-
perties,
bar
i dm tltanate
has
a
variety
of
uses
In military weapons
and
instruments,
such
as
hydrophones
for
underwater
sound
detection
and
shock-actuated
detonators
for explosive
devices.
As
previously
noted,*
Sergeyev works
in
a
ml
I
i tary jresearch
and development
laboratory
where barium titanate would
be
available.
It
has
been
previously reported that much
of
the Russian
pdrapsychologlcal
work
to which
we
have
access
Is
done
as
an
avocation
by
the
Investigators
without
official
support
or
sanction.
;
I n
such
circumstances,
the
use
of
silver-plated barium tltanate
as
an
Inexpensive
and available substitute
for
solid
silver electrodes
Is
understandable.
Other types
of
remote sensors mentioned
in
the
available
literature seem quite
simple
and conventional.
For example,
V.
Puskin
(Pushkin)
wrote about
a sensor
used
to
demonstrate that the power
shown
by Alla
Vinogradova
to move objects without
touching
them was
due
tp the electrostatic charges
induced
on
the objects .
"
The
sensor
in
this
case was
a
simple
neon
glow
lamp.
When
the
object
was
discharged
by means
of
the
neon
lamp,
it could
no
longer
be moved.
A broader
question
regarding remote
sensors
is
to determine or
predict types
of
sensors
that
logically
would
have been or
would
be
developed
in
the course
of
following
the
indicated
lines
of
Investigation.
Perhaps
the Russians
have,
In
fact,
developed
such
instruments;
perhaps
they
are going to
do
so.
Perhaps they
have tried
and
have not
been
successful.
Possible sensor
developments
discussed
in
the following paragraphs
are
not
meant
to
be exhaustive;
rather,
they
are
speculative
and offered
as
examples
of
what
may
or might
be.
A tunable antenna
for
detecting
low-
frequency,
very- low-frequency,
or extremely
low-frequency electromagnetic radiation could
be
used.
The Russians
believe
both
In mental
telepathy
and
In
a prosaic
physical
mechanism
for
it.
The most probable mechanism
is
electromagnetic radiation.
A tunable antenna
could
be
used
In
two types
of
experiment:
trying
to detect the radiation
from the tele-
pathic agent
and trying to generate radiation
of
the right
frequency to
interfere
with
tele-
pathic
reception.
A neutrino detector may
be
used.
Both
the Russians
Je.
Parnov 18 and
the
Amerijcan
Martin Ruderfer
1 ^ have suggested
neutrinos
as
the means
of
transmitting thought
from
one mind
to another.
One
of
the
col laborators
In
the present
study,
J.
Eerkens,
has
a
plausible
hypothesis
about
the production
and
detection
of
neutrinos
that could
be
experimentally tested
by relatively modest
expenditures
for equipment
and
labor.
A magnetic
field
or
field gradient
detector
could
be
used.
The Russians
and
other
Eastern
Europeans
are greatly
Interested
in
dowsing,
or
finding ground
water.
A
currently
popular theory
of
dowsing
Is that
the
human
body
Is
sensitive to small
changes
(temporal
or
spatial)
in the magnetic
field
of
the earth,
such
as might
be produced
by
water
near
the surface
of
the
ground.
If
the
human
body
can
generate
as
well
as
sense
magnetic
fields,
such
human magnetism might
be the
basis
of
some
form of
thought trans-
ference
or
psychokinesis.
It
is
reported
that Nina Kulagina warms
up
her
psychok
i net
f
c
powers
by causing
a compass
needle to move;
as
previously mentioned.
Dr.
Sergeyev claims
that Kulagina generates
a pulsating magnetic
field
not much
weaker
than
the magnetic
field
of
the earth
according
to measurements
made
with
hfs
remote
sensor.
A noncontacting temperature
detector
may
be
used.
V.
Adamenko and others
have
shown
Interest
In
the properties
of
human
skin
in
three separate
lines
of
investigation.
First,
Adamenko ascribes
some electrostatic
properties
to the
skin to support
his
theories
about telekinesis.
Second,
he
has
developed
a tobioscope
for
investigating the
electrical
properties
of
the acupuncture
points
on
the
skin.
Third,
he
has written
joint articles
with the Kirlians
about
photographing
the skin
with
the Kiri Ian
apparatus.
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It
seems natural
that
eventually he or
other workers
in Russia
will
be curious about
other
properties of
skin,
such
as temperature.
Two American
investigators,
Barrett
and Myers,
nave recently reported
a technique of
sub-
might
expect the Russians to develop remote
temperature monitors,
either on their own or
oy copying the American techniques.
Such
a
monitor
would
be
a
useful
adjunct
to
a remote
lie detector,
and
its development would
probably be supported
by the Military or the
Secret Police.
In
addition to work on
the development or
application of
remote
sensors,
one can expect
the Russians to try to develop
data processing
equipment to handle the signals from
an
assembly of
several
sensors.
In their
pub-
lished
work,
the Russians have shown
interest
in
various types
of correlation
analysis.
For example,
G.
A.
Sergeyev has published
a
paper dealing with nonstationary random
functions
and their
application to para-
psycholog lea
l
phenomena^!
.
It would be
natural
for
Or.
Sergeyev
(or others)
to attempt
to mechanize his methods of
statistical
analysis
by
a special-purpose electronic
signal
processor.
The difficulty may
be
that the Russians are not very advanced
in
electronics
and would
hesitate to develop
such
a piece of
equipment.
Nevertheless,
it would seeem to be
a
logical
next
step.
SENSITIVITY OF HUMAN SUBJECTS TO
MAGNET rc FIELDS
There
is some evidence that human
subjects
can detect
small
changes
in
a magnetic
field.
Harvalik reports that
about
80 percent
of
subjects tested were sensitive to magnetic
field changes
in tests where the field was
generated
by
an
ac or dc current passing
through
damp ground
.
Harval ik,
a Czech-
Amerlcan,
proposes that dowsers are able to
sense changes
in the earth's magnetic field
due to moisture
in the ground.
The sensing
organs are the muscles of the forearms.
The
dowsing rod
is
an
amplifying and
indicating
device
for
the slight twitching of the muscles
responding to the changes
in magnetic
field
strength.
Native Czech writers also are
fascinated with dowsing,
as evidenced
by
reports
by the following authors cited
In the
Annotated Bibliography prepared
by Skaidrlte
Maliks Fallah^ 4
:
Boleslav and Boleslav,
p.
13;
Brada,
p.
14;
Drbal
and Rejdak,
p.
19;
and Kaderavek,
p.
36.
It appears that the
paper presents actual
experimental
data.
Actual
data on the sensitivity of
humans to
weak magnetic
fields are scarce,
a situation
that
should
be remedied by research.
A related question to magnetic
field
sensitivity
is the ability of
a human
subject
to generate
a detectable magnetic
field.
Adamenko alleges that
a Russian psychic
(Nina Kulagina)
generates
a pulsating magnetic
field when
she
is demonstrating telekinesis.
Belief
in the existence of
such an ability
is speculative at present.
However, the
concept of
volitional
human generation of
a
magnetic
field
is consistent with
present
knowledge of physics and biology.
An
interesting
facet of this
study
is the
fascination of Russian
and
Czechoslovakian parapsychologists with the
affects
of magnetic
fields on human
beings,
as well
as the presumed ability of human
subjects to generate magnetic
fields.
Presman presents
a survey of the effects
of
weak magnetic
and electric fields on
living organisms,
such as the ability of
birds to use the earth's magnetic
field
as
a cue
in navigation^
.
There
is,
in
fact,
a respectable body
of experimental
evidence
in reports published
both
in
Iron-Curtain
countries
and
in
the West on the effects
of magnetic
fields on the growth of plants,
the orientation
of
simple animals,
and the
like.
Presman
is mainly
interested
In the
possibility that electric and magnetic
fields can
be
used
by complex animals
for
information transfer.
He theorizes that
humans
have
largely
lost this
ability
through evolutionary
disuse following the
development
of
speech,
a much more efficient
method of communication.
Those
few
indi-
viduals who have the ability to communicate
by electromagnetic signaling
are,
in Presman's
view,
evolutionary throwbacks.
BIOPHYSICAL
INFORMATION CARRIER MECHANISMS
In
several
papers,
I.
M.
Kogan reports
experiments and hypotheses concerning telepathic
information,
and describes
information theory
aspects of the observed phenomenon;
he devel-
oped rationale
for transmission mechanisms.
Essentially,
his thesis
is that the energy
required
is about
10"® to 10“20 joules.
He
hypothesizes that the transfer of
information
is advanced
by ultra- long electromagnetic
waves
in the spherical
waveguides formed
by
the surface of the earth
and the
ionosphere.
