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became aggressive and chewed on the screen. 
Kahn, three 
years old, was lively, emotionally responsive but suspi- 
cious, was roused by food less than Sultan, and was con- 
ditioned by surroundings. 
He ran about the cage almost 
continously and seldom sat at the screen to wait for 
the signal. 
Food was placed in sight of the monkeys in 
one of two feeding troughs shut off from the cage. 
After 30-60 minutes of adaptation to light (red, yellow, 
green and blue) 
at different periods, the monkeys were 
tested for delayed reaction. 
After red light the ani- 
mals were restless, 
they made many wrong choices, 
and 
emotionally they were tense. 
After yellow light there 
were fewer mistakes. 
The optimum was green light. 
‘Blue light produced definite sedative effects on the 
body and thought, especially so with Kahn, who sat 
quietly 
in the corner and responded to signals with 
deliberation or indifference." 
(240) 
4. 
(U) 
Other research on color thresholds of lights 
(241), color 
vision 
(242-243) 
and the development 
of visual color perception 
(244) have been published. 
One final paper is of separate interest 
because 
it gives an indication of possible Soviet interest in the 
< relationship of anticholinergic drugs and photic stimulation with 
colored light. The effect of amino glycolates, hydroxypiperedyl- 
benzylate, benactyzine, 
and glypin (unknown), 
in doses of 0.1 to 5 mg. 
per kg., and of the amino acetates, adiphenine and tropacin, 
in doses 
of 1 to 10 mg. per kg. on discrimination of light flashes by 
the retina was studied in intact rabbits. 
In photostimulation 
with white, yellow, 
green, 
and blue light, 
1 to 25 flashes per 
second were percieved both sefore and after the administration 
of all doses of the anticholinergic drugs. 
S.A. Kalning (245) 
reports 
that rhythm perception proceeded undisturbed even when 
the intensity of the light was increased after the introduction 
of the drugs. 
It is not known if the Soviets have done similar 
studies employing 
red light; 
it would appear to be of interest 
since it has been shown that red light tends to increase aggres- 
siveness 
and produce EEG alterations. 
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2. 
(C/CD/NDA) 
The use of flashing lights 
to alter or affect 
human behavior or one's mental state has not received very much 
research attention. 
Laboratory tests, however, have revealed 
some interesting effects which might be worthy of further investi- 
? 
: 
© 
gation. 
At close distances, light of high intensity can alter 
ese 
the alpha rhythm of the brain 
to bring it into phase with the 
lights (see Kuproyanovich 
- 164). 
It has been noted that a person 
in hypnosis is more likely to be in the alpha state. 
Laboratory 
( 
tests have been devised so that a subject's brain waves can be 
visually displayed on a wall thus teaching him when he is genera- 
ting alpha waves. 
These tests have all been conducted in darkened 
laboratories. 
To reproduce such conditions in the field would 
require lights of very high intensity. 
The tests could probably 
only be conducted at night. 
Such a test would probably require 
high intensity lights flashing at about ten cycles per second 
(cps), which is the approximate cycle rate for the alpha waves. 
. 
SG1A 
tion o 
ashing 
lights operating at ten cps 
could 
indicate experi- 
ments 
(218, 219) intended to alter or control alpha waves or 
could merely indicate coincidence, 
The color of the lights would 
seem to be of no importance or significance. 
Another explanation 
| 
for flashing tungsten filament lights could be linked to an attempt 
to interfere with an observers perception of motion (218,219). 
Short intense light flashes tend to impede the ability to detect 
motion. 
The eye detects motion by observing an object traveling 
from one position to another. 
If flashing lights were present, 
the observer would only be able to observe the object for such 
a short period of time between flashes so it would appear to be 
stationary. 
Only prolonged observation and comparison to other 
objects would enable the detection of movement. 
[Even a short 
period of indecision could be of importance in the detection of 
a torpedo for example. 
Experiments have been conducted in the 
laboratory which demonstrate that high intensity flashing lights 
operating at ten cps and conducted for a prolonged period of time 
result in nausea on the part of the observer. 
Such flashes could 
be particularly effective against someone feeling the effects of 
l 
seasickness. 
l 
3. 
(S/NFD) 
It is interesting to note that the expert above 
mentioned that color would seem to be of no importance or signi- 
ficance. 
The Soviets have shown 
a high interest in the effects 
of color on human behavior, especially red colored lights. 
The 
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reports from US Air Force personnel also describe the use of 
` bright red strobe lights that pulsate so rapidly that it almost 
gave a stop-motion appearance that one of the Soviet's aircraft 
engines was feathered. 
It might be concluded that, at least 
to the Soviets, color is a very important consideration. 
4. 
(S/CD/NDA) 
The following information is based.on 
a discussion 
eee 
Canadian scientists who are 
long standing psycho-optic researchers 
of the highest rank and who also are oriented towards their military 
establishments are Doctor Douglas Pearce and Doctor C.E. Mackinnon. 
The two doctors have specialized in psycho-optic research dating 
back to the early 1950s. 
About 1962, they became associated with 
the Canadian Ministry of Defense in Toronto, Canada. 
Doctor Pearce 
and Doctor Mackinnon have been experimenting with human subjects 
-© since 1952. 
Some of their work includes studies on the effects 
of light and other stimuli on aircraft pilots; 
it is believed 
that. this research was military oriented. 
It is felt that their 
work (and future work) should be studied and watched because of 
their expertise in the area of light stimuli. 
5. 
(S/CD/NDA) 
Very little literature has appeared on counter- 
measures or defense against flashing lights. 
One US expert (246) 
suggests that perhaps the most simple means of protecting against 
the adverse effects of flickering light would be a series of 
filters fitted to eye glasses or goggles, but the wearer would 
have to be absolutely cognizant of the exact wavelength employed 
against him to get the desired results. 
A variable and selective 
filter for eye glasses coulc be manufactured. 
Also, there is 
optical glass that would limit the field of vision to a few degrees. 
Based on the discussion of the use of a tungsten light to conceal. 
a laser source, 
it would be of interest to see if any discernable 
eye damage had occurred 
to any of the air crew that was subjected 
to Soviet red strobe lights. 
It appears to be imperative that 
eye examinations must be given to all personnel who report exposure 
to Soviet flickering lights. 
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PART VII 
-ODOR AND THE ALTERING OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR 
SECTION I - BACKGROUND 
L 
(U) 
Man has just begun to research the areas of odor and 
‘olfactory phenomena. 
An increasing amount of evidence implicates 
olfactory mechanisms in communication between the sexes in prosi- 
mians and also in their social organization, but to date there 
is only scant information that olfaction plays a similar role 
in higher primates (247). 
2. 
(U) 
Do pheromones operate also in people? 
There is no evidence 
that they do not, and some evidence that they do... 
Many psychiatrists 
have believed that odor is among the “cues" which operate in the 
transference situation, while schizophrenic patients, who are 
receptive to morthodox ideas and have their sensory gain-control 
| 
turned right up, claim to "smell" hostility. 
Some psychiatrists 
themselves have long claimed to be able to "smell" schizophrenia-- 
|. 
the substance involved has now been identified as trans-3-methylhexanoic 
acid. 
Olfactory sensitivity varies greatly in humans~~a perfumer 
can smell the differences between skin and hair colors, and many 
unskilled observers have noted the wique, pleasant skin odor of 
redheaded women 
(248). 
3. 
() 
. Pheromones control ant behavior and much insect mating. 
An artificial pheromone (gyplure) 
can be synthesized to attract 
gypsy moth males into an insecticidal trap. 
They are also wide- 
spread in mammals. 
Some mammalian odors, like the n-butylmercaptan 
of the skunk, or the labeling of territory with urine, are straight- 
forward signals. 
These influence behavior in the same way as a 
display of threat, dominance or attraction. 
The action of a true. 
_ 
pheromone is more direct; 
it is a signal, but its action is more 
like that of a hormone--the distinction is not total, but it is 
perceptible, 
in that many pheromonal odors, 
at least in mammals, 
have a chemical shape rather like that of a steroid molecule, 
and might have been derived from one. 
4, 
(U) 
Insects take advantage of their keen, specialized olfactory 
organs (usually the antennae) 
to guide them to food, the opposite 
sex, or mark the place to lay eggs. 
Sense of smell is particularly 
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“important to the social insects, which manufacture 
a variety of 
-scents 
to coordinate the activities of their colonies; they employ 
odors 
to warn their kind of impending danger, 
to recognize intruders, 
to mark trails leading to food, 
to move their nests, 
and to enlist 
the help of other colony members. 
Because of this phenomenon, 
man may be able to control insects through the use of different 
chemical attractants 
(249). 
It may some day be possible for men to 
‘control other men by using pheromones. 
_ 
SECTION II - Behavioral Altering Possibilities 
1. 
(C/CD/NDA) 
A paper presented at the Ciba Foundation Symposium 
on Mechanisms of Taste and Smell in Vertebrates by M.G.J. Beets 
is of interest because of the implications of passible chemical 
warfare use 
(250). 
The paper by Beets reports a new line of syn- 
thetic odor producing substances with odors closely related to 
those of some of the steroids. 
The steroids are very complex, 
expensive to produce, naturally-occurring substances with strong 
odors which are quite important in controlling behavior, particu- 
larly in lower animals. 
Steroids are used in contraceptive medica- 
ments, and perfumers have been looking among them for years for 
a substance to insert into perfumes 
as an aphrodisiac. 
Beets and 
his group have come up with a very simple artificial product 
which is easy to synthesize chemically and which has the identi- 
cal smell of the natural substance 
it mimics. 
Instead of having 
a large, complicated chemical structure with, say four rings, 
Beets has produced a structure with 
a single ring but with so many 
groups attached to it chemically that it is the same shape of 
molecule 
as the natural substance. 
The accomplishment supports 
the theory that odors of chemicals depend upon the shapes of 
their molecules 
(251). 
2, 
(C/CD/NDA) 
Beets' paper reports 
an innocent development, but 
the principle of the development applies in chemical warfare with 
regard to the search for "mind benders." 
In fact, Beets observed 
that the basic idea of his accomplishment could be extended to drugs, 
hormones and some other substances, making their synthesis much 
easier by simplifying the steps 
of production while retaining 
the overall shape of the molecule 
(251). 
3. 
(C/CD/NDA) 
There are at least two problems 
in using this 
synthetic mimicry for a placating or confusing effect 
in chemical 
warfare. 
One is getting the substances sufficiently volatile for 
dispersal in the air. 
The natural substances 
are generally not 
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volatile, but away may be found to make them so. 
Moreover, we 
are just at the beginning of a knowledge of the chemical contro- 
lers that are produced in the body, and it is not unlikely that 
some of these substances are small-moleculed and thus replaceable 
by a synthetic substance which could be readily distributed through 
the air. 
There is also the possibility of distributing the non- 
volatile substances through the water system, which is probably 
more efficient -for some purposes. 
4. 
(C/CD/NDA) 
The second problem has to do with whether odor-- 
‘that is, the chemical traces entering the body which produce the 
effect we call odor—-can have a substantial behavioral effect upon 
human beings. 
There is the ancient idea of the aphrodisiacal 
odor in perfume. 
Certain food odors can start one to salivate and 
make one hungry. 
Certainly, most of the lower animals and insects 
do have strong odor-responsive systems. 
A bitch in heat will 
attract male dogs from half a mile or a mile around.. 
Many insects 
use similar systems for attracting a mate or for knowing where 
to lay their:eggs. 
Ants produce a smell warning other ants of 
danger. 
In the animal world the phenomenon of pheromone--of 
odorous signaling substances—-can be powerfully controlling, and 
it would be very surprising if the human being is exempt from this. 
5. 
(C/CD/NDA) 
Many of the secretions of the endocrine glands 
have profound effects in signaling changes in the basal metabolism 
and changes in the whole operation of the body. 
It is probable 
that more and more substances will be found that are put into 
the blood stream by the endocrine glands, or by the brain, which 
control whether we feel awake, 
or sleepy, or active, or sexy, 
or hungry or whatever else. 
