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III
OVERVIEW
(U)
A.
(U)
History
(S/NF)
Major
DoD/ Intelligence Community
interest,
in assessing
the
potential
of psychoenergetics
for mil itary/ intel ligence applications
began
a
little over
a decade
ago
(1972),
and has
involved
SRI
International
as
a
major contractor,
and
a number
of
agencies
as
sponsors
(CIA,
FTD
,
MIA,
DIA,
and
so
forth).
The effort was compartmentalized under
the code work
MGRILL FLAME”
in
1978,
and
in
1979
an
in-house applications program was
set up
by Army
INSCOM.
(U)
The primary goals
of
the
1972-1980 time
frame were
to explore
the
major categories
of phenomena,
and
to determine
the baseline credibility,
reliability,
and statistics
of
those phenomena
that appeared viable.
In
these
studies,
the credibility of remote viewing was established with high
certainty.
B.
(U)
Three-Year Program
(S/NF)
In
1981,
a three-year
(FY
1981
through
1983)
Joint Services
Integrated Program was
set up under
single-agency
(DIA) management.
The
program, which was applications
oriented,
had
as
its goal
the development
of
the remote viewing phenomenon
to
a point where
it could
be used
to gain
intelligence information with
some reliability.
The program was designed
to assist DIA
in evaluating
the potential
threat
of
foreign achievements
in psychoenergetics,
and
to determine
if remote viewing could
be
sufficiently
developed
for
in-house
DoD use.
(S/NF)
At
the beginning
of
the three-year program,
a considerable
data base
on remote viewing had
already been established.
This
included
ic
open-literature publication of
earlier work by
SRI
and replication
studies
(U)
References
are
listed
at
the end
of
this report.
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(S/NF)
Vc
by others, 2
as well
as numerous classified
reports
on
RV
s t.udies
. 3
’ 4
* 5
The ground rule
for
the
three-year program was
that
the existence
of
the
basic remote-viewing phenomenon was assumed--proof
of
the phenomenon was
not explicitly pursued.
(Some pragmatic measure
of demonstration
of
existence was provided,
however,
by assessment
of
the quality
of
results
obtained
in
tests,
including operational
tests,
performed
under
the double-
blind conditions.)
Issues
related
to scientific understanding of
the
phenomena,
or
to phenomena-transmiss ion mechanisms,
were also not addressed
because
this was
beyond project scope
and available resources.
(S/NF)
Under
these assumptions,
SRI tasking was
twofold:
(1)
RV technology
•
Develop
techniques
to
increase reliability of
RV
•
Develop state-of-the-art RV training program
•
Transfer
RV technology
to client community.
(2)
Intelligence
studies
•
Track foreign efforts
(especially Warsaw Pact,
PRC)
•
Provide estimates
of
threat potential.
(S/NF)
In designing
the
three-year program,
it was recognized
that
effective use
of
RV technology
as
a routine
intelligence-collection
tool
would require
a number
of
elements
to be
in place,
ranging from the
establishment
of personnel
screening/selection procedures
at
the beginning
to
the development
of
a countermeasures
technology
at
the other
end,
in
order
to prevent effective use
of
RV against U.S.
interests.
Therefore,
at
the outset,
nine action-item areas were established.
(1 )
Screening/ selection
(2)
High-accuracy,
high-reliability, multipurpose
RV
,
including:
•
Complete knowledge concerning alternative targeting
strategies,
such
as
targeting
by coordinates
(CRV),
pictures,
ID numbers,
and
so forth.
>v
f(U)
See,
for example,
the report by
the Princeton University Engineering
Anomalies
Research Group under
the
leadership
of
the Dean
of
the
School
of
Engineering
and Applied
Science
(Reference
2).
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(S/NF)
•
Before-the-fact
indicators
of
success,
such
as
the
use
of physiological measures
(e.g.,
audio analysis
of
session
tapes),
calibration
trials,
and
so
forth.
(3)
Location/ tracking
"search" problem
(4)
Training
(5)
Routine operational
RV procedures
(6)
Evaluation
techniques
(7)
Data base management,
integration,
and dissemination
(8)
Intelligence data base
studies concerning foreign use
(9)
Countermeasures,
including:
•
Passive
intrusion detection
•
Shielding,
jamming,
and remote perturbation.