In our opinion,
the work of
.
M.
Kogan
is
creditable and the best thought out of
any
of the work reviewed.
Observing that experienced physicists
such
as Kogan took serious notice of para-
psychology
from
1966 to
1969
and that almost
nothing profound has appeared on the subject
in the Soviet
I iterature
In the
last
yr
suggested that
further theoretical
and experi-
mental
developments along the
lines outlined
by Kogan
are continuing underground
in the
Soviet
Union.
Kogan
posed too many
interesting
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and cnallengimg
questions
for
himself
and
his
colleagues
not to have delved
into them
further.
(Based on the well-known predilection of
Soviet
physicists to solve difficult
and challenging
problems
and
their excellent training
in
modern physics,
the possibility that
a team
of
Soviet physicists
Is
at work to system-
atically
uncover
and
learn the physical
mechanisms of
| parapsycho
I og ical
events
is
highly probable.
Had Kogan
not presented
such
a clear
and
spund proposal
yr
ago,
one might
have wondered
I f Soviet
physicists have any
interest
at
aljl
In
novel
biophysical
informa-
tion transfer
(NBIT)
mechanisms.
Clearly,
if one could
find out where Kogan
is working
and what he
is doing,
this question would
be
answered.
(1)
Very-low frequency
(VLF)
and
extremely
low frequency
(ELF)
electromagnetic waves
(2)
Neutrinos,
based on the photon
theory of
neutrinos
(3)
Quantum-mechanical
(4
1 )
waves,
based on the sch
I zo-phys ica
1 nterpretat ion of basic QM theory
Presently,
most
U.S.
and
Soviet experiments
on psychic phenomena and the use of the
law
of parsimony would point to ELF/VLF mech-
anisms,
but the other two possibilities cannot
be ruled out.
Assuming ithat the U.S.S.R.
started
a
special
NBIT program some time
in
1970,
by
now they
should
have developed
some sensitive
instruments to detect,
monitor,
and analyze
VLF
and
ELF radiations
for
possible
informa-
tion content,
as Kogan
suggested should
be
done.
Also,
ijhey must
have been
instrumental
in developing sensors to monitor
fluctuations
in the human
body*s electric and magnetic
fields,
and they may have
a team of scientists
studying
the properties of bio-organic mole-
cules and the
i| r response to electromagnetic
ELF/VLF radiation.
The Russians may now be
implementing the next
logical
step,
namely to
reinforce,
enhance,
or
aid NBIT
in certain
trained or gifted
individuals after having
discovered the basic communication carriers.
If experiments which
generate special
ELF/VLF waves
are being conducted,
it may
be
possible to
intercept
and
analyze them
because they
w'lll
travel
across the world.
However,
as discussed subsequently,
these
manipulated
VLF
and
ELF
frequencies may
be
very monochromatic and undetectable
by the
usual
relatively broad-band radio frequency
detectors.
For example,
It would be
like
finding
the red emission
line of the
1-mw
Helium-Neon
laser emitted
from
a
satellite to
the earth
and observed
against
a background
full
of bright direct sunlight.
With the
proper
narrow-jband
filter,
such
a
line can
be observed,
of course,
but the
frequency
must
be
known.!
It
is rational
to assume that the Soviets
pursued the
Investigation of
various physical
methods that might
serve as
novel
biophysical
information transmission mechanisms.
Whether
or
not ELV/VLF mechanisms explain parapsycho-
logical
events; may
be
a moot question
if these
mechanisms can
be utilized
for
human
informa-
tion
transfer.;
A review of
possible NBIT trans-
mission mechanisms that are compatible with
current modern
physics yields three schemes.
MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS
The bulk of the Soviet papers on para-
psycho! og ica
I
events and
novel
biophysical
information transfer
(NBIT)
demonstrate not
only
a poor understanding of
physics,
but
also
generally
fall
to
deal
with psychological
and
physiological
processes that may
underljy N81T.
No
interdiscipl inary approach that would
help
alleviate these difficulties
is described
in
the
literature reviewed.
For example,
Sergeyev measures the
b iop
I asmagram
(pre-
sumably,
electrical
or electro-static
field)
associated with heart action
and the bioplasma-
gram associated with breathing.
He stqtes
that under certain conditions the heart action
and breathing can
interfere with one another,
apparently by
inductive
i nter ference.
Our
guess
is that
he may not know exactly what he
is measuring and probably does not understand
the
interaction of
breathing rate and heart
rate.
From his background
in
signal
analysis,
he does know how to analyze the
b iop
I asmagram.
Performance Training
and
Volitional
Contro
l
In the more creditable parameters reviewed
in this
study,
the Soviets
indicate
an
interest
in volitional
control
of the phenomena observed.
For example,
Adamenko
indicates that
subjects
are trained
by hypnosis or using biofeedback
procedures to control
the conductance between
acupuncture points
In the skin.
In another
case,
he refers to the use of
self-induction,
self-suggestion,
and bioelectric
Induction to
achieve the electromagnetic changes associated
with psychic phenomena.
His model
for training
in telekinesis
is
volition effort that
leads to changes
in
skin
conductivity that are simultaneous with
1 tele-
klnsis.
During training,
the subjects
learn
by volitional
effort to charge
a battery of
condensors;
the charge
is roughly proportional
to volitional
effort.
Once trained,
the sub-
jects can
use
a similar volitional
effort to
electrostatically charge an object
at
a
distance.
In describing what may
be
a current
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Soviet
position
in training,
Adamenko further
states
in
his discussion on
"
. .E
l ectrodynamics
and Psychoenerget ics",
"..Production of
special
states of consciousness and psychic training
at the
level
of
psychoenergetics using modern
devices
has just
as great significance as the
investigation
of
the psychic
field of physi-
cally talented
individuals."
Another method of training
in the
I itera-
ture reviewed on telepathy
Is described by
Milan Ryzl.
Ryzl
claims that approximately
10 percent of the
500
subjects he trained
demonstrated
some ability
as
a consequence of
the training.
The six principal
stages of Ryzl
training procedure are outlined
below:
(1)
Orient
subject and
improve his
motivation.
(2)
Training
In
hypnosis— Increase
confidence of the subject,
Increase
suggestabi
I ity.
(3)
Attempts to
induce visual
halluci-
nation.
Close off
subjects to
incoming
stimuli
other than hypno-
tists words.
Perfect mastery and
consistency of
visual
hallucination.
Inhibit spontaneous mental
processes.
(4)
Induction of extraordinary perception.
Simple assignments
(simple discrimi-
nations).
Suggestion
is to be able
to
see,
with eyes closed,
objects
in
front of
him;
objects may
be described
in
detail
to facilitate hallucination.
(5)
Training,
including elaboration
of
procedures,
removal
of errors,
training
in
use of
skills,
and
development
of
sense to discriminate
between correct
and erroneous
psych
1 cs
(6)
Auto- induct ion of the essential
state
of mind;
on the razors edge between
sleep
and wakefulness.
Ryzl
goes to great
lengths to prevent
the
occurrence
of
errors that
are perceived
by the
subject
as
a mistake that has been made.
For
example,
when the subject reads
a
license plate
of
a car,
"If the subject reads OE-6333
instead of CF-6888,
we
interpret the result
as successful
and
strengthen the subjects
comp
l
i ance ."
The training then may be character
1 zed
as "shaped"
rel nforcement
learning
utilizing
hypnosis
and
the development
of
a
special
state of consciousness.
The training
is
extremely extensive
and time consuming
(3-hr
sessions,
3 times
a week,
over
a period
of
months).
If
nothing else,
the training can
be conceived to be an elaborate screening
process during which subjects with
insuffi-
cient talent
and motivation
are weeded out.
Ryzl's "essential
state of mind" appears
to be
a semi-hypnogogic state usually accom-
panying
low-frequency a and high-frequency
brain rhythms of -7 to
5 Hz.
Such
a subject
state could be more quickly developed
utilizing
biofeedback techniques.
in view of the
h igh-reward-frequency/
no-fai
I ures-al lowed aspects of the training
procedure,
it
is surprising that Ryzl
only
claims that
10 percent of
his subject popula-
tion
demonstrates psychic ability
as
a conse-
quence of the training.
Due to the
dual
Russian
Interest
in both hypnosis and
NBIT,
the Soviets have probably done
a thorough
evaluation of RyzPs procedure.
Hypnotizing Machines
The Russian
Interest
in hypnosis
has
lead to many attempts
at automating hypnosis.
Typical
techniques are tape recordings,
rotat-
ing discs
in the visual
field,
and application
of
pulsating electrical
current through the
head.
The
latest Soviet attempt
In this area
is "LIDA"
(apparently
an acronym
for remote
control
therapeutic apparatus);
a U.S.
patent
(No. ’3,773,049,
Nov.