So there is a very definite possi- 
bility of an eventual chemical warfare application of these substances 
synthetically reproduced or mimicked. 
And just conceivably, Beets! 
principle is the way to go (251). - 
6. 
(U) 
There appears to be a very definite lack of Sovict literature 
on the subject of pheromones and odor. 
However, in 1968, Klimenko 
(252) 
authored a book entitled "Live Radio Electronics." 
There are 
some enticing chapter titles but unfortunately no translation was 
available at the time of this report. 
The titles are as follows: 
a. 
Organs of Sense, Special Devices and Analyzers in 
Animate Organisms. 
b. 
Olfactory and Gustatory Organs 
c. 
Use of Odors 
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It is further believed that the book, since it contains 
a chapter 
on biocommunication, 
deals with parapsychological phenomena. 
7. 
(U) 
Suffice it to say that the Soviets have been working with 
the synthesis of various mercaptan compounds. 
Apparently they 
are looking for oil and water soluble mercaptan compounds with 
sharp odors 
(253). 
The only reason this is mentioned is because 
the work comes 
from a pharmacology and toxicology laboratory 
and not a pure chemistry or industrial laboratory. 
This suggests 
that the Soviets are interested in the effects of these compounds 
on living organisms. 
8, 
(C/NFD) 
Another area of interest is the Soviet work on the 
influence of carbon tetrachloride on the human body. 
Belkov (254) 
reports 
that small concentrations 
(8 mg. per cubic meter) decreases 
the light sensitivity of the eye. 
The threshold of reflex action 
of this sensitivity was 6 mg. per cubic meter. 
Thus concentrations 
of carbon tetrachloride undetectable by its odor can change the 
light sensitivity of the eye. 
This fact has possible application 
in chemical warfare use as 
a behavioral control mechanism. 
-9, 
(U) 
Pheromone phenomena has interested researchers 
in Poland. 
A 1969 review article with 88 references was written by J. Kwiatkowska. 
The article deals with pheromones and communication in the animal- 
kingdom (304). 
A 1970 review by Malicki discusses physical and 
chemical attractants for insects 
(305). 
10. 
(S/NFD) 
One approach to behavior alteration in humans is 
through the possible use of the olfactory sensitivity of insects 
or animals. 
One can use 
a pheromone or other odor-producing 
ageat to create a condition that will cause insects for example 
to gather to a specific location, 
e.g, on an enemy troop camp. 
Another 
pheromone could be released that could cause aggressive behavior 
in the insects, 
this in turn would disrupt the military unit 
and render them ineffective. 
The Soviets have been working with 
attractants 
for the Aedes mosquitoes. 
They have shown that solutions 
of lysine and alanine are useful 
as Aedes attractants 
(306). 
It 
might be mentioned that these aqueous solutions would probably 
be adaptable to aerosol dissemination. 
11. 
(U) 
.Shamshurin 
et al have claimed that they are able to 
synthesize the sex attractant of Peetinophora gossyptella (307). 
Burtsev and Gladilin have reported on the isolation and testing 
for biological activity of the attractant 
for the butterfly Danus 
gilippus (308). 
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PART VIII 
SOUND AS A MEANS OF ALTERING BEHAVIOR 
SECTION I - GENERAL 
1. 
(U) 
The psychological and behavioral effects of infrasound 
and the low ranges of audible sound (those frequencies in the 
range of 1 to 100 cycles per second, i.e. Hertz 
(Hz) are poorly 
documented, especially Soviet work. 
There is some sketchy data 
available on sonic (20 to 20,000 Hz) and ultrasound (usually 
any frequency greater than 20,000 Hz). 
; 
2. 
(U). 
The Soviets are, however, aware of the biological effects 
of sound and seem to be interested in establishing protective measures 
for humans. 
The Soviets believe that the fact that human beings 
are not biologically adapted to the rapid tempo, noise, and pressures 
of an urban industrial society accounts for the increase in cardio- 
vascular and nervous disturbances. 
Therefore, the Soviets are 
experimenting with a concept they call "The Zone of Health." 
One 
such zone has been established in Baku. 
The facility includes 
parks and seashore with provisions for 28 kinds of natural therapy 
including climatotherapy, kinestherapy, 
diet therapy, phototherapy, 
psychotherapy, etc. 
During 1969, 142,000 "patients" were treated 
with some 98 percent going home "healthy" (255). 
Apparently the 
zone is a form of rest and relaxation with complete absence from 
excessive sound stimuli. 
This would appear to be an expensive 
project and therefore illustrates the Soviet concern for the 
effects of excessive noxious stimuli on its people. 
3. 
(U) 
A 1964 book written by G.N. Krivitskaya (256) appears 
to be of extreme interest; unfortunately only the preface and 
the table of contents 
is available in translated form. 
For readers 
interested in behavior modifications through sound, it seems that 
a full translation is a must. 
Below is described the purpose 
and coverage of the text and the abridged form of the table of 
contents. 
The book is entitled "Effect of Intense Noise on the 
Brain; Experimental Research." 
This book covers the problem of 
change in morphological structures 
(nerve cells, fibers, synapses, 
ganglia and vessels) in the neuron systems using different. analyzers 
for the effect 
of noise stimulants such as an electric bell with 
a strength of 80-130 decibels 
(db) of mixed frequency used. from one 
to 44 times. 
The material is divided into three parts. 
The 
first part describes 
the harmful effect of sound irritants on 
-living organisms. 
The second deals with experimental data 
(producing convulsive attacks in a rat in response to sound 
irritants). 
In both chapters, further references are cited. 
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‘In the third chapter results of studies are compared with data 
from references. 
This book is recommended for BeuEapelyotogle tes 
otolaryngologists, therapeutists and pathomorphologists. 
TABLE OF CONTENTS: 
(abridged) 
Foreword -- 
Introduction 
-- 5 
Harmful effects 
of sounds and noises 
on the organism -- 
Producing attacks caused by sound -- 
Morphological principles of functional changes in the central 
nervous system caused by sound ~- 
112 
Bibliography -- 138 references 
SECTION II - INFRASONIC NOISE 
1. 
(U) 
The following discussion on the effects of infrasound 
is based on a report by Maire 
(257). 
Due to the lack of appropriate 
Soviet literature, this discussion 
is based upon references from 
other countries. 
2. 
(U) 
Observed psychological and physiological effects have 
included significant impairment of compensatory tracking ability, 
choice-reaction time, foot pressure constancy and peripheral 
vision. 
Other effects were greater error increases 
in reaction 
times and performance at 5 Hz than at 2 Hz, increased initial 
reaction time and an increasingly detrimental effect on visual 
nerformance as frequencies were increased above 8 Hz, with maximum 
effect occuring between 40 and 50 Hz. 
Gavreau 
(258) observed that 
high intensity infrasound caused sensations of panic and the 
impression that the head would burst. 
Infrasound at a frequency 
of 7 Hz (emitted by a faulty industrial ventilator) 
caused diffi- 
culty in the performance of mental activities and precision work. 
Other studies 
(259, 260) have shown that 
at exposures 
to stimuli 
of 15-17 Hz, at SPL's 
(sound pressure level) of approximately 104 dB, 
subjects experienced feelings of apprehension. 
During initial 
exposures.to intense sound fields, many individuals presented symptoms 
typical of generalized stress 
reactions, particularly 
in cases where 
sufficiently effective ear protectors were not in use. 
Severe storm 
activity in North America was compared with the automobile accident 
rate and the rate of absenteeism among school children in the 
area of Chicago, Illinois during May 1967. 
The results suggested 
that a correlation may exist between the presence of infrasonic 
disturbances 
in the area and changes 
in selected pattems of 
human behavior 
(261). 
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3. 
(U) Very little information is available on animal reactions 
to infrasound at this time. 
According to Maire, it has been 
reported that a frequency of 7 Hz caused "epileptic fits" and 
the subsequent death of rats 
at some distance from the laboratory 
in which the generator was located. 
There is a newspaper article 
claiming that during experiments with a frequency of 7 Hz, all 
dogs in a nearby apartment building “went completely insane with 
fear" (262). 
SECTION III - SONIC NOISE 
1. 
(u) 
There have been several pertinent Soviet reports on the 
psychological effects of noise in the 20 to 20,000 Hz range. 
Among these was 
a. report by Korotkin et al (263) that showed 
changes in auditory thresholds as a result of suggestion during 
hypnosis. In 14 of 16 subjects, 
the deterioration or improvement 
in audibility of sound signals suggested during hypnosis produced 
- 
a Significant change in auditory sensitivity in accordance with 
the suggestion of the hypnotist. 
More substantial changes in 
auditory sensitivity 
(up to 60 db) followed the suggestion of 
poor audibility. 
The range of changes in sensitivity following 
the suggestion of good audibility was narrower (up to 21.4 db). 
The lowering of the auditory thresholds in response to a suggestion 
of good audibility 
was largely dependent on their level on the day 
of the experiment. 
The higher the original levels, the more they 
dropped as a result of suggestion. 
The considerable individual 
variations in auditory sensitivity caused by suggestion were 
obviously related to the degree of suggestibility of the subjects. 
2. 
(U) Rudenko reports that canine death can be caused by strong 
acoustic stimulation 
(264). 
Prolonged attempts 
(for six weeks) 
to evoke neurosis in a dog possessing exceptional strength and 
equilibrance of nervous processes by using super-strong acoustic 
stimuli failed to produce any appreciable disturbances of its 
nervous activity. 
Then to increase 
the excitability of the dog's 
nervous system and raise its working capacity to the limit, a 
loud tone (120 decibels) was combined with the administration 
of caffeine in 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 grams doses 30 minutes before 
the experiment. 
Ten minutes after a 1.5 gram dose of caffeine 
was administered, 
there was 
a drastic tonic convulsion of the 
entire body and a few seconds later the animal died. 
This indicates 
that this type of animal has strongly pronounced protective mecha- 
nisms and that destruction of these mechanism may lead to a break- 
down of higher nervous activity or to even graver consequences. 
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3. 
(U). 
Alekseyev 
and Suvarov 
(265) studied the speed and intensity 
of acoustic and visual. reactions in*subjects exposed to noise from 
thirty minutes to four hours. 
Using 70 to 90 db noise intensities 
in a soundproof chamber, 
the investigators recorded vocal and motor 
reaction response times after varying exposure durations. 
Prolonged 
(3-4 hour) testing at either db level caused fatigue of the central 
nervous system, reduced effective response, 
and disturbed relation- 
ships between motor responses 
and strength of stimulus. 
Noise of 
70 db producéd no essential changes in responses within the first 
hour of testing, while 90 db noise caused changes in vision dependent 
reactions 
and slowing of reaction times. 
4. 
(U) 
Strakhov (267) has investigated the effect of high intensity 
noise (95-100 db, 1500-3000. 
Hz) on EEG patterns. 
In human subjects 
a gradually increasing desynchronization of cortical rhythms was 
my 
cats, both desynchronized and synchronized rhythms occurred, 
The 
general character of noise induced changes, 
the considerable after 
effect of noise, accompanying changes in respiratory function, and 
the presence of a cardiovascular reaction suggested that subcortical 
brain structures 
(especially the reticular formation of the medulla 
oblongata) were primarily responsible for the genesis and development 
of these changes. 
This hypothesis was confirmed by electrophysio- 
logical studies with potentials taken directly from subcortical 
‘structures. 
In addition, histological examination showed pronounced 
changes in medullary nerve cells. 
In a later report 
(267), Strakhov 
reported that 
a generalized alpha rhythm depression develops during 
a period of several minutes 
as 
a result of exposure to 95~100 db 
noise, but that if photic stimulation were applied at the beginning 
_of the noise, alpha rhythm bursts appeared which weakened, 
then 
completely disappeared 
as the noise action continued. 
Discontinuation 
of the noise first brought about new bursts of alpha rhythm in response 
to photic stimulation, 
and subsequently led to its complete restoration. 
The administration of scopolamine delayed the development of the 
changes. 
The results were regarded to be due to development of an 
inhibitory state in the cerebral cortex due to the activation Ly 
noise of the reticular structures of the inferior parts 
of the brain 
stem and the release of inhibitory mechanisms 
of the nonspecific 
thalamus. 
