Ap Ap ~CPYRGHT roved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R use of different targets for every dream The authors thought this indicative of the engaged by novel ESP stimuli. In another of the subjects, eight nights ESP, eight of control, Ullman and Krippner (1973) commented that the target material should be as unusual as possible. | 003100120001-4 t a single target. * attention being more dream studies (female no significant scoring) subjects felt that the Roll and Harary (1976) found that "interesting responses" (hits) were obtained when spontaneous, 1¢i=>4@ = ided of this involved last minute changes material. Several forced-choice studies have considered ESP performan concluded that novelty could facilitate task and/or target material upon studies Carpenter (1977) d changes were made in the experiment. Two examples they being made to the target the effect of novelty In reviewing these psi~hitting for most subjects, but could. be counterrproductive for star subjects used to a “specific routine. Information classified as ich held varying degrees of recognition for "familiar" included references to targets the percipients. Many studies have been conducted using targets of emotional significance to the pubject and with which the subject would have been also necessarily amiliar. However, tt aspect of such targets, at section. Irwin (1982) amiliarity with the targets. ere exposed to the subjects prior to testing, "s ipulation had no miue® as emotional significance was these studies will be considered under conducted a study examining the influence of subjects” Half of the targets (Maimonides slides) significant effect upon usually deemed the more and half were not. This the study’s outcame. arcollier’s (1938) research lead him to anecdotally conclude that only plements of a target familiar to both the subject and agent successfully transmitted. Targ, Puthoff and May e basis of informal observations of their own research that use of pither repetitive target. sequences and/or use of target pools of which the subject had prior knowledge would inhibit remote viewin The few findings reported in this ca frawing of any firm conclusions. There is sane Mntility of using a different target, amiliar, for each testing of that subject. could be (1979) have commented on pichner (1974) findings offer some support for the use of imaginative and teresting targets. Abstract / Concrete Abstract information included references to targets which portrayed potentially realistic scene or object in either an abstract and/or ealistic manner (to varying degrees) or in a not readily recognizable ashion. Krippner and Zeichner (1974) found a lisses with targets which were described s finding was significant was not reported). 1973) in the series of dream studies with ‘Erwin’ greater percentage of as unrealistic (whether Ullman and Krippner reported that purely e bstract pictures which lacked human figures gave poorer results than gets which contained human figures engaged in activity. Information included in the concrete category would be references oO target material which presented an object or izable, undistorted manner. While a great sed targets which could be characterized as bein ecific reference regarding the utility of this ee-response studies. Although Krippner and Zeichner’s (1974) roved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R £ scene in an immediately mumber of studies have conerete, we found no Characteristic in the and Ullman and 003100120001-4
CPYRGHT \pproved_-or Release 2000/00/08 . CIA-RDPY6 SOR 7 Kripener ‘s (1973) observation suggest the Dstraetr Largets- may nut. ‘Be conducive to psi~hitting, more research is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn. Dynamic / Static The dynamic categorization was used to refer to informations about targets which portrayed and/or conveyed movement, a sense of movement, and/or gustatory, olfactory, auditory, tactile, and/or kinesthetic stimulation. Thus a wide diversity of target materials fell into this category including pictorial material (showing movement), film clips (containing movement), anda variety of Non=visual target material such as music excerpts, the taste of a food, etc. In considering this large category perhaps it should first be noted that Braud, Davis, and Opella (1985) in their nom-psi, no target study, found a predominance of activity contained in ganzfeld and dreaming imagery. Gurney, Myers and Podmore (1886) reporting on the findings of the Society far Psychical Research’s Census of Hallucinations found that in cases of apparent GESP of literal reproductions of the agent “s bodily sensation (pain, smell, touch, etc.) were rarely transmitted. They noted from their own experience that while taste was perceived in experimental situations, they received no accounts of such in the