1973)
by Rachichev et.
a
I
.
has been
issued
for apparently the same
device.
This
device,
described by B.
Belenkig,
1973^;
V. Rabichev,
et.
al.,
1973^6;
and
Bragen
and Petrov,
1974^7;
Is essentially
different embodiments of
an apparatus that
subjects
a patient to pulsating
light,
heat,
sound,
or very-h igh-frequency,
electro-
magnetic radiation
(VHF
EMR),
simultaneous
or
individually.
The pulse repetition rates
(PRR)
are programmab
I e.
It
is uncertain to
the reviewer whether the pulse repetition rates
suggested
in the patent,
10 to
100 Hz,
can be
achieved
for thermal
sensations.
At the correct
PRR,
the device may be effective
at
least
in
neuropsych
i atr ic disorders.
Now! Is has demonstrated that certain
EEG biofeedback devices with PRR-
1 ike
visual
feedback causes alpha entrainment
and enhancement,
while Fehmi
has demonstrated
the same
for auditory EEG biofeedback.
EEG
entrainment caused by strobe
light sources
Is,
of course,
a well-known phenomenon.
The
range of
PRR
of the apparatus
is
10 to
100 Hz.
Apparently the
inputs made to the subject
In
each
sensory modal ity are synchronous
and
directed to the recipients head or
face.
The subjective consequences of the apparatus
are difficult to
imagine,
especial ly
for
VHF
EMR and thermal
stimulation.
The selection
of appropriate stimulus
intensities and
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PRR are
not
described.
However,
apparently
the training of the subjects
involves gradually
lowering the
^RR.
The Soviets claim numerous therapeutic
advantages
of
the LIDA apparatus
as
a conse-
quence of
”
i n<jj uc
1 ng the desired biorhythm”.
The
’’desired biorhythm”
is unfortunately
not
described
in
the
l lterature available to
us.
An alternative
use of
LIDA may be
in
changing the subjective psychological
state of
the subjects.
For example.
It
is well
known
to biofeedback therapists
in this country that
EEG
b iof eedbaqk promotes feelings of
well
being,
openness,
and transference to the
therapist.
One model
for the use of LIDA to
achieve these effects without monitoring the
patient would
be to gradually reduce the pulse
repetition
rates
from
to
Hz over the
course of
hr,
thus entraining the
indivi-
dual’s
a at
some
frequency and
shaping
it to
some
lower
frequency.
The Soviets claim
that the effectiveness of
LIDA
improves with
use
(i.e.,
training)
of the subject.
Being
familiar
with
the subjective effects of
bio-
feedback,
it
is
still
difficult to
imagine
the subjective consequence of
pulsed
VHF EMR
either separately or
in
synchronous combination
with the other modulation.
In summary,
the device
Is considered
veridical
with
probable unique subjective
consequences.
At
lower
PRR’s,
the subjective
experiences may correlate to those of EEG
biofeedback
The R.F.
Electromagnetic Radiation Hypothesis
L.L.
Vasilyev describes Soviet attempts
starting
in
the
1930’s to replicate the work of
F.
Cazamalli,
an
Italian researcher of the
1920
to
1930 period. 2 ^
Cazamalli
essentially assumed
that the human brain
produced EMR
in the
rad io-f requency spectrum
and claimed to have
measured the
same.
Vasilyev claims that the
Soviets conducted
a systematic attempt to
r ep
I
i cate
Cazajna Mi’s work to no ava
i
I
.
In
the
rest
of
the article
(approximately
170
pages),
he puts down the R.F.
EMR hypothesis
(see,
for
example,
pp.
110
and
150 to
171).
In reviewing CazamalM's book
El
Cervanto
Radiant e,
not much
was achieved
In the way of
enlightenment
ji f the report
is accepted
from
Cazamalii’s perspective.
His
idea was essen-
tially that
pepp
I e doing parapsychol og
1 ca
tricks would
produce
novel
and systematic
RF
EMR.
If this hypothesis
is
ignored
and
the consequences of
the behavior of
his sub-
jects are examined,
there
is some
indication
that
he might
have been
actually getting some-
thing of
which
he was not
aware.
For example,
ne
indicates
surprise that
he received
signals
of greater amplitude when
his subjects didn’t
try.
He also
Indicates that when there were
3 to
people
in the shielded room with the
subject,
there were no signals detected.
Another observation
that he frequently made
was that
physical
activity of the subjects
reduced or eliminated the signals.
Furthermore,
he reports that when
’’emoactive” tension
Is
discharged through motor,
vascular,
and glan-
dular expression
(passionate reactions,
flush-
ing of the
face,
cries,
wails),
the phenomenon
of
radiation
stops abruptly.”
Based on Cazamalli
f s behavioral
descrip-
tion
of
his subject,
there may have been
a
negative correlation between the
level
of
cortical
arousal
of
his subject
and
the
occurrence of
whatever
he was measuring with
his primitive RF antenna and receivers.
If
this
is
Indeed the case,
his primitive
apparatus may
have,
in some way,
detected the
higher cortical
voltage of
his resting
sub-
jects or changes
in their
e
I ectromyograph
i
levels.
Consequently,
Vasilyev’s effort to
discredit Cazamalli
could possibly
be disin-
formation,
although
such
a position would be
difficult to defend.
Psychotronics
At this writing,
the only available
source of
Information about psychotronics
is
the Annotated Bibliography
(AB) 24
.
The
Intro-
duction to the Annotated Bibliography states
merely that the terms psychotronics,
psycho-
energetics,
and parapsychology are used to
denote the same field of
investigation
by the
Czechs,
the Russians,
and the Anglo-Saxons,
respectively.
It
is reported that
in
Czechoslovakia,
psychotronics
is
an officially
recognized
branch of
science.
There
is
a
conflict between the emphasis suggested
by
the word
Itself
and the brief
descriptions
presented
in
AB.
The term
itself
suggests
a blend
of the
concepts embraced
by psychology and electronics.
In many portmanteau words of this type,
the
suffix -tronics
suggests electrical
or elec-
tronic
instrumentation techniques applied to
experimental
investigations
In the
field.
One
might conclude
from the
form of the word alone
that the
field
of psychotronics
is visualized
as comprising elements of psychology combined
with sophisticated
instrumentation techniques
to discover
new and
useful
properties of the
human mind
and
central
nervous system.
The A3 presents
a somewhat
different
view.
The
introduction,
as noted
above>
states that psychotronics
is the Czech
word
for parapsychology.
An abstract on page 66
states that psychotronics embraces telepathy,
telegnosis,
rhabdomancy,
psychokinesis,
cosmic
biology,
and biological
radiation.
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Perhaps there
Is some truth
in both views.
The Czechs have published serious papers on
dowsing,
or
finding water
by means of
a
divining
rod.
For
example,
Branda
(AF,
p.
14)
presented
a
paper
in Prague
in
1973 relating
dowsing to electromagnetism,
myotransfer,
el ectromyography ,
and the effect
and
influence
of the seasons on these paranormal
phenomena.
Orba
I
and
Rejdak
(AB,
p.
19)
have written
a
paper on
’’divining,
dowsing,
and readies-
fhes
i
a
Perhaps the most
Informative abstract on
the theory of dowsing
is that of
Z.
V.
Harvalik,
a Czech-Amer ican
.
Dr.
Harvalik points out that
the human body can respond to minute changes
in
magnetic
field.
It
is suggested that ground
water distorts the
local
terrestrial
magnetic
field
and that
successful
dowsers exploit this
effect.
The dowsing rod,
held
loosely
in the
nands,
is merely
a mechanical
amplifier of
a
slight reaction of the
forearm muscles to the
changing magnetic
field.
(AB,
pp.
25 to
26.)
vlirko Kaderavek
(AB,
p.
36)
also has
a paper
on
dowsing
rod
reactions.
There appears to be
a bias
In the AB
toward the occult
and
paranormal
view of
psychotron
i cs
and away
from the physical
and
instrumental
view.
Short shrift
is given
in
the abstracts to papers that describe reason-
ably good experiments.
The work reported by
Harvalik occupies about
a third of
a page.
The paper of
Kaderavek
rates only
a
few
lines.
However,
a paper
by Miloslav Loucka about
a
model
of telepathic communication,
which
looks
I ike pure
fantasy,
rates about one and two-
thirds
pages.
The compilers of
AB seem to
want to believe
in the occult,
the mysterious,
and the unexplainable.
Experimental
attempts
to provide rational
explanations
for certain
phenomena classified
as parapsychologlcal
receive
little
space.
The paper
by Loucka
reveals the attitude
of
many Czech scientists
about psychotron
i cs
.
