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Page  No. 
Selected  Bibliography   
^   . 
   ; 
Data  Handling   
Distribution  List   ' 
LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 
Figure  1 
Figure  2 
Figure  3 
Figure  4 
Figure  5 
Figure  6 
Figure  7 
Figure  8 
Figure  9 
Comparison  of  US  and  Soviet  Parapsychology  Ter4s 
Psychotronic  Model  of  Man   ; 
Psychotronic  Generator   J 
Psychotronic  Generator   f 
Psychotronic  Generator   f 
Psychotronic  Generator   j 
Psychotronic  Generator     
Psychotronic  Generator     
Psychotronic  Rotor   ; 
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SUMMARY 
(U)  During  the  past  25  years,  Soviet  and  Czechoslovakian  parapsychologists 
have  reported  that  paranormal  phenomena  such  as  extrasensory  perception 
(ESP),  telepathy,  and  psychokinesis  (PK)  have  been  demonstrated  under 
rigorous Ly  controlled  laboratory  conditions.  Skeptics  in  both  nations 
have  attacked  the  study  of  such  phenomena  on  both  scientific  and  political 
—   ideological  grounds.  Criticism  based  on  political  ideology  has  stemmed 
from  the  fact  that  much  past  research  has  been  non-materialistic  in  the 
sense  that  results  have  not  been  reported  in  terms  of  contemporary  conven- 
tional science.  Thus  the  critics  feel  that  parapsychology  has  fostered 
continued  belief  in  mysticism,  occultism,  and  religion, 
(U)  In  order  to  rebut  the  skeptics’  contentions  that  psychic  phenomena  do 
not  fit  accepted  scientific  and  political  thought,  Soviet  and  Czech  sci- 
entists now  argue  that  there  are  many  well  established  "facts"  which  remain 
as  anomalous  to  scientific  paradigms  as  extrasensory  perception  (ESP).  ESP 
refers  to  information  which  is  not  received  via  the  usual  senses,  and  as 
a   general  term,  includes  telepathy  (the  Soviet  ,,biocommunication,,)  and 
psychokinesis  or  PK  (the  Soviet  "bioenergetics"),  Communist  parapsycho- 
logists argue  that  after  decades  of  research,  conventional  science  still 
has  no  satisfactory  neurophysiological  explanation  of  memory,  nor  is  there 
any  appropriate  model  for  explaining  how  raw  data  impinging  on  man’s  senses 
are  transformed  into  a   conscious  experience.  They  also  point  to  the  dema- 
terialized  character  of  contemporary  physics,  a   science  filled  with  such 
bizarre  components  as  advance  potential  (waves  of  electrons  perceived  be- 
fore they  are  generated) ,  tunneling  effects  (electrons  penetrating  barriers 
which,  by  the  laws  of  probability,  should  be  impenetrable),  and  tachyons 
(particles  traveling  faster  than  light,  and  thus  implying  the  possibility 
of  a   backward  flow  of  time).  In  short,  they  conclude  that  "hard"  science 
no  longer  offers  a   secure  rationale  for  the  denial  of  the  possibility  of 
any  noncausal  event. 
SG1B 
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PART  I 
EXTRASENSORY  PERCEPTION  (ESP) 
SECTION  I  -   BACKGROUND 
(U)  Parapsychology  Is  a   field  involving  research  on  the  informational 
and  energetic  possibilities  of  the  psychic  and  biophysical  activities 
of  living  organisms.  Parapsychology  investigates  the  complex  of  phenomena 
relating  to  the  interaction  of  living  organisms  with  each  other  and  with 
the  surrounding  environment  without  the  mediation  of  the  known  sense 
organs  or  of  presently  identified  energy  transfer  mechanisms.  Western 
parapsychologists  refer  to  this  complex  of  phenomena  as  extrasensory 
perception  (ESP)  and  psi  phenomena. 
(U)  The  Soviets  prefer  the  term  biocommunications  instead  of  parapsychol- 
ogy, psi  phenomena,  or  ESP.  Other  Soviet  terms  which  are  equivalent  to 
the  term  parapsychology  include  psychophysiology,  psychotronics ,  psycho- 
energetics, and  biophysical  effects.  The  Soviet  term  biocommunications 
can  be  further  subdivided  into  two  general  classifications:  bioinforma- 
tion and  bioenergetics.  Bioinformation  includes  paranormal  events  between 
living  organisms  (telepathy,  precognition)  and  events  between  living 
organisms  and  the  inanimate  world.  Bioenergetics  denotes  activities  such 
as  biological  locator  and  indicator  techniques  (dowsing) ,  bioenergetic 
therapy  using  electromagnetic  (EM)  fields,  and  psychokinesis,  or  the  in 
f luenc'e  of  bioenergy  on  matter.  Definitions  of  the  term^  biocommunica- 
tions, bioinformation,  and  bioenergetics  are  as  follows: 
BASIC  TYPES  OF  BIOCOMMUNICATION  PHENOMENA  (U) 
General:  Biocommunications 
A   branch  of  science  involved  with  the  human  capability  of  obtain- 
ing information  from  other  than  the  normal  senses  and  the  ability 
to  respond  to  or  reasonably  interpret  such  information.  Bio- 
communications, also  synonymous  with  parapsychology,  is,  however, 
distinct  from  other  sciences  in  that  it  is  primarily  concerned 
with  determining  the  nature  of  a   definite  group  of  natural 
phenomena  controlled  by  laws  which  are  not  based  on  any  presently 
known  energetic  influence. 
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TYPE  I:  Bioinf ormation 
Those  phenomena  associated  with  the  obtaining  of  information 
through  means  other  than  the  normal  sensory  channels,  e.g.  - 
through  extrasensory  perception  (ESP) .  There  are  several  forms 
of  ESP,  including:  j 
a.  Telepathy,  transmission,  or  "reading"  of  thoughts , 
refers  to  the  extrasensory  reception  of  information  about 
the  mental  processes  of  others. 
b.  Proscopy  or  precognition  is  a   form  of  ESP  which, 
under  certain  circumstances,  involves  crossing  the  barrier 
of  time  to  obtain  information  about  future  events. 
c.  Paragnosia  or  clairvoyance  refers  to  the  extrasen- 
sory reception  of  information  about  objective  events  in  the 
outer  world. 
TYPE  II:  Bioenergetics 
Bioenergetics  involves  phenomena  associated  with  the  production 
of  objectively  detectable  effects  through  means  other  than  known 
energetic  influences.  Seemingly  incredible  effects  have  been 
reported,  such  as  the  movement  of  distant  objects  without  any 
detectable  use  of  physical  force  (psychokinesis  or  telekinesis) , 
antigravitational  effects,  transformations  of  energy,  electro- 
magnetic effects  arising  without  adequate  physical  cause,  and 
chemical  reactions  and  biological  processes  occurring  through 
mental  concentration. 
(U)  A   comparison  of  US  and  Soviet  parapsychology  terms  is  given  in 
Figure  1. 
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(U)  Current  Soviet  and  Czech  parapsychological  terms  and | objectives  have 
evolved  in  a   climate  of  fluctuating  political  pressure.  Scientists  in 
pre-revolutionary  Russia  studied  parapsychology  as  did  later  such  Soviet 
scientists  as  V.M.  Bekhterev,  A. G.  Ivanov- Smo lensky ,  and  B.B.  Kazhinsky 
in  the  twenties  and  thirties.4  In  1924,  A.V.  Lunakharsky,  Commissar  for 
Education,  took  the  initiative  in  forming  a   Soviet  Committee  for  Psychical 
Research.  As  a   result  of  Academician  V.M.  Bekhterev's  enthusiasm  for  the 
subject,  extensive  work  was  financed  at  the  University  of  Leningrad  Insti- 
tute for  Brain  Research.  L.L.  Vasilev,  a   former  student  of  Bekhterev  s 
demonstrated  to  his  own  satisfaction  that  telepathic  influence  at  a   dis- 
tance may  indeed  occur.  Work  flourished  throughout  the  thirties  with 
research  being  reported  in  the  literature  in  1934,  1936,  jand  1937.  After 
1937  further  experiments  in  the  field  of  parapsychology  were  forbidden. 
During  Stalin's  time,  the  study  of  paranormal  phenomena  was  interpreted 
as  a   deliberate  attempt  to  undermine  the  doctrines  of  materialism.  Tele- 
pathy was  treated  as  a   mystical  and  antisocial  superstition  and  nothing 
further  was  heard  of  parapsychology  in  the  Soviet  Union  until  the  late 
1950s.  Then,  as  a   result  of  French  newspaper  articles,  rumors  began  to 
circulate  that  American  researchers  had  disproved  the  "brain-radio  theory 
as  a   result  of  ship-to-shore  telepathy  experiments  involving  the  US  atomic 
submarine  Nautilus.  The  Nautilus  "experiments"  probably  were  mythical, 
but  the  claims  had  one  tangible  consequence:  the  Soviet  authorities  per- 
mitted Vasilev,  then  Professor  of  Physiology  and  holder  of  the  Order  of 
Lenin,  to  publish  his  own  earlier  work  in  which  decades  previously  he 
had  proven  to  his  own  satisfaction  that  radio- type  brain  waves  did  not 
mediate  telepathy.  Vasilev  was  also  allowed  to  open  a   unit  for  the  study 
of  parapsychology  at  the  Institute  for  Brain  Research.  His  work  first 
reached  the  West  with  an  English  translation  of  his  monograph  "Experiments 
in  Mental  Suggestion"  in  1963.  The  result  was  instant  international 
interest.  Numerous  Western  researchers  traveled  to  the  Soviet  Union  and 
found  a   fair  amount  of  activity  and  interest  in  the  paranormal,  although 
the  research  approaches  were  frequently  different  from  those  in  the  West. 
Soviet  workers  tended  to  be  far  more  preoccupied  with  whble-body  physical 
and  biological  effects  rather  than  with  the  "mental"  phenomena  with  which 
Western  researchers  had  long  been  preoccupied. 
