Phonomer BERS HESEARSH aE RRGRLIS! Tria HOSBRP 26-0078R008200240001-0 @ Concerned with philosophical problems. © Being verbally fluent and can express ideal well. They also believe that they are not: ® Subtly negative and do not tend to undermine, obstruct, or sabotage. ® Guileful, deceitful, manipulative or opportunistic. @ Ego-defensive or have a small reserve of integration. © Exploitive or create dependencies in people. @ Self-pitying or feel victimized by life. It remains to be seen if this general statements are predictive of good AC performance. They do, how- ever, represent a personality profile of our best receivers, For example, in a study investigating a possible correlation between ESP and creativity using subjects from a well-know music academy in New York City, Schlitz and Honorton (1992) suggest that subjects who exhibit greater cognitive flexibility and elaboration produce higher AC scores. The five Q-Sort items most characteristic of the AC-Profile would tend to support this idea. The advantages of using the Q-Sort method of personality description is that it is easy and inexpensive to implement and analyze. The problems are that the results are conditioned both by the content of the Q-Sort card set and the willingness of the sorter to give a candid and accurate description of themselves. These results are only preliminary and little can be known until we have a much larger database of reli- able AC viewers. In time it is hoped that the Q-Sort may prove useful in predicting where we should begin to look in the general population to find successful AC viewers. 2.4 Improved AC Evaluation for Applications Under this section, we were asked to provide improved AC analytical techniques that might be more germane in an application setting. We have delivered a complete description of one such technique as a separate document. This technique expands our fuzzy set analysis to include adaptive learning based upon real-time feedback. 3. Theoretical Issues The objective was to identify models for physical mechanisms for AC and to develop protocols for test- able experiments using select individuals, We reported our theoretical approach in an interim technical report; however, we include it here for completeness. 3.1 Probable Futures Since the dawn of history, mankind has been fascinated by the “what ifs” associated with the probabilis- tic paths that form the future and form the myriad worlds of “what might have been.” Mankind’s fas- cination with predicting the future evolved into the mathematical science of probability theory. Howev- er, classical probability theory is a description which is overlaid on an assumed physical reality. With the advent of quantum theory, alternative paths to the same end took on a physical reality. The very fact that alternative paths exist change the probability of the outcome. There is no classical equivalent. Suddenly the world of “what ifs” has become comingled with the worlds of “what might have been.” Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200240001-0 15
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A proved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200240001-0 Phenomenolédical Research and Analysis: Final Report This idea has been experimentally verified in recent experiments conducted at Rochester University. It has been shown that the physical outcome of a quantum mechanical experiment depends not only upon what is being measured, but also on what could be measured, even though it wasn’t. The implication for AC mechanisms is that precognition may be the underlying mechanism. If, for some yet unknown reason, humans have access to probable futures rather than actual futures, then the perception appears not to contradict the rules of physics. 3.2 Einstein, Poldasky, Rosen Paradox (EPR) The paradox suggest possible information transport during the collapse of a wave function. It arises naturally when considering two-particle correlations and the effects of measuring the state of one par- ticle which gives rise to unambiguous knowledge of the state of the correlated particle even though it may be very far from the measured particle at the time the measurement is made. While no one any longer questions the validity of the predictions of quantum mechanics for correlated systems, the very fact of their validity has caused a philosophical revolution. There is no underlying reality, no absolute reality. There is only reality as defined by measurements made by an observer. There is substantial anomalous mental phenomena (AMP) literature on what are called Observational Theories (OT). It is possible that the EPR paradox and its implications may serve as a physics base for the OTS. There is a major problem both with the OTs and EPR as models for perception. Brain func- tioning at room temperature appears not to be a quantum system; therefore, care must be exercised before we can demonstrate the value of EPR for AMP mechanisms, 3.3 General Relativity The recent resurgence of interest in Einstein’s general theory of relativity has lead to some Startling theoretical conclusions about the nature of space-time again bringing to the forefront the fact that sci- ence has not unveiled all the secrets associated with