WlIWHIKfllK!
i zi *]
huik*uiwuuuk i
:mia (in Russian^
) pp. 50-59, Kraal
JDITORY
ishchino (Moscow
rodynamic emitter
a natural expert
: first harmonic of
ing to low threslio
effect.
vnwards by the V
hearing
(h.f;b:h.)
Physical models po: 4
J# y*
hole sound range
n a two-contour n^Of^gi^
am the theory of j)0|mg
:hanisms
of -headatMi^
ates the first haroin^S’
al and neurophya^w«
lance region in the junip
merit to establish
shold) in a room
e mean level at
low^^y
'
;ount the fact thath*ralfi*
Distribution of heavy carbon isotope (
,3C)
377
Since rise in power in the pulse
is not without danger we carried out the experiment
detect the beats in the preresonance region (1-7 kHz) in conditions of a substantially
*
r noise level (
20 dB). Irradiation was at a carrier frequency of 800 MHz using a
^poitlar waveguide of section 150x270 mm
,
the power
in the pulse ~ 120 W.
^^ainsity of the fluxofpower (dXp.) in the pulse was 0-6 W/cm2
. The parietal
•on of the head was irradiated as in the previous experiments. The duration of the
pulses chosen was up to 25 /tsec . The tonal signal was delivered to the subject
trough earphones of a GS-100I
generator.
The
repetition frequency of the pulses
d the frequency of the tonal acoustic signal varied from
1 to 7 kHz, both these para-
_ ters being controlled with a ChZ-34 frequency
meter.
At a repetition frequencies of the pulses of 1-3 kHz the sound was perceived only
w nne subject. Starting from 3 kHz the sensation of sound became more intense. With
further increase in the repetition frequency of the u.h.f. pulses the sound was confi-
dently perceived over the whole range by all the subjects. The presence of beats with
m acoustic tonal signal in order to shorten the radiation time was chacked at the points
•here perception in the opinion of the subjects was most distinct. For the first subject
•Jicse frequences were 3-58, 4-21, 5-23 and 6-99 kHz, for the second 4-01, 5-33 and 6-99
tfz and for the third 3-80, 4-74 and 4-97 kHz. At these frequencies all subjects clearly
recorded zero beats in a tonal acoustic signal.
REFERENCES
I TYAZHELOV, V. V., et al., Radioscience 14: 259, 1979
gcHOUTEN, J. F., Proc. Koninklije Nederlandische Akademie van Wetenschappen 43:
356,
1985
. T1GRANYAN, R. E. and SHOROKHOV, V. V., Biofizika 30: 894, 1985
\
ldem^ In; Biological Effect of Electromagnetic Fields. Problems of their Use and Standardiza-
tion (in Russian) ONTI NTsI, Pushchino, 1986
fcophysics Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 377-382, 1988
%°° 4
in Poland
C 1989 Fergamon Prea
DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEAVY CARBON ISOTOPE
(
13 C) IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS*
Ya. M. Varshavskii
Institute of Molecular Biology, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow
{Received 8 July
1 986)
The question of the reasons for the fractionation of the
J
C carbon isotope in biological sys-
tems is considered. Analysis of the existing experimental data and also theoretical considera-
tions indicate that the differences observed in the isotope composition of the carbon of biomo-
* Biofizika 33: No. 2, 351-355, 1988.
aductivity of the against a backgrow; aces, Vilnius », shift of the dipole HE THEORY MENTS stinct sets and { ncepts “not lesa”, possible to deter- epts as “‘mioimal 1 Jine with the nue, wider application aditions of an in- TA-RUP 90-00 /89R003100280001-7 \ Annotations of papers deposited in VINITI. 187 AUDITORY EFFECTS OF PULSED uhf ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS. ANALYTICAL REVIEW V. V. SHoroxHov and R, E. TIGRANYAN Institute of Biological Physics, Pushchino (Moscow Region) (Received 20 May 1988) srupy of the auditory effects of u.h.f. pulsed cloctromagnetic fields (radiosound) is & special yery narrow field of electromagnetobiology. Radiosound is of interest as factually the only objectively recorded and steadily repeatable effect of an electromagnetic field (c.m.f.): Therefore, study of it is desirable at least for the sake of elucidating the mechanisms of biological action of the e.m.f. in gone ral, although the phenomenon is of interest in its own right and as a possible public health criterion. The advent of subjective auditory sensations is not a specific reaction of the body but the result of the’ transformation of electromagnetic to mechanical energy in the tissues of the head. Most investiga- tors agree on this although a single established view of the specific mechanism of the formation of the auditory image has still not taken shape, The review includes over 100 publications known to the guthors starting from the very first in 1956; they are grouped into four sections within which chrono- logical order is observed: 1) psychophysical experiments on humans; 2) behavioural reactions of ani- mals; 3) electrophysiological and other phenomenological investigations; and 4) model investigations and possible mechanisms. This is the first time such a review has featured in the Soviet literature. Paper deposited in full in VINITI as No. 7777-V88. Dep. 1 November 1988. MICROSLIT «.h.f. EMITTER FOR BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS S. V. KotTun and R. E. TIGRANYAN Institute of Biological Physics, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Pushchino (Moscow Region) (Received 25 December 1987) A MicrosiT u.h.f. emitter has been designed for investigating the functional state of biological objects with a volume to 50 pl on exposure to u.h.f. e.m.i. with synchronous visual observation with an optical microscope. The structure of the field of the emitter and the main characteristics of the exposure of the object to e.m.i. are considered. The constructive dimensions of the emitter and the dielectric properties of the support are determined by the frequency of the carrier vibration, the wave impedance of the conducting cable and the characteristics of the object studied. The possibility of linking the emitter to the MBI-15 and MBI-3 microscopes is demonstrated. An effective apparatus of a microemitter is produced, the main energy characteristics recorded on irradiation of the model of the biological object and the safety zone for the investigator defined. The emitter was tried out on microorganisms of the Tetrahymena species (Tetrahymena pyri- formis) in continuous and pulsed regimes at the carrier frequency of 915 MHz. Paper deposited in full in VINITI as No. 7772-V88. Dep. 1 November 1988. pacoptyeces, Vo. 34, Mo.l, 0%
pprove
572
Annotations of papers deposited in VINITI
to microwave irradiation is explained by the difference in theii properties correlating with cell size.