(U)  Some  of  the  first  parapsychologists  to  visit  the  Soyiet  Union  after 
the  publication  of  Vasilev's  work  described  the  differences  in  atmosphere 
pervading  two  conferences  in  1963  and  1968.  During  the  first,  free  and 
cordial  exchange  of  views  was  possible;  the  second  was  overshadowed  by  an 
article  in  Pravda  attacking  parapsychology  which  largely  wrecked  the  formal 
plans  for  the  program.  Most  of  the  Soviets  declined  to  ppeak.  Western 
visitors  were  pressed  to  deliver  impromptu  lectures,  and  the  House  of 
Friendship  in  Moscow  withdrew  its  invitation  to  hold  further  meetings  or 
allow  films  to  be  shown  there.  From  this  time  onwards,  with  certain 
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fluctuations,  official  hostility  towards  parapsychology  increased  in  the 
Soviet  Union.  For  example,  Soviet  authorities  took  the  strongest  possible 
exception  to  a   best-seller  in  the  West,  Ostrander  and  Schroeder  s   Psychic 
Discoveries  Behind  the  Iron  Curtain. "5  Edward  K.  Naumov,  then  Director  of 
the  Institute  of  Technical  Parapsychology,  Moscow,6  was  cited  throughout 
as  the  journalists’  guide  and  mentor.  Unfortunately,  the  Voice  of  America 
beamed  a   radio  program  into  the  Soviet  Union  discussing  the  Schroeder  and 
Ostrander  book,  a   broadcast  that  was  construed  as  a   politically  motivated 
attack  using  parapsychology  as  a   weapon.  Apart  from  this  episode,  it  is 
not  entirely  clear  why  Soviet  officialdom  should  have  taken  such  fierce  . 
exception  to  a   frankly  popular,  sensational,  and  rather  chaotic  book,  which 
was  not  taken  seriously  by  many  Western  scientists.  The  most  plausible 
interpretation  seems  that  the  Soviets  were  worried  that  they  might  e 
believed  by  the  world’s  scientific  community  to  be  self-proclaimed  champions 
and  leaders  of  parapsychology.  In  fact,  Soviet  scientists  are  just  as  divi- 
ded among  themselves  concerning  parapsychology  as  scientists  elsewhere  an 
since  1972,  a   number  of  openly  critical  publications  concerning  parapsy 
chology  research  have  appeared  in  the  Soviet  Union.  A   few  examples  of  such 
open  attacks  follow. 
(U)  In  1972,  V.M.  Bleykher  (a  reputable  Soviet  neurophysiologist)  pub- 
lished a   book  titled  "Parapsychology  -   Science  or  Superstition."  In  an 
annotation  to  this  book  (and,  in  fact,  as  the  lead  paragraph)  Bleykher 
stated,  "this  book  is  designed  (sic)  to  debunk  parapsychology.  The 
book  began  with  such  arcane  and  archaic  topics  as  phrenology  (headbump 
reading)  and  ended  with  a   chapter  prefaced  by  a   cartoon  showing  a   broom 
sweeping  the  Russian  word  "parapsychology,"  out  of  the  picture.  The 
entire  bias  of  the  book  was  to  make  a   direct  link  between  19th  century 
"spiritualism"  and  20th  century  parapsychology. 
(U)  In  1973,  Kazakhs tans kay a   Pravda  (Alma-ata)  carried  an  article  by  ^ 
Doctor  of  Medical  Science  V.  Podachin,  titled  "Careful:  Paramedicine ! 
In  his  article,  Podachin  openly  attacked  "unproven  telepathic  trans- 
mission  of  information  over  distances  from  one  person  to  another  on  the 
basis  of  their  neuropsychic  states,"  and  criticized  parapsychologists 
"for  claiming  to  obtain  results  that  are  completely  unrelated  to  the 
cause-and-ef feet  principle." 
(U)  In  October  1973  a   long  and  detailed  paper  entitled  "Parapsychology: 
Fiction  or  Reality?"  was  published  in  Questions  of  Philosophy,  an 
official  publication  of  the  Soviet  Academy  of  Pedogogical  Sciences,  by 
four  eminent  members  of  the  Moscow  Academy  of  Pedagogical  Sciences,  V.P. 
Zinchenko,  A.N.  Leontiev,  B.F.  Lomov,  and  A.R.  Luria.  They  explicitly 
set  out  "to  express  the  viewpoint  of  the  USSR  Society  of  Psychologists 
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towards  parapsychology."  "Obviously,"  they  wrote,  "some  so-called  para- 
psychological  phenomena  do  happen;  however,  the  main  obstacle  to  the 
acceptance  of  their  existence  is  ignorance  of  the  basis  of  their  op 
tion."  It  is  not  clear  from  this  paper  just  which  parapsychological 
phenomena  "obviously  do  happen;"  the  only  ones  which  the  authors  unam 
biguously  supported  as  authentic  were  Kirlian  photography  (radiation 
field  photogrpahy  by  means  of  which  the  biological  energy  fields^of 
plants  and  animals  may  be  visualized)  and  dermal-optica  vision 
alleged  ability  to  see  colors  through  opaque  shielding  by  touch  alone). 
Paradoxically,  Kirlian  photography  is  probably  based  on. known  : 
se 
energy,  while  dermal-optical  vision  has  no  known  basis  in  fact.  A   large 
po«foA  of  the  paper  vL  in  fact  devoted  to  a   denunciation  of  "militant 
parapsychologists,"  popular  credulity,  fraudulent  practices)  physici 
who  quite  unnecessarily  change  their  jobs  to  investigate  paranormal 
phenomena,  sensationalistic  journalists,  and  institutions  such  as  the 
Institute  for  Technical  Parapsychology  (which  was  cited  by  name).  P 
narently,  the  objective  of  the  paper  was  to  discredit  as  myth  any  idea 
of  a   "parapsychological  movement"  in  the  Soviet  Union,  and  to  insure  that 
the  science  of  parapsychology  should  not  continue  to  emerge.  To  quote 
the  authors,  "there  is  no  need  for  parapsychology  to  exist  as  a   separate 
discipline. 11 
(U)  There  is  additional  evidence  that  the  official  attitude  toward 
parapsychology  in  the  Soviet  Union  may  have  changed.  In  the  19  s, 
Moscow  parapsychologist  Edward  K.  Naumov  was  recognized  internationally 
as  the  unofficial  Soviet  spokesman  for  the  science.  In  Match  of  19/4, 
Naumov  was  arrested  and  sentenced  to  two  years  hard  labor.  In  January 
1975,  parapsychologist  Larissa  Vilenskaya,  who  had  previously  been  per- 
mitted to  visit  Naumov  in  jail,  was  herself  arrested.  The  ireason  for  her 
arrest  is  not  known,  but  Naumov  was  apparently  convicted  of  taking  fees 
for  his  lectures  without  the  permission  of  the  appropriate j authorities. 
According  to  reports  from  the  Soviet  Union,  the  fees  seem  to  have  been 
collected  in  the  normal  way  by  the  club's  director  and  his  assistant. 
However,  both  were  subsequently  declared  psychologically  unfit  to  testi  y, 
certified  schizophrenic,  and  referred  for  some  unspecified  form  of  invol 
untary  treatment  at  the  Serbskiy  Institute  of  Forensic  Psychological  Ex- 
pertise. This  Institute's  director,  Ur.  Andrej  Snezhnevsky,  is  widely 
known  for  his  psychiatric  zeal  on  behalf  of  ideological  orthodoxy  and  or 
his  opposition  to  parapsychology.  At  the  trial  Snezhnevsky  himself  gave 
evidence  to  the  effect  that  parapsychology  was  a   pseudoscience  based  on. 
idealism  and  mysticism.  Although  40  witnesses  said  they  had  bought  their 
tickets  from  the  club's  director  or  his  representative,  Naumov  was  found 
guilty  and  sentenced  to  two  years  in  a   camp.  According  to  Lev  Regels on, 
a   Moscow  physicist,  Naumov's  offense  was  twofold,  first,  despite  rei  er 
ated  warnings  from  the  KGB  he  had  "maintained  free,  personal,  human  con- 
tacts with  foreign  scholars..."  and  made  use  of  the  material  he  received 
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for  disseminating  information  on  parapsychology  in  the  USSR.  Naumov  s 
second  fault  is  ideological.  Up  to  most  recent  times  parapsychology  has 
been  looked  on  in  the  Soviet  Union  as  "mysticism  and  pseudoscience, 
sharing  the  fate  of  the  theory  of  relativity,  quantum  mechanics,  cyber- 
netics, genetics,  etc. 
(U)  Naumov's  trial  and  the  dismissal  from  their  posts  of  others  who  had 
been  active  in  parapsychology  in  the  Soviet  Union  in  the  1960's  may  mark 
the  end  of  a   phase  during  which  free  and  indeed  spirited  discussion  of 
parapsychological  topics  was  permitted  throughout  the  Soviet  Union, 
and  during  which  a   fair  amount  gf  informal  and  unofficial  East-West 
contact  was  at  least  tolerated. 
(U)  Despite  apparent  shifts  in  the  official  attitude  toward  the  science, 
49  out  of  the  91  papers  presented  in  1973  at  the  First  International  Con- 
ference on  Psychotronic  Research  in  Prague,  Czechoslovakia,  were  authored 
by  Soviet  or  ECC  researchers.  In  addition,  the  Moscow  publication 
"Zhurnalist ,"  published  a   lengthy  editorialy  in  1974,  in  which  readers 
were  assured  that  "all  energy  fields  existing  in  nature  are  not  known  to 
contemporary  physics"  and  "that  because  various  phenomena  cannot  as  yet  be 
explained  does  not  mean  that  they  do  not  exist."  The  name  of  the  science 
may  be  changed  in  the  future,  but  the  research  will  continue. 