time. One such piece of work is Matt Visser’s paper on traversable wormholes (Visser, 1989). This paper predicts that it is physically possible to transport energy (and, therefore, information) between remote Space-time points without traversing the classical distance between the space-time points. For sometime it has been known that even according to Einstein’s special theory of relativity, it is pos- sible to describe mathematically a fully consistent universe in which everything moves faster than the speed of light. The particles inhabiting such a universe have been given the name tachyons while, in contrast, the particles with which we are familiar are named tardyons. The important fact is thar neither particle can ever travel at the speed of light. Photons, of course, are common to both universes. More- over, this is a non-quantum mechanical description. We know that in quantum theory it is possible to violate such constraints providing that we do so for short enough periods. The question of whether a tardyon can exist as a tachyon for a short period of time merits investigation. From a heuristic perspective, reverse information flow (i.e., precognition) appears to describe much of the AMP data. While Visser’s calculations are not a theory of precognition, at a minimum they demon- strate that physics may allow for the macroscopic, but statistical, breach of causality. We anticipate that a continuation of these ideas may lead to a law for causality similar to the Second Law of Thermody- namics. That is, on the average causality must hold, but locally there may be a slight statistical reversal that is compensated for elsewhere such that the average is correct. Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200240001-0,
SG1B PhononfARiBYRSA ESC BRIER AINA ELF GHPHBRRRE-00789R003200240001-0 3.4 Time and Entropy The relationship between time and entropy is once more open to question. For nearly two hundred years, scientists have taken the position that the entropy of a closed system can never decrease with time and that, on the scale of the universe, entropy always increases with increasing time. Recently however, Steven Hawking raised the possibility that macroscopic time or psychological time, the time that we perceive, is actually determined by the change of entropy (Hawking, 1988). Similar conclusions were reached at about the same time by Tony Rothman from the Center for Relativity at the University of Texas (Rothman, 1987). Rothman discusses the seven arrows of time that represent the distinction be- tween microscopic reversible time and the macroscopic time as experienced by intelligent life. This concept was first proposed by Szilard (1929) in the paper, “On the decrease of entropy in a thermody- namic system by the intervention of intelligent beings.” Given that we showed experimentally that the total change of entropy is related to the quality of AC, this theoretical approach seems most promising (May, Spottiswoode and James, 1994). 3.5 Novel Potentials Classical mechanics and, for the most part, quantum mechanics have treated potentials as convenient mathematical descriptions for which there was no physical instantiation. Recently a series of clever ex- periments have dispelled that view by showing that a potential can have an effect on a particle even when there was no corresponding force present. The electromagnetic vector and scalar potentials or torsion fields are examples of such novel potentials. At this time, the existence of anomalous perturbation (AP) remains open. While there are intriguing experiments, the database for AP is substantially less than for AC. A theoretical approach for AP using novel potentials is probably premature; however, it may be possible that such potentials could act as a “carrier” of AC information. 4. Applied Research The task objective was to focus on items that might lead to improved functioning through protocol mod- ification and to provide demonstrations of potential applications. We conducted three primary activi- ties for this tasking under the direction of physicist S. James P. Spottiswoode. Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200240001-0 18
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Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200240001-0 Phenomenological Research and Analysis: Final Report A number of difficulties were discovered in this experiment that may have rendered the results incon- clusive: © Inan attempt to make the targets dichotomous within target packs and at the same time interesting to view, targets within the pool ranged in scale from a panoramic scene of a cityscape to a photograph of three chairs or an image of three geometric shapes, and thus possessed a large target-pool bandwidth . la iw (i.e., a large set of differing target elements). Since receivers were told in advance that the targets Uy could contain absolutely any material, they were unable to censor their internal experiences, which may have resulted in enhanced intrinsic receiver noise, and thus added “noise” to the response. @ Each encoding bit was linked to only one precept (e.g., the single target element of water). This exag- gerated the importance of the chosen dichotomous elements. For example, if