HISTORY OF THE AIR FORCE INTELLIGENCE SERVICE 1 JANUARY-31 DECEMBER 1983 FORT BELVOIR, VIRGINIA 22060 VOLUME 1-NARRATIVE AND APPENDICES (THIS COVER 1S UNCLASSIFIED)
HisTORY OF THE AZR FORTE INTELLIGENCE SERVICE 1 Jarmary ~ 31 December 1983 Volwne I: Marrative and Appendices by DIANE T, PUTNEY Chief, Historical Research Office Editorial Assistance by KATSY 4. WARD WILLIAM BL Soke OT USAF Vice Commander
PREFACE The bistorian's wajer objective in preparing this AYIS history was to research and write the narrative using primary aoxree Gocumentation. in particular, the chapters on Grenade and the directorates thoroughly xceflect the emphasis upon primary sources —* whether the sources were ‘the “traditional” written and printed documents or were the oral statements of key participants in events, obtained through interviews and briefings. There are 576 supporting domuments accampanying this book. and they are bound in 15 separate volumes. As an aid to the reader, footnotes appear at the bottom of the narrative pages, and each supporting document is assigned an “SD” number. Ig ia commander, directer., chief. policymaker, or planning analyst wishes to examine in detail a cited document, the historian carn easily retrieve it. Thus, the AFIs CYI963 History is both a "kistory“ and an "archives." Because some aspects of the AFIS history involved sensitive compartmented information {SCI}. there is a separate SCi annex to this volume, Annex A. One copy of this is on file in the SC1 storage facility used by the Historical Research Office, The historian wrote the narrative using guidelines in the Editorial Style Guide from the Office of Air Parce History anc The Chicago Manual of Style. 13th edition, Scene general “rules” followed were to 1} use past tense. 2} use lower case spellings, ane 3} re-write jargon. Sometimes the historian corrected misspellings and grammatical errors in quoted passages, but otherwise passages were quoted precisely. Although being new to AFIS and “the intelligence comamity.” “and under a summer suspense date, the historian hopes she produced a history useful to some and instructive for many. Col. William Sherman deserves a special word of thanks for his support in encouraging the AFIS staff to cooperate with the history office, im Jocating the office in s quiet and pleasant work ares, aad in providing a ward processor and printer. “DIANE T. PUTNEY ; Chief, Historical Research Office
TABLE OF CORTENTS PAGE SECURITY PAGE 2 0 ee eee eee 4 TITLE PAGE 2 2 ee ee ee PREFACE Soe ee ee TABLE OF CONTENTS © 6. 0 ee ee ee VED CHAPTER i = MISSION, ORGANIZATION, ABD COMMAND... - + - + 3 Mission 66 6 ee ee ee ee ee et 3 Organazation - - 6 es ee ee s AFIS and AF/IX Relationship i es 7 Comnand . . - + 6 ee ACS/I Change of Command. 0. 0 ee eee DACS/2 Change of Command . 6 + ee ee ee ee Hew Senior Enlisted Advisor . we . Senicr Enlisted Advisor as acs /i's” Representative - Continuity within the AFIS/CV and AFSAC . ... + + Retirement of ACS/I's Executive Officer... - > + 2 Swnw wary roms CHAPTER Il - OFERATION URGENT FURY: REPLOYMENT TO GRENADA. ney CHAPTER Ji ~ INTELLIGENCE GHERATIONS » 1 1 ee ee eee ae GRERATIONAL INTELLIGENCE 2. 6 6 ne ee eee es 43 Mission . 6 ee ee ee ee ee ee ee eee Organization .- - + 2 ee ee eee ee ao Personnel - 2. - ee ee ee ee ee 4o Reorgenizstion «+ 2.4 2 ee eee ener tee 30 Special Studies .- 2 + ee ee ee ee ee 51 CORD Briefings 2. - sa ee ee eee te ee 5D Key Briefing Topics - +--+ 6 24 sete 34 SiteR . se ew wee ee 54 Jmproved LED . 6 1 eee ee ee ee oe Camouflage . 6 6 ee ee ee ee ee s7 National Intelligence Estimste . . - + +4 + + 3? CUsD Status Reporta. 2. ee ee ee ete ee OO Users Poll - 2... 2 ee ee ee ee te ee BR USAFINTEL S800-3 . 2 ee wee ee ee €2 Requests for Pata from other Sources .~- - - + 63 Acquiring Access to Data Bases . - 6 ee es + 6s Aerospace Intelligence «+ - 6 se eae ters 66 Transfer of Administrative Responsibility... 67 NTL
WATCH Upgrade . 2 es ee eee we ee ee Current Intelligence Briefingg - . - . +45 + Quarterly Briefings for AP/CMS 2... TARGET INTELLIGENCE ee Mission 2 2 66 6 ee ee ee eee ee Organization «© 6 6 ee ee ee ee he Personnel . 2 6 6 ee ee eee eee Targeting Matters © - 2 0 ee et rt Conferences «. . . « wee ee ee Standardized Foturistic Data Base Conference . . . a Air Porce Target Intelligence Conference. Interdiction and Standoff Study... -- + - Providing Technical Advice ..- - - see Revision of Manuals, Bandbooks, and Plana - - FM Wi-3t*F 2 1 we eee ee ee Air Commander and Statt Warfighting Commonist-warld Weaponeering Handbook « . Tasking Other Agencies .« . 1 6 we eee ee Imprecisely~iocated Targets ..-..-+. + Seminar for Weaponearing Instructors - - Airfield Critical Wodea . . - 6. ee es Incendiary Effects of Weapons... + + - GATOR Mine Planning Information ~~... + PACOM Staff Assistance Visit . - . - ee ee Funding for STUG/HE 2... 2 2 eee ee ee Mapping. Charting, and Geodesy . 1. - 2. ee - + Coordination of MC&G Requirements and Products - 6 er ee te eee ee ee MC&G Task Force . 6 6 4 ee wee ee Agreement with AFSC... 2 2 ee wee Federal Digital Cartographic Programs wees Folicy Statement on Digital Data Support .. , Gaugraphic Information Systems Working Group. Geodetic and Geophysical Requirements ... - ARAPS Terminal installation .. +... 4-6 «© MUG Conference . 2. 2 4 6 2 eee ee eee Persomel Matters . . 2.0 2 4 ee ee ee we eee CHAPTER Ivy ~~ INTELLIGENCE EDUCATION AND TRAINING ... . JOINT SERVICES SUPPORT 2. 2 4 2 2 ee ee ee ee ee Pivotal Year «+ + 6 + ee eee ee ew ee Revised Mission Statement... . 15. 2. .- + Background 2 5 6 6 ec ee ee te ee DODD 1300.7 2. - 2 ee ew ew we ee eee Directorate Petablished - . - - 1 2 see ee Byemts of 1963 2. 6 2 we ee ee ee eee ed Request from the Chairman, JCS se eee Action Initiated to Revise DODD 1300, Powe Subcommittee on Military Readiness Hearing . Reorganization Plan... 2 eee ee ee en OS 106 106 106 107 107 108 T4t 144 W423 113 114
AF Secretary's Request for Tri-Service Manning .- - 2 ee ee eee ee ee ee TS Directorate's Kame Changed - . - - - se ee. 16 ACS/i as Exemative Agent for BBE 2... -- - 107 Personnel. 0 2-6 eee eee ee ee ee ee ee TB Code of Conduct and SERE Activity... .- +--+ 119 Code of Conduct... ee ee ee ee ee we 4288 Sode of Conduct Film Project . 6.0.6. -- 5 22% Production of Contingency Guides . - - - + +. T2t Establishment of Library/Archives . . 60505 + 5 123 PIDGE RUNNER 83 a 124 + 128 Defense Support Programs . wee ew ee ee HO Special Operations Conference... 2 - - - 339 artiterroriam Program. 2... es 2 6 ee 132 SOVIET AFFAIRS 2. ew ee ee ee ee ee TS Mission . 6 6 6s ee ee So) Personnel 2 6 6 ee ee ee ee ee ee ee TOE Area Specialist Quota. . 4... - 4 er ran 31-9 Soviet Awareness As "Breeding Ground” wee ee ee 186 Requests for Additional Manpower - . . hose 437 Secretary Orr‘s Visit and Refurbishing project - + 139 Soviet Awareness Program 2. - 62 6 ee th ew ee ee TD Statistics on Presentations . . 1. + 6 ee + + 140 Diverse Groups cf Attendees . . . - - 1 - 2 ee) TAO Presentation at Vandenburg AFB . - - - - - - + 74% Presentation at Zeflavik, Iceland. . 2-4. + 42 USSR Orientation Visit Cancelled . 2... + + . 142 Briefing for REC News Correspondent ..- +. .- - 143 Assistance with "AF NOW" Movie ... +--+ - 43 Literature Research 2. 6 a 6 ee ee ee ee ee A Publications in 1983 2.2. ee ee ee ee ee 14K Special Feature - KAL 907 2. 2... 2 6 2 ee ss HAE Canagian Translations . - . + eee te ee 185 Coordination with Department of State... - + 146 Exchange in the National Review... 2.46 +. HE AUTACBE AFEAIRS 2 2 ew eee ee ee eee ee Mission and Defense Attache System - 1.1... ... 149 INH Directorate . 2+ e140 2 ete ee eee ee 150 Attache Selection Statistics ..-+-+-.++-++-+ 11 Attache Selection Criteria 2. 2 6 6 2 ee ee es 152 Selection Panels 2.1 2 ee 2 ewe ee eee ee 153 Enlisted Selectees 2 2 ee ee ee ee ee ee Enlisted Manning Rates « <6 22 we ee ee ee TES saining Program .-. 1s ee we ee wee wee es 155 Air Attache Missims . - + 2 ete ee eee n> %56 Braff Visits te DAOS . . . eee ee ee 187 Air Attache Incentive Supply Program en yee ee 164 Support on Station «+ 6 + ew ee tee eee TEE Mid-Tour Reporte . . . - + + i I Promotion Statistics 2-2-6 0 2 ee ee ee ee HD Unacheduled Returns from Station .. +... +++ - + 165 ik Deleted per 5 U.S.C. 352¢>) (1)