Fall in excitability of the high threshold motoneurones results from change in the conductivity of
their membrane on exposure to microwave heating. Rise in excitability of the low-threshold moto-
neurones is apparently linked with activation of the presynaptic excitatory inputs under the influence
of microwaves.
Paper deposited in full in VINITI as No. 1442-V89.
Dep. 2 March 1989.
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF A SPHERICAL MODEL OF RADIOSOUND
R.
E. Tjgranyan and V. V. Shorokhov
Institute of Biological Physics,
U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Pushchino (Moscow Region)
(Received 8 September 1988)
A spectral analysis has been made of the mechanical oscillations excited in spherical liquid models
of radiosound by u.h.f. pulses. It is shown that the fundamental resonance frequency is determined
by the relation cjla where c is the velocity of sound in a liquid and a is the radius of the sphere.
The presence of an aperture in the sphere leads to the appearance of frequency components corre-
sponding to a Helmholtz resonator and a four-wave resonator. It is assumed that these components
must be absent in the prototype. It is concluded that the low quality factor spherical model satis-
factorily reproduces certain essential features of the effect of radiosound.
Paper deposited in full in VINITI as No. 1444-V89.
Dep. 2 March 1989.
[U. 2
‘r,
Z, in?
f
fc/Asz.
E.
L. ANDRONIK
YU.
P. KOZLOV,
G. N. BYERESTO’
V.
V. L
B. S. Balmukhanov.
and K. Ye. Bulege
N.
S. Shelud’ko,
I
Yu. K. Yudin
K. M. L’vov, A. V.
G. S. Kalichava, N
G. G. ZlANGIROVA
V.
R. Galoyan
S. K. Yefimov, D. G
N.
S. Surovicheva
V. V. Anshelevich, I
A. V. Lukashin anc
M. D. Frank-Kame
S. R. Gutman, A. B
S. V. Fomichenko
V.
S.
Gurfinkel’,
'
Yu.
S. Levik
V. V. Revin, V. T. N
O. R. Kol’s
M. V. For, A. R. Z
G. A. Prokopenko
Ye. M. Timanin
T. V. Burdzhanadz
M. O. Vezhitadze
A. P. Zhukovskii ant
T.
V. Byelopol’skai
and
I. V. Sochava
A. A. Makarov,
I.
I. A. Adzhubyei and
Indexed/abstncted in: Bit
I
I
R. E. Tioranyan
REFERENCES
1. MALENKOV, A. G. and KOVALEV, I. Ye., Biofizika 31: 162, 1986
2. MATUSHAK, A. A. and SHEPOVAL’NIKOV, N. P., Factors of the Constitution and a Tech-
nique for Investigating It in Children and Adolescents (in Russian) Leningrad Otophonetic Inst.,
Leningrad, 1930
3. MALENKOV, A. G. et al.. Electrical
and Thermophysical Properties of the Human Skin
(is
Russian) Dep.
in VINITI No. 75-85, Moscow
4. IL’IN,
II. L et al. f Theoretical
and
Experimental Studies of the Characteristics of Biological
Tissues and Fluids by the Pulse Method (in Russian) Nauka, Moscow, 1981
5. BMDP: Biomedical Computer Programs (Ed. W. Dixson) Univ. California Press, 1979
6. ALEKSANDROV, V. V. and GORSKII, N. D., Algorithms and Programs of the
Structural
Method of Data Processing (in Russian) p. 62, Nauka, Leningrad, 1983
7. BRAVERMAN, E. M. and MUCHNIK, I. B., Structural Methods of Empirical Data Processini
(in Russian) 464 pp., Nauka, Moscow, 1983
Biophysics Vol. 33 No. 4, pp. 752-737, 1988
Printed
in Poland
0006-3509/88 *10.00+ 00
© 1989 Maxwell Pertamoo Macmillan pk
POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF THE
SPECIFIC ACTION
OF
PULSED U.H.F. FIELDS*
R. E. Tigranyan
Institute of Biological Physics, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Pushchino (Moscow Region)
(Received 29 May 1986, after revision 20 January 1987)
The conditions of excitation of mechanical vibrations by u.h.f. pulses in model liquids have
been studied experimentally. The possible role of the different types of excited elastic wave*
in the formation of specific effects of pulsed u.h.f. fields is reviewed. The biological significance
of the excited shear vibrations by u.h.f. pulses is demonstrated. From the results a hypo*
thesis is suggested on the acoustic nature of the mechanism of the specific effects of pul*<4
u.h.f. fields as a result of generation in biological objects of shear waves by u.h.f.
pulse**
Thb identification of the mechanism of the biological action ofpulsed electromag***
fields (e.m.f.) of ultrahigh frequency (u.h.f.) is becoming exceptionally important
,
the wide adoption of pulsed u.h.f. instruments and systenft with the most varied
tions. Enormous factual material has been gathered and different hypotheses
o*
;
mechanism of action proposed.
, j
t
Many effects called non-thermal (specific) have
still not been properly
,
' Such effects include disturbances associated with the functioning of excitable
that are quite inexplicable from the standpoint of the quantity of absoroed enev
,
Biofizika 33: No. 4, 698-702, 1988.
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Specific action of poised uJtf. field*
l
;
Acts ri—51. The effects describedin these communications most
clftetijr de*
t**' f ^ presence of an unknown pathway of the transformation of the absoi jm
ft****
ticu.h.f. energy. Eidi [6] notes that there must be a certain transfer function
^^oSiative than the heat released between the cell and the electromagnetic wave
I
f To amplifier
w
Schematic
of <he "»"»»« nod. efte
,
.
