oe, d For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 om oF al» JEwAE I Final Report Covering the Period January 1974 through February 1975 PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES Part Two: Research Report By: HAROLD E. PUTHOFF and RUSSELL TARG Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory Classification Determination Pending. Protect as though classified SECRET. “HoweverNthe associatigh# andicom- ure of which ‘ence, an overe pilafion of th si reasonab cldssification of SECRET/s warranted. This document consists of 153 pages. COPY NO. viccscscceescrecsers A Wa PL fl|\N\N ‘SRI STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE Menlo Park, California 94025 « U.S.A. WRU SS, : ee” © od alt oll» Fo JLVNG T. i d For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE SRI Menlo Park, California 94025 - U.S.A. “Ue SA ae Final Report December 1, 1975 Covering the Period January 1974 through February 1975 PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES Part Two--Research Report By: Harold E. Puthoff and Russell Targ Electronics sand Bioengineering Laboratory SRI Project 3183 Clas ificapion Deter Gaakion Pettidyg. Protest thougsh—eLassif SECRET. Approved by: Earle Jones, Director Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory Bonnar Cox, Executive Director Information Science and Engineering Division a Certain individual pages of this docum@nt are UNCLASS .\, However , th ompilation of/this makerial may/indicat defenge ovenall cldssification of\SECRET is warranted. CrP. w7oJtVA a rr ci Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 RESEARCH REPORT Tllustrations Tables I ABSTRACT II PROGRAM RESULTS-~APPLIED RESEARCH EFFORT A. Remote Viewing 1. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: Sponsor-Designated Targets (Exploratory Research) a. West Virginia Site (S3) b. West Virginia Site (S1) 2 — = a Research pO 3. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: SRI-Designated Targets (Exploratory Research, Costa Rica Sertes) 4, Short-Distance Remote Viewing (Cipher Machine Analog) 5. Short-Distance Remote Viewing (Technology Series) B, Detection of Secret Writing Target Material III PROGRAM RESULTS~-BASIC RESEARCH EFFORT A. Screening Tests Page Lii iv bo Oo ON AE 12 1? 27 35 35 1. Remote Viewing of Natural Targets Under Standard Protocol 36 Conditions a. Subject Sl (Experienced) b. Subject $4 (Learner/Controls) ec. Subjects S2 and $3 (Experienced) d. Subjects $5 and S6 (Learner/Controls) e. Sponsor Subjects (Learner/Controls) f. Summary of Remote-Viewing Experiments (Standard Protocol) 2. Four-State Electronic Random Number Generator a. Machine Description b. Data from Experiments B. Identification of Measurable Characteristics Possessed by Gifted Subjects 1. Medical Evaluation SECRET Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 25X11 25X1
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED Page 2. Psychological Evaluation 79 a. Evaluation by Clinical Psychologist Administering Tests -80 b. Evaluation by Chief Clinical Psychologist 83 3. Neuropsychological Evaluation 88 Cc. Identification of Neurophysiological Correlates That Relate 94 to Paranormal Activity 1, Remote Strobe Experiment 97 2. Mid-Experiment Monitoring of Physiological Parameters During 103 Routine Experimentation in Remote Viewing D. Identification of the Nature of Paranormal Phenomena and Energy 106 1. Experiments with Physical Apparatus 106 a. Experiments with Geiger Counter 106 b. Experiments with Laser-Monitored Torsion Pendulum 107 c. Experiments with Superconducting Differential Mag- 108 netometer (Gradiometer) d. Discussion of Physical Perturbation Effects 113 2. Discussion of Possible "Mechanisms" in Remote Viewing 117 3. Communication Theory Approach to Channel Utilization 121 4, Soviet Efforts - 129 5. Conclusions 130 IV. PROGRAM SUMMARY 132 REFERENCES 135 APPENDICES A. Remote Viewing Transcript for Subject $6, Learner/Control, A-1 - First Experiment - B. Instructions to Subject: EEG Experiment - C. Universal Randomization Protocol ~ UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 Soe SRRPRRNN NF BP Be ep ee EP CoP NAEP REP SS BN DER EORE SFG oMmuU Kau eR wD UNCLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS Maps of West Virginia Site Drawn by Subject $3 Map and Detail of Site Drawn by Subject Sl Artist's Rendering of Site Costa Rica Site Drawings and Photographs Abacus/Clock Drawings and Photograph Video Terminal Typewriter Xerox Machine Drill Press Procedure for Card Sorting by Sequential Sampling Swimming Pool Complex ($1) Pedestrian Overpass (S4) Bicycle Shed (S4) Tennis Court (S2) Palo Alto City Hall (S83) White's Plaza, Stanford University (S6) Merry-Go-Round Windmill x Four-State Random Number Generator Used in This Experiment Data Summary for Subject $2 Drawings and Interpretations by Associative Visual Agnosia Patients Shielded Room Used for EEG Experiments Occipital EEG Frequency Spectra of Subject $4 Polygraph Data from Subject $4 Superconducting Differential Magnetometer (Gradiometer) Gradiometer Data Enhancement of Signal-to-Noise Ratio by Sequential Sampling Procedure Operating Characteristic Curve for Sequential Sampling Procedure Average Sample Number for Sequential Sampling Procedure ili UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
“SM DD WH Lf Ww 10. ll. 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22, Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED TABLES Subject, Target Selection Procedure, and Figure Numbers for Tech- nology Series. Rank Ordering Match of Drawings to Target Locations (Blind Judging, Technology Series) Critical Values of Sums of Ranks for Preferential Matching The Probability of M Correct Guesses of N Distinct Items Key for Secret Writing Experiment Raw Data Call Sheet for Secret Writing Experiment Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target Selection for Subject Sl, Experienced. Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target Location for Subject $4, Learner/Control Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target Location for Subjects S2 and S53, Experienced Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target Location for Subjects $5 and $6, Learner/Control Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target Location for Sponsor Subjects, Learner/Control Summary--Remote Viewing of Natural Targets Four-State Electronic Random Number Generator Summary Randomness Tests for Machine M1 Output during Successful Experimental Series Randomness Tests for Machine M2 Output during Successful Experimental Series Randomness Tests for Entire Machine Output During Successful Experi- mental Run Subject $2 Selections on Machine ML during Successful Experimental Series Subject S2 Selections on Machine M2 during Successful Experimental Series Neuropsychology Test Battery EEG Data for Subject S4 Geiger Counter Experiment Summary Five-Bit Code for Alphanumeric Characters iv UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED I ABSTRACT As a result of exploratory research on human perception carried out in SRI's Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory, we initiated a program to investigate a perceptual channel whereby individuals can access by means of mental imagery and describe randomly chosen sites remote from their physical location. This ability appeared to be sufficiently well developed in certain individuals to allow them to at times describe cor- rectly~-often in great detail--geographical or technical material, such as buildings, roads, laboratory apparatus, and the like. In this final report (Part Two--Research Reportt), we document in detail the 12-month study at SRI of this human information-accessing capability which we call "remote viewing," the characteristics of which appear to fall outside the range of well-understood perceptual or information-processing abilities. This phenomenon is one of a broad class of abilities of certain indivi- duals to access, by means of mental processes, and describe information sources blocked from ordinary perception and generally accepted as secure against access. The phenomenon we investigated most extensively was the ability of individuals to view remote geographical locations (up to several thousand kilometers away), given only coordinates (latitude and longitude) or a person at a location on whom to target. The development at SRI of suc- cessful experimental procedures to elicit this capability has evolved to the point where (a) visiting personnel of the sponsoring organization without any previous exposure to such concepts have performed well under controlled laboratory conditions (that is, generated target descriptions of sufficiently high quality to permit blind matching of descriptions to targets by independent judges), and (b) subjects trained over a two-year period have performed well under operational conditions (that is, provided data of operational significance later verified by independent sources). Our accumulated data thus indicate that both specially selected and un- selected persons can be assisted in developing remote perceptual abilities to a level of useful information transfer. The primary achievement of the SRI program was thus the elicitation of high-quality remote viewing by For summary, see Part One~-Executive Summary 1 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED individuals who agreed to act as subjects. In carrying out this Program we concentrated on what we considered to be our primary responsibility--to resolve under unambiguous conditions the basic issue of whether this class of paranormal perception phenomenon exists. At all times the researchers and SRI Management took measures to prevent sensory leakage and subliminal cueing and to prevent deception, whether intentional or unintentional. All experiments were carried out under protocols in which target selection at the beginning of experiments and blind judging of results at the end of experiments were handled inde- pendently of the researchers involved in carrying out the experiments, thus assuring evaluations independent of the belief structures of both experimenters and judges. The program was divided into two categories of approximately equal effort-~applied research and basic research. In Section II we summarize the results of the applied research effort in which the operational utility of the above perceptual abilities was explored. In Section III we summarize the results of the basic research effort, which was directed toward identification of the characteristics of individuals possessing such abilities and the determination of neurophystological correlates and basic mechanisms involved in such functioning. With an eye toward selection of future subjects, individuals possessing a well-developed natural ability in the area under investigation underwent complete physical, psychological, and neuropsychological profiding, the results of which suggest some hypotheses for developing a screening procedure. The program summary is presented in Section IV. With regard to understanding the phenomenon, the precise nature of the information channel that couples remote locations is not yet under- Stood. However, its general characteristics are compatible with both quantum theory and information theory as well as with recent developments in research on brain function. Therefore, our working assumption is that the phenomenon of interest does not lie outside the purview of modern physics and with further work will yield to analysis and specification. Finally, it is concluded by the research contractor (SRI) that the development of experimental procedures and the accrual of experience in 2 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED. three years of successful effort constitutes an asset that could be utilized in the future, both for operational needs and for training others in the development and use of the remote-sensing capability. II PROGRAM RESULTS-~-APPLIED RESEARCH EFFORT A. Remote Viewing As mentioned in the Abstract, the phenomenon we investigated most extensively was the ability of individuals to view remote geographical locations (up to several thousand kilometers away), given only coordinates (latitude and longitude) or a person at a location on whom to target. Individuals exhibiting this faculty include not only SRI participants but also visiting staff members of the sponsoring organization who par- ticipated as subjects so as to critique the protocol. As observed in the laboratory, the basic phenomenon appears to cover a range of subjective experiences variously referred to in the literature as autoscopy (in the medical literature); exteriorization or disassociation (psychological literature); simple clairvoyance, traveling clairvoyance, or out-of-body experience (parapsychological literature); or astral pro- jection (occult literature). We choose the term "remote viewing" as a neutral descriptive term free of occult assumptions or: bias as to the mechanisms involved. We begin our report in subsections 1 and 2 with experiments under the control of the sponsor. These experiments were designed to provide a vehicle whereby the sponsor could establish independently of SRI, some degree of confidence as to the existence of the long-distance remote viewing faculty. 1. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: Sponsor~Designated Targets (Exploratory Research) So as to subject the remote-viewing phenomena to a rigorous long-distance test under external control, a request for geographical coordinates of a site unknown to subject and experimenters was forwarded to the sponsor's group responsible for threat analysis in this area. In response, an SRI experimenter received a set of coordinates identifying 3 UNCLASSIFIED . Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791RO00300030004-9
a Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED what is hereafter referred to as the West Virginia Site. The SRI experi- menter then carried out remote-viewing experiments with two subjects on a double-blind basis, that is, with target content blind to experimenter as well as to subjects. (Following the experiment both subjects claimed unfamiliarity with the West Virginia area.) The experiment had as its goal the determination of the utility of remote viewing under conditions approximating an operational scenario. a. West Virginia Site (S3)* Date: 29 May 1973, 1634 to 1640 hours, Menlo Park, Cali- fornia. Protocol: Coordinates 38°23'45' to 48"N, 79°25'00"W, described simply as being in West Virginia, were relayed to experimenter Dr. H.E. Puthoff by telephone, who then relayed this information to subject $3 to initiate experiment. No maps were permitted, and the subject was asked to give an immediate response. The session was recorded on video tape. The oral response is reproduced here from the tape: This seems to be some sort of mounds or rolling hills. There is a city to the north (I can see the taller buildings and some smog). This seems to be a strange place, somewhat like the lawns that one would find around a military base, but I get the impression that there are either some old bunkers around, or maybe this is a covered reservoir. There must be a flagpole, some highways to the west, possibly a river over to the far east, to the south more city. The map in Figure 1(a) was drawn by the subject. On the following morning, 53 submitted a written report of a second reading, dated 30 May 1973, 0735 to 0758 hours; Mountain View, California: Cliffs to the east, fence to the north. There's a circular building (a tower?), buildings to the south. Is this a former Nike base or something like that? This is about as far as I could go without feedback, and perhaps guidance as to what was wanted. There is something strange about this area, but since I don't know particularly what to look for within the scope of the cloudy ability, it is extremely difficult to make decisions on what is there and what is not. Imagination seems to get in the way. (For example, I seem to get the impression of something x “$3 identifies a subject. A key to numerical designations for subjects 7 is available from the sponsor's Contracting Officer Teclinical Repre- sentative (CCTR). 4 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For reeessNC CLASSIFIED R000300030004-9 =A Re ( (b}) DETAIL g Ss it % UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 MAPS OF WEST VIRGINIA SITE DRAWN BY SUBJECT S3 FIGURE 1 on 14 Ha? ni: Ors
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED underground, but I'm not sure.) However, it is apparent that on first sighting, the general location was correctly spotted. The map in Figure 1(b) also was drawn by the subject. b. West Virginia Site ($1) As a backup test, the coordinates were given to a second subject, Sl. The task was presented to the second subject independently of the first subject, both to prevent collaboration and to prevent any sense of competition. Date: 1 June 1973, 1700 hours, Menlo Park, California. Protocol: Coordinates 38°23'45" to 48"N, 79°25'00"W were given (with no further description) by experimenter Dr. H.E. Puthoff to subject Sl by telephone to initiate experiment. On the morning of 4 June 1973, S1's written response (dated 2 June 1973, 1250 to 1350 hours, Lake Tahoe, California) was re- ceived in the mail: Looked at general area from altitude of about 1500 ft above highest terrain. On my left forward quadrant is a peak ina chain of mountains, elevation approximately 4996 ft above sea level. Slopes are greyish slate covered with variety of broad- leaf trees, vines, shrubbery, and undergrowth. I am facing about 3°to 5° west of north. Looking down the mountain to the right (east) side is a roadway--freeway, country style--curves then heads ENE to a fairly large city about 30 to 40 miles distant. This area was a battleground in civil war--low rolling hills, creeks, few lakes or reservoirs. There is a smaller town a little SE about 15 to 20 miles distant with small settlements, village type, very rural, scattered aroywnd. Look- ing across the peak, 2500 to 3000 ft mountains stretch out for a hundred or so miles. Area is essentially wooded. Some of the westerly slopes are eroded and gully washed--looks like strip mining, coal mainly. Weather at this time is cloudy, rainy. Temperature at my altitude about 54°F--high cumulo nimbus clouds to about 25,000 to 30,000 ft. Clear area, but turbulent, between that level and some cirro stratus at 46,000 ft. Air mass in that strip moving WNW to SE. 1318 hours--Perceived that peak area has large underground storage areas. Road comes up back side of mountains (west slopes), fairly well concealed, looks deliberately so. It's cut under trees where possible--would be very hard to detect flying over area. Looks like former missile site--bases for launchers still there, but area now houses record storage area, microfilm, file cabinets; as you go into underground area 6 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/1 4/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 SECRET through. aluminum rolled up doors, first areas filled with records, etc. Rooms about 100-ft long, 40-ft wide, 20-ft ceilings, with concrete supporting pilasters, flare-shaped. Temperature cool--fluorescent lighted. Personnel, Army 5th Corps Engineers. M/Set. Long on desk placard on grey steel desk--file cabinets security locked--combination locks, steel rods through eye bolts. Beyond these rooms, heading east, are several bays with computers, communication equipment, large maps, display type, overlays. Personnel, Army Signal Corps. Elevators. 1330 hours--Looked over general area from original location again--valleys quite hazy, lightning about 30 miles north along mountain ridge. Tempterature drop about 6°F, it's about 48°F, Looking for other significances: see warm air mass moving in from SW colliding with cool air mass about 100 miles ESE from my viewpoint. Air is very turbulent--tornado type; birds in my area seeking heavy cover. There is a fairly large river that I can see about 15 to 20 miles north and slightly west; runs NE then curves in wide valley running SW to NE; river then runs SE. Area to east: low rolling hills. Quite a few Civil War monuments. A marble colonnade type: 'In this area was fought the battle of Lynchburg where many brave men of the Union and Confederate Armys (sic) fell. We dedicate this area to all peace loving people of the future--Daughters G.A.R.' On a later date Sl was asked to return to the West Virginia site with the goal of obtaining information on code words, if possible. In response, Sl supplied the following information: Top of desk had papers labeled "Flytrap" and "Minerva". File cabinet on north wall labeled "Operation Pool..." (third word unreadable). Folders inside cabinet labeled "Cueball", "14 Ball", ''4 Ball", "8 Ball", and "Rackup". Name of site vaguely seems like Hayfork or Haystack... Per- sonnel: Col. R.J. Hamilton, Maj. Gen. George R. Nash, Major John C. Calhoun (??). D5x1 7 CECB. wJEUAL I Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006s tgh/ 20) pa Gli DP96-00791RO000300030004-9 JEUNE I ‘ The two reports for the West Virginia Site, and the report [vere verified by personnel in the sponsor organization as being substantially correct. The results of the evaluation are con- tained in a separate report filed with the COTR. d. Summary of Exploratory Research The observation of such unexpectedly high-quality descrip- tions early in our program led to a large-scale study of the phenomenon under secure double-blind conditions (i.e., target unknown to experimenters as well as subjects), with independent random target selection and blind judging. The results, presented later, provide strong evidence for the robustness of this phenomenon, one whereby complex remote stimuli can be detected by a human perceptual modality of extreme sensitivity. Before discussing these results, however, we consider further examples of both operational and operational-analog experiments. To determine the utility of remote viewing under operational conditions, a long-distance remote viewing experiment was carried out on This experiment, carried out in three phases, was under direct control of the COTR. To begin the experiment, the COTR furnished map coordinates in degrees, minutes, and seconds. The only additional infor- mation provided was the designation of the target ne The experimenters then closeted themselves with subject S1, gave him the 8 “SECRET Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 25X1 25X11 25X1 25X1 25X11