Loucka postulates the
existence of
an
information
field
as the
carrier of telepathic
information.
Loucka
considers
that
the
same
field provides the
explanation
of telekinesis;
this
is
in
contrast
to the work of Adamenko and other
Russians,
who claim that telekinesis
is
a
manifestation of the electrostatic
field.
To summarize the field of
psychotron
l cs,
from the point
of
view of
its pract
1 t loners,
the
following can
be postulated:
(1)
Mental
telepathy, clairvoyance,
telekinesis,
and telegnosis
are
real.
There
Is
a
lack of unambiguous
experimental
evidence concerning
these phenomena;
this
lack must be
remedied.
(2)
These phenomena
do not conflict with
physics
and other
sciences.
In
so
far
as possible,
physical
explanations
will
be sought
for these phenomena.
(3)
Existing theories
of
physics
are not
adequate to explain
all
psychotronic
phenomena.
Therefore,
there must
exist some new physical
principles
to be discovered or elucidated.
In
short,
the theoretical
basis of
psycho-
tronlcs
is substantially the same
as that
advanced
for parapsychology
in this country.
Biop
I asma
The appropriate starting point
for this
discussion
is to try to define or explain what
is meant by the term bioplasma.
In origin,
the
concept seems to be analogous to the "aura" of
the Western parapsychologists.
The Western
concept
Is
an old one,
dating from the pre-
scient if ic age
("The Age of Faith")
when the
soul
or
spiritual
body of
a human being was
thought to be as
real
as the physical
body.
The aura was
an emanation or radiation
from
the
spiritual
body.
Saints
In old paintings
are depicted with halos or
auras.
Modern
Western psychics
still
believe
in the aura
and
in the ability of gifted
individuals to
see
it.
However,
the Eastern
(Bloc)
term bio-
plasma,
although
used
in
a confusing fashion,
appears to be frequently
a generic term
for
a
I
I
radiant phenomena associated with
a
living body
(e.g.,
thermal,
electrical,
magnetic,
electrostatic).
Viktor Adamenko
has
used the bioplasma concept
as supported
by theoretical
and empirical
considerations.
However,
in
his
later
papers,
he does not
mention bioplasma,
but
instead writes about
the
psi
field,
the biological
electric
field,
and
so
forth.
The strongest theoretical
arguments
for bioplasma seem to come from
G.A.
Sergeyev 29 .
For Sergeyev,
the bioplasma-
gram
is
a
low-frequency electrostatic
field.
The Russians assert correctly that
plasma
is
a
fourth state
(or
phase)
of matter
.
Confusingly,
Sergeyev and other Russian
parapsychologists aver that
living organisms
generate
a plasma that surrounds them.
They
get around the physical
difficulties of
maintaining
a plasma
at temperature and
pressure conditions compatible with
life by
the hypothesis that
living matter obeys
physical
laws different
from those for
inanimate matter.
The classical
physical
objections to the
bioplasma concept are summarized below.
A
plasma
is
a state of matter similar to
a gas
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in which
a
large fraction of the molecules or
atoms are
ionised.
A plasma can exist
at
high
temperatures of
at very
low densities.
At
high
temperatures,
the
individual
particles have
enough kinetic energy that
ionization can result
from collision^;
the plasma
Is maintained
by
virtue
of the
high rate of
production of
ions,
which balances the recombination
rate.
At
low
pressures or
densities,
the rate of
Ionization
need
not be
high because the recombination
rate,
which
depends on the rate of collision
of
ions with
each other,
is
low.
A physical
plasma
consists of
approximately equal
numbers of
positive and negative
ions.
Electrostatic
attraction
between the bodies of positively
and negat
i vel y charged matter holds the plasma
together,
In
a
| sense.
The plasma can
absorb
and
lose energy
by electromagnetic radiation.
A means
of
detecting the presence or
absence
of
plasma
is to
look
for the character
I st ic
emission
or
absorption
of
radiation.
If
the
Russians take the bioplasma concept seriously,
they
will
probably try to detect
It
by virtue
of these radiation character
I st ics.
At tem-
perature
and
pressure conditions consistent
with the ma
i ntenance of
I
i f e ,
a
cl ass lea
I
plasma cannot exist.
The Russians must
have done significant
work
in
p
I asma- phys ics
as
part of their program
of
developing
nuclear weapons.
This technology
would
be applied
to
a
study of bioplasma.
For
several
reasons,
such
studies probably would
have been
done secret
I y
.
First,
the Russians
might
not wish
to reveal
their
full
capabili-
ties
in plasma physics.
Second,
not every
Russian
scientist
is
a parapsychologist
and
would
not want to experience the expected
ridicule
for
such
a
frivolous
use of
plasma
physics termindlogy.
Thus,
in the available
papers on
Soviet parapsychology,
the theory
of bioplasma remains vague and
unclear
and
at
best
is
an
attempt
to employ analogous
terminology
from physics to NBST.
SPECULATION OF
THE NATURE OF
SOVIET
“L AB0RAT0I?
I ES
I NVEST
I GAT
l NG NBIT
Available published
reports are contra-
dictory or
inconclusive regarding whether
(and
to what extent)
the Soviet government actively
supports
investigative or speculative work
In
the
field of
NBIT,
parapsychology,
or psycho-
energetics.
It appears that
some of the older
work
in the
fiejd,
before the middle
1960
f s,
was sponsored
fry the government.
More recently,
there
is conflicting evidence
as to whether
the field
has
fallen
into official
disfavor,
with the result that most published work has
been done without
specific funding or authoriza-
tion.
In Russia,
scientific research work
is
done mostly
in
institutes.
Each
institute
is
presided over
by
a senior scientist or
acade-
mician.
Apparently
in the Russian
system,
the
presiding scientist of
an
institute has
a great
deal
of
freedom and
independence from bureau-
cratic dictation as to the kind of work under-
taken.
This reviewer
has seen nothing about
the organization of
scientific work conducted
by Russian military organizations.
One must
presume that the organization
parallels the
civil ian
institute,
with
a mil itary officer
in
charge,
assisted by
a chief
scientist.
Parapsychological
investigations
in the
Soviet Union
are probably conducted
in two
types of circumstance:
first,
work that
is
not officially sanctioned or
funded
by the
Russian government;
and
second,
work that
is
officially supported and
is conducted
in
a
military research
laboratory or
in
a
laboratory
that
is
an adjunct to another
institution.
In the first type of circumstances,
the
investigators themselves are employed
in
research
institutes to do other types of
work.
Their work on parapsychology
is conducted on
the side,
perhaps on their own time.
Where
possible,
they employ the facilities of the
institutes
in which they work.
For example,
a shielded room used
for testing electronic
apparatus also may be used
for subjects
and
Investigators
in mental
telepathy experiments.
Special
test equipment has to be borrowed or
bootlegged
from other projects
in the
institute,
built on their own time,
or purchased with
money contributed by the
investigators them-
selves.
The results of
such work seem to be
published
in the unclassified
literature.
Apparently,
official
government disapproval
of
such work does
not preclude publication of
results.
As
an
Indication of this condition
(as previously mentioned),
barium titanqte
slabs coated with
silver may have been
used
as electrodes because pure silver
was
not readily available.
In the second type of circumstance,
government approval
of the work seems to
imply the
intent to use the results to the
advantage of the military or the secret
police.
The officially sanctioned work^
if
there
is
any,
seems to be classified.
The
laboratory
itself
would be camouflaged.
It
would
probably be part of another organization,
such
as
a military research
laboratory qr
a
psychiatric hospital.
In
any event,
the camou-
flage would
be fairly difficult to penetrate,
since
a parapsychological
laboratory would
not
have
unusual
requirements
for electrical
power,
material
supplies,
or test equipment.
The
staff would probab
l y consi st of
psychologists,
biologists,
physicists,
electrical
engineers,
mathematicians,
technicians,
and some "gifted"
subjects.
Much of the work of
Vasilyev was
conducted with subjects who had psycho-
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logical
or psychiatric problems.
It would thus
be
logical
to
locate the secret parapsycho-
logical
laboratory
in
a mental
hospital.
It
Is reported that the Russians tend to sentence
political
deviates to mental
hospitals rather
than
prisons.
It might
be possible to
learn
from
interviewing political
deviates
and other
patients who have been released
from Russian
mental
hospitals.
CONCLUSIONS
.
From the review of essentially open
Soviet
I Iterature,
the
following conclusions
are made:
(1)
The Soviets
have done significant
work on
signal
extraction,
statis-
tical,
and
information theory
approaches to
novel
biophysical
information transfer mechanisms.