•
t
\rnrp than twenty years ago Kamenskii
[7] investigating the
SSS^SaK^srsaiSS;
omc m'ch“ oHhe biological action
rf JLdtmfJ,. transformation of part ofthe absorbed etectronm^etrc ene gy
S prte into quite interne mechanical vibrations capable of actively ntani: «•
Sr^e object is taken as a transfer fturction. I. is
l^lj titot “
absorption of the energy of a U.M. pulse there forms to the
a thermal ptos. toe
tots of which changes to the volume of the object ,5a^“B °
aroused to this
mechanical vibrations. The authors of the present paper had hm Merest
phenomenon in connexion with the results of comparison of some non-thermal m
Stations of the action of pulsed u.hi. fields and the action of ultrasound on oh
jf
s of
“w^t turns out’that the effects observed are qu^itativ. y—
This led to the conclusion that dttring the pulsed action of uAXm
S
)
,
''Vi'"
::
;
!
754
R. E. Tioranyan
quite intense mechanical vibrations must be excited capable of actively influencing the
functional state of the object. Yet the calculated pressure values of the mechanical vibra-
tions presented in [9, 19] are lower by 4-5 orders (by 8-10 orders in intensity) than those
capable of leading to functional or pathological disturbances. To clarify the question
' we ran a series of experiments on model systems -liquids of organic and inorganic
origin and biological objects (the intact brain of the rat, a preparation of the frog tibia]
nerve and an erythrocyte suspension.
The block diagram includes a u.h.f. generator with a pulse power of 70 W at a carrier
frequency of 800 MHz, a rectangular waveguide in the running wave regime, a
piezo-
ceramic mechanical vibration detector, a linear amplifier and a Sl-54
oscillograph.
The objects were irradiated in a tube positioned in the diametral plane of the waveguide.
Figure
1 presents the design of the node of fixation of the tube and recording of the
’
mechanical vibrations excited in a liquid. The power flux density in the pulse in the wave-
guide was 2 W/cm2
. The height of the liquid column in the tube was varied from 30 to
50 mm. The test of whether these vibrations actually originated from the test liquid was
the velocity of sound in a given liquid determined from the relation [20]
C=4lf
or
C=4//ndr,
j
where / is the height of the liquid column, cm;/is the frequency of the excited mechanical
vibrations, sec -1
; Ax is the time marking of the sweep of the oscillogragh, sec; n is the
number of markings per period. The liquid column is regarded as a four-wave acoustic
resonator. The duration of the pulses in the experiments ranged between I0 -5 and 10"*
sec and the repetition frequency was 10-104 Hz. Figure 2 presents an oscillogram of the
mechanical vibrations excited in ethanol. With change in the duration of the u.h.f. puls*
periodic changes (maxima and minima) in the amplitude of the excited mechanical
vibrations were observed. The amplitude of the resulting vibration
is determined by the
;
relation
A f [4
COS(«+£*)]*.
where^i “^0 *”**; A 2 *A0e~*
(,~u) are the amplitudes ofthedying oscillations excited if
the leading and trailing edges of the thermal pulse. Thus the fronts of the thermal pul*
may be regarded as two independent sources of mechanical vibrations. Such an appro®**
to the effect observed is also supported by the fact that with change in the duration oft**
wide u.h.f. pulse (for a duration of the u.h.f. pulse equal to several periods of the excite®
mechanical vibrations) the amplitude of the mechanical vibrations excited by the lead*#
edge remains unchanged and only that of the mechanical vibrations excited by the
edge of the thermal pulse changes. With change in the duration of the u.h.f. pulse****
only does the amplitude of the vibrations change bin; also the character of the **7
process— at Ti=*(2n+ 1)7/2 the process of generation of the mechanical vibration*
continuous if the repetition frequency of the u.hX pulses is close tp the resonance”
Approved For Release 2000/08/08
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W
Spedfictctioit of polled ilU. field*
Fio. 2. Oscillogram of mechanical vibrations excited in ethanol.
.
*
_o[|CV 0f the object or waning: at tt =/»r it degenerates into packets of mechanical
^wions following at the frequency of the u.h.f. pulses (
T
is the period of the excited
Mechanical vibrations). The pressure amplitude may be evaluated from the sensitivity
JJthc detector equal to 10“* V-dyne“ ‘-cm2
. For ethyl alcohol this value was ~0-3N/cm2
an amplitude ofthe signal on the detector of20-30 mV. From this one may determine
Ihe intensity of the excited mechanical vibrations using the known relation
I, W/cm
J =p
2/2pc.
Substituting the values presented we get 7—3 x 10-4 W/cm2
. For 1 M NaCl solution we
obtained respectively 0-1 N/cm2 and 10" 5 W/cm2
. The values of the pressures and inten-
sities of the excited mechanical vibrations obtained correspond to the resonance of the
models used. At frequencies of U.hX pulses not equal to' the resonance frequencies or
their subharmonics the amplitude of the electric signal of the detector falls 50-100 fold.
Thus
the system studied when exposed to a pulse of electromagnetic energy must be
regarded as a contour of impact excitation in which on exposure to an external pertur-
bation free vibrations appear with a frequency close to that ofresonance
i.c. in evaluating
pressure and intensity the quality factor of the system must be heeded. In pure liquids as
is known only longitudinal mechanical vibrations are excited. In heterogeneous systems,
for which the shear modulus G^0 on excitation of the longitudinal waves, shear waves
are also excited. Consequently, in a real biological object a shear component with a
frequency equal to that of the longitudinal wave will also be present.