(U)  During  the  past  decade  parapsychology  has  undergone  many  changes  in 
the  Soviet  Union  and  Czechoslovakia.  In  a   sense,  this  is  a   question  of 
changing  generations.  The  elder  generation  of  researchers,  who  actively 
investigated  the  problems  of  psychotronics,  regarded  it  predominantly  as 
philosophy  and  psychology.  To  a   certain  extent,  this  concept  determined 
their  approach  to  the  problems:  in  most  cases  they  concluded  that  very 
complex  psychic  processes  were  involved,  processes  that  were  difficult 
to  control  and  hence  were  not  always  reproducible.  This  older  generation 
of  researchers  had  as  their  primary  objective  the  proof  of  psychic  proc- 
esses and  the  defense  of  their  theories.  They  confined  themselves  to 
their  own  specifics  and  problems.  In  terms  of  the  quantity  of  accumu- 
lated facts  and  performed  experiments  their  work  was  considerable  and 
often  awe-inspiring. 
(U)  Researchers  of  the  younger  generation  in  the  USSR  and  Czechoslovakia 
are  beginning  to  regard  this  concept  as  one-sided,  a   strait jacket.  They 
are  not  satisfied  with  the  constant  proving  and  description  of  the  phe- 
nomena. They  also  want  to  model,  amplify,  formulate  and  compute.  A 
desire  to  conclusively  master  the  problems  has  compelled  them  to  abandon 
the  previous  concept  and  to  define  parapsychology  for  the  time  being,  as 
a   borderline  interdisciplinary  science.  To  the  unipolar  philosophical- 
psychological  concept  there  is  now  added  another  pole,  the  technical- 
physical  concept.  Between  these  two  poles  there  is  sufficient  room  for 
parapsychology  to  comprehend  all  the  phenomena  that  it  investigates,  in 
their  complexity. 
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(U)  Present-day  Soviet  parapsychologists  are  recruited  from  practically 
all  scientific  disciplines,  not  as  individual  enthusiasts  but  as  members 
of  coordinated  interdisciplinary  teams  of  specialists.  In  1967  the  Czechs 
established  the  Coordination  Group  for  Psychotronic  (parapsychological) 
Research.  They  intentionally  set  as  one  of  their  principal  objectives 
the  description  of  the  undetermined  properties  of  the  energy  bound  to  man 
and  to  animate  nature.  They  appear  to  be  convinced,  for  example,  that 
de  Broglie's  dual  concept,  in  which  the  electron  may  appear  as  a   mass 
of  inertia  or  as  electromagnetic  radiation,  requires  a   third  aspect  (the 
vehicle  of  which  would  not  necessarily  be  de  Broglie’s  electron  but  possibly 
the  mental  ion  or  "mention"  presupposed  by  Professor  F.  Kahuda) ,  and  that 
only  then  will  it  be  possible  to  completely  express  the  animate  and  in- 
animate world  of  matter  in  motion.  By  defining  the  parameters  of  the 
undefined  form  of  energy  the  concept  of  matter  in  motion  could  gain  a 
third  aspect,  and  matter  in  motion  would  be  defined  by  laws  far  more 
complex  and  comprehensive  than  at  present.  It  is  interesting  to  note  the 
increasing  validity  of  Professor  L.L.  Vasilev's  statement  that  "...dis- 
covery of  the  laws  of  the  as  yet  unknown  form  of  energy  bound  to  man  will 
be  of  no  less  significance  than  the  discovery  of  atomic  energy."  Therefore 
it  is  no  coincidence  that  theoretical  physicists  and  plasma  physicists  in 
the  Federal  Republic  of  Germany  believe  that  understanding  of  the  psychical- 
physical  interactions  of  living  organisms  will  add  something  basically 
new  to  physics  and  biology.  The  Czechs  believe  that  as  soon  as  science 
begins  to  understand  the  properties  of  this  new  form  of  energy,  questions 
of  its  mastery  and  utilization  will  rise  to  the  forefront.  Robert  Pavlita's 
work,  which  is  discussed  in  detail  in  Part  II,  is  no  small  contribution  in 
this  direction.  Whereas  in  the  past  parapsychology  operated:  predominantly 
by  the  method  of  exceptional  individual  performance,  psychotjronics  pre- 
supposes a   new  model:  the  living  organism  (man) — processing!  of  energy — 
performance. 
(U)  In  1982,  a   century  will  have  elapsed  since  the  foundation  in  England 
of  the  first  Society  for  Psychical  Research.  Zdenek  Rejdak,  internationally 
renowned  parapsychologist  of  the  Czechoslovak  Scientific  and!  Technical 
Society,  Section  for  Psychotronic  Research  has  stated,  "we  are  convinced 
that  psychotronics  will  mark  this  centennial  with  significant  results  in 
practical,  applied,  and  basic  research,  in  the  knowledge  tha|t  it  will 
become  an  essential  new  anthropological  science,  one  that  will  enhance 
primarily  man's  integrity." 
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SECTION  II  -   TELEPATHY  (ENERGY  TRANSFER)  IN  ANIMALS 
(U)  Soviet  and  Czechoslovakian  parapsychologists  have  not  reported 
"telepathy"  in  animals  in  recent  years;  instead,  they  have  emphasized 
research  on  biological  energy  transfer.  Soviet  parapsychology  research 
is  multidisciplinary  and  indistinguishable  from  conventional  Soviet 
physiological  research.  Both  disciplines  are  presently  involved  in 
attempts  to  identify  the  sources  of  internally  generated  and  externally 
imposed  stimuli  underlying  physiological  processes. 
(U)  Soviet  research  on  telepathy  in  animals  in  the  1920  s   and  1930  s 
was  devoted  largely  to  proving  that  telepathy  between  man  and  animals 
did  indeed  exist.  A   good  example  of  the  early  Soviet  approach  was 
research  conducted  by  V.M.  Bekhterev  of  Leningrad  University,  in 
collaboration  with  a   circus  performer,  V.L.  Durov.  Bekhterev  reported 
that  Durov’s  trained  dogs  successfully  solved  arithmetic  problems  and 
identified  or  retrieved  objects  solely  on  the  basis  of  their  trainer 
mental  suggestion.-^-®  The  results  of  these  tests  were  controversial,  since 
the  dogs'  performances  were  good  when  Durov  was  present  and  supplied  the 
"suggestions,"  but  deteriorated  markedly  when  he  was  absent  and  another 
individual  attempted  to  mentally  control  them. 
(U)  Bekhterev’s  original  objective  was  to  demonstrate  that  telepathy 
between  man  and  animals  was  mediated  by  some  form  of  electromagnetic 
radiation  (EMR) ,  but  by  1937,  he  and  other  Soviet  parapsychologists  had 
concluded  that  no  known  form  of  EMR  was  the  carrier  of  thought  transmission. 
The  EMR  theory  of  information  transfer  is  still  unresolved  by  the  Soviets, 
but  is  still  the  major  basis  underlying  much  of  their  research. 
(U)  In  1962  B.B.  Kazhinskiy  advanced  the  theory  that  animals  are  capable 
of  visual  and  aural  perception  and  reflex  understanding  of  the  behavior 
of  other  animals  or  humans. 
He  postulated  that  this  ability  resulted 
from  the  capacity  of  one  animal  to  detect  (via  its  nervous  system) , 
analyze,  and  synthesize  signal-stimuli  given  off  by  another  animal. 
According  to  Kazhinskiy,  the  signals  were  transmitted  in  the  form  of  a 
"bioradiational  sight  ray"  and  analyzed  by  the  percipient  animal  as  a 
result  of  its  Pavlovian  conditioning.  The  term  "bioradiational  rays 
is  still  used  by  some  Soviet  and  Czech  parapsychologists  to  refer  to 
focusing  and  concentration  of  biological  energy  by  the  brain  and  the 
optical  neural  channels. 
(U)  Present  day  Soviet  and  Czech  parapsychology  research  with  animals  is 
devoted  almost  exclusively  to  investigation  of  sources  of  biological  energy 
involved  in  physiological  processes,  the  interactions  of  such  energy  with 
external  fields,  and  the  effects  of  externally  generated  fields  on  animal 
physiology.  Reference  to  telepathy  in  the  sense  of  communications  by 
transmission  of  total,  conceptual,  mental  formulations  is  seldom  made. 
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(U)  A   significant  advance  toward  identification  of  the  EMR  source  of 
biological  energy  transfer  was  gained  from  recent  research  conducted  at 
the  University  of  Novosibirsk.  Scientists  there  investigated  the  release 
of  energy  during  cell  division  and  during  cellular  damage  and  repair 
resulting  from  viral  infection  or  toxic  chemicals.  In  ovep  5000  experi- 
ments with  cell  cultures  and  animal  organs  it  was  shown  that  damaged  cells 
radiated  some  form  of  energy  and  that  the  energy  released  i#as  capable  of 
causing  damage  in  adjacent  control  preparations  of  organs  or  cells. 
Further  investigation  revealed  that  a   uniform  pattern,  code,  or  rhythm  of 
radiation  was  emitted  by  normal  cells.  This  pattern  was  disturbed  when 
cellular  damage  occurred,  becoming  quite  irregular.  It  was  also  found 
that  the  patterns  were  transmitted  from  experimental  to  control  prepara- 
tions only  when  the  cells  or  organs  were  cultured  in  quarts  containers. 
Since  quartz  transmits  ultraviolet  (UV)  radiation  and  standard  laboratory 
glassware  does  not,  the  Soviets  concluded  that  UV  radiation  mediated 
cellular  information  transfer.  The  researchers  subsequently  correlated 
given  irregularities  of  emission  with  specific  diseases  an^  are  now 
attempting  to  develop  techniques  for  diagnosis  and  therapy  by  monitoring 
and  altering  cellular  radiation  codes. ^ 
(U)  Czechoslovakian  research  on  energy  transfer  between  animal  muscle 
preparations,  from  animals  to  man,  and  from  man  to  man,  has  also  demon- 
strated EMR  as  the  vehicle  of  biological  energy  transfer.  In  experiments 
conducted  between  1948  and  1968  at  the  Okres  Institute  of  public  Health, 
Kutna  Hora,  Czechoslovakia,  Dr.  Jiri  Bradna  demonstrated  contactless 
transfer  (myotransf er)  of  stimuli  between  frog  neuromuscular  preparations. 