(U)
Program tasking was developed
for each of
the
areas
of
interest
on
a prioritized basis.
The
specific
tasking,
along with
the task-by-task
budgeting,
is
shown
in Figure
1.
As
can
be
seen
in
the
figure,
the primary
focus was
the development
of
RV training procedures,
and
this
is
the program
effort addressed
in
this document.
(U)
The other areas
of
interest are addressed
in separate reports.
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FIGURE
(U)
TASK BUDGETING FOR FISCAL YEARS
1981 TO
1983
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IV
RV ENHANCEMENT/TRAINING
(U)
A.
(U)
General
(S/NF)
The primary focus
in
the
three-year program was
the development
of
RV enhancement/ training procedures.
The purpose was
to determine whether
RV reliability could
be
enhanced,
and whether
RV technology could
be
trans-
ferred
in
a
structured
fashion
to other
individuals.
It was recognized
that positive findings
in
either
area would have great significance both
with regard
to potential
foreign
threat,
and with regard
to
U.S.
application.
(S/NF)
At
the beginning
of
the three-year program
(FY
1981),
SRI,
in conjunction with
its
sponsors, made
a decision
to develop
and
codify
the
most promising
of
the
RV enhancement procedures
that had emerged
from the
earlier
SRI work.
This was
a
six-stage coordinate remote viewing training
procedure
that was developed
by one
of
SRI's
consultants,
Mr.
Ingo
Swann.
The procedure focuses
on
improving
the reliability
of remote viewing
by
controlling
those
factors
that
tend
to
introduce noise
into
the RV product.
The basic components
of
this procedure,
derived empirically on
the basis
of
a decade
of
investigation
into
the
RV process,
consist
of
•
Repeated
target-address
(coordinate)
presentation,
with quick-reaction response by
the remote viewer
(to minimize
imaginative overlays).
•
The use
of
a specially-designed,
acoustic-tiled
,
featureless,
homogeneously-colored viewing chamber
(to minimize environmental
overlays).
•
The adoption
of
a strictly-prescribed,
limited
interviewer patter
(to minimize
interviewer overlay).
(S/NF)
At
this
stage
of
near completion
of
the development,
the RV
training procedure was designed
to proceed
through
six stages
of pro-
ficiency hypothesized
to correspond
to
six
stages
of
increased contact
with
the target
site.
In
a given remote viewing
session,
an experienced
remote viewer
tends
to recapitulate
the
six
stages
in order:
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(S/NF)
Stage
I --Major gestalt
(mountain,
city,
land/water
interface).
Stage
II--Sensory contact
(cold/dry).
Stage
III --Dimens ion
,
motion, mobility
(large mountain,
panoramic view)
.
Stage
IV--Qual itative
and quantitative aspects
(technological
,
cultural,
two buildings).
Stage V--Specific analytical
aspects,
by
interrogating
signal
line
(radar
tracking
function,
ABM defense).
StageVI- -Three -dimensional
contact
(modeling,
layouts,
further analytical
contact).
(S/NF)
As
a measure
of
the progress made with
the
implementation
of
the six-stage training procedure,
data
sets were obtained
(with
the key
SRI
remote viewer)
before
and
after exposure
to
the
training program.
The
viewer was
targeted
on
a series
of randomly-selected
locations
from around
the world
for which good
feedback existed
(nonoperational
targets).
These
tests were carried
out
under
strict protocols,
e.g.,
the use
of
a double-
blind
conditions
(the monitor
as well
as
the viewer were blind
as
to
the
target
site)
to prevent cueing.
(U)
The accuracy
of
the descriptions was
assessed
on
the basis
of
a 0-to-3-point accuracy rating scale,
shown
in Table
1,
and
the results
are
shown
in Figure
2.
The first data
set,
taken
in
1973,
shows
that.- the
number
of responses corresponding
to
a
"hit”
( 2
or above
in
the rating)
was
22 percent.
Over
the
intervening years,
before
initiation
of
the
six-
stage
training procedure,
no noticeable
improvement was
seen
to occur with
practice
.