Other EEG work has been reported by Korzh 
(268) and by 
Doroshenko 
et al (269). 
5. 
(U) 
On a more subjective psychological level, Vogel (270), 
classifies effects 
into three categories: 
gross, 
annoyance, 
and 
subtle, arranged roughly according to decreasing sound intensity. 
Subtle involves sounds 
used to instill fear, anxiety, confusion, 
panic, etc., examples of which would be the bugles played by 
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the Communist Chinese in the Korean War and the Confederate "yell" 
‘of the Civil War. 
Annoyance sounds would be sounds used to interfere 
with work performance such as the ability to learn and retain. 
Gross psychological damage would be the complete loss of the ability 
to function, destroying or "'muddling" of the conscious to such a 
l 
degree that the ability of all but involuntary actions (breathing, 
a heart beat). would be destroyed. 
Vogel states that nowhere in the 
scientific literature could there be found a documented incident 
where high intensity sound caused a gross psychological effect, 
or any closely related effect, on a man. 
6. 
(U) 
The intense noises associated with aircarft may in many 
ways be similar to those that might be purposely generated under. 
combat conditions. 
In this respect, 
the work of Terent'yev, Sheludyakov 
and Sviridova 
(271) may be quite relevant to assessment of the psycho- 
logical effects of noise on highly motivated, trained personnel. 
These 
investigators observed 90 people from an aviation engineering techni- 
cal staff, who, in the course 
of their work, were subjected 
to the 
influence of noise with an intensity of 100-102, 110-112, 118-120, 
and 130-136 db daily, or two to three times 
a week for one to six 
hours at a time. 
The majority of the technicians exposed to 130 db 
and more, complained of general fatigue, reduced work capability, 
headache, unpleasant sensations. 
in the region of the heart, noise 
and ringing in the ears 
after each day's work, less frequently of 
itching over the entire body, pains in the front wall of the abdomen, 
and sometimes nausea and vomiting. 
In some, sleep was irregular and 
appetite lowered. 
In a majority, 
these phenomena disapp2ared after 
a nights sleep; in others after 2-3 days if work under noise condi- 
' tions was not repeated. Analysis of case data showed that the 
frequency, expression and duration of unfavorable sensations were 
determined by both intensity and noise duration. 
Individual charac- 
teristics 
of those examined were also important. 
The symptom complexes 
described developed more frequently and earlier in people in whom 
head trauma, hyperthyroid, neurocirculatory dystony and other 
illnesses had been noted. 
In order to validate the observations 
made under work noise conditions, 
fifteen healthy volunteers were 
tested wider laboratory conditions, 
After exposure 
to noise with 
an intensity of 100-102 db for one hour, some subjects complained 
of noise in the head and sleepiness; 
after three hours, 
five of 
eleven complained of general fatigue and one, of sleepiness; 
after 
six hours, all examinees complained of noise and ringing in the 
ears, headache and general fatigue, reduced appetite, nausea, 
sleepiness and general irritability. 
After exposure 
to an intensity 
of 110-112 
db for up to three hours, 
all subjects complained of 
headache, fatigue, sleepiness, 
and a sensation of deposits 
in the 
ears; 
one subject complained of nausea and reduction of work capability. 
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Under daily six hour exposure to noise of 110-112 db for five days, 
the changes increased from day to day: fatigue, headache and general 
malaise. 
After the third day the symptems did not disappear by the 
beginning of the following work day. 
With noise of 118-120 db, 
a single exposure elicited the same changes as at lower levels, but 
the degree of expression increased significantly and the aftereffects” 
‘lasted longer. 
Especially strong reactions were observed in three 
and six hour exposures. 
All volunteers complained of noise and 
ringing in the ears, general fatigue and heaviness 
of the head. 
In 
some subjects, paleness of the skin, involuntary twitching of face 
|
muscles, apathy or irritability, perspiration, 
or tremors of the 
eyelids and fingers appeared. 
One general observation of considera- 
ble significance was cha the effects of prolonged noise exposure 
are cumulative. 
7. 
(U) 
Mikhaylova and Byshevskiy report that 2000 Hz for. various 
periods of time (from 30 minutes 
to 10 days) on exposed rats may 
contribute 
to inhibition of the anticoagulation process 
(272). 
Further studies 
on rats exposed to 2000 Hz for various time limits 
showed a reduced transketolase activity (273). 
8. (U) 
Yuganov et al (274) have suggested that there be a standardi- 
zation for admissible limits 
for high intensity sound. 
The effect 
exerted on humans by noise of 114-116 and 125-126 db with an acoustic 
energy of 500 Hz was studied. 
The auditory thresholds, blood 
pressure values and time of response to light stimuli were measured. 
Sixty-four healthy male test subjects were used in 152 expe:imenis. 
Adverse changes in the acoustic analyzer, cardiovascular system 
and locomotor analyzer were detected during an exposure 
to 125-126 
db noise. 
Taking into account the changes 
in the thresholds 
of 
skin vibrosensitivity when the ear was protected, 
it is concluded 
that the skin becomes 
a second gauge for acoustic energy beginning 
with 125-126 
db. 
Noise of 114-116 
db is considered admissible during 
powered stages 
of spaceflight. 
SECTION IV - ULTRASONIC NOISE 
l. 
(U) 
Various psychological effects 
to exposure 
to ultrasound 
(greater than 20,000 Hz) has been reported 
in the Soviet literature. 
Mel'kumova and Koroleya (275) reported psychological-subjective 
findings based on clinical observations 
of 104 individuals exposed 
to ultrasound in an industrial environment. 
The main complaints 
of the examinees were headache, extremely pronounced fatigability, 
tiredness and a general weakness. 
The onset of fatigue in most 
of the subjects began as early as two to three hours after starting 
work with simultaneous development of headache, with the latter 
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increasing progressively in intensity until the midday break. 
For some, the 30 minute break at noon restored work capacity and 
lessened the ‘severity of the headache. 
Considerable exhaustion 
was experienced by most subjects by the end of the workday. 
Besides 
the marked fatigability and tiredness the examinees complained of 
a constant feeling of general weakness and vertigo with dimming of 
vision occurring by noon, 
at the end of the workday, under physical 
or mental strain and in stuffy rooms. 
These sensations caused loss 
of consciousness in some individuals. 
2. 
(U) 
Another effect of ultrasound was disturbances in sleeping 
patterns. 
The need for sleep was felt by one group during actual 
work, before the noon break, or toward the end of the work day. 
Some individuals were overcome by drowsiness during short pauses 
in work and in longer pauses fell asleep standing up or in other 
normally uncomfortable positions. 
In rare cases daytime drowsiness 
was of the nature of a hypnagogic state, during which the individuals 
continued to be oriented in their surroundings, hear speech, follow 
the industrial process, 
and at the same time, sleep with clear 
dreams. 
Changes in nocturnal sleep were also reported. 
Thirty- 
eight per cent of the workers complained 
of drug-like heavy, dream- 
less sleep, while another group 
(18%) slept superficially and inter- 
mittently with difficulty in falling asleep and, in some cases, with 
oppressive dreams. 
3. 
(U) 
Other reported effects were morbidly sharpened perception - 
of ordinary sounds during off-duty hours, leading to sleeplessness 
and the opposite extreme, 
in which one worker reported the sensa- 
tion of "wanting to sleep day and night," even during the workday. 
Heightened irritability was detected in 30 persons, while in 15 
others, intellectual impairments were found. 
These included pro- 
nounced loss of memory (especially for current events), decreased 
perception, 
and inability to master new material. 
_4, 
(U) 
During clinical examination of this group of workers the 
investigators noted lassitude, 
apathy and retardation of movements 
and reactions. 
The examinees rarely expressed their complaints 
themselves, 
but more often had to be prodded verbally in order to 
elicit information. 
Replies 
to questions were monsyllabic and 
conversational initiative was lacking. 
5. 
(U) 
In other studies conducted by the Institute of Hygiene 
imeni Erisman, Yefimov (276) reported findings including weakening 
of the sense of smell and decreased taste sensations 
as well as 
certain disturbances 
in digestion. 
Of the gastrointestinal symp- 
toms, 
the most frequently noted were poor appetite, nausea and a 
tendency toward constipation. 
In some cases these symptoms were 
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combined with. pains in the stomach which radiated into the right 
subcostal region. 
Menstrual disturbances (dysmenorrhea and prolonged 
‘amenorrhea) were detected in several women workers, but gynecological 
examination revealed no inflammatory or proliferative disease 
in 
any of them, 
Many men among the examinees complained of reduced 
sexual capacity. 
Two men, aged 46 and 48, with long work exposure 
on ultrasonic installations displayed sexual impotence. 
6. 
(U) 
The organ and cellular effects of ultrasound have also 
been documented. 
Gorshkov (277) cites studies by Wolf in which. 
small aquatic animals were exposed to varied durations 
and intensities 
' of 800 kHz ultrasound. 
The results suggested that 
a species specific 
relationship may exist 
for sensitivity to ultrasonic irradiation. 
Gorshkov also cites experiments by Buchtala, who described spon- 
taneous bone fracture 
in a young dog after ultrasonic irradiation, 
and Majnc, who exposed the extremities of a rabbit to ultrasound 
at 960 kHz, 6 watts/cm, for 30-120 minutes. 
Edemas of soft tissues, 
ulceration, periosteal separation from the bone, and subendosteal 
hemorrhages resulted. 
Necrotization of the bone eventually followed, 
although the joint.cartilage and epiphyseal growth plates remained 
completely unchanged. 
7. 
(U) 
Kiupp (278) et al exposed the kidney region of animals 
to 2 MHz ultrasound 
at intensities greater than 5 watts/cm*. 
Morpho- 
logical changes were found in the. primary convoluted tubules, the 
loops of Henle, the secondary convoluted tubules, 
and the descending 
arms of the loops of Henle. 
The connective tissue elements and 
collecting tubules of the medullary layer were found to be more 
resistant to ultrasound. 
Other investigators have observed dila- 
tation of the -renal blood vessels, hemorrhages in the medul ary 
and cortical layers, 
and degenerative changes in the epithelium of 
the urinary tubules following exposure 
to high intensity sonic waves. 
8. 
(U) 
The behavioral effects 
of ultrasound on animals have been 
examined to a limited extent. 
9. 
(U) 
Wood and Loomis 
(279) exposed fish to ultrasound. 
The 
fish showed initial disquietude, 
then rushed from side 
to side in 
the tank, swam 
to the surface and attempted to gulp greedily for. 
air. 
Some, after as little 
as one minute of exposure, became 
sluggish, motionless, 
or showed symptoms 
of disturbed equilibrium 
and weak, irregular respiration. 
At times, sporadic attacks of 
renewed frenzied activity followed, with rapid respiration and 
cardiac activity. 
Subsequent increase 
in intensity killed the fish. 
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10. (U) 
In chronic experiments with ultrasound of moderate 
intensity, Onanov (280) observed changes 
in animal behavior (apathy, 
lassitude, refusal of food, emaciation, trophic ulcers and loss 
of fur). 
Death due to stress with adrenal failure has been reported 
in sheep subjected to ultrasonic irradiation at high intensities 
l 
similar to those used in the treatment of human auditory disease. 
Stress due to ultrasound 
of lower intensities has also been claimed (281). 
SECTION V.- CONCLUSION 
1. 
(C/NFD) 
Although the above discussion on Soviet research in 
the areas of biological (psychological) properties of sound was 
brief, it expresses an awareness on the part of the Soviets of 
the potential harmful effects on humans. 
Some Soviet research 
has indicated that the behavioral changes in man and animal are 
of prime importance. 
2. 
(C/NFD) 
According to Maire (257) scientists from Warsaw 
Pact countries have evinced interest in French sonic and ultra- 
sonic sirens and pneumatic compressors for acoustic wave generation. 
Therefore, the Soviets may. be expected to continue research 
on small ` 
siren powered emitters for mob control and on larger acoustic arrays 
for area denial and anti-infiltration application. 
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PART IX 
SENSORY DEPRIVATION 
1. 
