Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 and patterns coupled with incomplete or erroneous analysis of function.) As can be seen from his drawing, he also included some elements, such as the tanks shown in the upper right, that are not present at the target site. We also note an apparent left-right reversal, often observed in paranormal perception experiments, | To obtain a numerical evaluation of the accuracy of the remote view- ing experiment, the experimental results were subjected to independent judging on a blind basis by an SRI research analyst not otherwise associ- ated with the research. The subject's response packets, which contained the nine typed unedited transcripts of the tape-recorded narratives along with any associated drawings, were unlabeled and presented in random order. While standing at each target location, visited in turn, the judge was re- quired to blind rank order the nine packets on a scale 1 to 9 (best to worst match), The statistic of interest is the sum of ranks assigned to the target-associated transcripts, lower values indicating better matches. For nine targets, the sum of ranks could range from nine to eighty-one. The: probability that a given sum of ranks s or less will occur by chance is given by [55] Prob (s or less) = t » » oy" (7) ] . s k nn i=n £=0 n-t where s = obtained sum of ranks, N = number of assignable ranks, n = num- ber of occasions on which rankings were made, and £ takes on values from 30 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 zero to the largest positive integer k in (i-n)/N. (Table 1 is a table to enable easy application of the above formula to those cases in which N=n.) The sum in this case, which included seven direct hits out of the nine, was 16 (see Table 2), a result significant at p = 2.9 x 10” by exact calculation. In Experiments 3, 4, and 6 through 9, the subject was secured in a double-walled, copper-screen Faraday cage. The Faraday cage provides 120 dB attenuation for plane wave radio frequency radiation over a range of 15 kHz to 1 GHz. For magnetic fields, the attenuation is 68 dB at 15 kHz and decreases to 3 dB at 60 Hz. The results of rank order judging (Table 2) indicate that the use of Faraday cage electrical shielding does not prevent high quality descriptions from being obtained. As a backup judging procedure, a panel of five additional SRI scien- tists not otherwise associated with the research were asked simply to blind match the unedited typed transcripts (with associated drawings) gen- erated by the remote viewer against the nine target locations which they independently visited in turn. The transcripts were unlabeled and pre- sented in random order. A correct match consisted of a transcript of a given date being matched to the target of that date. Instead of the ex- pected number of 1 match each per judge, the number of correct matches obtained by the five judges was 7, 6, 5, 3, and 3, respectively. Thus, rather than the expected total number of 5 correct matches from the judges, 24 such matches were obtained. 31 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 [SG] STIZ0W “TI “WY taoanosg ‘TeAaT-d payeoTpuT oy je JUeOTJTUSTS ST Jeu Iequnu "(N) syuer eTqeuStsse Jo zaqunu 84 03 Tenbe st (u) peyuez 3uTeq eae sqyoefqo YyoTYyM uo suoTsed00 Jo Jaqunu ayy GoryM UT Soseo Tetoads asoy}z 03 ATuo sat{dde atqeq styl qse3aze, oy. squeseadax Azjqua yoed (aA Sé LT 0¢ €T 9T OT cl 8 6 Z cot] oor] oot] 5 ot | S000°0 | T00°0 | 200°0| S00°0 | T0’0 | szo’o | vo" | sa’o OT*O | 02°O (N) syuey aoury9 Aq anos no * aTqeustssy 4 O PINOM SseJ 10 syueYy Jo wNg pojeoTpUL eYy2 Jey] (peTTeq-euc) AqT{Tqeqorg | jo rzsqumN SUTYOIeM [eTUereTeIg Joy syuey Jo sung Jo sanytea TRoOTITIAD T STEVI 32 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
‘maine ne ere ee ——————EEE—————————Eea Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 TABLE 2 Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Transcripts Associated with Each Target Location for Experienced Subject Price ($1) Rank of Distance Associated Target Location Hoover Tower, Stanford Baylands Nature Preserve, Palo Alto Radio telescope, Portola Valley Marina, Redwood City Bridge toll plaza, Fremont Drive-in theater, Palo Alto Arts and Crafts Plaza, Menlo Park Catholic Church, Portola Valley Swimming pool complex, Palo Alto Total sum of ranks (p=2.9x10™° ) 33 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 B. Subject $4: Learner This experiment was designed to be a replication of our previous experiment with Price, the first replication attempted. The subject for this experiment was Mrs. Hella Hammid, a gifted professional photographer. She was selected for this series on the basis of her successful performance as a percipient in the EEG experiment described earlier. Outside of that interaction, she had no previous experience with apparent paranormal func- tioning. At the time we began working with Mrs. Hammid, she had no strong feelings about the likelihood of her ability to succeed in this task. This was in contrast to both Ingo Swann who had come to our laboratory fresh from a lengthy and apparently successful series of experiments