prroved For Release 2000 a ne as 1 ene Semis as) Sn ental , - : . lar : . hypo been observed in the same Prange of 4 = 1,8—2,) mm [12], more 3. Additional careful investigations of the Sensitivity of bio- 1 Fet logical objects to MMI in the entire ERF=band with direct registration of nonequilibrium MMI of biological objects will be necessary fon i. "Biological effects of electroma etic energy in medicine" {Russian translation], IEEE Trans., vol, 28. no. 1, 1980, . I. Vernadskii, Blosphere [in Russian], Khim.=Tekhn, Lad-vo, Leningrad, 1926, 3. B. I, Davydov, Vv. S, Tikhonchuk, and Vv. Vv. Antipov, Biologi- cal Effects, Normalization, and Protection from Electromagnetic Radia- » Vy, Zheleznyakov, Radiation of the Sun and Planets Cin Rus~ sian], Nauka, Moscow, 1964, . . Py Kaznacheey and L. Pp, Mikhailova, Bioinformational Funec- tion of Natural Electromagnetic Fields [in Russian], Nauka, Novosi-~ birsk, 1985, . . 6. OD, Kraus, Radtoastronomy [Russian translation], Sov. Radio, Moscow, 1973. Fd Millimetrie Radiations in Biology and Medicine: Proceedings of Sixth National Seminar [in Russian], Moscow, p, 97, 1986, : . GF, Plekhanov, "Electricity, magnetism, information, and life systems," in: Lite Systems in Electromagnetic Fields [in Russian], Tomsk, pp, 3-8, 1978, . . - R, Braverman, Le. Vv, Vorob'ey, Vv. A; Soglasnova, et al., Bandpass Gauze Filters for Long-Wave IR Region [in Russian], Moscow, 1975, 10. Applications of Low Intensity Millimetrio Raddiations in Biology and Medicine: Proceedings of Sixth National. Seminar Cin Rus- Stan], Moscow, 1986, dl. R.A, Valitove (Editor), Submillimetrig Wave Technology [in Russian], Sov. Radio, Moscow, 1969, _ 12. 8. Ya, Turlyagin, "Radiation of microwaves (4 = 2 mm) by human body ," Byul. Eksperimn, Biologia 4 Meditsiny, vol. 14, no, LOC4), pp, 3-72, 1942, 13. E. A. Andreev, mM, y. Belyi, V. A. Kutsenok, et al., "Physio logical principles of microwave (bLological resonance) adjustment of 14, Fundamental Thresholds in Electronics and Related Fields Cin Russian], Mip,. Moscow, 1982, 16 15. V. Endo and M. Mizushima, "Microwave resonance lines of @) in its electronic groun State (way). Japan J, Appl. Phys., vol. 21, no. 6, pp. L379-L380, 1982. 160 | 3100280001-7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R00
: 7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001 r fo Raa mm ge a nthe ieeneemmente REE ee oe SEA ate Tot omar tee bake Td oe amen ae ae aw mee a 16. 4#. Fisher, "Photons ag transmitter lar biological and biochemical communication hypothesis," in: Electromagnetic Bio + Infor more, pp. 175-181, 1979, i February 1987 ° qT, Kie for intra- and intercellu- : the construction of a mation, Munich-Vienna-Balti- ty of bios Sgistration °’y for I. @. Shevehenko State University, Vv dicine" an. izd-vo, Blologt~ sie Radia- Cin Rus- nal Func- ovosi- Radio, P, Belo- ” regula- tity * Sixth 1» and Russian], al., oscow, in 1 Rus- sy (in human » PP. hysio- 1t of LOW %y Pp. is [in . 16 09 21, no. 161 Va oe eB OO -7 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001
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Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7 TOLOGIGAL ACTION OF LOW INTENSITY MILLIMETES BAND RADIATION . V. Betskii and A. V. Putvinskif zvestiya VUZ. Radioelektronika, o1. 29, flo. 10, pp. 4-10, 1986 9C 538.573:61 wae wees The possible role is discussed of the strong absorption of millimeter (MM) waves by water molecules in the primary mechanism of the response of biological svs- tems to IM radiation.:. Data are. reported on the interaction of MM radiation with simple water systems... The attention is focused on the effect of convec- vive mixing of water solutions under the effect of low intensity (1... 106 m/on? ) iM waves. Among the most interesting fields of unconventional uses of electromagnetic waves ’e medicine, biophysics; and biotechnology. When waves with a large power density are ‘Lliged, the useful effect is produced typically by the heating of the material being ‘udied; the effect is determined not only by the geometry of the object, but to a large ‘tent also by the radiation wavelength (Ad«.. B - tee ee In the past two decades,’ ‘investigators have been concerned with the low intensity mit electromagnetic. waves in. the, millimeter. (MM) and submilliter bands, with waves of a nsity of single-digit: “nW/em?s the general heating of irradiated material with these ves is small, amounting to some 0.1°C [1-4].: Radiation in MM band is strongly absorbed various materials... Oné of these materials ts water, which plays an extremely important le in the vital functions of: biological systems. For example, a flat water layer 1 mm ick attenuates the radiation at »4.