(2)
The Soviets have done creditable
work on the electrostatics of
telekinesis and have probably
now
turned their
attention to the
psychophys iol oglca
I
aspects of
the
phenomenon
(3)
The Soviets have
an
interest
in
remote physiological
monitors,
have
developed one or two new
instruments,
and
are probably
involved
In R&D
in
this
area.
C 4
)
The
Soviets
had
and probably
still
have
an
interest
in the physics of
N3IT transmission mechanisms and
are
probably doing research
in this
area.
(5)
There
is
a
developing
interest
In
the Soviet Bloc to apply psycho-
physiological
training methods
(similar
to biofeedback)
to develop
control
over
NBIT mechanisms.
(6)
All
the Soviet research that
has been
reviewed
suffers from the
lack of
an
interdiscipl inary approach.
(7)
The Soviets are
investigating the
psychophysiology of multimodal,
programmed
stimulation
as
a method
to entrain
physiological
rhythms and
produce changes
in states of con-
sc
i ousness
(8)
A systematic,
i nterd
i sci p
I
i nary
approach
to NBIT
by the Soviets would
require only
a modest commitment of
resources.
A
smal
I
number of
key
personnel
with
an adequate supporting
staff of
engineers
and technicians
could make substantial
headway
in
this area.
At this
stage,
in our
opinion no unique technological
breakthrough
is required—only care-
ful
Investigation.
In addition,
no
unique features such
as physical
plant,
facilities,
services,
or
equipment would specifically
identify
an NBIT R&D
laboratory from other
types of
I aboratories.
These conclusions are drawn
in
spite of
the
fact
that most
of the published material
we have reviewed
is confusing,
Inaccurate,
and of
I ittle value
from
a
scientific point
of
view.
In this respect,
the review team
may have erred
in the direction of trying to
make too much
sense from
a
smal
I
data base.
REFERENCES
1.
Ryzl
,
Milan,
1968,
"Parapsychology
in
Communist Countries of Europe,"
International
J.
of Parapsychology ,
Vol
.
10,
No.
3,
p.
263.
2.
Kogan,
I.M.,
1969,
"The
Information
Theory
Input
of Telepathy,"
from UCLA
symposium entitled
"A New Look at ESP".
3.
Sergeyev,
G.A.,
"Principles of
Spectral
Analysis of
B top
I asmagrams During
Emotional
Stress",
Kontrol
Sostoyaniya
Che
I oveka-Operator ,
1970,
p.
18.
4.
Sergeyev,
G.A.,
"Some Methodological
Problems
in Parapsy,"
Telepatie
a
Jasnov
1 dnost ,
1970,
p.
79.
5.
Mut shall,
Vladimir,
"The Present State
of Research
in Telepathy
in the Soviet
Union."
6.
Targ,
Russell,
and
Harold Puthoff,
Information Transmission
under Conditions
of
Sensory Shielding," Nature ,
251,
1974.
7.
Adamenko,
V.G.,
"Some Problems of Bio-
logical
Electrodynamics
and Psycho-
energetics," Nekotoryve
Vop
Biol
Elekl
Psikh ,
Moscow,
Russian,
pp.
to
29.
8.
Adamenko,
V.G.,
"Some Problems of Bio-
logical
Electrodynamics and Psycho-
energetics,"
Certain Problems of Bio-
logical
Electrodynamics
and Psycho-
energet
i cs ,
Moscow,
Russian,
pp.
22 to
29.
9.
Cohen,
D.,
Sc
i ence ,
Vol.
161,
pp.
784 to
786
10.
Ostrander
and
Schroeder,
Psychic Dis -
coveries Behind the
Iron Curtain ,
Prentice
Hal
I
,
1970,
p.
20.
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11.
Ostrander
and
Schroeder,
Psycnic Dis-
coveries Behind the
I ron
Cijr-FaTr^
Prent ice
Hall,
1970,
pp
73 to
74.
12.
Kongro,
A.,! "Emotion Detector Experiments,"
Znan
i ye
S
1 a .
No.
7,
Moscow,
Russian,
1972,
pp.
to
36.
13.
Sergeyev,
6. A.,
"Detection
of Telekinesis
by Semi-Conductors," Abstract
from
Telepatie
A Janovidnost ,
Translated
by
T.
Waskova.
14.
Sergeyev,
Q.A.,
Shushkov*,
G.D.,
and
E.G.
Gr
i ashuh
I n," Bioenergetics Questions
(Mater
i a
I
of
the
$c lent
i f Tc~MethodorogTca
Seminar
i n ATma-Ata
)
, Dom^rdvsky ,~87aT,
Sergeyev,
G.A.,
and
B.M.
Inyushln,
editors,
Southern California Society
of
Psychical
Research,
Inc.,
1972,
pp.
17-1
to
17-4.
15.
Sergeyev,
G.A.,
"Some Methodological
Problems
of! Parapsychol ogy, " Telepatie
A
Jasnovidnost ,
Prague,
1 970 ^
pp.
to
87.
Also
in Translations on
Czechoslovakia,
GV0 No.
7727 JPRS L/4922 ,
U.S.
Joint
Publications Research
Service,
June
3,
1974,
pp.
to
13.
16.
Sergeyev,
G.A.,
Shushkov,
G.D.,
and
E.G.
Griasnuhin,
"A New Detector
for
Registering the Physiological
Functions
of
the Organism," Bioenergetics Questions
(Material
of the Scientific Met hodoTog Tea
I
Seminar
in Alma-Ata)
,
Dombrovsky,
B.A.,
Sergeyev,
G.A.,
and
B.M.
Inyushln,
editors,
Southern California Society
for Psychical
Research,
Inc.,
1972,
pp.
18-1
to
18-2.
17.
Pushkin,
V.N.,
"Knowledge-Strength,
Znani je-Si la ,
No.
10,
1972,
pp.
4 to 49.
18.
Parnov,
Je.j,
Nauka
i
Rellgija,
No.
3,
1:966,
pp.
48, to
49.
19.
Ruder fer r Martin,, "Neutrino Theory
of
Extrasensory Perception,"
Abstracts:
1st
international
Conference on Psycho-
tron ics ,
Vol.
2,
Prague,
June
1973,
ppTTFo
13.
*Also referenced
as Suskov
in the
I iterature.
20.
Barrett
and Myers,
Science,
Vol.
190,
Nov.
14,
1975,
pp.
669 to
671
.
21.
Sergeyev,
G.A.,
Telepatie
a
Jasnovidnost,
Prague,
Czechoslovakia,
1970,
pp.
79 to
87.
22.
Presman,
A.S.,
"Electromagnetic
Signaling
in Animate Nature,"
Moscow,
1974.
23.
Harvalik,
Z.V.,
"A Biophysical
Magneto-
meter-Grad iometer, "
Virginia
Jour
,
Sc
,
Vol.
21,
No.
2,
1970,
pp.
59 to
60.
24.
Fuilah,
S.M.,
Selective Psychoenerget
i
c
Activities—Annotated
Blbl lography ,
prepared
for
Dept
.
' of the "Srmy 7 Contract
DAAK0273-M-4729,
MRU,
Task
No.
106,
July
1973.
25.
Belenkig,
3.,
"LIDA Apparatus
for
Biorhythmol og
i cal
Studies,"
Sovetskaya
Moldaviya,
Russian,
No.
8,
December
1973,
p.
4.
26.
Rabichev,
L.Y.,
et
.
al.,
Apparatus
for
the Treatment of Neuropsychic
and
Somatic
Diseases with
Heat,
Light,
Sound,
and
VHF Electromagnetic Radiation,"
U.S.;
Patent
No.
3,773,049,
November
20,
1973.
27.
Bragin,
V.,
and
P.
Petrov,
"Hypnotizing
Machines," Nauka
I
.
Reli gi ya ,
No.
6,
1974,
pp.
34 to 35.
28.
VasiMyev,
L.L.,
Experimental
Studies
of
Mental
Suggestion ,
JPRS
59,163,
Joint
Pub
I icat ions Research
Service,
May
1973.
29.
Sergeyev,
G.A.,
and
V.V.
Kulagin,
"The
Interaction of Bioplasmic Fields of
Living Organisms with Light
Photon
Sources,"
Bi oenergetics Questions
(Material
of
the
Sc
i ent
i f rc~Methodot
logical
Seminar
in Alma-Ata)
,
Dombrovsky,
. A
.T^ergeyev ,
G .A
.
, and^TM
.
Inyushin,
editors,
Southern California Society
for
Psychical
Research,
Inc.,
1972,
pp.
14-1
to
14-2.
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INPROVING
REAL
TINE
ESP
BY SUPPRESSING
THE
FUTURE:
TRANS-TENPORAL
INHIBITION
Charles
T.