with Dr. Gertrude Schmeidler at City College of New York [56] and Pat Price who felt that he used his remote viewing ability in his everyday life. In comparison with the latter two, many people are more influenced by their environment and are reluctant under public scrutiny to attempt activities that are generally thought to be impossible. Society often provides inhibition and negative feedback to the individual who might otherwise have explored his own nonregular perceptual ability. We all share an historical tradition of "the stoning of prophets and the burning of witches" and, in more modern times, the hospitalization of those who 34 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 ability to separate memory and imagination from paranormal inputs. This is the key to bringing the remote viewing channel to fruition with re- gard to its potential usefulness. The quality of transcript that can be generated by this process is evi- dent fromthe results of the most recent experiment with Swann. The target location chosen by the usual double-blind protocol was the Palo Alto City Hall. Swann described a tall building with vertical columns and "set in" windows. His sketch, together with the photograph of the site, is shown in Figure 7. He said there was a fountain, "but I don't hear it." At the time the target team was at the City Hall during the experiment, the foun- tain was not running. He also made an effort to draw a replica of the de- signs in the pavement in front of the building, and correctly indicated the number of trees (four) in the sketch. For the entire series of eight, four each from $2 and S3, the numer- ical evaluation based on blind rank ordering of transcripts at each site was significant at p = 3.8 x 107" and included three direct hits and three second ranks for the target-associated transcripts (see Table 4). D. Subjects $5 and S6: Learners To complete the series, four experiments each were carried out with learner subjects $5 and S6, a man and woman on the SRI professional staff. The results in this case, taken as a group, did not differ significantly from chance. For the series of eight (judged as a group of seven since 43 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 vL-E8LE-VS o Roe lie [aerprom ay | LADYVL TIWH ALID OL ASNOdS|Y (ES) NNVMS LOarans 4 3yNDdId TIVH ALID OL1V 7 Od“ La5uvi pr ™ Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 TABLE 4 Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Transcripts Associated with Each Target Location for Experienced Subjects Elgin (S2) and Swann (S3) Rank of Distance Associated Sub ject Target Location km Transcript BART Station (Transit System), Fremont Shielded room, SRI, Menlo Park Tennis court, Palo Alto Golf course bridge, Stanford City Hall, Palo Aito Miniature golf course, Menlo Park Kiosk in park, Menlo Park 1 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 Baylands Nature Preserve, Palo Alto Total sum of ranks 15 (p=3. 8x107*) 45 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 one target came up twice, once for each subject), the numerical evaluation based on blind rank ordering of transcripts at each site was nonsignificant at p = 0.08, even though there were two direct hits and two second ranks out of the seven (see Table 5). One of the direct hits, which occurred with subject S6 in her first experiment, provides an example of the "first-time effect" that has been rigorously explored and is well-known to experimenters in the field [57]. The outbound experimenter obtained by random protocol from the pool, a target blind to the experimenter with the subject, as is our standard pro- cedure, and proceeded to the location. The subject, a mathematician in the computer sclence laboratory who had no previous experience in remote view- ing, began to describe a large square with a fountain. Four minutes into the experiment she recognized the location and correctly identified it by mame (see Figure 8). (It should be noted that in the area from which the target locations were drawn there are other fountains as well, some of which were in the target pool.) As an example of the style of the nar- ratives generated during remote viewing with inexperienced subjects and of the part played by the experimenter remaining with the subject in such a case, we have included the entire unedited text of this experiment as Appendix B. E. Normal and Paranormal: Use of Unselected Subjects in Remote Viewing After more than a year of following the experimental protocol described above and observing that even inexperienced subjects generated results 46 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 TABLE 5 Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Transcripts Associated with Each Target Location for Learner Subjects S5 and 86 Rank of Distance Associated Sub ject Target Location km Transcript Pedestrian overpass, Palo Alto Railroad trestle bridge, Palo Alto Windmill, Portola Valley White Plaza, Stanford (2) Airport, Palo Alto Kiosk in Park, Menlo Park Boathouse, Stanford Total sum of ranks 20 47 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 Big oow abe SUBJECT DREW WHAT