Table  of  Contents 
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The  Acme  of  Skill  2 
"To  find  security  without  fighting  is  the  acme 
of  skill." 
Sun  Tzu.  Military  Strategist 
China.  400  BC 
United  States  Foreign  Intelligence    8 
". . .  the  Agency,  while  responsible  for  coordi- 
nating all  U.S.  foreign  intelligence,  is  but  one 
element  in  a  vast,  multidimensional  intelli- 
gence system." 
The  Central  intelligence  Agency      14 
"The  needs  for  intelligence  increase  as  our 
world  becomes  more  complex. ..." 
Legislative  Liaison 
Central  Intelligence  Agency 
Introduction 
An  Intelligence  Glossary 
The  Intelligence  Cycle 
4  The  President's  Intelligence  10 
5  Organization 
6  The  Intelligence  Community  12 
Introduction 
The  Genesis  of  the  Agency 
Then  and  Now 
Special  Activities 
Oversight 
Conclusion 
The  Finished  Product 
The  People  and  Their  Jobs 
A  Miscellany 
The  Seal 
The  Headquarters  Building 
The  Medals 
A  Chronology 
People  Often  Ask
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people  who  have  to  formula^  V.S.i     "  'and  the.  Tightness  of  his  decision. " 
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The  art  of  intelligence  is  not  new.  It  was 
practiced  during  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth  I 
of  England  (1558-1603). 
'mwiiiiucnon 
Intelligence  is  nothing  new. 
it  is  referred  to  in  the  Oid  'Testa- 
ment when  God  commands  Moses  to 
send  agents  to  "spy  out  the  Land 
of  Canaan." 
It  is  referred  to,  400  years  before 
the  birth  of  Christ,  by  the  Chinese 
military  strategist  Sun  Tzu  in  his 
book,  "The  Art  of  War,"  in  which  he 
emphasized  the  importance  of  good 
intelligence  by  noting  that  to  "win  100 
battles  is  not  the  acme  of  skill.  To  find 
security  without,  fighting  is  the  acme 
of  skill." 
It  was  used  in  the  13th  century  by 
the  Mongol  leader  Subotai  in  direct- 
ing his  forces  to  spectacular  military 
successes  in  their  invasion  of  Europe. 
Allen  Welsh  Dulles,  for  nine  years 
Director  of  Central  Intelligence,  wrote 
in  "The  Craft  of  Intelligence"  that 
European  rulers  in  the  Middle  Ages 
"were  not  very  well  informed  about 
the  Byzantine  Empire  and  the  Eastern 
Slavs;  they  knew  even  less  of  the 
Moslem  world;  and  they  were  almost 
completely  ignorant  of  anything  that 
went  on  in  Central  and  East  Asia." 
In  the  16th  century,  Sir  Francis 
Walsingham,  principal  State  Secre- 
tary to  Queen  Elizabeth  I  of  England, 
developed  and  sustained  a  network  of 
dozens  of  intelligence  agents  dispersed 
to  foreign  lands.  He  recruited  his 
people  from  Cambridge  and  Oxford, 
nurtured  the  art  of  espionage,  and  had 
tools  and  techniques  for  making  and 
breaking  codes.  In  a  very  real  sense, 
what  Walsingham  established  in  the 
intelligence  aspects  of  this  service 
foreshadowed  the  modern  intelligence 
organization. 
Sir  Francis  Walsingham,  Elizabeth's  principal 
State  Secretary,  created  an  extensive  intelli- 
gence organization  which  sent  agents  to 
foreign  lands.
vim 
si  or 
iiave 
on  moie  ih.m  armed  misznt.  i  hey  nave 
survived  by  (heir  ability  so  gather. 
evaluate,  and  understand  Information 
about  their  world. 
Another  word  for  this  evaluated 
information  is  intelligence 
Simply  put,  intelligence  is  knowl- 
edge and  foreknowledge  of  the  world 
that  surrounds  us.  The  art  of 
delivering  this  knowledge  and  lore- 
knowledge  in  a  fashion  that  allows 
decision  makers,  whether  they  be  mili- 
tary commanders  or  political  leaders, 
to  arrive  at  proper  decisions  is  an 
elusive  and  frustrating  one.  It  has  less 
to  do  with  cloaks  and  daggers  than 
with  the  painstaking,  generally  te- 
dious collection  of  facts,  analysis  of 
facts,  exercise  of  judgment  and  quick, 
clear  evaluation.  Intelligence  must  be 
rigorous,  continuous,  timely  and, 
above  all  else,  must  be  useful.  The 
combination  of  informing  and  alerting 
is  what  intelligence  is  all  about.  And  in 
the  contemporary  world — volatile, 
complex,  shifting  from  week  to  week, 
day  to  day — that  combination  is  an 
absolute  necessity  as  well  as  a  growing 
challenge.  Without  it,  nations  would 
have  to  live  on  faith  alone — or  in 
total  darkness. 
V,'.  ill. 
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The  need  for  reliable,  timely  intelligence  in- 
creases as  the  world  grows  more  complex.  New 
developments  and  new  areas  of  concern  require 
constant  attention. 
An  Intelligence  dloiuiry 
AgerJ     An  individual,  usually  Joreign,  who 
acts  under  the  direction  oj  an  intelligence 
agency  or  security  service  to  obtain,  or  assist  in 
obtaining,  information  jor  intelligence  or 
counterintelligence  purposes,  and  to  perform 
other  intelligence  functions 
Case  Officer     4  professional  employee  of  an 
intelligence  organization  who  is  responsible  Jor 
providing  direction  to  an  agent. 
Clandestine     Secret  or  hidden,  conducted 
with  secrecy  by  design. 
Counterintelligence  -Intelligence  activity 
intended  to  delect,  counteract,  and/or  prevent 
espionage  and  other  foreign  clandestine 
intelligence  activities,  sabotage,  international 
terrorist  activities  or  assassinations  conducted 
for  or  on  behalf  of  foreign  powers.  Counter- 
intelligence also  refers  to  the  information 
derived  from  such  activity. 
Cover —  The  protective  guise  used  by  a  person, 
organization,  or  installation  to  prevent  identifi- 
cation with  clandestine  operations. 
Covert  Action—  A  special  activity  conducted 
abroad  in  support  of  United  Slates  foreign 
policy  objectives  and  executed  so  that  the 
role  of  the  United  States  Government  is  not 
apparent  or  acknowledged  publicly.  Covert 
action  is  distinct  from  the  intelligence- 
gathering  function. 
Espionage — Intelligence  activity  directed  to- 
ward the  acquisition  of  information  through 
clandestine  means. 
Intelligence  Cycle— The  process  by  which 
information  is  acquired,  converted  into  intelli- 
gence, and  made  available  to  policymakers.  It 
usually  consists  of  five  steps:  planning  and 
direction,  collection,  processing,  production 
and  analysis,  and  dissemination. 
National  Foreign  Intelligence — Intelligence 
about  a  foreign  power  which  responds  to  the 
needs  of  the  President,  the  National  Security 
Council,  and  others  involved  in  the  formula- 
tion and  execution  of  national  security,  foreign, 
or  economic  policy  of  the  United  States. 
Overt — Open  or  done  without  attempt  to 
conceal,  as  an  "overt  employee"  of  an 
intelligence  service. 