Tart
University
of California,
Davis,
CA
95616
SUNNARY
During retrospective analysis
of
the data
of
a highly successful experiment
on
teaching
real
time
ESP ability
through
the
provision of
immediate
feedback of results,
extremely strong,
belou chance missing
of
the immediately future
target
urns
found,
a precognitive ESP
effect#
This
avoidance of the
future was
highly correlated
with
the magnitude of
the
real
time ESP used:
the more
real
time ESP hitting,
the more
the im-
mediate
future was avoided.
These results
are
consistent with
a
theory
of another dimension
of
the mind,
the duration of whose "experienced
present" includes
times which,
to ordinary con-
sciousness,
are past and
future#
Tapping
into
this other mental dimension
is
not useful
for
using
real
time ESP
per
se ,
for past and
future
information constitute
noise.
Trans-temporal
inhibition ,
a
type of edge detection process
ex-
tending over
time,
enhances
detection of
the
desired
real
time
ESP information
by actively
suppressing
the
ESP derived information about
the immediate past and future
(postcognition and
precognition)# Application
of
this
theory allows
calculation of
the degree
to which percipients
are strategy-bound,
applying maladaptive guess-
ing strategies instead of trying
to detect rele-
vant ESP signals.
An initial experimental
test
of one of
the implications of
the theory,
shift-
ing of the areas
of inhibition
by change
of
psychological
focus,
further supports
the
theory.
A relatively universal information sharpening
technique
thus seems
to
be
employed in using
ESP.
One
of
the major problems
that undermines
efficient functional study of
the nature of
extrasensory perception
(ESP)
is
the unreli-
ability,
overall
low level of manifestation,
and
prevalence
of decline effects when
ESP
is studied
in
the laboratory.
In the vast majority of exper-
iments,
even when
ESP
is present
to
a statistic-
ally significant
degree,
the vast majority of
responses
made
by percipients are simply
guesses,
and only
a very tiny
fraction
of
them
are
ESP:
the signal
to
noise ratio
is
very poor,
making study of
the characteristics of
the signal
difficult.
As percipients continue
to work at
ESP
tasks,
it
is very common
for them
to decline
in performance
aijd 2 eventually
be reduced
to mere
chance guessing.
f
Ten years ago 5
I
theorized
that
this was due
to lack of immediate feedback
to percipients,
so
they could not learn
to
dis-
tinguish subtle characteristics of mental events
that indicated when they were generally using
ESP from mere guessing processes.
This
theory
has recently been elaborated#^
Two major studies
have now been carried
out
in my laboratory,
one already published 5
and
the second 6 being prepared
for publication,
that strongly support
the hypotheses
that:
(1)
the provision of immediate
feedback
to percipi-
ents with some ESP talent at
the start
of
training can slow down or eliminate
the common
decline effect (stabilize performance),;
(2)
can allow
some percipients
to
learn;
and
(3)
the degree of learning
(improving performance)
in
the feedback situation
is directly propor-
tional
to
the ESP level
a given percipient
initially brings
to
the
training sessions.
These developments suggest that efficient
functional studies may soon
be possible.
In the course of post hoc analysis
of
the first Training Study,
some remarkably strong
effects produced by precognition ,
ESP cognition
of immediately future events,
were discovered,
and
confirmed
in subsequent analysis of
the
second Training Study data.
These precognitive
Bf facts,
and their theoretical implications
for an information processing mechanism used
for enhancing real time
ESP,
named trans-
temporal inhibition , will
be the focus of
this
paper.
The data on learning
ESP per se are
available elsewhere, 6,6 and will not be dis-
cussed
further
here except when they are
relevant
to
the main
focus.
OVERVIEW
OF THE EXPERINENTAL
PROCEDURE
Figure
provides an overview of
the
general procedure of each
of
the two studies.
Since
the learning theory predicted
that per-
cipients
had
to have some demonstrable
ESP
to
begin with
for feedback training
to have much
effect,
it was necessary
to start with rela-
tively talented percipients.
Since percipients
who
can demonstrate individually significant
ESP
in
a short period of testing were assumed
to
be relatively rare,
a
two-stage selection
procedure proceeded
the actual Training
Study,
In
the first stage,
teams of experimenters
gave
quick ESP card guessing
tests
to large
classes of
UC Davis students.
Students who
showed individually significant
ESP hitting
were selected
from these results.
In screening hundreds
of
students
a
certain number were bound
to
score at least
at
the
,05 level
of significance by chance
alone,
so
those
selected students
who
accepted our invitation
to participate
in the
second stage Confirmation Study were given
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SELECTION
JTUOY
CONFIRMATION
STUDY
mm
Scmn law
ol itufcfto aid um
indlvMuls Mltta 2 «ttek cad pmtb|
Uih. icon la tacli Individual,
hnih to CoMImtlw Study
If wfe|Kt
hits
at .05 tmt « battar «. by apai-
MMar'i Jadpatart, aWact rtovs
s#aciM praalif In sfNIt a( low tear*
GIm sack subiKt 2 nan as Afaalw,
2 n*H or TCT, 2 non nms at trtlsar
at Mbiact'i ctoka, to vartfy ESP
ability.
.
ImrHa to Trainhii SMy
It Mbjact
cwtiaaai ta Mt at .05 la nl
battar or, It aiyalnawtat'i Mr
mat, sbevi stacfil fmto»
Manual N»nM by apan
naatwi (M MivMtals aw
sail ESP Mltty
TRAINING
STUDY
EacR Nbjact Nat 20 nm at 25
trials each wRb tamdMt faad-
bacb, Ktlai Ota am Mai*
acbiaa at hit chalet
Evalaats Rawlti
Fig.
1#;
Sequential
selection procedure
in
the
two Training
Studies.
six individual test runs
of
trials
each.
Two
were on the ten-choice trainer (described below),
two were on the
Aquarius Model
1000
ESP
trainer,
a four-choice machine,
and
two more
on whichever
of
the
two machines each student preferred
to
do
two more runs on.
Since it would
be highly un-
likely that
a student who made
the criterion
in
the Selection Study by chance alone would also
make the criterion of individual significance
in the Confirmation Study (/.OS/ x /Tos/ =
.0025),
we assumed that almost all students who
scored significantly
in both studies probably
had genuine ESP
talent,
and
they were invited
to
the Training
Study.
A
few students went directly into
the
Con-
firmation Study without going
through
the
Selec-
tion Study because individual experimenters
had
other reasons
to suspect
they might have demon-
strable
ESP ability.
life will deal only with data from
the ten-
choice
trainbr
(TCT)
in
both
the Training Studies
in
this
paper,
as individual
trial data was
not
recorded
for
the
Aquarius four-choice trainer in
the first study.
Ten student percipeints com-
pleted
the first Training
Study and
seven new
percipients completed
the second
Training
Study.
"Completed” means doing 20 runs of
25 trials
each on
the
TCT,
over several
sessions,
our
priori criterion.
Results
in
this
paper
deal
with Training
Study data.
THE TEN-CHOICE TRAINER
The
TCT consisted
of
a percipient* s and
experimenter/sender
1 s console.
The
two consoles
were located
in separate
rooms,
as shown
in
Figure
2.
The percipient
or
"receiver” was alone
in
the laboratory room shown
in
the lower left-
hand corner Of
Figure
2,
sitting
in front
of
his
Fig.
2.
Arrangement of
the experimental
laboratories.
console.
A
TV camera was focused on the console.
The experimenter/sender was inside
a Faraday
cage constructed
of thin copper sheets soldered
together over an otherwise ordinarily constructed
room,
and
this
Faraday cage was
inside another
room,
across
the hall
from
the percipient’s
room.
The shielding
of
the
Faraday cage was
not
intact,
however,
due
to power cables apd
the
TV monitor and TCT interconnecting cables.
The
laboratory arrangement
for the Aquarius 4-choice
trainer are also
shown,
although
I
shall
not
deal with data
from
that trainer
in
this paper.
Figure
is
a diagram of
the arrange-
ment of
the percipients*
console.
It had
ten
unlit lamps arranged
in
a circle about
inches
in diameter,
with
a miniature playing
card glued beside each lamp
to numerically
identify
them.
A
response push button was
located beside each lamp. When the
Ready
lamp
in
the center of
the console
came
on,
the
percipient knew
that
the experimenter/sender
had
selected
(in accordance with
the output
of
a random number generator,
to
be described
later)
one of
the
ten lamps as
a target,
and
was
trying
to telepathically
"send"
the
identity of that target
to
him.