SHE CALLED “CURVY BENCHES” AND THEN ANNOUNCED CORRECTLY THAT THE PLACE WAS “WHITE PLAZA AT STANFORD” SA-3183-4 FIGURE 8 SUBJECT (S6) DRAWING OF WHITE PLAZA, STANFORD UNIVERSITY 48 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 In the second more detailed effort at evaluation, a visiting scien- tist selected at random one of the 12 data packages (a drill press experiment), sight unseen and submitted it for independent analysis to an engineer with a request for an estimate as to what was being described, The analyst, blind as to the target and given only the subject's taped narrative and drawing (Figure 13), was able, from the subject's descrip- tion alone, to correctly classify the target as a "man-sized vertical boring machine," G. Summary of Remote Viewing Results 1. Discussion | The descriptions supplied by the subjects in the experiments involving remote viewing of natural targets or laboratory apparatus, although containing inaccuracies, were sufficiently accurate to permit the judges to differentiate among various targets to the degree indicated, A summary tabulation of the statistical evaluations of these fifty-one experiments with nine subjects is presented in Table 8. The overall result, evaluated conservatively on the basis of a judging procedure that ignores transcript quality beyond that necessary to rank order the data packets (vastly underestimating the statistical significance of individual descriptions), clearly indicates the presence of an information channel of useful bit rate. Furthermore, it appears that the principal difference between experienced subjects and inexperienced volunteers is not that the latter never exhibit the faculty, but rather that their results are simply less 59 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 BELT DRIVE FOR DRILL PRESS (CAN BE SEEN ONLY FROM ABOVE MACHINE) TARGET: DRILL PRESS (TECHNOLOGY SERIES) SA-3183-7 FIGURE 13 SUBJECT (S4) DRAWING OF DRILL PRESS SHOWING BELT DRIVE, STOOL AND “VERTICAL GRAPH THAT GOES UP AND DOWN” 60 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 TABLE 8 Summary: Remote Viewing Number of p-Value, Rank Subject Experiments Order Judging With natural targets -5 SL (experienced) 2,9 x 10 -4 $2 and $3 (experienced) 3.8 x 10 S4 (learner) 1.8 Xx i0°° $5 and §6 (learners) 0.08 (NS) V1 and v2 (learners/visitors) 0.017 With technology targets 82, S3, S84, V2, V3 0.036 61 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 reliable, more sporadic. Nevertheless, as described earlier, individual transcripts from the inexperienced group of subjects number among some of the best obtained, Such observations indicate a hypothesis that remote viewing may be a latent and widely distributed perceptual ability. Thus, the primary achievement of the SRI program was the elici- tation of high-quality remote viewing from individuals who agreed to act as subjects. Criticism of this claim could in principle be put forward on the basis of three potential flaws: (1) the study could involve naivete in protocol that permits various forms of cueing, intentional or unintentional; (2) the experiments discussed could be selected out of a larger pool of experiments of which many are of poorer quality; and (3) data for the reported experiments could be edited to show only the matching elements, the nonmatching elements being discarded. All three criticisms, however, are invalid, First, with regard to cueing, the use of double-blind protocols ensures that none of the persons in contact with the subject can be aware of the target. Second, selection of experiments for reporting did not take place; every experiment was entered as performed on a master log and is included in the statistical evaluations, Third, data associated with a given experiment remain un- edited; all experiments are tape recorded and all data are included unedited in the data package to be judged and evaluated. In the process of judging--attempting to match transcripts against targets on the basis of the information in the transcripts--some patterns 62 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 and regularities in the transcript descriptions became evident, par- ticularly regarding individual styles in remote viewing and in the per- ceptual form of the descriptions given by the subjects, These patterns and the judging procedure are discussed below, Styles of Response=-The fifty-one transcripts were taken from nine different subjects, Comparing the transcripts of one subject with those of another revealed that each person tended to focus on certain aspects of the remote target complex and to exclude others, so that each had an individual pattern of response, like a signature, Subject $3, for example, frequently responded with topographical descriptions, maps, and architectural features of the target locations. Subject $2 often focused on the behavior of the remote experimenter or the sequence of actions he carried out at the target, The transcripts of subject S-4, more than those of other subjects, had descriptions of the feel of the location, and experiential or sensory gestalts--for example, light/dark elements in the