~ 8 mm by 20 dB, and at 4 ~ 2 mm by 40 dB, i.e., by ndreds of times. -The heating of materials in MM band for this reason is superficial, th a large temperature gradient. When human skin is irradiated by MM waves, practically € entire radiation is absorbed in the surface layer of a few one-tenths of a millimeter he weight content. of water. in the skin ts more than 54). home cell Lae egies : Another feature of MM waves is the fact: ‘that. ‘the energy of an irradiation quantum hv, en in this short-wave portion of the microwave band, is still smaller than the energy shermal motion, kT.’ For the “wavelength Amel mm fvewl,17-10 eV, whileat roomtemperature = 2.53-107° ev. The quantum energy in this frequency band is significantly lower not ly than the energy of electron transitions (1-20 eV) or the activation energy (0.2 ), but even than the osciliational energy of molecules (Lo7 “2 -107 -i sy of nydrogen bonds (2: 10 ne -1077 | ev): Examples of energies smalier than this quan- m are the energy of rotation of molecules around bonds (1073-107 ev), the energy Cooper pairs in superconductivity “(1o™ 41976 ev), and the energy of magnetic ordering -4 9 =-10 ~§ ev). eV), and the en- From these energy estimates it follows that MM radiation cannot produce atomic or -ecular changes or restructurings. If one takes the analogy with the optical frequency ad, such changes would require multiphoton processes; the number of MM radiation aquanta at would be necessary for an energy conversion should be 10 or more, which is unlikely + there are two important circumstances that should be taken into account in studies oF : efPects of interaction of low intensity MM radiation with biological objects. First, the enersy of MM radiation can be transformed to the enerey of solar molecules ioclated with rotational degrees of freedom. The role of such enersy accumulators is 386 by Allerton Press, Inc. ‘ ‘ “9 | Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7 | |
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00 cserformed e?fectively by polarized water molecules, which have a dipole moment of 1.34p, -1 water solutions of various materials, the absorption of microwave energy will also be setvermined by water molecules and occur as a local process controlled both by the number " water molecules in she solution and the interaction of these molecules with other mole- eS. Such a selective heating of matter can” produce biologically significant erfects, nowith low MM radiation powers when the overall heating is small and insignificant. Secondly, the energy of MM waves can be stored on the basis of a different, resonance mechanism, such as the one Suggested in [5]. Ina nutshell, this hypothesis postulates the following. Biological systems can have polarizational (dipole) oscillations in the “requency band 100-1000 GHz (A = 3-0.3 mm). The: various vital processes in -bio- ~ogical cells would provide the energy for locally excited dipole oScillations (biological oumping). By virtue of nonlinear effects of interaction of dipole oscillations and the nonlinear relationship of these oscillations with elastie oscillations, the system can 2ass into a metastable state, in which the energy will be transformed into the energy of a Single type of oscillation. Under the effect of MM radiation, the metastable oscillation can pass into a fundamental oscillation, giving rise to a "giant dipole," which would be 2 Special case of an unusual coherent state of the biological object. The model postulates shat such ascillations encompass portions of biological membranes or of biomacromolecules. juch a state is of a single-quantum type, and resembles the low temperature condensation oY Bose gas. These two circumstances determine the major trait of MM radiation - the | vossibility and importance of nonthermal (or low-intensity) biological effects of MM ra- ‘lation. These effects are observed at