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Fig#
3,
Layout of
the percipient's
(receiver's)
TCT (ten-choice
trainer)
console#
Target #4
is
shown
as
lit,
indicating it was
the
correct target
for whatever
the
percipient's response was#
The percipient could respond quickly or take
as much
time
as
he wished
to make his decision#
When he had decided
on which number he though
the
target was,
he pushed
the response button beside
its
electrical circuitry immediately scored
his
response as
a hit or miss,
and lighted
the lamp
on
the percipient's
console which corresponded
to
the correct
target,
so
the percipient had
immediate feedback on whether he was
right or
wrong# When
he was
right
a chime rang inside
his
console,
as well
as
the correct light coming
on.
If,
on
a given trail,
a percipient felt
he
had
no
idea what the
target was,
he could push
the Pass switch,
signalling
to
the experimenter/
sender that he would
like
a new
target#
A
pass
was
not counted as
a hit or miss,
and
no feedback
on correct target identity was given.
Percipients
rarely
used
the
pass
option,
A circuit diagram
of
the
TCT is available elsewhere 5 #
Figure
is a drawing of
the experimenter/
sender's console and
the
TV monitor mounted above
it.
Except
for operating controls,
such as power
switches,
this
console was
laid
out identically
to
the percipient's
console#
In pilot work with
the
TCT,
my students and
I
found
that many percipients would slowly
run
their hand around
the circle of unlit lamps,
trying
to get some kind
of
"impression'’
as
to
when they were over the correct lamp.
The TCT
was designed so
no electrical or physical differ-
ences
of any sort existedB,
so,
on
the
null
hypothesis of no
ESP,
this was an irrelevant
procedure.
Because of
this,
however,
we
had
a TV
camera focused on
the percipient's hand movements
so
the sender could
tell when
the percipient was
"hot" or "cold," and
so could intensify,
diminish
or modify his sending
effort accordingly.
Fig#
4#
Layout of
the experimenter/
sender's TCT console*
Target
#3 has
been selected and
the
experimenter,
watching
the
image of
thB percipient's hand
movements
on
the
TV monitor,
is
trying
to
"send"
the percipient
a telepathic message
to
"Go
back!" since
the percipient has
just moved his hand past the
correct #3 target
to
the #2
target#
The experimenter/senders found
this
full
feed-
back of ongoing process
to sender
to
be extremely
involving,
and
I
think it is
quite important,
although
I
have not assessed its effect inde-
pendently.
In
terms
of training people
to
use
ESP,
we were actually training each experimenter/
sender and
percipient as
a team , with
full
feed-
back
to
each*
Electrical counters
on
the TCT automatic-
ally recorded
the number
of trials and
the
number
of hits.
Runs were standardized at 25
trials#
If,
as
rarely happened,
the pass option
was used,
additional
trials were given so
the
total
of
scored trials was
25.
On other rare
occasions,
when an experimenter accidentally
ran one or
two more trials
than
25,
all data
beyond 25
trials were deleted.
RANDOM NUMBER GENERATOR
Target selection was controlled
by an
electronic random number generator
(RNG).
This
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was
of the "electronic roulett wheel"
type,
with
one megahertz clock cycling
a zero
to nine counter
over and over again#
The length of
time the clock
was connected
to
the counter was controlled by the
experimenter/sender manually depressing
a push
button#
Since controlable human reaction
time
is
several orders of magnitude slower than
the clock
speed,
which; output from zero
to nine
is selected
is
a random
event#
The circuit of the
RNG,
designed
by Dana Redington,
is shown in Figure
5.
automatically on both machines#
PSYCHOLOGICAL FOCUS
DM REAL TIME EVENTS
In both Training Studies,
neither
I,
my experimenters,
nor the percipients
had any
interest
in precognition.
Our conception of
the
experiment was
that we were trying
to train
real time
ESP,
either clairvoyance
(direct
perception of
the state of
the
TCT)
or
Fig#
5#
Circuit
of
the random number generator
(RNG) used
to generate targets
for
the TCT#
Integrated circuits are Signetics
types
7404,
7400,
7447,
and
7490#
Seven segment
display
is
a L.itronix Data Lite
10#
Empirical
tests,
using
a Chi-square analysis
for
equal incidence
of individual
targets and equal
incidence of all
100 possible pairs of target
selections,
on 1000 trial
teist blocks collected
before and after the first Training
Study,
showed
satisfactory randomicity.
IjJes did
not
test for
even higher level possible sequential effects
(triplets,
quadruplets,
etc#)
as
there
is
no
theoretical
reason
to expect any sequential ef-
fects with this
type of
RNG#
The
TCT was used
to gather the data in
the
first Training
Study#
Lie replaced
it
in
the
second Training Study with
a more sophisticated
and somewhat more automated version,
ADEPT
(Advanced Decimal Extrasensory Perception
Trainer),
designed and constructed by Dana
Redington 7
, which was similar to
the TCT except
for the fact that individual
trial
data was re-
corded automatically by teletypewriter,
and
the
RNG was internal
to
the machine,
whereas with
the TCT the individual trial data was recorded
by hand and
the RNG was external to the machine#
Total trials and total hits were both recorded
telepathic
(perception of
the experimenter/
sender's knowledge of
the correct target)
transmission
of
ESP information.
This
psycho-
logical focus
is important
to
note,
in light
of later results.
Figure
6 illustrates
the
temporal aspects
of target generation.
Given that
a target had
already been generated and
the TCT activated
(Ready light comes
on
on the percipient's
console)
for trial
N,
a percipient would
take
a
variable period of
time,
from
a second or two
to sometimes minutes,
to decide on what
he
Fig#
6#
Temporal sequence
of target
generations#
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thought the target was.
He would
then push
a
response button,
giving himself feedback and
lighting
a target lamp on
the experimenter/
sender’s console showing what the percipient’s
response had
been.
The experimenter/sender re-
corded
the response on his
record sheet (the target
had already been noted),
turned off
the
TCT,
and
then triggered
the RNG
to select the
next random
number.
When this selection
had been mads,
in
a
second or
so,
he
switched
on
the target
lamp
for
trial
N +
1.
During
the time
that
a percipient was
trying
to
use
ESP
to determine what the current,
real
time target was,
then,
the target
for
the next
trial had
not yet come into
existence,
nor
could it
be inferred
from any knowledge
of cur-
rent events.
The RNG had
not yet been activated*
Any significant information about the
future
targets,
then,
would have
to
be due
to precog-
nition*
SCORING RESPONSES
For evaluating
the presence
of ESP and sub-
sequent analysis of learning
effects,
we were
interested
in real time hits,
and
all scoring
was
done for such hits.
The top third of
Figure
7 shows
data from an actual
run
from percipient
E1S5.
The
top
row shows
the
targets
that were
sequentially generated,
the second
row the
percipient’s response
to each
one.
Real
time hits
are circled.
There were six of
them for this
particular run.
This happened
to
be
an individually
significant run,
as
the exact
1-tailed binomial
probability of
6 or more
hits in 25 trials
(with
a
P of
.1)
is
in 100.
E1SS, Run #3
Targets
7 /SVS) 7
B
8 /67 1
0^9
$
Responses 4
8 (gjg/ 4 \g/ 7
9(5/ 7 (4
6^/ 2
REGISTER SHIFT FOR +1 TEMPORAL DISPLACEMENT
^TRIALS - 24
Targets
3762796078374851490794385
Responses 4852497517283957456725064
REGISTER SHIFT FOR -1 TEMPORAL DISPLACEMENT
#TRIALS - 24
Targets
6 0/^8
1 490794385
Responses 48524975l\y283957456725064
Fig.
7.
Target and response sequences
for
percipient
E1S5,
third
run,
illus-
trating scoring techniques
for real
time hits,
+1
precognitive
hits,
and
-1
postcognitive hits.
there were important precognitive effects worth
looking at.
ThB computer was reprogrammed
to do
temporal displacement analyses
then,
in the
style shown
in
the middle and lower thirds
of
Fiaure
7.
To
see
if
a response given
by
a percipient
at time
N was
a hit or
a miss on
the target at
trial
N +1,
the
+1
temporal displacement,
the
response register was uniformly shifted
one
position forward
in
time.
In the example shown,
there were
no hits with
this
procedure.
N
is
reduced
to
for such
a shift,
as
the
last
response has
no future
target
to
be scored
against.
To
look
at
-1
past temporal displacement,
as
shown in
the bottom third
of
the figure,
the
response register
is shifted uniformly
back-
wards one position.
In
this
case there was
hit
by
this
procedure.
N
is again reduced
to 24.
A similar procedure allows
looking at any
temporal displacement,
forward
(+1
through
+24)
or back
(-1
through -24).
In looking at possible
hits displaced
forward
in
time,
any significant deviations
from chance expectation must
be due
to some
kind
of precognitive ESP,
for,
as discussed
earlier,
these targets
did
not yet exist and
could
not be predicted
from any knowledge
(sensory
or extrasensory)
of current events.