Bradna  placed  identical  preparations  side  by  side;  stimulation  of  one 
preparation  with  electric  pulses  at  frequencies  between  10  and  30  pulses 
per  second  caused  contraction  and  a   recorded  electromyographic  response 
in  the  other.  In  other  experiments,  stimulation  of  muscle  preparations 
influenced  the  oscillations  of  a   pendulum  and  increased  the  muscle  tension 
of  a   human  subject.  Bradna  obtained  objective  proof  that  energy  in  the  very 
high  frequency  (vhf)  range  mediated  the  stimulus  transmission.  He  also 
demonstrated  that  myo transfer  could  be  blocked  with  ferrous  metal  filters 
and  aluminum,  could  be  deformed  with  magnets,  ferrites  and  other  conductors, 
could  be  reflected  and  transmitted  over  waveguides,  and  shielded  with  grids. 
Bradna  concluded  that  primary  perceptual  and  informational  pathways  between 
animals  are  based  on  metabolic  processes  at  the  macromolecular  level  and 
that  the  magnitude  of  energy  transfer  depends  on  muscular  adenosine 
triphosphate  (ATP)  energy  release.-*-^  j 
(U)  Bradna  has  reported  successful  application  of  myotransfer  in  physio- 
therapy. It  has  been  found  to  be  effective  for  both  individuals  and  groups. 
In  the  latter  case,  the  summation  of  stimuli  has  been  shown  to  enhance  the 
neuromuscular  responses  of  individuals  within  the  group.  Bradna  feels 
that  such  stimuli  influence  the  herd  behavior  of  animals  and  may  also 
be  a   factor  in  altering  human  behavior  under  conditions  of  isolation  or 
overcrowding.  | 
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(U)  In  the  Soviet  Union,  Doctor  Y. A.  Kholodov  has  investigated  the  effects 
of  a   constant  magnetic  field  (CMF)  on  rabbits.  Whole-body  exposures  to 
fields  between  30  and  2000  oersteds  resulted  in  nonspecific  changes  in 
the  electroencephalogram,  but  no  other  directly  measurable  physiological 
responses.  Kholodov  showed  that  weak  magnetic  as  well  as  other  externally 
generated  radiation  fields  have  a   direct  effect  on  nerve  tissue,  and  for 
this  reason  he  feels  that  natural  and  artificial  fields  in  man  s   environ 
ment  may  have  an  influence  on  health  and  behavior  via  the  nervous  system 
and  the  hypothalamus.  Kholodov's  research  is  representative  of  current 
Soviet  efforts  to  explain  paranormal  phenomena  on  the  basis  of  known 
physical  and  biological  parameters. 
(U)  Another  Soviet  scientist,  A.S.  Presman,  feels  that  biological  energy 
and  information  exchange  between  living  organisms  is  the  result  of  electro- 
magnetic field  (EMF)  interactions  between  individuals  or  between  the 
individual  and  the  environment. ^  He  and  other  Soviet  scientists  have 
recorded  EMF's  from  man,  frogs,  and  insects  of  various  species  at  ranges 
from  several  centimeters  to  several  meters  from  the  body  surface.  The 
frequencies  of  the  EMF's  were  found  to  correspond  to  various  biorhythms 
of  organs,  rhythms  of  movement  and  acoustic  signals,  and  bioelectric 
rhythms.  Presman  thinks  that  in  groups  of  animals,  electromagnetic 
oscillations  are  synchronized  by  frequency  matching  and  that  the  cumula- 
tive intensity  may  grow  in  proportion  to  the  square  of  the  number  of 
individuals.  Such  cumulative  emission  is  also  thought  to  be  possible  as 
the  result  of  synchronization  of  the  emissions  of  many  cells  in  animals 
in  a   highly  excited  state. 
(U)  Presman,  like  Kholodov,  feels  that  the  effects  of  sub threshold  stimuli 
are  mediated  through  the  hypothalamic  region  of  the  midbrain.  The  hypo- 
thalamus regulates  diverse  physiological  processes  in  the  organism  (pulse, 
body  temperature,  oxygen  consumption,  carbon  dioxide  liberation,  urine 
volume,  urine  nitrogen  concentration,  etc.)  and  these  are  the  functions 
most  commonly  disturbed  by  changes  in  EMF  s. 
(U)  Presman  believes  that  electromagnetic  signalling  is  universal  between 
animals,  but  not  between  humans  who  may  have  lost  the  capability  for  such 
communication  as  a   result  of  evolution  and  the  development  of  verbal  and 
artificial  communication  channels.  He  does  not  rule  out  the  possibility 
that  "spontaneous  telepathy"  may  occasionally  occur,  but  regards  such 
occurrences  as  rare  cases  of  atavism.  Consequently,  he  regards  man  as 
the  least  suitable  animal  for  studying  electromagnetic  communication. 
(U)  It  is  important  that  the  increased  degree  of  sophistication  which 
has  occurred  in  Soviet  ESP  or  telepathy  research  since  1960  be  understood. 
At  present  the  terms  "ESP"  and  "telepathy"  are  seldom  used.  It  is  possible 
that  the  newer  terms  "biocommunication"  and  "psychotronics"  will  vanish  in 
the  near  future  only  to  be  replaced  by  conventional  high-energy  physics 
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terminology,  or  terms  such  as  "interpersonal  subconscious  reactions!«‘or.n: 
"mention"  forces.  In  any  event,  the  classical  ESP  experiments  wifcbth 
animals  are  no  longer  of  interest  in  the  USSR.  The  typical  Vasilev-/ 
experimentation  from  1920  to  1955  has  been  replaced  with  sophisticated  l 
research  protocols  which  study  complex  interactions  between  man,  animals  s 
and  plants. 
4   ■*.  ■ 
SG1B 
(U)  Dr.  Pavel  Naumov,  who  bears  no  relation  to  the  now  .imprisoned  .Edward  d 
Naumov,  conducted  animal  biocommunication  studies  between  a   submerged  i 
Soviet  Navy  submarine  and  a   shore  research  station;  these  tests  in~   
volved  a   mother  rabbit  and  her  newborn  litter  and  occurred  around  19d6.y>5 
three  years  prior  to  the  U.S.S.  Nautilus  disclosure.  According  j to: o 
Naumov,  Soviet  scientists  placed  the  baby  rabbits  aboard  the  submarine.  * 
They  kept  the  mother  rabbit  in  a   laboratory  on  shore  where  they  implanted-.! 
electrodes  (EEG?)  in  her  brain.  When  the  submarine  was  submerged,  aasdsitH  - 
ants  killed  the  rabbits  one  by  one.  At  each  precise  moment  of  death 
then: 
mother  rabbit’s  brain  produced  detectable  and  recordable  reactions^.  Asw 
late  as  1970  the  precise  protocol  and  results  of  this  test  described ubjby 
Naumov  were  believed  to  be  classified.  Many  examples  can  b e   f ound: linnS ovi^t; i 
literature  dealing  with  dogs,  bears,  birds,  insects,  and  f ish, i in  =  con j ufm^ioiiun 
with  basic  psychotronic  research.  The  Pavlov  Institute  In  'Moscow^mayi^hdv’ja^e 
been  involved  in  animal  telepathy  until  1970. 
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SECTION  III  -   TELEPATHY  (ENERGY  TRANSFER)  IN  MAN 
PART  A   -   Classical  Theories  and  Experiments 
(U)  Over  the  past  25  years,  Soviet  scientists  have  reported  that  abilities 
such  as  extrasensory  perception,  clairvoyance,  and  telepathy  have  been 
demonstrated  in  the  laboratory  under  rigorously  controlled  conditions. 
Many  of  these  claims  have  been  published  in  the  Soviet  technical  and  pop- 
ular literature.  Just  how  far  the  Soviets  have  really  gone  in  their  ef- 
forts to  learn  about  the  mechanisms  of  human  telepathy  is  not  known.  If 
the  Soviet  reports  are  even  partly  true,  and  if  mind-to-mind  thought  trans- 
ference can  be  used  for  such  applications  as  interplanetary  communications 
or  the  guiding  of  interplanetary  spacecraft,  the  Soviets  have  accomplished 
a   scientific  breakthrough  of  tremendous  significance. 
(U)  For  many  years,  any  attempt  to  study  telepathic  phenomena  was  de- 
nounced in  the  Soviet  Union  as  mysticism  and  idealism.  From  1922  to  1959, 
however,  this  attitude  gradually  changed.  Official  recognition  of  para- 
psychology as  a   legitimate  science  was  prompted  to  a   considerable  extent 
by  the  Party's  recognition  of  other  disciplines  which  had  previously  been 
rejected  as  bourgeois  idealism  (quantum  mechanics,  the  theory  of  relativity, 
and  cybernetics).  In  1959  Professor  L.L.  Vasilev  published  his  "Mysterious 
Phenomena  of  the  Human  Psyche,"  followed  in  1962  by  his  "Experiments  in 
Mental  Suggestion."  These  two  publications  caused  some  surprise  among 
Western  scientists,  but  the  possible  military  implications  were  apparently 
overlooked  in  the  West.  The  first  attempt  to  illustrate  the  possible 
military  and  intelligence  impact  of  |oviet  research  in  telepathy  and 
psychokinesis  was  published  in  1972. 
