Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 page 4 CPYRGHT analytical detalls in a way that fac language seems to interfere with the perception of an over-all Gestalt, leaving the left hemt sphere ‘unable to see the wood for the trees.’ This interference effect suggested a rationale for the evolution of lateral spectalization..."' (Levy, et al., 1972) (See also Nebes, 1971, Semmes, 1968). Sperry and his collaborators have found that "in general, the post- operative behavior of (the commissurotomy patients) has been dominated by the major (left) hemisphere...'' except in tasks for which the right hemisphere is particularly spectalized. (Levy, et al., 1972). To understand the method of testing and Interviewing each half of the brain separately, two points of functional anatomy must be kept in mind. The first ts that since janguage functlons (speech, writing) are medlated predominant ly by the left hemisphere In most people, the disconnected right hemisphere cannot express Itself verbally. The second point fs that the neural pathways carrying Information from one side of the body and one-half of the visual fleld cross over and connect only with the opposite side of the brain. This means that sensatfons in the right hand and images in the right visual space will be projected almost entirely to the left hemisphere. Similarly, the major motor output is crossed, and the left hemisphere matnty controls the movements of the right hand. Therefore, patients with the corpus callosum sectioned can describe or answer questions about objects placed in their right hands, or pictures flashed to the right visual field with a tachistoscope, but can give no correct verbal Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9
eee Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 page 5 CPYRGHT response when the Information Is presented to the left hand or the left visual fleld (they will tn fact, often confabulate). The mute right hemisphere can, however, Indicate its expertence with the left hand, for example, by selecting the proper object from an array. 2. Dissoclation of Experlence: The dissociation between the experlences of the two disconnected hemispheres is sometimes very dramatic. A fllm made by Sperry and his colleagues shows two Illustrative Incidents. The film shows a young female patient being tested with a tachIstoscope as described above. In the series of neutral geometrical figures being presented at random to the right and. left fields, a nude pin- up was Included and flashed to the right (nonverbal) hemisphere. The gir] blushed and giggled. Sperry asked "What did you see?'' She answered —_ "Nothing, just a flash of Itght,' and giggled again, covering her mouth with her hand. "Why are you laughing then?" asks Sperry, and she taughs again and says, "Oh, Dr. Sperry, you have some machine:'' The episode is ‘very dramatic, and if one did not know her neurosurgical history one might | have seen this as a clear example of perceptual defense: one might infer that she was repressing the perception of the conflictful sexual material-- even her final response (a socially acceptable nonsequitur) was convincing (see also Sperry, Am. Psychol, 1968, 23:723-33, esp. p. 732). In another section of the film a different patient is performing a block design task; he is trying to match a colored geometric design with a set of painted blocks. The film shows the left hand (right hemisphere) quickly carrying out the task. Then the experimenter disarranges the Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9
er  enerreesnmmncnmmmmmernemnccsnnmmcscncemaca cacy Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 . page 6 CPYRGHT blocks and the right hand (left hemisphere) Is given the task; slowly and with great apparent Indectston It arranges the pleces. In trying to match a corner of the desfgn the right hand corrects one of the blocks, and then shifts It again, apparently not realizing it was correct: the viewer sees the left hand dart out, grab the block to restore it to the correct posttlon--and then the arm of the experimenter reaches over and pulls the Intruding left hand off-camera. 3. Psychlatric Implications: There fs a compelling formal similartty between these dissoctation phenomena seen In the commissurotomy patients and the phenomena of repression; according to Freud's early topographical’ model of the mind, repressed mental contents functioned in a separate realm, which was Inaccesstble to conscious recall or verbal Interrogation, functioning according to Its own rules, developing and pursuing its own goals, affecting the viscera and insinuating itself tn the stream of ongolng consciously directed behavior. This parallel suggests that we examine. the hypothesIs that In normal, intact people mental events in the right hemisphere can become disconnected functionally from the left hemisphere (by Inhibition of neuronal transmission across the corpus callosum and other cerebral commissures) , and can continue a Iife of their own. This hypothesis suggests a neurophystological mechanism for at least some cases of repression, and an anatomical locus. for the unconscious mental contents. What are the circumstances under which such a dissociation could take place? There are several ways in which the two hemispheres of an ordinary Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9
