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- ".insformer Station
1 -kpark
1 _^2ilite Dish
-
capons Storage
-
u'al Fleet
t
L-vel Quarry
--naming Pool
f.
I-ervatory
? men
1C -mping and Receiving
1 1
I-renhouse
1- -me Area
1-
-milite Dishes
1 c m Warehouse
If
cai Air Station
If Imr Refinery
1“
Tound
1 S
-mirium
IS
I__t. Yard
-_zraft
j=.~ 4e Treatment Plam
r._.ver Tower
UN’CL.-JZFTED
Table
(U) Numerical Listing of Tai
23. Space Capsule
24. Coastal Battery
25. Bay Area Rapid Transit
26. Salt Refinery
27. Candlestick Park
28. Solar Observatory
29. Food Terminal
30. Pedestrian Overpass
31.
Electrical Plant
32. White Plaza
33. Space Shuttle
34. Coastal Battery
35. Train Terminal
36. Sawmill
37. Pond
38. Wind Tunnel
39. Grain Terminal
40. Submarine
41. Cogeneration Plant
42. Park
43. Linear Accelerator
44. Dump
45. Pump Station
46. Ice Plant
47. Caves/Cliffs
48. Bevatron
49. Bam
50. Golden Gate Bridge
51. Modern Windmills
52. Baylands Nature Preserve
53. Gas Plant
54. Auto Wreckers
55. Fishing Fleet
56. Radio Towers
57. Vineyard
58. Pharmaceutical Laboratory
59. Toxic Waste Storage
60. Airport
61. Car Wash
62. Old Windmill
63. Nuclear Accelerator
64. Reservoir
65. Train Station
-
(U)
Fuzzy Set Element List
)
In FY
1^89. we developed a prototype analysis system for analyzing targets
an. -menses in|
~~‘|
Cemote viewings. A list of elements, based on target function
(i.e.,
the —^on specification),
is arranged in levels from relatively abstract (information poor) to the
rek. -
complex (information rich).
Having levels of elements is advantageous in that each can
be v^__,.ad separately in the
analysis.
(U)
This universal
set
of elements
(included
as Appendix A)
represents primary
ele..m=
in the
existing target pool of 65
targets.
The
set was derived exclusively from this
knov
. mget pool.
In an actual RV session, however,
a viewer does not have access to the
elemm -st, and thus is not constrained to respond within its confines. An accurate RV analysis
mus: mde any additional data that may be provided
in the response; therefore,
additional
spac;
-.ii been provided on ih e analysis sheets
(see Appendix A) to include elements that are
pan
e response but not
-.nitially included as pan of the universal
set.
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(U) We used the technology cluster (i.e., number 4 in Figure
1) to apply Equation 4
to construct a technology target template.
Table 2 shows the targets in this cluster, where the
horizontal lines indicate the subclustering within the technology group shown in Figure
1.
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(U) As a self-consistency check, we included the technology template
in the
total
target pool and recalculated the
clusters.
As expected, the technology template was included
within the subgroup of targets
3 and
13, and well within the technology cluster as a whole.
D.
(U)
General Conclusions
The
goal
of
this
effort was
to develop
an
analysis
system
that would prove
effective
in providing a priori assessments
ofi
^remote viewing tasks.
If the proper
mission-dependent universal set of elements can be identified, then, using a viewer-dependent
reliability archive, data from a single remote viewing can be used to prioritize a set of alternative
target templates so as to chose the most likely one
for the mission.
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REFERENCES
(U)
1.
Puthoff,
H.E., and Targ,
R., “A
Perceptual Channel
for Information Transfer Over
Kilometer Distances:
Historical
Perspective and Recent Research,"
Proceedings of the
IEEE, Vol.
64, No.
3, March 1976, UNCLASSIFIED.
2.
Targ,
R.,
Puthoff.
H.E.,
and
May,
E.C.,
1977
Proceedings
of
the
International
Conference of Cybernetics and Society, pp. 519-529,
1977, UNCLASSIFIED.
3.
