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CPYRGHT
A34
Friday. November 15. 1983
The Washington Post
THE ERUPTION OF THE NEVADA DEL RUIZ
irmonic Tremors, Mud Slides Preceded Colombian Blast
By Thomas OToofe
just as Washington’s Mount
St*
rlc’ens
did
five
years ‘ago,
tlte
3c!nmbiau volcano Nevado del Ruiz
TiZt erupted Wednesday night gave
3ut numerous iditale signs in the
ast 11 months that
it was budding
:oward a major eruption*
As
k>ng sgo as
iast December,
seismographs began to pick up the
rmiibiiug*
of
spasmodic
earth-
lakes below the volcano that are
he harbingers of worse things to
:ome. In March of this year, there
vere several small steam and nsh
‘Everybody knew
'kis tvdsavolcano
that kqdn * suffered
in eruption in 400
— Dr, Robert Chrktlansm. U5GS
explosions
near
the
« volcacoY
17,400-ksot summit that
signified
more violent
activity. apd then on
years, but everybody
still knew
it
was a vokano."
Volcanoes erupt when the molten
rock that normally lies far inside the
mountain starts rising up, heating
the
rock above
it aud
forcing
it
aside.
There
were
signs
in
recent
weeks that a giant pool of molten
rock (magma) as hot as 2,200 de-
grees Fahrenheit had begun to stir
inside the mountain and had begun
to move upward, pushing aside the
tons of rock that lay in its way. The
telltale
signs
of
moving magma
Were the “harmonic tremors” in the
earth near the volcano that appar-
ently ’were picked up hv seismic lis-
tening devices
is the two months
since the mud slide of SepL 11.
Harmonic tremors are rhythmic
motion* in the earth that involve an
almost continuous release of seis-
mic
energy.
While
earthquakes
come
hi episodes and then
stop,
harmonic tremors go on foe long pe-
riods at a steady frequency.
Christiansen said that harmonic '
tremors are always
the
result of
moving magma end usually are the
first signs* of aa impending major
erE^ion. The U.S. Geological Sur-
vey s'*id yesterday that Nevada del
Magdaknct River
iganr/fe Fiver
sleeping towns in the valley was as
deep as 15 to 20 feet.
A lesser mud flow on the western
side
of
the
mountain
was
still
enough to create an artificial dam in
the Qua!i River above the town of
Mariquita,
which
Colombian
offi-
cials were attempting to evacuate
before
the
mud-fiiled dam
broke
apart on its own. Floods from melt-
ing snow and ice were reported m
four rivers whose headwaters begin
on the mountain.
The physical
similarity between
the eruption of Nevado del Ruiz and
Mount St. Helens is striking. Both
volcanoes slowly built to eruptions
and both eruptions did most of their
early damage with mud slides. The
huge snow and
ice pack on
both
mountains
melted
in
the
heat
of
eruption,
cascading tons
of water
and mud down
the
flanks
of the
mountains into the river valleys be-
low. But only 57 people died in the
Mount St. Helens eruption, which
occurred
in a
sparsely
populated
area.
Nevado del Ruiz
is the largest
and
tallest of six volcanoes strurm
out in a Use through central Colons
bia. The northernmost volcano
in
the Andes Mountains, Nevado del
i Mariqutta
-Cue// River
, .,tih
NZi/ADO DO. RUIZ
!
*
{
y vkjftk •mptton: pragma resar**r
W underneath the volcano incraaifis m
* unoerneath the volwoo iccreaifes ta
«e ar?d pushes, upwards. When rock
'
strata can r» longer contain the
-
“
wftS
pressurGf4 msffna, lava aropts through
wgft]
vA;
-v;
fesurei. Nevado <£ef Rut* erupted on its
£&£:;>
northeastern sde, melting its tot cap ind
te®e quantities of mud to $<*8
Manizales
Chlnchina
mm
or JO ILLLD* KWIPHY — THt y*tt*MOS2m POST
largest mud slides in South Amer-
ican history. The USGS* Dr. Darrel
G. Herd described
it as a “wall of
mud, trees and ice that went raring
down
the
valley
to
the
Rio Mag-
sen
said. This means they
retain
their
gases,
allowing pressure
to
buikl, rather than venting them in a
way that would relieve the pressure
*hat builds up inside volcanoes, he
building in strength until it exceeds
the weight of the rocks above that
are holding it in. The result can be
another eruption. The twmernptioc
of
Nevado
dei
Ruic
Wednesday
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CPYRGHT
=
; A0v-U.C't
s ( sunlit
signified
more violent
activity, and then on
Sept-
1 1 of this year there was an
eruption that me!red enough snow
and
see on
the mountain
peak
to
trigger a ;nud slide 20 miles Jong.