nace ane cnT Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 page 7 CPYRGHT person could begin to functton as If they had been surgically disconnected, and cease exchanging Information. The first way ts by active Inhibition of Information transfer because of conflict. Imagine the effect on a child when his mother presents one message verbally, but quite another with her facial expressfon and body language; ''l am doing it because | love you, dear'', say the words, but "I hate you and will destroy you'' says the face. Each hemisphere ts exposed to the same sensory Input, but because of thei: relative speclalizations, they each emphastze only one of the messages. The left will attend to the verbal cues because [t cannot extract Information from the facial gestalt efficiently; the right will attend preferentially to the non-verbal cues because it cannot easily understand the words (Levy et al., 1972). Effectively a different input has been deltvered to each hemisphere, Just as In the laboratory experiments in which a tachIstoscope Is used to present different pictures to the left and right visual fields. We offer the following conjecture: In this situation the two hemispheres might decide on opposite courses of action; the left to approach, and the right to flee. Because of the high stakes involved each hemisphere might be able to maintain Its consciousness and resist the inhibitory Influence of the other side. The left hemisphere seems to win control of the output channels most of the time (Sperry, 1968), but if the left is not able to "turn off" the right completely it may settle for - disconnecting the transfer of the conflicting information from the other side. The connections between hemispheres are relatively weak compared to the connections within hemi spheres(Bogen 1969) and it seems likely that each hemisphere treats the weak contralateral input in the same way in Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9
Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 page 8 CPYRGHT which people In general treat the odd discrepant observation whitch does not flit with the mass of thelr bellefs; first we Ignore It, and then Tf [ft Is Inststent, we actively avold It (Stent, 1972). The mental process In the right hemisphere, cut off in this way from the left hemisphere consciousness which fs directing overt behavior, may. nevertheless continue a lffe of [ts own. The memory of the situation, the emotional concommttants, and the frustrated plan of action all may persist, affecting subsequent perception and forming the basis for expectations and evaluations of future Input. But active tnhtbi tion arising from, conflicting goals is not the only way to account for a lack of communication between the two hemispheres, and a consequent. divergence of consctousness. In the simplest case, because of thelr special. modes of organization and special areas of competence, the knowledge which one hem! sphere possesses may not translate well into the Yanguage of the other. For example, the experfence of attending a symphony concert fs not readily expressed in words, and the concept "Democracy ‘requires informed participation" is hard to convey in images. What may be transmitted in such cases may be the conclusion as to action, and not the details on which the evaluation was based. It is possible to convey some of the richness of the holistic consciousness in words, but ft requires a great artist. 4, Neo-Phrenology: It is not clear to what extent specific cognitive performances can be said to depend on specific areas of the cerebrum, beyond the gross distinction between left and right hemispheres. Without going too far in Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9