If we start from the known findings that the velocity of the shear wave is less by 2-3
orders than that of the longitudinal wave and attenuation is 10
s times greater [21] then
for the frequency range of the excitable mechanical vibrations ~ 104 Hz (which
is ob-
served in many experiments) the intensity of the shear vibrations may be evaluated as
follows. For an intensity of the longitudinal waves ~10“ 6 W/cm2 in the absence of
resonance the intensity of the shear vibrations is
1 per cent, i.e. 10
* W/cm
. In view of
the heavy attenuation,
the energy of the shear waves is expended on
- ie run of 2-3
wavelengths, i.e. at adistance ->'300 pm. Ifthe heterogeneities ofthe object are regarded as
point sources of such waves then in a sphere of 3* 10
“ 2 CTO radius surface area s— 10
756
R. E. Tioranyan
cm2 and volume V= 10“* cm3
, the density of the energy will be 10~ 2 W/cm3
. It may be
assumed that the maximum action of the shear waves will occur at the boundary of the
lipid membranes in view of the considerable difference in the dielectric constants of
the membrane and ambient medium leading to increase in the local energy of the u.h.f.
e.m.f. by three orders. In this case the energy density of the shear waves will reach 10
Fio. 3
Fio. 4
Fio. 3. Relative changes in the speed of conduction of the wave of excitation (1) and the amplitude
of the action potential (a.p.) (2) of the nerve preparation on synchronization of u.h.f. irradiation
with the latent period. I' and T— Results of control measurements with change in the speed of con*
duction of the wave of excitation and amplitude of the action potential.
Fio. 4. Grange in the speed of conduction of the wave of excitation (I) and the amplitude of the *>
tion potential (2) of the nerve preparation on thermal heating.
W/cm3
. Thus, even in the case of non-resonance excitation of the mechanical vibra-
tions the energy density of the shear waves
is biologically significant and far exceed*
the threshold values.
Comparison of the results on the non-thermal effects of u.hX pulsed e.m.f. on
table structures with data on the effects of ultrasound showed the single direction ct
the effect record, d. Thus, on exposure of the frog nerve preparation to u.h.f. P^5**
lasting 3-5 msec with a repetition frequency of 17-23 Hz the speed of conduction
the excitation wave and the amplitude of the action potential (q.p.) decrease (Fig- ^
on total heating of the preparation by not more than
1 K, the
shifts of the parameter*
studied being observed on synchronization of the u.h.f. pulse with a latent pe00"*
With a shift of the u.h.f. pulse in time relative to the latent period the effects disappe*^
the values of the recorded parameters concur with those for the control objects P*r
Thus, for equality of the u.h.f. energy supplied in the two case the effect is manife*
only on synchronization of the u.h.f. pulse with the active state of the preparatin*'
A qualitatively similar picture
is seen for preparations of the isolated frog heart ***
innervated muscle [2, 3], Hjating these preparations ought to lead to the known
site results [23] (Fig. 4). It is significant that for all the preparations indicated inert***'
Approved For Release 2000/08/08
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Specific action of poised uJl£ field*
^ ,
„
7J7
#
»*
jg the repetition frequency,
i.e. increase in the density of the nmvor #<„_
.
.
.
...
“d ****** •*>***! of the elfcet wfth those
7 » valu“ of
t
tle ™pa«les Of thegnm
I id vibrations
obtained and also the evaluation of the volumetric energy density of
the «*<*r waves^
^ <^aw a conclusion on the biological significant
Iter on their excitation by u.h.f. pulses.
&
gnmeance of the lat-
*
REFERENCES
j, TIGRANYAJV, R. e. and TYAZHELOV. V. V
Sum™
.
Action of Electromagnetic Fields'* (in Russian) p
12 Pushed ffi"?
111011 Symp ‘ "B,ol°rical
l nGRANYAN, R. E. and PARSADAfS A Sh i
,,
*
i ttgranyan, r. e. ,,
md.
A' si" aii > 13
:
l mu U.
T11ER to. Z l
Sa““* «"
p- «. aa
1, KAMENSKII, Yo. I. t Biofizika 9:
6, 1964
J FOSTER, K. R.
Whistml^^^ **^ 1952
lit WHITE, R. M.,
J. Appl. Phys. 34: 3559, 1963
U, GOURNAY, L. S., J..Acoust. Soc. Amer. 40* 1322. 19/za
12. KAZARINOV, K. D. et al., Summ. Reports All-lini™c
magnetic Fields” (in Russian) p. 42, Pushchino
1982
ymP’
Bl° cglcal Action of Electro-
FRY, W. J. D. and TUCKER, D., J. Acoust. So^. Aaner 23- 627
1951
,4. HAUSSMANN, H. G. and KEHLER, H., Optic 7
321 M
|J. HAUSSMANN, H. G. */ al., Hygien. 134: 565. 1952
16 LEHMANN, J. et al., Strahlentherapie 83: 311
1950
,7
* w^im
***’ A* P* aDd PASHOVKIN
* T* N., Proc. UBIOMED-IV.
Vol. 1, Visegrad, Hun-
IfSjyy “d
HAte®*. t N.. N.tnncia^cbate,
iu
S'
“«* «1 Application, 1,78
1M°
Bioeffccts. Abstracts UBIOMED VII. p. J4 EiteoaTcD R TT*
1 T,““*
Ultrasonic
23. VEPRINTSEV, V. N„ Dissert. Cand. Biol Sd
RJS?t
’
«
'• sa * (m Russian) Moscow State University, I960
gw,hysics Vol. 30 No. J, pp. 973-981, 1985
pinted in Poland
0006-3509/85
$10.00 + .00
Fergamon Journals Ltd.
PHYSICAL modelling of the acoustic effects on
EXPOSURE OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS TO
U.H.F.
FIELDS*
R.
E. Tigranyan and
V.
V. Shorokhov
Institute of Biological Physics, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Pushchino (Moscow Region)
(Received 5 March
1984)
A
physical
model
of radiosound
is
proposed
based on the phenomenon of excitation of
mechanical vibrations in liquid medis ou absorption
of
the
energy
of
u.h.f.
pulses.
It
is
shown that a restricted volume of liquid may be regarded as an acoustic resonator with a na-
tural frequency of vibrations. Interference occurs for certain ratios between the period of suc-
cession and the duration of the pulses. Oscillograms of the mechanical vibrations recorded
are presented. An explanation of the low frequency type of radiosound is offered.
It is con-
cluded that the proposed method of investigating the phenomenon of radiosound
is correct.