(U)
The
second
data
set,
taken after exposure
to
the training program,
shows
an
increase
from
to
66 percent
in
the number
of
responses rating
a
or above--a
threefold
improvement.
Thus,
the evidence
supports
the
inference
that
the training procedure
is efficacious
in
improving
the
accuracy
and reliability
of
the
RV function.
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Table
(U)
O-TO-3 -POINT ACCURACY RATING SCALE
FOR TARGET/ TRANSCRIPT CORRESPONDENCE
Level
of Correspondence
Def in it ion
Little or no correspondence
Self-explanatory.
"A miss."
Some correspondence
Mixture
of correct and
incorrect
elements.
Enough
of
the
former
to
indicate possible
"access"
to
the
site,
although chance cannot
be ruled
out.
"Ambiguous
.
Good correspondence
Good description with
several
elements
matching,
but some
incorrect
informa-
tion.
"A hit."
Excellent correspondence
Excellent description.
Unambiguous,
unique matchable elements, with rela-
tively
little
incorrect
information.
"Excellent hit."
UNCLASSIFIED
B .
(U)
Training
by Stages
1.
(U)
Rationale
(U)
The key
to
the
lower
stages
of
the
RV process
(see
Section
IV-A)
is
the recognition
that
the major problem with naive attempts
to
remote view
is
that
the attempt
to visualize
a remote site
tends
to
stimulate memory and
imagination,
usually
in visual
image forms.
As
the
viewer becomes
aware
of
the
first, few data bits,
there appears
to
be
a
largely spontaneous
and undisciplined attempt
to extrapolate and
"fill
in
the blanks."
This
is presumably driven by
a need
to resolve
the ambiguity
associated with
the fragmentary nature
of
the
emerging perception.
The
result
is
a premature
internal
analysis
and
interpretation on
the part
of
the remote viewer.
(For
example,
an
impression
of
an
island
is
immediately
interpreted
as Hawaii.)
We
call
this Analytical
Overlay
(AOL).
(U)
Our
investigation of
these overlay patterns
leads
to
a model
of
RV functioning,
shown schematically
in Figure
3.
With
the application
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AWARENESS
FIGURE 3
(U)
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF REMOTE VIEWER RESPONSE TO CRV
SITUATION
(U)
"stimulus"
(e.g.,
the reading of
a coordinate),
there appears
to
be
a
momentary burst of
"signal"
that enters
into awareness
for
a few seconds,
then fades
away.
The overlays appear
to
be
triggered at
this point
to
fill
in the void.
Success
in handling
this complex process requires
that
a remote viewer
learn
to
"grab"
incoming data bits while
simultaneously
attempting
to control
the overlays.
Stage
I
and
Stage
II
training
are de-
signed specifically
to deal with
this requirement.
2.
(U)
Stage
I
(U)
In Stage
I,
the viewer
is
trained
to provide
a quick-reaction
response
to
the reading of
the
site coordinates
by the monitor.
The response
takes
the form of
an
immediate,
primitive
"squiggle"
on
the paper
(called
an
ideogram), which
is designed
to capture
an overall motion/ feel ing
of
the
gestalt of
the
site
(e.g., wavy/fluid
for water).
Note
that
this
response
is
essentially kinesthetic,
rather
than visual.
(U)
Once
Stage
I has been brought under control
by the viewer,
Stage
II
training
is
initiated.
"Under control" means
that
the viewer
has been observed
to pass
through
a performance
curve
of
the type
shown
in
Figure
4, which typically applies
to skills
learning.
Certain objective
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FIGURE
(U)
IDEALIZED PERFORMANCE-OVER-TIME CURVE
(U)
performance measures,
such
as number
of session elements
or number
of
coordinate
iterations required
to reach closure on site description,
are
tracked
to determine progress
along
the performance curve.
Figure
shows
a representative curve of
this
type
for one
of
the
Stage
I trainees.
.
( U )
Stage
II
(U)
In Stage
II,
the viewer
is
trained
to become sensitive
to
physical
sensations associated with the
site,
i.e.,
sensations he might
experience
if he were physically
located
at
the
site
(heat,
cold,
wind,
sounds,
smells,
tactile sensations,
and
so forth).