spontaneous reports. The spontaneous cases seldan contained reports of touch, and when it was reported it was normally associated with auditory and/or visual impressions. Music and other auditory stimuli were frequently reported. Warcollier (1963) informally observed that moving objects or the ability of the target to suggest movement seemed to be perceived by the subject. Warcollier (1938) also expressed the belief that kinesthetic sensations should be easily transmitted, but admitted to having little data to back this up. Reporting on an Esalen Meeting on Psi Research, Schlitz (1984) reported general agreement among the participants that kinesthetic, auditory an olfactory images were as important, if not more so, as visual images in conveying psi information. Honorton and Schechter (1987), reporting on the significant (p = 0.027, l=t) outcome of 187 automated testing ganzfeld sessions, ‘ound that sessions using dynamic targets (video segments and other "lifelike" material) were independently significant (p = 0.007, 1l~t), while those using static targets (defined as "still pictures") were at chance. The difference between the two was suggestive, but not significant (p = 0.079, 2-t). Likewise, Krippner and Zeichner (1974) found more hits associated with targets having dynamic content (whether this finding was significant was not reported). \ Altom and Braud (1976) ran a pilot study aimed at exploring the idea that right-hemisphere brain activity may be conducive to psi. They used four different excerpts of music as targets, which it was thought might encourage right~hemisphere activity. They obtained a significant level of psi scoring (p = 0.05). Kesner and Morris (1978) conducted a guided imagery, precognition study using music from records and their album covers as targets. The subjects” imagery was rated by an independent judge who individually rated subjects” visual and auditory imagery. Neither the results from the visual or the auditory ratings were independently significant, however the two combined were (p < 0.02), suggesting that the more senses involved in a target, the better. — Several dream studies have been conducted using dynamic target material. Krippner, Honorton, and Ullman (1972) obtained significant results (p < .001) usings thematically related slides, accompanied by an AW AVA SANTA n era\r.t. ‘= alataFiate aaa =inmiple ata efel=ilata ata atata
CPYRGHT AppreyerhharmRelease 2000408/08,; CIARR Bonorton, et. al. (p= .004). obtained by Kri Dfane 00188 , Ullman, et. al. (1972) target environment described in the “isin of this paper. As previously mentioned, Ullman and Krippner (1973 humans engaged in activity seamed to be mare Paintings in the Erwin series. The second obtained a significant degree of psi-h order of a thousand to me” p.116), used associated objects and activities on the part of Dunne and Bisaha (1979), noted that dynamic targets were perceived as Yet, Puthoff and Targ (1979) commenting upon said that motion was very rarely reported, even component of the scene. Although, Targ, Pu "that real-time activities at the target site are These authors also noted that "in subjects sometimes report so forth, which can be verified as should be noted that the above three observations Two studies made specific cCanparisons dynamic target characteristics. highly significant psi effects wit obtained chance results. associated with dynamic targets. The findings (1978) and those of the reviewed dream s possible benefits of using multi-sensory target Form / Meaning and Idea ‘ Comments related to the importance of the shape or form of the target or some of its components are included in this ca (1979), in discussing their remote viewing correct information that subjects relate is pertaining to shape, form, colour, name" (p. 65). Barrington (1983), Stefan Ossowiecki, been correctly identified but not the meaning “incomprehending clairvoyance", § observed that frequently the shape of a reference to the target ‘s meaning or i reviewing past & 1963) without , that meaning and idea may also be perceived without specific reference to work shape. Warcollier (1938) also discusses the reference provided) noting that Richonnet easier to perceive than meaning and would be of the identity (idea) of the ESP target. The “meaning and idea" categorization incl to situations where the meaning, idea and or without reference to the shape or physical Carington (1940) believed that the idea of a what would came through to the sub received reports which indicated aspects of the target. in one language is rece Marsh (1960), cammented that that meaning and The example they provide ived in another, in a_ study subject using simple line S tended to reproduce the p03100120001-4 ir (1972) again elicited a signifi An even higher level of. significant scoring (p = .0002) was