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?I0"
i~:ICC
HISTORY;
1937-1962
Turylgin,
in
exmosod
to
low
ir^on tho
offoot of
1937
hr/3
found that human subjects felt drowsy
T iien
xporimented
nd reflectors unon
r. subject oxnosed
to
intensity
cm
TTavos.
Lot or,
in 1942,
ho
j croon
sue- r; o s
1 on s conce rn ing
remit t ing
cloctrom agn e
ai
sweating,
io energies-
Turl 3
ro in found th
of
„
-
2.1 mm
the
(1.67
theory of
o s i
i To.s
nro io o so o
i
by Bibboro.
in 1951,
hypojthosiz
-. rays
(IO1 7 ~10 29 Hz)
were rc-
yoar lot or,
suggest
hvnnot ic
agent
we
1.43 * 10
hi Em
ing that
x-ray,
cosmic rays
ana ganm
sponsible
for
some
of tho mhenomona.
Rudorfor,
ed gravity fields
-and neutrinos more
responsible,
Lipnman,
in 1951
,
had detected extremely
lorn frequency
(3
-
3kHz
electrical fields
emanating- from what more considered
to bo normal,
that
is,
at -on i cal
'electric
fisli,
Fouronhysiolo'- ist
,T
.
Grey ’/alter commented ueon tho
subject of
Fm
and
com
in 1955.
Ho discounts ’
tho
cm models- .and provided four
specific objections.
First,
"no
can calculate that they mould fall
bolow noise level within
a
fern millimetres from the
surface
of the he
His second
thru fourth objection;! occur
in
one paragraph
"The
size
of th
electrical disturbances which the
In font,
tho 3/ are
brain creates
arc extremely small
about tho size,
within tho brain
itself,
of
a received
signal which
is
just
intelligible
on
an average radio
sot.
Fore crucial even that
this,
their dominant
froouoncion
are
far below the range of radio
channels,
. below o^on the
scale
seal-,
of audible
frequencies.
At
/ ton
c^ycies nor
second,
the
avo
ago froauency of alpha
, rhythms ,
rnv electromagnetic
signal transmitted thru
soncc
TTould have
a
iravelength of
thirty/ million metres,
falter,
"
T .G,,
Thy Living Brain,
1953,
op
252-3.
It should
also be mentioned that
G-ro^ noted
the lad of the
ohcjnomcna
H
to be significantly attenuated either with
rc spec'
to
space distance
and time
distance,
so ho
at pureratty at the
time adhered
to
the
o|no-
msi
m3 enomona model.
Hollowing his
earlier wort,
Lismmtm,
in 1958
li<e,d succeeded
1 in
cond.it ioning fish with currents
as low
as microvolt por meter (
:V m-1)
by
I 960
,
based upon the
won
0 :
Bulloch
and Rag i war?
new sense
organ,
tho electrorecootor ,
was
identified
and found
to be
pliylpgon-
cally
0. member of tho
acouetico-later o.lis
system.
The basic clbctro-
rocoptor
a- as similar
to
tho- cilia-in- jolly secondary neurons
of; the
auditory system*
which wore then thought only for mechanocal
cnpl
tomneraturo
spnsitivif j,
Rashovsky
(1955)
does not
state himself
directly on the
subject
noting also
the obviously non-physical
pep nhonomcna.
nowovor,
ho
completely maps out tho necessary physical conditions necessary
1 for
the operation,
observation
and
hosting of cm psi models.
He
says,
"experiments by Idmund Jacobson
(l Q 30 )
indicate that thinking results
in aoasur.ablo
action currents
in tho
extorna-1 muscles
of the
body/.
Such action currents,
small
as they arc
,
of necessity create
electromagnetic fields.
Unlikely
as
it
in,
it
is not
immos;
: ibl:o
that some bighl 3
r sensitive nerves.
may respond
to
these fields. "
In -1962
just such
an olcctroscnoitivc resmonso
was observed
Frc^.
Using frequencies of 4*10 - 3*10^ Hz
(l .0m-0,lm)
human
subjects
ro nortod
a buzzing or clicking
,sensation ,
only
if tho
tommoral
lobes
of
tho brain wore
included
in the illuminated
arc?
by
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Prey hypothesised that
the
cochlea, was
involved
in the phenomena but
he
adds that there
is probably more than one
electrosensitive
site,
Puharich,
in Beyynd_Telypa.tliy ,
1962 correlates psi receptive
phenomena with cholinergia and other physiological processes.
He
hypothesised that gravity
and
"psi plasma" were partly responsible for
some of the telepathic phenomena.