Surveillance— The  systematic  observation  or 
monitoring  of  places,  persons,  or  things  by 
visual,  aural,  electronic,  photographic,  or  other 
means,  for  the  purpose  of  gathering  intelligence 
information.
The  EiMeMigCTice  Cycle 
The  process  of  creating  reliable,  ac- 
curate foreign  intelligence  is  dynamic 
and  never-ending.  If  a  cycle  can  be 
said  to  actually  begin,  the  Intelligence 
Cycle  begins  with  questions — ques- 
tions whose  answers  inevitably  lead  to 
more  questions.  So,  for  all  intents  and 
purposes,  there  is  no  start  and  no 
finish,  just  the  process. 
For  the  sake  of  description,  it  is 
possible  to  break  the  process  into  five 
steps.  Taken  together,  these  steps 
form  the  Intelligence  Cycle.  To  be 
aware  of  them  is  to  have  a  foundation 
for  understanding  how  foreign  intel- 
ligence ultimately  reaches  the  desks  of 
the  President  and  other  senior  U.S. 
decision  makers. 
Planning  and  Direction: 
The  management  of  the  entire  intel- 
ligence effort  from  the  identification 
of  the  need  for  data  to  the  final 
delivery  of  an  intelligence  product 
to  a  customer. 
The  process  is  initiated  by  requests 
or  requirements  for  foreign  intel- 
ligence on  certain  subjects.  These  are 
based  on  the  ultimate  needs  of  the 
policymakers— the  President,  the 
Congress,  the  National  Security 
Council,  and  leading  officials  of  major 
departments  and  agencies  of  Govern- 
ment who  depend  on  current  informa- 
tion as  they  participate  in  the  formula- 
tion of  national  policy. 
Collection: 
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Dissemination: 
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The  distribution  and  handling  of  the 
finished  foreign  intelligence.  Often 
this  means  getting  the  product  to  the 
same  policymakers  whose  needs  and 
requests  triggered  the  Cycle  in  the 
first  place,  but  also  involves  distribu- 
tion to  other  consumers  both  inside 
and  outside  the  Intelligence 
Community.
.  The  gathering  of  the  raw  data  from 
which  finished  foreign  intelligence 
will  be  produced.  This  is  done  in 
three  ways: 
1 .  From  open  sources  such  as 
radio  and  television  broadcasts,  news- 
papers, professional  journals  and 
books  or  anything  that  is  on  the 
airwaves  or  in  public  print. 
2.  By  technical  means — photog- 
raphy and  electronics  which  have 
come  to  play  an  indispensable  role  in 
modern  intelligence  by  extending  a 
nation's  sensory  system,  its  eyes  and 
ears,  to  limits  undreamed  of  not 
long  ago. 
3.  From  human  sources — from 
agents  and  defectors  who  provide  in- 
formation obtained  in  no  other  way. 
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Processing: 
The  conversion  of  the  vast  amount  of 
information  entering  the  system  into  a 
form  more  suitable  for  the  production 
of  finished  intelligence.  This  may  in- 
clude language  translations,  technical 
analysis,  and  sorting  by  subject  mat- 
ter. Information  that  does  not  go 
directly  to  be  analyzed  is  sorted  and 
made  available  through  rapid  com- 
puter retrieval. 
This  step  also  refers  to  data  reduc- 
tion, the  interpretation  of  information 
stored  on  film  and  tape  through  the 
use  of  highly  refined  photographic  and 
electronic  processes. 
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Productk in  and  Analysis: 
Perhaps  the  fulcrum  of  the  process,  for 
here  the  conversion  of  basic  informa- 
tion into  finished  intelligence  takes 
place.  This  includes  the  integration, 
evaluation,  and  analysis  of  all  avail- 
able data  and  the  preparation  of 
a  variety  of  intelligence  products 
or  estimates  which  may  be  presented 
as  briefings,  brief  reports,  or 
lengthy  studies. 
Of  course,  the  conversion  is  not  a 
simple  process.  The  raw  information 
that  is  gathered  is  often  fragmentary 
and,  at  times,  contradictory.  Analysts, 
who  specialize  in  various  subjects  or 
particular  areas  of  the  world,  are 
responsible  for  producing  finished 
intelligence.  This  is  done  by  integra- 
ting various  pieces  of  data  and 
interpreting  their  meaning  and 
significance. 
Subjects  that  analysts  work  with 
are  many  and  varied.  They  may  con- 
cern different  countries,  regions,  prob- 
lems, or  personalities  in  a  variety  of 
contexts — political,  geographic,  eco- 
nomic, military,  scientific,  sociologi- 
cal, or  biographic.  Current  events, 
capabilities,  or  probable  developments 
in  the  future  may  also  be  examined.
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naissance aircrqft  photographs  con- 
firmed the  presence  of  Soviet  offensive        j
missiles  in  Cuba.  From  that  moment, 
until  the  resolution  of  what  has 
become  known. as  lhe"Cuban  Missile 
Crisis. "  the  U.S.  intelligence  Commit^    '.• 
nity  worked  without  respite  to  provide.    '< 
the  President  and  other  senior  offi-     '  :MS 
cials  with  as  much  timely;  accurate      *  \>t 
information  as  possible.  .  '*    :.' 
.'  In  1947 ,  in  1962,  dnd^even  today,  •' 
intelligence  means  one  thing  to  most 
Americans;  the  Central  Intelligence 
Agency.  But  the  fact  is  that. the  . 
Agency,  while  responsible  for  coordi- 
nating all  U.S.  foreign  intelligence,     '■  
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is  but  one  element  in  a  vast,  '**■' 
multidimensional  intelligence  system. ' 
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The  President 
of  the  United  States 
Presidents  Foreign 
Intelligence 
Advisory  Board  (PFIAB) 
Intelligence  Oversight 
Board  (I'Ofi) 
Senior  Interagency 
Group   (SIG) 
The  Intelligence 
Community 
Interagency  Groups 
(IGs)  ,- 
The  President's 
Intelligence 
Organization 
A  Presidential  Executive  Order  as- 
signs to  the  Director  of  Central  Intelli- 
gence the  responsibility  to  act  as  the 
primary  adviser  to  the  President  and 
the  National  Security  Council  on  na- 
tional foreign  intelligence.  To  dis- 
charge this  and  other  assigned  duties, 
the  Director  is  the  appointed — with 
the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate — 
head  of  both  the  Central  Intelligence 
Agency  and  the  Intelligence  Commu- 
nity. These  relationships  and  the 
mechanisms  established  to  sustain 
them  are  discussed  on  the  next  page. 
in
President's  Foreign  Intelligence 
Advisory  Board  (PFIAB) 
The  PFIAB  is  maintained  within  the 
Executive  Office  of  the  President.  Its 
several  members  serve  at  the 
pleasure  of  the  President  and  are 
appointed  from  among  trustworthy 
and  distinguished  citizens  outside  of 
Government  who  are  qualified  on  the 
basis  of  achievement,  experience,  and 
independence.  They  serve  without 
compensation.  The  Board  continually 
reviews  the  performance  of  all  Govern- 
ment agencies  engaged  in  the  collec- 
tion, evaluation,  or  production  of  intel- 
ligence or  in  the  execution  of 
intelligence  policy.  It  also  assesses  the 
adequacy  of  management,  personnel, 
and  organization  in  intelligence  agen- 
cies; and  advises  the  President  con- 
cerning the  objectives,  conduct,  and 
coordination  of  the  activities  of  these 
agencies.  The  PFIAB  is  specifically 
charged  to  make  appropriate  recom- 
mendations for  actions  to  improve  and 
enhance  the  performance  of  the  intelli- 
gence efforts  of  the  United  States;  this 
advice  may  be  passed  directly  to  the 
Director  of  Central  Intelligence,  the 
Central  Intelligence  Agency,  or  other 
agencies  engaged  in  intelligence 
activities. 