(U)  The  publication  of  Vasilev's  first  book  in  1959  was  followed  by  the 
appearance  of  countless  studies  by  other  Soviet  researchers  and  numerous 
articles  in  the  Soviet  periodical  press.  Soviet  parapsychology  research 
gained  impetus  and  sophistication,  growing  from  a   single  laboratory  into 
a   coordinated  USSR-wide  effort;  laboratories  were  also  established  in 
Czechoslovakia.  Funds  for  research  (reported  at  20  million  rubles  in 
1973)  are  believed  to  be  primarily  from  military  sources.  This  high  level 
of  support  advanced  Soviet  research  on  human  telepathy  far  beyond  that  of 
the  West  and  the  USSR  became  the  leader  in  sponsoring  and  participating 
in  international  parapsychology  symposiums.  Such  international  meetings 
have  served  Soviet  interests  by  allowing  them  to  benefit  from  Western 
research. 
(U)  After  1959  large  numbers  of  Soviet  scientists  began  investigating 
telepathic  communication.  In  1965,  a   bioinformation  department  was  formed 
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at  the  Moscow  section  of  the  Scientific-Technical  Society  of  Radio 
Engineering  and  Telecommunications  imeni  A.S.  Popov,  with  the  purpose 
of  furthering  scientific  research  on  information  transmission  Min  the 
living  part  of  nature.*1  The  early  Soviet  objectives  which  were  made 
public  were:  (1)  to  study  and  organize  relevant  materials  from  the 
world  literature;  (2)  to  record  and  systematize  observed  occurrences  . 
of  ,f spontaneous"  telepathy;  and  (3)  to  develop  and  organize  experiments 
on  artifically  initiated  telepathic  occurrences. 
(U)  At  a   meeting  of  the  Bionics  Department  of  the  Presidium  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  of  the  USSR  in  1965,  I.M.  Kogan  raised  the  following 
three  questions:  (1)  is  telepathy  possible  in  principle;  (2)  does  it 
contradict  natural  laws;  and  finally,  (3)  do  the  observed  facts  agree 
with  the  concept  of  electromagnetic  fields?16  To  answer  these  questions, 
the  following  hypotheses  have  been  advanced  in  the  USSR: 
(1)  
The  electromagnetic  hypothesis  (1892) ,  advanced  as  a   result  of 
the  discovery  of  electromagnetic  
waves  in  1888.  By  the  mid  1960s  this 
hypothesis  had  been  subjectd  to  considerable  criticism.  The  entire  range 
of  the  electromagnetic  
spectrum  from  gamma  rays  to  radio  waves  had  been 
studied;  throughout  this  range  there  was  not  a   single  sector  in  which 
telepathic  communication  
could  be  established.  
Experiment^  with  reliable 
forms  of  metallic  shielding  had  not  prevented  the  percipient  from  receiv- 
ing messages  transmitted  
to  him  (also  verified  in  the  West).  Moreover, 
the  effectiveness  
of  "signals"  transmitted  over  hundreds  or  thousands  of 
kilometers  should,  according  to  the  theory,  diminish  in  proportion  to  the 
square  of  the  distance;  this  has  never  been  established  in  relevant  exper- 
imentation. The  electromagnetic  
hypothesis  has  not  been  rejected  and  some 
evidence  indicates  that  there  may  be  electromagnetic  
waves  of  some  unknown 
length  emitted  by  the  brain  which  are  capable  of  penetrating  metallic 
obstacles.  
! 
This  presupposes  
the  existence  
of  some  unknown  methaethereal  
energy,  
the 
oscillations  
of  which  can  be  detected  
only  by  special  organs  of  "crypto- 
aesthetic  
sensitivity,*'  
possessed  
by  persons  endowed  with  parapsychic 
abilities. 
electrical charges  
in  the  "working"  
brain  of  the  inductor  
Are  transformed 
into  psychic  
energy  
which  is  transformed  
back  again  into  bioelectric  
charges 
in  the  "receiving"  
brain  of  the  percipient. 
by  the  German  physicist  
Pascual  
Jordon  
and  Einstein’s  
former  collaborator 
Dr.  B.  Hoffman.  
Vasilev  
suggested  
that  an  interaction  
between  
the 
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gravitational  field  and  some  existing  but  unexplained  factor,  possibly 
produced  by  the  cerebal  matter  itself,  might  be  involved  in  telepathic 
communication.  He  also  suggested  that  thought  transmissions  might  be 
connected  with  the  laws  of  cybernetic  systems.  Vasilev  also  referred ^ 
to  the  action  of  neutrino  particles  formed  during  nuclear  reactions. 
If  it  could  be  established  that  such  particles  (which  have  no  electric 
charge,  move  with  a   speed  approaching  that  of  light  and  are  capable  of 
penetrating  obstacles  of  enormous  mass)  are  generated  during  the  neuro- 
psychic activity  of  the  brain,  it  might  conceivably  be  shown  that  these 
particles  serve  as  the  medium  for  telepathic  transmissions. 
(U)  The  Soviets’  renewed  interest  in  the  problem  of  parapsychology  during 
the  1960s  constituted,  to  a   certain  extent,  another  aspect  of  the  trend 
away  from  doctrinaire  control  which  had  previously  dominated  all  areas  of 
intellectual  effort  in  the  USSR.  The  easing  of  intellectual  control  was 
exemplified  by  a   quote  from  Laplace’s  "Essai  Philosophique  sur  les 
Probabilities"  used  by  Professor  Vasilev: 
"We  are  so  far  from  knowing  all  the  forces  of  nature  and  their 
various  modes  of  action  that  it  would  be  unworthy  of  the  phi 
lospher  to  deny  phenomena  simply  because  they  are  inexplicable 
at  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge.  The  more  difficult  it 
is  to  acknowledge  their  existence,  the  greater  the  care  with 
which  we  must  study  these  phenomena." 
Vasilev  himself  said: 
"it  has  happened  more  than  once  in  the  history  of  science  that 
the  establishment  of  new  facts  that  were  unexplainable  by  what 
was  already  known  gave  us  a   glimpse  of  unforeseen  aspects  of 
existence." 
(U)  Such  was  the  climate  of  Soviet  parapsychological  research  in  the 
early  1.970s;  Soviet  science,  for  all  its  characteristic  pragmatism,  had 
apparently  begun  to  free  itself  gradually  from  the  restraints  of  an  out- 
worn materialistic  foundation  which  on  more  than  one  occasion  had  shown 
its  flimsy  bases  when  faced  with  new  discoveries.  However,  as  noted  in 
Section  I,  there  may  now  once  again  be  a   fairly  concerted  effort  on  the 
part  of  some  highly  placed  Soviet  scientists  in  other  disciplines  to 
undermine  parapsychology  on  political— ideological  grounds. 
(U)  In  1966,  F.  Zigel,  a   renowned  Soviet  astronomer,  concluded  that 
telepathy  is  the  science  of  the  future.  In  order  for  it  to  become  a 
service  to  mankind,  research  in  telepathy  must  be  organized  on  a   state- 
wide basis.  Otherwise,  after  a   short  while,  "reproaching  ourselves  for 
past  mistakes,  we  again  would  have  to  catch  up  with  foreign  countries. 
If  the  insulting  remarks  addressed  to  scientists  engaged  in  telepathic 
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studies  were  made  privately  they  could  simply  be  ignored.  Such  criticisms, 
however,  are  aired  publicly  in  the  press  by  people  of  incontestable  auth- 
ority in  other  fields.  What  happened  to  genetics  and  cybernetics  is  now 
being  repeated  again  and  again.  One  can  no  longer  remain  silent,  but  must 
take  the  full  responsibility  of  stating  that  "criticism"  of  telepathy  is 
tantamount  to  militant  obscurantism. 
Zigel’s  words  did  not  go  unheeded 
because  by  1968  the  Soviets  already  had:  (1)  established  several  research 
centers  specializing  in  telepathic  experiments  on  an  academic  and  scientific 
level;  (2)  organized  teams  of  scientists — physiologists,  physicists,  psychol 
ogists,  mathematicians,  cyberneticians,  neurologists,  and  electronic  engin- 
eers— to  investigate  telepathy,  find  out  how  it  works,  and  devise  means  of 
practical  application;  and  (3)  conducted  experiments  involving  long-range 
thought  transference  (Leningrad-Moscow  (600  km);  Moscow-Tonisk  (4,000  km)). 
(U)  Without  actually  taking  an  unequivocal  stand  on  the  controversial 
issue  of  telepathy,  Ye.  Parnov,  in  1966,  cited  at  least  three  parodoxes : 
(1)  telepathic  communication  is  independent  of  distance;  (2)  telepathic 
communication  is  achieved  without  the  use  of  the  known  senses  and  has  no 
apparent  relation  to  electromagnetic  waves;  (3)  some  cases  of  spontaneous 
telepathy  and  clairvoyance  contradict  the  law  of  causality.  It  should  be 
mentioned  that  if  Parnov  had  stated  his  third  paradox  a   fewi  years  sooner 
it  would  have  meant  certain  scientific  and  intellectual  exille.  However, 
Parnov  attempted  to  ascertain  the  extent  to  which  these  paradoxes  might 
fit  into  the  fundamental  laws  of  natural  science,  and  thereby  remained 
somewhat  within  the  bounds  of  traditional  dogmatic,  materialistic  princi- 
ples. 
(U)  Parnov  felt  that  the  first  paradox  might  be  resolved  if:  (a)  the 
material  carrier  of  the  telepathic  effect  is  some  type  of  energy  unlikely 
to  dissipate  in  space,  or  (b)  all  people  are  linked  together  by  a   special 
"telepathic  field."  In  the  first  case,  the  material  carrier  could  con- 
ceivably be  the  neutrino  which,  at  least  within  the  earth's  biosphere,  is 
not  absorbed  by  matter.  In  the  second  case,  it  might  be  surmised  that,  in 
addition  to  the  inductor  and  percipient,  telepathic  phenomena  involve  an 
unspecified  number  of  people  for  amplification  of  the  telepathic  signal, 
just  as  a   photomultiplier  amplifies  light.  j 
(U)  A   similar  explanation  was  applied  to  the  second  paradox;  the  "neu- 
trino hypothesis,"  however,  has  its  drawbacks.  It  is  not  quite  clear,  for 
instance,  which  type  of  neutrino  is  responsible  for  the  transmission  of 
telepathic  signals.  It  is  possible  that  all  people  are  interlinked  by 
a   neutrino  field,  and  this  would  support  the  amplification  theory. 