CHAPTER V - INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT . 2. - + 2 ene 2 ee ee SECURITY SND COMMUNICATIONS MANAGEMENT . 2... 2 + + - Mission... ee ee ee eee Reorganization 2. 6. 6 6 6 ee ee ee mee ee Perponnel .. + 5 a ee re a) Polygraph in Abeyance so. secs eee rete Anecdotal Study... ee  ee e e e Resumption of Periodic Reinvestigations see eee S8I Case Processing Time . 2 1 pee ee ee ee Microfilmed and Computerized Data Bases . . - + + + Nondisclomure Agreatente . 6. 6 6 ee ee ee SCI Billet Processing... - 6 eee ee ee ee 40 System 2 2 ee ee ee Transferral of "Yor Cause“ and BRAVO Responsibilities . 6. - 2 2 ee ee eee te et Statistical Summary of Personnel Security Publications 2. 6 6 we ee ee ee re ee et Travel Advisory . 6 6 6 ew ee eee ee ee we Protection of SCI after FALJI07 Shootdown . . . ~ - Use of SCi in ACSC Curriculum. . 1.6 eee ee ee Revitalization of I/SAY Program. - . 2. 6 + ee ee Special Security Activities . 2. 2 6 wee ee ew Security Management Course 26s 6 pe ew ee SCI Security Manager's Conference - . 2. 2 2: Support for COROWA Conteremmes . 2 6 6 ee ee Consolidated SIGINT Catalog . 2 2 1 wwe ee Statistical Summary... 6 pe ee ee ee ROXAD Established in OSSCS . . 1 1 - we eee UNTELLIGENCE RESERVE FORCES . 2. 1 ee ee ee et ee Migsion and Organization . - . 2.2 es se eres Personnel 24 2 6 2 ee ee ee ee ee Reservist Strength . 6-1 + ee eee ee ee Individual Mobilization Augnentees cower twas Detached Training Sites . 1. + 2 1 2 en eee eee ProjectS - 6 2 4p ee ee te te ee ee ee Exercises 26 6 5 ee ee ee eee wre te wee Training 2 2 ee we ee et te et eh ee Intelligence Officer AFSC Conversions . . 2. 4 4 + Retyainability of 7O2XCk 2. 4 ee we ee ee HUMINT Training... - ee ee ee eee Revised Language Skill Ratingz . 2.2. 2. 2 1 2 ee Workshops . eee ee te ee Administering the RE Program « . 6 6 ee ee se Use of Lowry SATO. 2. 6 4 ee ee ee ee eee Reeraiting . 1. 2 ee eee ee ee . POM Submissions . 6-6 22 tte ee ee ee Air Force Audit Agency Report . eee Consideration of Personnel Consolidation eee Evalnationa and Awarda « . 2 se ee te ee PERSONBEL 2 0 ew ee ee ee ee Mission «6s ee ee ee ee ee ee Pergannel 2 nw 4 2 ee ee ee ee re x 167 168 +68 168 176 374 72 TE 476 VT 177 178 179 179 180 180 182 184 185 187 188 188 489 189 191 192 192 194 194 194 195 196 197 195 294 206 208 208 208 240 210 214 214 212 212 223 246 207 219 219
Civilian Personnes Functions ICDP fer General Intelligence Personnel . . . Civilian Performance Recognition Progras 7 Youth Employment Program Safety, Security, Special Civilian Career Program Military Personnel Resources Officer Manning... + Enlisted Manning ... romotioné . . - 2 ee Appointments . 2... . OERs and APRs... 4 e Military Decorations Program Recoynition Program . . Investigation ' + Training, Education, and Career Development se intelligence Training Programs Air Force Arez Specialist Program... . OCl Exceptional Intelligence Analyst Program. Defense Advance Language and Area Studies Program... . ea Quality of Analysis Program . Defense Academic Research Support Program e+ CHAPTER Vi ~ HUMAN RESOURCE INTELLIGENCE HEADQUARTERS, AIR FORCE SPECIAL Organization .-..-- - Personnel - . 4+. + + ++ ACTIVITIES CENTER. . Flans, Resources, and Support Plans and Policy ... Planning Actions - - . HUMINT Comminications . AZSAC Briefing Progran Management Effectiveness Inspections ... . Reserve Affairs . 2 6 2 2 ee ee ee ee ee Exercise Monitoring... . Support Agreements and Memoranda of Understanding .- - 2 26 2 ee eee ee Resource Management . ..— + = Fiseal Programs . 2... 4 + 6 + Loyistics - 1 6 2 4 ee eee Career Management and Training Operations . 4644-4 «ae Security . + 6 1 2 ee Operations Support ....- + - : a COMPTROLLER DIVISION .. 2... Acommrting and Finance . . Andit of ICF Fund... Management and Budget . . . Btrudy of Civilian Hiring Procedures ae ewe Rl 222 223 224 225 226 227 227 226 229 230 231 234 232 234 237 233 239 23¢ 240 240 243 244 24a 244 245 245 246 246 248 250 251 282 252 255 255 255 259 263 268 269 273 274 274 274 277 7
Budgets and Financial Plano FY 83 Closeout . 2... +s Telephone Study . 2... +e Commander's Fact Book . . . PLANS AND PROGRAMS DIVISION... . Programming... 6 ee ee ee POM and GDIP Initiatives « POM and GDIP Chronology . - Review of SOB 2 ww ee Plang . ee ee ee ee eee Planning Documents ... . Update of TPFDL . . . .. FORSIZE and MANREQ Exercise OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL . . Inspections... 6. 2 ee ee Management Effectiveness Inspections inteiligence Oversight Inspections Over-the-Shoulder Inspections . . . Special Inquiry - - - - pe ee ee ee Fraud, Waste, and Abuse Prevention Activities - Ground Safety . 6 6. 1 ew ee ee MANPOWER AND ORGANIZATION DIVISON . .. . . New Regulations Published . . . Manpower Authorizations and Allocations "Pool" for Manpower Trade-offa Three Elements Reorganized .. Manpower Studies .. 1... - - - Special Concerns 2. 1 2. 2 ae ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION . 2. 1 ee OMB Recommendations to Eliminate Printing F . Administrative Communications... - Publications Management . . - . «1+ + Documentation Management . .- ++ + Systems Managettant . . 2+ + 2 ee ew Information Security Program Manager PUBLIC AFFAIRS 2. 2 6 2 eee ee ee ne The Intelligencer Publications Loss of Typesetting Support Press Coverage of RIDGE RUNNER Revision of EXPLAN 01-83 . Photographic Support... 1. Submission for Air Force Magazine . News Releases... 6 1 1 ee IOGIstics OIVISION 2... ee eee ‘ Transportation 4 2. 6 ee ee ee Pacilities Upgrade and Maintenance Contracting Support for AFIS . CRAPTER VIZ — AFIS OPERATING LOCATIONS OPERATING LOCATION W ~ SAN ANTOWIO, TEXAS Mission . 6 1 6 ee eee ee ee ee Personnel... 2 yee eee eee my a ' ' t é ’ . . oe ee 278 279 280 280 281 282 282 282 284 265 285 286 286 288 283 230 299 292 233 233 2396 297 298 239 299 306 300 362 363 385 306 307 309 210 341 341 312 333 34 385 346 16 317 318 318 320 323 325 325 326
Operations 6. we ee ee Goals for 3966 - - - e+ ew ews OPERATING LOCATION ET - PORT DETRICK. Miasion . . 6 6 ee ee ee Organization . - - . 6 ee ee Operations 6 2 6 1 6 2 ee eee Personnel . 2 6 1 ee ee ee ee Training . - a OPERATING LOCATION “AF — KIRTLAND AFB, Migsion . 6 6 6 ee ee ee ee Organization «6. 2 ee ee eee Operationg . - - 4+ 4 2 a ee ee Personnel. . - . . cae OPERATING LOCATION F - “eouiN arn, FLORIDA . we - Mission © 26 a ee ee ee ee Organization «6 2 6 1-2 ee es Operations 2. 2. 6 6 6 ee et Personnel and Resources. +. + - + APPENDICES 2. 6 1 ee et ht eee LIST OF SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS . . + + + + GLOSSARY . - 6 - © ee tt eee ee #712 327 335 337 337 338 339 344 342 344 344 345 342 350 35¢ 350 351 373 375 386 422