Intelligence  Oversight  Board 
(IOB) 
The  President's  Intelligence  Oversight 
Board  functions  within  the  White 
House.  The  IOB  consists  of  three 
members  from  outside  the  government 
who  are  appointed  by  the  President. 
One  of  these,  who  serves  as  chairman, 
is  also  a  member  of  the  President's 
Foreign  Intelligence  Advisory  Board. 
The  IOB  is  responsible  for  discovering 
and  reporting  to  the  President  any 
intelligence  activities  that  raise  ques- 
tiosis  of  propriety  or  legality  in  terms  of 
the  Constitution,  the  laws  of  the  U.S., 
or  Presidential  Executive  Order.  The 
Board  is  also  charged  with  reviewing 
the  internal  guidelines  and  direction  of 
the  Intelligence  Community.  The  IOB 
is  a  permanent,  non-partisan  body. 
National  Security  Council  (NSC) 
The  NSC  was  established  by  the 
National  Security  Act  of  1947  to  ad- 
vise the  President  with  respect  to  the 
integration  of  domestic,  foreign,  and 
military  policies  relating  to  the 
national  security.  The  NSC  is  the 
highest  Executive  Branch  entity  pro- 
viding review  of,  guidance  for,  and 
direction  to  the  conduct  of  all  national 
foreign  intelligence  and  counter- 
intelligence activities.  The  statutory 
members  of  the  NSC  are  the 
President,  Vice  President,  the 
Secretary  of  State,  and  the  Secretary 
of  Defense.  The  Director  of  Central 
Intelligence  and  the  Chairman  of  the 
Joint  Chiefs  of  Staff  participate  as 
advisers.  The  same  1947  Act  also 
established  the  CIA  as  an  independent 
agency  subordinate  to  the  NSC. 
Senior  Interagency 
Group  (SIG) 
This  committee  of  the  NSC  is  com- 
posed variously  of  the  Director  of 
Central  Intelligence,  the  Assistant  to 
the  President  for  National  Security 
Affairs,  the  Deputy  Secretary  of 
State,  the  Deputy  Secretary  of 
Defense,  the  Chairman  of  the  Joint 
Chiefs  of  Staff,  the  Deputy  Attorney 
General,  the  Director  of  the  Federal 
Bureau  of  Investigation,  and  the 
Director  of  the  National  Security 
Agency.  The  SIG  chairman  varies 
according  to  the  meeting  agenda,  e.g.. 
the  Director  of  Central  Intelligence  is 
chairman  when  the  body  addresses 
intelligence  matters.  The  SIG  (Intelli- 
gence) is  charged  to  advise  and  assist 
the  NSC  in  discharging  its  authority 
and  responsibility  for  intelligence 
policy  and  intelligence  matters.  It 
ensures  that  important  intelligence 
policy  issues  requiring  interagency 
attention  receive  full,  prompt,  and 
systematic  coordination.  It  also  moni- 
tors the  execution  of  previously 
approved  policies  and  decisions. 
Interagency  Groups  (IGs) 
To  assist  the  SIG  (Intelligence), 
Interagency  Groups  have  been  estab- 
lished to  consider  individual  policy 
issues.  Each  IG  consists  of  representa- 
tives of  the  SIG  members  and,  upon 
invitation  of  the  IG  chairman,  others 
with  specific  responsibilities  for 
matters  being  considered.  A  represen- 
tative of  the  Director  of  Central  Intel- 
ligence chairs  meetings  dealing  with 
national  foreign  intelligence.  A  repre- 
sentative of  the  Federal  Bureau  of 
Investigation  chairs  meetings  dealing 
with  counterintelligence,  except  for 
international  terrorism,  which  is 
divided  between  a  State  Department 
representative  for  terrorism  abroad 
and  an  Attorney  General  representa- 
tive for  terrorism  in  the  U.S.  An 
indeterminate  number  of  IGs  may  be 
designated  by  the  SIG  to  address  such 
policy  issues.  The  IGs,  in  turn,  may 
establish  working  groups  as  needed  to 
provide  support  to  the  approved 
mechanisms  of  the  NSC  for  such 
matters. 
The  Intelligence  Community 
The  concept  of  an  Intelligence 
Community  is  unique  in  the 
Government  in  that  it  is  composed  for 
the  most  part  of  elements  which  have 
their  primary  institutional  homes  in 
various  departments  and  agencies  of 
the  Executive  Branch.  Many  of  these 
elements  differ  from  each  other  in 
significant  ways.  Together  they 
conduct  the  variety  of  activities  that 
add  up  to  the  entire  U.S.  national 
foreign  intelligence  effort.  What  binds 
these  diverse  components  is  their 
common  goal:  to  provide  national 
leaders  with  the  most  reliable  and 
accurate  intelligence  to  serve  as  a 
sound  basis  for  making  timely, 
informed  decisions. 
It  is  the  job  of  the  Director  of 
Central  Intelligence  to  make  certain 
that  this  goal  is  constantly  and 
successfully  pursued.  Members  of  the 
Intelligence  Community  advise  the 
Director  of  Central  Intelligence 
through  their  representation  on  a
Tlie  Central  Intelligence  Agency 
Sec.  102(a)"  There  is  established 
under  the  National  Securit$&? 
^  -I  y>       ♦.         I    r    •■  .'ii-j™. 
Agency  with  a  Director  ojjj^entral 
Intelligence  who  shall  be~ihe  head 
thereof. . .«."  ,* 
From  the  National  Security  Act  of 
1947 
Kr'jey* 
The  profound  and  tragic  lesson  of 
December  7,  1941  was  clear: 
uncoordinated  departmental  intel- 
ligence would  no  longer  suffice.  To 
prevent  future  "Pearl  Harbors"— 
where  fragmented  information  was 
available  but  no  one  was  responsible 
for  pulling  it  all  together — there     - 
had  to  be  an  organization  designed 
to  oversee  the  total  American  intel- 
ligence effort.  In  June  1942,  one  was 
created.  Called  the  Office  ofStrate-. 
gic  Services  (OSS),  it  was  the 
predecessor  of  the  Central  Intelli- 
gence Agency. 
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". . .  information  was  available  but  was  so 
compartmented  and  so  fragmented  that  there 
was  no  individual  or  group  of  people  respon- 
sible for  drawing  what  turned  out  to  be  a 
logical  conclusion. ..." 
Office  Director 
Central  Intelligence  Agency 
Major  General  William  J.  Donovan  was  the 
Director  of  the  Office  of  Strategic  Services,  a 
predecessor  of  the  Central  Intelligence  Agency. 