(U)  The  third  paradox  is  the  least  palatable  to  traditional  scientists 
and  the  most  susceptible  to  criticism  by  opponents  of  telepathy.  Its  ex- 
planation requires,  by  implication,  the  breakdown  of  well-established 
concepts  regarding  time  and  space.  One  of  the  ideas  advanced  by  some 
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theoreticians  is  that  of  "closed  time"  in  which  such  notions  as  past  and 
future  become  relative  even  beyond  the  theory  of  relativity.  By  accepting 
such  an  idea,  it  must  be  assumed  as  a   matter  of  fact  that  the  human  brain 
can  somehow  "locate"  the  future  by  means  of  the  neutrino.  Parnov  observed 
that  other  theoreticians  had  hypothesized  that  the  neutrino  s   peculiar 
behavior  is  due  to  the  fact  that  this  particle  moves  from  the  future  into 
the  past  rather  than  the  other  way  around.  Such  a   concept  would  do  justice 
to  the  third  paradox.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  these  paradoxes  were 
expressed  before  theoreticians  began  extensive  discussions  on  tachyons 
(particles  said  to  have  a   velocity  greater  than  that  of  light) .  Mental 
ions  ("mentions"),  having  similar  velocities  of  propagation,  have  also  been 
postulated.  They  are  discussed  further  in  Part  B   of  this  section. 
(U)  Another  theory  which  could  help  explain  the  third  paradox  is  based  on 
the  law  of  conservation  of  combined  parity,  advanced  by  L.D.  Landau.  Ac 
cording  to  that  law,  symmetry  is  preserved  in  any  system  whenever  the  left 
is  substituted  by  the  "right"  and  a   particle  by  an  antiparticle.  It  then 
appears  that  all  relationships  are  invariant  with  respect  to  time  inver 
sion.  Thus,  Parnov  concluded,  the  third  paradox  may  contradict  the  letter, 
but  not  the  spirit  of  modern  physics. 
(U)  I.M.  Kogan,  referred  to  earlier,  was  the  first  to  publish  experimental 
results  in  human  telepathic  communication  in  the  post-Vasilev  era. 
Only  the  qualitative  and  quantitative  results  will  be  presented  here;  the 
interested  reader  can  peruse  the  above  references  for  Kogan  s   research 
protocol.  Kogan  arranged  his  experiments  in  four  groups  (excluding  experi- 
ments involving  the  use  of  hypnosis  which  can  be  found  in  an  excellent 
article  by  Velinov) ;23  the  four  groups  included:  (1)  mental  suggestion 
of  an  act  involving  objects  at  short  distances;  (2)  mental  suggestions  of 
the  image  of  an  object  and  selection  of  a   given  object  at  short  distances; 
(3)  mental  suggestion  of  object  images  over  long  distances;  and  (4)  mental 
transmission  of  object  images  over  long  distances.  None  of  the  experiments 
reported  by  Kogan  were  inconsistent  with  the  Soviet  electromagnetic  hypot 
esis.  An  analysis  of  the  results  revealed  certain  qualitative  and  quanti 
tative  characteristics  common  to  all  experiments.  They  were:  (1)  the 
rate  of  telepathic  information  transmission  varied  between  0.005  and  0.1 
bit/sec. ;   (2)  the  rate  of  information  transmission  depended  upon  the 
distance  the  information  had  to  travel,  ranging  from  0.1  bit/sec  for  a 
distance  of  several  meters  to  0.001  bit/sec  for  a   distance  of  4,000  km; 
(3)  in  telecommunications,  the  percipient  did  not  take  cognizance  of  the 
logical  concept  of  the  type  of  object  being  transmitted;  normally,  on  y 
qualitative  images  eliciting  some  kind  of  sensation  (shape,  color,  ar  - 
ness)  were  perceived;  and  (4)  the  best  perception  of  telepathic  information 
occurred  when  the  messages  were  short  (up  to  one  minute) .  Transmission 
of  simple,  brief,  coded  combinations  of  elements  (images ,  emotion)  ap- 
peared to  be  the  proper  way  of  handling  coded  telepathic  information. 
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(U)  Numerous  Soviet  experiments  in  human  telepathic  communication  fol- 
lowed Kogan's  work.  Rapid  Soviet  advances  in  electronics,  cybernetics, 
bionics,  and  neurophysiology  brought  new  techniques  to  the  study  of 
telepathic  phenomena.  By  1970  the  prime  objective  of  Soviet  telepathic 
research  was  reproducibility  of  results  and  Soviet  scientists  now  say  that 
in  the  future  they  will  be  able  to  make  ample  use  of  telepathic  resources 
and  to  develop,  direct,  and  control  telepathic  processes  as  well.  ^ 
PART  B  -   Current  Soviet/Czech  Theories  and  Research  Objectives 
(U)  The  most  obvious  trend  of  current  Soviet  and  Czech  telepathy  research 
is  that  it  is  now  causally  oriented  rather  than  directed  toward  pragmatic 
attempts  to  apply  observed  but  little-understood  phenomena;  The  previous 
"cart-before-the-horse"  approach  was  not,  however,  an  illogical  one,  since 
it  led  them  to  theorize  that  telepathic  effects  may  be  based  on  subtle, 
unidentified  forms  of  energy  or  non-energy  interactions. 
(U)  In  1973  Peter  Rezek  of  Prague  stated  that  telepathy  indy  be  conceived 
of  as  transfer  realized  by  means  of  some  known  or  unknown  type  of  energy, 
or  is  made  possible  by  some  non-energy  factor  that  accompanies  the  func- 
tioning of  the  brain.  Rezek  questions  G.A.  Sergeyev's  dedication  to  the 
interpretation  of  electroencephalograms  (EEG)  and  wave  measurements  to 
uncover  the  carrier  of  transfer  and  feels  that  Sergeyev's  approach  is 
directed  primarily  toward  the  application  of  the  investigated  phenomena 
and  not  towards  an  understanding  of  them.  He  questions  attempts  to  regulate 
or  control  psychic  phenomena  before  their  underlying  causep  are  under- 
stood. ^   According  to  Rezek,  ESP  research  and  research  on,  sense  per- 
ception are  similar  since  scientists  in  both  fields  are  investigating  the 
composition  and  structure  of  the  apparatus  by  which  transfer  takes  place. 
Perception,  as  such,  in  the  natural  science  approach,  Is  actually  incom- 
prehensible; nevertheless,  the  advocates  of  this  approach  Are  unable  to 
accept  telepathic  phenomena  because  proof  of  energy  transfjer  is  lacking. 
Rezek  feels  that  if  the  natural-science  approach,  which  is!  unable  to 
explain  perception  as  such,  were  applied  to  ESP,  this  would  make  ESP 
doubly  incomprehensible.  Even  if  a   wave  motion  is  found  tp  be  associated 
with  ESP,  this  phenomenon  as  such  will  again  be  incomprehensible.  Rezek 
concludes  that  when  ordinary  sense  perception  become  comprehensible,  it 
may  open  the  way  to  the  understanding  of  telepathy.  On  the  other  hand, 
ESP  could  become  the  basis  for  an  understanding  of  perception  in  general. 
SG1B 
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(U)  The  trend  towards  the  theoretical  development  of  modejls  for  cyber- 
netic systems  incorporating  psychotronic  phenomena  has  been  augmented  by 
a   psychotronic  model  of  man  proposed  by  Josef  Wolf  of  Prague.  As  an 
integral  part  of  the  psychosomatic  picture  of  human  existence,  a   psycho— 
tronic  model  of  man  is  an  entirely  unique  contribution  to  the  study  of 
the  concept  of  man.  From  an  anthropological  viewpoint  as  well  as  from 
broader  aspects  that  cover  the  comprehensive  investigation  of  human 
existence,  such  a   model  is  needed  within  the  framework  of  other  human 
sciences,  particularly  anthropology  and  psychology.  A   psychotronic  model 
of  man  based  on  present  knowledge  of  psychology,  anthropology,  and  the 
medical  sciences,  not  only  offers  an  entirely  new  concept  of  man  as  an 
individual  and  as  a   species  of  living  beings,  but  also  peijuiits  new 
approaches  to  the  solution  of  human  psychosomatic  disturbances  and  defects. 
(U)  The  experimental  psychotronic  model  of  man,  which  Wolf  presents  in 
rather  simplified  and  schematic  form  (see  Figure  2)  may  sdrve  this  purpose. 
The  concept  of  this  model  is  universal,  i.e.,  it  applies  pot  only  to  man 
(regardless  of  sex,  age,  etc.)  but  to  any  living  being  as! well,  whether 
terrestrial  or  extraterrestrial. 
the  somatic  or 
(2)  the  psychic 
somatic  triangle; 
(U)  The  model  includes  the  principal  spheres  of  man:  (1) 
biological  sphere,  denoted  by  a   triangle  against  the  base 
or  mental  sphere,  designated  by  a   circle  inscribed  in  the 
and  (3)  the  psychotronic  or  parapsychic  sphere,  designated  by  a   circle 
circumscribing  the  psychosomatic  triangle.  Because  psychdtronic  coupling 
in  man  usually  occurs  on  the  basis  of  communication  between  at  least  two 
individuals,  the  principal  types  of  such  connections  are  also  presented. 
(U)  Type  1  or  the  ego,  for  example,  is1  the  psychotronic  iiodel  of  man  as  an 
individual,  i.e.,  a   sort  of  psychotronic  unit,  a   basic  element  or  initial 
point.  Type  2,  called  identical,  is  the  ideal  type  of  psychotronic  and 
psychosomatic  identification  between  two  individuals.  Type  3,  called 
platonic,  is  the  ideal  type  of  purely  psychic  and  psychotjronic  connection. 