Work on the effect of radiosound [1-5] has reliably confirmed the appearance of sub-
jective sound
sensations on
irradiation
of the human head
with
a pulse-modulated
u.h.f.
field. Nevertheless, there
is
still no conclusively formed idea of the mechanisms
of origin of such sensations. The socalled thermo-elastic hypothesis of the mechanism
of radiosound proposed by Lin
[6]
is the best researched and most consistent.
Its es-
sence is to assume that absorption of the energy of the u.h.f. field occurs not uniformly
over the whole volume of the brain but
is concentrated in
its
very narrow regions
( ‘hot spots”) with
their subsequent
rapid thermal expansion and
detection on
the
•'hull bones. Thanks to the presence of bone conductivity the mechanical vibrations
reach the organs of hearing where the sound image also forms. But since the author
of this hypothesis regards the head as an acoustic resonator he derives a number of
consequences consistent with some experiments on radiosound. However,
this theory
cannot explain a large body of experimental evidence and
is
in conflict with some of
u. Therefore,
it may be desirable in older to define certain aspects of this phenomenon
so stage experiments on models which would exclude
a subjective evaluation by the
abject of a particulai characteristic of the effect. Foster and Finch observed excitation
m u cubic vessel with a side of 300 mm
filled with 0-15 m K.C1 solution of mechanical
vibrations on exposure to a pulsed u.h.f.
field
[7], This phenomenon was taken as the
basis of our experiments.
Biofizika 30: No. 5, 894-899, 1985.
975]
>1
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976
R. E. Tigranyan and V. V. Shorokhov
In choosing the conditions of the experiments the authors sought to follow
the
parameters and characteristics of the objects known from the liteiature on the pheno-
menon of radiosound and also the conditions of earlier experiments.
As objects we used
1 m NaCl solution and ethyl alcohol poured into tubes with an
internal diameter 7 mm and height 100 mm. The height of the column of liquid changed
within the limits 30-50 mm. The choice of
1 M NaCl solution
is explained by the fact
that the electrical and acoustic parameters of a given liquid, according to [6], correspond
to the parameters of brain tissue. The choice of ethyl alcohol was largely arbitrary though
dictated by the wish to show that the advent of mechanical vibrations on irradiation
with e.m.f. pulses
is not exclusively the property of electrolytes but occurs to an equal
degree for non-conducting pure liquids.
Irradiation was carried out
in a rectangular
waveguide with section
31 x240 mm2
. To
raise the concentration of the
field in
the
zone of the tube on the wide wall of the waveguide was sealed a brass tube of height
Fig.
1.
Circuit diagram of experimental
apparatus.^
50 mm with an internal diameter 14 mm. The power of the generator in the pulse was
72 W,
the
repetition frequency of the pulses changed within the
limits
10-3000
*
and the duration of the pulses was 10 //sec-1 msec. The mechanical vibrations excite
in
the
liquid were recorded by a bimorphous
crystal. The variable
electrical signa
recorded from the detector was
amplified with a UBP1-02 bipotential amplifier an
[
recorded on the screen of a S1-19B oscillograph. As source of u.h.f. e.m.f. we use
I
modified GS-6 generator,
carrier frequency 0-8 GHz.
In
[6,
7]
this Phen0^
n°V'^
considered on exposure to e.m.f.
pulses with a cairier frequency of 918-2
|
from which
it may be concluded that the character of the effect over a wide fre3uel7'
I
range
is quite general. The apparatus at the disposal of the authors operates a
<
frequency of 800 MHz which
is quite close to the values presented in the
litera
^
Modulation of the u.h.f. vibrations with pulses of square form was carried out wi
^
a G5-54 generator. The circuit diagram of the apparatus is indicated in Fig.
1-
>8“
.
shows arrangement of the tube with liquid in the waveguide and bimorphous
used as detector of the mechanical vibrations. Preliminary investigation
estao
that the amplitude of the vibrations in the tube filled with ethyl alcohol is consi
e
^
higher than in the case of NaCl solution. Qualitatively the character of the
I!
forCp
for these and other liquids used in the experiments completely matches. The
•
Acoustic effects on exposure of biological systems to
u.h.f.
fields
977
for convenience of description below we give the
results obtained for
ethyl alcohol
jf no special qualifications are made.
Figures 3 and 4 give
the
oscillograms
of the mechanical vibrations for the
dif-
ferent time parameters of the e.m.f. u.h.f. pulses. For long durations (Fig. 4) the vibra-
tions excited by both fronts of the thermal pulse are clearly, visible. The vibration in
the duration of the e.m.f. u.h.f. pulse with interference between the mechanical vibra-
tions excited by the leading and trailing edges
is observed. The periodicity of the ap-
pearance of the maxima (minima) of the amplitude
of the mechanical
vibrations
r
s l//where/is the frequency of the vibrations excited in the liquid,
is inversely propor-
tional
to the height of the liquid column.
J y
V
The graphs (Figs. 5 and 6) indicate the dependence of the amplitude of the excited
mechanical vibrations on the duration of the acting pulse. The frequency of the mechan
ical vibrations was determined from the zero beats between these vibrations and
the
acoustic signal from an electrodynamic emitter. The emitter was 30 cm away from the
tube with detector. At the moment of equality of the frequencies of the tonal
acoustic
signal and the mechanical vibrations excited in the liquid zero beats were observed
on the oscillograph screen. In this case the detection itself served as a vibration mixer
Simultaneously on rearrangement of the frequency of the sound generator beats are
tor in the psllt
limits
10-
il vibrations'
ble
electricai
Fio. 2. Arrangement of tube with liquid in waveguide and bimorphous
crystal
in tube-
1 -
detec-
tor of mechanical vibrations (bimorphous crystal); 2 - test liquid; 3 - packing (fluoroplast)- 4 - co-
axial cable; S -
test
tube; 6 - tube;
7 - waveguide.
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
:#
&o. 3. Mechanical vibrations exdted in ethyl alcohol
with a short u.h.f. pulse
(duration of pulse
.
les» than the half period of mechanical
vibrations).