Introduction 
If  the  combination  of  informing  and 
alerting  is  a  good  working  definition  of 
what  intelligence  is  all  about,  that 
combination  was  not  working  well  for 
the  United  States  on  the  morning  of 
December  7,  1941.  Certainly,  the 
nation  had  been  involved  in  foreign 
intelligence  since  its  birth — George 
Washington  wrote  in  July  1777,  that 
"the  necessity  of  procuring  good  intel- 
ligence is  apparent  and  need  not  be 
further  urged" — but  it  was  only  after 
the  shocking  surprise  attack  at  Pearl 
Harbor,  which  caught  the  United 
States  unprepared,  that  the  need  for  a 
centrally  coordinated  national  intel- 
ligence service  came  into  sharp 
public  focus. 
In  the  leisurely,  seemingly  inno- 
cent years  between  World  Wars — 
indeed,  traditionally — the  U.S.  oper- 
ated with  only  departmental  intelli- 
gence. Under  this  system,  individual 
departments  like  War,  Navy,  and 
State  as  well  as  the  Office  of  the 
President,  produced  their  own  intelli- 
gence. But  there  was  little  coordina- 
tion among  them.  Almost  jealously, 
each  guarded  its  own  area.  Thus,  the 
bits  and  pieces  that  might  have  been 
brought  together  to  warn  of  an  im- 
pending attack  in  the  Pacific  were 
never  fitted  together.  They  remained 
essentially  uncoordinated. 
Six  months  later,  in  June  1942, 
President  Roosevelt  signed  Executive 
Order  9182  establishing  the  Office  of 
Strategic  Services  (OSS).  William  J. 
Donovan,  a  New  York  lawyer  who  had 
won  the  Medal  of  Honor  as  a  Colonel 
in  World  War  I,  was  named  its 
Director.  Under  his  guidance,  OSS 
collected  information  abroad,  con- 
ducted secret  operations  against  ene- 
my powers,  and  produced  intelligence 
reports  on  enemy  strengths,  capabili- 
ties, and  intentions. 
It  was  a  forerunner  of  the  Central 
Intelligence  Agency. 
The  Genesis  of  the  Central 
Intelligence  Agency 
The  War  ended  in  1945  and  so  did  the 
OSS.  On  the  first  of  October  that 
year,  by  Executive  Order  9621,  Presi- 
dent Harry  S  Truman  disbanded  OSS 
and  allowed  its  functions  to  be 
absorbed  by  the  Department  of  War 
and  State.  Even  during  the  height  of 
the  global  conflict,  Donovan's  orga- 
nization never  received  complete  juris- 
diction over  all  foreign  intelligence 
activities.  The  FBI  had  been  responsi- 
ble for  intelligence  work  in  Latin 
America  since  the  1930's  and  the 
military  services  administered  their 
own  areas  of  responsibility  all  through 
World  War  II. 
Now,  however,  with  the  memory  of 
Pearl  Harbor  still  fresh,  the  need  for  a 
post-war  centralized  intelligence  sys- 
tem was  fully  recognized.  In  fact, 
Donovan  had  already  submitted  a 
proposal  which  called  for  separating 
the  military's  intelligence  services 
from  the  Joint  Chiefs  of  Staff.  It  also 
called  for  the  creation  of  a  new  orga- 
nization, having  direct  Presidential 
supervision,  which  would  coordinate 
the  intelligence  services  of  several 
departments.  This  new  agency  would 
conduct  "operations  abroad"  b;:t 
would  have  "no  police  or  law  enforce- 
ment functions,  either  at  home  or 
abroad." 
The  plan  drew  great  debate.  In 
response,  President  Truman  set  up  the 
Central  Intelligence  Group  (CIG)  in 
January  1946.  It  was  directed  to 
coordinate  existing  departmental 
intelligence,  supplementing  but  not 
supplanting  their  services.  This  was  to 
be  carried  out  under  the  direction  of 
the  National  Intelligence  Authority 
(NIA). 
Twenty  months  later,  NIA  and  its 
operating  component,  CIG  were  de- 
activated and  under  the  provisions  of 
the  National  Security  Act  of  1947 — 
the  same  statute  that  provided  for  a 
Secretary  of  Defense  and  created  a 
separate  U.S.  Air  Force  and  defined 
the  role  of  today's  Joint  Chiefs  of 
Staff — the  National  Security  Council 
and  the  Central  Intelligence  Agency 
were  established.
On  July  26.  1947  President  Harry  S  Truman 
signed  the  National  Security  Act  of  1947  which 
established  the  Centra!  Intelligence  Agency.
Then  and  Now 
The  Central  Intelligence  Agency  is 
charged  with  a  dual  responsibility.  It 
must  coordinate  the  numerous  intelli- 
gence efforts  of  the  U.S.  Government 
as  well  as  collect,  evaluate,  analyze, 
produce,  and  disseminate  foreign 
intelligence.  That  responsibility  has 
remained  unchanged  since  1947. 
But  the  world  in  which  it  must  be 
discharged  has  not. 
When  the  Central  Intelligence 
Agency  came  into  being,  the  world 
was,  in  many  ways,  a  simpler  place. 
The  U.S.  was  preeminent  among  na- 
tions, the  only  atomic  power  on  earth. 
The  primary  product  of  intelligence, 
then,  had  to  do  with  the  military 
activities  and  political  intentions  of 
the  Soviet  Union — and  a  little  bit 
about  those  of  its  satellites. 
Today,  however,  things  are  not 
so  simple. 
The  U.S.  is  no  longer  the  world's 
only  nuclear  power.  In  addition,  there 
are  now  more  than  1 50  independent 
nations  on  earth.  This  country  has 
important  contacts  with  almost  all  of 
them.  These  contacts  are  far  more 
political  and  economic  than  military. 
Consequently,  the  focus  of  collection 
and  analysis  has  shifted  from  a  singu- 
lar concentration  on  the  military 
prowess  of  one  country  to  a  broader 
interest  in  all  areas  of  international 
relations.  And  although  understand- 
ing Soviet  military  strength  is  still  the 
Agency's  number  one  priority,  its  tra- 
ditional areas  of  concern  have  ex- 
panded to  confront  the  problems  of 
such  things  as  terrorism,  drug  traf- 
ficking, world  energy,  and  world  grain 
production. 
These  ever  growing  areas  of  inter- 
est represent  a  significant  change  in 
the  Central  Intelligence  Agency.  They 
also  focus  attention  on  the  need  to 
gather  more  and  more  data.  And  this, 
in  turn,  points  to  another  significant 
change  in  intelligence.  Where  once  the 
human  agent  was  the  basic  collector  of 
data,  a  technological  revolution  in  the 
past  two  decades  has  generated  tech- 
In  lis  eariy  years,  the  Central  Intelligence 
Agency's  primary  concern  was  with  Soviet 
militarv  activities  and  political  intentions 
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The  world  has  changed.  No  longer  is  the 
United  States  the  only  atomic  power  on  earth 
as  it  was  when  this  test  was  run  in  1946.  Today, 
many  nations  have  atomic  capabilities. 
". . .  it's  a  different  world.  A  multinational, 
mullipower,  multiauthority  world.  . 
. .  There 
has  been  an  enormous  shift  in  the  focal  power 
centers.  It  is  no  longer  a  case  of  monolithic 
communism.  There  are  many  communisms . 