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 SECRET map coordinates and indicated the designation of the target[ 25X1 A remote-viewing experiment on the target was then carried out. 25X14 This activity constituted Phase I of the experiment. Figure 2(a) shows the subject's graphic effort for building layout; Figure 2(b) shows the subject's particular attention to a multi- story gantry crane he observed at the site. Both results were obtained by the experimenters on a double-blind basis before exposure to any addi- tional COTR-held information, thus eliminating the possibility of cueing. These results were turned over to the client representatives for evalua-~ tion. For comparison an artist's rendering of the site aS known to the COTR (but not to the experimenters until later) is shown in Figure 3(a), with crane detail shown in Figure 3(b). Were the results not promising, the experiment would have stopped at this point. Description of the multistory crane, however, 4 relatively unusual target item, was taken as indicative of possible target acquisi- tion. Therefore, Phase II was begun, defined by the subject being made "witting" (of the client) by client representatives who introduced them- selves to the subject at that point; Phase II also included a second round of experimentation] =v direct participa- 25x11 tion of client representatives in which further data were obtained and = 77” . evaluated. As preparation for this phase, client representatives purposely kept themselves blind to all but general knowledge of the target site to minimize the possibility of cueing. The Phase II effort was focused on the generation of physical data that could be independently verified by other client resources, thus providing a calibration of the process. The end of Phase II gradually evolved into the first part of Phase III, the generation of unverifiable data concerning] _&pOXT site not available to the client, but of operational interest nonetheless. Several hours of tape transcript and a notebook full of drawings were generated over a two-week period. The data describing] =| site were evaluated by 25x41 the sponsor, and are contained in a separate report. In general, several details concerning the APT 2X1 peared to dovetail with data from other sources, and a number of specific 9 SECRET Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED OvUL 16 wy ra Da x io att 7! (b) SUBJECT EFFORT AT CRANE CONSTRUCTION FIGURE 2. MAP AND DETAIL OF SITE DRAWN BY SUBJECT $1 10 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
ee a Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 ‘LECT ad he or IN 25X11 25X1 (b) CRANE COMPARISON FIGURE 3 il CECDELET J SNE Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
en nA ET Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED large structural elements were correctly described. The results contained noise along with the signal, but were nonetheless clearly differentiated from the chance results that were generated by control subjects in compar- ison experiments carried out by the COTR. 3. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: SRI-Designated Targets (Explora- tory Research, Costa Rica Series) The experimental procedures of Subsections 1 and 2 were designed to provide a vehicle whereby the client could establish, independently of SRL, some degree of confidence as to the existence of a long-distance re- mote viewing faculty. Although the results were indicated to be positive, from the standpoint of SRI personnel who could not participate in the evaluation phase, it was considered necessary to supplement the above experiments with a similar set under SRI control. Therefore, SRI-controlled experiments were undertaken to enable the experimenters to participate directly in the evaluation phase of the remote-viewing experiments. Two subjects (Sl and S4) were asked to participate in a long- distance experiment focusing on a series of targets in Costa Rica. The subjects said they had never been to Costa Rica. In this experiment, one of the experimenters (Dr. Puthoff) spent ten days traveling through Costa Rica on a combination business/ pleasure trip. This information was all that was known to the subjects about the traveler's itinerary. The experiment called for Dr. Puthoff to keep a detailed record of his locationand activities, including photographs, each of seven target days at 1330 PDT. A total of 12 daily descriptions were collected before the traveler's return: six responses from Sl, five responses from S4, and one response from an SRI experimenter, wno acted as a subject in one experiment on a day in which S4 was not available and the other subject arrived late. For its illustrative value we consider first the single response submitted by the experimenter filling in as a subject. The response, a drawing submitted for a day in the middle of the series, is shown in Figure 4 together with photographs taken at the site. Although Costa Rica is a mountainous country, the subject unexpectedly perceived the traveler at a beach and ocean setting. With some misgivings, he described an 12 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
a A A TT Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED AIRPORT IN SAN ANDRES, COLOMBIA, USED AS REMOTE VIEWING TARGET Puctog 442/72 | Cea, 1225-80 . Hons BM San o/ SA-3183-20 AIRPORT IN SAN ANDRES, COLOMBIA, USED AS REMOTE VIEWING TARGET ALONG FIGURE 4 WITH SKETCH PRODUCED BY SUBJECT IN CALIFORNIA 13 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
nei AE Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED airport on a sandy beach and an airstrip with the ocean at the end (correct). An airport building also was drawn, and shown to have a large rectangular overhang (correct). The traveler had taken a one-day unplanned side trip to an offshore island and at the time of the experiment had just disem- barked from a plane at a small island airport as described, 4000 kilometers from SRI. The sole discrepancy was that the drawing showed a Quonset-hut type of building in place of the rectangular structure. The above description was chosen as an example to illustrate two major points observed a number of times throughout the program. First, in opposition to what might be expected, a subject's description does not necessarily portray what might reasonably be expected to be correct (an educated or "safe" guess) but often rums counter to even the subject's own expectations. Second, individuals other than those with putative “yaranormal ability" are able to exhibit a remote viewing faculty. The remaining submissions provided further examples of excellent correspondences between target and response. (A target period of pool- side relaxation was identified, a drive through a tropical forest at the base of a truncated volcano was described as a drive through a jungle below a large bare table mountain, a hotel room target description, in- cluding such details as rug color, was correct, and so on.) So as to determine whether such matches were simply fortuitous, l.e., could rea- sonably be expected on the basis of chance alone, when Dr. Puthoff re- turned he was asked to blind match the 12 descriptions to the seven target locations. On the basis of this conservative evaluation procedure, which vastly underestimates the statistical significance of the individual descriptions, five correct matches were obtained (two each of subjects Sl and $4, and the single submission by the experimenter) - This number of matches is significant at p = 0.02 by exact binomial calculation.* — “The probability of a correct daily match by chance for any given tran- script is p = 1/7. Therefore, the probability of at least five correct matches by chance out of 12 tries can be calculated from 12 ; = 12! (hy* (byt L pe L Tap PG 0.02. 14 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED Therefore, this pilot study, completely under control of SRI, provided confirmatory data supporting that obtained under sponsor control, indi- cating the existence of an apparent long-distance remote viewing faculty. 4. Short-Range Remote Viewing (Cipher Machine Analog) As a further test of operational utility of the remote viewing faculty, the COTR tasked the contractors with an experiment designed to duplicate as closely as possible an operational situation of current interest, the remote viewing of an abacus-type device. During a trip to the East Coast, the experimenters were to proceed to New York, where they were to purchase locally an abacus to be used as a target ina remote viewing experiment. (The abacus was to constitute a target anal- ogous to a cipher machine of particular interest.) Following the purchase they were to contact a subject who lived there ($3) by telephone with a surprise request to come to the experimenters' hotel room later that day to participate in a remote-viewing experiment. The above steps were carried out in preparation for the experi- ment. In this case the experimenters knew what the target was, an ex- ception to the double-blind rule followed in all our other work. There- fore, while awaiting the subject's arrival, a preamble for the experiment was prerecorded by one of the experimenters (Targ) and carefully checked to ensure against verbal cueing: Hal and I have brought a present for you. We wandered around New York this morning and we bought an object. This object is of the type that one interacts with, and Hal will use it for its normal purpose. Today is Friday, September 26, 1974. As in all our remote viewing experiments, we'd like to ask you to describe the object as you see it rather than attempting to — give the object a name. When the subject entered the hotel room, this instruction tape was played by one experimenter (R.T.) while the other experimenter (H.P.) took a large locked suitcase containing the target object into an adjacent. room, locked the door, and removed the abacus, shown in Figure 5(a), actions verified earlier as being inaudible. Thus the only available cue was an upper bound on the size. The subject produced the outline drawing I of Figure 5(b) in approximately one minute. (The large purplish-silver object corresponds 15 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED g aHNDIS L-ESlLE-VS seg aay GM as xog owen, se 386421 Pequesed OH ($a1uaS ADOTONHO3L) 1g5uvL x90TO/sNOVaV (°) LaDYVL NOOTI/sSNOVaV OL ll GNV I SASNOdS3Y €S LOAraNs (4) 16 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 H a RG’: at
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED to the suitcase interior and is not taken to be evidential.) The experi- menter remaining with the subject asked for more detail, and the subject produced the drawing II of Figure 5(b), describing the object as a "game box with little balls." The entire experiment was tape recorded and extreme caution was taken to prevent cueing of any kind. The experiment took place in five minutes total time. Considering the high-strangeness factor of the target item, and essentially total lack of restriction on the possibilities as far as the subject was concerned, the correlation of subject drawings and target was taken as indicative of a potential utility for remote viewing of tech- nological targets, and resulted in a decision to experiment further in this area. After the target was shown to the subject, a short follow-up experiment was carried out to determine whether the position of the balls on the abacus could be determined by remote viewing, but this degree of resolution was found to be beyond the subject's capability. 5. Short-Range Remote Viewing (Technology Series) So as to measure the resolution capability of the remote viewing phenomenon, a series of experiments targeting on remote laboratory equip- ment within the SRI complex was carried out. Thirteen experiments were carried out with five different sub- jects, two of whom were sponsor staff personnel. A subject was told tnat one of the experimenters would be sent by random protocol to a laboratory within the SRI complex and that he would interact with the equipment or apparatus at the location. It was further explained that the experimenter remaining with the subject was kept ignorant of the contents of the target pool to prevent cueing during questioning. (The remaining experimenter only knew that from time to time, on a random basis, previously used targets would be reinserted into the target pool to provide an opportunity for multiple responses to a given target, and that during sponsor visits the targets might be selected by sponsor staff personnel rather than by the established random protocol procedures.) The subject was asked to describe the target both verbally (tape recorded) and by means of drawings during the time-synchronized 15-minute interval in which the outbound experimenter interacted in an appropriate manner with the equipment in the 17 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED target area. In the 13 experiments, eight targets were used: a drill press, computer-driven flight simulator (Link trainer), Xerox machine, video terminal, chart recorder, four-state random target generator (used in screening tests described later), typewriter, and machine shop. Three of these were used twice (drill press, video terminal, and typewriter) and one (Xerox machine) came up three times. As an example of drawings generated by subjects, all of the subject outputs generated for the latter three (video terminal, typewriter, and Xerox machine) are shown in Figures 6, 7, and 8. A summary of subject and target selection procedure is given in Table 1. As is apparent from the illustrations alone, certain of the ex- periments provide circumstantial evidence for an information channel of useful bit rate. This includes experiments (Experiments 4 and 13) in which sponsor staff personnel participated as subjects to observe the protocol. To obtain independent objective judgment of the quality of the remote viewing of technological targets, yarious analyses based on blind judging were employed. In the first judging procedure, a judge was asked to blind-match the drawings alone (i.e., without tape transcripts) to the targets. Multiple subject responses to a given target were stapled together, and thus there were seven subject-drawing response packets to be matched to the séven different targets for which drawings were made. -(No drawings were made for the Link trainer.) The judge did not have access to our photographs of the target locations, used for demonstration only (as in Figures 6 through 8), but rather proceeded to each of the target locations by list. While standing at each target location, the judge was required to rank order the seven subject-drawing response packets (presented in random order) on a scale one to seven (best to worst match), as shown in Table 2. The statistic of interest is the sum of ranks on the diagonal, lower values indicating better matches. For seven targets, the sum of ranks could range from seven to forty-nine. The probability that a4 given sum of ranks s or less will occur by chance is given by: 18 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED LHDYVL YOLINOW OAGIA V 4O SLOSPENS OML AB ONIMVHEG 9 SYNDIA B-E8tE-VS »wMNOOY AHL AO FIGGIW AHL GNNOYDNOV JHL NI SHOVY AVTSYH HLIM Ni GNV NOV1d LVId GALNIVd © * * LI dO TWNINYSL HALNdINOD V MVS (ZA) LOAraNsS GNODAS LNO ONIWOD LHS!IT HLIM XOd,, 4O ONIMVHYC (tS) LOAarans * 4 KES bee ge, an | nome pS (S3IHaS ADOTONHD3SL) ONILIGRS LX3L YO4S YOLINOW OAGIA *LIONVL UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED TABLE 1 SUBJECT AND TARGET SELECTION PROCEDURE FOR TECHNOLOGY SERIES xperiment Target Selection Subject Procedure* 1 Link trainer a SRI-S4 2 Video terminal a SRI-S4 3 Drill press a SRI-S4 4 Xerox machine b Sponsor-V1 5 Xerox machine b SRI-S2 6 Random number c SRI-S4 generator 7 Machine shop b SRI-S4 Typewriter b SRI-S4 9 Typewriter c SRI-S3 10 Chart recorder c SRI-S3 1i Xerox machine c SRI-S3 12 Drill press c SRI-S3 13 Video terminal c Sponsor-V2 _ : ‘Target se a. lection procedures Outbound SRI experimenter selects target site arbitrarily after leaving subject area. Visiting sponsor staff member selects target site arbitrarily after leaving subject area. Standard. protocol, in which a target is issued to outbound experimenter by division director who selects the target by random number technique from a target pool stored in a secure safe. 22 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Leen nn nnn nn oe emniasae Aan mnmEmeanenemnemammebidahtl Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED TABLE 2 RANK ORDERING MATCH OF SUBJECT-~DRAWING RESPONSE PACKETS TQ TARGET LOCATIONS (BLIND JUDGING, TECHNOLOGY SERIES) _~ Subject Place Drawing Visited Number Video terminal Random number generator Xerox machine Machine shop Drill press Typewriter Chart recorder Note on judging procedure: When standing at target locations shown on left, each of the seven subject-drawing response packets (originally labeled in random order) are rank ordered one to seven (best to worst match) by the judge. Statisitic of interest is the sum of ranks on the diagonal, lower values indicating better matches (see text). The sum in this case (18) is significant at p < 0.04. 