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NAVAL  INTELLIGENCE  AND  OCEAN  SURVEILLANCE 
* 
The  Navy  Operational  Intelligence  Center  (formerly  known  as  the 
Navy  Field  Operational  Intelligence  Office),  is  located  in 
Suitland,  Maryland  and  is  responsible  for  the  production  of 
intelligence  derived  from  multiple  collection  sources,  including 
ocean  surveillance  information.  Specifically,  the  Center  is 
responsible  for  producing  analyses  and  assessments  of  the 
operations,  tactics  and  warflghting  doctrine  of  foreign  maritime 
forces.  TAB  A  illustrates  the  relationship  of  the  Center  to  the 
Office  of  Naval  Intelligence. 
Beginning  in  the  1960's,  as  the  Soviet  Union  began  a  major 
expansion  of  its  aircraft,  submarine  and  surface  ship  inventory,  it 
became  increasingly  clear  to  U.S.  decision-makers  -that  they  must 
develop  a  method  of  determining  the  locations  and  operations  of 
potentially  hostile  naval  units  with  some  degree  of  precision  and 
regularity.  Consequently,  in  1971,  the  Navy  Operational 
Intelligence  Center  was  officially  assigned  the  responsibility  of 
providing  accurate  and  timely  warning  of  foreign  naval  activities 
which  might  ultimately  result  in  a  threat  to  the  security  of  the 
United  States  and/or  its  allies.  The  component  of  the  organization 
with  the  responsibility  for  this  "ocean  surveillance"  mission  is 
the  Current  Operations  Department  (formerly  known  as  the  Naval 
Ocean  Surveillance  Information  Center).   In  1978,  the  Department 
was  officially  designated  as  a  member  of  the  Department  of  Defense 
Indications  and  Warning  Network.   In  conjunction  with  a  world-wide 
network  of  intelligence  correlation  centers,  which  support  the 
tactical  needs  of  local  and  theater  commanders,  the  Department 
maintains  an  accurate  accounting  of  the  location  of  foreign 
military  aircraft,  surface  ships  and  submarines,  as  well  as  foreign 
merchant  and  fishing  fleets,  operating  in  all  maritime  regions  of 
the  world.  TAB  B  illustrates  the  relationship  among  the  various 
ocean  surveillance  correlation  centers  and  explains  the  national 
responsibilities  of  the  Navy  Operational  Intelligence  Center. 
The  ocean  surveillance  mission  of  the  Current  Operations 
Department  is  performed  on  a  24-hour,  seven-day-a-week  basis, 
throughout  the  year.  Hatch  teams  of  Intelligence  analysts  provide 
around-the-clock  monitoring  of  the  world's  oceans  and  prepare 
detailed  reports  for  dissemination  to  National  defense  planners  and 
U.S.  Navy  fleet  commands. 
The  Current  Operations  Department  prepares  operational 
intelligence  reports  and  ocean  surveillance  information  for  the 
Joint  Chiefs  of  Staff  (JCS),  the  Department  of  the  Navy,  the 
Defense  Intelligence  Agency  and  other  government  organizations  in 
direct  support  of  the  planning  and  execution  of  military 
operations,  as  well  as  for  identifying  potential  threats  to  the 
security  of  the  United  States.
.To  perform  Its  Intelligence  reporting  mission,  the  Current 
Operations  Department  depends  on  data  from  a  variety  of  world-vide 
information  gathering  resources,  including  electronic  surveillance 
systems,  photographic  surveillance  systems  and  various  human 
observations.  The  location  of  these  systems  and  observers  varies. 
For  example,  there  is  an  extensive  network  of  underwater  acoustic 
sensors  distributed  throughout  the  oceans  of  the  world;  personnel 
on  U.S.  military  ships,  aircraft  and  submarines  provide  first  hand 
observations  of  their  dally  interactions  with  foreign  naval  forces; 
and  space-based  systems  provide  broad  coverage  of  world  ocean 
areas.  TAB  C  illustrates  the  flow  of  collected  intelligence  within 
an  ocean  surveillance  correlation  center.  Although  functionally 
identical,  both  the  degree  of  processing  and  the  areas  of  interest 
vary  considerably  among  correlation  centers  at  various  levels. 