(U). A relatively recent development in experimental psycho- 
logy has been the study of the effects upon human behavior of. 
a severe reduction in the level and variability of visual, auditory, 
and tactual-kinesthetic stimulation. 
The experimental attempts 
to achieve.such a non~-changing sensory environment are often 
referred to by such terms as stimulus deprivation, sensory or - 
l 
perceptual deprivation, 
or sensory and perceptual isolation. 
What- 
ever the terminology, this condition can produce marked behavioral 
. and physiological changes. 
It has been demonstrated that a varied 
and patterned sensory environment is essential to the maintenance 
of normal human behavior. 
If a person is required to live for 
. many days in a monotonous, non-changing sensory and perceptual © 
“environment, his physiological and psychological processes may 
operate in extraordinary ways 
(282). 
2. 
(U) 
The following discussion is excerpted from a report by 
Zubek (282). 
According to Zubek, the first experimental work on 
perceptual deprivation began in 1951 at McGill University. 
[Its 
purpose was to further the understanding of the mechanisms under- 
lying "brainwashing" (e.g. Korean War) and of the lapses of atten- 
“tion noted under monotonous environmental conditions, such as 
watching a radar screen for a prolonged period of time. 
The 
results of the McGill research were very enlightening. 
The subjects, 
who were paid to do nothing except lie alone in a semi-soundproofed 
chamber for several days, wear translucent goggles and listen to 
a constant masking sound cf low intensity, reported a variety of 
unusual subjective phenomena e.g. vivid and highly structured 
- hallucinations, delusions, 
and gross changes in the appearance 
of the perceptual environment upon emerging from isolation. 
In 
addition to these introspective reports, objective test data 
were obtained which indicated an increased susceptibility to 
propaganda material, impairments in cognitive and perceptual 
functioning, 
and a progressive slowing of occipital alpha fre- 
quencies with increasing duration of isolation. 
F 
3. 
(U) 
The results described above, together with several other 
post-World War II developments, soon started worldwide interest in 
the effects of sensory isolation and confinement. 
One source of 
interest came from the highly publicized "confessions" extracted 
by communist interrogators 
(e.g. the Cardinal Mindzenty case). 
What little information was available suggested that the results 
were obtained by techniques which often employed solitary confinement 
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and the deliberate impoverishment of the prisoner's perceptual 
environment 
(283). 
Drugs and physical torture were apparently 
not used. 
Another development was the arrival 
of the space age 
in 1967. 
Other advances, 
as reflected in increased use of sub- 
marines, isolated radar and meteorological stations, 
and of auto- 
mated equipment in general, 
also provided considerable impetus 
to the initiation of research programs dealing with reactions to 
restricted sensory and social environments, 
4, 
(U) 
Despite the recounts of the Mindzenty case, 
the Soviets 
did not publish reports-on sensory deprivation until the mid 1960s. 
The Soviet data is usually published in their aerospace or related 
literature. 
Hinkle in 1969, however, has reported that under 
prison isolation, 
as this has been carried out by Soviet and 
Eastern European state police, most prisoners developed symptoms 
of disorganization within three to six weeks; but some have been 
known to endure this for many months, 
and some have succumbed 
within days (284). Based on Hinkle's statement and numerous 
other accounts 
on the treatment of prisoners in the Soviet Union 
and other communist countries, 
it seems safe to say that they have. 
had some experience with the effects of sensory deprivation prior 
to their acknowledgment of actual research in this field. 
"5. 
(U) 
The Soviets 
are quick to point out that the Canadians 
and the Americans were the first to report and maintain research 
efforts 
in the field of isolation and sensory deprivation 
(SD). 
Perhaps - 
to detract attention from- the prison reports, Kosmolinskiy reports 
that from the mid-fifties, 
s2nsoryv deprivation experiments attracted 
increasingly greater attention in scientific investigation centers 
af the Army, Air Force, and Navy of the United States and Canada (285). 
In another section of Kosmolinskiy's report, he mentions, however, 
that the question of sensory deprivation was already established in 
the USSR in the twenties by I.P. Pavlov. 
The distinction bétween 
Pavlov's work and research by Galkin in 1932 
(286) 
as compared to 
Western work is that the Soviet efforts were more humane. 
Kosma- 
‘linskiy states 
that abroad, crueler forms of isolation were imposed 
and that sensory limitations were created by the mdst severe means 
e.g. plaster cast usage. 
6. 
(U) 
Western literature on sensory deprivation deals with many 
of the psychic manifestations 
that appear during or after the 
experiment. 
Many investigators noted significant changes in the 
emotional sphere of subjects in sensory deprivation 
(50) experi- 
ments: 
the appearance of varying degrees of apathy, melancholy, 
anxiety and fear (287). 
Sometimes, apathy and dulled consciousness 
, of the subjects become so profound that one of the most important 
> 
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instincts 
is destroyed 
- the instinct of self-preservation 
- and 
the person contemplates suicide 
(288). 
The Soviets contend that 
serious psychological disorders in subjects as described above 
are evidently related to the exessive burden of the severe experi- 
mental conditions on the physiology of the subjects. 
The Soviets 
continue by stating that in the above studies it is not only a 
matter of the action of isolation and SD factors, but also a 
number of supplementary factors complicating the circumstances 
of the experiment (restraint with straps, plaster casts, uncom 
~ 
fortable postures, 
and occasional painful sensations). 
The Soviets 
further believe that Western experimental work does not appear to 
be a true model of human life and work conditions, especially 
in 
space flight simulation SD studies. 
7. 
(U) 
According to Kosmolinskiy, experiments on the limitation 
of stimuli and conditions 
of isolation carried out by Soviet 
scientists showed that 
a healthy person with greater will power 
can remain in a soundproof chamber for an extended period of time 
without any psychic changes threatening the condition 
of his 
health. 
The various. specific sensory illusions which appear are 
not of a morbid nature. 
This form of sensory illusion pertains 
to illusions associated with incorrect perception of stimuli, 
the information characteristic of which is insufficient 
(289). 
The illusions themselves 
do not appear to be a sign of psychic 
disease and often are encountered in healthy persons, especially 
in those instances when something interferes 
with the. distinct 
perception of visual and auditory images; 
for example, poor 
lighting. 
Baseline psychological status, 
fatigue, distraction, 
states of expectation and fear are of great significance. 
O.N. 
Kuznetsov and V.I. Lebedev (289).in describing the presence of 
illusions involving recognition errors 
in subjects under investi- 
gation in the soundproof chamber as a consequence of insufficient 
information, of a feeling of the extraneous presence of eidetic 
images, ideas of relationship and over evaluations, 
do not consider 
these phenomena to be pathological, 
and propose calling them 
pseudopsychopathological. 
According to the data of F.D. Gorbov 
(290), psychopathological phenomena were absent in the experiments 
of Soviet cosmonauts 
in a soundproof chamber. 
8. 
(U) 
Soviet scientists assume that the isolation factor must 
be studied in conformity with conditions which can occur on space 
flights. 
In this regard, 
the most important factor appears to 
be that a person believe in the necessity of the work which he is 
to accomplish, 
and that he have a clear conception 
of the objects 
of a given experiment. 
Each experiment 
in the soundproof chamber 
is a moral and volitional examination for Future cosmonauts, 
for 
example, which prepares them for the performance of complex tasks. 
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9. 
(C) 
. Most Soviet literature, 
as was mentioned previously, 
dealing with SD experiments 
is related to the space effort. 
The 
purpose for discussing some of the Soviet views above was to 
illustrate the rather mundane work that they report in the open 
literature. 
The more interesting aspect 
is their awareness and 
apparent concentration on Western literature as is evidenced by the 
-Kosmolinskiy report. 
The Soviets don't go so far as to condem 
the Western approach, 
but seem to be quick to point out the 
“differences 
from their approach which 
is reported to be not 
as 
severe. Based on early reports on "confessions" and "brainwashing" 
in communist countries, 
it would be naive not to assume that the 
Soviets 
do not have a clear conception of the effects of sensory 
deprivation. 
Based also on their work in certain areas such as 
the biological and mental effects of light and sound it should be 
assumed. that the capability 
for the application of SD in field 
situations exists. 
Perhaps Kosmolinskiy gave himself away when 
he stated that experiments show that isolation and sensory depri- 
vation create complex physiological and psychological reactions 
in the human organism. Measures must be developed to prevent 
these disorders, which can involve several physiological systems 
and lead 
to a decrease 
in his capacity for work and other psycho- 
logical manifestations. 
Zubek's 
(282) work of 1969 indicated 
that a prolonged period of perceptual deprivation and confinement 
can produce, 
in most cases, 
a considerable disturbance of brain- 
wave activity. 
Zubek in concluding his report said, "In the 
light of these results, 
one. can only wonder about the possible 
physiological and psychological state of prisoners of war and 
others who, in the past, have been isolated for months or even 
years." 
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PART X 
` ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECTS 
1. 
(U) 
Over a span of years which exceeds that of a century, 
numerous. researches and observations have been conducted and 
published on the physiological and psychological effects of elec- 
tric fields. 
As Davis 
(293) has stated in his exhaustive review 
of the subject, not much of substance has derived from all the 
attention which has been paid to the physiological effects on 
living. organisms of placing them in environments which have been 
changed by manipulating one or more electromagnetic parameters. 
Somewhat more in the way of positive findings has been published 
as they relate to the psychological effects. 
There appears 
to 
be more literature from Soviet sources than from Western sources 
concerning the effects of electromagnetic fields on the central 
nervous system, 
l 
2. 
(U) 
A question was raised concerning the possible hazard 
to personnel working with a device which generated very high field 
density electromagnetic pulses. 
Of particular concem was the 
possibility that people working on an object which was to be sub- 
jected to the pulse might themselves receive the energy by virtue 
of a premature triggering or some other mischance. 
The generator 
created an electromagnetic field. in the form of a pulse which 
had a duration of 3 x 1079 sec, 
at a voltage of 1.0 megavolt. 
In 
essence, 
a Van de Graaf generator was used to charge a bank of 
high capacity condensers. 
The condensers were discharged into 
a load consisting of an array of aerial wires so that a high 
potential difference was 
caused to exist between them and a grounded 
metal mesh plate beneath. 
With the breakdown of the air dielec- 
tric an intense pulsed field was created. 
On one occasion. when 
the generator was being tested after its erection, 
a bird flew 
‘under the aerial wires just as 
it was pulsed. 
The bird fell from 
the sky and flopped about in a rather disorganized way for a 
minute or so. 
It then appeared to regroup all those things which 
birds must have in order to fly, and flew off about its avian 
business apparently none the worse 
for the experience. 
This inci- 
dent was unsettling to those working with the generator, 
so a search 
was made in the literature 
for something germane which would indicate 
whether’ or not 
a hazard to operating personnel existed. 
This 
: „literature search was reported by Hirsch et al (294). 
According 
to Hirsch, not very much was found except for a paper by Salvingnac 
et al (1967) which related to the psychomotor disturbances in air 
crews when their airplanes were struck by lightning. 
The density 
of the electromagnetic fields to which these people were exposed 
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was probably of the same order of magnitude and duration 
as was 
that associated with the EMP generator, since a lightning bolt 
generates 
a cylindrical electromagnetic field of about 10 mega- 
volts 
at its center with the density decreasing toward the periphery. 
) 
The duration is about 6 microseconds. 
Salvingnac described the 
psychorotor disturbances as a "slowing of thought processes 
and 
psychomotor reactions" from which the people recovered within a 
brief period apparently without permanent damage. 
3. 
(C) 
The above information concerning pulsed electromagnetic 
energy could have behavior implications just as the photic-flicker 
"experiments" described in PART VI could have. 
The "slowing 
of 
thought processes and psychomotor reactions" could lead to behavioral 
changes effecting the ability of an individual to perform a critical 
task such as piloting an aircraft. 
It cannot be determined if 
the report mentioned above initiated or accelerated Soviet 
research in the area of the psychological or behavior effects of 
electromagnetic energy. 
Since the early 1960s, the Soviets have 
been publishing reports 
on the effects of electromagnetic and 
magnetic fields 
on the central nervous system of animals. 