ROR is rai + + eee eee: mW, 12. a. 14, 15. 46. 17, 18. 3. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 29, 3a, Ft. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ELLUSTRATIORS PAGE APIS Organizational Chart 6 Maj. Gen. James C. Pfante 12 Brig. Gen. Paul #, Martin 12 Col. William B. Shexman ard Gol. Nick Yankowskl aos CMSgt Richard 8. Gantzler 12 Map of Grenada Mw Firat Team Deployed to Grenada a6 Second Team Deployed to Grenada 46 Document Exploitation Center, Grenada 46 Decument Exploitation Center, eine rrigonex Containmwemt Area, Grenada a6 Prisoners Being Marched tinder Guard, Grenada a6 Prisoner Containment Area, Grenada 46 WATCH Facility . 70 Directorate of Targets Staff 103 Col. Ronald J, Webb 134 RIOGE RUNNER Participants 134 RIDGE RUNNER Participants 134 Soviet Affairs Exhibit Itema 448 Soviet Affairs Research Area 148 Air Attache to Poland 165 Air Attache to the Netherlands 165 Aix Attache to Japan 165 Great Wall of China 365 Map of Detached Training Bites 499 20S 14 HUMINT Exercise 218 Deleted per 5 U-S-C. 352(b) C1)
JANUARY 1I-12 % JANUARY ~ FEBRUARY FEBRUARY Tad ir MARCH 2-16 APROL CEROROLOGY 38B3 AIR FORTE INTELLIGENCE SERVICE The Directoarte of Targets hosted the Standardized Pyturistic Data Base Conference at Bolling AFR. = Secretary of the Air Force Verne Orr visited the Directorate of Soviet Affairs. a A study was sornducted of APIS Civilian Hiring procedures. Tse Directorate of Air Force Target Lowry APE. Targets hosted the Intelligence Conference at BD exis. cox. Pant i. responsibilities as the deputy chier of staff, intelligence, replacing Maj. Gen. (designate) Schuyler Bissell. Harzin assuthed The Air Porce Audit Agency issued its Teport, “Management of Air Force Intelli- gence Individuat Mohiliyation Ancmentee Programs.” The Defense Investigative Service Tesumed conducting Periodic Reinvestigations of Special Background Investigations. fol, Webb of the Directorate of Evasion and Escape/Prisoner of War waa an Aix Force witness to explain SERE matters to members of the Subcommittes on Military Readiness of the House Committee on Armed Services- xv Deleted per 5 U.S.C. 952{b) Gy
25 MAY 2-26 15-20 24 May ~ July JUNE 7 23 dune - 29 Juiy 2 = 23 July QP The Directorate of Security Airy Force #UMINT Architecture Plan (AFHAP) was published. WRB me seputy directo: of BQ USAF Manpower and Organization exempted AFIS from functional reviews. @ The Second Annual AFSAC Companders’ Conference was held, GBB othe Air Force Audit Agency conducted its anual review of Intelligence Contin~ gency Funds. The Directorate of Soviet Affairs was informed that the Soviets refused to allow personne! from Soviet Affairs to visit the Soviet Union. The AFIS Inspector General performed 4 special inquiry into the management of personnel within the Directorate of Security and Commmications Management. @ The first meeting was held of the AFIS Military Decorations Board. Maj. Gen, James C. Pfantz assumed duties as the assistant chief of staff, intelligence {(ACS/I}, replacing Maj. Gen. John 3, Marks. Ty The ACS/I accepted responsiblity as executive agent for evasion and escape matters. and Commnications Management assumed accountability for the SCI billets in the new Space Command. 952¢b) (1) Peleted per 5 U.S.C.
GU tA 1-23 OCTOBER 24-25 27 Z? October - 4 November NOVEMBER AFIS Operating Location ET became operationa:, an intensive effort was Uaderway to uperade the WATCH. WB tee thira RIDGE FUMMER Exercise was conducted, according to AFIS EXPLAN 01-83. wae CMS=t Richard 4. Gantzier assumec responsibilities as the new AFIS senior enlisted advisor, replacing CMSgt William H- Strickiand. yaa Ee AES See Col, Sherman became chairman of the AF/In - AFIS Merit Pay Unit Committee and the AP/IN' ~ AFIS Civilian Incentive Awards Commi thee. Col. Jack Morris xetired as the executive officer to the ACS/1, ending thirty-five years of active duty with the Air Force. XVIS Deleted per 5 U.S.C. 552(b) C1)
13 28~36 DECEMBER 16 QB the AGS/T directed “that quarterly intelligence triefings be provided for the Aix Force's chief master sergeant and for those senior enlisted personnel bom the chief recommended. 29 QB the reorganization pian was approved fer the Directorate of Estimates and the Directorate of Operational Intelligence. 3t QED The Directorate of Intelligence Reserve Forces managed 1.34% reservists: 3,287 aasigned and 54 attached far training. Secember DURING 1983: The attendance was 27,660 at the classified Soviet Military Power Days and Poad Shows sponsored by the Directorate of Soviet Affairs. The Directorate of Attache Affairs nominated 38 vfficers and 46 enlisted personnel to the Defense Intelligence Agency for service in the Defense Attache System. WR the) | (Directorate oof Management was reorganized. Security and Comunndcations 952(b) 429 “peleted per 5" 5 f- Deleted pex 5 0.8.0. 552(b} (1)
Medica AFIS Operating Location OL~ET revised AYR 200-3, Intelligence Program.“ *The Neteted per $ U.S.C. $52{b} (1)
MISSION, ORGANIZATION, ARD COMMARD Mission The National Security Act of 1947, as amended, empowered the departments of the federal government to collect, evaluate, correlate, and disseminate departmental intelligence. Department of Defense Directive $100.1 and Air Force Regulation 55~43 directed the Air Force to provide an organization capable of furnishing adequate. timely, and reliable intelligence for the Air Force and the Department of Defense. The Air Force Intelligence Service was a major element of the Air Force intelligence organization establishes to satisfy these responsibilities. ! Tne overesli mission of the Air Force Intelligence Service {AFIS} was to provide specialized intelligence services and intelligence te Headquarters, United States Air Force and United States Air Force commanders, worldwide, by 3) directing and conducts designated intelligence collection activities, 72) processing. and disseminating inteliigence information anc intelligence, and 3) conducting programs designed to ensure that the Air Force was provideé with intelligence systems. ae The Air Force Intelligence Service {AFIS) provided intelligence support wi the Air force according to the following functions:- 1, Conducts programs to insure the adequacy and war capability of AFIS intelligence resources, human an¢ physical, that are furnished to the combatant and support commands during peacetime, wartime, and contingency sitnations, according to USAF and JCS approved documents. 2. AS appropriate, provides direct intelligence support to Air Force major commands in emergency and contingency situations. 3. Prepares and presents coordinated Air Force intelligence positions, as required by HQ USAF, in support of service, interdepartmental, and other agency intelligence issues and actions, Participates as required in these actions. 4. Monitors designated Air Force intelligence collection operations involving signal, electromagnetic, imagery, and sonic systems and other technical disciplines to satisfy assigned Air Force intelligence responsibilities in xesponse to requirements established by DOD. iarR 23-45 QB “Air Force Intelligence Service {AFIS}, 10 Jon 74, as amended, SD 1. 2ibid, 3ibid.