In
looking
at temporal
shifts backwards,
my
immediate reaction was
to
believe these would
indicate something about ordinary psychological
processes
in the percipient:
because
of
the
immediate
feedback of results,
percipients
knew
what
the
immediately past
target had been
(to
the extent
that they had
not forgotten
it).
The
situation may
be more complex than
that
for
past displacements,
however,
as we shall see
later.
ESP
HISSING
An interesting effect that has
been reported
in many dozens
of published
ESP experiments 8 *^
is what
is
called ESP-missing
(or psi-missing )
,
scoring that
is significantly below chance
expectation.
Scoring below chance expectation
can indicate as much ESP
is operating
as
scoring above chance expectation
can.
If you
are
guessing whether the cards
in
an ordinary deck
are red
or
black,
for example,
getting zero
right
is
just as significant as getting all
right.
Although
I
knew that it was relatively
routine in parapsychological experiments
to
check
for possible precognitive effects,
I personally
had no
real interest in them,
and had
not gotten
around
to such checking until some analyses
for
another purpose
by
a colleague in the Genetics
Department,
Lila Gatlin,
suggested
to me that
In terms
of
a model underlying
the process,
some non-conscious part of
the mind must use
ESP
to
correctly identify certain targets,
and
then influence conscious guessing processes
to
make
sure that these targets are not guessed
correctly.
This
has been associated with moti-
vation
in
a number of parapsychological studies:
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percipients who have an
a priori disbelief
in
ESP,
and who are statistically naive,
but who
(like most of us),
think that the worse you score
on
a
test
the
less
you
know,
have often been
shown
to score significantly below chance,
thus
thinking
they have validated
their belief
that
there
is
no
such phenomena as ESplOfU*
ESP MISSING
IN THE FIRST TRAINING STUOY
The
10 percipients who
completed
the
first
Training
Stjjdy showed exceptionally significant
results in terms
of real
time hitting.
For their
total of
5000 trials 12
,
we would expect
500 hits
by chance,
but 722 were observed#
The two-tailed
probability
of such
an occurrence,
using
the
normal approximation
to
the binomial,
is
2x10-25,
This corresponded,
for
the group
as
a whole,
to
an average bf
3.61
hits
per
run of
25,
rather
than
the average of 2*50
expected
by chance.
There was considerable individual variation,
of course,
Liith
a
few percipients apparently having
their overt manifestation
of
ESP suppressed
in
terms
of rebl
time hitting and
not showing indi-
vidual significance,
a finding often associated
with changed
in psychological conditions 8 such
as
we
had
in going
from the Confirmation
to
the
Training Study.
But five of
the
10 percipients
showed exceptionally significant individual
scores#
The least of
these
5 averaged
3#90 hits
per run,
for a
P
of 4x10-5,
and
the most signifi-
cant averaged
6.20 hits per
run,
for an individual
p
of 4x1 cr 2
;B
.
In scoring
for hits
on
the
+1
future
trial,
there were 4,790 trials where
a hit could have
occurred
(a
few possibilities were
lost when an
experimenter inadvertently gave only 24 trials
in
a
run,
as well
as
the routine
loss
of
trial in
each run),
:so 479 hits would
be expected
by chance.
Only 318 hits occurred:
this would occur
by
chance with
a 2-tailed probability of 8x10”^#
Thus
some part of
the percipients’
minds was
occasionally using precognition
to know what
the
+1
future target was
and
then affecting
the
conscious guessing
of
the real
time target
to
be
sure
it was not what the
+1
target would
be.
All
other possible future displacements
(+2,
+3
.
.
.
+24) were checked,
but were not of such obvious
significance,
and
so will not
be reported on
in
this paper#
Past temporal displacements were also
checked,
and
a rather regular pattern was
found for
the
-1
and -2 displacements#
Figure
is
a bar
graph of
this
for
a percipient,
E1S1,
whose
individual pattern
is
typical
of that of many
other percipients#
He made
real
time hits,
when
50 would
be expected
by chancB,
P « 4x10"5 f
2-tailed*
His avoidance of
the immediate
+1
future
was also extremely significant,
P = 3x10-4,
1-tailed.
His avoidance of
the immediate
-1
past was
even greater,
P = 5x10-8 f
1 -tailed.
This
avoidance of
-1
past targets being greater
than
HITTING
Fig#
8.
Scoring pattern over all
500 trials
(20 runs)
of percipieni E1S1
for -3,
-2,
-1,
real
time,
and
+1
temporal displacements.
Units of
vertical
axis or standard normal
deviates
(Z-scores,
o*
).
the avoidance
of
the
+1
future was
the typical
pattern
for almost all percipients#
The past
targets at
the -2 displacement
were also significantly avoided,
but
by
the -3
displacement and
for other greater
temporal
displacements,
the group
average was generally
small,
being only non-significant variations
around chance.
This suggests something
in ac-
cordance with known psychological facts about
people’s guessing habits,
namely
tha^ percip-
ients
strongly avoid making their guess
identical
to what
the immediately previous
target has been,
a similar psychological avoid-
ance holds,
but
is
not quite
so strong,
by
two
targets back,
and
is pretty much inoperative
by
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three or more targets back.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
REAL
TIME HITTING
AND AVOIDING
THE FUTURE
It
turns out that
this precognitive avoid-
ance of
the immediate
+1
future in
the first
Training Study was
not an isolated
event,
but was
quite strongly and negatively
related
to
the
degree of real
time hitting,
figure
9 shows
the
magnitude of
the real
time hitting and
the
+1
missing
(hitting
in one case)
for each individual
percipient.
The vertical axis
is
Z
or O' score,
with anything greater
than
conventionally
being accepted as statistically significant.
I
hitting o
fig.
9.
Relationship
between
real
time
hitting,
+1
future missing,
and
strategy-boundness,
first Training
Study.
have ordered
the
real
time hitting scores from
the highest on
the left down through the greatest
degree of missing on the
real
time target
to
the
right.
The rather good ordering of missing scores
on
the
+1
future target that then results
is
an
indication of
the strength of the relationship
between these
two measures,
which,
statistically
speaking,
should
be totally independent.
The
dotted lines are fitted regression lines.
As
can
be seen,
there
is
an extremely strong rela-
tionship:
the more
a percipient tends
to
hit on
the
real
time target by
ESP,
the more
he tends
to avoid
the
+1
future target.
The correlation
is -.835,
P <
.005,
2-tailed.
A rank order
correlation,
which makes somewhat
less assump-
tions about the characteristics
of
the numerical
scaling 13
,
gives
r « -.69,
a slight increase.
We shall consider the lower
graph,
labeled
strategy-boundedness,
later.
The small squares
beside
each individual
percipient’s data indicate when
the real time
hits were significantly different from the
+1
future missing
by
a t-test,
applied over the
runs
of each individual percipient.
Six
of
the
10 percipeints
show 9uch significant differences,
including one whose real
time hitting
no
longer
showed individual significance
by
itself.
As
a
further test
to be certain that
the
negative relationship
between real
time hitting
and
+1
future missing
in the first Training
Study did
not result from peculiar numerical
properties of
the target and response sequences,
a control experiment was
carried out
in which
the target sequence for each percipient was
paired with
the response sequence
from some
other percipient and
the same analyses carried
out.
There were
no significant
"real
time"
hits,
no significant
+1
missing,
and
no
rela-
tionship between
the
two*
PSYCHOKINESIS
AS
AN ALTERNATIVE
TO
PR ECOGNITION?
Because numerous studies
have
shown that
humans can influence the output
of electronic
RNGs simply
by willing some outputs
to
come
up
more frequently 14
(psychokinesis,
PK),
and
be-
cause we could
not
be sure
that some of our
percipients might not unconsciously use
PK on
the
RNG,
rather than just using
ESP
to
know
the
state
of
the machine or
the experimenter/sender’s
mind,
we made an
a. priori decision
to
test
our
RNGs
for randomness before and after our Training
Studies,
but not during
them, when percipients
might
be
"on line" in
the sense
of being con-
cerned about and
possibly influencing
the
RNGs.
As
a
P° 3 ^ hoc ,
exploratory study,
we
did test
the individual
target sequences of each
percipient
for randomicity,
and
found
that
of
the
17 sequences
(both Training Studies combined)
did show statistically significant departures
from randomicity,
as
per
our hypothesis
that our
percipients might unconsciously use PK
on
the
RNGs.
Two
of
the nonrandom target sequences were
for
the
two highest scoring percipients
in
the
first Training Study,
E1S3 and
E1S5.
Although
the magnitude of
these target sequence departures
from randomicity was
small compared
to
the mag-
nitude of
the
ESP effects,
suggesting that these
percipients occasionally used PK on
the RNG but
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