successful than abstract itting (reported effects "on the the agent. reviewing seven remote viewing series, readily as stationary ones. their addition to visually observable detail, smells, electromagnetic fields, and so existing at target locations” (p.95). It Honorton and Schechter (1987) obtained h dynamic targets, Krippner and Zeichner of a nonanalytic nature and material rather than to function or found many examples where the a situation which she inilarly, Warcollier (1938 Thought perceived prior to perception appearance of the yn three ject. Gurney, Myers and Podmore (1886) having been suitably translated. ADIppner , cant level of psi~hitting using the multi-sensory found that paintings of Erwin study, which again art prints together with remote viewing work en it was an important £, and May (1979) stated often perceived" (p.94). were all ancedotal. between static and while static targets (1974) found more hits of Kesner and Morris 8 further suggest the terials. ory. Puthoff and stated “most of the work with the medium form of the target had t would be perceived although he also notes of Richonnet (no that form was both information referring dentity were perceived, te was not the form, idea were the important of this is where a word drawings as targets, concept of the target
rather ently shared these beliefs as aocorAAp Tay © tlre Relaa§¢s200) ORDBaicUbel UR O6- Coy SMRNO Gate COR transmitted than a drawing (i.e. form). As noted above, Puthoff and Targ (1979) believed that most correct information provided by subjects pertained to the nonanalytic aspects of targets such as form, shape and colour. Indeed, they thought that errors could arise when the subject tried to make sense (i.e. label according to name and fumction) of such nonanalytical target components. This category presents some conflicting observations and opinions, all of which are anecdotal in nature, regarding the utility of form, as Opposed to meaning and idea, in conveying psirrelated information. Given this state of affairs, the mly conclusion that can be drawn is that research aimed at resolving this question is needed. Emotion Any comments having to do with the emotional content of or emotional reactions to target materials were included in this category. Sare researchers have also made canmments about specific target themes/content which could be interpreted as having a strong emotional component (e.g. war scenes, erotic scenes, religious themes, etc.). However, whether these themes would be regarded as positive or negative would probably vary greatly fram subject to subject. Therefore, these findings will not be referred to in this section unless the author specifies that the emotionality of the target was an important factor in the study’s success or failure. Gurney, Myers, and Podmore (1886) observed that in spontaneous cases emotions were frequently received, often with the receiver having no idea why they were experiencing certain feelings. However, the emotion experienced by the percipient was later found to be appropriate to the event which was taking place at the time, unknown to the percipient (e.g. feeling sadness over the death of a close friend). Warcollier (1938) also comments that in spontaneous cases, the message is almost always emotional. Williams and Duke (1979) conducted a study specifically examining various target qualities and their relationship to psi performance. They devised a 39-item Target Evaluation Rating which measured various target qualities, including overall emotional impact and positive and negative emotional dimensions, upon which each of 152 targets were rated. They gathered from 174 subjects, from other free-response studies which had used these targets. For the purposes of their analysis, they excluded any target which had not been randamly chosen as a This criterion , from j (overall significant psi-hitting was obtained, p < .047, 2-t). The individual psi scores obtained for each of these 22 targets were averaged to provide a composite psi score for each target. The camposite psi scores were divided into good psi targets and poor psi targets resulting in 12 high psi-scoring targets and 10 lowpsi scoring targets. Camparing these targets to the total emotion score (the mean of the positive and negative emotion ratings) fran the Target Evaluation Rating, targets containing a stronger emotional content were significantly better (i.e. high psi-scoring targets) than non-emotional targets (p < .001). Sondow, Braud and Barker (1981) conducted a ganzfeld study also aimed at investigating target qualities, which obtained a significant outcome using a sum of ranks (p < .04 1-t), but did not reach significance using direct hits as a measurement. Using the Target Evaluation Rating, 238 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100120001-4 CPYRGHT