. 
. 
there  is  no  single  free  world,  but  there  is  a 
world  split  into  many  parts . . .  there  is  not  one 
Third  World,  but  there  are  many  Third 
Worlds  ..." 
Motional  Intelligence  Officer 
"In  1947  there  was  really  only  one  credible 
force  in  opposition  to  the  military  might  of 
the  United  States  and  that  was  the  Soviet 
Union  .  .  .  intelligence  at  that  point  was  to 
know  the  nature  of  thai  threat  and  to  maxi- 
mize, obviously,  rhe  military  capability  of  the 
United  Slates." 
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Although  agents  are  still  an  important  part  of 
the  collection  process,  the  Agency,  now  more 
than  ever  before,  depends  on  technological 
means  to  gather  information.  Much  of  this 
technology  is  developed  by  the  Agency. 
"I  believe  that  the  analyst  is  at  the  center  of  the 
intelligence  process,  and  I  would  like  to  believe 
the  most  important  part  of  the  intelligence 
process,  because  this  is  the  one  place,  that  is 
the  desk  of  the  working  analyst,  where  every 
piece  of  paper  must  come  in  order  for  the 
agency  to  make  a  judgment  about  the 
intentions  of  another  country  or  to  make  a 
considered  judgment  about  events  that  have 
some  interest  for  the  U.S.  policymaker. " 
Senior  Analyst. 
Central  Intelligence  Agency 
nical  systems  capable  of  producing 
prodigious  quantities  of  information. 
These  systems  include  devices  to  inter- 
cept communications  signals  and 
other  electronic  signals  for  analysis. 
Cameras  are  of  great  importance — 
miniature  cameras  carried  by  agents, 
large  cameras  aboard  high  flying  air- 
craft and  reconnaissance  satellites. 
And  yet  the  human  agent  remains 
vital.  If  the  photographs  and  signals 
that  technical  means  gather  speak  of 
what  people  have  built  or  what  they 
are  saying,  only  the  human  agent  can 
deliver  what  they  are  thinking.  To  be 
effective,  these  two  elements  must 
work  as  a  team,  meshing  and  comple- 
menting each  other,  one  filling  in 
where  the  other  misses. 
The  point  is  that  today's  Central 
Intelligence  Agency  receives  volumi- 
nous amounts  of  information  each 
day — more  than  ever  before  on  more 
subjects  than  ever  before.  It  is  the 
challenge  of  the  analyst  to  sort  it  all 
out,  to  keep  what  is  germane  and 
discard  what  is  not,  to  piece  together 
from  what  is  left  a  useful  picture 
which  can  help  policymakers  and  deci- 
sion makers  do  their  job.  That  volume 
of  information,  reflecting  the  enor- 
mous increase  in  areas  of  interest  is, 
perhaps,  the  greatest  change  in  the 
Central  Intelligence  Agency  from 
then  to  now. 
Special  Activities 
"Special  activities"  are  clandestine 
activities  conducted  abroad  to  influ- 
ence opinions  and  events  in  support  of 
U.S.  foreign  policy  objectives.  These 
activities  are  conducted  in  such  a 
manner  that  the  role  of  the  U.S. 
Government  is  not  apparent.  "Special 
activities"  are  distinct  from 
diplomatic  and  intelligence  collection 
functions  and  include  "covert  action." 
In  selected  situations,  they  can  provide 
the  United  States  with  a  useful  foreign 
policy  option  between  diplomacy  and 
military  action. 
An  Executive  Order  authorizes 
only  the  Central  Intelligence  Agency 
in  peacetime  to  conduct  "special 
activities"  approved  by  the  President 
and  to  carry  out  such  activities 
consistent  with  applicable  law.  Today, 
the  controls  on  such  activities  are 
more  stringent  than  ever  before.  In 
addition  to  Presidential  approval,  all 
2ii
Central  Intelligence  Agency  "special 
activities"  require  review  by  the  Na- 
tional Security  Council  and  notifica- 
tion to  designated  committees  of 
Congress. 
Oversight 
In  the  past  the  tendency  was  to  think 
of  the  Central  Intelligence  Agency  as 
operating  entirely  on  its  own  without 
supervision  of  its  activities.  Perhaps 
this  tendency  grew  from  the  fact  that 
much  of  the  Agency's  work  must  be 
kept  secret,  thus  making  total  public 
oversight  an  impossibility. 
Though  total  public  oversight  is 
indeed  an  impossibility,  several  safe- 
guards exist  which  control  Central 
Intelligence  Agency  actions.  They 
provide  each  citizen,  or  members  of 
the  Intelligence  Community,  an 
avenue  through  which  concerns,  com- 
plaints or  questions  can  be  brought  to 
light  and  examined. 
The  first  of  these  safeguards  is  in 
the  White  House.  The  President  and 
Vice  President  take  an  active  and 
daily  interest  in  intelligence  efforts. 
The  Director  of  Central  Intelligence 
meets  with  them  regularly  to  keep 
them  informed. 
The  second  is  the  Intelligence 
Oversight  Board,  whose  three  mem- 
bers are  appointed  by  the  President 
from  the  public  sector  and  report 
directly  to  him.  Created  in  1976,  the 
Board  will  hear  anyone,  from  within 
or  outside  of  the  Federal  Government, 
and  will  promise  that  person  anonym- 
ity. It  will  look  at  each  issue  raised  and 
determine  whether  or  not  it  warrants 
action.  It  then  reports  its  findings  to 
the  President. 
The  third  safeguard  is  congres- 
sional. The  Senate  Select  Committee 
on  Intelligence  and  the  House  Perma- 
nent Select  Committee  on  Intelligence 
have  primary  responsibility  for 
overseeing  all  intelligence  activities, 
The  House  and  Senate  Appropriations 
Committees  review  intelligence  activi- 
ties to  assure  they  are  cost  effective. 
These  four  committees  exercise  a 
true  oversight  function  by  scrutinizing 
the  Central  Intelligence  Agency's 
work  on  a  continuing  basis  and  pro- 
viding advice  and  guidance  when 
appropriate.  The  Agenc\  reports  to 
them  in  considerable  detail  and 
is  completely  responsive  to  their  re- 
quests for  information  regarding 
intelligence  activities. 
Conclusion 
The  Central  Intelligence  Agency  is  an 
intelligence  organization  working  pri- 
marily abroad  on  behalf  of  the  U.S. 
Government.  It  collects,  analyzes  and 
disseminates  foreign  intelligence.  It 
has  no  law  enforcement  powers. 
And  its  budget  is  carefully  scrutinized 
by  the  Office  of  Management  and 
Budget  and  by  four  committees  of 
Congress,  even  if  it  is  not  made  public. 
While  its  failures  are  often  trumpeted, 
its  successes  seldom  receive  fanfare 
because  they  usually  must  remain 
secret.  The  Central  Intelligence 
Agency  has  changed  mightily  since  its 
inception.  Today  it  walks  a  new  and 
fine  line  between  an  openness  in  gov- 
ernment Americans  have  come  to 
expect  and  the  secrecy  that  intel- 
ligence, by  its  very  nature,  demands. 