Types  4  and  5  can  be  called  telepathic,  with  minimal  to  mkximal  psycho- 
somatic coupling.  Here,  a   different  theoretical  interpretation  based  on 
the  assumption  that  there  exist  two  different  modes  of  telepathic  transfer 
is  also  feasible.  Types  6,  7,  and  8  are  characterized  by  some  genetic  or 
psychosomatic  coupling  among  several  individuals  (relatives,  etc.). 
Types  9  and  10  can  be  regarded  as  examples  of  higher  psychotronic  coupling 
involving  many  individuals;  applications  of  such  models  will  be  feasible 
only  with  perfect  mathematical-physical  tools  and  a   corresponding  system 
of  psychotronic  knowledge. 
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Fig.  2  Psychotronic  Model  of  Man  (U)
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(U)  Recently  the  most  important  source  of  new  questions  concerning  man 
has  arisen  from  the  need  to  humanize  the  technical  sciences,  where  man 
is  often  subordinated  to  the  operation  of  machinery  and  to  the  techno- 
cratic apparatus,  rather  than  the  other  way  around.  Specifically,  where 
the  human  factor  is  completely  relegated  to  the  background  and  where  human 
activity  remains  only  on  the  fringe  of  human  existence,  human  shortcomings, 
defects  and  failures  are  the  most  frequent;  technological  dehumanization 
may  have  affected  not  only  individuals  but  entire  groups,  and  perhaps  even 
all  of  society.  Wolf  thinks  that  the  primitive  peoples  —   i.e.,  the 
ethnic  groups  of  aborigines  who  still  live  at  the  lowest  cultural  and 
economic  level  in  the  world,  and  who  belong  to  so-called  primitive,  pre- 
literate and  preclass  societies  —   might  be  one  of  the  most 
sources  for  studying  psychic  phenomena  and  for  modeling  the 
profile  gf  man,  since  they  have  not  been  culturally  dehumanized  by  tech- 
nology. 9 
rewarding 
psychotronic 
(U)  Czech  investigator  M.  Cemousek  of  Prague^0  suggests  that  primitive 
levels  exist  in  all  human  minds  and  that  there  is  a   regressive  nature 
to  telepathic  phenomena.  By  regression  he  means  some  ,TprimitivizationM 
of  behavior,  a   return  to  older  psychic  functions  on  the  ontogenetic  plane. 
This  behavior  change  is  characterized  by  an  abandonment  of  and  withdrawal 
from,  the  rational  components  of  the  human  psyche  -   a   complete  detachment 
from  reality  or  from  the  perceived  environment.  The  end  effect  of  this 
detachment  from  reality  is  a   spontaneous  sinking  into  a   state  that  can  be 
characterized  as  one  of  primary,  primordial  empathy.  Although  Cernousek 
describes  the  parameters  for  obtaining  certain  levels  of  regression  in 
modern  man,  his  theory  does  not  encompass  any  of  the  concepts  of  biologi- 
cal energy  transfer.  Instead,  he  appears  to  accept  the  theory  that  the 
human  brain  is  analogous  to  a   highly  sophisticated  data  bank  in  which  all 
of  life's  experiences  and  impressions,  consciously  perceived  or  subliminally 
registered,  are  stored.  Cemousek’ s   idea  of  telepathic  communication 
involves  a   high  level  of  empathy  between  individuals;  when  ^uch  empathy 
exists,  he  feels  that  information  transfer  occurs  as  a   result  of  nearly 
instantaneous  and  simultaneous  processing  of  similar  stored i information 
bits  by  both  sender  and  receiver.  The  net  result  is  a   coincidence  of 
opinion  concerning  the  telepathic  message’s  content. 
(U)  Cernousek’ s   theory  is  based  on  a   great  deal  of  research.  The  Soviet 
and  Czech  literature  on  psychology,  creativity,  and  the  evolution  of  human 
existence  is  extensive.  A   huge  volume  of  data  has  been  compiled  on  the 
brain’s  memory  capacity.  The  Czechs  claim  that  1973  experiments  employ- 
ing LSD  have  lead  them  to  the  conclusion  that  all  of  man’s  activities  and 
experiences,  whether  perceived  intensively  or  less  intensively,  are  stored. 
They  are  now  investigating  the  quantity  of  information  the  brain  can 
process  per  unit  of  time,  its  bit  capacity,  and  how  this  becomes  manifest 
at  the  level  of  the  conscious  and  the  unconscious.  The  objective  of  this 
research  is  to  make  the  process  of  cognition  more  economical.  Czech 
scientists  have  likened  the  neuron  to  an  integrated  modular  element  that 
contains  a   resistor,  a   capacitor,  and  perhaps  as  many  as  1,000  times  seven 
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billion,  or  seven  trillion  semiconductor  elements  in  operation,  and  another 
seven  trillion  in  reserve.  The  brain  has  about  14  billion  nerve  cells. 
If  only  10  billion  are  able  to  receive  information  at  any  one  time,  and  the 
transmission  capacity  of  a   nerve  fiber  is  14  bits  per  second,  then  this 
means  that  the  brain  is  able  to  receive  140  billion  bits  of  information 
per  second.  Thus  the  memory  capacity  of  the  brain  seems  to  be  a   million 
times  greater  than  that  of  current  computers.  For  ordinary  perception 
and  deliberation,  14  to  16  bits/second  are  adequate.  But  for  more  com- 
plicated perception  and  deliberation,  such  as  the  solution  of  a   mathemati- 
cal problem,  etc.,  about  20  bits  per  second  are  needed.  The  brain’s  great 
reserve  bit  capacity  may  indicate  that  unconsciously  and  subliminally ,  man 
may  be  perceiving  far  more  information  than  what  has  been  assumed  previously. 
Experiments  with  known  telegnostics  seem  to  confirm  this,  since  they  appar- 
ently process  and  evaluate  a   huge  quantity  of  information  within  an  un- 
imaginably short  time. 
(U)  Czech  theoretical  cyberneticians  are  proposing  the  construction  of 
computers  that  will  ncreate!1  and  possess  at  least  a   degree  of  intuition. 
However,  the  Czechs  admit  that  this  concept  is  somewhat  premature,  because 
they  do  not  yet  understand  these  processes  in  man  and  are  unable  to  describe 
them  adequately.  Parapsychology  may  eventually  provide  much  essential 
knowledge  about  these  processes  and  thereby  help  cybernetics  in  solving 
the  problem  of  teaching  computers  to  create.  The  point  is  not  merely  to 
build  more-perfect  computers,  but  to  design  computers  with  qualitatively 
new  functions .  Work  is  now  underway  on  a   fourth  generation  of  computers , 
and  a   fifth  generation  is  being  planned.  The  Czechs  believe  that  para- 
psychology is  already  capable  of  offering  cybernetics  fruitful  models. 
In  the  opinion  of  some  cyberneticians,^  the  present  prostheses  that  replace 
missing  parts  of  the  body  are  foreign  bodies  within  the  organism,  regardless 
of  how  perfect  they  may  be.  Once  the  technology  of  molecular  circuits  is 
mastered  it  will  be  possible  to  integrate  perfectly  a   prosthesis  and  the 
central  nervous  system’s  information  system.  From  there  it  will  be  only  a 
short  step  to  direct  man-machine  communication.  Understanding  of  molecular 
circuits  will  also  clarify  the  mechanisms  of  extrasensory  communication 
between  people. 
(U)  The  Soviet-Czech  team  approach  to  parapsychology  research,  not  widely 
used  as  yet  in  the  West,  will  advance  them  into  direct  man-machine  com- 
munication, creative  computers,  and  eventually  into  cyborgs,  i.e.,  human 
inductors  coupled  with  physical  psychotronic  instrumentation. 
(U)  Frantisek  Kahuda  of  Charles  University,  Prague,  has  expanded  on  the 
original  ’’neutrino1'  theory  proposed  in  1966  by  Ye.  Parnov  of  the  Soviet 
Union.  Kahuda  and  other  Czech  researchers  have  demonstrated  that  space 
(mental  horizon)  and  time  (mental  time)  in  the  world  of  mental  processes 
have  characteristic  properties  that  should  be  in  accord  with  the  properties 
UNCLASSIFIED 
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of  the  particles  that  are  the  material  vehicles  of  such  processes.  These 
are  particles  that  in  man's  internal  relativistic  mental  process  may  have 
a   velocity  v   **  c   (c  equals  the  velocity  of  light  in  vacuum)|  without  vio- 
lating in  the  external  physical  world  Einstein's  postulate  that  the 
maximum  feasible  velocity  is  v   <   c.  Such  particles,  essential  to  mental 
processes,  have  not  been  discovered  to  date.  Kahuda  calls  them  mental 
ions  or  "mentions." 
(U)  For  physical  microparticles  other  than  luxons,  which  have  a   velocity 
v   =   c   (photons  and  neutrinos) ,  Olexa-Myron  Bilaniuk  and  F.C.  George 
Sudarshan  introduced  in  1969  the  concept  of  tardyons  for  subliminal  par- 
ticles traveling  at  velocities  v   <   c,  and  the  concept  of  tachyons  for 
physical  superliminal  particles  traveling  at  velocities  v   ^   c.  The  actual 
existence  of  tachyons  with  an  imaginary  rest  mass,  has  not  been  proven  so 
far.  Thus,  the  predicted  tachyons  correspond  to  Kahuda’ s   mentions  travel- 
ing at  velocities  v   >   c;  the  tardyons  and  luxons  correspond  to  the  mentions 
traveling  at  velocities  v   £  c.  However,  the  essential  difference  between 
tachyons  and  the  Czech  mentions  is  that  tachyons  are  supposed  to  be  par- 
ticles of  the  physical  microworld  and  hence  also  of  inanimate  nature, 
whereas  mentions  are  particles  formed  by  living  organisms,  specifically 
by  their  nervous  systems,  that  represent  matter  on  the  highest  level  of 
organization,  with  the  most  complex  and  finest  structure.  Moreover, 
Kahuda' s   theory  does  not  require  the  introduction  of  imaginary  rest  mass 
as  in  the  case  of  tachyons;  it  predicts  the  real  existence^ of  mentions, 
based  on  fairly  accurate  laboratory  measurements  of  the  physical  time  and 
mental  time  of  the  investigated  mental  material  motions. 