May, E.C., “A Remote Viewing Evaluation Protocol (U),”
Final Report
(revised), SRI
Project 4028,
SRI International, Menlo Park, California, July
1983,'
4.
May,
E.C.,
Humphrey,
B.S.,
and
Mathews,
C.,
“]A
Figure
of
Merit
Analysis
for
Free-Response
Material,”
Proceedings
of
the
28th
Annual
Convention
of
the
Parapsychological Association,
pp. 343-354, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts,
August 1985, UNCLASSIFIED.
i
-
5.
Humphrey,
B.S., May,
E.C.,
Trask,
V.V., and Thomson, M.
J.,
“Remote
Viewing
Evaluation Techniques (U),”
Final Report , SRI Project 1291, SRI International, Menlo
Park, California, December 1986,
6.
Humphrey,
B.S., May, E.C.,
Utts, J.M.,
Frivold,
T.J., Luke, W.L., and Trask, V.V.,
“Fuzzy Set Applications in Remote Viewing Analysis,” ^inal Report—Objective A, Task 3,
SRI
Project
1291,
SRI
International,
Menlo
Park,
California,
December
1987,
UNCLASSIFIED.
7.
May, E.C., Humphrey, B.S., Frivold, T J., and Utts, J M., “Applications of Fuzzy Sets to
Remote Viewing Analysis
(U),”
Final Report—Objective
F, Task
1, SRI
Project
1291,
SRI International, Menlo Park,
California, December 1988,
.
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I INTRODUCTION (U)
'
i
Through work at SRI
International and other laboratories,
a
number of
individuals have demonstrated an apparent ability to accurately
perceive
information,
which
is
inaccessible through the
"conventional"
senses and
to convey their
impressions
in words and symbols.
At times
these
individuals can apparently describe events,
places,
people,
objects,
and feelings with very high quality.
At
SRI,
the particular ability to
provide detailed descriptive
information has been termed remote viewing
(RV)
.
Although latent ability and motivation undoubtedly play a
significant role,
some accomplished remote viewers have claimed that
this
ability can be
taught and learned to varying degrees.
In FY 1986,
SRI
awarded a subcontract
to Consultants
International
(Cl)
to assemble
a
detailed report of subjective experience that might
lead to a testable RV
training methodology.
Cl was selected because of
the
long and successful
remote viewing experience of
its
founder,
Mr.
Gary Langford.
Cl's reports
detailing
the suggested training methodology and
the concepts upon which
the procedure
is based are given
in Appendices A and
B.
(U)
SRI’s overview*
contains,
in condensed form, the basic concepts and techniques
that Cl proposed and a critique of them.
Selected RV examples will be shown to clarify and
demonstrate the ideas involved.
Certain figures appearing in
this overview have been
abstracted from the Cl report.
Because the contents of this document are subjective and
exploratory in nature, we
will not examine RV from an experimental protocol or evaluation
perspective.
(U)
We emphasize strongly that these concepts and hypotheses have been arrived at
almost entirely through personal observation, introspection and informal experimentation.
Almost none of these concepts have been rigorously tested with sufficient data collection to
*(U)
This report constitutes Objective D, Task
1:
Design, develop, and improve training
protocols and methodologies for
all RV subjects.
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III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (U)
(U)
Whether the percipient
is a novice, advanced or expert viewer the foregoing
procedure applies.
With rare notable exceptions. Cl asserts that correct descriptions of targets
are always built out of much smaller data bits that are gradually assembled into a whole.*
As
the viewer progresses from novice to expert, the amount of time spent on the various steps of
the procedure changes.
For example, an expert should find access routine and focus the
most Attention on details of form and function.
A detailed discussion of the division of effort
as a function of expertise may be found in Appendix A.
A.
(U)
Anatomy of a Viewing
(jU)
An example of how the foregoing process
is applied by an expert may be found in
Figures 4(a) through 4(f).
These six figures comprise the entire response of the viewer for a
given Session.
Other than the labeling, the transcripts have not been edited in any way.