23 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED k Prob(s or less) = » y cay or} , where s = obtained sum of ranks N = number of assignable ranks n = number of occasions on which rankings were made #4 takes on values from zero to the least positive integer k in (i-n)/n. Table 3 is a table to enable easy application of the above formula to those cases in which N =n. The sum in this case (18) is significant at p < 0.04. In the second judging procedure, another judge was given 12 subject-response packages, which included drawings and tape transcripts, and asked to blind match, without replacement, the 12 response packages to 12 target locations, which he visited. (The thirteenth location, the machine shop, included in the first judging, was left out of this judging by an oversight.) In the forced-choice matching without replacement, (that is, each response packet used only once), the judge obtained four direct hits, the Link trainer (Experiment 1), video terminal (Experiment 2), drill press (Experiment 3) and Xerox machine (Experiment 5). (The Link trainer, for which no drawings were made, was matched on the basis of tape-recorded transcript alone. It is a standard computer-controlled flight simulator that resembles the cockpit of an aircraft. It was cramped quarters for the outbound experimenter who flew the trainer ac- cording to a printed flight plan book laid over his arm. “The windows were frosted and translucent. Subject S4 gave a description of the ex- perimenter crowded into a very small space illuminated by gray diffuse light and with a long paper, such as a waiter's towel; over his arm. Although not unambiguous, the subject's description was nevertheless essentially devoid of incorrect statements.) As indicated by Table 4, the probability of obtaining by chance four direct hits out of 12 matches is p = 0.015; thus, this judging pro- cedure also indicates that, from a statistical standpoint, there is significant evidence of useful information transfer. In a third judging procedure the COTR arbitrarily selected the 24 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED [StIAOW “TI “YY 290AaN0g ‘TeAeT—-d peqeoLTpur ey] ye 4JUeOTITUSTS ST Jey Jequnu 4ysoesieT ay] squeseidez Arjua yoeg *(N) SyueI aTqeustsse jo iequnu oy] o7 Tenbea st (U) peyuer Buteq e218 sqoefgo yOTYA UO sUOCTSBDD0 Jo Jaqunu auj YOTYM uT seseo [TetToveds asouq of ATUO sattTdde aytqeq styl | | cc | ty | cy | LY 67 ; vs ; 9¢ | e¢ | To | 29 ZI ze | ve | of | ge; Tr | sy | “zy | ey | Ts | 96 It sz | zz | oz | te | ce | o¢ | ge | 6€ oz | tz | zz | vz | 92 | oz | o¢ | Te ST ut | 6t | oz | zz | 4% | #2 It zt j ot | st | at | et | at rl 6 ot | TE | zt} et | et ¢ 9 9 | l g 8 6 i 7 G : S | G s000"¢f 100°0| Z00"0| $000} Too | sz0" 0| 70° 0| SO" (N) syuey aoa we fine oT qeustssy a a oe oor. Sen ae, ar te aoueug Aq And9Q p[TNoM ssa] Jo syueY Jo ung peqeotTpuy ey} qed (peTte_-aug) AITTTqQeqoig SUTYIIeW [TeTIUeLeyaIg Aoy syuey Jo sung jo sen[eA [eTITAD € WIAVL jo Jequny 25 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 zieTted “N :a0anos ; 7 0000000" ral a 0000000" TT TO00000 ore 000000° oT 6000000° #7T00000° Te €00000° 6 €600000° €800000° @T0000° ws ¢z0000° 8 87£0000° 7720000° 990000° 660000 ° “ee 0Z000° Z ZTTSOO0" €60S000° TZS000° €947000° 769000" oe 6€T00° 9 ¢c¢90£00° TZ90€00° 9S0£00° GcTEOO" gfiiz00" | ZLT700° . S 78cEcTO- FLTESTO™ 9ECSTO° 8LéSTO" sz9sto" | 68ETO°" €8020° 7 TETETIO® LETET90° OTETIO’ €VeT90° TTTT90° 0SZ90° 9SSS0° € L6E6C8T° 96C6E8T” TY6E8T° 6Z6E8T" 8zOrvEl” CCEsl” Ocs/8T° o0sz*| °** | 000S* z V6LEL9E” G6ABL9E* crise" 2BBL9E "| LS8L9E° 9089¢t © L999€° Cece” oo0s"| | ooo°T; T 98L9¢° OGLE" cee! 000s" ee 0 V6L8L9E” ZTSBLIE® | VOLELIE” | 26 UNCLASSIFIED 618L9€° 6/8L9¢° Ot es suaqy 2UTISTAG N Jo sesseny }Oe1I0D W FO SaTITTrTqeqoig euL y ATAVL Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 SECRET data of Experiment 3 (drill press/S4) as a test case. An analyst of the sponsor organization, blind as to the target and given only the subject's taped narrative and drawings (Figure 9), was able, from the subject's description alone, to correctly classify the target as a "man-sized ver- tical boring machine." ~ In general, it appears that use of multiple-subject responses to a single target provides better signal-to-noise ratio than target iden- tification by a single individual. Further, our observation is that most of the correct information is of a nonanalytic nature pertaining to shape, form, color, and material rather than to function or name. That is, we often observe the correct description of basic elements and patterns coupled with incomplete or erroneous analysis of function. As a result, we have learned to urge our subjects simply to describe what they See as opposed to interpreting the perceived data. One should not infer that analytic functioning in the remote viewing mode is never observed, however, as indicated by codeword retrieval in the West Virginia Site experiment discussed in Subsection 1-B above, and by the sponsor-staff-member-generated response of Figure 6. B. Detection of Secret Writing (SW) Target Material To determine whether documents containing secret writing (SW) could be differentiated from other documents, SRI carried out a double-blind experiment under sponsor control. Twenty-seven numbered envelopes con- taining target drawings of variable content and preparation, sealed and specially secured by the sponsor, were submitted to SRI researchers for sorting. The goal was the differentiation of the 12 envelopes containing the SW drawings from the envelopes containing either pencil drawings (6) or blanks (9). This distribution was the only datum given to researchers and subject. The key, shown in Table 5, remained under sponsor control until the experiment was completed and the data were submitted to the COTR. . A series of sorting runs to detect SW material was carried out with SRI subject Sl. The series consisted of 24 runs through the 27 cards, choosing 12 cards each run, the goal being to choose the 12 SW cards. Thus, each run consisted of a sort into one of two binary channels, non- SW or SW, say (0,1). The numbered envelopes containing the target 27 SECRET Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED BELT DRIVE FOR DRILL PRESS (CAN BE SEEN ONLY FROM ABOVE MACHINE) TARGET: DRILL PRESS (TECHNOLOGY SERIES) SA-3183-7 FIGURE 9 SUBJECT (S4) DRAWING OF DRILL PRESS SHOWING BELT DRIVE, STOOL AND “VERTICAL GRAPH THAT GOES UP AND DOWN” UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 SECRET TABLE 5 KEY FOR SECRET WRITING EXPERIMENT (Kept blind to experimenters until experiment completion) Card No. Target Material — Target Content - 1 Pencil Large X 2 Pencil Small A 3 Pencil Large A 4 Blank | Blank 5 Blank Blank 6 Pencil Large 0 7 Pencil Small x 8 Pencil Small o 9 Blank Blank 10 Blank Blank 11 CD-294 Small A 12 CD-294 Large X 13 CD-294 Large A 14 CD-294 Small o 15 Blank ~ Blank 16 CD-294 Small x 17 Blank Blank 18 cD-294 Large 0 19 CD-175 Large 0 20 Blank Blank 21 CD-175 Large X 22 CD-175 Small A 23 Blank | Blank 24 Blank Blank 25 CD-175 Small o 26 CD-175 Large A 27 cpD-175 Small x 29 SECRET Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED material were randomized before each run and placed inside unnumbered opaque envelopes before being presented to the subject for sorting. The appropriate analysis technique for a binary sort (0,1) is the method known as sequential sampling.” The sequential method gives a rule of procedure for making one of three possible decisions for each card following a given binary sort: accept 1 as the bit being carried by the card; reject 1 as the bit being carried by the card (i.e., accept 0); or continue sampling of the card under consideration. The sequential sampling procedure differs from fixed-length statistical analysis procedures in that the number of sorts required to reach a final decision on a card bit is not fixed before sampling, but depends on the results accumulated with each sampling run. The primary advantage of the sequential sampling procedure as compared with the other methods is that, on the average, fewer sorts per final decision are required for an equivalent degree of reliability. Use of the sequential sampling procedure requires the specification of parameters that are determined on the basis of the following consid- erations. Assume that a labeling bit (0 or 1) is being carried by each card. From the standpoint of the sorter, the probability of correctly identifying the bit being carried is some value P. because of chance alone. An operative sensing channel could then be expected to alter the proba- bility of correct identification to a higher value p = Po +. Good psi functioning on a repetitive task is observed to result in py = 0.12, as reported by Ryzl.4 Therefore, let us assume a baseline psi parameter vy = 0.12. The question to be addressed in the case of sorting 12 SW cards from among 27 cards is whether a given card is sorted into the SW channel at a low rate Py commensurate with the hypothesis Hy that the card in ques- tion is a non-SW card, or at a higher rate p, commensurate with the hy- pothesis Hy that the card in question is indeed an SW card. The decision- making process requires the specification of four parameters: (1) Py! The probability of sorting incorrectly a non-SW (0) card into the SW (1) channel. In the sort of 12 SW cards from among 27, the probability of correctly sorting a non-SW (0) card into UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED the non-SW (0) channel is p = Pp. t Vy = 15/27 + 0,12 = 0.676. Therefore, the probability of a non-SW (0) card being incor- rectly sorted into the SW (1) channel is 1 - p = 0.324 = Po: (2) Py! The probability of sorting correctly an SW (1) card into the SW (1) channel. In the sort of 12 SW cards from among 27, the probability of correctly sorting an SW (1) card into the SW (1) channel is Py = Pc + Vb = 12/27 + 0.12 = 0.564. (3) a: The probability of rejecting a correct identification for a non-SW (0) card (designated in statistics as a Type 1 error). We shall take a = 0.1. ; (4) 6: The probability of accepting an incorrect identification for an SW (1) card (designated in statistics as a Type II error). We shall take 8 = 0.1. (Lower values for a and 8 result in increased accuracy, but at the ex- pense of requiring longer runs. Therefore, a compromise must be made between the desire to maximize reliability and to minimize redundancy.) With the parameters thus specified, the sequential sampling procedure provides for construction of a decision graph as shown in Figure 10. A cumulative record of sorts of a given card is compiled run by run until either the upper or lower limit line is reached, at which point a decision is made to label the card as 0 (non-SW) or 1 (SW). As indicated in Figure 10, during the 24 runs carried out, SW cards 13, 18, 21, 22, 25, 26, and 27 correctly emerged through the upper limit line to be labeled SW, along with pencil cards lL and 2 and blank card 17, the latter three incorrectly. We note that five of the six CD-175 cards ended up correctly sorted. With regard to the lower limit line, pencil cards 3, 6, and 8, and blank cards 4, 20, and 23 correctly emerged through the lower limit line to be labeled non-SW, along with (incorrectly) SW cards 12, 16, and 19. Thus, of the 19 cards that emerged through the limit lines, 13 are correct. Although we cannot rule out the possibility of obtaining 13 correct choices out of 19 labelings by chance (p = 0.09 by 31 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED G2 ‘ON GHVD YO4 JONANOIS ONITdWvS OWVS SMOHS JNIT NaxOuS L0 =9 ‘LO = » ‘yog‘o = 'd ‘pzeo = Od ONMdAVS TVILNANODIS AB ONILYOS GUVD HO4 3HNaGaIONd OL JYNDIS \ HET-ZBSOSL-VL N “‘Y3dANNN NNY 9 ve iw of st 9 wt <n) ee 9 P 1,0 Porta bg_ ~ (e-1t) 60 (fa-1) aatuyvo ONISa Lid SHL Cd-1)%a Bo SV ..0, 1da00v 7) lL i} weer (a1) 4 - % z NOISIO32q se 6o} m1 Lt ia) PEE 5 (1) d L re) = P rae t ONIMdNWvS alauM ANNILNOD 0 ° € NOISIDaQ ‘NS + “P= 3 asigyvo ‘ns + ‘p= tz ONIZS Ld 3HL SV ub. LdaD9V ‘AS NSAID SANIT -L NOISId3G LINK] YaMO7 ONY H3ddN JONANDAS AOVSSAW LAOYVL wt, LISNIVDV SSHOLVW JO H3AEWNN JAILVINWNDS 32 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED TABLE 6 RAW DATA CALL SHEET FOR SECRET WRITING EXPERIMENT (SELECT 12 PER RUN) Card Chosen PPPBBPPPBB SW SW SW SWB SWB SW SWB SW SWB B SW SW SW 123456789 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 PR 1x x x XxX x Xx x x Xx x x Xx 2 = & xX xX XK X KX xX xXx x x x x 3 xx x x x x x Xx 4 xx x xX xX x xX X x x x x 5 * x XxX x x xX X x Xx x Xx 6 xX x x K Xx x x XxX x xX X 7 «XXX x x x x x x x 8x x x x x X xX xX xX x x XxX 9x xXxXxXK «x & XK x x x x x 10 x Xx x x xX Xx x xX X x x x ll xx x xX x x. x x x Xx xX Xx 12 xxx x x xX x x x x x 13 x x x x x x x x xX xX x 14x x x x xX xX X X x Xx x x 15 x xX Xx x x xX XX x XxX x Xx x 16x xx «x x Xx x Xx x xX Xx x 17 x XXX x x xX X x xX x Xx 18 x_x x x x Xx x x Xx : x x xX 19 x x KX X x xX X x x Xx x 20 x x xX xX xX x X x x X xX X 21 x x x x x x x xX xX X x xX 22 x x x x Xx x x Xx xX Xx x Xx 23 x x x x xX xX xX x x XxX x x 24 x x xX j%-X x Xx x x xX Xx x 34 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED III PROGRAM RESULTS--BASIC RESEARCH EFFORT In addition to experimentation carried out under conditions appropri- ate to assessing the operational utility of paranormal abilities, approx- imately 50 percent of the program effort was devoted to a basic research effort that included: : (1) Identification of measurable characteristics possessed by gifted individuals, (2) Identification of neurophysiological correlates that relate to paranormal activities, (3) Identification of the nature of paranormal phenomena and energy. A. Screening Tests To meet the above objectives, the first prerequisite was the estab- lishment of criteria capable of differentiating individuals apparently gifted in paranormal functioning from those who were not. This pre- requisite was met by carrying out a series of screening tests under fixed protocol conditions. The tests were designed to ensure that all conven- tional communications channels were blocked, and that the outcomes could be sufficiently unambiguous to determine whether paranormal functioning occurred. Individuals gifted in certain areas of paranormal functioning could then be differentiated from those who were not on the basis of whether their results differed significantly from chance. Two experimental paradigms were utilized as screening tests on the basis that these tests had been useful for such purposes prior to this program (in the sense that certain apparently gifted individuals did exceedingly well in at least one of these tests, whereas the results of unselected volunteers did not differ significantly from chance expecta- tion). The tests were (a) the remote viewing of natural targets, and (b) the determination of the state of a four-state random target generator. The first type of test constitutes a so-called "free-response" paradigm in which the subject originates freely about contents of his awareness; furthermore, the channel in general may involve both direct perception of the remote site and perception of the mental contents of an observer at the site. In the second type of test, on the other hand, the target 35 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED is more abstract (an electronic state), the target is blind to all par- ticipants, and the subject's choice is precisely constrained. For the purpose of screening, a result is considered unambiguously paranormal if the a priori probability for the occurrence of the result by chance, under the null hypothesis, is p <to7® - A result with p <1072 is taken as strongly indicative of paranormal functioning, while a result at p < 0.05 is taken as circumstantial evidence for paranormal functioning but requiring further exploration before assessment can be considered secure. Six subjects were chosen for the study, subjects S1 through $3 con- sidered gifted or experienced, subjects S4 through S6 acting as learners/ controls. The dichotomy between gifted and learners/controls was based on the former group having been successful in other studies prior to this program either at SRI or elsewhere; the latter group being naive with regard to paranormal experimentation. | An effort at parity between the two groups was a factor in subject selection. Subject $5 (learner/control), a male, age 54, is matched by age and sex with experienced subject Sl, a male, age 55. Learner/control subject $6, a female, age 34, is by age and background matched with ex- perienced subject 52, a male, age 31 (both are research analysts at SRI). Learner/control $4 (female, age 53) and experienced subject S3 (male, age 41) are matched on the basis of similar artistic interests, back- grounds, and occupations (professional photographer and painter, re- spectively). 1. Remote Viewing of Natural Targets Under a Uniform Standard Protocol Observations described earlier in this report (Section II-A) suggested the hypothesis that it may be possible for a subject to access and describe, by means of mental imagery, randomly chosen geographical sites located several miles from the subject's position and demarcated by some appropriate means. An experimental series was therefore set up to test this hypothesis under rigorously controlled scientific conditions. The experiment consisted of a series of double-blind tests with local targets in the San Francisco Bay Area so that several independent judges 36 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED could visit the sites to establish documentation. The protocol was to closet the subject with an experimenter at SRI and at an agreed-on time to obtain from the subject a description of an undisclosed, remote site being visited by a target team. In each of the experiments one of the six program subjects served as remote-viewing subject, and SRI experimenters served as a target demarcation team at the remote location chosen in a double-blind protocol as follows. In each experiment a target location within 30-minute driving time from SRI was randomly chosen by SRI management from a list of targets kept blind to subject and experimenters and used without replacement. (A set of target locations clearly differentiated from each other had been chosen from a target-rich environment of more than 100 targets of the type used in the experimental series. Before the experimental series began, the Director of the Information Science and Engineering Division, not otherwise associated with the experiment, established the set of locations as the target pool. The target locations were printed on cards sealed and kept in the SRI Division office safe. They were available only with the personal assistance of the Division Director who issued a single randomly selected target card that constituted the traveling orders for that experiment.) - In detail, to begin the experiment, the subject was closeted with an experimenter at SRI to wait 30 minutes before beginning a narrative description of the remote location. A second experimenter then obtained from the Division Director a target location from a set of traveling orders previously prepared and randomized by the Director and kept under his control. The target demarcation team, consisting of two to four SRI experimenters and, occasionally, sponsor staff personnel, then proceeded by automobile directly to the target without any communication with the subject or experimenter remaining behind. The experimenter remaining with the subject at SRI was in ignorance of both the particular target and the target pool so as to eliminate the possibility of subliminal cueing and to allow him freedom in questioning the subject to clarify his descriptions. The demarcation team remained at the target site for an agreed-on 15- UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED minute period following the 30 minutes allotted for travel.* During the observation period, the remote-viewing subject was asked to describe his impressions of the target site into a tape recorder and to make any draw- ings he thought appropriate. An informal comparison was then made when the demarcation team returned, and the subject was taken to the site to provide feedback. a. Subject Sl (Experienced) To begin the series, experienced subject Sl participated as a subject in nine experiments. In general, Sl's ability to describe correctly buildings, docks, roads, gardens, and the like, including structural materials, color, ambience, and activity--sometimes in great detail-~indicated the functioning of a remote perceptual ability. None~ theless, the descriptions contained inaccuracies as well as correct statements. A typical example is indicated by the subject's drawing in Figure 11 of one of the targets in which he correctly described a park- like area containing two pools of water: one rectangular, 60 x 89 ft (actual dimensions 75 x 100 ft); the other circular, diameter 120 ft (actual diameter 110 ft). He incorrectly indicated the function, however, as water filtration rather than recreational swimming. As discussed earlier in connection with the technology series, we often observe es- sentially correct descriptions of basic elements and patterns coupled with incomplete or erroneous analysis of function. As can be seen from his drawing, he also included some elements, such as the tanks shown in the upper right, that are not present at the target site. -~We also note an apparent left-right reversal, often observed in paranormal perception experiments. To obtain a numerical evaluation of the accuracy of the remote-viewing experiment, the experimental results wére subjected to independent judging on a blind basis by an SRI research analyst not ra The first subject (S1) was allowed 30 minutes for his descriptions, but it was found that he fatigued and had little comment after the first 15 minutes. The viewing time was therefore reduced to 15 minutes for subjects $2 through S6. 38 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