I
Mechanical vibrations
exicited
in ethyl
alcohol with a wide
u.h.f.
pulse
(duration
of
*
the puise amount* to several
periods of the mechanical vibrations).
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R. E. Tigranyan and V. V. Shorokhov
Fig.
5. Amplitude of mechanical vibrations excited in
1 m NaCI solution as a function of the du-
ration of the
u.h.f.
pulse.
Fig.
6. Amplitude of mechanical vibrations excited in ethyl alcohol as a function of the duration
of the
u.h.f.
pulse.
observed between the
repetition frequency of the
e.m.f.
u.h.f.
pulses
and
the
fre-
quency of the acoustic vibrations from the electrodynamic emitter. The beats are
re-
corded whenever the frequency of the acoustic vibrations
is a multiple of the
pulsed
repetition frequency. As an example. Fig. 6 gives the oscillogram of such
beats. The
frequency of the acoustic signal
is 6 x 103 Hz and the pulse repetition frequency of
the e.m.f.
u.h.f.
is T5x 10 3 Hz. Zero
beats may be observed when these frequencies
ate equal.
An interesting feature of the experiments
is that the vibrations excited in the liquid
have an intensity sufficient for their auditory perception from a distance of up to
I m.
The beats of the acoustic signal and vibiations excited in the liquid may also be per-
ceived by hearing. In this case the mixer of mechanical vibrations emitted by the tube
with liquid and electrodynamic emitter is the auditory apparatus of the observer. The
zero beats on hearing may be recorded in parallel with their visual observation on
the oscillograph screen. The values of the frequency of the natural vibrations of the
liquid obtained by the method of zero
beats recorded by the detector concur
with
those determined on hearing.
Similarly, parallel recording on the oscillograph screen and on hearing of the maxima
and minima of the amplitude of the free vibrations the appearance of which
is due
to the presence of interference in the vibratory system is possible. Interference appears
not only through change in the duration of the pulses (Figs. 5 and 6) at a low frequency
of their succession. With increase in the repetition frequency of the pulses and l or a short
duration of them the excited mechanical vibrations do not have time to wane in the
pauses between pulses and starting from a certain value of the repetition frequency
interference of the mechanical vibrations is also observed: with agreement of the signs
of the
initial phases of the vibrations
their amplitude grows,
in counter-phase
the
vibrations die away
(Fig.
7). At these moments a lower tone corresponding to
the
pulse repetition frequency
is
clearly perceived. In the experiment increase
in the
in*
tensity of the low frequency vibrations perceived on hearing
is noted with
fall in
lhc
repetition frequency of the pulses down to
10 Hz. This
is explained by the
fact
th3t
Acoustic effects on exposure of biological systems to
u.h.f.
fields
'*
in the energy spectrum with fall in the pulse repetition frequency the amplitude of the
low frequency
spectral component increases
[8]. The tone corresponding to the free
vibrations -of the system
is perceived on hearing starting from a pulse repetition fre-
miencv of the order 250 Hz.
Fra. 8
Fig. 7
Fig . 7. Beats between pulse repetition frequency and frequency of acoustic signal, a multiple of the
pulse repetition frequency.
Fig. 8. Quenching of excited mechanical
vibrations as a
result of
interference.
We also ran experiments on the character of the mechanical vibrations in liquid-fi ied
beads on their irradiation with pulsed e.m.f. u.h.f.
All the other conditions corresponded
to those described earlier. A bead of diameter 20 mm with a tube 9 cm long fiHedwith
“hvl Lohol has a resonance frequency of about
9 kHz and filled with
1 M NaC
solution of the order 11 kHz. For a bead of diameter 30 mm with a tube 8 cm longt
corresponding values are 6-4 and 8 kHz. A sealed 30 mm bead containing alcohol has
'ThrruhTp“rmU°o™assumptions on the possible mechanism
of fadiosound.
The clarity of the effect investigated in the experiments, the possibility of direct auditory
percemion and visual observation on the oscillograph screen of the vtbrattons excited
in the liquid on irradiation of the tube with pulsed e.m.f. u.h.f. support the assumption
that the effect of radiosound is due to the same processes as generation of sound vtbra-
lions in a test tube containing liquid; namely; transformation of the diminishing emf
energy into the mechanical energy of the
absorbing substance. From
this point of
view the object on which the investigations were carried out may be regarded as*PJ
deal model of radiosound and the results of the model experiments be interpreted in
relation to this phenomenon. However,
it should be noted that within the
>
model de-
scribed
it is no. possible to explain the effect of high frequent* radtosound (9
0) of
atm-resonance character. But, if one starts from the fact that the measured
in temperature in the tube was 0-l”C see-' for 1-5 cm' UN.O solutionforapulc
porosity 20 then the UEM for this object has a value of the order *4 kW/kg
pulse. The calculations show that for such a UPM the power absorbed by the lute
must be about 8 W in the pulse. Accordingly, to excite the mechanicrd
the same amplitude in a volume of 2-5 x 10> cm' (the volume of the head of the; human
mult) a pulse power of the generator of not less than 13 kW ,s necessary. Naturally,
TT7ET. asm
rEJFETiWJiTiTiT/*
.
.
Us
i
98Q
r. E. TigranyaN and V. V. Shorokhov
in our experimental conditions such
*<»
wouldT
r.rssrsu
lln Lin“lh^rSTS^hSd-ta. the chmacrcrisdcs of ^
effect of
of a detinite repeUtio. frequency hy a— £ a“le„Kd 0„. If one
Lin of ther“^
r
;e
°”
0td pressure must change in tandem nth the frequen?
starts from the fact that the souna p
calculated graphs presented in Lin s
of the elastic
3 cm must vibrate with a frequency of about
Work,
it follows that a sphere
^ a frequency of about 66 kHz. However
150 kHz and one with a radius ot
sphere is presented
here the dependence of the
a„d 7-10 cm and
explained and i, remains only ,0 postal.,
the causes of its appearance.
.