radiation power densities of approximately l- me) mll/em*, at which the general temperature rise of the irradiated specimen is not greater ‘han 0.1°C, as has been mentioned. re : The specifics of the electromagnetic vibrations in the millimeter (and submillimeter) requency bands would thus be capable of inducing peculiar low-intensity biological er. rn: ne eg GELS LIM eS She aterial irradiated. All experimentally known effects can be divided by way of convention nto two groups differing in the mechanism of utilization of the electromagnetic vibration nergy: the effects induced by selective space-localized microthermal heating, usually su- erficlal; and the effects caused by frequency—dependent (resonance) type of energy stor- "ets Sort y AIN BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MM RADIATION or Substantial data have been accumulated in experimental ‘an theoretical studies of lological effects of low intensity MM radiation; tn the past few years MM radiation has ?en used successfully for clinical treatment of various diseases, -The primary physical- 1emical. mechanisms underlying the sensitivity of biological objects to this type of elec. ‘omagnetic radiation, however, remain an unknown, making their study particularly de- > sf as or owe rr red . After years of research certain. regularities in the Interaction with biological ob- ‘cts have been established. In practically important cases’ the interaction, as men- oned, is not of an energy type, i.e., is not due to a trivial heating of material. One ually speaks of informational interaction (this hypothests was first examined in [6]). i¢ term can be used legitimately to mean that the radiation of alow intensity can trigger nitiate) a chain of successive responses, accompanied by a transformation of energy and ading to a useful effect, 1.e., that the interaction is of &@ mediated type. - This can ly apply, of course, to complexly organized (integrated) live biological objects. Not Ly the frequency-dependent (resonance) but microthermal storage of microwave energy can informational when interacting with a live organism. coo feedtue efeden - - tar, owes as: . eee sed CRS ete Lee In experiments with microorganisms, animals, or humans, the response can appear as rrow resonance curves tens to hundreds of megahertz wide.. The following interesting Teraction effects have also been observed experimentally: a) the response has a power “eshold (there is a certain minimal power value, after which the effect becomes discern- +2); b) a stable biological effect is cumulative (the response appears after a certain me following the onset of irradiation -— from 15-20 min to .an hour);.¢) the experi- val relationships plotting the biological effect versus microwave power have an ex- sded segment (plateau), where the effect is independent of the irradiation intensity °OMn two to Pive orders of Magnitude of power variation); and d) the therapeutic effect Some instances can be improved when MM waves are combined with other therapeutic modali- “8, Such as Xerays or chemotherapy. 3 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7 some or thes@ lopservations Led So formal analogies with concepts, devices, and ideas
BP001-7 of microwave electronics (feedback, synchronization of oscillations, etc.). This is the approach developed for example in [1, pp. 127-131].# We will now briefly deseribe in qualitative terms the effects of low intensity MM radiation based on the (specific for MM band) selective microheating of water media con- raining various biological materials. Basic to these effects is the convection of liquid occurring at the phase interface. In planning and conducting the experiments, we were guided by. the following key ideas: a) the strong selective absorption of iM radiavion by water molecules against the background of low-absorbing components of various liauid medi zan be responsible for the transport of charged particles and various molecules in such systems; b) biological membranes are the most likely target for low intensity MM radiation in the cell; c) the search for new effects should be conducted on simple biological objects or model systems, even though this reduces the probability of observing frequency-—dependent (resonance) effects, which was confirmed in experiments; and d) the