"LS Aq Buimeig (q) ‘uonedo] Jefue yo dew Ald (2) 1ADYVL DNIMAIA SLOWSY S¥ X37dWOD 100d ONINWIMS LL ANDI b-GZS09Z-VL Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED (e) 7-~ . Ne) . rats - \ /vauv SINDId } OO \ se NOlLwis “— auld own ~ auva ‘ 39079 313Y9INOO ----" — SONNOYD 39 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED otherwise associated with the research. The subject's response packets, which contained the typed transcripts of the nine tape-recorded narratives along with any associated drawings, were unlabeled and presented in random order. While standing at each target location, visited in turn, the judge was required to blind rank order the nine packets on a scale of one to nine (best to worst match); the results are shown in Table 7. AS mentioned in Section ITI-A-5, where this procedure was used in the judging of the tech- nology series, the statistic of interest is the sum of ranks assigned to the target-associated transcripts, lower values indicating better matches. For nine targets the sum of ranks could range from nine to eighty-one. The actual sum of this case, which included seven direct hits, was 16, a result significant at p= 2.9 x 1079 by exact calculation. In experiments 3, 4, and 6 through 9, the subject was Secured in a double-walled, copper-screen Faraday cage. The Faraday cage provides 120 dB attenuation for plane wave radio frequency radiation over a range of 15 kHz to 1 GHz. For magnetic fields the attenuation is 68 dB at 15 kHz and decreases to 3 dB at 60 Hz. The results of rank order judging (Table 7) indicates that the use of Faraday cage electrical shielding does not prevent high quality descriptions from being obtained. As a backup judging procedure, a panel of five additional SRI scientists not otherwise associated with the research were asked simply to blind match the unedited typed transcripts (with associated drawings) generated by the remote viewer, against the nine target locations which they independently visited in turn. The transcripts were, of course, unlabeled and presented in random order. A correct match consisted of a transcript of a given date being matched to the target of that date. Instead of the expected number of one match each per judge, the number of correct matches obtained by the five judges was 7, 6, 5, 3, and 3, respectively. Thus, rather than the expected number of five correct matches from the judges, 24 such matches were obtained, b. Subject $4 (Learner/Control) Following the first series of nine experiments with exper- fenced subject Sl, a nine-target replication series was carried out with learner/control subject S4 who had no previous experience in paranormal functioning. 40 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED TABLE 7 Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Transcripts Associated With Each Target Location for Experienced Subject (S51) Target Location Hoover Tower, Stanford Radio Telescope, Portola Valley arina, Redwood City Bridge Toll Plaza, Fremont Drive-in Theatre, Palo Alto rts and Crafts Plaza, Menlo Park Catholic Church, Portola Valley Swimming Pool Complex, Palo Alto Total sum of ranks Baylands Nature Preserve, Palo Alto UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 Distance (km) ee Rank of Associated Transcript
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED Because of this subject's artistic background, she was cap- able of drawing and describing visual images that she could not identify in any cognitive or analytic Sense, an asset in remote viewing. (Subjects are encouraged to make drawings of anything they visualize and associate with the remote location, since drawings made by subjects are in general more accurate than the subject's verbal description.) When the target demarcation team went to a target Location which was a pedestrian overpass, for example, the subject said that she saw "a kind of trough up in the air," which she indicated in the upper part of her drawing in Figure 12. She went on to explain that "If you stand where they are standing you wiil see something like this," indicating the nested squares at the bottom of Figure 12. As it turned out, a judge standing where she indicated would have a view closely resembling what she had drawn, as can be seen from the accompanying photographs of the target location. In another experiment, the subject described seeing "an open barn-like structure with a pitched roof." She also saw a "kind of slatted side to the structure making light and dark bars on the wall." Her drawing and a photograph of the associated bicycle sned target are shown in Figure 13. For the entire series of nine, the numerical evaluation based on blind rank ordering of transcripts at each site was significant at p=1.8 x 1076, and included five direct hits and four second ranks for the target-associated transcripts (see Table 8). Again, as a backup judging procedure, a panel of five addi- tional SRI scientists not otherwise associated with the research were asked simply to blind match the unedited typed transcripts, with associated drawings, generated by the remote viewer, against the nine target locations which they independently visited in turn. A correct match consisted of a transcript of a given date being matched to the target of that date. In- stead of the expected number of one match each per judge, the number of correct matches obtained by the five judges was 5, 3, 3, 2, and 2, re- spectively. Thus, rather than the expected number of five correct matches from the judges, 15 such matches were obtained. 42 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED TABLE 8 Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Transcripts Associated With Each Target Location for Learner Subject (S4) - Rank of Associated Transcript Distance Target Location (km) Methodist Church, Palo Alto Ness Auditoriun, Menlo Park 0.2 Merry-Go-Round, Palo Alto 3.4 Parking Garage, Mountain View 8.1 SRI International Courtyard, 0.2 1 Menlo Park Bicycle Shed, Menlo Park O.1 2 Railroad Trestle Bridge, Palo Alto |* 1.3 2 Pumpkin Patch, Menlo Park 1.3 1 Pedestrian Overpass, Palo Alto 5.0 2 /-————— Total sum of ranks 13 (p=1.8x107°) I jo 45 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
, Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 _UNCLASSIFIED on Subjects S2 and 53 (Experienced) Having completed a series of 18 remote-viewing experiments, nine each with experienced subject S1 and learner/control subject S4, it was apparent that the projected completion of an additional series of nine each for experienced subjects S2 and $3 and learner/control subjects 55 and S6 was beyond the limits imposed by funding and time available. There- fore, on a best-effort basis, it was decided to complete four each with the remaining subjects. To place the judging on a basis comparable to that employed with S1 and S4, the four transcripts each of experienced subjects S2 and $3 were combined into a group of eight for rank order judging, to be compared with the similarly combined results of the learner/control subjects S5 and S6. The series with experienced subjects S52 and S3 provided a further example of the dichotomy between verbal and drawing responses during an experiment in which two sponsor staff personnel (the COTR and an associate) participated as members of the target demarcation team, the COTR choosing the target. The target, a tennis court, is shown in Figure 14, along with the drawings generated by the subject (S2). In discussing the drawings, the subject indicated that he was uncertain as to the action, but had the impression that the demarcation team was located at a museum in a particular park. In fact, the tennis court was located in that park about 100 yards from the indicated museum. Once again we note the characteristic (discussed earlier) of a resemblance between the target site and certain gestalt elements of the subject's response, especially as regards the drawings, coupled with incomplete or erroneous analysis of the significances. When rank ordering transcripts one through eight at the site, this transcript was ranked second. A second example from this group, however, indicates the level of precision that can be attained. The target location chosen by the standard double-blind protocol was the Palo Alto City Hall. Subject S3 described a tall building with vertical columns and "set in" windows. (His sketch, together with the photograph of the site is shown in Figure 15.) He said there was a fountain, "but I don't hear it.'' At the time the target team was at the City Hall during the experiment, the fountain was not running. He also made an effort to draw a replica of the designs 46 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED Co 2 Lf / SS) UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 SA~3183-18 SUBJECT S2 DRAWINGS IN RESPONSE TO TENNIS COURT TARGET FIGURE 14
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED pL-ESLe-vs LA5YVL TIVH ALID OL ASNOdSAY ES LOArans SL aYuNDId UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED in the pavement in front of the building, and correctly indicated the number of trees (four) in the sketch. For the entire series of eight, four each from S2 and S83, the numerical evaluation based on blind-rank ordering of transcripts at each site was significant at p = 3.8 x 1074, and included three direct hits and three second ranks for the target-associated transcripts (see Table 9). d. Subjects S5 and S6 (Learner/Control) To complete the series, four experiments each were carried out with learner/control subjects S5 and S6. The results in this case, taken as a group, did not differ significantly from chance. For the series of eight (judged as a group of seven since one target came up twice, once for each subject) the numer- ical evaluation based on blind-rank ordering of transcripts at each site was nonsignificant at p = 0.08, even though there were two direct hits and two second ranks out of the seven (see Table 10). One of the direct hits, which occurred with subject S6 on her first experiment, is an example of the "first-time effect"' that has been rigorously explored and is well-known to experimenters in the field.» In the narrative, the subject began tg describe a large square with a fountain. Two minutes into the experiment she recognized the location and correctly identified it by name (see Figure 16). It should be noted that in the area from which the target locations were drawn there are several other fountains, some of which were in the target pool as well. As an example of the style of the narratives generated during remote viewing experiments with a naive subject, and the part played by the ex- perimenter remaining with the subject in such a case, we have included the entire unedited text of this experiment as Appendix A. e. Sponsor Subjects (Learner/Control) Two.sponsor staff personnel participated as subjects in five experiments so as to experience the protocols from the subjects’ viewpoint. In this role they provide an additional calibration for this part of the program with regard to: 49 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED TABLE 9 Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Transcripts Associated With Each Target Location for Experienced Subjects (S2) and (S3) Rank of Distance Associated Subject Target Location (km) Transcript §2 BART Station (Transit System), 16.1 1 Fremont $2 Shielded Room, SRI, Menlo Park 0.1 2 $2 Tennis Court, Palo Alto 3.4 — 2 $2 Golf Course Bridge, Stanford 3.4 2 53 City Hall, Palo Alto 2.0 1 s3 Miniature Golf Course, Menlo 3.0 1 Park 83 Kiosk in Park, Menlo Park 0.3 3 s3 Baylands Nature Preserve, 6.4 3 Palo Alto OO _ Total sum of ranks ‘ _ 15 (p=3.8x107*) _e.,!C ere 50 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED TABLE 10 Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Transcripts Associated With Each Target Location for Learner Subjects S5 and $6 Subject $5 $5 $5 $5,S6 S6 S6 $6 a Caner os Target Location Pedestrian Overpass, Palo Alto Railroad Trestle Bridge, Palo Alto Windmill, Portola Valley White Plaza, Stanford (2) Airport, Palo Alto Kiosk in Park, Menlo Park Boathouse, Stanford Total sum of ranks 51 Rank of Distance Associated (km) Transcript 1.3 6 8.5 2 3.8 1 5.5 2 0.3 5 4.0 1 20 (p=0.08, NS) rl UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED SUBJECT DREW WHAT SHE CALLED “CURVY BENCHES” AND THEN ANNOUNCED CORRECTLY THAT THE PLACE WAS “WHITE PLAZA AT STANFORD” SA-3183-4 FIGURE 16 SUBJECT S6 DRAWING OF WHITE PLAZA, STANFORD UNIVERSITY 52 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED (a) Indicating the level of proficiency that can be expected from unselected volunteers, and, (b) Providing sponsor personnel with firsthand experience against which the results contained in the report can be evaluated. The first sponsor staff member (V3) participated as a sub- ject in a three-experiment series. All three experiments contained ele- ments descriptive of the associated target locations, the quality of re- sponse increasing with practice. The third response is shown in Figure 17, where again, as in the results reported previously, the pattern ele- ments in the drawing appeared to be a closer match than the subject's interpretation of the target object as a cupola. The second sponsor staff member participated as a subject in two experiments. In his first experiment he generated one of the higher signal-to-noise results we have observed. He began his narrative "There is a red A-frame building and next to it is a large yellow thing (a tree --editor). Now further left there is another A-shape. It looks like a swing-set, but it is pushed down in a gully sol can't see the swings." (All correct--see Figure 18.) He then went on to describe a lock on the front door that he said "looks like it's made of laminated steel, so it must be a Master lock." (Also correct.) For the series of five, three from the first subject, two from the second, the numerical evaluation based on blind rank ordering of the transcripts at each site was significant at p = 0.017, and included three direct hits and one second rank for the target-associated transcripts (see Table 11). £, Summary of Remote-Viewing Experiments (Standard Protocol) The descriptions supplied by the subjects in the experi- ments involving remote viewing of natural targets, although containing in- accuracies, were sufficiently accurate to permit the judges to differen- tiate among various targets to the degree indicated. A summary tabulation of the statistical evaluations of these experiments, carried out under standard protocol, is presented in Table 12. The overall result, eval- uated conservatively on the basis of a judging procedure that ignores 53 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED Fa LaADYVL GNNOY-OD-AYHAW JO ONIMVYC EA joarans ZL aYunNDid L-ESLE-VS LADYVL GNNOY-OD-AYdAWN €A LOAraNs YOSNOdS ONILISIA 40 SASNOdS3Y (\() Kae vs 8 AON UY mee 54 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED SAAN WINDMILL TARGET. SPONSOR SUBJECT V2 CORRECTLY DESCRIBED “RED A-FRAME BUILDING WITH DECK, YELLOW TREE, A-FRAME SWING SET, AND GRAY TRANSFORMER,” ALL SHOWN IN PICTURE. HE ALSO DESCRIBED “MASTER TYPE LOCK OF LAMINATED STEEL” WHICH IS ON FRONT DOOR OF WINDMILL (NOT SHOWN). FIGURE 18 55 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED TABLE 11 Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Transcripts Associated With Each Target Location for Visiting Sponsor Subjects V3 and V2 Rank of Distance Associated Subject Target Location (km) Transcript V3 Bridge Over Stream, Menlo Park 0.3 1 v3 Baylands Nature Preserve, Palo 6.4 2 Alto V3 Merry-Go~Round, Palo Alto 3.4 1 V2 Windmill, Portola Valley 8.5 1 V2 Apartment Swimming Pool,-- 9.1 3 Mountain View do Total sum of ranks 8 (p=0.017) 56 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED TABLE 12 Summary--Remote Viewing of Natural Targets Experienced Subjects p-value, rank order judging Subject No. Experiments Learner/Control Subjects {_ Subject No. Experiments p-value, rank order judging fo S4 9 p = 1.8 x 1076 85 4 Le \s p = 0.08 (NS) S6 4 Sponsor Subjects No. Experiments p-value, rank order judging —— Subject +— 57 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED transcript quality beyond that necessary to rank order the narratives (vastly underestimating the statistical significance of individual descrip- tions), clearly indicates the presence of an information channel of useful bit rate. Furthermore, it appears that the primary difference between experienced subjects and naive volunteers is not that the latter never exhibit the faculty, but rather that their results are simply less reli- able, more sporadic. Nonetheless, as described earlier, individual transcripts from the latter group of subjects number among some of the best obtained. Such observations indicate a hypothesis that remote view- ing may be a latent and widely-distributed perceptual ability. The following is quoted from a report on an analysis of patterns observed in the remote viewing transcripts. This report was submitted to the researchers by the judge responsible for the independent blind rank-order judging, an individual not otherwise associated with the research. These observations are based on a survey of the remote viewing transcripts from the SRI experiments. In the process of judging --attempting to match transcripts against targets on the basis of the information in the transcripts--some patterns and regu- larities in the transcript descriptions became evident, partic- ularly regarding individual styles in remote viewing, and in the perceptual form of the descriptions given by the subjects. Styles of Response. The transcripts were taken from several different subjects. Comparing the transcripts of one subject with those of another revealed that each person tended to focus on certain aspects of the remote target complex and exclude others, so that each had an individual pattern of response, like a signature. ~ Subject $3, for example, frequently responded with topographical descriptions, maps, and architectural features of the target locations. Subject $2 often focused on the behavior of the remote experimenter or the sequence of actions he carried out at the target. The transcripts of subject S4, more than those of other subjects, had descriptions of the feel of the location, and experiential or sensory gestalts, e.