Where the viewer’s handwriting was
illegible or where an abbreviation was used, we have
provided a “translation.”
1.
(U) Figure 4(a)—Initial Access Period.
Note
that
the uniqueness requirement of the
target
has been satisfied by writing down name,
date,
time and
session number.
This
is
the access phase.
Need and
motivation for a description were provided by informing
the viewer
this RV was one of a series
intended
to
calibrate
the viewer's proficiency.
The objectify phase
is
indicated by the primary and multiple bits.
The
initial primary bits are of
a steep angle drop-off and a
flat area.
Multiple bits
(a series
of connected
impressions)
serve
to fill
in
the gap between
the two
primary bits.
Access
is brought
to an end by writing
"break."
This amount of data
is much greater than that
which a novice would perceive during an initial access
period.
*(U)
Experienced viewers do report very occasional sessions where detailed descritions of the
target are possible during the
initial access period.
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/a
2.
(U) Figure 4(b)—Second Access Period
,
At
this point,
the viewer was overwhelmed by a vivid
impression of cliffs with water and other features.
The
viewer correctly recognized this as
10 and labeled
it
as
such.
is not considered valid data
in subsequent
analysis
.
3.
(U) Figure 4(c)—Third Access Period
|£
More primary bits are presented,
and the viewer
enters
the Qualification phase for the first time
(e.g.,
hard surface).
For purposes of visual clarity,
we will
not routinely label
the objectify and qualify phases
in
subsequent
figures.
However,
the distinction can be
easily made by the reader because primary and multiple
bits always represent objectification,
while any further
description of form or function
is qualification.
4.
(U) Figure 4(d)—Fourth Access Period
}
As
the viewing proceeds,
more time
is
spent on
describing form and functional aspects.
5.
(U) Figure 4(e)—Fifth Access Period
i At this point
in the session,
the viewer has made use
of
a technique
in which he retraces
a bit
to acquire more
information.
These advanced procedures are discussed more
thoroughly
in Appendix
A.
Note that
the viewer has begun
to arrange bits perceived during previous access periods
into a more nearly pictorial representation.
6.
(U) Figure 4(0—Sixth and Final Access Period
f
t Note the detailed description of
the elements of
target.
The bits have now been arranged into
a more
coherent whole
(sometimes called a composite)
,
and the
viewer has provided a summary word that characterizes the
entire target
"ruins."
*
The actual target
is shown
in Figure
5.
Aside from the obviously
correct assessment of the target as ruins,
it
is very important
to note
that all of
the other data bits are also correct.
Furthermore,
the session
required only approximately
15 minutes
to complete.
Such a result
is
particularly compelling when compared with other free-response techniques.
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For example,
telepathy experiments using the so-called Ganzfeld technique
of
sjensory isolation typically require one-and-one-half hours,
during which
time
the percipient produces extensive stream-of-conscious descriptions .The
shee^ mass of data and dreamlike quality of the responses prevent any
effeptive transcript analysis that might
separate signal from noise.
(U)
In early RV experiments at SRI
(c.
1975), unstructured free-response descriptions
were used, but were limited to 15 minutes.
Even with that restriction, discrimination between
the pj-oduct of imagination, memory, and RV was a burdensome analysis task.
(U)
The twin insights that mental noise can be briefly suppressed and that correct data
appepr in fleeting,
indistinct, and sometimes symbolic form has resulted in an enormous
increase in viewing efficiency.
B.
(U)
Applications to RV Training
(U)
As the preceding example demonstrates, the procedure described earlier works
well when used by the expert who invented
it.
The task that Cl addressed in FY 1986 was to
supply sufficient detailed instruction so that individuals with no prior exposure to RV could be
trained-
A test of this training methodology
is presently underway.
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FIGURE
4(d)
(U)
FOURTH
ACCESS
PERIOD
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to
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FIGURE
(U)
THE
RUINS
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O
(U)
Some indication of the previous success of the' training method can be found in
existing data.
In FY 1984, Cl
first began to outline the basic elements of an RV novice
training program.