primary physical chemi- cal mechanisms of response should be investigated in the skin, thin layers of which absorb VM radiation almost completely. . DISRUPTION OF THE ADDITIVITY OF ABSORPTION OF Mf RADIATION BY WATER SOLUTIONS (SEE RELEVANT ARTICLES IN [1,2,3]) Precise measurements of the concentration relationships of the absorption of low in- sensity MM radiation by water solutions shows that the pattern of absorption of MM radia- sion varies qualitatively and quantitatively, depending on the type of interaction of water nolecules with the molecules of the solvate. Three cases observed at. 4 2 2 mm, P21 aW/em@ are distinguished, depending on the concentration of the solvate as illustrated qualitatively by Fig. 1: 1) the absorption of the electromagnetic radiation by the so- lution is equal to the sum of absorptions of the solvent and solute; 2): the total absorp- sion is less than the sum of the partial absorptions; and 3) the total absorptionis greater shan the sum of the partial absorptions. These effects can be explained as follows. When WM radiation is absorbed, electromagnetic energy is pumped into the rotational energy of solar water molecules, followed by the dissipation of energy into thermal energy, as a re- sult of intermolecular interactions. Strictly speaking, the absorption is of a resonance ature: on a fixed wavelength, the radiation 1s absorbed effectively by a small proportion »f water molecules whose frequencies of rotational motions are close to the frequency of Incident radiation. As the frequency of the external field is changed, a different group of molecules takes part in absorption of the radiation, in conformity with the distribution of water molecules according to the rotation frequencies. Experimentally, it is impossible 70 determine the resonance nature of such absorption because of the effective mechanism of chermal scattering of energy that would occur within the time of the orderof 1072-10 10 sec. In the first case of absorption, illustrated by Fig. 1, water molecules practically jo not interact with molecules of the solute; in the second case, some of the water mole-— sules lose rotational mobility as a result of intermolecular interaction (the molecules of ound water absorb MM radiation less than do molecules of free water), i.e., the total ab- sorption decreases; in the third case, the intermolecular interaction ts such that is in- sreases the rotational mobility of water molecules, leading to an additional. increase of che total absorption. From relations similar to those given in Fig. L it is thus possible ‘0 judge about important parameters, such as degree of hydration, the reactivity of mole- #See also the paper by M. 8. Golanta and T. B. Rebrova in the current issue.
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7 0 4 g # +, min Fig. 6 ules in water solution, etc. These effects could also be of a practical value in engi- eering crocesses (especially in the pharmaceutical industry) for monitoring solute con- entrations. oD 6 rey These peculiar properties of the molecules of free and bound water in MM wave band ve an impetus for developing the theory of dielectric relaxation of polar molecules and Pec zreation of refined molecular models; this in turn yielded valuable information for under- standing the structure and properties of water in complex compounds. Interesting infor- mation on this matter can be found, for example, in [2,7]. EFFECTS OF MM IRRADIATION OF WATER SYSTEMS By strong interaction with water molecules, MM radiation affects the properties of water, both as the external and internal environment of live cells. The early experiments _ with water systems revealed the effect of convection. The picture of water convection in rectangular quartz or acrylic plastic trays irradiated with low intensity MM waves was studied by optical methods of phase contrast and holographic interferometry [8]. The varied methods of irradiation (placing the irradiating horn at the lower side walls or above an open water surface) produced water motions conforming to the mechanism of inter- phase convection (l.e., convection caused by gradients of surface tension forces) at a power level below 10 mW/om®. The convection usually encompassed the entire volume of a tray (up to 2 ml) and had a fluctuational pattern. The