Although 
the Soviet reports do not contain: specific reference to effects 
on humans, the data would give one the impression that they have 
extensive knowledge of the subject 
as it might apply to humans. 
4. 
(U) 
One of the more outstanding publications from the Soviet Union 
is a book prepared by Yu. Kholodov (295). 
The book is a compilation 
of Soviet and Western work in the area of electromagnetic effects 
on the central nervous 
system.. 
The bibliography to the book contains 
455 entries. 
A large portion of the text directs itself to the 
subject of the changes in 
7 mditioned reflexes and sensitivity 
to light in birds, rabbits, 
and fish. 
The effects of ultrahigh 
and superhigh frequencies 
on the electrical activity of the rabbit 
brain is extensively discussed. 
A report on constant magnetic 
fields 
is also presented... 
Although the book addresses physiological 
responses, 
it points out that the Soviets have considerable knowledge 
and a keen interest in the field of electromagnetic energies. 
5. 
(U) 
The UCLA Brain Information Service in Los Angeles is 
a bibliographic collector of information which is pertinent to 
this discussion. 
The service has compiled an extensive biblio- 
graphic list on the biological effects of electromagnetic fields 
(below visible frequencies) especially 
on the central nervous system, 
The list contains many Soviet references. 
However, 
the list is 
constructed around research that addresses the physiological 
aspects 
and not 
the psychological or behavior effects 
(296). 
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6. 
(U) 
A Soviet review article concerning the effects of supe rhigh 
frequency (wavelength of from one millimeter to one meter). on the 
central nervous system is worth incorporation into this report. 
Although the work is primarily physiological, it is meaningful 
because it contains some of the important areas of interest 
to the 
Soviets and could be correlated to Soviet work with other frequen- 
cies. 
Kholodov 
(297) reports 
that the effect of SHF on the functions 
of the central nervous system is of particular interest. 
So far, 
few studies have dealt with this subject. 
Kholodov contends that 
foreign investigators 
(chiefly American) use an SHF field with an 
intensity on the order of tens of watts/sq cm, which results in 
a considerable heating of the brain (above 40 degrees C). 
Depending 
upon the duration 
of the radiation, mice and rabbits have stopped 
.. 
eating for some time, or have made spasmodic movements, 
and even 
: died. 
Post-mortem examination of the animals have shown that the 
action of the powerful SHF field has resulted in destruction of 
the brain cells. Especially extensive destruction has been observed 
in the inter-brain and mid-brain. 
When the head of a monkey is 
exposed to a strong SHF field, the animal behaves normally for 
the first minute or two, and then covers his eyes and starts to 
go to sleep. 
But a minute later he wakes up; the rate of respira- 
‘tion increases; 
the pupils dilate despite the bright illumination; 
and there is a heavy secretion of saliva. — After some time the 
monkey begins to shake with convulsions and utter cries. 
If the 
radiation is discontinued, by the following day the monkey in no 
way differs from other monkeys who have not been exposed to radiation. 
If exposure is continued, 
the animal dies after a few minutes. 
Experiments have shown that when men or animals are exposed to 
radiation, there is a chaajse in the sensitivity to sound, light, 
and olfactory stimuli. 
A study of the receptors in the skin, the 
gastrointestinal system, 
and the circulatory system has shown 
slight changes 
in them after exposure to the action of SHF. 
Conse-. 
| 
quently, 
the SHF field can act on the first link in the reflex 
are. 
At the same time, SHF may act directly on the central nervous 
system. 
On the other hand, 
the appearance of slow waves 
in the 
record of the biological currents of the cerebral cortex, 
the 
inhibition of reflex activity, 
and the appearance of various 
vegetative reactions indicate action of the SHF field on the inter- 
brain, where the higher vegetative centers are located. 
The data 
from physiological experiments check very well with the results 
from morphological investigations. 
After exposure 
to SHF, rever- 
sible structural 
changes were observed in the cerebral cortex and 
in the inter-brain. 
It may be assumed that those areas of the 
brain are the most sensitive 
to the action of an SHF field, although 
if the intensity or duration of the action is increased, other 
eer 
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parts of the central nervous system will also participate in the 
reaction. 
Kholodov concludes by stating that only further experi- 
ments will help us. to explain the mechanism of the direct action 
of an SHF field of nonthermal intensity. 
But it can already 
be 
stated that these effects 
can be produced by an electromagnetic 
field other than one of super-high frequency. 
7.. 
(U) 
Although Kholodov's article is early 1960, it points out 
the interests the Soviets had over a decade ago; for that matter, 
Vasilev was working with electromagnetic radiation in the 1930s 
in his investigations 
of the transport methods for ESP. 
It is 
evident that the effects of electromagnetic frequencies below 
visible light on man are of interest to the Soviets. 
Kholodov 
states that there is a change in the sensitivity in man to sound, 
light, 
and olfactory stimuli. 
One can only make certain guesses 
as 
to the possible relationship in Soviet research between electro- 
magnetic radiation effects and behavioral responses 
to other 
stimuli that they are working with. 
8. 
(©) 
Christian 
(298) reports that the Soviet use of infrared 
to cause gross damage to human targets 
is conjectural. 
However, 
Christian in his report states that studies are being conducted 
in the USSR which would lead one to conclude that infrared is 
being considered as 
an anti-personnel weapon. 
Temporary blindness, 
even of long duration, 
does not endanger the eye and yet is quite 
serious when it alters the behavioral response of pilots or sentries 
to their mission... 
Despite an extensive review of Soviet literature 
on the effect 
of infrared radiation on humans, Christian could 
fird no reports on psychological effects. 
There was only one 
report. on behavior effects of infrared radiation, 
A report by 
Dul'dier 
(299) states that 
a témporary loss of work capacity among 
workers in hot shops, such as foundries, 
is directly related to 
the dose of infrared received. 
He found somewhat surprisingly, 
that temporary loss in working capacity 
is found more frequently. 
with younger workers, 
those 
on. the job less than five years, 
than 
the more experienced workers. 
9. 
(U) 
One report has appeared in the Soviet literature relating 
to the behavior effects of ultraviolet radiation. 
A study by 
Al'bitskaya 
(300) seems 
to show that ultraviolet radiation can 
show a decrease. 
in the latent period of speech reaction during 
association testing. 
Al'bitskaya studied the effect of 136-400nm 
ultraviolet radiation on 15-16 year-old technical school students 
as measured by their response 
in a conditioned reflex situation 
and the length of the latent period in motor and speéch reactions. 
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She concludes that the response system based on speech is more 
excitable than the response system based on sensory perception 
since it can be stimulated by ultraviolet radiation. 
10. 
(U) 
Low frequency electromagnetic fields have been found 
by Kevanishvili and Zhgenti to generate sonic and ultrasonic 
oscillatiowé in living organisms (301). 
These oscillations produce 
‘elastic deformations 
in the organism. 
If the frequency of the 
outside field corresponds to the oscillation frequency of the 
cells, the latter deteriorate as the result of the mechanical 
resonance. 
11. 
(U) 
More recently, research at the Riga Medical Institute 
has shown that high-tension static electrical fields affect the 
neurohumoral regulatory systems 
(301). 
Work is now apparently 
underway that is investigating the possibility of an effect of 
strong electrical fields as the energy balance of living objects 
at this institute. 
12. 
-(U) 
Sweeney (302) has prepared a study on the biological 
effects of electromagnetic radiation in the range of 3 to 300,000 
mlz. 
The study covers research in the Eurasian communist countries. 
This exhaustive report again contains primarily information on the _ 
effects of electromagnetic radiation as it applies to physiological 
responses, not psychological or behavioral. 
13. 
(C) 
Since almost all of the Soviet data on electromagnetic 
radiation 
(below visible) applies to physiological response, one 
can only imply that they have substantial knowledge of the psycho- 
logical effects. 
Even if psychological or behavioral research is 
under way in the USSR, it is doubtful that they would publish it. - 
There have been certain indications 
in the past that the Soviets 
may be actively engaged in weapons research employing electro- 
magnetic radiation. 
Doctor V.V. Meriakri, 
the Director of the 
Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Soviet 
Academy of Sciences stated during an early 1969 visit to the 
United States, that he is studying 
the radiation absor tion 
i 
£ biological fluids. 
roper- 
e to assess 
the 
tru 
-basis of ths information alone. 
Much more 
information about Meriakri and hisresearch organization is needed. 
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APPENDIX I 
PERSONNEL AND INSTITUTES 
CURRENT EVENTS 
PART A - Affiliation Known 
Serbsky Central Scientific Research Institute of Forensic Psychiatry, 
Moscow,. USSR 
LUNTS, D.R. 
(possible KGB Colonel) 
MALTSEVA, M.M. 
MARTYNENKO (fnu) 
; 
MOROZOV, G.V. 
(Director) 
PECHERNIKOVA (fnu) 
TABANOVA (fnu) 
© 
TALTSE 
(fnu) 
” TUROVA, Z.G. 
The Republican Hospital of the City of Riga, Latvian SSR 
KRASNYANSKY, 0.A. 
MARKIS, L.A. 
RUSINOVA, Z.G. 
Skvortsov-Stepanov Psycho-Neurological Hospital Number Three, 
Leningrad, USSR 
BROVERMAN, 
L.B. 
SHCHERBATOV (fnu) 
SVETLANOVA, N.K. 
KGB 
` BERYOZOVSKY  (fnu) 
Cherayakhovsk Hospital (Chernyakhovsk, formerly the East Prussian 
town of Insterburg) 
l 
BELOKOPYTOV (MAJOR) Prison Commandant 
(fnu) 
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PART B- Affiliation Unknown 
ALEKSEYEVNA, Ts 
DETENGOF, 
F.F., 
(Tashkent, Uzbek SSR) 
KUZNETSOVA, 
E.I. 
NIKOLAYEVICH, L. 
PART C -~ Enso TE see Institutes 
- No Personalities Available 
VLADIMIR PRISON ( 100 miles east of Moscow) 
ORYOL PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL 
(170 miles southwest of Mogcey) 
BUTYRKA PRISON (Hospital Section), Moscow, USSR 
SOVIET PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY 
-—- RESEARCH 
PART A - Affiliation Known 
Department of Psychology, Mos cow State University 
KONOVALOV, 
V.F., 
KRINCHIK, 
E.P. 
LURIA, A.R. 
E 
TIKHOMIROV, O.K. 
VASILYEVA, V.M. 
VORONIN, L.G. 
` 
Military Medical Academy (Leningrad) 
BODROV, V.A. 
Naval Medical Academy 
SHASTIN, N.R. 
Sechenov Institute 
(Leningrad) 
FADAYEVA, D.K. 
TRAUGOTT, N.N. 
Pavlov Institute of Physiology (Leningrad) 
ANOKHIN, P.K. 
KOLTZOVA, M.M. 
ROGOVENKO, Ye.S. 
ROKOTOVA, N.A. 
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Leningrad State University 
GALUNOV, V.I. 
GUBINSKIY, A.I. 
LIVSHITS, V.A. 
USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (Leningrad) 
BEKHTEREVA, N.P. 
BUDASHEVSKY, B.G. 
ORLOV, V.A. 
Institute 
of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology (Moscow) 
ALEKSEYEV, M.A. 
ASLANOV; A-S. 
ARATYIAN, E.A. 
LIVANOV, M:N. (Chief) 
NAPALKOV, A.V. 
RUSINOV, V.S. 
SIMONOV, P.V. 
YERSHOV, P.M. 
. USSR Academy of Sciences 
(Mos cow) 
BASHKIROV, O.A. 
BOGACHENKO, L.S. 
BRIKS, Z.N. 
FELBAUM, A.I. 
FUFLYGINA, T.P. 
GERASIMCHUK, V.A. 
LVANOV-SMOLENSKY, A.G. 
KORBATOV, B.M. 
MASLENNIKOVA, V.M. 
MUCHNIK, I.B. 
NARODITSKAIA, G.D. 
NOVIK, I.B. 
SEREDINA, M.I. 
SHITL'MAN, E.V. 
STROKHINA, T.V. 