Six individuals with limited or no exposure to RV were selected on the
basis of interest and subsequently participated in a series of lectures and experimental sessions
that served as the model for the FY 1986 program.
Two of the participants in the FY 1984
program demonstrated independent statistically significant evidence of RV ability.
(U)
During FY 1986, three of the best viewers from the FY 1984 program and Cl’s
expert viewer participated in a series of 6 RV sessions each for another Task in the program.
As of the time of the FY 1986 experiment,
all three previous novice viewers had participated
in a total of approximately 100 viewings each.
All of those viewings followed the procedure
proposed by Cl.
i
^ As shown
in detail
in another report,*
3 of the
4 viewers
independently scored
statistically significant
in that
6 session series.
(If
the probability of a successful series
is
0.05,
the binomial
probability of three out
of four successful
series
is 4.8
x 10-4
)
.
Two
of
the
3 FY 1984 novices
scored significantly,
one scoring slightly better
than
the expert viewer.
This result suggests
that,
at
least
for certain
individuals,
the viewing ability can be
learned.
Whether these particular
viewers
learned successfully as
a result of practice,
motivation,
latent
ability,
Cl's
"technology," or a combination of all four elements
is
at
this
time unclear.
Considerable future experimentation will be required
to
begin
to determine
the relative
importance of each element.
^\hubbard,
G.
S.
,
and May,
E.
C.
,
"An
Experiment
to Explore Possible
HJoriialistic Behavior of
a Photon Detection System During A Remote Viewing
Task,” Interim Report, SRI Project 1291, SRI International, Menlo Park, California
(December,
1986)
*
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Interim
Report- ^-Objective
E,
Task
*
Covering
the Period
October
1985
to 30 September
1986
December
1986
AN EXPERIMENT TO EXPLORE POSSIBLE
ANOMALISTIC BEHAVIOR OF A PHOTON DETECTION
SYSTEM DURING A REMOTE VIEWING TEST
(U)
SRI
Project
1291
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III
RESULTS (U)
A.
(U)
Remote Viewing Results
(U)
Four viewers were asked to contribute six viewings each.
In this experiment, the
personnel consisted of four of the best viewers participating in ongoing RV programs at SRI.
(U)
Each RV session was judged using a figure of merit analysis.
The FM
is defined as
the product of two measures: accuracy and
reliability.
The accuracy of an RV response
is the
fraction of the target material that
is described correctly.
Reliability
is the fraction of the
response that
is correct. ’> 2
Tables
1 through 4 show the RV results for each
trial.
The
session number (9001.cr,
etc.) incorporates a code
for each viewer as well as the
chronological sequence of viewings.
Table
(U)
REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER 009
Session
Figure-of-Merit
p-value
9001
. lg
0.5714
. 0238
9002. lg
0.3810
0.1961
9003
. lg
0.4444
0.0497
9004
. lg
0.3333
0.3650
9005
. lg
0.0667
0.9233
9006
. lg
0.3556
0.2697
Overall p <
0.0450
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Table
(U)
REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER 105
Session
Figure-of-Merit
p-value
9001
. rs
0.4571
0.0412
9002
. rs
0.1667
0.3486
9003 ,rs
0.1600
0.3618
9004
. rs
0.3333
0.1039
9005
. rs
0.0000
. 0000
9006
. rs
0.3810
0.0475
Overall
p
0.0488
\
Table
(U)
REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER 177
Session
Figure-of-Merit
p-value
9001. hs
0.4444
0.2430
9002. hs
0.1143
0.9579
9003. hs
0.3810
0.2978
9004. hs
0.5000
0.2392
9005. hs
0.5952
0.0677
9006. hs
0.6429
0.0136
Overall p
<£
0.0385
\
y
ii
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Table
(U)
REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER 807
Session
Figure-of-Merit
p-value
9001
. cr
0.0000
1.0000
9002. cr
0.3333
0.2267
9003. cr
0.5208
0.0240
9004
. cr
0.0833
0.7494
9005
. cr
0.3750
0.1321
9006. cr
0.1333
0.5911
Overall
p <
0.1895,
n
s
c
(U)
From the FM analysis performed for our FY 1984 experiment, we determined that
by computing the p-value for each FM we could determine an average p for each viewer and
foir
all sessions combined.