scene; indoor/outdoor and enclosed/open distinctions. Prominent features of $1's transcripts were detailed descriptions of what the target persons were concretely experiencing, seeing, or doing--for example, standing on asphalty blacktop overlooking water, looking at a purple iris. The range of any individual subject's responses was wide. Any one might draw a map or describe the mood of the remote experimenter, 63 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 but the consistency of each subject's overall approach suggests that just as individual descriptions of a directly viewed scene would differ, so these differences also occur in remote viewing processes, Nature of the Descriptions--The concrete descriptions that appear most commonly in transcripts are at the level of subunits of the overall scene, For example, when the target was a Xerox copy machine, the responses included (S2) a rolling object (the moving light), or dials and a cover that is lifted (S3), but the machine as a whole was not identified by name or function. In a few transcripts, the subjects correctly identified and named the target. In the case of a computer terminal, the subject (V2) apparently perceived the terminal and the relay racks behind it. In the case of targets which were Hoover Tower and White Plaza, the subjects ($1 and S6, respectively) seemed to identify the locations through anal- ysis of their initial images of the elements of the target. There were also occasional incorrect identifications. Gestalts were incorrectly named; for example, swimming pools in a park were iden- tified as water storage tanks at a water filtration plant (Sl). The most common perceptual level was thus an intermediate one-- the individual elements and items that make up the target. This is sug- gestive of a scanning process that takes sample perceptions from within the overall environment. 64 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 without error by three judges. We will briefly summarize the four ex- periments below. The first target, the Palo Alto Yacht Harbor, consisted entirely of mud flats because of an extremely low tide (see Figure 14). Appropri- ately, the entire transcript of the subject pertained to "some kind of congealing tar, or maybe an area of condensed lava. It looks like the whole area is covered with some kind of wrinkled elephant skin that has oozed out to fill up some kind of boundaries where (the outbound ex- perimenter) is standing." Because of the lack of water, the dock where the remote experimenter was standing was in fact resting directly on the mud. Note that the subject has learned not to rush into interpretation as to the nature or purpose of the place. This is a result of our cau- tioning based on the observation that such efforts tend to be purely analytical and in our experience are almost invariably incorrect. If a subject can limit himself to what he sees, he is often then able to describe a scene with sufficient accuracy that an observer can perform the analysis for him and identify the place. The second target visited was the fountain at one end of a large formal garden at Stanford University Hospital (Figure 15). The subject gave a lengthy description of a formal garden behind a wall with a "double colonnade" and "very well manicured." When we Later took the 75 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 TA-760582.-191 FIGURE 14 SUBJECT HAMMID (S4) DESCRIBED “SOME KIND OF CONGEALING TAR, OR MAYBE AN AREA OF CONDENSED LAVA...THAT HAS OOZED OUT TO FILL UP SOME KIND OF BOUNDARIES” 76 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 TA-760582-22 FIGURE 15 SUBJECT ($4) DESCRIBED A FORMAL GARDEN “VERY WELL MANICURED” BEHIND A DOUBLE COLONNADE 77 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 subject to the location, she was herself taken aback to find the double colonnaded wall leading into the garden just as described. The third target was a children's swing at a small park 4.6 km from the laboratory (Figure 16). The subject repeated again and again that the main focus of attention at the site was a "black iron triangle that the outbound experimenter had somehow walked into or was standing on.'"' The triangle was "bigger than a man," and she heard a "squeak, squeak, about once a second,'' which we observe is a match to the black metal swing that did squeak, The final target was the Palo Alto City Hall (Figure 17). The subject described a very, very tall structure covered with "Tiffany-like glass." She had it located among city streets and with little cubes at, the base. The building is glass-covered, and the little cubes are a good match to the small elevator exit buildings located in the plaza in front of the building. To obtain a numerical evaluation of the accuracy of the precognitive viewing, the experimental results were subjected to independent judging on a blind basis by three SRI scientists who were not otherwise associated with the experiment. The judges were asked to match the four locations, which they visited, against the unedited, typed manuscripts of the tape- recorded narratives, along with the drawings generated by the remote