“it’s
not
surprising,
except
for
the violence
of the eruptions
that
shook
the
mountain
Wednesday
eight,” Dr. Robert Christiansen of
fee U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
s*id by telephone from his office in
Menlo
Park,
Calif.
"Everybody
knew this was a volcano that hadn't
*ed a major
eruption
tu 400
/oleano Kills
Thousands
In Colombia
VOLCANO. From A i
tor mecic.il supplies, potable water
and tr msport equipment to help m
a
'escue
effort Hampered
by
the
destruction
of
bridges and
roads.
Coiomb'jn radio and
television ad-
vised people in toe disaster zone net
to drink from
local water supplies,
which ’were feared contaminated by
sulfur.
[in Washington, the U.S. Agency
for International Development
said
22 helicopters were dispatched
to
the scene from a base in Panama, at
the request
of Colombia. A
state-
ment
said AID
relief expert
Paul
Bell and Darrell Herd of the U.S.
Geological Survey m Reston, who
has studied the volcano, were en
route to offer assistance.]
.
The the most seriously affected
town was Artnero, with a population
of 25.000, about 15 miles east of
the
volcano.
It was
said by come
residents to have been 90 percent
submerged.
Sc v e c al n e JK?it< .rhcud .1
: "
he oil
v
eruption.
I*::?
t.'.S. beoirgiLV' sur-
vey said yesterday that Nevado del
Riiiz
suffered
"two
catastrophic
eruptions”
Wednesday
night
be-
tween 11 p.m. and midnight.
The
back-to-back
eruptions
on
the northeast flaitk of the mount air,
melted enough ice and snow on the
mmintaintop
to
trigger
what
the
USGS called "two catastrophic mud
(lows down
the
northeast
flank,**
which were channeled directly into
the
Laguaiiias River m the broad
valley at the base of the mountain.
Eyewitnesses said the mud in four
I’ia.
T'he northernmost volcanc
ir.
the Andes Mountains. Nevario del
Ruiz has
also been
the most
de-
structive of the six Colombian vol-
canoes, erupting in a Thunderous”
explosion on March 12, 1595, and
erupting again in 1828 and 1329.
The volcano was “stilt smoking” in
1831
after
its two
19th-century
eruptions.
The
Colombian
mountain
was
also the scene
of a
major
earth-
quake on Feb. 19, 1845, that shook
loose enough snow and ice on top of
the mountain to trigger one of the
?.!;j 1C* 5fc?t WC .lt racing
down the wvey
to the Rio Mag-
dalena,
killing an estimated 1,009
people” then living in the valley.
Why did Nevado del Ruiz go
al-
most 400
years
without
a
major
eruption? Geologists say they don't
know, but many suspect it is m the
makeup of the magma that lies be-
low the volcanoes that formed the
Andes Mountains.
"The magmas
in the Andes are
very viscous and stickier, let's say,
than the magmas
that
lie beneath
VAV th?i would relieve the pressure
that builds up inside volcanoes, he
said. “Hawaiian
volcanoes are
al-
ways blowing
off pressure, which
might
be
one
reason
they
don't
erupt catastrophically.”
Another reason
lies with volca-
noes themselves, among the most
unpredictable phenomena of nature.
Said Dr. Meyer Rubin of the USGF:
"Volcanoes
can
go
1,000
years
without an
eruption.
There’s
no
way to predict their behavior.”
The upward movement of magma
can continue off and on for years,
Ml.
* M—
C«i2t
-fcpT-*
iiiwitncr eruption. The twin eruption
of
Nevado
del
Ruiz
Wednesday
night could thus signal the. start of
an
eruptive period
that-coirid
last
another 10 years.
There
*s
also
the
chinee
that
Nevado del Ruiz will have -an impact
on the world's weather. Depending
on how much sulfur dioxide gas
ii
pumps into the upper atgwsphere,
the erupting volcano could send a
cloud
of gas and dust around the
world backing just enough sunlight
from reaching the surface
:to cool
the earth by a degree or two.
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