The  Central  Intelligence  Agency's 
Finished  Product 
Collection,  processing  and  analysis  all  are 
directed  at  one  goal — producing  accurate,  reli- 
able intelligence.  That  is  the  Central  Intelli- 
gence, Agency's  finished  product  and  it  comes  in 
several  types,  each  of  which  must  be  presented 
in  a  form  that  is  most  useful  to  the  intelligence 
customer.  For  example,  there  is  current  intelli- 
gence, which  takes  the  form  of  daily  publica- 
tions and  bulletins  or  briefings  that  inform  the 
policymaker  about  current  developments  and 
gives  estimates  of  how  these  developments  will 
affect  the  situation  in  the  near  term. 
Another  form  is  the  National  Intelligence 
Estimate,  a  longer  and  more  in-depth  look  at  a 
specific  international  situation  that  presents 
judgments  on  future  developments  and  what 
they  might  mean  for  the  United  States.  Such 
estimates  are  most  often  produced  as  a  coordi- 
nated product  of  the  Intelligence  Community. 
A  third  form  of  finished  intelligence  is  found  in 
long  research  studies  which  may  lake  months 
to  complete. 
Who  are  the  customers  who  get  this  finished 
product'' 
Thev  are  the  same  people  who  ask  to  have  it 
produced.  At  the  very  top  of  this  list  is  the 
President.  He  is,  of  course,  the  Central  Intelli- 
gence Agency's  most  important  customer.  But 
there  are  others:  Cabinet  members  and  the 
President's  National  Security  Adviser  and  the 
Joint  Chiefs  of  Staff.  In  fact,  every  elected  or 
appointed  official  in  the  national  Government, 
including  members  of  Congress,  is  a  potential 
customer  for  some  part  of  the  intelligence 
product.
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The  People  of  the  Central 
Intelligence  Agency  and 
Their  Jobs 
In  a  complex  and  ever-shifting  world, 
policymakers  must  have  a  knowledge 
of  a  wide  range  of  subjects.  As  it  is  the 
purpose  of  intelligence  to  provide  in- 
formation about  those  subjects,  it 
must  employ  the  services  of 
professionals  with  specialized  back- 
grounds running  the  gamut  from  poli- 
tics and  economics  to  the  sciences  and 
military  strategy  to  geography  and 
just  about  any  other  discipline. 
Agency  professionals  whose  job  is 
to  deal  with  these  subjects  on  a  day-to- 
day basis  are  highly  trained  and  edu- 
cated. The  majority  of  professionals 
entering  the  Central  Intelligence 
Agency  have  Bachelor's  degrees,  and 
many  hold  Master's  degrees  and 
Ph.D's.  In  fact,  there  are  more  Ph.D's 
employed  by  the  Central  Intelligence 
Agency  than  by  any  other  government 
agency. 
In  its  constant  pursuit  of  informa- 
tion, the  Central  Intelligence  Agency 
is  very  much  like  a  university.  And, 
like  a  university,  it  has  a  place  for 
people  with  a  wide  range  of  specialties. 
For  example,  historians,  political 
scientists,  area  specialists  and  lin- 
guists find  producing  currentintelli- 
gence  and  working  with  people  over- 
seas challenging  assignments.  Others 
produce  biographic  studies  or  trans- 
late foreign  language  documents.  En- 
gineers and  scientists  work  on  the 
intricate  and  difficult  task  of  assessing 
developments  in  foreign  weapons 
systems  or  devote  themselves  to  im- 
proving the  Agency's  technical 
collection  methods.  Economists  and 
students  of  international  finance  study 
subjects  as  disparate  as  future 
population  trends,  crop  forecasting,  or 
the  movement  of  petrodollars. 
Cartographers  and  geographers  can 
prepare  specialized  reports  and  maps 
concerned  primarily  with  the 
environmental  characteristics  of 
foreign  areas.  Accountants,  business 
administrators,  lawyers  and  computer 
specialists  apply  their  training  in  the 
demanding  work  of  managing  the 
Agency  itself. 
The  intelligence  process  is  not  a  simple  one.  To 
function  properly  and  efficiently,  it  requires 
people  skilled  in  a  variety  of  disciplines. 
These  jobs — and  others — are  per- 
formed by  the  people  of  the  Central 
Intelligence  Agency.  It  is  these  people 
who  give  the  Agency  the  sense  of 
purpose,  the  dedication,  and  the 
commitment  for  which  it  is  famous.
A  Miscellany 
The  Seal 
Section  2  of  the  Central  Intelligence 
Agency  Act  of  1 949  provided  for  a 
Seal  of  Office  for  the  Central  Intel- 
ligence Agency.  The  design  of  the  seal 
was  approved  and  set  forth  on  Feb- 
ruary 17,  1950  in  President  Harry  S 
Truman's  Executive  Order  101 1 1 .  In 
this  Order,  the  seal  is  described  in 
heraldic  terms  as  follows:  the  Shield — 
its  argent  compass  rose  of  16  points 
gules;  the  Crest — on  a  wreath  argent 
and  gules  an  American  Eagle's  head 
erased  proper;  below  the  Shield,  on  a 
gold  scroll,  the  inscription,  "United 
States  of  America,"  in  red  letters  and 
encircling  the  Shield  and  Crest  at  the 
top  the  inscription,  "Central  Intel- 
ligence Agency"  in  white  letters.  All 
on  a  circular  blue  background  with  a 
narrow  gold  edge. 
The  interpretation  of  the  seal — 
which  is  characteristic  of  the  Agency 
itself — is  simpie  and  direct.  The 
American  Eagle  is  the  national  bird 
and  is  the  symbol  of  strength  and 
alertness.  The  radiating  spokes  of  the 
compass  rose  depict  the  convergence 
of  intelligence  data  from  all  areas  of 
the  world  to  a  central  point. 
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The  Headquarters  Building 
Located  about  eight  miles  from 
downtown  Washington,  D.C.,  the 
headquarters  building  and  grounds 
presently  occupied  by  the  Central 
Intelligence  Agency  were  envisioned 
by  former  Director  Allen  W.  Dulles. 
His  concept,  projecting  the  at- 
mosphere of  a  college  campus,  was 
designed  in  the  mid-1950's  by  the 
New  York  firm  of  Harrison  and 
Abramovitz — designers  of  the  United 
Nations  building. 
Construction  began  in  October 
1957  and  was  completed  in  November 
1963.  President  Dwight  D.  Eisenhower 
laid  the  building's  cornerstone  on 
November  3,  1959. 
The  Central  Intelligence  Agency 
Headquarters,  actually  commissioned 
by  President  Harry  S  Truman,  con- 
sists of  1 ,000,000  square  feet.  When 
combined,  the  building  and  the 
grounds  surrounding  it  total  219 
acres.  Concrete  and  Georgia  marble 
make  up  the  main  lobby  and  corridor. 
Along  the  south  corridor  are  messages 
of  gratitude  and  approbation  to  the 
Central  Intelligence  Agency  from 
Presidents  Truman,  Eisenhower, 
Kennedy,  Johnson,  Nixon,  Ford 
and  Carter. 
A  Biblical  verse,  which  character- 
izes the  intelligence  mission  in  a  free 
society,  is  etched  into  the  south  wall  of 
the  central  lobby.  It  reads: 
And  ye  shall  know  the  truth  and  the 
truth  shall  make  you  free. 
