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positives to the total number of control trials.
The significance
of
the
difference
between
RS
and
FA was
evaluated
by
using
the
Mann-Whitney
test.
The
analysis
of
latent
time
(T lat )
included
total histograms of true responses and false alarms.
In
the
second
series
(10
subjects,
tests
with
each,
including placebo tests) the exposure to the field was equal to
minutes
EEG recording was conducted before and after the EMF influence
by using EEG-16S
(Hungary), with 4 paired leads,
located according
to 10-20% system (in the frontal F-F, central C-C, parietal P-P and
occipital
0-0
areas).
As
the
reference
electrode,
a
joint
ear
electrode was used.
Together with EEG recording on paper,
the data were
fed for
on-line processing into an IBM-PC Amstrad computer using spectrum
coherent
analysis by means
of
rapid Fourier transformations with
plotting
power
spectra
and
computing
mean
coherence
levels.
'Selected for the study were
frequencies
from
to
30 Hz
in major
physiological ranges of the EEG spectrum.
Results and discussion
In
the
first
experimental
series,
the
subjects
showed
a
division into two unequal
subgroups according to their RS
and FA
indicators.
The first subgroup
(8 individuals) could reliably (at
a
statistically
significant
level]
detect
EMF:
the
differences
between RS and FA were significant according to Mann-Whitney test,
the means for RS and FA being 64.3% ± 10.5% and 20.6% ±.11.2%,
re-
spectively.
The second subgroup
(2 individuals) could not reliably
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distinguish between EMF effects and control trials,
the means for
RS and FA being 59.0%
+
14.25% and 43.53% ± 16.5%,
respectively.
From the eight individuals who could detect the EMF well,
two
could reliably distinguish it from control trials with both hands,
one could do this only with the left hand and the others only with
the
right
hand.
An
analysis
of
distribution
of
T Lat
of
true
responses and false alarms showed single mode distribution in both
instances.
The mean of latent time for eight subjects was 46.1
+
. 8
sec
The
prevalent
sensations
were
pressure
(46.7%),
tingling
(36.3%),
itching
(8.9%),
warmth-coolness
(5.3%),
and
other
sensations
(2.8%).
All the sensations were experienced either in
the palm of the hand or in the fingers,
each subject having his own
set of sensations.
An analysis of the data obtained experimentally justifies the
assumption that humans are capable to perceive sensonally the EFM
in the millimeter range,
similarly to their capacity of perceiving
the
ELF
fields
[4-6],
which
is
in
accordance
with
the
results
obtained elsewhere
[ 9 ]
Interaction of any physical factor with biological systems of
complex organization begins on their surface,
and the skin is the
first
receptor.
Unlike
other
analyzers,
the
skin
does
not
have
absolutely specific receptors.
This was confirmed in experiments
conducted by A.N.
Leontiev and his associates
[13],
who conducted
similar studies with non-termal emission
in the visible range
of
spectrum and
found
that
their
subjects were
capable
of
reliably
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distinguishing the emission effects from control trials.
The modes
of perception were similar to those observed in our tests.
Thus,
our
results
as
well
as
data
of
other
authors
indicate
the
importance of the skin analyzer in EMF perception.
Study of the modes of perception which occur in the process of
EHF
field reception makes
it possible to assume that EMF stimuli
are perceived either by mechanical receptors
(sensations of touch
or pressure), or by pain receptors,
i.e., nociceptors (tingling and
burning sensations)
.
From mechanical receptors, only Ruffini's and
Merkel's endings and tactile disks may be involved in the process,
according to the depth of their location in the
epidermis,
their
adaptation speed and their capacity to spontaneous activity.
The
assumption that nociceptors may be responsible for the reception of
EMF
signal
is
based
on the
following:
their polyspecificity
in
relation
to
stimuli;
the
kind
of
sensations,
i.e.,
tingling
and
burning, which are considered precursors of pain; experiments which
showed
complete
disappearence
of
EMF
sensitivity
in
individuals
whose skin at the place of influence was treated by ethyl chloride
that turns off pain receptors; facts from medical practice that the
EHF
influence
on
the
respective
dermatome
[dermatome
means
the
areas of the skin supplied with sensory fibers from a single spinal
nerve—LFJ
causes sensory response
in the afflicted organ of
the
body
which
may
be
the
result
of
convergence
of
nociceptive
afferents from the dermatomes and the internal organs on the same
neurons of pain pathways.
With this,
skin hypersensitivity occurs
because
visceral
impulses
increase
the
excitability
of
inter-
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stitual neurons and facilitation takes place.