viewer. The transcripts were presented unlabeled and in random order and were to be used without replacement. A correct match required that the 78 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 FIGURE 16 SUBJECT (S4) SAW A “BLACK IRON TRIANGLE THAT HAL HAD SOMEHOW WALKED INTO” AND HEARD A “SQUEAK, SQUEAK, ABOUT ONCE A SECOND” 79 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 me Mahia dd FIGURE 17 SUBJECT ($4) DESCRIBED A VERY TALL STRUCTURE LOCATION AMONG CITY STREETS AND COVERED WITH “TIFFANY-LIKE GLASS” 80 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 transcript of a given experiment be matched with the target of that experiment. All three judges independently matched the target data to the response data without error. Under the null hypothesis (no infor- mation channel and a random selection of descriptions without replacement), each judge independently obtained a result significant at p = (4ty7t = 0.042. For reasons we do not as yet understand, the four transcripts gen- erated in the precognition experiment show exceptional coherence and accuracy as evidenced by the fact that all of the judges were able to match successfully all of the transcripts to the corresponding target locations. A long-range experimental program devoted to the clarifica- tion of these issues and involving a number of subjects is under way. The above four experiments are the first four carried out under this program. Currently, we have no precise model of this spatial and temporal remote viewing phenomenon. However, models of the universe involving higher-order synchronicity or correlation have been proposed by the physicist Pauli and the psychologist Carl Jung [62]. ACAUSALITY. If natural law* were an absolute truth, then of course there could not possibly be any processes that deviate from it. But since causality is astatistical truth, it holds good only on average and thus leaves room for exceptions which must somehow be ex- perienceable, that is to say, real. I try to regard synchronis— tic events as acausal exceptions of this kind. They prove to be relatively independent of space and time; they *As usually understood. 81 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 M. Persinger, Psychophysiology Laboratory, Laurentian University, Toronto, Canada, has narrowed the ELF hypothesis to the suggestion that the 7.8-Hz "Shumann waves" and their harmonics propagating along the earth-ionosphere waveguide duct may be responsible. Such an hypothesis is compatible with driving by brain-wave currents and leads to certainother hypotheses such as asymmetry between east-west and west-east propagation, preferred experimental times (midnight-4 A.M.), and expected negative correlation between success and the U index (a measure of geomagnetic disturbance throughout the world). Persinger claims initial support for these factors on the basis of a literature search [63],[64]. On the negative side with regard to a straightforward ELF interpre- tation as a blanket hypothesis are: (a) apparent real-time descriptions of remote activities in sufficient detail to require a channel capacity in all probability greater than that allowed by a conventional modulation of an ELF signal; (b) lack of a proposed mechanism for coding and decoding the .information onto the proposed ELF carrier; and (c) apparent precog- nition data. The hypothesis must nonetheless remain open at this stage of research, since it is conceivable that counterindication (a) may eventually be circumvented on the basis that the apparent high bit rate results from a mixture of low bit rate input and high bit rate "filling in the blanks" from imagination; counterindication (b) is common to a number of normal perceptual tasks and may therefore simply reflect a lack of sophistication on our part with regard to perceptual functioning 84 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 [65]; and counterindication (c) may be accommodated by an ELF hypothesis if advanced waves as well as retarded waves are admitted [66],[67]. Ex- perimentation to determine whether the ELF hypothesis is viable can be carried out by the use of ELF sources as targets, by the study of para- metric dependence on propagational directions and diurnal timing, and by the exploration of interference effects caused by creation of a high- intensity ELF environment during experimentation, all of which are under consideration in our laboratory and elsewhere. Some physicists believe that the reconciliation of observed para- normal functioning with modern theory may take place at a more funda- mental level--namely, at the level of the foundations of quantum theory. There is a continuing dialog, for example, on the proper interpretation of the effect of an observer (consciousness) on experimental measurement [68], and there is considerable current interest in the implications for our notions of ordering in time and space brought on by the observation [69],£70] of nonlocal correlation or "quantum interconnectedness" (to use Bohm's term [71]) of distant parts of quantum systems of macroscopic dimensions. The latter, Bell's Theorem [72], emphasizes that "no theory of reality compatible with quantum theory can require spatially separated events to be independent," [73] but must permit interconnectedness of distant events in a manner that is contrary to ordinary experience [74]-[75]. This prediction has been experimentally tested and confirmed in the recent experiments of, for example, Freedman and Clauser (69],[70]. 