162
Approved For Release 2000/08/07
: CIApRBR0fi<00>788R!00*l tOO0«l©0O4*6BRUARY 1982
8)
sensitivity of results to participants, attitudes, and labora-
tory ambience;
9) tendency for many results to be only marginally signif-
icant compared to chance expectation;
10) inconsistency with prevailing “scientific world view;
11) contradictory
to
personal
psychology,
philosophy,
theology, or “common sense.”
Obviously this list runs a gamut from rather technical and pro-
cedural objections, through phenomenological inconsistencies,
to rather categorical and subjective rejections, and only a few
of these issues can be constructively addressed here.
Unfortunately, but undeniably, one or the other of the first
two judgments may legitimately be applied to a large body of
the propounded results.
By its nature, the field
is immensely
vulnerable to fraudulent exploitation and naive gullibility, and
such have indeed occurred to a distressing degree.
It is also
true that the topic has attracted a disproportionate share of less
than
fully competent researchers, and that
it presents extra-
ordinary
pitfalls for even the most disciplined scholars.
Yet
despite the substantial validity of these claims, and the suspicion
they inevitably cast on
all other results,
it does not seem that
they should predicate categorical rejection of the entire field.
Rather, the vulnerable cases should be patiently ferreted out
using obvious scholarly criteria, and only those efforts surviving
such scrutiny used for scientific insight and judgment.
The lack of definitive progress toward comprehension of the
phenomena and the absence of viable theoretical models have
already been acknowledged in the foregoing text, and although
these assessments should perhaps be qualified by the relatively
minute integrated investment of resources made in this field in
comparison to many of the more favored areas of science, they
nonetheless constitute legitimate concerns about the ultimate
tractability of the field.
It should perhaps also be noted that,
despite the prolonged effort, it is only very recently that more
sensitive and powerful experimental equipment and data pro-
cessing techniques have been brought to bear, and equally re-
cently that more sophisticated physical formalisms have been
invoked, and that these have had a much briefer opportunity
to render the phenomena into comprehensible terms.
The subsequent five objections, 5)- 9), are more specific and
substantive, and merit examination from two orthogonal points
of view.
Namely, to what extent do such characteristics indeed
invalidate the results, and conversely, to what extent might they
illuminate the basic nature of the phenomena? With respect to
suppression of unfavorable results, there has undoubtedly been
some tendency in this field, as in most others, to advance posi-
tive or definitive findings more enthusiastically than negative
or equivocal ones.
Indeed,
this paper has been guilty of the
same
bias.
In an effort to provide concise representation of
the style and substance of psychic research and of the nature
of the effects it can produce, we have tended to invoke as illus-
trations some of the more successful and familiar pieces of
work without balancing the presentation with comparable ex-
amples of the negative or equivocal results that are regularly
acquired in these efforts.
_
To the credit of the psychic research community, it has offi-
cially encouraged thorough and objective reporting of negative
data, and much of these indeed appear regularly in its established
journals [2251-1228], with a number of consequent benefits.
First, beyond adding credibility to the body of positive results,
such data compound to provide some quantitative index of the
ratio of positive to negative yields in a given class of experiment,
thereby contributing to a broader sense of the grand statistics
of the phenomena.
In addition, documentation of the specific
conditions prevailing in unsuccessful experiments may be help-
ful in excluding irrelevant parameters from further considera-
tion, and in identifying and reducing counterproductive influ-
ences.
Perhaps most pointedly, however, the body of negative
and equivocal data emphasize that psychic phenomena, if real,
are highly irregular and sensitive to intangible influences well
beyond current scientific control, and, if their study is to be
pursued, this caveat must be accepted ab initio, at least for the
present.
.
A
similar interpretation
also
applies to the
lrreplicabmty
complaint, and to the three following
it.
Without question,
the dominant experimental frustration in this
field
is the in-
ability to replicate on demand previously observed paranormal
effects, not only at other laboratories, but even in the original
facility, using the original participants, under apparently identi-
cal experimental circumstances [172], [173], [229]-[231J.
This ubiquitous characteristic has precipitated major philosoph-
ical excursions which are well beyond our capacity to review
here.