as S. Participates with. the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA} in management of the human source intelligence { HOMINT} collection requirements program and monitors as required other intelligence collection programs conducted to satisfy Air Force, DOA and national requirements. &. Manages and conducts HUMINT collection operations in support of Air Force, DOD and national requirements; recommends HUMINT policy as requixed. 7. Collates, processes, and disseminates as appropriate current operational intelligence, derived from ail sources, to apprise HQ USAF and Air Force commanders of intelligence affecting glabal Air Fearne missions and regources. &. Collates, analyzes, and interprets intelligence information associated with the operational effects of the esployment of air weapon systems; disseminates such finished intelligence to HQ USAF and Aix Force commanders responsible far the employment and evaluation of those systems. 9, Identifies intelligence collection. exploitation and production equipment needs associated with new Rir Force weapon systems during the research and development phase of those new systems. 1D. Researches, compiles, evaluates, correlates, main~ tains and disseminates aerospace~related signal intelligence (SIGINT), concerning the activities, capabilities, intentions and trends of foreign aerospace forces; advises concerning SIGINT sources, types of information available, and resultant specialized products to HQ OSaF, Air Force major commanders, DOD and inter departmental/interagency activities as required. Tt. Serves as the responsible agency for intelligence matters cancerning targeting, weaponeering, and target materials. 42. Serves as the responsible agency and point of contact for the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA} on mapping, charting and geodesy activities (excluding aerial surveys). 73. Plans, coordinates and monitars the application of worldwide Air Force intelligence data handling capabilities. 14. Manages the worldwide Air Force Special Security Office (APSSO) and Special Activities Office {SAO} systems, by insuring campliance with compartmented intelligence security policy, special intelligence telecommmnications policy. commnications security policy and procedures, APSSO and SAO administrative procedures and the physical security, billet management and personnel clearance programs to insure the security of such intelligence at all organizational levels. 15. As directed by HQ USAF, develops capabilities for
Pparticipaticn in the Defense Attache System; monitors and mupports that participation. te. Serves as the responsible agency for the intelligence aspects of evasion and escape, and prisoners of war plans and programs. VW. Serves as the responsible agency for soliciting, walidating. and satisfying Air Porce collateral intelligence document requirements. 18. Provides other specialized intelligence services in Support of Air Force missions as directed by the chief of staff. 12. Provides peacetime management of intelligence mobilization augrentee (IMA! positions which have been established by commands anc agencies, validated by the Air Staff, and assigned to AFIS fcr such management. Special Responsibilities and Instructions: a. The AFIS consists of a headquarters, and other subordinate organizational elements as authorized by the chief of Stafk, USAF. . . . The commander, AFIS, exercises command juris- diction over assigned units, personnel, property. and funds. b. AFIS provises specialist intelligence represen tation for HQ USAF, joint, interdepartmental, international activities, and board and committee membership as required by H2 USAF. e. AFIS is designated as the USAF Automatic Date Processing Systems (ADPS} monitor for the Air Force Intelligence Data Handling System (IDES} and is delegated ADP authorities ané exercises ADP responsibilities under the provisions of AFR 306-2 and AFH 360-12. ORGANIZATION ae The AFIS organization consisted of a %} coomand element with an inspecter general and a senior enlisted adviser, 2} nine directorates, 3) eight specimi staff ynits, 4) the Air Force Special Acivities Cemter (AFSAC), and 5) six operating locations. There were no major changes within the overall AFIS organization this year. There were, however, two new operating logations established, OL-ET at Fort Detrick. Maryland and OieS at Suitland, Maryland.! Also, the Directorate of Evasion and Escape/Frisoner of War f™NR) was renamed the Directorate of Joint Services Support (INU) .? Tpor a detailed discussion, see Chapter VIII. *See Chapter IV.
a BS Of the subordinate AFIS unite, the Air Force Special Activities Center continued te be the largest, consisting of three types of subordinate elements: special activities seas, detachments. and opersting locations. AFIS ORGARIZATIONAL CHART2 SERTOR ERIS TED ADvI SOR SPECIAL STAFF 7 SQMG HIS TRATIVE DIRECTORATE DERECTORATE DIRECTORATE St ¥tstOM ar oF oF SOvIiT TNVELLI GENCE ATTACHE SPPALAS DATA FFs ° RANAGESENT avealRS COMPTROLLER Beate) AEADQUARTERS DEREETGRATE DIRECTORATE GPERA TIONAL LNTELLISENCE LOgts ties OPRECTHRATE CLviston oF PERSGRNEL SUPPSRT PLANS SND PROGRAMS ALR FORCE OPERATING 3! SFECTAL ADCATT ONS: ACTIVITIES cenree PUBLIC AFFAIRS ‘OFFICE 'See Chapter Vi, fAFISR 23-1 fe) “Organization and Functions, Air Farce Intelligence Service {APIS}." 15 July 82, SD 2. See also Organizational Chart Air Force Intelligence Service, AFISVA Vid, 1 Aug 63. 5D 3.
AFIS and AF/IN Relationshir AFIS units continued to operate in an interrelated wopport tole to the Headquarters. Onited States Air Force. Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, which was commanded by a major general who was the assistant chief of staff, intelli-~ gence {ACDS/I).* Ris office (AF/IN) consisted of a tommand element, the Directorate of Estimrtes (INE}, the Directorate of intelligence Plans and Systems (INY), and an Ansistant far Joint Matters {INJ).7 QD the commanaer of AFIS (APIG/CC) was a brigadier general who was also the deputy eseistant chief of staff. intelligence {(DACS/1I}.% The AP/IN and AFIS/CC were collocated in the Pentagon and were serviced by the same administrative support personnel ané equipment. The vice commander of AFIS was 4 tolonel whose office was located in the AFIS compound at Port Belwoir, Virginia... Two AFIS directorates were functionally subordinate to the two AF/IK directorates: the AFIS Oirectorate of Intelligente Data’ Manage- ment to the AF/IN Directorate of intelligence Plans and Systems, and the AFIS Directerate of Operational Intelligence to the AF/IN Directorate of Estimates. The AFIS Directorates of Personnel, Intelligence Reserve Forces, and Security and Commmications Management services both AF/IN and AFIS, and did in varying Gegrees the AFIS Special Staff.” a The relationship between AF/IN and AFIS was clearly seer in the AFIS budget, ch was @ivide¢ into three major force programs (MFPs}: 3, 8A, an? 9. MPP 3 was the largest segment of the AFIS budget, and #3 percent of the programs were AF/IN special projects. Als, in MPP 9, the NiISSTR program (Nationai Intelligence System to Support Tactical Requirements) was a projest outside the functional control of aFIs.? PROGRAMS FUNDED IN AFIS ($ in 0005; 30 SEP 83 MEP PROGRAMS OBLIGATIONS 3 pHs 37,938. copra JUDY 22,850.0 COBRA EAR 7,510.0 <cF AF/IN SPECIAL PROTECTS ~ B83 2,410.5 OLKE 2,014.6 *Pronowncea ARSE, DAKSE. VOrganizational Chart QM Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, AFISVA 11-2, 1 Aug 83, SD 4. 2Throughout this history note the interaction between AF/IN and AFIS personnel. 3for documents providing details on the AFIS budget see Chapter VII. Vugraph Print-os aR AFIS/AC, “Programs Funded in AFIS" 1982.
we HUMINT 4,204.7 ms0/ INS 1,975.8 78,904.5 BA TNE IC 650.3 3 HOTS SUFPORT 3,198.5 HISSTR 848.2 4,044.7 COMMAND a Major changed occurred this year within the BF/IN and AFIS command stracture. ' ACS/T Change of Command a On 1 duly, Mad. Gen. James C. Ffautz assumed the duties 4s the assistant chief of staff, intelligence {ACS/I), replacing Maj. Gea. John 3, Marks, who assumed cotmand of the Electronic Security Command, San Antonio, Texas. Immediately prier to becoming the ACS/I. General Pfautz was director for intelligence, J-2, Headyuarters Pacific Command, Camp 2. M. Smith, Hawaii. The genexal was fifty-three years of age and had been promoted to major general 1 March 1981, with date af rank % Aug 1977.2 In 1953, he was greduated from the U.S, Military Academy, West Point, Sew York, wtth a bachelor's degree in military engineering. He received a master's degree in interna~ tional organization from the American University and was 4 gTa@uate of the National wer College. . MIB Aster receiving his commission in 1953 from the academy, General Pfautz entered undergraduate pilot training at Malden Air Forse Base, Missouri, and received his wings in August 1954 at Vance Air Force Base, Oxlahows. Tnitisliy assigned in September 1956 ta the 313th Troop Carrier Group at Sewart Air Force Base, Tennessee, he transferred in September 1956 to the 322nd Air Division at Evreuz~Fawville Aix Base, France. in June 1960 Generali FPfautz was assigned to the University of Maryland’s Aix Porce Reserve Officers’ Training Corps Detachment 236. In September 1964 he took command of the Flight Operations Section of the Air Force Advisory Group at Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Republic of Vietnam, where he flew 188 combat missions. In January 1966, General ffautz was assiqned to the Air Porce Eastern Test Range at Patrick Air Ferce Rase, Florida. His next two assignments were with Headquarters Air Ferce Systems lpor key personnel in all APIS units, see individual chapters of this history. 2siegraphical Information Sheet Bey Majer General James C. Pfautz, SAP/PA, Apr @@, SD 5.