Because
of the Faraday cage experi-
ments
he performed he
states,
"While
the experiments
are highly sugges
-
'
ive that electromagnetic
radiation
is not the means of transmission
in
telepathy,
they
are not means conclusive."
He notes that
while- in
the
cage,
one
subject
showed
a pronounced gasping effect when
64O Hz
ac
was
applied
to
the
cage.
With respect
to the nerve plasma membrane,
he calculates that
the neuron could be
considered
a. circuit
of mega-
ohm resistance,
micro-farad capacitance
and 0.2 henry inductance,
the
latter fact first reported
in 1941 by Cole
and Baker.
Ihe next year,
1963,
micro-oersted,
1.0 Hz magnetic
fields were
detected emanating from the human heart by Baule
and MePhee.
Wooldridge
(1963)
commented upon the telepathy-emr
issue noting
the
the difficulty involved was
in deciphering brain waves
since they
represented the
average electrical
strength of billions of neurons,
there
was no possibility of unraveling the specific thought processes.
It
is
in 1964 that Mancharski
states that telepathic
communicatioi
occurred
at frequencies from
infra-low. to
super-high
(10~3
to
10-12 Hz.
Although
I have not
seen his thesis,
the hypothesis put forward
in
thit
monograph perhaps best corresponds
to Mancharski
1 s hypothesis.
I.
M,
Kogan,
in
19 66,
hypothesized that
long* wave electromagnetic
radiation
of
26 km
to 960 km wavelength
(11,000 to
310 Hz)
could
ac-
count for the phenomena because
at this wavelength the field strength
does not
obey the
"optical"
rule.
Based upon calculations,
which re-
grettably
I have not
seen,
Kogan indicates that
the human organism
generates four
4: o
five
times
the necessary signal strength
to
accom-
plish very long distance
telepathy.
Two prominent parapsychologists,
Burt
and Dobbs commented on
ernr
and physical theories
of psi
in 1967.
Burt
announced, his opposition
to
the
emr theories based upon the objections
that
l)
the
inverse
square
lav; diminished
the
signal
strength raoidlv,
and besid.es
the
wav-
lengths associated with
the brain waves
(3-30 Hz)
were very
(too)
long
In
addition,
2)
he calculates that because
the observed
change
in the
evoked potentials
was 5-50 microvolts,
the corresponding power was
10".
- .watts.
To broadcast
the observed distances,
Burt
indicated that
a minimum power of 10 watts would be necessary.
Finally he noted that
some modulation or coding of the
signal
was
also
a necessary prerequi-
site.
Dobbs however rejects
the validity of
the
inverse square
(optic
rule, based upon
the
ionospheric
effects
at ELF frequencies long observ
by radiomen..
However,
Dobbs
questions the emr theories because
the
ca.
culated field
signal strength
at
the human scalp
was. on the order of
10”
watts.
Kamiya (1968)
rejects
the emr theories of telepathy of
essentially the
same arguments
as Burt.
In his LAsc.tLP.®agne tic .Fields. ..end Life
(1968)
,
Presman reviews
the
complete history of the
studies
of sensitivity and emissivity
of electromagnetic radiation by living organisms.
He
acknowledges
bio-information
transfer. by emr fields,
but
is
care not
to deny the
phenomena while criticizing
" the parapsychol ogists
and
their methods.
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BIOPHYSICS
HISTORY 1969-1976
It
is
in 1968
thi<fc the electromagnetic fields generated by
; ELF
brain waves
are first observed by Cohen.
Using
a cryomagnetomqter
cm from the
shall
couni ed with contact
EEC- electrodes?
Cohen
i found
that the' bra,in emitted Elf dd
fields
of
2.5* 10“8 gauss?
and
later work
showed
that
the
skeletal muscles emitted
- 100 Hz dc fields of
10~7
gauss.
Early
in 1975 Persinger hypothesized
that the
7.8 Hz frequency
associated with the first earth-ionosphere waveguide
resonance:
is
the
primary carrier of telepathy.
In addition he hypothesizes that
magnetic fields
should
inhibit
the phenomena?
as well
as noting some
slight west-east
propagation differences.
In addition?
Persinger
has done
some
of
the most
comprehensive experimentation
and research
with resnect
to
the bimhysical effects
of ELF
and VLF electromagnetic
radiation.
He reports the ELF brain wave field
at
-
10 mV*
m
.
In mid 1975?
Blau calculated
the
emitted brain wave frequency
field strength
as exceeding the microvolt per meter level.