a receiver failed to sense water in the target but managed to sense most other aspects of the target, regardless of whether they were part of the bit structure, then the BCH coding was not particularly applicable. © Inan AC application, a fundamental imbalance existed in the bit structure. The BCH coding assumes _ that binary zero is “assertive.” That is, in AC when water is not indicated in the response, it is equiva- lent to indicating the water is definitely not in the target. Unfortunately, in AC experiments it is pos- sible or even likely that unless a receiver specifies explicitly that water is not present, then the pres- ence or absence is indeterminate. Maybe water exists in the target but was not noticed or was unreported by the receiver. Similarly, water may not exist in the target and a non-response is equiva- ° lent to an assertive no. These two cases are, of course, indistinguishable. The net effect is to render the BCH coding invalid. In the current experimental protocol, we attempted to correct the problems discussed above so that potential enhancement of the detection of AC might be optimized. The following modifications were made: © The target-pool bandwidth was reduced by using the National Geographic static target pool, which has been successful for many previous AC experiments. © Sensitivity to single BCH encoding bits was reduced by using a number of fuzzy-set elements to define each BCH bit. Thus, each BCH bit did not rely upon a single precept, but rather represented classes of different precepts. We had anticipated that these improvements would allow for much stronger AC and provide a more sensitive test of whether BCH error-correcting could be successfully applied to AC detection. We used long-distance associative AC tasks as a test bed for this procedure. This experiment was similar to a traditional AC experiment. A target was selected randomly; a receiver was asked to describe that target; and a quantitative assessment of the match was made. It differs, how- ever, only in the construction of the targets and in the quantitative analysis. 4.2.2 Conclusions No receiver produced significant deviations in the sum-of-ranks statistic, and binary numbers were not determined beyond chance expectation. Even though our best receivers participated in this particular study, their results were not up to the standard which we have traditionally seen from them. We could speculate that possibly the experimental conditions were significantly different from their usual ex- pectations (i.e., at home or in our laboratory) and that travel and performance anxiety may have con- tributed to the lack of AC functioning; however, very occasionally do they not perform as expected and excuses are not necessary. We strongly urge that a replication be tried under laboratory conditions to test the new approach of the fuzzy set encoding. At this time, even though there are a few excellent ex- © Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200240001-0 23
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200240001-0 Phenomenological Research and Analysis: Final Report amples in the literature of using AC for message sending, we suggest that this might not be an optimum use of the phenomenon. 4.3 Improved Analysis We have delivered an approach to the analysis of application-oriented AC using fuzzy set technology as part of a separate document. We summarize the pertinent aspects of the approach here for complete- ness. We have been conducting application-like experiments for a number of years. These test-bed experi- ments have an advantage in that total ground truth is known in advance. A list of items, therefore, can be constructed that-would generally be of interest. We illustrate this approach to fuzzy set analysis with one of our test-bed experiments. We constructed three categories of items: (1) Functions of the Site, (2) Physical Relationships, and (3) Objects. Table 4 shows a partial list of these three types of items for our test-bed experiment. The complete list spans many pages. Table 4. Partial Element List for a Test-bed Experiment Target/Response Element T(H) R(p) Functions (1.0) Directed Energy Test Experiment Noise Generation Operation in Space Relationships (0.75) Power Source Above Beam Line Electrons Flow Through Beam Line Pipes in and out of Sphere Objects (0.5) External Electron Beam High Security Area Bundled Metal Rods Two types of data must be incorporated into such a list to provide an accurate measure; an a prion list of items that are definitely part of the target and items that are mentioned by the receiver that were not recognized as being part of the target. In Table 4, we have indicated overall weighting factors of 1.0, 0.75, and 0.5 for functions, relationships, and objects, respectively. That is, in this experiment, we were primarily interested in functions. Depending upon the task, the formalism accepts any appropriate weighting factors. The column w is a within-group weighting factor. That is, the item Directed Energy is five time more important than is Noise Generation. T(u) represents the degree to which the item is pres- entin the target. For example, although Noise Generation is present in the target, it is roughly only 40% apparent; whereas Pipes in and out of Sphere is not present at all. R(«) is the degree to which the analyst is convinced that the element is indicated in the response. For example, the analyst was 90% convinced Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200240001-0 24