Again,
this response
is essentially nonvisual
in nature
(although color
sensations may arise
as
a
legitimate
Stage
II response).
In both training stages,
visual
images may
emerge
spontaneously,
of course.
In that case they are not suppressed,
but
simply noted
and
labeled
as AOLs
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NUMBER
SESSION
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FIGURE
(U)
TRAINING PERFORMANCE FOR STAGE
I TRAINEE
4.
(U)
Stage
III
(S/NF)
Whereas
in Stages
I and
II viewing,
data appear
to emerge
(typically)
as fragmented data bits,
in Stage
III, we observe
the emergence
of
a broader concept of
the
site.
With Stage
I
and
Stage
II data forming
a foundation,
contact with
the
site appears
sufficinetly strengthened
that
the viewer begins
to have an overall appreciation of
the
site
as
a whole
(which we
label
"aesthetic
impact").
Dimensional aspects
such
as
size,,
distance,
and motion begin
to come
into play,
resulting
in configurational
outlines
and sketches
(see
layout of
|
| in Appendix A).
5.
(U)
Stage
IV
(S/NF)
Because
of
the apparent
increased contact with
the
site
that occurs
in Stage
III,
a "widening
of
the aperture"
as
it were,
data of
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(S/NF)
an analytical nature begin
to emerge.
This
follow-on process constitutes
Stage
IV
in our nomenclature.
Contained
in
Stage
IV data are elements
that
go beyond
the
strictly observational--such
as ambience
(military,
religious,
technical),
cultural
factors
(Soviet,
Muslim,
nomadic),
and
function
or
purpose
(radar,
power generation,
BW research, missile storage
see,
for
example,
response,
Appendix A).
Stage
IV viewing
is
there-
fore
the crossover point
into operational
functioning with
its associated
potential
intelligence value.
6.
(U)
Stage
V
(U)
Throughout Stage
IV,
data are extracted from the
signal
line
as
it emerges;
an attempt
to force
the process by "probing"
or "questioning"
the signal
line usually results
in triggering
AOLs
.
In
Stage
V,
special
techniques
to carry out this
function without deleterious
effects
are
introduced.
The techniques,
although
isolated,
are
still
in
R&D, with
regard
to developing
the proper
format
for
technology transfer.
7.
(U)
Stage
VI
(S/NF)
In Stage
VI,
the remote viewer utilizes construction materials
of various
types
(e.g.,
clay modeling,
poster paper
layouts)
to develop
a
three-dimensional
"feel"
of
the
site.
(See
response,
SGI
Appendix A.)
It needs
to be understood,
however,
that
the use
of
such
A
materials
is not
simply
an attempt
to render
a more exact representation
of
the
site than
can
be done verbally,
or
by means
of drawings.
Rather,
the kinesthetic activity appears
to both quench AOL formation associated
with purely cerebral processes,
and
to act
as
a trigger
to produce
further
analytical
content of
the site--even concerning aspects not being
specifi-
cally addressed
by
the modeling.
This empirically-derived process,
though
not yet fully understood,
appears quite productive.
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C
-
Experimental
Design,
Protocols,
Methodology
(U)
The experimental
design
for
the R&D and
technology transfer
effort
in remote viewing consists
of
three phases:
•
Preparation phase
Experimental design
Site
selection,
handling
of materials
Environmental
setting
•
Data generation phase
*
Monitor/viewer protocols
Feedback variables
•
Analysis phase
Session structure
-
Site/ transcript correlation
Statistical
evaluation.
(S/NF)
In general,
the above variables differ
for
the
three
types
of
remote viewing sessions
carried out on the program;
designated Classes
C,
B,
and
A,
they are
•
Training sessions
(Class
C)
•
Evaluation/ confirmation
sessions
(Class
B)
•
Operational
sessions
(Class
A).
(U)
As
far
as
the trainees
are concerned,
the preparatory phase
consists primarily of
a
series
of
lectures
by
a training monitor,
in which
the principles
of
the
stages
are thoroughly discussed.
In addition,
a
number
of practical
exercises
are carried
out,
such
as drills
in sketching,
exercises
in
listing possible sensations one could experience
at
a
site,
and
so forth.