Only
briefly, four possible categorical interpretations
have been advocated:
a) The phenomena are illusory.
b) The phenomena are rare and bizarre chance occurrences,
beyond any hope of regularization.
c) The phenomena are precipitated, at least in part, by psy-
chological and/or physiological factors which are presently
beyond experimental control, but which if fully compre-
hended would conform to established scientific paradigm.
d) The phenomena
are inherently
statistical, and possibly
quantum mechanical, on a macroscopic scale, thus mani-
festing themselves with
finite but fractional probability
on any given occasion.
A
fk
;4
i
4‘
The latter pair of options are not necessarily mutually exclu-
sive, particularly if one takes a rather generous doubly statistical
point of view, namely that the human population embodies a
range of capability for engendering such effects and that beyond
that, any individual may display a variable range of personal ca-
pacity, depending on a variety of environmental, physiological,
and psychological factors prevailing at the time.
The evasiveness of the phenomena under carefully controlled
and observed study may be the most damning criticism of all,
or it may also constitute a valid and illuminating phenomeno-
logical characteristic.
The tendency of a given preliminary or
anecdotal effect to disappear or diminish when the experiment
is tightened, or when it is displayed to a skeptical jury of ob-
servers, obviously casts major doubt on the scientific integrity
of the process. Yet it also brings to mind at least two other pro-
cesses which, while superficially dissimilar, may not be totally
irrelevant, namely artistic creativity, and quantum mechanical
measurement
as limited by the uncertainty principle.
In the
former, there should be little quarrel that the creative processes
of artistic, musical, or literary composition, or of lofty philo-
sophical thought in general, are not usually facilitated by rigid
constraints
or by
the presence of a body of unsympathetic
observers.
The importance of favorable ambience and mood
for such efforts is intuitively and demonstrably clear, and little
creative achievement is likely to occur in overly sterile or hostile
environments, a truth Richard Wagner vividly conveyed to his
own
critics by his portrayal of the fate of young Walther at-
l
j
i
.
j
c
(
s
,
t
;
ii
c
e
.C
't!
V
a
-"e:
Cl
P
R
ai
O
O]
Cl
E
di
In
es
Approved For Release 2000/08/07
: CIA-RDP96-00788R001 10001 0004-6
IY 1982
sriment,
statistics
specific
!be help-
•nsidera-
ve influ-
jiegative
t, if real,
.ces well
is to be
it for the
icability
uestion,
s the in-
-anormal
s original
iy identi-
-[231].
ailosoph-
o review
iretations
jrrences,
, by psy-
presently
compre-
radigm.
possibly
ius mani-
lobability
lly exclu-
statistical
nbodies a
it beyond
rsonal ca-
-iological,
ontrolled
sm of all,
snomeno-
minary or
rperiment
ry of ob-
; integrity
Dther pro-
"be totally
j
»echanical
e.
In the:
processes
fty philo-
d by rigid
mpathetic
and mood
. and little
= or hostile
yed to his
Gaither at-
'
Approved For Release 2000/08/07
: CIA-RDP96-00788R001 10001 0004-6
JAHN: PSYCHIC PHENOMENA: ENGINEERING PERSPECTIVE
tempting
his avant-garde
“Trial Song” before the assembled
Meistersingers.
Virtually every creative
artist preserves some
form of retreat or sanctuary, and even the most rigorous of
scientists will concede the role of unstructured mental imagery
in enhancing their technical insights.
The analogy of the quantum mechanical measurement process
is somewhat more strained, in that it requires generalization of
the concept to the macroscopic level of information or energy
exchange between two persons
or between
a person and a
physical system.
The point will not be developed here, other
than to note that if there is any validity to the application of
quantum mechanical logic to this class and scale of intellectual/
intuitive
process,
as
discussed
earlier and
in the references,
some form of “uncertainty principle” could predicate a limit
to the precision with which psychic effects could be observed.
More specifically, if the “hard” and “soft” coordinates of repre-
sentation are canonically conjugate, some form of AqAp~h
rule may apply, so that attempts at excessive precision in speci-
fication of a psychic effect could dissipate its cause, and vice-
versa [210]
.
The final two reservations regarding inconsistency of the phe-
nomena with established
scientific and personal views, while
constituting powerful professional and personal discriminators
and properly predicating great caution and discipline in ventur-
ing into any anomalous field, also cannot be allowed total veto
authority if new domains of conceptual experience are ever to
be challenged.