85 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 E. H. Walker and O. Costa de Beauregard, independently proposing theories of paranormal functioning based on quantum concepts, argue that observer effects open the door to the possibility of nontrivial coupling between consciousness and the environment and that the nonlocality prin- ciple permits such coupling to transcend spatial and temporal barriers [76},[77]. Apparent "time reversibility,"--that is, effects (e.g., observations) apparently preceding causes (e.g., events)~-though conceptually difficult at first glance, may be the easiest of apparent paranormal phenomena to assimilate within the current theoretical struc- ture of our world view. In addition to the familiar retarded potential solutions f(t - r/c), it is well-known that the equations of, for example, the electromagnetic field admit of advanced potential solutions f(t + r/c)--solutions that would appear to imply a reversal of cause and effect. Such solutions are conventionally discarded as not corresponding to any observable physical event. One is cautioned, however, by statements such as that of Stratton in his basic text on electromagnetic theory [78]. The reader has doubtless noted that the choice of the func- tion f(t - r/c) is highly arbitrary, since the field equation admits also a solution f(t + r/c). This function leads ob- viously to an advanced time, implying that the field can be observed before it has been generated by the source. The familiar chain of cause and effect is thus reversed and this alternative solution might be discarded as logically incon- ceivable. However, the application of "logical" causality principles offers very insecure footing in matters such as these and we shall do better to restrict the theory to 86 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 retarded action solely on the grounds that this solution alone conforms to the present physical data. Such caution is justified by the example in the early 1920s of Dirac's development of the mathematical description of the relativistic electron that also yielded a pair of solutions, one of which was discarded as in- applicable until the discovery of the positron in 1932. In an analysis by 0. Costa de Beauregard, an argument is put forward that advanced potentials constitute a convergence toward "finality" in a manner symmetrical to the divergence of retarded potentials as a result of causality [77]. Such phenomena are generally unobservable, however, on the gross macroscopic scale for statistical reasons. This is codified in the thermodynamic concept that for an isolated system entropy (disorder) on the average increases. It is just this requirement of isolation, how- ever, that has been weakened by the observer problem in quantum theory, and 0. Costa de Beauregard argues that the finality principle is maximally operative in just those situations where the intrusion of consciousness as an ordering phenomenon results in a significant local reversal of entropy increase. At this point, further discussion of the subtleties of such considerations, though apropos, would take us far afield, so we simply note that such advanced waves, if detected, could in certain cases constitute a carrier of information precognitive to the event. The above arguments are not intended to indicate that the precise nature of the information channel coupling remote events and human 87 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6 perception is understood. Rather, we intend only to show that modern theory is not without resources that can be brought to bear on the prob- lems at hand, and we expect that these problems will, with further work, continue to yield to analysis and specification. Furthermore, independent of the mechanisms that may be involved in remote sensing, observation of the phenomenon implies the existence of an information channel in the information-theoretic sense. Since such channels are amenable to analysis on the basis of communication theory techniques, as indicated earlier, channel characteristics such as bit rate can be determined independent of a well-defined physical channel model in the sense that thermodynamic concepts can be applied to the analysis of systems independent of underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, as we have seen from the work of Ryzl discussed in Section II, it is possible to use such a channel for error-free transmission of information if redundancy coding is used. (See also Appendix A). Therefore, experimentation in- volving the collection of data under specified conditions permits headway to be made despite the formidable work that needs to be done to clarify the underlying bases of the phenomena. 88 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500020001-6