John  VUl-XXXU 
Opposite,  on  the  north  wall  of  the 
central  lobby,  is  a  bas-relief  bust  of 
Allen  Welsh  Dulles  who  was  Director 
of  the  Central  Intelligence  Agency  for 
line  years.  The  building  was  erected 
during  his  period  in  office. 
Engraved  in  the  same  wall  are 
memorial  stars,  each  honoring  a  Cen- 
tral Intelligence  Agency  employee 
whose  life  was  lost  in  the  service  of  our 
country.  For  security  reasons  the 
names  of  many  of  these  dedicated 
Americans  can  never  be  revealed.
The  Library 
The  Central  Intelligence  Agency's  re- 
search library,  open  only  to  Agency 
personnel,  boasts  60,000  catalogued 
titles,  102,000  volumes,  and  1,700 
newspaper  and  journal  subscriptions. 
It  actively  participates  in  interlibrary 
loans  with  other  libraries  in  the  United 
States.  Emphasis  here  is  on  basic  and 
current  information  about  foreign 
countries  including  a  selection  of  for- 
eign newspapers,  diplomatic  lists,  dic- 
tionaries and  encyclopedias. 
The  Medals 
The  Central  Intelligence  Agency  rec- 
ognizes the  heroism  and  exemplary 
performance  of  its  employees  with 
uniquely  designed  medals.  These  are: 
Distinguished  Intelligence  Cross: 
awarded  for  a  voluntary  act  or  acts  of 
exceptional  heroism  involving  accep- 
tance of  existing  dangers  with  con- 
spicuous fortitude  and  exemplary 
courage. 
Distinguished  Intelligence  Medal: 
awarded  for  performance  of  outstand- 
ing services  or  for  achievement  of  a 
distinctly  exceptional  nature  in  a  duty 
or  responsibility. 
Intelligence  Star:  awarded  for  volun- 
tary act  or  acts  of  courage  performed 
under  hazardous  conditions  or  for 
outstanding  achievements  or  services 
rendered  with  distinction  under  condi- 
tions of  grave  risk. 
'\ 
Intelligence  Commendation  Medal:      Exceptional  Service  Medallion: 
for  cumulative  record  of  service  which      awarded  for  especially  commend-        :)wnrH.-H  f>,r  inmrv  nr  H.-ath 
Career  Intelligence  Medal:  awarded 
forcumulati 
reflects  exceptional  achievement. 
able  service  or  for  acts  which  result 
in  important  contributions. 
awarded  for  injury  or  death  resulting 
from  service  in  an  area  of  hazard.
Intelligence  Medal  of  Merit:  awarded 
for  the  performance  of  especially  mer- 
itorious service  or  for  an  act  or 
achievement  conspicuously  above  nor- 
mal duties. 
A  Central  Intelligence  Agency 
Chronology 
11  July  1941 
President  Franklin  D.  Roosevelt  establishes 
position  of  Coordinator  of  Information 
(COl)  and  designates  as  Coordinator 
William  J.  ("Wild  Bill")  Donovan.  He  was 
an  Army  colonel  and  much  decorated  hero 
in  World  War  I.  As  a  civilian,  Donovan 
thus  becomes  head  of  this  country's  first 
central  intelligence  organization. 
13  June  1942 
President  Roosevelt  by  Executive  Order 
9182  transforms  COl  into  Office  of  Strate- 
gic Services  (OSS)  with  Donovan  as  Direc- 
tor. Donovan  becomes  Brigadier  General  in 
1943  and  Major  General  in  1944. 
18  November  1944 
Donovan  submits  to  President  Roosevelt  a 
plan  for  permanent  peacetime  central  intel- 
ligence service.  This  is  ultimately  embodied 
in  legislation  establishing  the  Central  Intel- 
ligence Agency  (CI A}. 
1  October  1945 
By  Executive  Order  9621,  President  Harry 
S  Truman  abolishes  OSS  but  assigns  some 
of  its  functions  and  personnel  to  State  and 
War  Departments. 
22  January  1946 
By  Presidential  letter  President  Truman 
establishes  Central  Intelligence  Group 
(CIG)  to  operate  under  direction  of 
National  Intelligence  Authority  (N!A). 
Rear  Admiral  Sidney  W.  Souers,  USNR,  is 
appointed  first  Director  of  Central  Intelli- 
gence (DCI).  OSS  elements  assigned  (o 
State  and  War  Departments  are  eventually 
transferred  to  CIG. 
26  July  1947 
President  Truman  signs  National  Security- 
Act  of  1947  which  establishes,  among  other 
things,  the  National  Security  Council 
(NSC)  and  Central  Intelligence  Agency 
(CIA)  as  replacements  for  NIA  and  CIG 
respectively.  For  CIA,  the  Act  becomes 
effective  18  September  1947. 
20  June  1949 
Central  Intelligence  Agency  Act  of  1949  is 
enacted  by  Congress.  It  supplements  the 
1947  Act  by  specifying  fiscal  and  adminis- 
trative authorities. 
4  August  19S5 
President  Dwighl  D.  Eisenhower  signs  bill 
authorizing  $46  million  construction  of 
CIA  headquarters  building. 
3  November  1959 
President  Eisenhower  presides  at  laying  of 
cornerstone  of  CIA  headquarters  building 
in  Langley.  Virginia. 
20  September  1961 
First  employees  begin  to  move  into  new 
headquarters  from  various  offices  in  Wash- 
ington, D.C.  area. 
4  January  1975 
President  Gerald  R.  Ford  signs  Executive 
Order  1 1828  creating  "Commission  on  CI  A 
Activities  Within  the  United  Slates." 
Chaired  by  Vice  President  Nelson 
Rockefeller.  Commission  submits  its  report 
on  CIA  domestic  activities  to  President  on  6 
June  1975 
27  January  1975 
U.S.  Senate  establishes  "Senate  Select 
Committee  to  Study  Government  Opera- 
tions With  Respect  to  Intelligence  Activi- 
ties" under  chairmanship  of  Senator  Frank 
Church  (D.,  Idaho).  Church  Committee  in- 
vestigates nation 's  intelligence  activities  for 
15  months  and  is  disestablished  upon  sub- 
mission of  its  final  report  26  April  1976. 
19  February  1975 
House  establishes  "House  Select  Commit- 
tee on  Intelligence"  to  investigate  allega- 
tions of  "illegal  or  improper"  activities  of 
federal  intelligence  agencies  here  and 
abroad.  First  chairman  is  Representative 
Lucien  Nedzi  (D.,  Michigan),  who  is  later 
replaced  by  Representative  Otis  G.  Pike  (D.. 
New  York).  On  29  January  1976,  two  days 
before  the  Committee  is  scheduled  to  con- 
clude its  activities.  House  voles  to  withhold 
public  dissemination  of  Committee's  final 
report. 
19  February  1976 
President  Ford  signs  Executive  Order 
1 1905  which  sets  intelligence  policy  and 
guidelines  and  establishes  an  intelligence 
oversight  mechanism. 
19  May  1976 
Senate  establishes  permanent  'Senate 
Select  Committee  on  Intelligence"  (SSCIj 
under  chairmanship  of  Senator  Daniel  K. 
Inouye  (D.,  Hawaii)  to  carry  out  oversight 
of  nation's  intelligence  organizations. 