(U)  In  agreement  with  the  laws  of  the  electron's  quantum  field  theory, 
Kahuda  assumes  that  an  entire  conglomerate  of  elementary  mention  fields , 
specific  to  the  individual  mentions,  forms  through  interaction  and  trans- 
mutation, a   single  common  mention  field  in  which  the  mental  material 
motions  take  place  -   a   sort  of  metaetheric  environment  that  is  linked  to 
mail's  living  organism  and  exists  in  nature  independently  of  the  will  of 
all  human  beings.  During  the  mental  process  of  thinking  one  mental  par- 
ticle "changes"  into  another,  however  Kahuda  does  not  designate  any 
particle  as  primary  and  another  particle  as  secondary.  These  constant 
changes  and  mutual  transmutations  reflect  the  psychic  world's  material 
homogeneity.  The  basis  of  this  homogeneity  is  the  motion  of  mentions  as 
universal  material  particles  of  the  human  psyche.  From  the  theory  based 
on  the  principle  of  quantum  mentiodynamics  Kahuda  has  proposed  the  fol- 
lowing formula  for  total  mention  energy: 
1)  ,  S 
 I 
_   E  (B)  me 
E   =   p  . 
 o 
cons  t 
 uv 
1-2 
c 
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where  Ep(B)  is  the  potential  (psychic)  energy  of  the  investigated  re- 
spondent. From  this  equation  it  follows  that  the  rest  mass  of  the  mention, 
at  the  moment  when  the  mental  process  starts  (i.e. ,  when  the  respondent 
emits  the  first  mention),  and  when  numerically  Ep(B)  =   E,  is  expressed 
by  the  relationship: 
2)  const 
where  ^ 
  
is  the  rest— time  factor  of  man’s  mental  abilities.  Thus,  the 
mental  structure  (nervous  system)  of  each  respondent  forms  and  emits  its 
own  mentions  whose  rest  mass,  according  to  experimental  results  to  date, 
is  approximately  106  to  198  times  smaller  than  the  rest  mass  of  the  y -meson, 
which  is  m0  =   10_12g  to  10"13g.  The  smallest  values  of  total  mention  energy 
that  were  measured  indirectly  at  the  moment  when  the  mental  process  began 
ranged  from  0. 384* 10-10  to  9. 744* 10" 10  erg,  which  is  approximately  the  same 
level  as  the  energy  of  X-rays;  the  quotient  of  this  energy  range’s  relative 
amplitude  is  roughly  25.  Kahuda  assumes  that  after  the  commencement  of  the 
mental  process,  in  the  course  of  its  formation,  the  velocities  of  the  men- 
tions' material  motions  may  increase  severalfold,  so  that  the  total  mention 
energy  according  to  equation  1  may  be  considerable,  even  though  the  average 
respondent's  initial  energy  is  equal  only  to  the  mean  energy  necessary  for 
the  visual  stimulation  of  the  human  eye  (2. 1*10"  u   erg/sec).  For  high 
velocities  Kahuda  thinks  that  it  will  now  be  possible  to  actually  develop 
quantum  mentiodynamics  as  the  quantum  theory  of  mention  fields. 
(U)  Mention  energy,  which  may  be  the  essence  of  the  propagating  changes 
and  energetic  information  in  mental  processes,  is  an  as-yet  unknown  form 
of  energy  in  human  beings.  It  occurs  in  quanta  that  cannot  be  measured 
directly  with  the  instrumentation  presently  available.  Therefore,  Kahuda 
measured  the  quantitative  values  of  potential  energy  (Ep(B))  indirectly. 
(U)  Kahuda 's  results  indicate  that  electromagnetic  processes  alone  cannot 
be  the  vehicles  of  psychic  processes,  and  that  within  the  framework  of  the 
entire  complex  mental  structure  there  must  also  exist  another  carrier  of 
mental  processes,  one  that  permits  the  propagation  of  psychic  reactions  and 
interactions  at  velocities  greater  than  the  velocity  of  light  in  vacuum. 
In  Kahuda’s  opinion,  it  is  indisputable  that  mentions  do  exist,  but  he 
points  out  that  the  discovery  and  experimental  verification  of  mentions  will 
require  a   thorough  theoretical  knowledge  of  their  possible  characteristics 
and  the  most  sophisticated  and  most  accurate  measuring  equipment  that  sci- 
ence will  be  able  to  develop.33 
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necessarily  intended  to  be  beneficial.  If  Pavlita's  devices  can  kill 
insects  at  present,  their  potential  in  the  future  after  refinement  and 
enlargement  may  well  be  for  killing  men.  If  bioenergy  can  be  reliably 
controlled  and  focused  by  such  devices,  death  could  be  caused  by  dis 
ruption  of  fundamental  brain  rhythms,  heart  control,  or  biological  clock 
mechanisms, 
(U)  It  should  also  be  pointed  out  that  some  of  Pavlita's  experiments 
seem  to  contradict  Soviet  results  obtained  with  humans.  As  an  example, 
the  effect  of  his  devices  on  suspended  magnets  is  lessened  if  the  magnets 
are  electrostatically  shielded,  whereas  such  shielding  has  no  effect  in 
Soviet  experiments  with  Nina  Kulagina  and  Alla  Vinogradova.  It  would 
appear  that  although  the  Czechs  and  the  Soviets  are  examining ^ the  same 
phenomena,  passage  of  biological  energy  through  Pavlita's  devices  alters 
it  in  some  manner.  This  raises  the  question  of  how  well  these  machines 
can  be  controlled,  and  whether  the  alteration  they  induce  on  bioenergy  is 
beneficial  or  detrimental. 
(U)  Soviet  research  with  Kulagina  and  Vinogradova  indicates  that  energy 
interchanges,  or  transfer  mechanisms,  may  be  possible  between  gifted 
psychics  and  inanimate  objects.  There  is  evidence  that  Soviet  research 
with  these  women  also  involves  attempts  to  influence  animate  biological 
systems.  In  1972,  LaMothe2  reported  that  Kulagina  had  the  capability  for 
SG1B  stopping  and  starting  the  beat  of  an  excised,  living,  frog  heart.  ^If 
true,  it  supports  the  contention  that  Czech  and  Soviet  claips  for  bene- 
ficial" applications  of  biological  energy  transfer  are  reversible  -   if  a 
frog  heart  can  be  started  and  stopped,  the  same  effects  might  be  imposed 
on  humans.  Such  dramatic  effects  illustrate  some  of  the  dapgerous  poten- 
tial of  controlled  biological  energy  transfer. 
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(U)  In  summary,  it  should  be  pointed  out  that  Soviet  parapsychologists 
continue  to  face  problems  similar  to  those  of  their  Western  counterparts, 
in  that  observed  phenomena  are  unstable  and  there  is  low  probability  of  
^ 
proving  them  in  controlled  tests  under  selected  conditions.  Soviet  critics 
of  the  science  have  been  quick  to  seize  on  these  two  characteristics  m 
order  to  categorically  reject  many  of  the  phenomena,  and  they  have  be- 
littled  some  forms  of  such  manifestations  by  contending  that  the  conditions 
under  which  tests  have  been  conducted  have  not  been  adequate  to  preclude 
fraud.  In  view  of  this  situation,  the  Soviets  will  continue  to  investigate 
methodology,  since  they  feel  it  absolutely  necessary  to  quantify  observed 
phenomena.  Although  they  have  not  yet  done  so,  the  Soviets  may  very  well 
be  the  first  to  identify  the  field  forces  involved  and  the  means  by  which 
they  are  generated,  due  to  their  concentration  on  the  mechanisms  and 
energetics  involved. 
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Snezhnevsky,  A.:  Serbskiy  Institute  of  Forensic  Psychological  Expertise 
Zigel,  F. ;   Moscow  Institute  of  Aviation 
Zinchenko,  V.P#;  Soviet  Academy  of  Pedagogical  Sciences 
2.  (U)  USSR  -   Affiliation  Unknown 
Arvashkin,  A*;  Moscow  (psychic  subject) 
Ermolayev,  B. ;   Moscow  (psychic  subject) 
Kazhinsky,  B.B. 
Kulagina,  N. ;  Moscow  (psychic  subject) 
Kulin,  Ye.T,;  Minsk 
Naumov,  P. 
Parnov,  Ye, ;   Sverdlovsk 
Presman,  A,S. 
Serov,  S. ;   Sverdlovsk 
Sysoletin,  A,;  (psychic  subject) 
Sysoletin,  L. ;   (psychic  subject) 
Troskin,  A. ;   Sverdlovsk 
Vinogradova,  A. ;  Moscow  (psychic  subject) 
3,  (U)  Czechoslovakia  -   Affiliation  Known 
Bradna,  J • ;   Neurology  Department,  Okres  Institute  of  Publid  Health, 
Kutna  Hora,  Czechoslovakia 
Kahuda,  F.;  Charles  University,  Prague,  Czechoslovakia 
Krmessky,  J,;  Chair  of  Physics,  Pedagogical  Institute,  Trnava, 
Czechoslovakia 
Pavlita,  R. ;   probable  affiliation,  Hradec  KrAlo^e  University,  Prague, 
C   z   e   ch  o   s 1 o vakia 
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Pavlita,  J.;  probable  affiliation,  Hradec  Kr&lo^e  University,  Prague, 
Czechoslovakia 
Re j dak,  Z. ;   Psychotronic  Research  Section,  Czechoslovakian  Society  for 
Science  and  Technology 
4.  (u)  Czechoslovakia  -   Affiliation  Unknown 
Cernousek,  M. ;  Prague 
Miza,  M.G. 
Rezek,  P. ;   Prague 
Wolf,  J.;  Prague 
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