In responding to a critic of an earlier paper who
stood on these points
I wrote, perhaps too floridly,
Authoritarianism such as this encourages established knowledge
to sit smugly on its duff and categorically reject all new evidence
that does not support or
fill in
its contemporary “world-view
compatability criterion"-whatever that is. Worst of all, it stifles
the most precious attribute of human consciousness, the yearning
for ever new, ever higher wisdom that has driven the mind and
spirit of man to evolve upward, rather than merely to replicate
[232],
More persuasive to this issue, however, would be a simple histor-
ical count of the number of leaps of scientific insight, from
Aristotle
to
this
day,
which would have been, and in most
cases
were,
for a time, rejected on the basis of these criteria.
Curiously,
it has often been those giants of science who with
soaring insight and courage of conviction violated such tenets
to lead their fields to new plateaus of understanding, who also,
in a later day, led the recalcitrance of the establishment against
comparably sacrilegious visions of their successors, while still
endorsing in general terms the importance of visionary thought.
; Galileo, early champion of scientific methodology and revolu-
tionary concepts in
terrestrial and celestial mechanics against
vicious dogmatic opposition, rejected Kepler’s elliptical orbits
as “occult fantasy”; Thomas Young, whose brilliant interference
experiments
finally
established
the wave
character of light,
contended with Fresnel’s theoretical formulations of the same
processes; Ernst Mach disputed relativity and atomic theory;
utherford, who showed the world the nuclear atom, dismissed
any
practical
significance
for nuclear energy;
Lavoisier and
Ostwald
disputed atomic
theories of chemistry; D’Alembert
opposed
probability
theory;
Edison
discounted
alternating
current; Lindberg despaired of Goddard’s rocketry; and Albert
Einstein retained an enduring uneasiness about quantum theory
despite his many contributions to its evolution [233] -[235].
Incidentally, the same Albert Einstein who would invoke the
establishment
criteria
against Upton
Sinclair’s
clairvoyance
data:
.
.
. the
results
of the
telepathic experiments
carefully and
plainly
set
forth in
this book stand
surely
far beyond those
which a nature investigator holds to be thinkable
[ 152]
.
could in quite another tone
testify eloquently to the impor-
tance of the aesthetic dimension in creative science:
The most beautiful and most profound emotion we can ex-
perience
is the sensation of the mystical.
It is the sower of all
true science. He to whom this emotion is a stranger, who can no
longer wonder and stand rapt in awe, is as good as dead. To know
that what is impenetrable to us really exists, manifesting itself as
the highest wisdom and the most radiant beauty which our dull
faculties can comprehend only in their most primitive forms-
this knowledge, this feeling is at the center of true religiousness.
The cosmic religious experience
is the strongest and noblest
mainspring of scientific research [236]
.
Individually and collectively, these critical challenges to psy-
chic research raise valid concerns which merit deliberate atten-
tion and predicate great caution, and can also help to illuminate
some of the subtle phenomenological features.
However, they
can perform these functions well only if they themselves are
informed, reasoned, and fair.
Regrettably, from my reading of
the critical literature, this has not invariably been the case, and
instances of naivete, selective representation of data and pro-
tocol, and excessive generalization also appear therein.
The role of the critic in psychic research is a most essential
one, perhaps more so than
in any
field of scholarship yet
broached.
When the criticism is based in fact and experience
and is objectiye and
fair,
it can instill healthy discipline in the
study of this or any other difficult field and ensure that the
fundamental requisites of scientific methodology,
e.g., dispas-
sionate
rigor, humility in the face of observations, limitation
on extrapolation of results, and openness of mind will prevail
in the search.
But
it
is equally essential that the process of
criticism play by these same rules.
If it violates any of them,
if
it lapses into categorical rejection,
guilt by association, or
sloppy
logic,
it can become
as
suspect
as the
object of its
complaint, and thus fail in its proper role [237]
.
Implications
Despite
their compounded
length, the foregoing historical
outline,
survey
of contemporary
activity, and
selected
ex-
amples of ongoing research and theoretical efforts are
still far
from adequate to convey the full essence of this complex and
contradictory
field.
Fortunately an extensive body of refer-
ence
literature
exists,
including a number of comprehensive
general volumes, whereby an interested reader may flesh out
this sketch and extend
it to many aspects not broached here
16],
[44],
[45],
[56],
[57],
[92],
[130],
[238]-[242],
Hopefully, such more thorough study would tend to confirm
the general impressions of the status and prospects of the field
conveyed above.