The
latent
time
of
EMF
responses
(to
both
ELF
range
and
millimeter range EMF)
is unusually large.
While the reaction time
of visual and auditory sensory systems
is from dozens to hundreds
of milliseconds ,
the
perception
of
EMF
takes
dozens
of
seconds.
This
is in a good agreement with theoretical calculations by I.V.
Rodshtat
[14]
who made an assumption that
a single time cycle
of
microwave
sensory
reception,
including
detection
of
sensory
sensation,
is
within
to
seconds.
This
is
explained
[according to him]
by a complex structure of the reflex arc which
includes both nervous and humoral
links.
An
analysis
of
inter-central
EEG
ratios
is
one
of
the
approaches
to
the
study
of
regulation
mechanisms
of
functional
states of the human brain.
As known from the literature
[15],
the indicator of coherence
level
(COHm)
is
the
most
significant
of
EEG
correlates
which
characterizes the peculiarities of the human brain functioning.
Major changes of the cortical EEG with regard to both inter-
central and intra-hemispheric connections in placebo tests can be
characterized either by a decrease in COHm, especially in the range
of
delta
and
theta,
or
by
maintaining
the
background
level.
A
power
spectrum
analysis
shows
a
decrease
in
the
brain
waves
magnitude,
especially in the alpha range
(Fig.
1).
Thus,
as
a
result
of
placebo
(control)
tests,
a
kind
of
»i expectancy reaction" with specific space—time organization of the
cortex biopotentials takes place.
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A different EEG pattern is observed after the
individual
is
exposed to EMF.
There is a significant power increase in the alpha
range,
especially
in
occipital
and
parietal
areas
in
both
hemispheres; in other parts of the spectrum the power remains close
to
the
background
level
(arrows
and
in
Fig.
1).
Unlike
in
placebo tests,
an increase in the mean of the coherence level COHm
takes place practically in all the subjects resulting from exposure
to EHF .
It mainly occurs in the frontal and central areas of the
cortex and is mostly expressed in slow wave spectrum range
(delta
and theta).
A similar pattern of brain waves is characteristic of
the
state
of
an
increased
brain
tone,
i.e.,
it
occurs
in
non-
specific
activation
reaction
[16].
This
kind
of
response
is
characteristic because it is known that frontal areas of the cortex
are sensitive to various external factors.
These zones have broad
bilateral
connections
with
other
cortical
and
subcortical
structures which determine the involvement of frontal areas in many
functional response systems.
Conclusions
1.
Peripheral effects of EHF
(7.1 mm wave length,
5 mW/cm2
)
with
a
minute
exposure
causes
restructuring
of
the
cortical
brain
waves
in
a
healthy
individual;
this
points
to
the
developments
of
a
non-specific
activation
reaction,
i.e.,
to
an
increase in the tone of the cortex.
2.
The study of sensory detection of EMF in EHF range showed
that
the
field
with
the
above
parameters
is
detected
at
a
statistically significant level by 80% of the subjects.
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References
1.
Devytakov,
N.D.,
Betsky,
O.V.,
Gelvich,
E.A./
et
al»
Radiobioloqiva ,
1981,
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163-171.
2.
Devyatkov,
N.D.,
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& Tager,
A.C.
Biofizika,
1983,
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28,
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5,
pp.
895-896
[English
translation:
Role
of
sjynchronization
in the impact
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in
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Biophysics,
(5),
952-954].,
3.
Sevastiyanova,
L.A.
,
Potapov,
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Adamenko,
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Lebedeva, N.N., Vekhov,
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probleitiy
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Lebedeva,
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Kholodov,
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In:
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Andreyev,
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Lovsund,
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Kholodov,
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A. A.
Material s of the 5th All-Union
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Anderson,
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XXIII General Assembly of URSI,
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Kholodov, Yu. A.
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Leontiyev,
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Problemv razvitiva psikhiki
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Development
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Psyche].
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Rodshtat,
I.V.
Preprint No.
(438).
Moscow:
Institute for
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1985,
4,
pp.
24-32.
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i c
Livanov,
M.N.
Prostra"«tv<annn-vremennaya—organi zatsiym
nn^ntsialnv
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Temporal Organization of Biopotentials and Systemic Activity of the
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Moscow:
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398
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Sviderskaya,
N.Ye.
Sinkhronnaya
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raozga i psikhicheskiye protsessy
[ Synchronous Electrical Acti
y
of the Brain and Mental Processes].
Moscow:
Nauka,
1987,
154 pp.
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