@., light/dark elements in the scene; indoor/outdoor and enclosed/open distinctions. Prominent features of $1's transcripts were detailed descriptions of what the target persons were concretely experiencing, seeing, -or doing, e.g., standing on asphalty blacktop overlooking water; looking at a purple iris. The range of any individual subject's responses was wide, and anyone might draw a map, or describe the mood of the remote 58 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED experimenter, but the consistency of each subject's overall approach suggests that just as individual descriptions of a directly viewed scene would differ, so these differences also occur in remote viewing processes. Nature of the descriptions. The concrete descriptions that appear most commonly in transcripts are at the level of sub- - units of the overall scene. For example, when the target was a Xerox copy machine, the responses included (S2) a rolling object (the moving light), ordials and a cover that is lifted (S3), but the machine as a whole was not identified by name or function. In a few transcripts the subjects correctly identified and named the target. In the case of a computer terminal, the subject (V2) apparently mentally saw the terminal and the relay racks behind it. In the case of targets which were Hoover Tower and White Plaza, the subjects (S1 and S6, respectively) seemed to identify the locations through analysis of their initial images of the elements of the target. There were also occasional incorrect recognitions; gestalts that were incorrectly named, e.g., swimming pools in a park being identified as water storage tanks at a water filtration plant (Sl). Phenomenological descriptions, e.g., "motion past the ex- & P 8 P perimenter," and "red outlining blue,"" occurred occasionally, but were not frequent in the transcripts. The most common perceptual level was thus an intermediate one-~the individual elements and items that comprise the target. This is suggestive of a scanning process that takes sample perceptions from within the overall environment. When the subjects tried to make sense out of these frag- mentary impressions, they often resorted to metaphors or constructed an image with a kind of perceptual inference. From a feeling of the target as an "august" and "solemn" building, the subject ($4) said it might be a library. It was a church. A pedestrian overpass above a freeway was described as a conduit ($4). A rapid transit station, ele- vated above the countryside, was associated with an observatory (S2). When the remote experimenter climbed into a Link trainer, the subject said it was a small place, like a bathroom; perhaps he had locked himself in a closet. These responses seem to be the result of attempts to process partial information and occur similarly in other para- psychological experiments. When the subjects augmented the verbal transcripts with drawings or sketches, these often expressed the target elements more accurately than the verbal descriptions, and sometimes corresponded with the targets more clearly and precisely than the words of the transcript. 59 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED The descriptions given by the subjects sometimes went beyond what the remote experimenter experienced, at least consciously. For example, one subject (84) described and drew a belt drive at the top of a drill press, which was not even visible to the remote experimenter who was operating the machine. Curiously, objects in motion at the remote site were rarely -mentioned in the transcript, e.g., trains crossing the rail- road trestle target were not described (54), though the remote experimenter stood very close to them. Also, in a few cases, the subject descriptions were inaccurate regarding size of structures. A 20 foot courtyard separating two buildings was described (S1) as 200 feet wide, and a small shed was expanded to a barn-like structure (84). Blind judging of transcripts. The judging procedure involved examining the transcripts for a given experimental series and attempting to match the transcripts with the correct targets on the basis of their correspondences. The transcripts varied from coherent and accurate descriptions to mixtures of correspondences and non-correspondences. Since a judge did not know a priori which elements of the descriptions were correct and incorrect, the task was complicated, and transcripts often seemed plausibly to match more than one target. A confounding factor in these studies is that many target locations have similarities that seem alike at some level of perception. For example, a radio telescope at the top of a hill, the observation deck of a tower, and a jetty on the edge of a bay all match a transcript description of "looking out over a long distance." A lake, a fountain, and a creek may all result in an image of water for the subject. In my own judging, the procedure that was most successful was a careful element by element comparison, testing each transcript against every target, using the transcript descriptions and drawings as arguments for or against assigning the transcript ‘to a particular target. In most cases this resulted “in either a clear conclusion or at least a ranking of probably matches, and these matches were subjected to statistical anslyses. A subjective viewpoint of the remote viewing process as stated in a report to the researchers by subject $3 likens the difficulties in remote viewing to those occurring in subliminal (low level) or tach- istoscopic (high speed) viewing by ordinary sensory modalities. The following is quoted from his report. _ Current Status. Experimentation in viewing of remote targets conducted at SRI has provided data confirming the existence of a paranormal remote viewing ability. Several breakthroughs were needed to uncover the remote viewing possibilities. These have - accumulated and are reflected in previous clients' reports. If breakthroughs have tended to expose such ability, subsequent 60 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
een EEAnenEnnea Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED quantitative analysis has also established the existence of certain qualitative problems that need to be resolved if remote viewing abilities are to move from a general to an operative category. The General Problem. Among the several subjects tested, dependable data resolvable from viewing targets at remote locations seem to have a signal-to-noise ratio in the range of approximately © 25 to 75%. This percentage is an estimate and has differed between subjects and between experiments. In experimentation the emergence of even 25% accurate information does establish strategic implications; the occurrence of erroneous or super fluous data in subject responses to the degree that it is currently observed, however, tends to obviate tactical or operational deployment of the discovered ability. For various reasons as described below, the emergence of erroneous data in subjects’ responses to given targets has been given the working name of “analytical overlay." Definition of Analytical Overlay. Accumulated responses from subjects' attempts to view distant targets indicates that the target often is actually viewed, but in some way the target also acts aS a prompter for the spontaneous appearance of seemingly irrelevant data. This is especially obvious when the subject's drawing of the target is by observation specifically applicable to the target, but his interpetation, either verbally or in the form of mental image pictures, is far from the mark. Since verbalization, or imagery, presupposes mental analysis, it seems reasonable to assume that we are dealing with automatic analytical functions of some sort, and that hypothetically these are the source of the diluted or erroneous response. Analytical functions are associated with resolving, breaking down, and dissecting incoming information in terms of experience and memory. In sensory perception, this process takes place on an almost. automatic basis and is governed by learned logical necessity. Since at the sensory level these processes are continuously taking place at sub-awareness levels, it is often forgotten that logical familiarity is a learned condition, governed by experi- © ence applied to memory. This is easily demonstrable by presenting a person with some~ thing he has never seen before. The analytical functions of the mind spontaneously output data-rich memories that assist in identification, either by similarity or differences, with the unfamiliar object. Further, in determining the nature of the unfamiliar object, the analytical processes, busily overlaying sequences of logical possibility, are prompted by sensory (tactile, visual, etc.) appreciation of the object. In this manner, the person eventually is able to logically place the unfamiliar object by means of his total fund of experience and knowledge. In terms of objective space, time, and matter, this entire procedure is anchored by a continual flow of sensory data about the object. A decision-making process buttressed by sensory 61 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED perception thus takes place. In the paranormal sense, however, ordinary sensory buttressing is absent since experimental safeguards ensure sensory separation of subject and target. The subject is therefore thrown back solely on the perception and possibilities inherent in the unknown modes of acquiring information that are currently under - study. In such case, one of two things can now take place: either the subject can by paranormal modes inflow accurate information on a bit-per-second basis sufficient to allow him to make an accurate or semi-accurate decisional response as to the character or nature of the target; or his response to the target and experimental situation is weak and irresolute or perhaps displaced, at which time the content of multiple ana- lytical processes seem to be selected. When this latter occurs, it is identified as analytical overlay. Some Observations. It is safe to assume that in experiments where the response did not at all accord with the target, no psi func- tioning took place and that mental functions of some other nature were offered up by a subject. In examining research results, however, one consistency can easily be identified, this consis- tency giving rise to the term analytical overlay as contrasted to analytical error. Descriptors pertaining to the target can often be found imbedded in the subject's response to a degree beyond that expected by chance, even when the majority of the response appears to be involved with something else. Since this is so, it seems relevant to hypothesize that the subject is perceiving the target at some level of awareness sufficient to prompt logical mental processing in the subject. The subject's response therefore usually includes not only descriptors relevant to the target, but also other details coming out of the logical analytical comparison doubtlessly going on as he tries to "recog- nize" the target. This kind of situation is exactly one that might be expected -~where a person is treated to only a momentary giance_at an unfam- iliar object and then asked to determine what it was. A series of analytical statements such as, “looks like this", or "looks like that", or "it is similar to", will probably be volunteered by the experient deprived of a continuing sensory information inflow about the object. The sensory and parasensory situations thus hold in common certain structures that can be studied either in the sensory or in the parasensory function. With regard to their differences, in ordinary sensory perception, the decision-making response is held in place by continuous sensory perception of the object, and logical deduction and decision depends upon the solidity provided by the sensory faculties. In the paranormal sense, however, we are indeed asking the subject to begin his perception at some as yet unknown point and work simultaneously toward both perception of the object and decision as to what it is. 62 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
ee Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED Since descriptors pertaining to the target can almost always in some form be found imbedded in the subject's response, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that perception of the target is taking place, but in some unaccustomed modality. If this is so, as the data suggest, then the problem is not solely one of parasensory perception, but also one of conversion of the contents of the psi field into constructed form. Let us assume that a gifted subject is gifted because he can resolve psi-field signals into recognizable mental patterns, which are in turn then converted into experiential, logical sequences. This kind of conversion process resembles that which takes place in the semaphore system or that of Morse code. The thing that is missing in the psi-field conversion process would be, of course, familiarity with the signals emanating from the psi-field matrix. As experiments demonstrate, these signals typically emerge in an unaligned sequence along with the partly logical possibilities volunteered by the analytical process. That this is so is understandable if we observe that it is human nature fo depress or suppress the unfamiliar in favor of the familiar; therefore such scattering of the unfamiliar data in favor of the memory-familiar takes place both in the sensory and parasensory functions. In the paranormal case, when the data are signal-wise sufficient to bypass analytical assistance fortuitously being provided by the catalyst of memory, the so-called psi phenomena can result in exceptionally good data. Otherwise, a mixture is obtained. Summary. Experimental results confirm the probability of abilities that permit identification and description of objects at locations at a distance. The simultaneous inflow of ex- traneous data termed analytical overlay seems to dilue the correctness of the overall response and detract from the oper- ational form of the remote viewing ability. Fmnough data about this difficulty has been gathered to establish that it is not necessarily a perceptual problem but in all probability a process problem concerned with the converting of the signal of the psi- field matrix into a correct analytical sequence. It seems reasonable to assume that could the process difficulties be resolved, then the analytical overlay would convert into a positive adjunct of the conversion process, rather than working against it. , Any concept of utilizing remote viewing ability in an operational form has to entertain a minimum as well as a maximum criterion for proficiency. So far, in experimental expectation only the maximum possibility has been entertained. The entire onus of responsibility of achieving the maximum has lain in the ex- pectation of attaining precise information; whereas even minimal efficiency of target perception by the subject might ~ yield enormous clues as to the nature of the target if reviewed by professionals concerned with such a target; the target itself may have no correlate within the subject's logical repertoire 63 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED and may not be correctly prompted via memory. Thus, to achieve operational status, both changes in expec- tation of the ability, as well as an increased familiarity with the problems associated with analytical overlay may lead to results of increasing practical utility. From the viewpoint of the researchers, we do not yet have an understanding of the nature of the information-bearing signal that a subject perceives. We know only that the subjects commonly report they perceive the signal visually as though looking at the object or place from a position in its immediate neighborhood. Furthermore, the subjects' perceptual viewpoint has mobility in that they are able to shift their point of view to allow them to describe elements of a scene that would not be visible to an observer simply standing at ground level and de- scribing what he sees. (In particular, a subject often describes cor- rectly elements not visible to the target demarcation team.) Finally, motion is in general not perceived; in fact, moving objects often are not seen at all even when nearby static objects are correctly identified. In comparing the rémote-viewing results (a so-called free- response task) with the random number generator results discussed in the next section, we note that froma statistical viewpoint a subject is more likely to describe accurately a remote site, chosen at random from nearby locations, than he is to select correctly one of four random numbers. Our experience with these phenomena lead us to consider that this difference in task performance may stem from fundamental signal-to- noise considerations. Two principal sources of noise in the system apparently are memory and imagination, both of which can give rise to mental pictures of greater clarity than the target to be perceived. In the random number task, a subject can create a perfect mental picture of each of the four possible outputs in his own imagination and then attempt to obtain the correct answer by a mental matching operation. In remote viewing, on the other hand, the subject is apparently more like to approach the task with a blank mind as he attempts to perceive pictorial informa- tion from remote locations about which he may have no stored mental data. (Subjects Sl, S3, and s4 were unfamiliar with the San Francisco Bay area at the start of experimentation, their homes having been elsewhere.) 