To restate these in summary, it appears that
once the illegitimate research and invalid criticism have been set
aside, the remaining accumulated evidence of psychic phenom-
ena comprises an array of experimental observations, obtained
under reasonable protocols in a variety of scholarly disciplines,
which compound to a philosophical dilemma. On the one hand,
effects inexplicable in terms of established scientific theory, yet
having numerous common characteristics, are frequently and
widely observed; on the other hand, these effects have so far
proven qualitatively and quantitatively irreplicable, in the strict
scientific sense, and appear to be sensitive to a variety of psycho -
logical and environmental factors that are difficult to specify,
Approved For Release 2000/08/07
: CIA-RDP96-00788R001 10001 0004-6
li4
.
Approved For Release 2000/08/07
: CIAi^Fia^^MIM,1vlfi0fl,1iQOO,4^RUARY 1982
let alone control.
Under these circumstances, critical experi-
mentation has been tedious and frustrating at best, and theoret-
ical modeling still searches for vocabulary and concepts, well
short of any useful formalisms.
Given these difficulties, what then are the motivations, if any,
to proceed?
As for most speculative topics, three potential
generic benefits could be considered:
a)
acquisition of fundamental knowledge,
b)
practical applications,
c) humanistic benefits.
In
this particular
field, basic knowledge might accrue in two
ways-the attainment of new scientific information in the usual
sense, and the broadening of scientific methodology to deal
more effectively with irregular phenomena of this type.
In other
words, study of this topic not only might provide certain phe-
nomenological answers, but also might serve to broaden the
context
in which science can formulate
its questions.
New
mechanisms
for
transfer of information or energy might be
identified, or broader understanding of those properties, and
how they are perceived and measured might emerge. The latter
half of the opportunity clearly is a major challenge to science,
but hardly a new one.
William James posed it rather bluntly
some eighty-five years ago:
The spirit and principles of science are mere affairs of method;
there
is nothing in them that need hinder science from dealing
successfully with a world in which personal forces are the starting
point of new effects. The only form of thing that we concretely
have
is our own personal life.
The only completed category of
our thinking, our professors of philosophy tell us, is the category
of personality, every other category being one of the abstract
elements of that. And this systematic denial on science’s part of
personality as a condition of events, this rigorous belief that in its
own essential and innermost nature Our world
is a strictly im-
personal world, may, conceivably, as the whirligig of time goes
round, prove to be the very defect that our descendants will be
most surprised at in our boasted science, the omission that to
their eyes
will most tend to make
it look perspectiveless and
short [24]
.
The potential applications of psychic process are best con-
sidered with conservatism and
restraint, especially given the
tendency of certain elements of the public media and private
exploiters to extrapolate the possibilities far beyond any dem-
onstrated accomplishments.
Clearly, the process of remote
perception described
earlier, along with other forms of clair-
voyance, could hold some potential interest for intelligence
agencies, law enforcement units, and any other activity relying
on surveillance,
as well as for archaeological searches, natural
resource prospecting, and the like, and such operations have
indeed engaged in empirical efforts to evaluate the efficacy of
such
strategies in
their particular domains.
From a strictly
engineering standpoint, however, the potential efficiency and
precision of such tactics are unclear, given their apparent ten-
dency to trade more effectively in impressionistic generalities
than in analytical detail.
Low-level PK effects, such as the REG distortions indicated
above, could have more pervasive implications for high technol-
ogy.
If, for example, the basic functions of microelectronic
elements could be even slightly disturbed by intentional or in-
advertent intervention of human consciousness, it would seem
important to obtain some assessment of the potential magni-
tude of such effects, and of the factors favoring or inhibiting
such interference, before much more elaborate integrated cir-
cuit
arrays, graphic display systems, and other sensitive man/
machine interfaces are committed to delicate or critical opera-
tions, To focus our assessment of such possibilities, we are now
examining PK disturbance of the memory function of a single
microelectronic chip
[ 243 ]
.
If the indications that psychologi-
cal and environmental factors bear on the precipitation of such
effects are sustained,
it may be necessary to expand considera-
tion of such parameters beyond the
usual scope of human
factors engineering, especially in situations involving high psy-
chological stress.
The potential humanistic benefits of better comprehension
of psychic phenomena could be addressed on either a personal
or social level, but to do so in any detail would far exceed the
purview of this article.
Again, extensive references on various
facets of the issue abound
[ 244 ] — [ 2 5 2 ]
.