dependence of convection intensity on MM radiation power was determined by a polarographic technique. The experiment setup is illustrated by Fig. 2, where 1 is radiation horn, 2 is a teflon cartridge; 3 is thermo- chromium liquid crystal film, and 4 is platinum microelectrode. As is well lmown, the limiting current Ia reducing the substances dissolved in water is determined by the thick- ness of the diffusional layer on the electrode surface, and thereofre is highly sensitive to convection in the solution. Polarograms of reduction of O5 in water solution is shown in Fig. 3: 1) at18°C with no mixing of the medium; 2) at 23°C also with no mixing; 3) at 18°C with mixing. When MM radiation was started, at the instant marked by the arrow, qa was observed to grow both for 05 and for cae* (Fig. 4, curves 1 — MM radiation (1 M KCl); 2 = MM radiation (1073 M CdCl, 1M KCl). In this experiment the thickness of the layer between the electrode and the wall (the thermochrome film), through which the radiation was conducted, was 2 mm, so that direct action of the microwave field or thermodiffusion on the electrode was ruled out. This effect was produced by interphase convection, due to forces of surface tension, not only in the irradiated zone, but at the water-air interface as well. Judging by the color of the thermochrome film, the heating even at 20 mW/om* was not greater thand.2°C. Obviously, it is the interphase convection which is the main mechanism for removing the heat from the irradiated zone. It is of interest also to compare the mi- crowave action with simple heating of the wall with IR radiation, which also induces con- ‘vection (Fig. 4, curve 3 ~ IR radiation (1073 M cdCl,, 1M KCl)). In the latter case, the effect was observed only with the calculated heat flux value of not less than 15 mW/em= . This can be explained by the fact that microwave power is released directly in-the solu- ion, while with IR radiation, the heat flow from the tray wall is limited by the low thermal conductivity of water impeding convection. um Unes* Approved For Release 2000/08/08 + ClIA-RDP96-00780R005100280001-7 5
; A proved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7 . can oe observe n experiments with chlorine plastica radiator of a special shape (oric) used in [9] to study the frequency-dependent effects of MM waves (Fig. 5, where 1 is che fork radiator*; 2 ds tray; 3 is water; 4 is the light beam; 5 is stirrer; and § is ink). For mixing in the inner volume of the tray, into which the fork was placed, a vibrating ylate (50 liz) was placed near the bottom of the tray. An ink drop was introduced through a thin needie to the bottom of the tray, and the intensity of the light beam passing ‘hrough the space inside the "fork" was observed. When the vibration intensity of the stirrer was not too large, the ink did not spread throughout the entire volume, leaving the top portion of the tray clear, After MM radia- tion was turned on, the light transmittance decreased (Fig. 6), and the movement of the ink upward along the teflon surface could be observed visually, Remarkably, when microwave radiation was turned off, the ink/water interface again leveled and light transmittance Was partly restored, Importantly, the convection causing the mixing of ink in these ex- periments was cbserved when the power in the channel was Just 15 mW (the irradiator area was 5 em). , The experiments with water and water solutions in trays commonly used in studies of the biological effects of MM radiation thus reveal convectional motion for radiation in= tensities below 10 mW/om*, which is usually described by many authors as "nonthermal." Such convection caused by the forces of surface tension at the phase interfaces can be either localized or encompassing the entire volume of the tray. Many biochemical and pare ticularly membrane processes are known to be sensitive to the mixing of the medium. [I+ nas been determined experimentally, for example, that low intensity MM radiation can‘ ac- celerate the active transport of ions of Na* (P >l mW/em?), modify the erythrocyte mem- brane permeability to xt ions (1-5 mW/em*) , accelerate the peroxide oxidation of un- Saturated fatty acids in liposomes (21 mi/cm*), increase the ionic conductivity of two- layer lipid bilayer membranes (210 