64 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED Finally, our observation is that most of the correct infor- mation that subjects relate to us is of a nonanalytic nature pertaining to shape, form, color, and material rather than to function or name. That is, we often observe the correct description of basic elements and pat- terns coupled with incomplete or erroneous analysis of function. In consultation with Dr. Robert Ornstein of the Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute, San Francisco, and with Dr. Ralph Kiernan of the Department of Neurology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stan- ford, California, we have formed the tentative hypothesis, based on these observed characteristics, that remote viewing may involve a specialization characteristic of the brain's right hemisphere. This possibility, discussed in detail later, is derived from a variety of evidence from clinical and neurosurgical sources, which indicate that the two hemispheres of the human brain are specialized for different cognitive functions, the left hemisphere being predominantly active in verbal and other analytical func- tioning, the right hemisphere in spatial and other holistic processing. ’ Further research is necessary to elucidate the relation- ship between right hemispheric function and paranormal abilities. None- theless, we can say at this point that the remote viewing results of the group of subjects at SRI have charactéristics in common with performance that require right hemispheric function. The similarities include the highly schematicized drawings of objects in a room or of remote scenes, Verbal identification of these drawings is often highly inaccurate and the drawings themselves are frequently left-right reversed relative to the target configuration. Further, written material generally is not cognized. These characteristics have been seen in left brain-injured patients and in callosal-sectioned patients. As a result of the above considerations, we have learned to urge our subjects simply to describe what they see as opposed to what they think they are looking at. We have learned that their unanalyzed perceptions are almost always a better guide to the true target than their interpretations of the perceived data. One should not infer that analytic functioning in the remote viewing mode is never observed, however, as indicated by codeword 65 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED retrieval in the West Virginia Site experiment discussed in Subsection 1-b, earlier, the recognition of a computer terminal by the sponsor staff- member in the technology series, and the recognition of Hoover Tower and White Plaza by subjects Sl and S6, respectively, in the natural target series. 2.  Four-State Electronic Random Target Generator This study provided an opportunity to determine whether the remote-sensing capability could be extended to the perception of the internal state of a piece of electronic equipment. For this purpose, an automated experiment designed around a four-state electronic random target generator was initiated. The solid-state machine, manufactured by Aquarius Electronics, Mendocino, California, has no moving parts and provides no sensory cue to the user as to its target generation. To determine unambiguosly whether a result was meaningful, the following strategy was used. First, so as to discriminate against sub- ject strategies based on machine statistics, four machines were checked for departures from randomness by a statistical analysis of over 10,000 pre-experiment trials, and only the three machines that showed no sig- nificant departures from randomness were used. Second, the subjects interacted with the machines to generate the data, the machines being interchanged at arbitrary intervals without the subject's knowledge (to interfere with possible learning strategies associated with even non- significant departures from randomess). Third, for any subject whose score was significant, the statistics of the machines during the successful experiment were tabulated to ensure that the machines’ outputs had not departed from randomness in the period in which the significant result was obtained. Fourth, even in the absence of a departure from randomness, the optimum strategy as determined post hoc from the distribution of actual machine outputs was compared with subject strategy. Fifth, a subject generating a good score was asked to repeat the entire experiment one month later under continuous observation by an experimenter. Finally, the entire data analysis was carried out by an independent statistics group at SRI under the direction of Dr. Richard Singleton. 66 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED a. Machine Description The machine configuration provides as a target one of four art slides (reproductions of paintings) chosen randomly (p = 1/4) by an electronic random target generator. The generator does not show its choice until the subject indicates his choice to the machine by pressing a button (yellow, green, blue, or red) associated with each art slide (see Figure 19). (The machine has four stable internal states. A 1.0- MHz square-wave oscillator sends. pulses to an electronic "scale-of-four" counter which passes through each of its four states 250,000 times per second. The state of the counter is determined by the length of time the oscillator has run--that is, the time between subject choices.) As soon as the subject indicates his choice, the target slide is illuminated to provide visual and auditory (bell if correct) feedback as to the correctness or incorrectness of his choice. Until that time, both sub- ject and experimenter remain tgnorant of the machine's choice, so the experiment is of the double-blind type. Five legends at the top of the machine face are illuminated one at a time with increasing correct choices (6, 8, 10, ...) to provide additional reinforcement. The machine choice, subject choice, cumulative trial number, and cumulative hit number are printed automatically on continuous fanfold paper tape. After trial number 25, the machine must be reset manually by depressing a RESET button. A methodological feature of the machine is that the choice of a target is not forced. That is, a subject may press a PASS button when he wishes not to guess, in which case the machine indicates what its choice was. The machine thus scores neither a hit nor a trial and then goes on to make its next selection. Thus, the subject does not have to guess at targets when he feels that he has no idea as to which to choose. Under the null hypothesis of random binomial choices with probability 1/4 and no learning, the probability of observing < k successes in n trials is approximated by the probability of a normal distribution 1 value, t, na 1 5 67 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED iS EXPERIMENT FOUR-STATE RANDOM TARGET GENERATOR USED IN TH e five “encouragement lights” FIGURE 19 An incorrect choice of target is indicated. Two of th at the top of the machine are illuminated. The printer to the right of the machine records data on fan-foild paper tape. 68 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
ei SO Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED b. Data from Experiments Data were collected from subjects $1 through S6. Each sub- ject was asked to complete 100 25-trial runs (i.e., a total of 2500 trials each). The results are tabulated in Table 13. (One subject, 83, declined to complete the 2500-trial run, citing a lack of rapport with the machine and, hence, a lack of motivation for the task.) Of the six subjects, only one ($2) scored significantly above chance. For the 2500 trials, $2 averaged 29.36 hits/100 trials rather than the expected 25/100, a result whose a priori probability under the null hypothesis is p = 3 x 107’. His scores are plotted in Figure 20. TABLE 13 i Four-State Electronic Random Target Generator Summary io over 2500 Trials Probability S1 25.76 0.22 $2 20, 36 3 x 1077 $3 24.67 (750 trials) 0.60 S4 25.76 0.22 $5 25.20 0.33 $2 27.88 4.8 x 107%. All trials 26.47 | 1.1 x 10-5 (15,750 trials) The statistics of the machines during the successful run of subject $2 were tabulated for the entire 3483 machine transitions (2500 choices, 983 passes), both by machine and in total. The results, shown in Tables 14 through 16, indicate no significant departures from random expectation during the successful run, and therefore, the signifi- cant result cannot be attributed to machine malfunction. 69 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED L-S9Zp-VS og + 1- og 4+ 1- Uy. 001 A {y- d ye JueoyuBis) 10}eJs9UeH JaqunU WopUes 9}01199{9 ayeys-snoy YA JUaU}IedxXe [P111-0OS~ a zs Loarans YOd AYdVWIWNS viva 02 aYNDI4 jetyy sad p/l =d und /sjely Gg — HOGINNN NOY al ; 10} 34 02 06 08 OL 09 oS OV ; ré ae) bo 5 Q 9 o Re aw 8 3c o2 OL = pa ral po 4 nN ) | nN | i aX = t u <= = OQ <{ = 70 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED TABLE 14 Randomness Tests for Machine Ml Output During Successful Experimental Series by Subject $2 (Runs 9 through 16 and 45 through 80) Red | Trials Chi-Square; probability Transitions Y 96 79 88 92 355 1.789 > 0.50 To G 346 0.058 > 0.99 From B 344 0.395 > 0.90 R 357 0.591 > 0.80 Initial states 44 2.364 > 0.50 All states 1446 0,622 > 0.80 een oreeene 1037 | 0.466 > 0.90 Diagonal 92 | 365 | 0.468 > 0.90 transitions During Successful Experimental Series (Runs 1 through 8, 17 through 44, and 81 TABLE 15 Randommess Tests for Machine M2 Number Output by Subject S2 through 100) Buttons of Yellow Trials Transitions Y ‘To G 107 | 131 | 136 From B 126 124 138 ° R 118 | 115 | 140 Initial states 16 15 13 All states 475 505 538 20 Nondiagonal 351 | 359 | 387 > 0.50 transitions Diagonal — 108 | 131 | 138 > 0.20 transitions 71 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED TABLE 16 RANDOMNESS TESTS FOR ENTIRE MACHINE OUTPUT DURING SUCCESSFUL EXPERIMENTAL RUN Buttons Number Chi-Square Binomial Yellow |Green|Blue | Red | Trials probability Transtions Y 204 199 199 | 216 818 QO. > 0,80 To G 192 | 218 | 222 }207 | 839 | 2.578 > 0.30 From B 211 | 206 | 228 |222 | 867 | 1.397 > 0.70 R o09 ~«=—«|:« 206 :| 223 |221 | 859 | 1.009 > 0.70 Initial states 24 o9 | 22 | 25 | 100 | 1.040 > 0.70 All states 340 | 858 | 894 |891 | 3483 | 2.364 > 0.50 Nondiagonal 612 | 611 | 644 1645 | 2512 | 1.736 > 0.50 transitions Diagonal — r04 | 218 | 228 221 | 871 | 1.399 > 0.70 transitions 72 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED With regard to the possibility that the subject developed an optimum strategy based on slight, even though nonsignificant, machine departures from chance expectation, it is sufficient to determine the most favorable strategy based on machine statistics and examine whether use of such a strategy would be capable in principle of producing a re- sult as significant as that produced by the subject. For machine Ml the optimum strategy, according to Table 17 is: if in the initial state, press green; if yellow, press yellow; otherwise, pass. Use of such a strategy would, in the 44 runs carried out, result in 14 correct initial state selections and a scoring fraction 96/355 = 0.2704 on the remaining 44 x 24 = 1056 transitions, resulting in 300 hits. For machine M2 the optimum strategy, according to Table 18, is: if in the initial state, press yellow; if red, press blue; other- wise pass. Use of such a strategy would, in the 56 runs carried out, result in 16 correct initial state selections and a scoring fraction 140/502 = 0.2789 on the remaining 56 x 24 = 1344 transitions, resulting in 391 hits. Thus, an optimum strategy derived from the machine distri- bution post hoc yields a scoring fraction 691/2500 = 0.2764, significantly less than the observed scoring fraction 0.2936. In any case, it is clear from an examination of the compilation of subject choices (Tables 17 and 18) that subject selections, although extremely nonrandom, differed widely from those strategies favorable to the production of results based on machine statistics. Further, there is no evidence of learning to sup- port the hypothesis that a successful strategy was developed. A more detailed analysis of strategies, confirming these conclusions, was carried out by the sponsor under the direction of the COTR. When subject $2 was asked to repeat the entire experiment at a later time, he was able to replicate successfully a high mean scoring rate (27.88/100 average over 2500 trials, a result whose a priori proba- bility under the null hypothesis is p = 4.8 x 1074). We thus conclude from the machine study that of the six subjects tested, one subject (S2) was able to generate a significant and replicable result. From these results, we conclude that there is evidence for the existence of a human perceptual capability whereby electronically 73 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED stored information can be accessed by means of a perceptual modality not mediated by physical parameters as yet identified, The characteristics of such a channel can be specified in accordance with the precepts of communication theory. The bit rate asso- ciated with the information channel is calculated from® nn eeemaaal se Mee R= H(x) = H Ww), (1) where H(x) is the uncertainty of the source message containing symbols with an a priori probability Py 2 H(x) = - )' pylogyp, (2) and A (x) is the conditional entropy based on the a posteriori probabil- ities ” that a received Signal was actually transmitted, 2 H, (x) --) p(i,j) log, p, (4) . (3) i,j=1 For $2's first run, with Py = 1/4, Pp, ) = 0.2936, and an average of 30 s/choice, we have a source uncertainty H(x) = 2 bits and a calculated bit rate < R= 0.007 bits/symbol or R/T = 2 x 107° bits/s In a larger study for NASA, devoted specifically to the question of whether learning could take place, 147 subjects were screened.” Of these subjects, six showed a positive learning slope significant at the 0.01 level or better; the binomial probability of this occurring by chance is 3.8 x 1073. At the other extreme, no subjects had a negative slope at the 0.01 level or better, in contrast to those six who had a positive slope at the 0.01 level. The slopes of the remaining 141 subjects (448,000 trials) were found to be normally distributed. 75 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 | UNCLASSIFIED B. Identification of Measurable Characteristics Possessed by Gifted Subjects 1. Medical Evaluation The medical evaluation of program participants was assigned to the Palo Alto Medical Clinic. Coordination of the program was handled by Dr. Robert Armbruster, Director of the Clinic's Department of Environ- mental Medicine. The testing procedures fall into six categories: (1) General physical examination, including complete medical and family history. (2) Laboratory examinations, including SMA-12 panel blood chem- istries, protein electrophoresis, blood lipid profile, urinalysis, serology, blood type and factor, pulmonary function screening, and 12-lead electrocardiogram. (3) Neurological examination, including comprehensive and electroencephalogram (sleeping and routine). (4) Audiometric examination, including comprehensive, Bekesy bone conduction, speech discrimination, and impedance bridge test. (5) Ophthalmologist examination, including comprehensive, card testing, peripheral field test, muscle test, dilation funduscope, and indirect ophthalmoscopic and fundus examination. (6) EMI brain scan. The detailed subject-by-subject test results are on file with the sponsor. Following are the summary evaluations prepared by Dr. Armbruster. SGFOIA3 76 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 SGFOIA3 \ Document |
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED SGFOIA3 g. Summary of Medical Evaluation In summary, it appears that the medical profiling is noncontributory to the study, all subjects showing essentially normal medical profiles without any discernible spread among the subjects. 2. Psychological Evaluation The psychological evaluation of the program participants was assigned to the Palo Alto Medical Clinic. Coordination of the program was handled by Dr, J.E. Heenan, Chief Clinical Psychologist of the Clinic's Department of Psychiatry. The testing itself was carried out by Dr. Karen Nelson, Clinical Psychologist at the Clinic. The tests administered included: (1) In-depth interviews, including objective events and subjective views relating to the discovery and enhance- ment of paranormal capacities; socioeconomic, cultural, familial, religious environment; outstanding emotional peaks, traumas; values, motivation, interpersonal style. (2) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) (3) Bender Gestalt Visual Motor Test (4) Benton Visual Memory Test 79 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 | UNCLASSIFIED | (5) Wechsler Memory Scale (6) Luscher Color Test (7) Strong Vocational Interest Blank (8) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) (9) Edwards Personality Preference Schedule (EPPS) (10) Rorschach Inkblot (11) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) The detailed test results for each subject are on file with the COTR. Due to the personal nature of the data we present here only the summary evaluations, first by the clinical psychologist who administered the tests and interviewed the subjects in depth, and second by the chief clinical psychologist who analyzed the data on a blind basis. a. Evaluation by Clinical Psychologist Administering Tests The following is quoted from the psychologist's report: During late summer and early fall, 1974, six subjects were re- ferred to the Clinic for testing for the parapsychology study at Stanford Research Institute. Three of the subjects were desig- nated as sensitive subjects and three of the subjects were desig- nated as controls. It was planned that I would do the testing without knowledge of which subjects were considered sensitive and which subjects were considered controls. However, in the course of my contacts with these subjects, it proved impossible not to know which subjects belonged to which group, since I was to inter- view each person in depth. Since personal experience with appar- ently extrasensory perception is a fairly dramatic event, subjects could not avoid talking about these events and still be honest in an in-depth interview. Consequently, a secondary plafi was developed in which I would do the psychological testing and write individual reports for each subject, and the Chief Clinical Psychol- ogist, Dr. Heenan, would read the test blind and see whether he could pick out three test records which seemed more similar to each other than the rest, thereby discriminating between sensitive and non-sensitive subjects. Intellectual Functioning All of the subjects in this study displayed distinctly above- average intellectual abilities. Most subjects reached the superior range, and several of the subjects reached the gifted range. As it happened, the control subjects tended to show higher average intellectual functioning scores than did‘sensitive subjects, although the difference could not be said to be significant, given that there were only three subjects in each group. Two of the subjects from the sensitive group showed highly variable 80 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED subtest scores within their intelligence test battery. That is, some of the subskills would be extremely high and other subskills would be extremely low, The variable patterns shown are consistent with ambivalent motivation as regards learning tasks and academic situations. I was able to spot no consistent trends as to which subskills tended to be high and which sub- skills tended to be low. For all six subjects, verbal and per- formance skilis tended to be about evenly balanced, and memory skills were approximately what would be expected, given the in- telligence scores attained. The number scores on memory tests as well as the performances of the subjects themselves reflect a slight tendency toward better memory for material which is organized logically or which appears in a meaningful context than for rote memory material. In the control group, this tendency seems less pronounced and in fact one subject showed a clear preference for rote memory material. The subjects themselves did not feel that any of the intelligence test material tapped skills or propensities on their part which might be linked to their extrasensory capabilities, and since the patterns of strength and weakness within the test profiles varied so widely, I am inclined to accept their judgment with one possible exception. It is possible that sensitive subjects tend to be holistic perceivers rather than analytic perceivers; that is, to perceive in Gestalt rather than analytic elements. This might underlie the tendency for better short term memory of contextual