Ultimately, most of
these philosophical excursions arrive at the same monumental
question, namely whether convincing demonstration
of the
capability of human consciouness to influence its reality to a
significant degree would substantially alter individual and col-
lective perception of the human
state,
its value system, and
its behavior pattern, and thereby
facilitate
its evolution to a
higher life form.
Such projections have been offered from a
variety of perspectives.
Engineer/futurist Willis Harman fore-
casts an “inner experience” paradigm:
Just as conventional science depends upon a prior consensus
on how knowledge of the sense-perceived world shall be publicly
tested and validated, so the complementary paradigm will have
to include consensus on how knowledge relating to the world
of inner experience shall be publicly tested and validated.
Its essential characteristic would be that consciouness and its
contents are primary data, rather than being secondary and de-
rivative as in the conventional paradigm. Where the conventional
paradigm involves reductionistic models the complementary para-
digm would add holistic models; where the first employs deter-
ministic (or stochastic) explanations of events the second would
add teleological, purpose-recognizing explanations; where the first
is little involved with matters of values and meaning, the second
finds these of central concern; where the first is dominated by
technology-focused values of prediction and control, the second
would tend to value understanding relating to human well-being,
development and evolution [221]
.
Biologist/immunologist Jonas Salk phrases
it more in terms of
a resonance of human volition with natural processes:
Man has come to the threshold of a state of consciousness, re-
garding his nature and his relationship to the Cosmos, in terms that
reflect
‘reality.’
By using the processes of Nature as metaphor,
to describe the forces by which it operates upon and within Man,
we come as close to describing ‘reality’ as we can within the limits
of our comprehension. Men will be very uneven in their capacity
for such understanding, which, naturally, differs for different ages
and cultures, and develops and changes in the course of time. For
these reasons
it will always be necessary to use metaphor and
myth to provide ‘comprehensible’ guides to living.
In this way,
Man’s imagination and intellect play vital roles in his survival and
evolution [249]
.
And philosopher/paleontologist Teilhard de Chardin states his
hope in terms of a collective consciousness of the human race:
Thus we find ourselves in the presence, in actual possession, of
the super-organism we have been seeking, of whose existence we
were intuitively aware. The collective mankind which the sociol-
ogists needed for the furtherance of their speculations and formu-
lations now appears scientifically defined, manifesting itself in its
proper time and place, like an object entirely new and yet awaited
in the sky of life.
It remains for us to observe the world by the
light
it sheds, which throws into astonishing relief the great en-
semble of everyday phenomena with which we have always lived,
without perceiving their reality, their immediacy or their vastness
[253].
Approved For Release 2000/08/07
: CIA-RDP96-00788R001 10001 0004-6
MHI4:
CIA-RDP96-00788R001 10001 0004-6
165
On a somewhat less lofty, but possibly more functional level,
a recent lengthy study prepared for the House of Representa-
tives Science and Technology Committee, in a section encourag-
ing serious assessment of further research on “the physics of
consciousness,” stated that recent experiments:
suggest that there exists an ‘interconnectiveness’ of the human
mind with other minds and with matter;
.
.
. that the human mind
may be able to obtain the information independent of geography
and time
and later concluded that:
... a general recognition of the degree of interconnectiveness
of minds could have far-reaching social and political implications
for this nation and the world [254]
.
The
details and tones of these visions clearly are matters of
individual heritage, experience, and intuition, but the messages
share a common theme: the next stage in human evolution may
involve expansion and interconnection of human consciousness,
features clearly central to the psychic concept.
Beyond the difficulty of the phenomena and potential bene-
fits of the knowledge, a more prosaic factor to be considered
in contemplating further psychic research is the requisite cost
of the effort.
To date, such experimentation has been extra-
ordinarily inexpensive by usual scientific standards. The primi-
tive level of comprehension, the lack of organized interest within
the established scientific communities, and the Bohemian status
of many of the investigators have predicated projects of very
low budgets compounding to a total annual national investment
of the order of one million dollars or less [255].
Clearly, if
more incisive progress is to be attempted, some increase in the
sophistication and interaction of the principal programs must
be funded, but
it
is most unlikely, and for the time probably
undesirable, that this will consume any magnitude of resources
comparable with, or distractive from, the better established re-
search domains. A comparable statement could be made with
respect to commitments of the requisite scholarly personnel.
If on
the
basis
of such
cost/risk/benefit
considerations
a
modest
ongoing program
of research seems
justified,
it
re-
mains to consider the selection of topics, experimental styles,
and evaluation criteria which would optimize the effort at this
stage.