Although  the  Department  of  Defense  is  the  principal  consumer  of 
intelligence  produced  by  the  Navy  Operational  Intelligence  Center, 
ocean  surveillance  information  has  also  provided  law  enforcement 
officials  with  valuable  insights  into  domestic  criminal 
activities.  For  example,  in  1978,  ocean  surveillance  information 
was  provided  to  the  Drug  Enforcement  Agency  and  U.S.  Coast  Guard 
during  drug  smuggler  interdiction  operations.  For  four  and  a  half 
months,  this  Information  was  used  for  the  tracking  and  seizure  of 
40  oceangoing  ships  attempting  to  smuggle  more  than  a  million 
pounds  of  marijuana  into  the  United  States. 
To  summarize,  the  Navy  Operational  Intelligence  Center  conducts 
research  and  analysis  of  data  obtained  from  a  variety  of  sources, 
including  ocean  surveillance  information,  and,  through  an 
intellectual  fusion  process,  assesses  the  potential  threat  to  the 
security  of  the  United  States  in  general,  and  its  operational  Navy 
in  particular.
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Figure  2.1.  Structure  of  Composite  System  (U) 
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The  composite  system  concept  most  nearly  satisfies  the  six 
characteristics  of  an  ideal  ocean  surveillance  system.  The 
essential  features  of  the  composite  system  are: 
.  Each  theater  area  has  centralized  control  of  the  ocean 
surveillance  functions  within  the  theater 
.  Each  major  user  command  level  has  a  correlation  center  to 
support  users  at  that  level 
Sensor  system  outputs  are  directed  to  the  correlation  center 
at  the  user  command  level  responsible  for  the  geographic 
area  of  sensor  coverage 
.  The  correlation  center  has  the  authority,  delegated  by  the 
command  at  that  level,  to  routinely  task  the  sensor  systems 
at  that  command  level 
The  correlation  centers  are  interconnected  through 
communication  links  to  provide  for  rapid  exchange  of  data 
.  The  system  provides  flexibility  such  that  the  Ocean 
Surveillance  Product  (OSP),  sensor  data  or  other  information 
may  be  routed  to  any  command  level  upon  request. 
The  basic  structure  of  the  composite  system  is  shown  in  Figure 
2.1.  A  correlation  center  is  shown  at  each  of  the  five  user  levels 
and  sensor  system  outputs  at  each  level  are  directed  to  the 
correlation  center  at  the  same  level.  Users  receive  the  Ocean 
Surveillance  Product  from  the  correlation  center  on  their  level. 
The  national  level  correlation  center  is  linked  to  each  Fleet 
Commander-in-Chief  (CINC)  correlation  center;  in  turn  each  of  these 
is  linked  to  each  subordinate  level. 
Since  the  specific  needs  and  requirements  for  ocean 
surveillance  are  naturally  divided  into  geographic  areas,  the 
command  and  control  of  ocean  surveillance  functions  should  be 
centralized  by  theater  areas  and  at  each  user  level.   Once 
information  is  received  at  a  level,  it  can  be  correlated  with  other 
Information  available  there  and  then  passed  to  users  at  that  level 
or  to  correlation  centers  at  other  levels. 
Tasking  and  reporting  for  the  system  is  performed  through  the 
correlation  centers  at  each  level  of  command  shown.   It  is 
explicitly  noted  that  under  the  concept,  the  communlations  and 
procedures  will  permit  users  to  directly  task  the  Ocean 
Surveillance  System  by  stating  their  requirements  to  the 
correlation  center.   In  turn  the  correlation  center,  through 
command  channels,  tasks  sensor  systems  as  necessary.  This  permits 
more  effective  allocation  of  resources.  Provision  fs  made  for  the 
direct  routing  of  sensor  data  to  users  in  time  critical  situations.
A  basic  premise  is  that  each  successive  higher  echelon 
correlation  center  encompasses  all  of  the  area  and  targets  of 
interest  of  all  lower  echelon  centers.   The  correlation  centers 
provide  the  OSP  to  all  ashore  and  afloat  users  through  their 
respective  correlation  facilities.  Each  of  the  centers  performs 
the  same  functions  with  different  resolution  and  operates  In  a 
similar  manner  -  i.e.,  they  produce  the  OSP  for  all  users  at  their 
respective  command  levels  for  the  areas  of  responsibility  of  those 
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