.
tViat
. a resuit of interference
jsz^sssrzs:r.—v—
q“ memS—ns
a^r
of the
“*££ “mcond type of radiosound
[9.
10,, uamel,
frequency tone in the absence ofresonance^“
t^0ffrequenJ at the moments
mechanical vibrations corresponding to th
p
pe
natural fiequency
are
“L
the high frequency components corresponding
to the
natural
q
suppressed as a result of the run-on of the phase
which can be done only
3) On detection of the resonance ProPertl“ of the
Qf Rations in such
on a model since the calculated powers necessary f
ad
experiment*
a system well exceed the safely
may be applied quite correctly
to the description of the
effect
references
1. FREY, A. H., Aerosp. Med. 32: 1140, 1961
2. Idem, J. Appl. Physiol. 17: 689, 1962
3. Idem, J. Med. Electron 2: 28, 1963
4. Idem, J. Appl. Physiol. 23: 984, 1967
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l
m
Aspects of regulation of human locomotor movements
981
-
Idem, IEEE Trans. MTT 19: 153, 1971
LIN, J. G. t Microwave Auditory Effects and Applications, Springfield, Illinois, 1977
7 FOSTER, K. R. and FINCH, E. D., Science 185: 256, 1974
8 KHARKEVICH, A. A., Spectra and Analysis On Russian) Fizmatgiz, Moscow, 1962
o’ KHIZNYAK, E. P. et at., Activ. nerv. sup. 21: 247, 1979
jO KHIZNYAK, E. P.
et
at., Proc. URSI-CNFRS Symp. Electromagnetic Waves and Biology,
p. 101, Paris, 1980
Biophysics Vol. 30 No. J, pp. 981-987, 1983
printed in Poland
0006-3509/83 S10.00 + .00
Pergamon Journals Ltd.
ASPECTS OF THE REGULATION OF HUMAN LOCOMOTOR
A
MOVEMENTS *
i
V. A. Bogdanov
Institute of Problems of Information Transmission, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow
(Received 18 September 1984)
Transforming
the
experimental
kinematic
data
to
normal
coordinates
and
calculating
the moments of the muscular forces during walking the author found that the locomotor
movements for each degree of freedom of the leg are regulated almost discretely so that the
two bit constant control parameters are switched a small number of times in the cycle of the
step
Therefore, the musculature acts like switchable elastic links and the energy expenditure
depends significantly less on the trajectories of movement than on the kinematic conditions
at
fixed moments of switching.
Posing of problem. Earlier,
it was shown
[1] that muscular actions are theoretically
possible for which the energy expenditure depends on the goal of the movement but
not on the trajectories along which the goal
is reached. The control of such muscular
actions
is characterized by parameters instantly changed when the next goal of move-
ment arises and constant until the goal is reached. This
priniple of control was called
iso-energetic and the changes in the parameters termed switching.
It was found
[2]
that iso-energetic control is used in rhythmic movements of the arm in the elbow joint.
Similarly during locomotions of man and animals the goal of movement consisting
,
in the displacement of the body to the necessary point in space appears more important
j
than the trajectories of movement.
Statistical analysis of the published data showed
that during walking by man the muscular actions in the joints resemble the actions
of switched elastic links
[3]. Let us see whether the intermediate goals of movement
*
Biofizika 30: No. 5, 900-904, 1985.
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TAB
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i j have
10-100 A/cm? “ at least an order of
'VG
irnitucle low£ than the experimental threshold current
Tenfity-
to these lasers, therefore. Auger recombination
leads only to a heating of the electrons.
The current in the active region of injection lasers
its orimarlly from carrier diffusion,
so that we may
Sore the Joule heating in Eq. (3) in this case.
Itorther-
Sre
the term rA in Eq.
(1), which corresponds to Auger
mb nation
is assumed to be small in comparison with
SSTcrfSttSve recombination,
r,.
The dependence
of the threshold current on the lattice tempera ure_can
Sv be determined from the onset of degeneracy of the
electron gas, which can be found by solving system
(1)
(
),
... T
fixed
and with T treated as a parameter.
The
expression for the rate of Auger recombination in this
case is
~ £i/2rn [n*-**(r)]
,
(5)
C.
=
£<,
(
and mil are the transverse and
tgitudinal electron masses), Jfl) is the equilibrium
urinate electron denalty, and fm
t<*
f the temperature T and is given in Ref. 4.
We evid
y
ave rj(T) « y(T)n 2
, where y(T) is also a smoo
n
f T (Ref
1)
Figure
1 shows some typical curves o
f£»1 qnasilevel £ and of) - •£*£
,f the temperature T for various values of eg , pl°tted
inder the assumption T0 « Ei.
CIA-RDP96-00789R0031 00280001-7
.
.
.
FIG
1. Dependence of the position of the Fermi quasilevel
6 W
o^e injection current density
j (b) on the temperature of the electron
gas for various gap widths (egi >E g2)-
The maxima in these curves result from the activa-
tional nature of the Auger recombination
If th® ®lec*ron
gas does not become degenerate when t (T) reaches a
maximum (as on curve 2), the degeneracy sets in at a
temperature T*~ Ef which is essentially
the lattice temperature T0 .
This case corresponds to m
S-shaped dependence of T on the pump mirrent j
Us ng
the expression from Ref. 4 for
/»(T>. and using; the ertK
mate iv- 10+7 a"
, one can show that for T0 > 10 K curv
corresponds to semiconductors with gap widths Eg <0.1eV.
In summary, for injection lasers made from semi-
conductors of this type the threshold pump current be-
comes a function of the lattice temperature only at T,*
Ei ~ 0.1
£g.
This conclusion is In good agreement with
the experimental data.
lT. X. Hoal, K. H. Herrmann, and D. Genzow, Phys. Status Solid! A 64,
239 (1981).
2G. Nimtz, Phys. Rept. 63, 265 (1980).
3R. W. Keyes,
Proc. IEEE 63, 740 (1975).
4 p. R. Emtage, J. Appl. Phys. £7, 2565 (1976).