Command at Andrews Air Force Base, “Maryland. In September 1966 he became aide-de~camp to the commander and in 1968 was assigned as executive officer. | Tne general graduated from the National War College in June i oand wae then assigned te the Directorate of Doctrine, Concepts anc Objectives, Headquarters U.S, Air Force, Washington, 0.C. In September 1974 he was selected by the Council on Foreign Relations for a one-year fellowship at the council's New York City offices. He was assigne? as executive officer to the principal deputy assistant secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs in July 1975, later becoming executive officer to the Assistant Secretary of fense for International Security Affairs Ambassador Eugene V. McAuliffe. From done 1977 to December 1978, he served as U.S, defense attache to Eoyrt. He then served as deputy assistant, Office af the stef of Staff, Intelligence, at Aar Force headquarters. Generai Pfautz assumed his duties with J-2, Headquarters Pacafic Command, in April 1980. The general vas a command pilot with 6,000 flying hours. His military decorations and awards included the Defense Superior Service Medai, Legion of Merit with one oak leaf cluster, Bronze Star Medel, Meritorious Service Medal, Air Medal with four oz: leaf clusters. Air Ferca Commendation Medal. and Republic of Vaetnaz. Galiantry Cross wath palin. DACS/T Change of Command assumed the e@ anc Aris @B Gr, 18 February. Brag. Gen. Paul H. Martin positions of depety chief of staff, intellig commander. he replaced May. Gen. (designate) Schuyler Bissell wh was assSiqne? to the Defense Intelligence Agency as depu airectar, General Martin was forty-seven years of age and had been promoted to brigadier general 1 March 1983, with a date of tank 1 October 1922.' Generali Martin earned a bachelor of science degree from Western Kentucky State College in 185? and was commissioned a4 second lieutenant through the Air Force Reserve Officers’ Training Corps program. General Martin completed the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, and earned a master's degree in management from Central Michigan Vaiversity in 1978. SS Following pilot training at Moore Air Force Base, Texas, anc Greenville Air Force Base, Mississippi, General Martin flew RO-97 tankers “ith the 2nd Bombardment Wing, Hunter Air Force Base, Georgia. in April 1966 he transferred to the 46th Air IBioygraphical information Sheet ED Brigadier General Paul E, Martin, SAF/PA, Jan &4, SD 6.
id Refueling Squadron, K.1. Sawyer Air Force Base, Michigan, where be flew XCw135 jet tankers for the Strategic Air Commend. ‘The general was assigned to the 4%52nd Strategic Wing, Eielson Air Porce Base, Alaska, from July 1962 to dune 1965, where he flew RC~f35s and participated in “Project Office Boy.“ He then joined the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, and in May 1967 moved to Yokots Air Base, Japan, with Detachment 1, Jrd Air Division. Six months later he was assigned to the 82nd Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron at Kadena Air Base, Okinawa, where he served as an aircraft commander in the wing Standardization Division, flying 103 2C~135 combat missions over Southeast Asia. From September 1969 to November 1970, General Martin was assigned to the 314th Air Division, Osan Air Base, South Korea, as an operations staff officer. Upon his return to the United States. he served at SAC headquarters in the Strategic Reconnaissance Center as chief af the Electronic Warfare Branch, Offutt Air Force Base. General Martin tack cottmand of the 305th Air Refueling Squadron at Grissom Air Force Base, Indiana, in April 1974, Re later served as deputy base commander and acting base commander at Grissom. In May 1975 he moved to Shemya Air Force Base, Alaska, where he commanded Detachment 1, 6th Strategic Wing until entering the Naval War College. Following gradvation in 1977, he was assigned to Camp 9. M, Smith, Hawaii, where he served as chief of the Collections Management Division, +2, for 0.8. Pacific Command. in July 1980 General Martin jeoineé the Electronic Secarity Command, Kelly Air force Base, Texas, where he served as vice commander. The general moved to Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, in September 1981 and became the National Security Agency's chief of tactical systems, research and engineering. A cotinand pilot with more than 6,000 flying hours, his military decorations and awards inclnded the Defense Superior Service Medai, Legion of Merit, Distinguished Flying Cross, Meritorious Service Medal, Air Medal with nine oak leaf clusters and Aix Force Commendation Medal with three oak leaf clusters.! New Senior Enlisted Advisor On %5 September, CMSgt Richard BH. Gantzler assumed tTesponsibilities as the new AFIS senior enlisted advisor. He replaced CMSgt William H. Strickland, who attended the Senior Enlisted Intelligence Program at the Defense Intelligence Agency, Since June 1981, Chief Gantzler was the senior enlisted advisor for the 6910th Electronic Security Wing, Lindsey Air Statioa, Wiesbaden, Gemrnany. The chief was thirty-nine years old. a
graduate of the Air Force Noncommissioned Officer Academy anc a graduate of the Senior NCO Academy. ! Se He enlisted in the Air Perce in Sune 1962 and received basic ssian language training at Indiana University. From November 1963 to January 1365, he was assigned as an intercept operator at the 6986th Security Squadron, Wakarmai Air Station, Japan. @ After attending intermediate Russian Language school for a year at Syracuse University. New York, he was assigned to the 6916th Security Squadron. Rhein Main Air Base, Germany. From March 1966 to December 1968, he served as an airborne intercept operator, airborne analyst, and flight chief in analysis and reporting. In December 1968 he was assigned to Detachment 1, €916th Security Scuagren. Athenai Air Base, Athens, Greece, as NCOIC of Mission Managemer Chief Gantzler was transferred in August 127% to the 6343th Security Squadron, Offurt Air Force Base, Nebraska, where he was NCOIC of advisory support and the airborne mission supervisor. After three months training in the Pelisnh language at the Defense Lanevage Institwte. Monterey. California, he was assigned under AFIS to the United States Defense Attache Office in Warsaw, Poland. From September 1973 to June 1975 the chief served AS assistant te the Aur Attache. Fron August 1975 to Sune 1976 Chief Gantzler served es Staff NOG an Directorate of Airborne Operations, HQ USAFSS, Kelly Air Force Base, Texas. ¥er the next three years he servec as Management inspector oa the USAFSS (later ESC) inspecter general team. In January 1980 the chief was sassicned as NOCIC of vations Production at the €916th Electronic Security Squadron, Hellenikon Air Base, Athens, Greece. The chief's military decorations included the Meritorious Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters, Air Porrce Commendation Medal, Air Force Achievement Medal, anc ten Air Medals. Be had 4,000 hours combet support in the C+330 and RCI35. Senior Enlisted Advisor as ACS/I‘s Represe:tetive General Pfautz viewed the AFIS senior enlisted advisor as a representative of the ACS/1, who was to have access to ali information necessary to understand current and projected operations. The chief had “the need to know." In November, the AFIS supplement to AFR 39-20, "The Senior Enlisted Advisor," was revised to include the ACB/I's view. The revised document stated that the senior enlisted advisor, 1) had wnrestricted access to IBingraphical Information Sheet, Chiel Master Sergeant Richaré H. Gantzler, SAF/PR, Set 83. SD 7.
lz the ACS/I and AFIS commander to discuss policies, priorities, and enlisted matters, 2} had unrestricted access to the enlisted force in AF/IN and AFIS, snd 3) showld make frequent visits to AF/IN, AFIS, and other subordinate and asupperted organizatiogs both in the CONUS and overseas. Continuity within the AFIS/CV and AFSAC Col. William B. Sherman continued as the wice commander (7) oF arIs.2 Le, Terrence E. Giroux was his executive officer. “Sgt Nicholas ££. Frasher was the supervisor of office administrative tatters, and Mrs. Phyllis J. Pickerd continued as secretary to the AFIS/CV. Col. Wick Yankewski continued to command the Air Force Special Activities Center, a position he held since 1 October 1981.3. Col. William F. Bale continued as the vice commander, a position he held since 30 September 1981. Maj. Charles F. Pugh assumed responsibilities as executive officer on 1 June 1983. Retirement af ACS/I‘s Executive Officer On 4 November, Col. Jack Morris retired as the executive officer to the ACS/I, ending thirty-five years of active duty with the Air Force and its intelligence funerion. On 31 October he stated:4 I have witnessed our beloved profession grow from a rather weak, hesitant start to the present strong, ifature position it now enjoys. This accomplishment did not come easy and many of you can take some measure of pride in the fact that you helped in achieving this progress. Despite the many outstanding improvements and fine tuning that has been done, there are still - additional challenges to be met, given the world we live in, I wish I coyid be with yeu, striving to meet the challenges ahead but since the bell has tolled for me 7 ieave the task to you, confident that in the years te come Air Force Intelligence will enjey even greater successes 38 you work and strive together toward that end, And so, my dear colieaques, 1 bid you goodbye and charge you to keep the faith. ‘Ler bs) ACS/E te AF/IN Activities et al, “Access--Senior Enlisted Advisor,” 30 Nov 83; Staff Summary Sheer @QBB ArIs/DA ta AFIS/CMS et al, “AFR 39-25, AFIS Sup 1, The Senior Enlisted Advisor,” 25 Nov B3, SD &. #For a biographical sketch of Col. Sherman see Biographical Information Sheet, SAF/PA, s.d., SD 9, 3For a biographical sketch of Cel. Yankowski see SD 10. Ster GER executive to ACS/I to AF/IN, AFIS, AFSAC, “Rerirement,” 31 Oct 983, Brochure, “Retirement Ceremony in Bonor ef Colonel Jack Morris,” 1 Nov 93, SD 11,
Major General. James ©. Pants, Assistant Chief of Btaff, Intelligence
Brigadiez General Paul H, Martin, Deputy Aasietent Chief of Staff, Intelligence, and Commander of the Air Force Intelligence Service. Ep
Colonel William B. Gherman, Vice Commynder of the Aix Porce Intelligence Service.