The overall probability of obtaining that average p-value was then
calculated, either by an exact method for small numbers of sessions7 or by using the central
limit theorem for greater than 20 sessions. 8
In the current analysis, an additional test of
significance, the Fisher Chi-square technique, has been added to supplement the probability
associated with average p-value for a given series.
j
The overall p-values given for each viewer's
series
as
shown
in
Tables
1 through
4 were calculated using the Fisher Chi-square technique.
Averaging all p-values for all sessions yielded p(avg.)
- 0.3437.
Using
the central-limit
theorem,
the probability associated with that average
value
is p
<, 0.004.
Using the Fisher Chi-square method,
a p-value of <
0.0036 was calculated for all
24 sessions,
indicating good agreement
between techniques.
We observed that three out of the four viewers
independently produced significant results.
This outcome
is an extremely
rate event.
If the probability of success
is
p <
0.05,
the binomial
probability of obtaining three out of four successful results
is p <
0.00048.
These individual and overall results are substantially better
than achieved
in the FY 1984
study. 3
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Vi'S)
c
(K9
I
Final Report—Objective F, Task
1.
Covering the Period
1 October 1987 to 30 September 1988
December 1988
APPLICATIONS
OF
FUZZY
SETS TO
REMOTE
VIEWING ANALYSIS (U)
Prepared for:
SRI Project 1291
£
L
Copy
of 5 Copies
fhls document consists of 9 pages
-SBW3F -03 1
lob 2-
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II TECHNICAL DISCUSSION (U)
A.
(U)
Retrospective Analysis
’
! We have reanalyzed all of the remote viewing experiments conducted during FY
1987 that used National Geographic magazine targets.
There were a total of 292 sessions from
the tachistoscope, real-time versus precognition, and hypnosis experiments.
Using an
overall
p-value
<
0.05
as
a
definition
of
statistical
evidence
of RV,
only
the
real-time
versus
precognition experiment failed to meet that criterion.
During FY
1987,
the
analysis
of
these
data
used
a
subjective
rank-order
technique.
For each RV response, the intended target and 6 decoys were ranked in order from
most
to
least correspondence.
The combined
average sum-of-ranks was
3.781, where
the
expected average was 4.00
(z =
1.87; p < 0.031).
Thus, even including the real-time versus
precognition experiment,
the
total RV
effort
for FY
1987 showed
statistical evidence
of an
information transfer anomaly.
j
It is possible that a mechanism other than psychoenergetics could account for this
overall result.
Suppose that analysts tended to rank the target packs in order of complexity—the
most complex
first, the least last.
That
is to say, a target with an abundance of elements would
have more correspondence with any response, psychoenergetically mediated or not. To examine
this hypothesis, complexity was defined as the total number of target elements such that their
membership
(in the target fuzzy set) was non-zero.*
Two distributions were then constructed:
(1)
The distribution of complexities for the targets ranked first by the analyst
(2)
The distribution of complexities for the correct target regardless of rank.
’
| Figure
1 shows these two distributions. The black histogram clearly demonstrates
a bias (X2 = 11.30, df = 6; p < 0.08) on the part of the analysts to favor the most complex target
as the best match to a given response.
This
is to be expected,
in that the instructions to the
analysts are to find the best match between target and response.
Thus, especially for noisy data,
it is not surprising to find such a bias. On the other hand, the complexity distribution shows no
*(U) The universe of elements for the target fuzzy sets was described during FY 1987,7 but
is repeated here in the Appendix.
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such bias
for the intended target
(X2 = 9.29, df =
6; p < 0.16).
In other words,
since the
intended
target
is chosen by
a random number generator,
the cross-hatched histogram
is
a
simple test of the randomization algorithm. To test the null hypothesis that the proportions are
the same in the two distributions, a chi-square was computed where the expected value in each
cell was the row-total times the column-total divided by the grand-total.