Institute of Psychology, Academy of Pedagogical Sciences 
(Moscow) 
BOYOXO, E.I. 
CHUPERIKOVA, N.L. 
EL'KONEN, D.B. 
ISTOMINA, Z.M. 
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LEONT'YEV, A.N. 
LOMOV, B.F. 
NEBYLITSYN, 
V.D. 
OSHANIN, 
D.A. 
SAMOKHVALOVA, V.I. 
SHVARTZ, 
L.A. 
SMIRNOV, A.A. 
TEPLOV, B.M. 
USHKOVA, 
T.N., 
ZAPOROZHETS, A.V. 
Pavlov Hospital (Leningrad) 
LEBEDEN, B.A. 
Soviet Academy of Medicine, Institute of Psychiatric Research 
SHCHIRINA, 
M.G. 
SNEZHNEVSKIY, 
A.V. 
VARTANIAN, M. 
PART B - Affiliation Unknown 
SVYADOSHCH, 
A.M. 
(Karaganda) 
PARAPSYCHOLOGY 
- USSR 
PART A - Affiliation Known 
Department of Physics, 
State Instrument Engineering College of Moscow 
NAUMOV, E.K. 
VALUS, N.A. 
A 
Bio-Information Section, A.S. Popov All-Union Scientific and Technical 
Society of Radio Technology and Electrical Communications, Moscow 
KOGAN, 
I. 
Physiology of Labor Laboratory, University of Leningrad 
PAVLOVA, 
L. 
A.A. Uktomskíi Physiological Institute, Leningrad 
SERGEYEV, G.A, 
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Department of Theoretical Physics, Moscow University 
` TERLETSRY , Ya. 
Bekhterev Brain Institute, University of Leningrad 
GULYAIEV, P. 
Research Institute of Psychology, Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences 
GUBKO, A. 
l 
LEONTOVICH, M.A. 
LEONTOVICH, A.V. 
Moscow Institute of Aviation 
~ZIEGEL, F.U. 
Laboratory of Vision, Institute of Problems of Information Transmission 
of the USSR Academy of Science 
i 
BONGARD, M. 
SMIRNOV, M.S. 
Pavlov Institute, Moscow 
KOZAK, V.A. 
Pulkovo Observatory, Leningrad 
KOZYREV, N. 
Filatov Institute, Laboratory of the Physiology of Vision, Odessa 
SHEVALEV, A. 
Geology Department of Moscow State University 
OGILVY, A.A. 
_ Kazakh University, Alma-ata 
GIBADULIN, 
F. 
CRISHCHINKO, 
V. 
INYUSHIN, V. 
SHOUISKI, N. 
VOROBEV, N. 
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Institute of Clinical Physiology, Kiev 
PODSHIBYAKIN, 
A. 
PART B - Affiliation Unknown 
(1972) 
ADAMENKO, 
V. 
(Moscow) 
ARLASHIN, 
A.G. 
(telepathic tests 
vs distance) 
BOGATYREV. 
V.A. 
BULAVIN, 
G.I. 
j 
DOBRONRAVOV, 
S.N. 
(Sverdlovsk) 
EFIMOV, V. 
FIDLEMAN, 
V.Ye. 
GULEVSKIY, V.V.. 
HOLODOV, Y.A. 
` 
IVANOVA, 
M.R. 
| 
KAMENSKIY, Yu.I. 
(Physicist 
- ESP) 
KHOLODOV, Yu.A. 
MONIN, A.I. 
(telepathic tests. 
vs distance) 
OSHCHEPKOV, P.K. 
PRESMAN, A.S. 
(Physicist 
- ESP) 
RAIKOV, 
V.L., 
(Moscow) 
SEROV, 
S. (Sverdlovsk) 
SOCHEVANOV, 
N. (Leningrad) 
TROSKIN, 
A. 
(Sverdlovsk) 
ZAKAROV (Leningrad) 
MENTAL SUGGESTION AND CONTROLLED BEHAVIOR 
PART A - Affiliation Known 
Serbsky Central Scientific Research Institute of Forensic Psychiatry, 
Moscow, USSR 
ROZHNOV, 
V. 
The Institute of Suggestology and Parapsychology, 
Sofia, Bulgaria 
LOZANOV, 
G. 
Psychiatry Department, Karaganda Medical Institute 
SVYADOSHCH, 
A. 
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PART B - Affiliation Unknown 
GENKIN, A.A. 
GURVICH, G.I.. 
KHVOGNOV, B.S. 
MARISHCHUK, 
V.L. 
MORDINOV, E.F. 
TISHCHENKO, M.I.. 
YEFIMENKO, G.D. 
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY IN THE USSR- 
Affiliation Known 
Serbsky Institute of Forensic Psychiatry, Moscow 
ANOKHINA, I.P. 
GORDOVA, T.N. 
MIKHALEV, P.V. 
Institute of the Brain, Academy. of Medical Sciences, Moscow 
POPOVA, E. 
First Medical Institute imeni 
I.M. Sechenov, Moscow 
` KUDRIN, A:N. 
MENSHIKOV, V.V. 
Moscow Medical Stomatological Institute, Moscow 
MATVEYEV, V.F. 
Donetsk. Medical Institute 
KOMISSAROV, I.V. 
TALALOYENKO, A.N. 
Institute of Molecular Biology, Academy. of Sciences, Moscow 
BRAUNSHTEYN, 
A. Ye. 
ENGELGARDT, 
V.A. 
(Head) 
SEVERIN 
(fnu) 
(son of Severin, S.Ye.) 
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Institute of Physiology, Tbilisi 
BACKURADZE, A. (Director) 
| 
Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Bekhterev Scientific Research 
Psychoneurological Institute, Leningrad 
LAPIN, I.P. 
Laboratory of Pharmacology of the Nervous System, Institute of 
Pharmacology, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences 
RAYEVSKIY, K.S. 
ZAKUSOV, V.V. 
Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Moscow 
ANOKHIN, P.K. 
l LIGHTS AND COLOR AS A MEANS OF ALTERING HUMAN BEHAVIOR 
Affiliation Known 
Military-Medical Academy imeni S.M. Kirov, Leningrad 
KOZHEVNIKOV, Ye.P. 
Medical Institute imeni S.V. Kurashov, Kazan 
AMIROV, N.Kh. 
_-KALPINA, G.A. 
KAMCHATNOV, V.P. 
MENDELEVICH, D.M. 
ZUBALROVA, G.O. 
Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, USSR 
Academy of Sciences, Moscow 
BAGDONAS, A. 
DAUROVA, F.K. 
LALAYAN, A.A. 
| 
POLYANSKY, V.B. 
SOKOLOV, E.N. 
VALTSEV, V.B. 
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Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy 
of Medical Sciences, 
USSR, Leningrad 
` 
DANILOV, I.V. 
KUDRYAVTSEVA, N.N. 
Institute of Child and Juvenile Physiology, USSR Academy of 
Pedagogical Sciences, Moscow 
FRID, G.M. 
ODORS AND THE ALTERING OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR 
PART A - Affiliation Known 
Scientific Research Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kiev 
NEDOPEKIN, T.K. 
PORTNYAGINA, 
V.A. 
STOLYARENKO, L.G. 
VASILYEVA, Ye.V. 
PART B - Affiliation Unknown 
BELKOV, A.N. 
KLIMENKO, 
A.I. 
SENSORY DEPRIVATION (non-aerospace) 
Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Moscow 
IL'IN, Y. 
Laboratory of Sensory Processes, Scientific Research Institute 
of Psychology, Moscow 
LOMOV, B. 
ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECTS 
Scientific Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, 
Riga 
-KIKUT, R. 
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‘Division of Clinical Biophysics, Medical Institute, Riga 
PORTNOV, 
F. 
Ivanovo-Frankovsk Medical Institute 
LAZAROVICH, V.G. 
Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Academy 
of Sciences USSR, Moscow 
KHOLODOV, Yu.A. 
Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Soviet Academy 
of Sciences 
: 
MERIAKRI, V.V. 
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APPENDIX III 
FUTURE TRENDS 
1. 
(S/NED) 
It is now apparent that the ideological stigmas 
attached 
to parapsychological phenomena have been breached in 
the Soviet Union. 
Although serious studies of psi have been 
` going on in the USSR since the 1920s, it has only been since 
1962 that researchers such as L. Vasilev have been allowed to 
publish their work. 
In 1971, however, the open literature and 
the open exchange of ideas between the USSR and the West 
halted. 
During the next fifteen years it is expected that the 
Soviets will energetically pursue all aspects of parapsychology. . 
With party approval and with the large sums of money allocated 
in the late 1960s, it is inconceivable that the work has stopped. 
It is believed that certain military applications have been dis- 
covered and that by 1980, the Soviets will have mastered some 
| 
aspects of psi phenomena in order to alter human behavior. 
2. 
(S/NFD). 
The Soviets are concentrating on the development 
of psycho-warfare agents. 
One of the more recent areas appear. 
to lie in the development or isolation of marine toxins. 
The 
Serbsky Institute of Forensic. Psychiatry in Moscow is one such 
facility shown to have interest in psychotropic substances 
to 
include LSD; tranquilizers, 
and marine toxins. 
It is believed 
that the search for new "mindbending" agents will continue in 
the USSR. 
Close scrutiny of the literature, 
etc., especially 
in marine toxin research is imperative. 
3. 
(S/NFD) 
Based on exhaustive searches of Soviet literature, 
it is now apparent that the USSR has initiated research into the 
behavior of insects and animals 
(possibly human) that is related 
to pheromones. 
The technological base is available in the USSR 
(and elsewhere) which could allow immediate behavioral exploitation 
of certain insect and animal populations. 
The use of certain 
pheromones that cause 
a gathering of animals to a certain location 
and release of their aggressive behavior would cause immediate 
disruption and confusion, 
and depending on the insect or animal, 
even death to military units 
at the focal points of infestation. 
It is extremely likely that given five to ten years of further 
research, the Soviets will have the means 
as well as countermeasures 
for the military employment of pheromones. 
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4. 
(S/NFD) 
The Soviets, 
it appears, have already experimented 
with the use of flashing lights and colored lights for the 
purpose of eliciting behavioral change 
in human targets. 
There 
is literature available that reports on Soviet work involved in 
the interactions 
of sound, light, 
and olfactory stimuli in humans. 
The possibility already exists that the USSR has systems for the 
use of flickering lights in the field. 
It can now be assessed 
that in the next 15 years, they may develop 
a system that alters 
behavior by combining. 
two or more systems e.g. sound and light 
together, 
to mask the use of the principal weapon e.g. 
the admini- 
stration of a pheromone or a psychotropic compound. 
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, 
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APPENDIX IV 
THE "1961 DIRECTIVES" 
(U) 
Directives 
on the Immediate Hospitalization of Persons Mentally 
Ill Who are a Social Danger, Practice of Forensic Psychiatric 
Diagnosis, Research Handbook No. 6, under the editorship of G.V. 
Morozov, Ministry of Health of the USSR, Serbsky Central Research 
Institute of Forensic Psychiatry of the USSR, Moscow, 1962. 
Confirmed by the deputy minister of health of the USSR, 
I Kochergin, October 10, 1961. 
Number 04-14 32. 
Affirmed for Procurator of the USSR, by Deputy General Procu- 
rator of the USSR,.A. Mishutin, October 10, 1961. 
Affirmed for the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR, 
by the Deputy Minister of Intemal Affairs of the RSFSR, 
P. Romashkov, October 9, 1961. 
In a number of instances the necessity for prevention of dangerous 
actions of persons mentally ill requires their immediate hospita- 
lization in psychiatric institutions, 
In accordance with this: 
1. 
If there is a clear danger from a person mentally ill to 
those around him or to himself the health organs have the right 
(by way of immediate psychiatric assistance) 
to place him in 
a psychiatric hospital without the consent of the person who 
is ill or his relatives or guardians. 
2. 
In the psychiatric institution within 24 hours the sick 
person hospitalized must be examined by a special committee composed 
of three doctor-psychiatrists, which considers tne question of 
correctness of hospitalization and determines the necessity for 
further presence in the hospital. 