14  July  1977 
House  of  Representatives  establishes 
"House  Permanent  Select  Committee  on 
Intelligence. "  Chaired  by  Representative 
Edward  P.  Boland  (D.,  Massachusetts),  it 
differs  from  the  SSCI  by  having  oversight 
jurisdiction  over  CIA  but  shares  with 
several  other  House  committees  legislative 
oversight  authority  over  all  other  intelli- 
gence agencies. 
4  August  1977 
President  Jimmy  Carter  announces  reor- 
ganization of  Intelligence  Community,  cre- 
ating a  high  level  committee  chaired  by 
DCI  to  set  priorities  for  collecting  and 
producing  intelligence,  and  giving  DCI  full 
control  of  budget  and  operational  tasking  of 
intelligence  collection. 
24  January  1978 
President  Carter  signs  Executive  Order 
12036  which  reshapes  the  intelligence  struc- 
ture and  provides  explicit  guidance  on  all 
facets  of  intelligence  activities. 
20  October  1981 
President  Reagan  reconstitutes  the  Pres- 
ident 5  Foreign  Intelligence  Advisory  Board 
and  names  1 9  distinguished  private  citizens 
to  serve  on  it. 
4  December  1981 
President  Reagan  signs  Executive  Order 
12333.  which  clarifies  P.O.  12036.  and 
Executive  Order  1 2334,  reestablishing  the 
Intelligence  Oversight  Board. 
23  June  1982 
President  Reagan  sign*  Public  Lav.  y'.yiu, 
the  Intelligence  Identities  Protection   ■!,  .'. 
imposing  criminal  penalties  an  lfio\c  ^.h-i 
repeal  the  names  o;  co\crt  intelligent  c 
per\ontw\
People  Often  Ask 
Who  watches  the  Centra!  Intelligence 
Agency? 
Two  committees  of  Congress  (Senate 
Select  Committee  on  Intelligence  and 
House  Permanent  Select  Committee 
on  Intelligence)  have  been  established 
for  the  sole  purpose  of  overseeing 
activities  of  the  Intelligence  Commu- 
nity. We  are  also  closely  monitored  by 
the  Appropriations  Committees  of 
both  Houses.  In  addition,  the  Presi- 
dent has  established  an  independent 
Intelligence  Oversight  Board,  which 
reports  only  to  him  on  any  alleged 
impropriety  or  illegality. 
What  kind  of  people  work  in  the 
Central  Intelligence  Agency? 
We  carefully  select  well  qualified 
people  in  nearly  all  fields  of  study. 
Scientists,  engineers,  economists,  lin- 
guists, mathematicians  and  computer 
specialists  are  but  a  few  of  the  dis- 
ciplines continually  in  demand.  Some 
are  specialists — physical  and  social 
scientists,  doctors  of  medicine,  law- 
yers, etc. — but  many  are  generalists, 
people  who  have  demonstrated  their 
qualifications  to  hold  the  many  varied 
positions  that  make  up  the  bulk  of  the 
domestic  and  overseas  staffs. 
Who  spies  for  the  Central 
Intelligence  Agency? 
Intelligence  officers,  commonly  called 
case  officers,  with  the  assistance  of 
local  persons  abroad  collect  the  in- 
formation our  country  needs  to 
support  our  nation's  policymakers. 
Those  persons  who  agree  to  assist  our 
case  officers  are  called  agents.  Our 
employees  who  analyze  the  collected 
information  and  produce  intelligence 
are  called  analysts. 
How  many  people  work  for  the 
Central  Intelligence  Agency? 
That  figure  is  never  made  public 
because  it  would  tell  other  nations  the 
scope  of  our  intelligence  operation. 
But  again,  those  people  in  govern- 
ment who  need  to  know  have  that 
information  and  closely  monitor  the 
number  of  staff  positions  allocated  to 
the  Agency. 
What  is  covert  action? 
Covert  action  is  a  special  activity 
conducted  abroad  in  support  of  United 
States  foreign  policy  objectives  and 
executed  so  that  the  role  of  the  United 
States  Government  is  not  apparent  or 
acknowledged  publicly.  Covert  action 
is  distinct  from  the  intelligence-gath- 
ering function.  Covert  action  often 
gives  the  United  States  a  foreign 
policy  option  between  diplomatic  and 
military  action. 
Who  at  the  Central  Intelligence 
Agency  decides  to  undertake 
a  covert  action? 
The  Agency  does  not  undertake  a 
covert  action  without  approval.  First 
a  covert  action  is  considered  by  the 
National  Security  Council  and  recom- 
mended to  the  President.  After 
receiving  written  approval  by  the 
President,  the  Director  of  Central 
Intelligence  initiates  the  action  and 
must  then  report  it  to  seven  commit- 
tees of  Congress. 
What  is  the  Central  Intelligence 
Agency  doing  about  spies  from  other 
countries  in  the  United  States? 
Counterintelligence — that  is,  identify- 
ing unfriendly  foreign  intelligence  ser- 
vices which  are  trying  to  obtain  secrets 
from  the  United  States — within  the 
U.S.  is  the  job  of  the  Federal  Bureau 
of  Investigation.  Counterintelligence 
in  foreign  countries  is  assigned  to  the 
Central  Intelligence  Agency.  Of 
course,  the  FBI  and  CIA  work  closely 
in  this  activity  and  constantly  ex- 
change information. 
Can  we  be  arrested  by  the  Central 
Intelligence  Agency? 
Absolutely  not.  The  Central  Intel- 
ligence Agency  has  no  police,  law 
enforcement,  subpoena  powers  or 
internal  security  functions,  either  in- 
side the  United  States  or  overseas. 
Why  won't  you  release  your  budget? 
Because  it  would  provide  other  coun- 
tries of  the  world  the  advantage  of 
knowing  how  much  effort  we  are 
putting  into  various  intelligence  activi- 
ties. The  Intelligence  budget  is  well 
known  to,  and  daily  scrutinized  by, 
appropriate  government  officials — 
including  the  Office  of  Manage- 
ment and  Budget  and  four  committees 
of  Congress. 
Why  does  the  Central  Intelligence 
Agency  make  estimates  of  things 
like  foreign  oil  production  or  future 
grain  yields? 
When  the  Agency  began  in  1947  our 
country  was  primarily  interested  in 
the  military  activities  of  the  Soviet 
Union  and  the  Communist  Bloc. 
Today  we  must  be  informed  on  the 
activities  of  the  more  than  1 50  nations 
of  the  world  about  such  things  as  oil 
production,  grain  harvests,  weather, 
and  population.  Current  knowledge 
about  anything  that  can  affect 
world  events  helps  our  leaders  make 
better  decisions. 
Does  the  Central  Intelligence  Agency- 
give  tours  of  its  headquarters  building 
in  Langley,  Virginia? 
No.  The  idea  was  considered  and 
tested  but  logistical  problems  and 
security  considerations  demonstrated 
it  is  just  not  possible.
Interior  of  the  headquarters  building. 
Works  of  art  grace  the  building's  entire  first 
floor.  Selected  and  hur,g  by  the  Central 
Intelligence  Agency  Fine  Arts  Commission, 
the  majority  of  the  collection  is  abstract 
with  an  emphasis  on  color  studies.  These 
were  loaned  to  the  Agency  by  Vincent 
Mehac. 
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