Colonel Nick ‘Yankowski, Commander of the Air Force Special || Activities Center,
CuSgt Richard B. Gantzier. Euliested Advisor of the Aix Yorce Intelifgence Service.
a4 US OPERATION IN GRENADA ATLANTIC OCEAN Ate ae. 2 aaTTationt PUORTH CAROL Yet OE 75th IE RANGER ‘> GRORLI! = y? om PUERTO ne ROO. Sma: vanealll we ¢ + 26 MAD s. 5 EBROUTE TO LEBARON! @ BANGER! CARIBBEAN SEA g aQ Zod 8 Thth WE t PASMBETONS ra 7 > BARBADOS 2 GBEKABA « pa COURTESY OF THE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF
It was not @ tobal surprise to anyone that there “as to be a deployment to Grenada. On 26 October, the day the deployment message was issued, the front page of the New York Times proclaimed, “1,900 U.S. Troops, with Caribbean Allies, invade Grenada and Fight Leftist Units." The day before, when the U.5. military intervention began, Maj. Robert 4. Roser, Jr., the chief ef the Plans and Poticy Branch of APSAC, jokingly told some AFSACers that he would soon be sending them to the Caribbean. The next morning those AFSACers were, indeed, packing their mobility bags.? Gn 25 Ortober, President Ronald Reagan had issued the following statenent =? . . -Barly this morning, forces from ix Caribbean democracies and the United States began a Janding, or landings, on the disiand ef Grenada in the .sastearn Caribbean. *Unless otherwise indicated. daylight sav: p or eastern standard time. Tees: TACCIR to AF/IN, 8/G Martin, “URGENT FURY Support,” 2611052 Oct B3, SD 12. 2New York Times, 26 Oct 83, Pp 13 Briefing “Operation URGENT FURY,“ M2} Roser and 4aj D‘Aguiar, APSAC, 29 Bs. *New York Times, 26 Ort 83. "Text of Reagan‘s Annoucement of Invasion,“ p i. time will be given ain eastern Deleted per 5 U.S.G, 352041)
We have taken this decisive action for three reasons: Pirst, of overriding importance, to 0 protect innocent lives, including gp to 1.906 Americans whose personal safety is, of course, ty paramount concern. Second, to forestali farther chaos. And third, to assist in the restoration of conditions of law and order and of governmental institutions to the island of Grenada, where a brutal group of leftist thugs violently eeized power, killing the Prime Minister, three Cabinet ministera, two labor leaders and other civilians, including children. Let there be no misunderstanding. Thie collective action has been forced on us by events that have no precedent in the eastern Caribbean and ao place in any civilized society. American lives are at stake, so we have heen following the sitwation as closely as possible. Between 800 and 1,900 Americans, including many medical students and senior citizens, make up the rgest single group of foreign residents in Grenada. From the start, we have consciously sought to caim fears. We were determined not to make an already bad situation worse and increase the risks our citizens faced. But when 3 received reports that a large number of our citizens were seeking to escape the island, thereby exposing themselves to great danger, and after receiving a formal request for help, a unanimous request from our neighkoring states, I concluded the United States had no choice but to act strongly and decisively. Let the repeat: The United States objectives are clear—to protect our own citizens, to facilitate the evacuation of those who want to leave and to help in the restoration of democrstic institmtions in Gremada. .. - Background information on Grenada revealed that Britain had granted the island fuli independence on 7 February 1974, anc Grenada was governed under a parliamentary system, based on the British model. The first prime minister was Sir Zric Gaixy. According to the Department of State:! On March 13, 979, the New Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation (New JEWEL) Novenent susted Sir Eric in a nearly bloodless coup d'etat, and the Peoples' Revolutionary Government was established, headed by Prime Minister Maurice Bishop. The new governtent was strongly Marxist-Leninist in orientation typackground Notes: Grenada,” DS Department. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Feb 64, SD 13.
and gradually smeved to ettablish close ties to waba, the Soviet Union and other commnist countries. As the result of a power straggle within the government, in October 3983 Prime Minister Bishop and several members of his cabinet were arrested and subsequently executed by elements of the Peoples‘ Revolntionary Army. In the wake of the thaos and break~ down of civil order that fellowed, a joint U.5.~ Caribbean force. acting in response to an appeal from the Governor General and to a request for assistance from the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (QECS}, landed in Grenada on Octobex 25 to evacuate U.S, Citizens whose safety was endangered and to hrlp restore order. Y Meme fo) AEIS/INOZO to ACS/I and INE, “Tipper from TAC/IN om Emergency IPW Requirement,” 26 Oct 83, SD 14. 2tneww QB AFIS tastorian uw. Maj Roser. Capt Bordas, TSgt Newell, AFSAC, & Jun 84. 3ibid. Deleted per $ U.S.C. $52{b} (1}
Ttpia; Ler GBB ana 1 atch QB arsacvec to uscenmarsi, *“AFSAC Support for URGENT FURY," 13 Har 84, SD 15. 2point Paper “Major Lessons Learned for the APSAC from Operation URGENT FORY," APSAC/INZA, 3 Nov 63, SD 16; Intew AFIS Historian w. Maj Roser, Capt Bordas, YSgt Newell, AFSAC, June 84. Stntww GBB aris eistorian w. Maj Roser, Capt Bordas, TSgt Newell, AFSAC, 5 Jun 8g, b FURY Lessor 4itntee Newell, AFSAC, AFIS/CV to USAF/XOOTA, earned” 15 Dec 83, SD 17. AFIS Historian w. Maj 5 Jun B4. “URGENT Roser, Capt Bordas, TS¢t o~ rt rs} c Ps é NN x a 3 wa iJ “ _ e i 3 a 3
feleted per > Use. 25200) (1) Truid; Conversation, AFIS Sistarian w. 32 Jun 84. 2tb4ar Vugraph GRP rc. SURGENT FURY Chronalegy." 2.é., 5D 3B. 3praft Outhine TSqt Parsons, BFSAC, AFSKE, “Gperation URGENT FURY,* n.d., 5D 19; Vugraph QP aPSac, CuRGENT FURY Chronology." n.d.. 5D 32.