Translated by Dave Parsons
uformaBonal natum of .th.
*” en,,S",
sffects of electromagnetic waves on a living organism
N. D. Devyatkov and M. B. Golant
(Submitted July 10, 1981; resubmitted November 26, 1981)
Pis’ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 8, 39-41 (January 12, 1982)
PACS numbers: 87.50.Eg, 87.10. + e
It was noted a long time ago that livin^^anis™^
nay be affected significantly by electromagnetic wave^^
in the radiofrequency range at a very low inte
J
i
that which would cause any significant heattog £
These effects have been labeled "nonthermal
P
effects.
There are, however, no clear c
e
an effect to be "specific"
(the fact that tbe
emperature
change is small cannot serve as such a orll
because the wave energy and, hence the temp
be increased significantly without affecting
e
several cases
).
In the absence of clear criteria, there
have been difficulties in deciding whether an
m).
specific effect or a thermal effect (or an
__
in some particular case or other, and there has been some
doubt that specific effects should be singled out as aspe
group
The phrase "specific effect" has frequency been
reolaced by "information effect" In more recent years,
- ,Ss chLg. d»ea not eliminate the
no clearer criteria for this concept have emerged.
A study of the influence of millimeter-range electro-
magnetic waves of a nonthermal intensity on
v
J?
o
i<mis ofvarious complexity levels was published in 1973
(Ref
The organisms studied ranged from microorgan-
££ S m^maTa.
Some gen.ral conclusions about those
effects were formulated.
in difficulties m ueuiums
effects were iormuiawsu.
effect or a thermal effect (or an
ene gy
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T»c-. Phvs. Lett. 8 ( 1 ). January 1982
0360-1 20X.82/0
i) The ef&ppr^ecbiFOtf Retdafse^OO/OS/OS
resonant manner:
The results change substantially upon
an informationa
resonam
^
——
<-»
a small deviation from the frequencies at which the waves
are most effective.
2) The effect is essentially independent of the intensity
of the electromagnetic waves above a certain minimum
(threshold) level and below the level at which a significan
heating of tissues is observed.
The reasons for the resonant nature of the effect have
been discussed by several investigators (see Refs . 2-4,
for example), while the second of these facts has not yet
been convincingly explained.
This second fact is apparent-
ly the key to an understanding of the essence of informa-
tion effects.
We begin our discussion by considering one aspect
of the operation of cybernetic devices used in technology.
These devices work only in those cases in which the re-
sults of their operation are not, over a broad range, af-
fected by changes in the signals generated in the informa-
tion-processing systems.
The minimum signal levels
required for operation of a device are usually determined
by the requirements for shielding the device from no se
and stray pickup. The maximum permissible signal levels
are determined by the possibility of damage or of changes
in the operating conditions of the device.
Let us examine
the situation in somewhat more detail.
The input of the cybernetic device receives a set of
signals which represent the arriving informations aset of
quantities and operations on these quantities.
Emerging
from the output of the device is a set of signals which
represent information obstained as a result of the pro-
.
cessing of the data which arrived at the input.
The in-
formation which arrives at the input must be unambiguously
related to the information taken from the output.
hat "specific" effects are of
WeZted to a
"specific" stimulus, the region irradiated by the electro-
magnetic waves does not necessarily have to coincide witf,
the affected region.
The necessary "command" can be
transferred through one of the information-transfer chan-
nels in the organism.
i
An important point is that Ihe energy effects of the
electromagnetic waves may simultaneously be informatior:
Sfects on Se organism.
The interrelationship between
the information effects and energy effects of a signa l cm
be explained with the help of an example. The meaning of
some text (information) does not depend on the intens
y
at which it is illuminated.
On the other hand, the Illumi-
nation intensity determines the energy effect of the light
on the eye.
Tr
Accordingly, a distinctive feature which determines
the informational nature of
an effect of electromagnetic
waves is not the absence of tissue heating but the essen-
tial independence of the effect from the intensity of the
electromagnetic waves over a broad range.
In many cases
(including those discussed in Ref. 2) an information effect
on an organism is determined by the frequency (or, more
generally, by the spectrum of frequencies) of the waves
and is related to the resonant dependence of such effects
on the wave frequency which we mentioned earlier.
As the device processes information received at its
input, however, auxiliary signals are generated ^
it
e
level of these signals cannot be independent of the wo kl g
state of the elements making up the device, and this work-
ing state unavoidably changes over time.
Consequently,
cybernetic devices which ensure an unambiguous corre-
spondence between the information received at the input
and the information taken from the output canJ>Pe™
reliably only if this relationship does
the soecified limitations, on the level of the auxili ry
signal ei generated in the information-processing system.
Tt is natural to suggest that in a living organism the
lewftftJSSd; grated by the infprmation-process-
ing^wjtemsdoes not, over a broad range, influence the
relationship between the received in:
Since several organs and systems are working simul-
taneously and in a coordinated manner in a living organist
exchange of information between these organs and system,
and processing of this information are absolutely neces-
8 ary.
Alterations in its information exchange may strong!
affect the working conditions of the organism; in partlcuU
many diseases result from disruptions of informatlon-
nrocessing and -transfer systems,
hi certain cases,
therefore,^the use of information effects may prove very
successful.
OThe more rigorous term 'energy effect" should be applied to any effect
whose magnitude is decisively influenced by the amount of energy
power.
1A . S. PresmanTElectro magnetic Fields and Animate Nature [in Russian],
»*. - o—
-vr—r
Academyof Sciences of the USSR (January l7 ’ 18 - 1873) -
Usp '
Nauk 110. 452 (1973) [Sov. Phys. Usp.
16. 568 (1974)].
3H
Frohlich. Phys. Lett. 51A, 21 (1975).
Kaiser. Symposium on the Electromagnetic Waves and Biology. C
Center, France, June 30-July
1, 1980.
Translated by Dave Parsons
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N. D. Devyatkov and M. B. Golant
Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 8 ( 1 ), January 1982
.
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