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200240001-0 Phenomenological Research and Analysis: Final Report that the receiver meant Directed Energy even though it was not specifically mentioned. All items that are specifically mentioned receive an R(u) = 1. Notice that we included all items mentioned by the receiver regardless if the item was present in the target. We set their relative weights all equal to one. To arrive at a meaningful number from these data, we use fuzzy set formalism (May, Utts, Humphrey, Luke, Frivold, and Trask, 1990b). We compute the accuracy and the reliability of the response to the target system. The accuracy is the fraction of items in the target that were described correctly, and the reliability is the fraction of items in the response that were present in the target system. It is possible to obtain a very accurate description with poor reliability. Suppose the receiver inserted an encyclopedia as his or her response. In principle, nearly all aspects of the target might be mentioned; however, a large number of response-items would not be present in the target. Thus the certification number, the value which may be used to describe the quality of the response, must be related to both the accuracy and the reliability. Formally, the accuracy and reliability are defined by: DW, Mor) Rl) rj Accuracy = >, Th) _ (1) >, Min| Tu), Riw)] Reliability = —~_________, SW, Riu) j=l where N is the total number of elements in the evaluation form; 7; and R; are the target and response score for element j; and Wj is the product of the within-group weight, w, and the group weight. For ex- ample, in the Functions group the w are equal to the W because the functions weight is one. Since the Relationships group weight is 0.75, the within-group weights shown in Table 4 must all be multiplied by 0.75 to form the Wj for those elements in this group. To be sensitive to the interplay between Accuracy and Reliability, we propose that Certification = Accu- racy X Reliability. To illustrate the use the Equations 1, we demonstrate how to compute these items using only the data we show in Table 4. We find the Accuracy = 0.744, the Reliability = 0.764, and Certification = 0.568. Ran- dom utterances compared to random targets roughly yield 0.3 for both Accuracy and Reliability. That is approximately 1/3 of whatever is said can be found in any target and 1/3 of any target can be described regardless what is said. An approximate minimum Certification of 0.1 would represent chance matches. Anything above 0.3 would can be considered as solid evidence of “contact” with the target even in an application setting. 5. Research Methodology and Support Besides our usual activity with our Scientific Oversight Committee, who review our technical protocols prior to experiments, and our Institutional Review Board, who review our procedures with regard to the ethical use of human subjects Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200240001-0 25 SG1B
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Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : - - - Phenomeno ogical Research and Fob: Final ABD 96-00789R003200240001-0 Hl. GLOSSARY Not all the terms defined below are germane to this report, but they are included here for completeness. In a typical anomalous mental phenomena (AMP) task, we define: © Anomalous Cognition (AC)—A form of information transfer in which all known sensorial stimuli are absent. That is, some individuals are able to gain access to information by an as yet unknown process. e@ Agent—An individual who attempts to influence a target system. @ Analyst—An individual who provides a quantitative measure of AC. e AP—A form of interaction with matter in which all known physical mechanisms are absent. That is, some individuals are able to influence matter by an as yet unknown process. ® Feedback—aAfter a response has been secured, information about the intended target is displayed to the receiver. © Monitor—An individual who monitors an AC session to facilitate data collection. © Protocol—A template for conducting a structured data collection session. © Receiver—An individual who attempts to perceive and report information about a target. © Response—Material that is produced during an AC session in response to the intended target. e Sender/Beacon—An individual who, while receiving direct sensorial stimuli from an intended target, acts as a putative transmitter to the receiver. © Session—A time period during which AC data are collected. © Specialty—A given receiver’s ability to be particularly successful with a given class of targets (e.g., people as opposed to buildings). @ Target—An item that is the focus of an AMP task (e.g., person, place, thing, event). © Target Designation—A method by which a specific target, against the backdrop of all other possible targets, is identified to the receiver (e.g., geographical coordinates). Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200240001-0 27