Tipid; Intvw Q@P 2F15 Biscorian w. Maj Poser, TSgt Newell, AFSAC, 5 dim 84. 2the island was net declared “secure” until 2 Rovenber. a Speech about the highest ranking woman in the U.S. Forces in Grenada, Roles of U.S. Army Women in Grenada,“ im MINERVA? Quarterly Report Capt Bordas. Yor women tilitary in Grenada, by Maj Ann Wright, USA, see “The on Women and the Military, Vol. 2i, No. 2, Summer 84. Although policewomen were the wost visible women perzonnel, there were prisoner interrogators, Signal and communications operators, members of MASH units, ‘truck drivers, one helicopter pilot, helicopter crew chiefs ang maintenance personnel, Ppsyopa specialists, ordnance detonation experts, ant one Air Force C141 pilot who flew troops ta Grenada on 26 October. 3pyaft Outlin AFSAC, "Operation URGENT FURY,* n.d, SD 19; Vugraph ap AFSAC, "URGENT FURY Chronology,* n.d.. SO 18, Pelered per 5 U.S.C. 252¢b) (3)
tantew MBB aris Historian w. sj Roser, Capt Bordas, Sgt Kewell, APSAC, 5 dun 84. 2Ibia 3usg MBB arisscp to ar/vecrn, voRGENT FURY Support” & 282155Z Oct 83, SD 20: Vugraph QBMB arsac, curser Fury Chronology." n.d.. SD 48. Rprt APBSAC/INXA to AFSAC/CV et al. Operation URGENT FURY Support ef SD 21. 72 Hov 83, Document number 74 Vugraph gp AFSAC, “URGENT FURY Chronology.” a.d. SD 18. petered per $ 0.8.0. $52(d) (1)
\Thid. 2tneww QD AFIS Historian w. Maj Roser, Capt Bordas, TSgt Newell, AFSAC, 5 Jun 84; Ltr AFSAC/WY to All Personnel Concerned, “Watch Duty,” 31 Oct 83. 3intyw QB AFIS Historian w. Maj Roser, Capt Bordas, TSgt Newell, APSAC, 5 Jun 84; Update Paper #5, AP/INYSE to AP/IRY et al, “URGENT FURY Support.” 30 Oct 83, Document number 6 in SD 22. 4uer QD sot schingel to AFSAC/INKA, “After Action Report ~ GRENADA Contingency Deployment” Tf Nov 83, SD 23. _ ans 7 ~ v) “ a n re) “a F-9 “ bh g a J e 2B @ =
abia.; Point Paper QB avsac, air Force Special Activities SD 24. irr QB ane t atch AFSAC/CC to USCENTAY “AFSAC Support for URGENT FURY." 13 Mar Ba, 5D 15. 2Intew RD AFIS Historian v. Mad Roser, Capt #ordas, Newell, AFSAC, 5B dun 84. according to Maj. D’Aysiar.} 3ipid. Request for Information, AFIS/HO to Maj D'Aguiar aad Maj. Keefe, 7 dan B4. 4intvw AFIS Risturian w. Maj Roser, Newell, AFSAC, 5 Jun 84. Center (AFSAC} Participation in URGENT rune pia, PSyt (The brigade may have bean the 3rd, Capt Bordas, TS¢. 22 Deleted per 5 1.5.¢, 552(8)@)
Trpag, 24g AFSAC/BAT. Support.” 300311Z Oct 63, SD 25, 525th ME G te AFSAC/CC, “ORGENT FURY 3addicional helaets were required because the TAC’s mobility bags were incomplete. Deleted per 5 U-S-C- 352(b) (2)
AFSAC/C¥Y to AFSAC/BAT, ‘S25th MI GP, “URGENT FURY Support.“ 2D1730Z Oct 83, SD 26. 2memo @QBR AFSAC/INKC to APSAC/CV et al, “Operation URGENT FURY Support “10 Nov B3, SD 21. “inte AFIS Historian w. Maj Raser, Capt Bordas, TSqt Newell, AFSAC, 5 Jan 84. “arfqg QB Mei Kimmel, USA to APSAC Persconel, “Operatioz URGENT FURY,” 6 Jun B4. a bo = 2 a “4 Pal 3 u 3 val & 2 a 2 g e z
Tuer QB arsacvoa, Sgt Schindel, to APSAC/INKA, "After Action Repert ~ GRENADA Contingency Deployment* 41 Now 83, SD 23. This letter report contains 4 description of the living conditions from the perspective of MSgt Schindel, who performed the duties of an Aix Force “first sergeant.“ 2rbid; Intvw, APIS Historian w. Newell, APSAC, S Jun 94; Keefe, 17 Jun 84. 3ineww, AFIS: Historian Newell, AFSAC, 5 Jun 84. Maj Reser, Capt Bordas, TSgt Request. For Information, AFIS/HO to Mat w. Maj Roser, Capt Hordas, Sgt cand et oo & o nN ray wn ood a“ Pay he ¢ a 3 2 E
Yerfg @MB oj ximel, USA. to APSAC Personnel, “Operation URGERT FURY," 6 Jun 84. forage After Action prt QM aos DiAguiar, aFSAC, “URGENT FURY Support," p.¢., SD 27. 3List "EET for Boc Exploitation,* n.d., Document sumber 37 of 17 in INSUM File, SD 28, §52(b} (1) Deleted per § 1.8.6.
> a = = 2 pd x w A rs) wa = ay MI 2 & 3 a a i , URGEST FURY After Action Repcst ana Logistics Annex Maj Keefe to AFSAC/THO et al, 6 Dec 83, SD 29. 2 mid. 3¥or a partial listing of the documents packaged and sent see tx SRM anc 2 Atch, URGENT FURY After Action Report and Logistics Annex@¥§) "i Xeefe to APSAC/INO et al. 6 3, SD 29.
t. $520)(1) 2 ” be a 4 & = a E Ispet Report # 9 AYSAC/EAT, 307350253." SD 31. 25pot Report #20 AYSAC/BAT, n.d., SD 32- 3Spot Report #54 BFSAC/HAT, n,d-, 5D 33. 4nist of Spot Reports 4-53, AFBAC/BAT, DOct-Nevy 83, 5D ‘Tne complete aet of the carbon copy Spot Reports are on file ot aPSX . Deleted per 5 U.S.C. $52{>} (1) ka BY for newspapex articles about the documents see SD
552¢b) (k} & ” - 5 g * vw z wu z rs Maj Keefe, Chief, Domment Exploitation Section, 525th MI GE, “Document Expicinetion, 26 Ort - 4 Nov", n.d. Document number 7 of 17 in INSUK File, SD 35. For four legible photecspies of photocopies of some of the “smoking gun” documents, fee SO ag, t
32 ‘Heme for Recoxd BBP "2030 Conversation with Maj Alley, 18 Abn Corps G-2 EOC Rep." 5 Nov 83, SD 41. Intvw QB AFIS Historian w. Maj Foser, Newell, APSAT, S dun S84. See also Pamphiet, PRA List, 22 p, n.d., and Addendum 1, p 22, n.d.7 Addendum 2, 10 p (1G af 12) 2 Nov 83; Addendum 2. 2 p (2 of 12), 2 Nov 61, SD 42. 3eréq @@M} ej Kimmel, USA, to AFSAC Personnel, “Operation URGENT FURY,” 6 Jus a¢ Capt Bordas, TSgt peteted per § US.C. $52(b} (3)
Ther QAR a25 Keefe, “Docummt Exploitation INSUM,* 8 Nov 83, 1202 hrs, Document number 5 of SD 35; Ma} Keefe. "Bocument Exploitation INSUM,* 9 Noy B3, 1200 bre, Decument 4 of SD 35 “Excerpt from Draft After Action “DRGENT £URY Support," n.d.. SD 27; ite and 2 Atch, DORGENT FURY After Action Repor 4nd Logistics Annex GB Maj Keefe to AFSAC/IND et al, 6 Dec #3, SD 29. Ar one point someone from the White House Situation Room called AFSAC Headquarters and talked with Col Bale about what was happening with the PWe + Intvw APIS Historian w. Mej Rosez, Capt Bardas, TSgt Newell, AFSAC, am Bo. xt, Maj D‘Aguiar, AFSAC, Deleted per 5 U.S.C. 5592(B} C1)
. 252(b) (kD wa > “ he ev oe ~~ os e ae 2 TWBrlefing MBM Maj Roser and Maj D'Aguiar, AFSAC, to AFIS - Personnel, "Project URGENT FURY," 23 Feb @47; Draft After Action Rprt Maj D'Aguiar, APSAC, “URGEAT FURY Support,” n.d., SD 27, Thid. 3praft After Action Rprt BMP sai o'aquiar, aFSAC, “URCENT FURY Support," n.d., SD 27.
GMMR ace 2 atch, URGENT FURY After Action ang Logistics Annex SD 2 Conversation, AFIS Historian w. Report -Maj Keefe to AFSAC/INO et al, 6 Alc Kaczmarek, AFSAC, 29 Feb Agrfg QR M25 O'Aguiar and Maj Roser, APSAC, Personnel, “Operation URGENT FURY," 29 Feb 84: Brég Kimmel. USh, 525 Mi GP, to AFSAC Personnel, “Operation Ura: Pary.* 6 Jum 81. te AF as May er om “ 2 oo ron os al n ro a ral » @ & > eo o © al
lprtng GRR Maj Rosez_ and Maj DiAguiar, APSAC. Personnel, 29 Feb 84; Ltr and 2 Atch, URGENT YURY After Action Report and Logistics Annex Maj Keefe to AFSAC/TINO et al, 6 Sec 83,- SD 29. For photocopies of four official USAF photos of the Cubans, see SD 43. Sher QBBR AFSAC/TUA to AFSAC/INK et al, OSLANTOOM Trip Report, QAM 15 Sov 83, SD 53. bid. to AFIS “HQ TAC and Hg ~ wt o ~ 2 a7 S na n v wa = ra by a a 0 a i] a z
. $52¢b} (2) we & al te & a Sd @ Pn ® ‘3 ca tusx QQBBRB acc 2 atch, URGENT FURY After Action Report Ma} Keefe to APSAC/ING et al, 6 AFSACFEAT, mid., £3 of EFIg,
we “ b 4 & ~ € & é ther and Logistics Annex QQ Maj Keefe to APSAC/ING et al, 6 Dec 83. SD 29.
ne 352¢d) (2) “ re e Ls] a Pe} oe z : 28 Rov 43, Msg YiR 1547 0346837 Coban Communication
» ot bond pa 2 2 ~ as a “a “ ra & a ~ = Pat & z & “Draft after Action Rp: Maj DAquiar, AFSAC, "URGENT PURY Support." n.d, SD 27.