logical material. Psychological tests which are directly relevant to this difference in perceptual style appear not be standardized as yet and so it is difficult to follow this lead. Personality Functioning When looked at from the point of view of psychopathology, the indicators both in projective and in objective testing do not appear to me to show marked trends, either for the six subjects taken together or for the subjects in each group. There does appear to be an interesting similarity in defensive style, par- ticularly when this is taken together with a similarity in interests and vocational aptitude, which can be seen in a large number of the subjects both in sensitive and control groups. To elaborate, all six subjects tended to have high feminine scores on the masculinity-feminity scale of the MMPI. That scale does not measure sexual orientation but rather sex role stereotype. For example, a person who is highly active in expressing his aggression, who is self assertive and who adopts "masculine" interest in, say, sports, mechanics, etc., is likely to get a high masculine score; a person who tends to be fairly passive in expressing aggression, even manipulative, who tends to be interested in the arts, in music, in aesthetic sensitivities, is likely to gain a high feminine score. Both the men and women in this group of subjects tended to have high feminine scores. The trend is seen again in the vocational aptitude survey, the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, wherein all of the subjects tended to achieve high scores in music, art 81 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED and writing, but particularly in writing was this consistent. The score on writing aptitude appeared to be above average for the general population in each subject and for several of the subjects it was one of the highest scores obtained. These two trends in the objective personality test data can be compared with another trend found in the projective test data, namely on the Rorschach. Here, the responses of the subjects tended to emphasize animal or human movement and to de-emphasize color. This pattern is common in people who tend to be introspective, to have a rich inner fantasy life, and in fact to prefer that kind of expression of their emotions to interpersonal expression. The capacity to stand back from one's feelings, observe them, analyze them, even to savor them, is common among artists and particularly among writers. Unfortunately, two of the subjects (S1 and $3) from the sensitive group were highly defensive about test-taking and their defen- siveness was most pronounced in the projective personality tests. The result was that they gave very minimal records, very few responses, and were close-mouthed in talking about their responses. Hence, the pattern to which I refer can be seen more clearly in the control subjects than in the sensitive subjects even though it appears to occur for all six subjects. In the course of the testing, the control subjects began to tell me that as they participated in the SRI study, they appeared to be developing more and more sensitivity on the experiments per- formed and each was not certain that he should be properly classified as a control subject. In talking with Dr. Puthoff, I learned that they did appear to be showing some sensitivity but that their performances were not reliable and so they still could be said to be importantly different from the sensitive subjects. If the sensitive subjects could be induced to be less defensive in test-taking, it is possible that their records would show a pattern which could be distinguished from that of the control subjects. Since that is not the case, we are left with a dilemma. A tendency toward artistic interests, a rich fantasy life and an introversive style of emotional expression may be accidental in all of these six subjects. It may be characteristic of persons who are willing to participate in parapsychological studies. It may be characteristic of persons who have some extrasensory capacity, whether great or small, or it may relate to some other variable which happens to be common to these six subjects. Should the pattern of emotional style and aesthetic interest prove relevant to extrasensory capacity, it would seem that the -Rorschach gets at the most fundamental level of this quality. The objective tests are more likely to be measuring the end products of that fundamental level of emotional expression. Since my reading of projective test material is likely to be colored by my acquaintance with the subjects and what they said about themselves, I will be interested to see whether Dr. Heenan 82 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED can discern the same pattern, and for my own curiosity I would like to be able to test the sensitive subjects again, without them having read this report, to see whether I could put them more at ease on a second contact and get more productive records from them. Two of these subjects (S1 and S3) said frankly that they were alienated at the thought of psychological testing because their experience was that people with extrasensory capac- ity were written off as nuts and that psychologists and psychi- atrists always examined them with an eye toward any pathology they could discover. If they could be reassured that that was not the point of interest and at the same time not be coached as to what kinds of responses I was interested in, another session of projective testing might be productive. Karen L. Nelson, PhD Clinical Psychologist Palo Alto Medical Clinic b. Evaluation by Chief Clinical Psychologist (On a Blind Basis An effort complementary to the overall analysis performed by Dr. K. Nelson was carried out by Dr. J. Heenan, Chief Clinical Psychol- ogist, Department of Psychiatry, Palo Alto Medical Clinic. He took on as a task the ferreting out of responses to specific test items to deter- mine whether a particular cluster of items might serve as the core of a screening procedure. Dr. Heenan's analysis was carried out on a blind basis, that is, without knowledge of which subjects were labeled sensitive and which were labeled control. The following is quoted from Dr. Heenan's report: I have finished going over the psychological test data on the six subjects tested and this is a summary of my thoughts, impressions, clinical judgments, guesses and comparisons of various dimensions. The six persons tested are labeled S1 through S6. Subject $1 would not take the TAT test and did not return the EPPS test, and there is not a Strong vocational interest test in the file on him. I included him in the comparisons on the tests which he did take. What I did was formulate some hypotheses and then examine the test data, ranking people according to what their tests reflected on those hypotheses, and from that arrived at which subjects might have, according to the hypothesis, a more than ordinary ability to communicate by non-ordinary means. First of all, I examined all the test data rather carefully from a clinical psychologist's point of view and without any specific hypotheses--that is, on the basis of my overall intuition--made guesses, for each battery of tests, whether or not I thought this person would be likely to have unusual abilities. On this basis I guessed subjects S83, S6 and $4 as the most iikely ones to have been high achievers 83 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED in your experiments. The following is a series of hypotheses on the Rorschach Ink Blot Test and following each hypothesis are the three subjects who best fit that hypothesis from the test data. HYPOTHESIS #1. White space responses reflect lower ability to use non-ordinary means of communication. Results: Subjects $3, S6 and S4 have the fewest white space responses and therefore, according to this hypothesis, would have the higher ability among this group. HYPOTHESIS #2. Preoccupation with minor details (Dd) will be inconsistent with the ability to communicate by non-ordinary means. Results: Subjects $3, $6 and S4 reflect the least use of minor details in Rorschach responses. HYPOTHESIS #3. Those persons with the highest percentage of human movement responses will be those most likely to be able to communicate by non-ordinary means. Results: Subjects $4, S6 and S2 are the three highest in this regard. HYPOTHESIS #4. The use of instant whole responses will be greater in those persons with the ability to communicate by non-ordinary means. Results: Subjects $3, S6 and S4 are the highest in this regard. 7 HYPOTHESIS #5. Using shading responses as an index for anxiety, those who have the most shading responses will do the least well in communicating by non-ordinary means. Results: Subjects S4, S1 and S2 have the most shading responses. HYPOTHESIS #6. Those subjects able to communicate best by non-ordinary means will tend to be more childlike in their general approach to life and this will be reflected by higher animal content percent on the Rorschach test. _ Results: Subjects S5, S4 and Sl. ‘ HYPOTHESIS #7. (This hypothesis is relevant to Hypothesis #6.) Those subjects with the most animal movement responses will tend to be able to communicate more by non-ordinary means. Results: Subjects S4, S6 and 52. HYPOTHESIS #8. The persons who most use color in their re- sponses will be most likely to be able to communicate better by non-ordinary means. Results: There is no spread among the subjects on this particular scoring determinant. HYPOTHESIS #9. Those subjects using the most emotional deter- minants will be most likely to be able to communicate by non-ordinary means. Results: Subjects $3, $6 and 54 have the most use of emotional determinants on the Rorschach Test. é 84 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED On the MMPI, the following hypotheses were checked out. HYPOTHESIS #1. Subjects who show the most unusual configurations on the MMPI will be those most likely to be able to communicate by non-ordinary means (scores above 70). Results: Subjects $3, S6 and S2. HYPOTHESIS #2. Those subjects who reflect the most emotional _ energy as measured by the Ma score will be most likely to com- municate by non-ordinary means. Results: Subjects S6, $3 and S2--the opposite of this hypothesis is that those with the lowest Ma scores were subjects S1, S5 and S4. HYPOTHESIS #3. Those subjects who show the most interest in human interaction will be most likely to do well in non-ordinary com- munication as measured by the Si score; the rank among the sub- jects from highest to lowest is $5, 54, 86, $2, Sl, $3. There- fore, subjects $5, $4 and S6, according to this hypothesis, would be the successful ones. HYPOTHESIS #4. Those subjects showing the most depression would be least likely to be able to communicate by non-ordinary means; the rank on the depression score among the subjects is from highest to lowest--S6, S4, $3, S2, S1, S5, with S6, S4, and $3 being the predicted least likely to do well at your tasks, and subjects S2, Sl and $5 the most likely. The Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale hypotheses were simple and easy to check. The first hypothesis on the results of the Wechsler, HYPOTHESIS #1, is that higher intelligence as measured by the IQ score will reflect higher ability to communicate by non-ordinary means. Using the Full Scale IQ score, the rank from highest to lowest on IQ is subjects $5, S2, S6, S4, Sl, and $3. Therefore, S5, S2, S6, according to this hypothesis, would be the subjects most likely to have succeeded. There is very little difference in the ranking in general, using the verbal IQ and the performance IQ. Taking a closer look at the subtest scores of the Wechsler, the following hypotheses were checked out. HYPOTHESIS #2 on the subtest scores: Persons with the highest ability in visual motor coordination. as reflected by the Block - Design subtest, will be most likely to be able to communicate | by non-ordinary means. The rank on the Block Design subtest from high to low is $5, S3, S6, S54, $2, and Sl. HYPOTHESIS #3. Those with the best immediate memory as reflected by the Digit Span subtest will be the most likely to achieve in the non-ordinary communication modality. The rank for Subjects from highest to lowest on Digit Span is $3, S6, S4, S5, S82, and Sl with very little spread among them. Other aspects of the Wechsler which were specifically checked out were the Picture Completion subtest and the Arithmetic subtest. The rank from highest to lowest in Picture Completion is Sl, $2, S5, 83, S4, S6, and the rank on the Arithmetic sub- test is 85, S4, S2, S3, S1, and $6. I did not have a hypothesis about these particular subtests since they are reflections of 85 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED higher IQ, which was already covered before. Careful review of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank results, tabulating various scored categories and profile configuration, revealed no pattern that separated any group of subjects from any other group of subjects. This, however, is a multi-dimensional test with many variables and perhaps a more complex statistical analysis, such as analysis of variants, may show some clusters not visible to this examiner. On the Bender Gestalt Visual Motor test, the simple hypothesis was made that the higher the ability to reproduce better designs, the more likely would be the person's ability to communicate by non-ordinary means. The Bender test results were ranked according to quality in form, Gestalt and accuracy, and the following ranks were obtained. From highest to lowest, subjects S84, 53, S6, 55, $1, and S2. No other evident material was reflected on the Bender designs. It appears to me that according to most of the hypotheses I came up with, subjects $3, S6 and S4 are the most likely candidates. The results of the Luscher and TAT tests, after careful examina- tion, do not suggest any systematic means for breaking this group of six into two groups of three. However, on the TAT subjects $3, S6 and S5 appeared to this examiner to reflect more spontaneity and childliké exuberance for living and there- fore might be inferred to possess more sensitivity or awareness to non-cognitive dimensions of experience; therefore, I think subjects $3, S6, and S4 are the most likely ones to have done the experiments well. I also note that those who couldn't apparently were learning how, and therefore apparently whatever this ability is, it is a learnable one--of course, if such com- munication does exist, that should be true since we all come with essentially the same basic equipment. J.E. Heenan, PhD ~ Chief Clinical Psychologist Palo Alto Medical Clinic On a post hoc basis, we can examine the various hypotheses suggested by Dr. Heenan and determine which ones tend to correlate with observable paranormal functioning. However, given the small sample size, no significant conclusions can be drawn--rather, these points simply suggest hypotheses to be examined in future testing. On the basis of the remote viewing and random target generator experiments, experienced subjects Sl through S3 and learner/control S4 performed reliably in contrast to learner/control subjects S5 and S6. There were four tests which tended to correlate with this partition in the sense that three of the four successful subjects lacked a trait 86 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED which was possessed by both of the unsuccessful subjects. These were the traits considered in Rorschach Hypothesis #5, MMPI Hypothesis #3, and WBIS Hypotheses #1 and #2; the four hypotheses suggested by Dr. Heenan were all counterindicated, that is, the responses suggested as probable for successful subjects were found to hold for the unsuccessful ones. On the basis of this small sample, therefore, one might consider investi- gating the following traits as potentially indicating a lesser ability in paranormal functioning: low anxiety index as indicated by low degree of shading response in the Rorschach, a high degree of interest in human interaction as measured by the Si score of the MMPI, an exceptionally high IQ (gifted range) as measured by the Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale, and excellent visual motor coordination as reflected in the Block Design subtest of the Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale. It must be emphasized, however, that although subjects scoring highest with regard to the above factors did least well in the tests of paranormal functioning, all sub- jects scored higher than the norm in these psychological factors, so it would be erroneous to extrapolate on the basis of these data that low scoring might indicate paranormal ability. It is simply that extremely high scores are observed to correlate negatively with success on the particular paranormal tasks investigated. Finally, we reiterate that the correlation as observed on the basis of such a small sample may be gratui- tous and should therefore only be considered as a basis for further hy- pothesis testing. 87 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED 3. Neuropsychological Evaluation Neuropsychological profiles on the six subjects were obtained by the administration of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Test Battery as well as other tests known to be sensitive to brain dysfunction. These tests have proven useful in predicting, for example, both the presence and location of brain damage in a variety of neurological diseases. Since, when no damage is present these tests also reflect abilities dependent on brain function, it was hoped that some meaningful pattern of test performance would emerge for the program subjects. The testing and evaluation was handled by Dr. Ralph Kiernan, Clinical Neuropsy- chologist, Department of Neurology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California. The following is his evaluation; All subjects were given the folowing tests: (1) Halstead Category Test (2) Tactual Performance. Test (3) Speech Perception Test (4) Seashore Rhythm Test (5) Finger Tapping Test (6) Trail Making Test (7) Knox Cube Test (8) Raven Progressive Matrices (9) Verbal Concept Attainment Test (10) Buschke Memory Test (11) Grooved Pegboard Tests Two additional tests were added after several subjects had been tested and were not administered to all subjects. These were: (12) The Gottschaldt Hidden-Figures Test (13) The spatial relations subtest of the SRA Primary Mental Abilities Test. A description of these tests along with subject scores is given in Table 19. Since other psychological testing was completed previously on these same subjects at the Palo Alto Medical Clinic, _the results of two of these tests (The Wechsler Adult In- tellizence Scale and the Benton Visual Retention Test) were consulted in the overall neuropsychological evaluation. Very few of the results are common to all six subjects. In fact, the only ones that are common involve general 88 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