Trainees
are also required
to write essays
on various elements
of
the training procedure
so that
the training monitor
can ascertain whether
the basic principles are understood.
(U)
A second aspect of preparation
is
the generation
of
target
materials.
In
the case of
training
(Class
C)
and evaluation
(Class
B)
sessions,
an
SRI analyst charged with
this responsibility prepares
target
folders,
each
of which consists
of
the
listing of
the site coordinates
(latitude and
longitude
in degrees, minutes,
and seconds)
plus
some form
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(u)
of
feedback materials.
Sites/feedback materials consist
of
>
5000 map
sites
(U.S.G.S.
Series
E maps,
G.N.I.S.;
Army Map Agency maps;
World
Aeronautical
Charts;
atlases),
and
>
1500 National Geogiaphic magazine
sites.
These materials
are continually updated.
(S/NF)
For operational
sessions
(Class
A),
site
selection
target
materials,
and
the
Like,
are under
the control
of
the project COIR or
other client representative,
and
typically vary from task
to
task de-
pending
on
the requirement.
(U)
The monitor / viewer protocols
and
feedback variables
for
the
data generation phase,
and
the
forms
of analysis
applied
in
the analysis
phase for
the three classes
of
sessions
are
summarized
in Table
2.
(U)
In Class
C training
sessions,
the monitor
is nonblind,
i.e.,
knowledgeable
of
the
site,
and will
use
this
information
to provide feedback
as
the
session progresses,
tutoring
the viewer on various
aspects
of his/her
performance.
Such
sessions
cannot
be used directly
(in
a proof-of-
pr inciple
sense)
as measures
of
RV performance because
of cueing
inheient
in
the feedback.
The number
of
training
sessions
in
this mode can
be quite
large
(e.g.,
to date,
684
for Key Viewer #002).
(U)
Class
B sessions,
as
contrasted with Class
C sessions,
are carried
out
in
a double-blind fashion
(the monitor
as well
as
the viewer
are blind
to
the
site;
no
intrasession feedback
as
cueing possibilities
exists)
Thus,
the results
of
such sessions
can be
subjected
to analysis
in order
to evaluate
RV performance.
Class
B sessions
are
interspersed with training
sessions
to provide benchmarks
for
RV performance.
To date,
such
sessions were carried out with
the Key Remote Viewer #002,
over
the course
of
training;
these
sessions comprise
the data base
for
the evaluation
provided
in Figure
2(b).
(U)
The
statistical
basis
for
the
evaluation provided
in Figure
2(a)
is
as
follows.
In
a previous
study
the RV results
of
six
individuals
providing
six samples
each
(for
a
total
of
trials) were analyzed
by
two
methods.
One was
a double-blind ranking
of
the
so-called
Scott's method
type,
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Table
(U)
PROTOCOLS
Class
C
Used
in training sessions
Monitor
is knowledgeable of
the
site;
therefore session carried out
under nonblmd conditions.
Intrasession
feedback given
to facilitate
learning process.
Session results
do not stand alone
as proof-of-principle because
of
cueing possibilities.
Evaluation of
RV results
inapplicable;
performance curve measures
e.g.,
number
of coordinate
iterations
required,
only.
Class
B
Used
in confirmation,
evaluation.
Monitor
is blind
to
site.
Feedback given only post-session.
Statistical
techniques applicable
to RV accuracy assessment.
Class A
Used
in operational
RV
,
simulations.
Monitor
is blind
in majority of
cases;
nonblind analysts
or
ob-
servers
occasionally present.
Feedback conditions variable,
depending on task requirements.
Evaluation techniques
as determined
by user.
SECRET/NOFORN
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(U)
standardly used
in RV evaluation;*
the other
involved use
of
a 0-to-7-point
nonblind accuracy rating scale
(a more
finely-graded version
of
the 0-to-
3-point scale given
in Table
of
this
report).
Comparison of
the
two
methods
showed
a statistically significant correlation
(p
-
x
),
indicating
that
the use
of
the easier-to-apply nonblind accuracy rating
scales provides objective measures
of
RV performance.