The closest relatives 
are 
informed of the hospitalization of the sick person, 
‘3. 
The basic indication for obligatory hospitalization is 
the social danger of the sick person as conditioned by the following 
particular features of his sick. condition: 
a. 
Psychomotor excitation with a tendency towards aggressive 
‘actions; 
© 
b. 
Deviant conduct accompanied by psychiatric disorder 
(hallucinations, deliriums, 
a syndrome of mental automatism, 
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syndromes of disordered consciousness, 
and pathological impulsiveness), 
if it occurs 
in a condition of sharply expressed affective tension 
and a tendency to pass into action; 
Ce 
Systematic delirious syndromes with a chronic deteriorating 
course, 
if they determine 
the socially dangerous conduct of the 
sick person; 
d. 
 Hypochondriac delirious conditions causing incorrect, 
aggressive attitudes 
of the sick person towards particular persons, 
organizations 
and institutions. 
The morbid conditions enumerated above, tending within themselves 
. to undoubted social danger, may occur with externally correct 
conduct and dissimulation. 
In this connection special care must 
be used when assessing the mental condition of such persons, 
so 
that the indications 
for immediate hospitalization are not 
stretched to fit the case, and, at the same time, the possibility 
of socially dangerous behavior on the part of the mentally sick. 
can be prevented by means 
of timely hospitalization. 
The indica- 
tions for immediate hospitalization enumerated above are not 
exhaustive, but are only a list of the more frequently occurring 
illnesses which present 
a social danger, 
4, 
Simple, although acute, alcoholic intoxication 
is not 
an indication for immediate hospitalization in a mental institu- 
tion, 
as is not also intoxication brought about. by other narcotic 
compounds 
(except. serious intoxicational psychosis and psychotic 
variations 
of abstential conditions), 
and affective reactions 
of persons who are not suffering from mental illness, 
5. 
Doctor~psychiatrists effect 
the immediate hospitalization 
directly, 
but in districts where there are no psychiatric institu- 
tions doctors belonging to the general medical service do SO, 
as the ill person must be immediately conveyed to the nearest 
psychiatric hospital. 
6. 
When immediate hospitalization 
is indicated, 
the doctor 
committing the sick person to the hospital is under obligation to 
give full details 
of the medical and social grounds for his 
decision, 
and in the conclusion of his report on the case, 
to 
méntion his place of work, the post he occupies, his name, 
and 
the time when the decision on immediate hospitalization had been 
reached. 
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7. 
Local organs of the police in cases of necessity. 
(if 
relatives or guardians of the ill person object or offer resis- 
tance) are obliged to offer assistance 
to medical workers in the 
hospitalization of persons mentally ill upon the request of the 
persons mentioned in paragraph five of the present Directives. 
8. 
Sick persons hospitalized in psychiatric institutions 
are placed in the department appropriate to their mental condition 
for carrying out actual treatment, and are subject without excep- 
tion 
(no less than once 
a month) 
to examination by a special 
commission composed of three doctor-psychiatrists 
for consideration 
of the question of further stay 
in the hospital. 
Upon improvement 
of the mental condition of the sick person, or such changes in 
the clinical picture of the illness as to eliminate the social danger 
on the part of the sick person, the commission of doctors issues 
an opinion on the possible release of the sick person. 
Releasé 
of such an ill person is carred out by handing him over to rela- 
tives or guardians. 
9. 
If a sick person who is due, according to medical indica- 
tions to be released from the hospital, is in a condition where 
he may not be. left on- his own and does not have a permanent place 
of residence or persons able to take care of him, he may be 
released from the hospital only through transfer to patronage. 
In cases of necessity 
the hospital takes measures for the offi- 
cial registration of guardianship over the sick person. 
10. 
Upon release of the sick person the psychiatric hospital 
informs 
the relatives of the sick person and the psychoneurological 
clinician as to where such sick persons must attend for particular 
check-ups, 
if they are subject to regular prophylactic treatment. 
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> 
The science 
of mass manipulation plays 
a major role in modern 
warfare 
- 
at least theoretically. 
In past wars, 
a hostile con- 
frontation between two parties 
was a diplomatic duel, 
or a military 
battle which was based on and regulated, in general, by classical 
concepts of acceptable military conduct 
(e.g., interational 
agreements 
on the status 
of POWs, unarmed civilians, etc.). 
But 
this concept has changed. 
In modern warfare, there 
is a powerful 
third force which has, perhaps, 
the most decisive bearing on 
the outcome of any diplomatic and/or military confrontation today. 
This third force 
is the manipulated mass 
- individuals who, by 
modern mass communications media, have been welded into 
a solid 
front, holding the same, 
or very similar, opinions. 
This third 
force conflicts with, 
and ultimately controls 
the hostile con- 
frontation by appling its criteria rather than the older criteria 
132 
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of acceptable diplomatic and military conduct. 
The study of these 
criteria is also the task of opinionology. 
Source again cited, as 
a case in point, the war in Vietnam. 
According to older, classical 
concepts of warfare, 
the Vietnamese (including the North Vietnamese), 
should have sided with the Americans who are fighting in Vietnam to 
liberate the Vietnamese 
from the threat of Communist oppression and 
mass terror. 
Instead, the Vietnamese masses have been welded 
opinionologically G.e., deceived by Communist manipulation), into 
believing that they are fighting for their freedom and national 
independence against 
a "foreign (American) invader, whereas in 
reality they are fighting the Americans to be eventually enslaved 
by the Communists. 
Source believes that this situation is an 
obvious result of American ignorance in manipulating mass media. 
By ignoring mass opinion (both American and world), the Americans 
have maneuvered themselves into the position of an "invading 
foreign power," in the eyes of the opinionologically indoctrinated 
Vietnamese. 
The study of the pattern of mass manipulation and mass resonance 
is based on the new scientific approach to psychology known as 
l 
structural psychology. 
This psychology, which is also taugnt in 
the West, rejects the classical. psychology which devotes itself 
exclusively to the individual. 
According to structural psychology, 
the individual is conceived as a derivative of the hierarchic groups 
which condition and mold his existence. 
These groups are: 
The Intimate nierofrdun (family); 
The social micro-group (environment); 
The social molding group (LORENZ, Praegungsgruppe); 
and 
he basic structuring group (ethnic group). 
According 
to structural psychology, 
the phenomenology of the individual 
is considered to be a reflection of the phenomenology of these four 
groups. 
The study of mass 
resonance 
is concerned with the fourth 
group. 
Of the different methods of investigating the pattern of 
this group, opinionology is one of the most rewarding and most 
commonly used. 
a. 
Glossary of Terms 
Source furnished the following glossary to define the 
psychological and psychiatric terminology used in this report: 
133 
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(1) 
Opinionology: 
This term is understood 
as the theory 
dealing with the unstructured reaction of the masses, 
and/or 
the reaction of the unstructured masses. 
NOTE: 
Opinionology 
is 
not identical with cemoscopy; 
i.e., PO (public opinion) research 
which represents statistical evaluations of social data (mainly 
pseudo data)... 
(2). 
Unstructured mass: 
An unstructured mass consists 
of large numbers of individuals whose standards of value have 
been disturbed 
to a point approaching disintegration, 
so that 
the values have become ambiguous 
as 
a result. 
In other words, 
‘the reactions governing individuals 
are not homogeneous 
to the 
mass and, therefore, 
cannot weld the mass into an integrated whole. 
(3) 
Structured mass: 
A structured mass 
is one in which 
certain affective behavior manifestations 
are constant based on 
certain laws governing the individuals comprising the mass. 
(4) 
Mental structure 
of an individual: 
The mental structure 
of an individual is composed of certain affective behavior manifes- 
tations which remain constant; hence the mental structure 
of the 
individual is a repetitive phenomenology. 
(5) 
-Structuralization: 
This 
is the process of persuading 
individuals comprising a mass 
to accept 
a certain system of values 
| 
(i.e., 
a "structure"). 
(6) 
Unstructuration: 
This term has the same definition 
as item 
(2) above (unstructured mass). 
B 
Í 
(7) 
Structuration: 
Defined under item (3) above (structured 
mass). 
This term can also be defined 
as 
the structural form of a 
mass; i.e., 
of the individuals comprising the mass. 
(8) 
De-structuration: 
This 
is the process of depriving 
a mass 
of individuals 
(structured or structurized), 
of its values 
| 
(i.e., its structure). 
(9) 
Engrammation: 
A permanent effect produced in the 
psyche as 
a result of stimulation. 
It serves 
as the basis 
for 
memory. 
(10) 
Chronaxia: 
The mimimum time necessary 
to excite. 
(11). 
Cybernetics: 
A science dealing with the comparative 
study of complex electronic calculating machines and the human 
nervous system in an attempt 
to explain the nature 
of the brain. 
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(1) 
The factors of mass de-structuration and of unstruc— 
turation; that is, the circumstances under which groups of individuals 
(masses), become wmorientated (not disorientated) masses. 
Studies 
show that these masses can be manipulated 100 percent, as a result 
of de-structuration. 
(2) 
The factors governing the unstructured mass resonance; 
i.e., public opinion (PO); the excitement threshold of public opinion, 
its latency period and, as a link between the two, its chronaxia 
(latency period of the double excitement threshold). 
See Figure 1. 
(3) 
The types of unstructured mass resonance (public opinion), 
which range from latent undemonstrated sympathy and/or antipathy, 
to extreme turbulence and, in the final degree, to massive demonstra- 
tions of violence. 
(4) 
The short-term and long-term memory of public opinion 
(PO), in relation 
to events, 
and its engramation. 
SG1B 
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J 
TNTENSITY A 
Oovare 
“EMCITEMENT THRESHOLD, 
o LLL 
Nl 
i —— 
— 
= 
A 
T 
T 
| 
>t 
ne 
! 
<— CHRONAXIA —> 
LATENCY 
| 
| 
PERIOD 
Figure 1 (C) Chart of Public Opinion Resonance 
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APPENDIX VI 
MILAN RYZL 
Biocummunications 
(Parapsychology) Scientist 
1. (U) 
Doctor Milan Ryzl is an international authority on para- 
psychology, who has lectured widely both in the United States 
and in Europe. 
Doctor Ryzl, educated in Czechoslovakia, was 
a 
member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in Prague and 
was a leading figure in the application of scientific methods 
to the study of parapsychology. 
After he arrived in the United 
States, he worked with Doctor J.B. Rhine at the Institute of 
Parapsychology in Durham, North Carolina. 
There Doctor Ryzl 
was especially noted for his original research on the influence 
of hypnosis 
on ESP. 
2. 
(U) 
Doctor Ryzl has taught parapsychology at San Diego State 
College and is currently a professor of parapsychology at San 
Jose State University. 
He is a member of and has founded para- 
psychological and psychical research groups in Europe and in the 
United States. 
Doctor Ryzl's primary efforts in this field have 
been to document a case for parapsychology by. means of highly 
refined and systematized scientific methods. 
He published his 
results in, Parapsychology: 
A Scientific Approach 
(Hawthorn Books, 
1970). 
In his work, Doctor Ryzl presents indisputable and thoroughly 
documented evidence that psychic phenomena exist and scientifically 
examines the full range of psychic phenomena by evaluating experi- 
mental evidence derived from laboratory controlled testing. 
3. 
(U) 
Doctor Ryzl is also well-known as a reviewer and analyst 
of parapsychology developments and trends in Eastern Europe. 
He 
has frequently published reviews and commentaries on parapsycho- 
logical works from behind the Iron Curtain. 
One such is Telepatie 
A Jasnovidnost (Telepathy and Clairvoyance), by Doctor Z. Rejdak. 
Docter Ryzl's review of this book was published in the July-August 
1971 edition of the Parapsychology Review. 
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 
- 1. 
Congressional Record, 92nd Congress of the United States, 
Volume 117, Number 176, 17 November 1971, Washington, DC. (U) 
2.. 
Shallice, T. and Wall, P., Interrogation Question, New Scientist, 
UK, Volume 52, Number 773, p. 67, 9 December 1971. 
(U) 
3. 