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Approved For Release CLA 1/729 e HEB -00791R000300030004-9 intelligence as measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. All subjects were in the bright average to very superior range of intelligence with full scale IQ's ranging from 116 to 134, the average IQ being 125. Performance IQ's tended to be slightly higher than Verbal IQ's (126 average ver- “sus 123). All other test performances ranged widely from the mildly below average to the very superior range. A consistent pattern of test results does emerge, however, when four of the subjects are looked at in a single group. These four subjects are $3 through $6. All tests which depended heavily on spatial abilities were extremely well performed by these subjects. The block design subtest of the WAIS is the most sensitive subtest to brain injuries which disrupt spatial abilities. Although these subjects obtained excellent WAIS scores in general, their near-per- fect performances on this subtest are significantly better than most of the other subtest scores. The Tactual Per- formance Test (TPT) is also very sensitive to brain dys- function involving spatial abilities. This test was ex- tremely well performed by these subjects with three of them obtaining total times of 7.7 minutes or less. Times of less than eight minutes are very rarely achieved on this test. The TPT and block designs are two of the most sensi- tive tests to variations in spatial ability. A third test, the spatial relations subtest of the Primary Mental Abilities test, was given to only two of the four subjects in this group. Again, very superior scores (quotient scores greater than 130) were obtained by each. This test is not highly correlated with general intelligence, and high scores in- dicate special proficiency in visual-spatial ability. Two additional tests which appear to measure general ability but which depend upon visual-perceptual ability for ‘their correct performance were performed in the superior range. These are the Raven's Progressive Matrices and the Gottschaldt Hidden Figures. Other test performances varied substantially among these four subjects. Three of the four had difficulty on the Category Test and on the Buschke Memory Test. No sensible interpre- tation of these results is readily apparent. The two remaining subjects, Sl and $2, were quite different in their test performances from the above group. 82, who obtained the second highest full scale IQ, did well on the spatial tests described above but not as well as any of the “ four above. His spatial abilities appeared to be less well developed than his verbal skills. Sl was even less like the group than $2. His spatial test performances were only average for his age, and the TPT and Gottschaldt tests were poorly performed. 90 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED In summary, the single, most compelling conclusion from the test data is that six subjects studied are of significantly above-average intellectual ability. In addition, there is consistent evidence that four of the six subjects were parti- cularly proficient on measures of visual and tactual spatial ability. The performance of tests which measure this ability is most seriously impaired by lesions which involve the right, posterior cerebral hemisphere. There is more than presumptive evidence that normal performance of these tests is mediated by the right hemisphere. Therefore, at least four of the subjects obtained test results consistent with proficiency on these right hemisphere related tasks. It should be pointed out that this finding can be, at best, considered as a basis for hypothesis formation regarding paranormal ability. Verification of such hypotheses would depend on the results of future research. The test results for $2 are not in conflict with the above ~ interpretation. Those obtained for Sl, however, are in conflict with this hypothesis and are not readily reconciled with it. As pointed out above, further research is necessary to elucidate the relationship between spatial abilities, the right hemisphere and paranormal abilities. Nonetheless, it can be said at this point that many of the tasks per- formed by the group of subjects at SRI have at least a superficial resemblance to performances which require right hemisphere function. The~similarities include the highly schematicized drawings of objects in a room or of remote scenes. Verbal identification of these drawings is often highly inaccurate, and the drawings themselves are frequently left-right reversed relative to the target configuration. Further, written material is generally not cognized. These characteristics have been seen in left brain-injured patients and in callosal sectioned patients. More relevant, perhaps, than right hemisphere functioning per se are the resemblances to a class of functioning known as associative visual agnosia. Associative visual agnosia involves the inability of a patient to name or otherwise identify objects which he is capable of seeing. Such patients who do not have more generalized intellectual impairment are rare, and only a few have been described in the neuro- logical literature. Several of these patients have demon- strated the ability to copy with pencil and paper the pic- ture or object which they failed to name. It is this quality which impressed me as being similar to the remote viewing performances of the SRI subjects. In a recent review of such casesl® five patients were found who had the ability to draw an object without being 91 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED able to name it. These are the patients reported by Mack et al. (1975)10, Albert et al. (1975)11, Davidenkov (1956)12, Rubens and Benson (1971)13, and Lhermitte and Beauvois (1973)14, Drawings and attempted namings of pictured material for one of the patients in the studies is shown in Figure 21. In attempting to name an object, these patients would gen- erally produce inappropriate names which, nevertheless, reflected some visual form characteristics of the object in question. Their attempts seem forced and made in piece- meal fashion to various characteristics of the picture rather than to the picture as a whole. In similar fashion Teuber's patient (1975) described the figure below as an apple with a worm and wormholes in it. The above description and many of those in the references clearly illustrate that the patient sees the object and is able to respond to at least some of its visual characteris- tics. Most of the drawings in the references are sufficiently complete so that an observer* would be able to name the object represented. Yet the author of the drawing cannot do this. This type of defective performance was frequently seen in the SRI subjects when they were producing drawings in the remote viewing experiments. Two obvious differences exist, however, between the patients with associative visual agnosia and the SRI subjects. The SRI subjects are able to name objects appropriately when pictures are presented directly to the visual modality. The patients cannot do this, and, in addition, these patients have a variety of other visual disabilities. The latter difference is to be expected since the patients have substantial brain injury. The location of brain damage in associative visual agnosia is fairly well established. Two disconnections appear necessary in order to produce this symptom. One involves destruction of the left visual area as evidenced by the right homomonous hemianopia invariably found in these patients. The second involves isolation of the right visual area from speech areas in the left hemisphere. This can be the result of extensive destruction of left visual association areas or of damage to the posterior portion of the corpus callosum. The net result of these injuries is that objects can be seen because of visual input to the right hemisphere visual area but that they cannot be named because of isolation of this area from left hemisphere language areas. Use of these objects and the drawing of pictures of them can be accomplished because of intact pathways within the right hemisphere. 92 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED FIGURE 21 DRAWINGS AND INTERPRETATIONS BY ASSOCIATIVE VISUAL AGNOSIA PATIENTS Copies of line drawings. Patient was unable to identify any before copying. After making copy, his identifications were top left, key — “I still don’t know”; top right, pig ~ “Could be a dog or any other animal”; bottom left, bird — “Could be a beach stump”; bottom right, locomotive — “A wagon or a car of some kind. The larger vehicle is being pulled by the smaller one.” 93 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED It remains to speculate on the meaning of the similarity between the patients described above and the SRI subjects. It should first be noted that the similarities are more than superficial in that the verbal descriptions attempted by some of the SRI subjects bear a striking resemblance in kind to those of the patient shown in Figure 21. It is as if they are struggling with similar difficulties in verbal- izing the image which they can readily draw. In this regard the lateralization involved is consistent with other indica- tions of right hemisphere function in the SRI subjects. A highly speculative hypothesis is that during remote viewing the subjects "see" a grossly degraded image which is not distinct enough to encode directly into a verbal label. Hence the piecemeal verbalization similar to that found in patients with associative visual agnosia. In summary, it would appear that the neuropsychological data are compatible with the hypotheses that (1) information received in a putative remote viewing mode is processed piecemeal in pattern form (consistent with a low bit rate process but not necessarily requiring it) and (2) the errors arise in the processes of attempted integration of the data into larger patterns directed toward verbal labeling. C. Identification of Neurophysiological Correlates That Relate to Paranormal Activities This part of the program had as its goal the identification of neurophysiological correlates of paranormal activity. The existence of such correlates is hypothesized on the expectation that, in addition to obtaining overt responses such as verbalizations or ‘key presses from a subject, it should be possible to obtain objective evidence of informa- tion transfer by direct measurement of some physiological parameter of a subject. Kamiya, Lindsley, Pribram, Silverman, Walter, and others brought together to discuss physiological methods to detect ESP function- ing, for example, have suggested that a whole range of electroencephalo- gram (EEG) responses--such as evoked potentials (EPs), spontaneous EEC, and the contingent negative variation (CNV)--might be sensitive indi- cators of the detection of remote stimuli not mediated by usual sensory 16 processes. The purpose of this part of the study was twofold: (a) to obtain information about the neurophysiological state associated with paranormal 94 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED activity in general, and (b) to determine whether physiological correlates could be used as an indicator of paranormal functioning, hopefully to provide indicators that differentiate between correct and incorrect responses to a paranormally applied stimulus so that_ an independently-determined bias factor could be applied during the generation of data by a subject. Early experimentation of this type was carried out by Douglas Dean at the Newark College of Engineering. In his search for physio- logical correlates of information transfer, he used the plethysmograph to measure changes in the blood volume in a finger, a sensitive indica- tor of autonomic nervous system functioning.’ A plethysmographic measurement was made on the finger of a subject during paranormal- communication experiments. A sender looked at randomly selected target cards consisting of names known to the subject, together with names unknown to him (selected at random from a telephone book). The names of the known people were contributed by the subject and were to be of emotional significance to him. Dean found significant changes in the chart recording of finger blood volume when the remote sender was looking at those names known to the subject as compared with those names randomly chosen. Two other early experiments using the physiological approach were also published. The first work by tart l® and the later work by Lloyd? both follow a similar pattern. Basically, a subject is closeted in an electrically shielded room while his EEG is recorded. Meanwhile, in another laboratory, a second person is stimulated from time to time, and the time for that stimulus is marked on the magnetic tape recording of the subject's EEG. The subject does not know when the remote stimulus periods occur. At SRI three facilities are in use for the purpose described above. One is a standard EEG facility under the direction of Dr. Charles Rebert, Life Sciences Division. This facility consists of a visually opaque, acoustically and electrically shielded, double-walled steel room, as shown in Figure 22, a Grass Model 5 polygraph, and an Ampex 95 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED SP-300 magnetic tape recorder. The second facility is a standard EEG facility under the direction of Dr. Jerry Lukas, head of SRI's Sleep Studies program. This facility consists of two sound-isolated rooms with appropriate signal lead connections, an eight-channel polygraph for recording visually, and a magnetic tape/computer processing/printer readout that provides on-line processing of the polygraph data. In our configuration we obtain a hardcopy printout of five-second averages of eight channels of polygraph information 15 minutes following a 15-minute run. At present we monitor broad band alpha (7 to 14 Hz) and beta (14 to 34 Hz) brainwave components from the léft and right occipital regions, galvanic skin response, and two channels of plethysmograph data (blood volume and pulse height). 7 The third facility is a smaller, semiportable. four-channel polygraph with a GSR channel, reflected-light plethysmograph indicating blood volume/pulse height, one channel of unfiltered EEG activity, and a fourth EEG channel with zero-crossing digital filtering. The last permits percent-time measurements in any band, with upper and lower band edge settings in one-hertz increments. Two lines of investigation were pursued in the SRI program. The first was basic in nature, an effort to determine whether, in a re-~ peatable experiment under laboratory conditions, the remote viewing of a specific stimulus (strobe light in another laboratory) would provide any evidence of EEG correlates. The second involved mid-experiment monitoring of a number of physiological parameters during routine experimentation in remote viewing. 1. Remote Strobe Experiment The following is a description of the first line of experi- mentation, the remote viewing of a strobe light stimulus. With regard to choice of stimulus, it was noted that in previous work others had attempted, without success, to detect evoked potential changes in a subject's EEG in response to a single flash stimulus observed by another subject.-? In a discussion of that experiment, Kamiya suggested that because of the unknown temporal characteristics of the information channel, it might be more appropriate to use repetitive bursts of light 97 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED to increase the probablility of detecting information transfer. “+ There- fore, in our study we chose to use a stroboscopic flash train of ten seconds duration as the remote stimulus. -- In the design of the study, we assumed that the application of the remote stimulus would result in responses similar to those obtained under conditions of direct stimulation. For example, when an individual is stimulated with a low-frequency (< 30 Hz) flashing light, the EEG typically shows a decrease in the amplitude of the resting rhythm and a driving of the brain waves at the frequency of the flashes. -* We hypo- thesized that if we stimulated one subject in this manner (a putative sender) the EEG of another subject in a remote room with no flash present (a receiver) might show changes in narrow band alpha (9 to 11 Hz) activity and possibly an EEG driving similar to that of the sender, either by coupling to the sender's EEG,*> or by coupling directly to the stimulus. We informed our subject (S4) that at certain times a light was to be flashed in a sender's eyes in a distant room, and if the subject perceived that event, consciously or unconsciously, it might be evident from changes in his EEG output. The instructions to the subject are in accordance with requirements governing activities with human subjects (see Appendix B). The receiver was seated in the visually opaque, acoustically and electrically shielded double-walled steel room shown in Figure 22. The sender was seated in room about seven meters from the receiver. ~ A Grass PS-2 photostimulator placed about one meter in front of the sender was used to present flash trains of ten seconds duration. The receiver's EEG activity from the occipital region (0z), referenced to linked mastoids, was amplified with a Grass 5P-1 preamplifier and associated driver amplifier with a bandpass of 1 to 120 Hz. The EEG data were recorded on magnetic tape with an Ampex SP 300 recorder. On each trial, a tone burst of fixed frequency was presented to both sender and receiver and was followed in one second by either a ten second train of flashes or a null flash interval presented to the sender. Thirty-six such trials were given in an experimental session, consisting 98 UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED of 12 null trials--no flashes following the tone--12 trials of flashes at 6 fps and 12 trials of flashes at 16 fps, all randomly intermixed, determined by entries from a table of random numbers. Each of the trials generated an 11 second EEG epoch. The last 4 seconds of the epoch was ‘selected for analysis to minimize the desynchronising action of the warning cue. This 4 second segment was subjected to Fourier analysis on a LINC 8 computer. Spectrum analyses gave no evidence of EEG driving in any receiver, although in control runs the receivers did exhibit driving when physically stimulated with the flashes. Data from seven sets of 36 trials each were collected from the subject on three separate days. This comprises all the data collected with this subject under the test conditions described above. The alpha band was identified from average spectra, then scores of average power and peak power were obtained from individual trials and subjected to Statistical analysis. Figure 23 shows an overlay of the three averaged spectra from one of the subject's 36-trial runs, displaying differences in alpha activity for the three stimulus conditions. Mean values for the average power and peak power for each of the seven experimental sets are given in Table 20. The power measures were less in the 16 fps case than in the 0 fps in all seven peak-power measures and in six out of seven average-power measures. Note also the reduced effect in the case in which the subject was informed that no sender was present (Run 3). It seems that overall alpha production was reduced for this run in conjunction with the subject's expressed appre- hension about conducting the experiment without a sender. This is in contrast to the case (Run 7) in which the subject was not informed, Siegel's two-tailed t approximation to the nonparametric randomization test-4 was applied to the data from all sets, which in- cluded the two sessions in which the sender was removed. Average power on trials associated with the occurrence of 16 fps was significantly less (-24%) than when there were no flashes (t = 2.09, d.f. = 118, P < 0.04). 99 UNCLASSIFIED MIO movida Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
arbitrary units VOLTAGE Approved For Release 2006/1 1/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9 UNCLASSIFIED Cd e e 5 Hz 10 Hz 15 Hz THREE CASES — 0, 6 and 16 Hz flashes (12 trial averages) 7“ a SA-2613-15 FIGURE 23 OCCIPITAL EEG FREQUENCY SPECTRA, 0 TO 20 Hz, OF SUBJECT S4 ACTING AS RECEIVER, SHOWING AMPLITUDE CHANGES IN THE 9 TO 11-Hz BAND AS A FUNCTION OF STROBE FREQUENCY UNCLASSIFIED Approved For Release 2006/11/29 : CIA-RDP96-00791R000300030004-9
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