(U)
For
a more detailed analysis
of
transcripts
on
a concept-by-
concept basis,
a finer-grained analysis procedure has been used on selected
samples
from the
same
series
of
Class
B results;
these are reported
elsewhere .
(S/NF)
The protocols
for
Class A operational
sessions
are highly
variable,
depending on
the requirement.
Typically,
the monitor
is
blind,
so
that
an
assessment
of
RV performance can be made
on
an objective basis.
In
some
cases,
however,
an analyst who
is knowledgeable
of
the
site may
at
some point provide partial
feedback
to
the monitor
(and,
sometimes,
the
viewer
as well)
in order
to focus
the viewer on some aspect relating
to
the overall requirement.
Thus,
a
series
of
scans may be carried out
partially under
Class
B and partially under Class
C conditions.
The results
must therefore be carefully analyzed on
a case-by-case basis
in order
to
determine
the quality of
RV performance.
Operational
RV
is discussed
in
more detail
in the following section.
"(U)
See,
for example, discussion
in H.
Puthoff
et
al
.
,
"Experimental
Psi
Research:
Implications
for Physics,"
in The Role
of Consciousness
in
the
Physical Universe,
Ed.
R.
Jahn
, Westview Press,
Boulder,
CO
(1981).
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V
OPERATIONAL RV TASKS
(U)
A .
( U )
Operational
RV Tasking
(S/NF)
To meet program objectives,
one of
SRI's
tasks
is
to
investi-
gate
U.S.
capabilities
in applied
RV,
both
to determine
the potential
for
application
in U.S.
efforts,
and
to provide data
that are useful
in
assessing
the
threat potential
of corresponding Soviet applications.
In
response
to
this requirement,
SRI has pursued application
tasks
that were
of
interest
to
the
intelligence community,
and has contributed RV-derived
data
in response
to quick-reaction requirements
set by representatives
monitoring
the progress
of
the work.
B.
(U)
RV Session Format
(S/NF)
The format
for performing
these
tasks
is
as
follows.
A
request
for
information concerning a target site
is
transmitted by
the
client
to
the DIA representative
the Joint Service
Program COTR
in residence at SRI.
He
then provides
targeting
information
(e.g.,
coordinates)
to
an
SRI
RV session monitor
at
the start of
a
session.
This monitor
then works with
a remote viewer
to obtain data.
In
this
format,
SRI personnel
are kept blind
to
the source of
the request,
and
to
the
type
of
site
or event of
interest.
In some cases,
the COTR or other
client representative
is present
in
the
RV chamber during
the
RV session,
or may observe
the session from outside on
a video monitor.
c *
<U)
Pre- and Post-Operational
Task Calibration
(S/NF)
In an effort
to determine whether
a remote viewer
is
"on
line"
before attempting an operational
task,
a presession calibration trial
is
carried out on
a
site
for which feedback materials
(e.g.,
National
Geographic magazines,
travel brochures)
are available
to
the session
monitor.
If
the results
indicate
a useful
level
of RV functioning,
the
operational
task
is
engaged;
if
not,
the task
is aborted.
In
like fashion,
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SGI J
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Date
17 November
1982,
0900
(Scan
3)
Series
DIA
Target No.
JS #36
SG1A Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon(s)
CRY
(Coordinate Remote Viewing)
Comments:
1.
Continuation
of
scans carried out on 11/5/82
and
11/9/82.
2.
Remote viewer
and
interviewer blind
as
to target location
and target activity of
interest.
3.
Presession calibration experiments with known target material,
Mt.
Rainier,
Wash;
Paris,
France,
indicated remote viewer
"on-line"
to
start.
Viewer encountered difficulty with
analytical overlays
in attempt
to view site,
and post-
session calibration check with known target material
(Caspian
Sea)
indicated viewer
"off-line,"
indicating that material
of
Scan
3 must be taken as
likely inaccurate.
X_
H.
E.
Puthoff,
Ph.D.
,
Radio Physics Laboratory
SRI International
333 Ravenswood Ave.
• Menlo Park, CA 94025
•
1 415) 326-6200
• TWX: 910-373-1246
• TELEX: 334463
•
Facsimile:
(415)326-5512
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