Psychologist Says Detainees in Ulster Undergo Torture, The 
New York Times, 9 January 1972. 
(U) 
4. 
Biderman, A.D. 
and Zimmer, H., The Manipulation of Human Behavior, 
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York-London, 
323 pp., 1961. 
(U) 
5. 
Medvedev, Z.A. 
and Medvedev, R.A., A Question of Madness, 
The New York Times Magazine, 7 November 1971. 
(U) 
6. 
Department of State Airgram, CA-5185, 15 November 1971. 
(C) 
7. 
Reddaway, P., Plea to West on Soviet "Mad-house" Jails, The 
London Times, 12 March 1971. 
(U) 
8. 
Ibid, Save Ex-Soviet General, 
The London Times, 2 May 1971. 
(U) 
9. 
Ibid, Soviet Group's Plea to Psychiatrists, The London Times, 
23 October 1971. 
(U) 
10. 
Jensen, H., Soviet Dissenter Speaks Out, The Washington Post 
17 May 1970. 
(WU) 
. 
id. 
Shabad, T., Two Dissidents 
in Soviet Prison Hospital Charge 
Drugs are Used to Change Beliefs of Political Prisoners, The 
New York Times, 18 March OTL. 
(U) 
12. 
Reston, R., Russian Use ee Drugs to Curb Dissent Told, The 
London Times 
(no date). a) 
13. 
Goodman, L.S. and Gilman, A., The Pharmacological Basis of 
Therapeutics, sae edition, The Macmillian Company, New York, pp. 
155-170, 1970. (VU) 
14. 
Brumberg, A., How Russia Uses Asylums to Kill Dissent, The 
Washington Post, 18 October 1971. 
(U) 
145 
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UNCLASSIFIED 
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wa 
July 1972 
oe. 
oo 
15. 
Directives on the Immediate Hospitalization of Persons Ment ally 
Ill Who are a Social Danger, Practice of Forensic Psychiatric 
© 
_ 
Diagnosis, Research Handbook Number Six, Morozov, 
G.V., Editor 
Ministry of Health, 
USSR, Serbsky Central Research Institute of 
Forensic Psychiatry of the USSR, 1962. . (U) 
16. 
Chalidze, V.N., Concerning Compulsory Commitment 
to Psychiatric 
Hospitals, Moscow 
(in samizdat), May-June 1970, MIO Number Five, 
ST-CS-01-169-72. 
(U) 
17. 
Outpatient Forenic-Psychiatric Examination of Yakhimovich, 
I.A.,, The Neurological Center of the City of Riga, 1 April 1969, 
MIO Number Three, ST-CS-01-169-72. 
(U) 
18. 
Report Number 96, Inpatient Forensic-Psychiatric Examination 
l 
of Yakhimovich, 
I.A., Psychiatric Section of Investigation Department, 
Number One, City of Riga, 3 June 1969. 
(U). 
19. Report Number a Inpatient Forensic-Psychiatric Examination 
of Yakhimovich, 
I.A., 
Central Scientific Research Institute 
(Serbsky 
Institute) 
of Borenuie Psychiatry, 
12 January 1970. 
(U) 
20. - Volpin, A., Novoye Russkoye Slovo, New Merk, 10 June 1968. 
(U) 
21. 
Report Number 575, Skvortsov-Stepanov Psycho-Neurological 
Hospital, Leningrad, 14 October 1969, 
(U) 
22. 
Conélusion of a Commission Presided Over by the (Moscow) 
City Psychiatrist I.K. Yanishevsky, 
19 November 1969, MIO Number. 
Two, ST-CS-01-169-72. 
(U) 
` 
23. ‘Report Number 28/S, The Forensic-Psychiatric Examination 
of N.E. Gorbanevskaya, 
6 April 1970. 
(U) 
gol
te 
i 
24. 
Gorbanevskaya, N.E., Letters from the Butyrka Prison (Moscow), 
1970, MIO Number One, ST-CS-01-169-72. 
(U) 
25. 
Fainberg, 
V., Appeal to Human Rights Organization, July 1970, 
- MIO Number Four, ST-CS-01-169-72. 
(U) 
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KGB Report, 
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of P.G. Grigorenko, 
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28. 
Kallistratova, S.B., Petition to the Tashkent City Court in 
Defense of P.G. Grigorenko, 2 February 1970, MIO Number Six, 
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29. 
Whom the Gods Wish to Destroy, The Economist (International 
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30. 
Pisarev, S.P., From the Russian Underground, The New York 
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3L. 
Shabad, T., Soviet Denies Charges on Dissidents, The New 
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(U) 
32. 
Izvestiya, Moscow, 24 October 1971. 
(U) 
33. 
Ortiz, F., Snezhnevskiy Interviewed at Psychiatric Meeting, 
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l 
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34. 
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1, 15, 16, 18, 
30 November 1971 (JPRS 54778, 
23 December 1971). 
(v) 
35. 
Noble, C.E., Current Psychological Research in the Soviet 
Union and Sovbloc Gountries: 
Recent Developments in the Theory 
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_ 
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38. 
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41, 
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42, 
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and Lorenz, P.J., Some Effects 
of Air Ions on the Activity of Rats, International Journal of 
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1966. 
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Carlson, A.J., Johnson, 
V., and Cavert, H.M., The Machinery 
of the Body, 5th edition, 
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Davson, H. and Eggleton, M.G., Starling's Human Physiology, 
14th edition, Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger, p. 1417, 1968. 
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54. 
Bartley, S.H., The Psychophysiology of Vision, Stevens, S.S., 
? 
‘editor, Handbook of Experimental Psychology, New York, Wiley, 
i 
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55. 
Kholodov, 
Yu.A., The Effect of an Electromagnetic Field 
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Development of Psychological Weapons, ATL-TR-65-98, American 
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57. 
Unsolicited Proposal for Special Research Services and 
Technical Analyses, Mankind Research Unlimited, Inc., Washington, 
f 
l 
. DC, MRU Proposal Number 101, 5 January 1972. 
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58. 
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Ryzl, M., Parapsychology: 
A Scientific Approach, Hawthorn 
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System, Voprosy Bioniki, 
1967. 
(U) 
42. 
Sergeyev, 
G.A. 
and Romanenko, A.F., Use of Stochastic Simulation 
Concepts in Studies of the Reliability of the Human Operator, 
Problems of Engineering Psychology, Moscow, 
pp. 
180-190, 
1967 
i 
to! 
= 
baln ll 
z 
K 
j 
? 
” 
(U) 
171 
UET 
(This page 
is UNCLASSIFIED) 
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: 
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| 
ST-CS-01-169-72 
July 1972 
43. 
Sergeyev, G.A. and. Romanenko, 
A.F., Equipment for Investigating 
Human Coordination Functions, Izo Prom Ob Tov Znaki, Number 24, 
1968, (Patent Number 223253). 
(U) 
l 
44. 
Sergeyev, G.A. 
and Romanenko, A.F., Device for the Running 
Statistical Processing of Biopotentials, 
Izo Prom Ob Tov Znaki, 
Number 30, 1968 (Patent Number 227496). 
(U) 
46. 
Fidelman, V.Ye., Gulevskiy, V.V., Bogatyrev, V.A., Ivanova, 
M.R., and Bulavin, G.I., Procedure for and Results of Experimental 
Checking of. the Possibility of Telepathic Communication Radiotekhnika, 
Volume 25, Number 7, pp.» 109-110, 1970. 
(wv) 
` SG1B 
PART IIT 
. 
SECTION I 
l. 
Raikov, 
V. and Adanenko, 
Ve, Questions of Objective Research 
of Deep Hypnotic States, Therapy of Mental Disease, Moscow: 
Sechenov 
Medical Institute, 
1968. 
(U) 
2. Rozhnov, V., The Mechanisms 
of Hypnosis, Meditsinskaya gazeta, 
p.-3, 24 September 1965. 
(U) 
PART III 
SECTION TI 
Hypnosis without Hypnosis, Pravda Vostaka, Number 140, p. 4, 
col. 4, 18 June 1968. 
(U) 
172 
SECRET 
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UNCLASSIFIED 
ST-CS-01-169-72 
July 1972 
PART IV 
SECTION II 
Lustig, B., Therapeutic Methods in Soviet Psychiatry, I.C.R.5S. 
Medical Reports, Fordham University, Number 3, 1963. 
(U) 
PART VI- 
SECTION I 
1... 
Orlansky, J., The Use of Flashing Light to Perturb Human Behavior, 
Institute for Defense Analysis, Research and Engineering Support 
Division, Research paper, p. 172, March 1965. 
(U) 
2... Churchill, A.V., An Annotated Bibliography of Reports 1951- 
1970, Human Factors Wing, Defense Research Establishment Toronto,. 
Downsview, Ontario, DRET Report Number 769, September 1970. 
(U) 
3. 
Dahlke, A.E., Palmer, J.D., and Page, M.M., A Study of the Effects 
of Visual Flicker and Auditory Flutter on Human Performance, University 
of Oklahoma Research Institute, Norman, Oklahoma, AF-08(635)-5257, 
February 1967. 
(U) 
, 
4. 
Christner, 
C.A., Austen, B.G., Cress, R.J., Hassfurther, M.E., 
McFarland, 
R.R., and Roppel, 
R.M., State-of-the-Art Study of the 
Pulsed-Light Phenomenon, 
Remote Area Conflict Information Center, 
Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, Report Number, 
BAT-171-6, 4 December 1964. 
(U) 
T 
5. 
Alexander, H.S. 
and Chiles, W.D., Prolonged Intermittent 
-Photic Stimulation, 
U.S. Armed Forces Medical Journal, Volume 2, 
pp. 1156-1161, 1960. 
(U) ` 
PART VIII 
1: 
Barrett, A.M., Personality Characteristics Under the Stress 
of High Intensity Sound, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 
1950, 
Penn State College, State College, Pennsylvania. 
(U) 
2. Broadbent, D.E., Effects 
of Noise in Behavior, Handbook of 
Noise Control, Harris 
(Ed.), Chapter 10, McGraw-Hill, New York, 
1957. 
(U) 
i 
i 
3. 
Plutchik, R., The Effects 
of High Intensity Intermittent Sound 
on Performance, Feeling, 
and Physiology, Psychol. Bull., Volume 56, 
pp. 133-151, 
1959. 
(U) 
173 
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1. ORIGINATING ACTIVITY (Corporate author) 
2a. REPORT SECURITY C LASSIFIC ATION 
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Medical Scientific and Technical Branch 
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SCHEDULE OF EXECUTIVE ORDER 11652 
| «Controlled Offensive Behavior - USSR (U) 
EXEMPTION CATEGORY 3 
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DECLASSIFY ON 31 DECEMBER 1990 
A s. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type of report and inclusive dates) 
; 
f Trend Study 
1874-1987 
- 9 Be AUTHORIS) (First name, middie initial, iaat namo) 
John D. LaMothe 
7a. TOTAL NO. OF PAGES 
O 
f7b. NO. OF REFS 
177 
Ba; CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. 
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| PROJECT 
NO. 
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| 
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2b. OTHER REPORT NO(S} (Any other numbers thaf may ba assigned 
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| 19. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT 
namena. 
gil. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 
12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY 
Defense Intelligence Agency 
Washington, DC 
20301 
aE RESTART? 
i 
- 
i 
(S/N"D) 
Controlled offensive behavior as defined within the scope of this report 
‘ 
~ineludes Soviet research on human vulnerability as it applies to methods of 
influencing or altering human behavior. 
Emphasis in this report is placed on 
influencing individuals 
as opposed to groups. 
The use of parapsychological 
. phenomena, light, color, souad, pheromones, and biochemicals 
are included and 
discussed as it is applicable to altering human behavior. 
wit 
(S/NFD) 
This report is a trend study and, therefore, contains statements pre- 
dicting Soviet knowledge and capabilities for influencing human behavior for the 
period up to + 15 years. 
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CIVIL AFFAIRS SCH 
C463 
INTELLIGENCE. SCH 
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MED FLD SVC SCH 
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US MIL ACADEMY 
(TOTAL 
72) 
177 
GICLASSIFIED 
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