The proportions are
significantly different for these distributions (X2 = 15.35, df = 6; p < 0.018).
Thus
it is unlikely
that judging bias
in favor of the most complex target can account
for the
overall
significant
evidence of RV during FY 1987.
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FIGURE
(U) COMPLEXITY DISTRIBUTIONS FOR FIRST-RANKED
AND INTENDED TARGETS
B.
(U) Target Pool Reduction
(U) To provide a more manageable target pool for rank-order judging, we reduced the
original National Geographic magazine
target pool from 200 to
100
targets.
The
fuzzy
set
approach,
in conjunction with
cluster analysis, was used to produce 20
sets of 5
orthogonal
targets.
These sets were “fine tuned” by visual inspection to provide the best possible target sets.
Approximately
percent
of
the
targets
required
changing.
The
set
of
100
targets
was
photographed and duplicated to form to identical target pools, one for analysis purposes only and
the other for target purposes only.
Separating these functions into two separate pools ensured
that there could be no inadvertent handling cues
(i.e.,
the experiment team
marking
the
intended target so the analyst could recognize
it).
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(U)
(i.e., responses assigned to targets that were not the intended target for the session), we were
able
to explore a number of options.
If the information channel
is not saturated, then
it
is
reasonable to assume that the more information available in the target, the more information
could be received via remote viewing.
The criterion that was adopted was that the information
calculated from a set of randomly selected cross-matches could not show significant correlations
with the complexity (defined by the sigma count) of the associated targets.
nfortunately, this method
failed. A strong correlation was found between the
cross matches and target complexity.
In retrospect, the problem
is obvious.
Even using the
modified
responses,
the
probability
of a match
with
a random
target
increases
with
target
complexity
(i.e., the more that is said, the more likely that there
is a match to a random target).
explored a number of different variations on the above formalism. To date,
however, we have been unable to arrive at an appropriate formulation that meets the above or
other criteria for a measure of information transfer during remote viewing experiments.
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III CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (U)
\
^
It
is extremely likely that there
is an even more fundamental reason why the
various procedures
failed as a measure of information transfer during remote
viewing.
The
elements
from which
the
target and
response
sets
are drawn
are
not
of
equal
weight
in
information space.
For example there
is considerably more information
(in any sense of that
term)
contained
in an
element such
as church compared
to an
abstract element
such
as
horizontal lines.
Yet in this
first attempt, the ^-values were
all weighted equally.
(U) One
direction that deserves exploration
is
limiting the
target descriptions
(by the
weighting factors for each element in the fuzzy set) to sets of targets that appear to have constant
“information"
content.
This might allow
for a more
systematic
search
for
an
appropriate
!
information representation.
(U) Another problem was that the most uncertainty in a response was assumed to be a
blank page.
In the
final days of FY 1988, Dr. L. Gatlin, a specialist in biological information
sy$tems,
suggested that we approach the problem from
a
different point of view.
The most
uncertain situation is that in which a viewer is completely driven by his/her own response biases.
Tljus, H0 should be calculated from the bias set, B, or something like
it.
(U)
It is very important to continue along these lines.
Until a meaningful encoding of the
information transferred during remote viewing experiment
is found, there is little hope of success
fof quantitative modeling.
We recommend that a consultant be found who
is
a
specialist
in
applying information theory to natural scenes and natural language/
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L
'
Final Report
Covering
the Period October
1983
to October
1984
BACTERIAL MUTATION STUDY
(U)
May
1985
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (U)
-* The experiment presented
in this document was a conceptual replication of
reported work in the parapsychological literature, claiming positive
statistical evidence for
psychoenergetic interactions with biological systems.
Both the energetic and mformauonal
aspects of human interaction with bacteriological systems were examined, wtlh the ultimate
objective of determining, to
first order, whether biological systems can be employed as
psychoenergetic “intrusion detectors.
(U)
There were two principal experimental hypotheses under consideration.