mW/om®) , etc. [10,11]. The convection which removes diffusional restrictions in the medium and inside the intracellular compartments can thus be a primary mechanism of the action of MM waves on the vital processes, Another effect has a direct relation to microwave technology. It has been noted that, as water flows through a thin glass capillary inserted into a rectangular waveguide in the area of the maximum E-field on Hig wave, the water flow is affected by the intensity of the wave passing through the waveguide. It has been determined that MM radiation speeds up the water flow; this allows using the capillary as an elementary thermoviscosimetric sensor of microwave energy [12]. It seems that MM radiation, being absorbed in the thin near-wall layer of the capillary, affects the cohesion of the water with the wall, modi- fying the motion of liquid through the capillary. The sensitivity threshold of biological objects to low-intensity continuous MM ra- jiation is 1-10 mW/em*, Some of the effects are due to the substantial selective ab-— sorption of this radiation by water molecules, leading to liquid convection in this speci- nen. Convection is also responsible for variations in the transport of charged particles and various materials through membranes, which is of a major biological importance. These ‘ffects must be taken into account when using low-intensity MM radiations for clinical ‘peatment of various diseases. The experiments on simple and model objects confirm the idea that the frequency-dependent (resonant) effects of MM radiation are a property of tomplexly organized (live) biological objects. ‘EFERENCES l. N. D. Devyatkov (Editor), Uses of Low-Intensity Millimeter Radiation in Biology nd Medicine [in Russian], IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, 1985. 2. N. D. Devyatkoy (Editor), Nonthermal Effects of Millimeter Radiation [in Russian], ‘RE AN SSSR, Moscow, 1981. 3. N. D. Devyatkov (Editor), Effects of Nonthermal Millimeter Radiation on Blological bjects [in Russian], IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, 1983. 4, H. Froehlich and F. Kremmer (Editors), Coherent Excitations in Biological Systems, #The unit was kindly provided by Dr. F. Keilmann (Max Planek Solita State Institute, Cuttgzart, FRG). Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7
ON, pringer Verlag, Berlin, 1982. eee ee Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100280001-7 | ~ 5 7. Froehlich, "Long-range coherence and energy storage in biological systems," J. of Quantum Chemistry, vol. 11, pp. 641-649, 1968, do. A. S. Presman, Electromagnetic Fields and Live Nature Cin Russian], Nauka, Hos- 1968, mo “ 7 VY. I. Gaiduk, "Dielectrical relaxation in an ensemble of linear molecules for vyarious collision statistics," Izv. VUZ. Radioelektronika*, vol. 28, no. 11, Pp. 1366- 2571, 2985, - 8. I. G. Polnikov et al., "Hydrodynamic instability at phase boundaries in the ab- sorption of low-intensity MM radiation," in: Uses of Low-Intensity Millimeter Radiation in Blology and Medicine {in Russian], IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, 1983. 9. F. Keilmann, "Experimental RF and MW resonant nonthermal effects," in: Biological Effects and Dosimetry of Nonionizing Radiation, M. Grandolf, S. Michaelson, and A. Rindi (Editors), Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, 1983. 10. O. V. Betskii, K. D. Kazarinov, A. ¥. Putvinskii, and V. S. Sharov, "Convectional nsport of substances dissolved in water as a possible mechanism of acceleration of mem- ne processes by MM radiation,” in: Effects of Nonthermal Millimeter Radiation on 3io- ical Objects [in Russian], IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, 1983. ll. S. G. Matranovskii et al., "Polarographie Study of the influence of low Power MM radiation on rate of pyridine protonization in a water medium," Dokl. Akad. Nauch. SSSR, rol. 282, no. 4, pp. 931-933, 1985, : 12. 0. V. Betskii, K. D. Kazarinov, A. V. Putvinskii, and V. S. Sharov, "A method for measuring the power of microwave radiation," USSR Authors! Certificate no. 1101750, syuileten Izobretenii, no. 25, 1984, 24 March 1986 ———-_ *Radioelectroenics and Communications Systems. Available from Allerton Press Inc., “"* “8 - Approved ‘For Releasé 2000/08/08 2"S1ASRDP96-00789R003100280001-7 5 ¥