sepia ene peNnNRE EE Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 page 9 CPYRGHT the dlrection of assigning ‘conters" to each mental quality In the manner of the phrenologists, there seems to be some evidence for withIn-heml sphere localtzation. For example, Milner (1965b) has correlated disorders In speciftc kinds of language processing with lestons in specific areas of the “teft hemisphere; verbal memory deficits with anterlor temporal lestons, speech deficits with posterfor temporal lesions, fluency deficits with. frontal lesions and reading deficits with lesfons in the region of the parleto-occipital junction. The difficulties inherent In localizing’ complex functions are exemplifted tn the conflicting literature on the lateralization of arithmetic calculation. Luria finds “primary acalculta'' or primary arithmetical disturbances with lesions of the left Infero-parfetal lobe (Lurta, 1966), but Kinsbourne finds no systematic lateralization for arithmett{c (1972). The problem ts complex, according to Critchley (1953) because calculation may entail more than one type of mentation and different people seem to employ different methods. Lesions in different areas would be expected to produce dyscalculla insofar as a person depended on the use of specific visual symbols or notatton, or on rote memory (e.g. multiplication tables) or on an Ideokinetic factor based on concrete manipulation such as counting on fingers. The horizontal and vertical arrangement of numbers to represent units, tens, hundreds, etc., depends on spatial and constructional factors. Vivid imagery for numerical forms and sequences may be important to some people (Humphrey and Zangwill, 1952). Critchley concludes, ''Nonetheless, there are certain ‘vulnerable! regions of the Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 “> ”
Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 . page 10 CPYRGHT ; brain, wheretn a lesion fs more apt to be followed by a severe dyscalculia bearing certain clinical hallmarks. Thus disease of the dominant left hemIsphere Is more often followed by severe disorders of calculation." (Critchley, 1953) §. Evidence for Lateral Specialization In Normal People: Some cautlon should be exercised In making the Inference of lateral 1a spectalfzation of cognitive function in normal people from leston studies alone. One might consider whether the ‘split’ functions are due fn some part to the radical surgery, or to the other disturbances in these patients. The study of neurological disorders or surgical preparations cast Tight on normal functioning, but the most Important’ and most practical question fs whether the normal brain, engaged in everyday activities Is organized around lateralization of cognitive function. Recent research with normal subjects provides support for the / Inference that the Intact brain does in fact make use of lateral speclalization. With normal subjects, Filbey and Gazzaniga have measured the time required for Information presented to one hemisphere to be acted “upon by the other. A verbal reaction to information presented to the non- verbal right hemisphere took longer than a non-verbal response. (Fi lbey and Gazzaniga, 1969). McKeever found faster tachistoscopie word recognition for ‘words projected to the left hemisphere than to the right (McKeever and Huling, 1970). In dichotic listening tasks, normal subjects have better recall for verbal materlal presented to the right than to the left ear and better recall for melodies presented to the left. (Kimura, 1961). Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9
ecenenineeanpentepenianenaena nian penne een nT Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 CPYRGHT oO page 11 Other laboratorles have used electrophystological techniques such as evoked potentials and DC potentials. Buchsbaum recorded averaged visual evoked potentials from the left and right occipttal areas In response to words and geometric stimuli (Buchsbaum and Fedio, 1969). The responses to these two classes of stimulf were the same in the right hemisphere, but different in the left hemisphere. Wood et al. (1971). found similar results with auditory stimull; subjects listened to verbal stimull under two conditions; to process them for speech cues (stop consonants) and for non- speech cues (pttch) . The evoked responses were the same In the right “heml sphere, but different in the left hem sphere. Morrell] and Salamy (1971) reported that evoked potentials to speech sounds were larger In the left hem sphere leads than In the right, and | Vella et al. (1972) reported that responses to complex visual forms were larger In the right. McAdam and Whitaker recorded DC potentials over the left and right. fronto-temporal areas. Just before subjects spoke, a negative shift appeared, more pronounced on the left than on the right. No shlft was seen preceding non-verbal vocal tract activities (voluntary coughing, spitting) (McAdam and Whitaker, 1971). In the past three years we have applied EEG methods to the study of this lateral specialization In normal people. By studying EEG asymmetry we were. able to distinguish the two cognitive modes as they occur In normal subjects using simple scalp recording (Galin and Ornstein, 1972). In brief, we examined the EEGs of subjects performing verbal and spatial tasks to determine whether there were differences In activity between the appropriate and inappropriate hemtspheres. We recorded from the temporal Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9
Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004- 9 page 12 CPYRGHT and parletal areas since cltntco-anatomical evidence Indicates that these areas should be differently engaged In these tasks, We found that during verbal tasks the Integrated whole-band power In the left hemlsphere Js less than that tn the right, and during spatial tasks the Integrated power in- the right hemisphere is less than In the left. Most of the task-dependent asymmetry appeared to be In the alpha band. Our method of analyzing the ratlos of right to left EEG power was adopted by McKee, Humphrey and McAdam (1973) In a study contrasting mustcal and verbal processing. They confirm our general finding that the ratio Is higher In the verbal tasks compared to the non-verbal task. Table 1 summarizes some of the results from two of our experlments. The average alpha ratios (right/left) were computed for temporal, parietal, and central recordings durtng verbal and spatial tasks intended to engage primarily the left or the right hemi sphere. Spatial tasks Included building geometric designs from memory with blocks, mirror drawing and a mental Form Board task. Verbal tasks Included composing a letter mentally and in writing, and memorizing and writing the matn facts from a text passage. The task pairs which were selected differ in their requirement for motor output, and for memory. The attentlon-to-breathing task was Included as a ‘neutral'' non~cognitive condition. (For further details of the methods and results of Experiment 1, see Galin and Ornstein, 1972, Doyle, Ornstein and Galin, 1973). Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9
Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 -CPYRGHT oe page 13 TABLE | Inter- and Intra-hemispheric Specialization for Cognitive Mode: Differences between Electrode Locations - Alpha ratlos* Experiment | Motor tasks Mental tasks "Won-cognitive’ i Written. Form Mental Attention N= 10 Blocks Letter ) Board Letter p _._ to~Breath P4/P3 0.97. ~~ ~«+1.09 01 0.81 0.98 ns 0.94 Th/T3 0.68 1.06 ol 0.79 1.06 —.05 0.87 Experiment [! Memory tasks Non-memory tasks "Non-cognitive" sn er ene enn eC LC EC CC CTCL CC Write from Mirror Text Attention N= 35 Blocks Memory p Drawing Copying p to-Breath P4/P3 0.99 1.19 .0003 1.01 1.07 .04 1.20 Th/T3 | 0.77 1.12 .00003 90.75 0.94  .0004 0,88 (Ch/C3 0.79 1.17 .0003 0.83 1.03 .0006° 0.97 * Geometric means over all subjects of EEG power ratios (right/left) wk Significance of differences tested by Wilcoxon Matched-Pair Signed-Ranks Test, all P values two-tailed, ns = .05. Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 we
Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R00020pag6004-9 CPYRGHT . Fig. | shows a sample from the EEG from one subject durftng the Blocks and Written Letter tasks. Fig. 2 shows the results of frequency spectrum analysis of the EEG from which Fig. 1 was taken. The second experiment confirms the main effect found in the firsts higher ratios are found during verbal tasks than during spatial tasks. All three tead pairs show the task-dependent asymmetry in both comparisons (Blocks vs. Wri te-From-Memory , and Text Copying vs. Mirror Drawing). — There are systematic differences between the leads. The parietal leads, in all comparisons, in both experiments, exhibit the least task- dependent asymmetry, f.e. the difference tn alpha ratio on the verbal task and the spattal task is smaller on the parfetal leads than on the temporal and central leads. The temporal and central: leads appear to behave simt larly In this respect. The Attention-to-Breath task most closely approximates the conditions under which clinical EEGs are recorded; i.e. little information processing, passive, unstructured. Clinical EEG texts generally state that alpha amplitude fs normally higher on the right than the left. We find this to be so for the parietal leads, but consistently reversed for the temporal leads. Table tl shows the results from the Breathing task of Experiment 11. Most subjects have predominant right partetal alpha and predominant left temporal alpha. The central leads show an equal distribution. This reversal between parietal and temporal alpha predominance can also be seen - Approved For Release 2003/04/78 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9
Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 page 15 CPYRGHT during the active cognitive tasks. (Table 1, all tasks except Mental Letter) TABLE tl . Differences between electrode locations in "resting" alpha asymmetry Partetal Temporal Central Higher Right Alpha 27 9 . 16 Higher Left Alpha 6 24 15 The funct tonal significance of this reversal of asymmetry Is not yet clear, but it precludes classtfyIng a person simply as “right dominant" or "“Neft dominant"; intrahemi spheric specialization must be taken {nto account. | Previous: Investigators have sought to relate electrophysiological recordings to cognitive functions. A major effort has been devoted to relating the EEG to "Intelligence" (see review by Vogel, et al., 1968) . Our approach to this problem takes into account three factors which seem to have been neglected in the past: 1. Recording whtle the subject is engaged in a task, rather than trytIng to relate a "resting! EEG or averaged evoked potential to subsequent performance. 2. Selection of cognitive tasks which clinical evidence has shown to depend more on one hemisphere than the other, and which therefore should be associated with a predictable distribution of brain activity. 3. Selection of electrode placements on clinico-anatomical grounds. A wealth of evidence suggests that temporal and parietal leads should be the Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 =
Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 page 16 CPYRGHT most functlonally asymmetrical, and occipital leads the most similar. Unfortunately, occipital leads have been used most often In the past, probably because they are not as sensitive to eye movement and muscle artifacts. Usually recordings have been made only untlaterally. Now that we have established a method for determining laterallizatlton of cognitive function fn normal $s, several major areas of concern can be studted: the generality of lateral speclaltzation of cognitive function tn the population, the role of lateral speclalization In critical academic skills, the effect of social drugs on hemispheric Interaction, and the possibility of training voluntary control over patterns of lateral asymmetry using the feedback EEG. 6. Lateralization In Left Handed and. Ambidexterous People: . The lateralization of cognitive functtons described above Is characterIstic of right handed people. The cerebral lateralization of left handed people Is more complex. Hecaen (1964,1971) has provided an extens{ve review of the neurological literature and a summary of his own clinical studies, and concluded that left handers show a greater cerebral ambi-laterality, not only for language, but also for gnostic and praxic functions. Hecaen distinguishes between left handedness which is familial and that which follows a perinatal injury to the left hemisphere. The familial type may or may not have reversed Janguage lateralization. These conclusions were generally confirmed by Satz et al. (1967) in a study of a neurologically normal population. They used the dichotic listening test to assess language lateralization and carefully tested Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 ae
Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 © . 1 CPYRGHT page 17 manua | supertor] ty rather than relying on the subjects' self-classification as to handedness. Following the hypothests of Orton that stuttering and dyslexla can be due to poorly established cerebral spectalization, many studies have found high Inctdences of left handers and ambidexterous people among these clintcal groups. Hecaen (1964) concludes that while no convincing direct relation has been demonstrated, "disorders of laterality can play a part In a certain number of these cases."' The nature of these "disorders of laterality" is not clear. To our knowledge there have been no attempts to quantitatively evaluate the interaction between the verbal-analytic and spattal-holistic cognitive systems tn normal dally activities. Our opinion fs that in many ordinary activittes normal people simply alternate between cognitive modes rather than Integrating them. These modes comp tment each other but do not readt ly substitute for each other. Although it fs possible to process complex spatial relationships in words, It would seem much more efficient to use visual-kines thetic images. For example, consider what most people do when asked to describe a spiral staircase; they begin using words, but quickly fall back on gesturing with a finger. Processing in the Inappropriate cognitive system may not only be Inefficient; it may actually Interfere with processing in the appropriate system. This ‘interference hypothesis' Is supported by a study of left- handed subjects who were presumed to have bilateral language representation (Levy, 1969). Levy compared left-handed and right-handed subjects with equal WAIS verbal scores and found that the left handers had significantly Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9
Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 ~ CPYRGHT page 18 lower performance scores, which she attr{buted to Interference from the presumed ‘ambi laterality of language. Her observation has been confirmed by Miller (1971). Similarly, In a group of patients In whom right-hemi sphere language was demonstrated with carotid amytal, Lansde}1 (1969) found a negative correlation between language ability and spatial performance scores. Brooks (1970) presents additional support for the hypothesis of 'tnterhemispheric interference". Reading a description of spatial relations interferes with the subsequent mantpulation of those spatial relations. DenHyer and Barrett (1971) demonstrated selective loss of spatial and verbal information in short. term memory by means of spatial and verbal Interpolated tasks. Levy has tn fact suggested that verbal and non- verbal functions evolved in opposite hemi spheres to reduce interference of one system with the other (Levy, 1969). This evidence of Interference between the right and left cognitive modes provides a new kind of support for the hypothesis of Orton, that lack of cerebral lateral specialization plays a major role in dyslexia and stuttering. This hypothesis has continued to sustain interest, in spite of a lack of convincing direct evidence. Until recently, the only generally avatlable Index of cerebral lateralization was handedness, and people with little hand preference, or left handers who were "switched" or those with mixed hand and eye preference were considered to be "high risk’. The Incidence of such people in clinical categorles such as stuttering, dyslexia, and specific learning disability is usually found to be higher than in the normal population. Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9
Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 page 19 CPYRGHT s° Our EEG method for studying lateralization of cognitive function, along with the dichotic listening test, can provide a much more direct and presumably more sensitive means for Investigating disorders of laterality than measures based on hand, eye, or foot dominance. Our present proposal to extend our measures to left handed and ambIdexterous populations will lay the groundwork for these clinical studies. 7. Blofeedback Training for Voluntary Control of EEG Asymmetry: Our research has demonstrated characteristic patterns of activity and Inactivity for both the verbal and the spatial cognitive modes. I[t is reasonable to suppose that more selective Inhfbition and facilitation of each hemisphere can Improve performance. It has been shown In many Jaboratortes that, when subjects are given exteroceptive feedback on the state of a physfologtcal varlable, they can learn control of the variable, e.g. EEG alpha, heart rate, EMG (Now! Is and Kamiya, 1970; Budzynski, Stoyva and Adler, 1970; Hnatfow and Lang, 1965) . For example, O'Malley and Conners (1972) have reported a pilot case of a dyslexic boy who was given lateralized alpha feedback training, and showed significant changes in EEG asymmetry. Therefore, with the aid of feedback from our - electrophysiological index of cognittve mode, subjects may be able to learn to reduce the interference between hemispheres, and thereby improve cognitive performance. 8. Implications for Education: Qur EEG and eye movement studfes (Kocel et al., 1972; Galin & Ornstein, 1973) provide potential methods of assessing an individual's preferred cognitive mode. An individual's preferred cognitive style may facilitate Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 rr
Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 page 20 CPYRGHT his learning of one type of subject matter, e.g., spatial, relational, and hamper the learning of another type, e.g., verbal analytical. A student's dyfftculty with one part of a curriculum may arise from his Inabt lity to change to the cognitive mode appropriate to the work he Is doing. Studles by Cohen (1969), Marsh et al. (1970), and by Bogen et al. (1972), have indicated that subcultures within the United States are characterized by a predominant cognitive mode: the middle class is likely to use the verbal-analytic mode; the urban poor is more likely to use the spatial-holistic mode. This results tn a cultural conflict of cognitive style and may In part explaltn the difficulties of the urban poor children In the school system ortented toward the middle class. There seems to be new recognition among educators of the Importance of both modes of expertencing the world (J. Bruner, On Knowing; Essays for the Left Hand, 1965). Many new programs (e.g., Sesame Street) emphasize helping verbal- analytically oriented children to develop holistic mode skills as well as helptng holisttcally-orlented children to make use of the traditional verbal-analytic materials. !f our project is successful, it may make it feasible to train an individual child to enter both cognitive modes appropriately. With EEG feedback an individual may be able to learn to sustain a pattern of brain activity and the concommitant cognitive mode which Is appropriate to reading and arithmetic on the one hand and painting and construction on the other. Qur approach may also be of use in the study of cognitive development. Since bratn injuries before the age of 12 rarely result in- permanent aphasia, {t its reasonable to suppose that the lateralization of cognitive Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9
Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 © page 21 CPYRGHT function ts still tn flux tm young children after the acquisition of speech and even after the acquisition of written language. The maturation of the child's: cognitive power may be paralleled by, and: perhaps even depend upon, Increasing lateral specialization with a resulting decrease in interference between cognitive systems. Our EEG measures of cognitive functloning could be powerful tools for mapping the course of thls growth. These measures could be used In diagnostng aberrations In cognitive development. For example, certain forms of dyslexta may be caused by [nterhemispheric Interference. Perhaps ''feedback'’ training to improve selective Inhibition of the Inappropriate cognitive mode would prove useful In therapy. Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9
Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 page 22 CPYRGHT BIBLIOGRAPHY ory Benton, A. L. & Joynt, R. J. “Early descriptions of aphasta." Archives of Neurol. 3:205-222, 1960. Bogen, J.E. "The other side of the brain." t, t1, Ill, Bulletin of the Los Angeles Neurological Society 34:73-105, 135-162, 191-220, 1969. Bogen, J. E., DeZure, R., Tenhouten, W. D. & Marsh, J. F. "The other side of the brain: IV. The A/P ratto."’ Bull. Los Angeles Neurol. Soc., 37:49-61, .1972. _ Brooks, L.R. "An extension of the conflict between visualization and reading." Quart. J. Exper. Psychol. 22:91-96, 1970. Buchsbaum, M. and Fedioa, P. "Wisual Information and evoked responses from the | left and right hemispheres.'' EEG Clin. Neurophystol. 26:266-272, 1969. Budzynsk!, T.H., Stoyva, J., Adler, C. ''Feedback-Induced muscle relaxation: Application to tensfon headaches.'' J. Behav.Ther. Exper. Psychiat. 1:205-211, 1970. | Cohen, R.A. "Conceptual styles, culture conflict and non-verbal tests of intelligence." Amer. Anthropologist 71:826-856, 1969. Corkin, Suzanne. “Tactual ly-guided maze learning In man: Effects of unilateral cortical excisions and bilateral hippocampal lesions.'’ Neuropsychologia 3:339-351, 1965, | ae Critchley, M. The Partetal Lobes. London: E. Arnold, 1953. DenHyer, K. and Barrett, B. "Selective loss of visual information In short term memory by means of visual and Interpolated tasks.'' Psychon. Sci. 25:100-102, 1971. Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9
Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 CPYRGHT | nage 23 Doyle, J.C., Ornstein, R., Galln, D. "Lateral speclalization of cognitive mode: 11, EEG frequency analysis. Psychophyslology, 1973, In press. Filbey, R.A. and Gazzaniga, M.S. "Splitting the normal bratn with reaction time." Psychon. Scl. 17:335, 1969. Galfn, D. and Ornstein, R. "Lateral specialization of cognitive mode: An EEG study." Psychophysiology 9:412-418, 1972. | Galin, D. and Ornstein, R. “Individual differences tn cognitive style: 1. Reflective eye movements. Neuropsychologia, 1973, In press. Gazzaniga, M.S. The BIsected Brain. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970. Hecaen, H. and Ajurlaguerra, J. de. Left-Handedness, Manual Superiority and Cerebral Dominance. New York and London: Grune and Stratton, 1964, Hecaen, H. and Sauguet, J. "Cerebral dominance In left-handed subjects." Cortex 7:19-48, 1971. | Hniatow, M. and Lang, P. “Learned stabilization of cardiac rate." | Psychophysiology 1:330, 1965. Humphrey, M.E. and Zangwi ll, 0.L. "Cessation of dreaming after brain Injury." J.Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 14: 322-325, 1951. Humphrey, M. E. & Zangwill, 0. L. Effects of a right-sided occipito- partetal bratn Injury in a left-handed man. Brain, 75:312-324, 1952. Kimura, D. "Cerebral dominance and the perception of verbal stimuli." Cana. J.Percept. 15:166-171, 1961. Kinsbourne, M. "Eye and head-turning indicates cerebral lateralization." Science 176:539-541, 1972. Kocel, K. Galin, 0., Ornstein, R., Merrin, E. L. Lateral eye movement and cognitive mode. Psychonom. Sci., 27:223-224, 1972. Lansdell, H. ‘Verbal and non-verbal factors in right hemisphere speech." J.Comp. and Physiol. Psychol. 69:734-738, 1969 Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9
Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 page 24 CPYRGHT Levy, J., Trevarthen, C., Sperry, R.W. "Perception on bilateral chimeric figures following hemispheric deconnexton."' Bratn 95:61-78, 1972. Levy, J. Possible basIs for the evolution of lateral speclallzation of the human brain." Nature 224:614-615, 1969. Levy, J. "Information processing and higher psychological functions In the ' disconnected hemispheres of human commIissurotomy patients. (Unpublished 4 : Thests, Calfifornia Inst!tute of Technology, 1970. Luria, A.R. Higher Cortical Functtons In Man. New York: Basic Books, 1966. Marsh, J.F., TenHouten, W.D., Bogen, J.E. '' A theory of cognitive functioning and social stratification. " Progress Report 0. E.0. contract, Departmerit of Sociology, ‘Untversity of California, Riverside, 1970. McAdam, D.W. and Whitaker, H. A. “Language production: Electroencephalographic. localfzatfion In the normal human brain." Science 172:499- 502, 1971. McKee, G., Humphrey, B., McAdam, D. ''Scaled lateralization of alpha activity durtng Vingulstie and musical tasks. (In Press, P Psychophys tology) . McKeever, W.F. and ‘Hultng, M . "Left cerebral hem! sphere superiority in  tachIstoscoptc word recognition performance," Percept. Hot. skills 30: 763-766, 1970. | Miller, E. “Handedness and the pattern of human ability.'' Br. J. Psychol. 62:111-112, 1971. Milner, B. "Visually guided maze tearning In man:Effects of bilateral, frontal, and untlateral cerebral lesions." Neuropsychologia 3:317-338, 1965a. Milner, B. "Brain mechanisms suggested by studies of temporal lobes." In Language New York: Grune and Stratton, 1965b. Morrell, L.K. and Salamy, J.G. “emi spheric asymmetry of electrocortical responses to speech stimuli."' Science 174:164-166, 1971. Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9
Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 CPYRGHT - page 25 Nebes, R. "gupertor' ty or the minor hem! sphere In commissurotomized man for the perception of part-whole relations." Cortex 7:333-349, 1971. Now!ts, D. and Kamiya, J. "Control of EEG alpha rhythms through aud! tory feedback and the assoclated mental activity." Psychophyslology 4:476-484, 1970. | O'Malley, JE. and Conners, C.K. ''The effects of unilateral alpha training on visual evoked responses In a dyslexic adolescent." Psychophys tology 9:467-470, 1972. Orton, $.T. "Some studies In language functton." Res. Publ. Assoc. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 13:614-632, 1934. Satz, P., Achenbach, K., Fennell, E. “Correlations between assessed manual laterality and predicted speech laterality Ina normal population." Neuropsychologla 5:295-310, 1967. Semmes, J., Welnsteln, S., Ghent, L., Teuber, H.L. "Spatial orfentation In man after cerebral Injury: 1. Analyses by locus of leston." J. Psychol. 39:227-244, 1955. Semmes, J. “Hemispheric spectallzation: A posstble clue to mechantsm.'' Neuropsychologla 6:11-26, 1968. Sperry, R.W., Gazzaniga, M.S., Bogen, J.E. "Interhemispheric relationships: The neocortical, commissures, syndromes of hemisphere disconnectton." In Handbook of Clinical Neurology Vol. 4, Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co., 1969. pp. 273-290. Sperry, R.W. "Hemisphere deconnectfon and unity in conscious awareness.'"' Amer. Psychol. 23:723-733, 1968. Stent, G. "Prematurity and unfqueness in sclentific discovery.'' Sci. Amer. 84-93, Dec. 1972. Vella, E.J., Butler, $.R., Glass, A. "Elec rical correlate of right hemisphere Annvovon ‘a Yale = DLA < Lag O O elatatabsarararraratar
Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 CPYRGHT | ‘page 26 function.'’ Nature 236:125-126, 1972. Vogel, W., Broverman, D.M., Klalber, E.L. "EEG and mental abfltttes."! EEG Clin. Neurophysjol. 24:166-175, 1968. ‘Wood, C., Goff, W. R., Day, R. S. "Aud tory evoked potentials durtng speech perception." Sclence 173:1248-1251, 1971. Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9
Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9 CPYRGHT Figure 2. page 27 Figure Legends Change In EEG asymmetry during the Blocks and Written Letter Tasks: P3 = left parletal, Ph, = right parietal, T3 = left temporal, Ty, right temporal. The ratio of power In homolo- gous. leads Ty/T3 and P,/P3 Is greater on the spatial task than on the verbal task. ‘Reprinted from Galin and Ornstein, 1972." Sample Fourier power spectra for Blocks and Written Letter tasks. For each lead EEG power ‘is plotted versus frequency In.) Hz intervals from 1-29 Hz; the last point on each plot Is an average for frequencies 30-64 Hz. The ordinate is scaled In arbitrary units In which a 10 Hz sine wave of 80 microvolts p-p corresponds to 80,000 units.. The ratio of al pha-band power from homo! ogous leads T,/73 and P,/P; is greater on the Blocks task than on the Written Letter task. These spectra correspond to the sample EEG tracings shawn in Figure 1. "Reprinted from Doyle, Ornstein and Galin, 1973." Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000200040004-9
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