The
first,
which will be referred to as the Intuitive Data Sorting (IDS) hypothesis, posits that indivtduals
ate able to identify or "sort out" locally-deviant subsequences contained within a larger
random sequence using psychoenergetic means.
In our experiment, an IDS hypothec,
s
predicted that individuals would be able to identify psychically-from a set of test lubes w,th a
normal statistical spread of mutation rate-subsets of test tubes either with slightly htgher or
slightly lower average mutation rates than the overall mutation rate for the enure set.
Because
an IDS mechanism appears to be predicated on an individual’s ability ,0 gain informal,on
about a system psychoenergetically.
it
is thought to involve informa,ional process pr,manly.
(U)
The second experimental hypothesis, which will be referred to as the Remote
Action (RA) or IDS Unfavorable (IDSU)
hypothesis, postulates that certain individuals are
able ,0 effect either a predetermined increase or decrease in a given Samples’s mutation rate,
by somehow ’mentally" causing physical
(e.g., genetic) changes in the bactena.
Because an
*A mechanism appears to be predicated on an individual’s ability to effect physical changes ,n
l system psychoenergetically,
it
is thought to involve causal or merge, fc processes pr,manly.
A total of seven subjects contributed six sessions each:
three sessions were
designed to test the IDS hypothesis, and three were designed to test the RA hypothesis.
In
all
sessions, the subject was confronted with nine test tubes, which were visible inside a locked,
environmemally-stable ice chest.
The tubes contained dilute soluuons of the bactenum
Salmonella lypkimurmm.
The bacteriological preparations were carried out by SRI’s M,crob,al
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Genetics Department, which routinely uses the Ames Salmonella assay that was adapted for
use in this study.
(U)
In the IDS sessions, the subjects were able to choose three test tubes in which they
wished to promote the mutation rates psychoenergetically
(high aim), three tubes in which
they wished to inhibit mutation rates (low aim), and three that they wished to leave
“uninfluenced"
as controls (no aim).
In
all of the RA sessions, Tubes
1,
2, and 3 were
predetermined as the low-aim tubes
(the subject would attempt to inhibit mutation rates);
Tubes
4,
5, and 6 were the no aim controls; and Tubes
7,
8, and 9 were the high-aim tubes
(the subject would attempt to promote mutation rates).
The basic premise in comparing the
IDS and RA conditions
is that the subjects were given the opportunity to select high-versus-
low mutation rates from a natural spread of nine in the IDS sessions.
Given the
predetermined tubes of the RA sessions, however, the subjects were required to cause
physical changes in the bacteria,
in order to achieve the desired high-versus-low mutation
rates.
(U)
The overall result of the experiment showed weak
statistical evidence that
individuals are able to sort bacteriological samples according to mutation rate
that
is, a p <
0.05 was obtained overall in the IDS sessions for the mutation rates of the low-aim test tubes
being lower than the no-aim controls.
Statistical significance was not achieved in any of the
other IDS conditions
(i.e.,
for no-aim mutation rates being less than high aim or for low aim
being less than high aim).
There were no significant differences for various aims observed in
the RA condition.
It must be concluded, therefore, that while there was some evidence that
subjects are able to gain information psychoenergetically about the mutation rates of
Salmonella, there was no compelling evidence that subjects are able to cause physical
perturbations in these bacteria.
According to criteria set forth in the beginning of this study, a physical system
will noTbe considered a candidate intrusion detector unless there
is clear evidence that
it
is
registering energetic effects
(i.e., physical perturbations) concomitantly with psychoenergetic
intent.
To
first order, therefore,
it must be concluded on the basis of this one experiment
that the Salmonella bacterium does not appear to be a promising intrusion detector.
Because this
is the only known experiment of
its kind using Salmonella bacteria
as the target biological system, replication
is strongly recommended—both to verify the
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robustness of the IDS capability, and to evaluate definitively the efficacy of using Salmonella
as an intrusion detector.
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OBJECTIVE (U)
=
-
.—-
-— ••
psychoenergetic “intrusion detectors.
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