Puthoff
and
Targ?
in work completed, in November 1975
and nub li she
in March 1976 discuss the
ELF-telepatliy hypotheses
and reject
;
them
under the considerations then that while
the
attenuation
of the
field
strengths over very long distances were very low?
ELF could
nojt
ac-
count for
the precognition experiences recorded
in their remote viewin
experiments.
Their second objection
to ELF/VLF concerned the
(reporte
channel
capacity of
the band
as
0.1 bits
« sec-1
at meter
rangje
distan-
ces
and 0.001 bit
• sec
at
4? 000 km range.
The
above authors
apparent!;
adhere
to
an' only-one-psi phenomena model.
This very brief history of the
issue concerning the hypotheses
and counter hypotheses regarding non-precogn.itive
’psychic'
phenomena
is
' presented
an
introduction
to
the
question which
is discussed
in
more detail
in this monograph.
Some historical priorities may have
been missed
in this
introduction but have been corrected
in
tile
text.
Our monograph
is the collection of the
work of many researchers over
many years?
the
author has merely synthesized
it
and
therefore} defers
to
all
those mentioned herein
any claim
to originality or priority.
Aj technical
abstract
of the bynotheses
appears
on
the nekt
two
pages
.
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samurai
ATPTOT.I
as
tolenathv,
’.FD
RB a POL33
TO
nhonomcna ouch
as tolenathv
,
clairvoyance
and pro-
;ra~scnrory pore out Ions
Toy psychic rose archer s
ond Forth America,
where
, s the
some she™
tion primarily
in Past Bur on o’ and
the
jRji) yariou;
cognition
arc
called
primarily
in Uootorn Buron o
noraonr.
i B called bio- inform?
-ovie
fc Union.
In part,
the
study of the nhenomona has been influenced
by
nha-r.it has boon called
.
,
, ^1 chough Burton
in 1870 usos
the terminology
;; extra.- sensuous par-
ccp-cion",
its present moaning, as ponularly understood,
is coined by
t 0
^'c s c ribo
ps^rchic nhonomona
as non-sonsory
and
aphysical.
i-
the
time,
Rhine
included the nossibility of the phenomena being
sensed by
an
as yet unknown sonsory norcontion;
unon other consider-
ations ho
rejects
any
"sixth sense
1 ' hypothoies.
.
Clearly however,
before
non~ s onsory
• o r
ex t r a- n on s 6 rv
,
nor
so must
show that
none of jr
innortant
since
the
quotation
suggests
that sonsory
as yell
behave
ali ye
in the
region of
in this
chanter that not onlv
-L
my nhonomona may be characterized
as
on examination of sensory norcontion
no re out ion
is
in aod quote
.
This
is very
at
the
introduction of this monograph
aa
oy t r a- -son s o ry n orcoption s
ap n c ar
’ t o
marginal
sensitivity.
It
shall
bo
shown
,
are there
several
re cantors canablo of
resnonne
so
electromagnetic energies,
the applications
of classical
nsycho q.aysics reveal
several normal modes of sonsory norcontion which
x cic 1 1 i *b n g
c
"blic
o 1 o c
’b ron
1j x c rGiGonscs •
The
relational! in between the
.intensity of
subjective
intensify of resnonce
was
initiej.lv
and Pcchnor
in
the nineteenth
c on turn- .
In
acne
sensation increased
a stimulus
and
the
investigated bv Vcbor
#i
.
sral,
o.s
exnectcd,
the
intons i-iy of
the
stimulus
increased.
The
co r ;.u_ 1 fxry
^ o f
laiio lnu st^vtoo
*tho/t
"blio
ju3
no tie o nb 1 o~d
i
££
r on c o
in
0 . cons
1, ant numerical value
for
a given
innut
intensity.
the
stimuli
was
(3.1)
dR
-
k.,„
(jnd)
-R
(3.2)
Ql
'.J
-
*
k log ^
a
where
If
r~>
A
? cl
“
constants
(’fiber's law)
(Pechner's Law)
]R
r
stimulus
(Roiz)
liminal value of
stirau? as
O'
^
v)
sensation
Careful
consideration of
the logarithmic relationship between
stimulus
and response
indicates! that
1 )
there
is no
such nhonomona
as
a zero-intensity stimulus,
and
2) sensation below the linen
(thro;
hold)
in theoretically nosnible.
fJuch sub-conscious
as subliminal
conditioning,
ar
well
as memory of events consciously unattended
to
i n
c aa,s r; i e a.l
n rv c b o 1 o s i c
' 1
f ac %
.
i
'0
-1
-3
-5
Pig
2.1 Pechner's Law
k
log. n
a
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