In addition to the obvious desiderata that the specific
experiments be clearly posed, conceptually simple, lend them-
selves logistically to rigorous, tightly controlled protocols, and
focus on the more tractable and potentially applicable effects,
three more specific recommendations could be offered.
First, given the irregularity of the phenomena, their possible
dependence upon
a broad range of physical, psychological,
physiological, and environmental
parameters, and
their ten-
dency
to
display
effects
as
marginal
deviations from some
“normal”
distributions, some premium should probably be
placed on the capacity of the experiments for large data base
accumulation and processing.
While less prolific studies may
continue to provide interesting anecdotal effects and suggest
procedures for more detailed programs, it is unlikely that much
correlation of those effects with pertinent prevailing parameters
can be achieved without large quantities of data. More specifi-
cally, the favored experiments should
1) deal with processes
found to have relatively high intrinsic yields; 2) employ equip-
ment and protocols which permit data acquisition at rapid rates;
and 3) have access to computational equipment and software
which allow storage of large data arrays and processing of that
data in many selective cross-concatenations.
As an example,
the latest refinement of the REG experiment described earlier
allows acquisition,
storage, and primary processing of several
hundred experimental
trials (~10 s - 10 6
bits) per hour, and
subsequent concatenation of all previously stored data by any
permutation
of
ten
parametric
indices,
e.g., sampling
rate,
manual/automatic, volitional/instructed, operator characteris-
tics, etc.
For any such parametric explorations to be indicative,
the pertinent data subset must be adequately large to display
any systematic deviation from the baseline distribution beyond
the statistical noise background.
This we have found to re-
quire at least several thousand
trials; the implication for the
total data base is clear.
This very large data capability inevitably predicates a sophis-
tication in equipment and software which, beyond the initial
and operating expenses, may introduce some undesirable effects
of complicating the phenomenological processes and clouding
the experimental ambiences.
Specifically, one needs to consider
whether any observed effects, in either the PK or ESP categories,
still trace unequivocally to the primary physical processes, or
whether there now might arise confounding interactions with
elements of the data collection and processing equipment or
techniques.
Related to this concern are possible uncertainties
of the
participants in defining and focusing on the primary
tasks.
Reservations of this sort lead directly to a second general rec-
ommendation for effective psychic experimentation. Namely, if
the phenomena derive to any significant degree from conscious
or subconscious processes of the human mind,
it is important
that such not be inhibited or excessively complicated by the
design and operation of the experiments. For this and numer-
ous other reasons,
it is probably essential in planning and im-
plementing the experimental programs to include the insights,
interpretations, and intuitions of the human operators, espe-
cially those who have demonstrated some success in the gen-
eration of the phenomena.
It
is quite possible that the differ-
ence between a sterile experiment and an effective one of equal
rigor lies as much in the impressionistic aspects of its ambience
and feedback as in the elegance of its instrumentation, and the
former need to be well-tuned to the participants who are asked
to function as components of the experimental system. On oc-
casion, there seems to have been some tendency in this field to
treat the experimental participants in rather perfunctory fash-
ion, discounting any insights they might offer on the tasks at
hand.
If one subscribes at all to the concept of the phenomena
emerging from some interpenetration of analytic and intuitive
processes as suggested by the holistic models, there would seem
no better place to combine perceptions and insights from these
two domains than in the design, operation, and interpretation
of the experiments addressed to illumination of the interface.
Finally, it seems most evident that given the intrinsic trans-
disciplinary nature of the business, research on
this topic in
any established sector should become much more communica-
tive and interactive across traditional scholarly boundaries if it
is to have any hope of rendering the phenomena into compre-
hensible
and
serviceable
terms.
This
cross-talk cannot be
limited to naturally contiguous fields, a la the usual exchange
between physicist and engineer, or between psychologist and
sociologist.
As its lengthy heritage illustrates, in this domain
the interests and insights of the theologian, philosopher, statis-
tician, technologist, hard scientist, and creative holistic thinker
are
all potentially valid, and need to be melded in scholarly
symbiosis and common respect.
No insular approach is likely
to prevail.
This requisite has implications for the staffing of particular
projects, for the institutional environment in which they oper-
ate, and for the professional societies and publications which
choose to attend to this topic.
Individual laboratory personnel
Approved For Release 2000/08/07
: CIA-RDP96-00788R001 10001 0004-6