‘update Rprt No. 9 AF /INYSE, Nov 83, Docement number 10 of SD 227 Status Rert Document Exploitation, AFSAC/HAT, 2 Nev 83, Document number @ of INSUM File, SD 35; Msg AFSAC/INKA to USAFRED/IX et al, “Air Force RUMINT URGENT FURY Support" 0320102 Now 83, SD 48; Msg APSAC/INKXA to Det 22/CC, *AFSAC Film* 1014302 Nov B83, SD 49; Msg Det 22/IN0, “Film 1014302 Rov 83, SD 50. 2Rort APSSC/INRA to APSAC/CY et al, “Operation DRGENT FURY Support” 10 Now 83, Document number 14 of SD 22. 3xbid.; Vagraph QB AFSAC, *ORGENT FURY Chronology,“ n.d Sp 18; Msg AFSAC/INXA to COMUSARFOR/G-2, “URGENT FURY Support,” 0617002 Nov 83, SB 51. “URGENT FURY Support,” 3 > ot bad = s = “mm ad “ oa ww a wo e o Ee 3 a Po a =< 2 a
fs tart Maj Roser and Maj D'Agquiar, AFSAC, Personnel, "“Operanion URGENT SUR," 29 Feb 84; itr and 2 Atch. Questions for AIL ané Command Specific Questions a HQ AF/XOO, Maj Gen Heckel. to AFIS/CV et al, “URGERT FURY Lessons Learned," 30 Nov 83, SD $2, Str BFIS/CV to BQ USAF/XOOTA, to AFIS "URGENT FURY Lessons Learned® 15 «Dec 83, SO 17; Ltx AFSAC/INXA to APSAC/INX et al, “BQ TAC and HO USLANTCOM Trip Report” 15 Now 83, SD 53 and 1 Atch7 Ms ESAA/SINOA to AFSAC/INDS, §«“After Action Report Grenada SMS Martinez" bis) 2315342 Nov 82, SD 54; Msg AFSAC/INZA to PSAA/INO et al, “URGENT FURY Support“ 1214002 Dec 83, SD 55: Draft Ontline AFSAC, “Operation URGENT FURY,” 7p, n-d., $B 197 Ltr AFSAC/INXA to AFSAC/INX et al, “INXA Indorsement ta Logistics Annex, ORGENT FURY After Action Repart,“ 21 Dec 83, SD 56. For other reports prepared, throughout this chapter. Point Paper = AFSAC/IBXA, Major Lessons Learned for the AFSAC from Operation URGENT FURY,* 3 How 83, SD t6. see documents cited in footnotes Pelered per § U.S.C. 452(b> (A)
Firat APGAC teaw te deploy to Grenada for Oparstion URGENT FURY, Prom left to rightr bt, Bruce 0, Radloff, Mgt John wa Maldonado, Migt John R. Hasakampy, sj, Joseph A, Reofe, TSyt Robere P. Newell, and¢ MSgt Alexander Sawchance, Mejor Reete wae in command.
Second AFBAC team ta deploy to Grenadd, From left to rightr Mad. Roger 7. D°Squdar, AIC Mark R. Kacemitek, Sgt Joeeph 4. Roberts, AIC Bean %. Hounden, Magt Pranciacd ¢. Paee (Reservies), eSyt Hanvet teos, ht, Cot, Jos &, Martines, and Capt, Edvard Rodriguet tRasereiet). Hinsing frod the picture: tt, James FP. Droste and Mgt Janen A. Schindel. RB
At the Dobument Expicitation Center, Point Gelines Airport; Grenada, From teft to right: kt, Col, Alfxed Thieme (Reserviat}. Maj, Joweph A. Keefe, and Maj. Roger F, D'Aguisr. Lt. Col, Thieme, after the {2-hour night shift, iv triefing Maj. Keefe commander of the day shift, and maj, D*Aguiae, deputy commander.
3 es : a at the tooumenk Bxpleitation Canter, Point Salines Aitport, Grenada. Yrom feft to tight: Capt. David Herrili {Reserydet), Mgt. Janae R. Schindel, and S4gt Daniel Ritter {Rearrvist).
eel <a Prisoner containment atea on Grenada during Operation URGENT FURY. f Nba ex
Pas deing Marcted Under Guarst Prisoner’ on Grenada being merched under guard to the Point Salines containment area.
CHAPTER Tix ERTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS: Directorate of Operational Intelligence Directorate of Targets
tn DIRECTORATE OF OPERATIONAL IWTELLIGERCE* MISSION The Directorate of Operational Intelligence {TRO} provided the Air Force with all~suurce intelligence which affected Air Force pelicires, resources, missions, and force deployment on & worldwide basis, Examples of the type of intelligence the direc- torate provided were as follows:? a. @ Analysis of indications of potential hostile artivi- ties against the United States or its allies. b. Analysis of current air operations. tc. Srends ang implications of current worldwide devel~ opments. a. Evaluation of aerospace related signal intelligence to determine capabilities, vulnerabilities, and trends of foreig-. aerospace forces. ORGANIZATION Tne directorate consisted of four divisions: Sperial Studies {I80A], iocated at Bolling APS; Intelligence Research €INOI), lecated in the Friendship Annex of the National Security Agency. near the Baitimore-Washingtan International Airport: imagery Research (INOF), ivcated at the Washington Navy Yard: and Aerospace Intelligence {(INOZ}. located at the Pentagon. The Directorate of Operational Intelligence was operationally responsible to the Cirectorate of Estimates, while the AFIS organization provided the directorate with administrative support.* PERSONNEL Key Personne: Col. Arnolé 1. Mabile headed the directorate from 1 October 1982 to 30 Jane 1983 when he was transferred to the intelligence Center Pacific. Col. Richard J, O‘Lear, the head of the Directorate of Estimates, then assumed direct responsibility for the operations of INO. Lt. Coi. Christopher N, Maniscalco wes chief of the Special Studies Division, a position he held from 29 *The CY 2983 Histories for INO and TNUP are in Annex A to this history, an SCI annex, whick is on file in a sensitive compartmented information facility [SCIF) used by AFIS/HO. tre detailed mission statement for the Directorate of Gperaticnal Intelligence is in AFISR 23-1 p15 Jut 92, Sectior R SD 2. 2toeew QBBP AIS wistorian w. Maj. Reichenbach, AFIS/INOR, 30 May 84.
$6 April 1981. Lt. Col. Charles T. Cheek was chief of the Intelli- gence Research Division since 1 October 1982. Maj. Ashby D. Elmore was chief of the Imagery Research Division from 3 Aprii 1982 to @ September 3983. when he was transferred to the U.S. Eurerean Command. Se was replaced by Capt. Sherrill A. Hwtchinson on 16 September 1983. Lt. Col, Richard J. L'Heureux became chief of the Aerospace Intelligence Division in November 1983. Re replaced Lt. Col. Rebert Ff. Tiernan, who held the position until Qctober 1983, when he was transferred to the Directorate of ustimates.' Manning Strength wa The manning strength of the directorate was az follows: NO, AUTHORIZED AFIS/INO OFFICERS 29 ENLISTED 33 CIVILIANS 2 TOTAL Be REGRGANTZATION There were two structural elements of the directorate that were both abolished in 1963, and at the end of the calendar year, a major reorganization within the Directorate of Fatimates was to affect the Directorate of Operational Intelligence. Elements Abolished On 29 January the analytical element designated INOZ, which had been established in February 19682 ta focus on the problem of intexnational terrorias, was disestablished. Tts two officer manpower authorizations were assumed by the Regional Estimates Division of the Directorate of Estimates.¢ Tintew QREB APIS Bistorian v, i Reichenbach, APIS/INOA, 30 May @4; Historical Data prt SD 87. Zier GMB aris/vo to AF/TNE, “MM Position Realignment,“ 28 Jan @3, SD 58; AFIS Sistory SERMMMERER 1 Jan-31 Dec 83, p 41; itz WRB and 1 Atch QR ar/INe to APIS/MO, “Reorganization,” 28 Dec 83, SD 59. AFIS/THOA, Janr—Dec 83, Deleted per 5 U.S.C. 552(b) (1)
Si Billets Restructured 2 On 29 December, Col. Charles G, Shankland. who was the depaty director of the Direchorate of Estimates {IRE}, approved « biliet restructure fer INE, which also involved a biliet restructure fer INo.? For the Operations directorate. the reorganization basically involved the following changes: 1 The Strategic Studies Division at INE Was eliminated, and this enabled the Special Studies Division of Iso to function: more independently from INE. Prior to the storgani- tation, the division was operationally subordinate to the Strategic Stuéies Division, and after the reorganization, the g:vision was responsible to the director of Estimates.? 2. wa The Special Studies Division {INGA} was to absort the functions and manpower of the Imagery Research Divisics. {INOP). This action brought together the photo interpreters from the two divisions, and in 1984, INGA was scheduled to relocate to the National Photographic Interpretation Center at the Washingtor Navy Yard, where INOP was already jocared.4 3. a2 The Intelligence Research Division {INO1) was to be veduced by five biliets.” a. a fne Aerospace Intelligence Division (INOZ) was to gain an additional briefer and three qraphics billets. This was in accord with the new ACS/I's initiatives to strengthen ans amprove current intelligence briefings and the warce SPECIAL STUD: Tne Special Studies Division acted as the ALS/I's designateé representative for all-source analysis and reporting and intelligence production on foreign concealment, camouflage, and deception (CCsD). It represented the Air Force and the ACS/i, as appropriate, on ai] national interagency dimtelligence panels larrs History QQARRRMBBBBD 1 Ser-31 Dec 82. pp 42, 48-52. For additional information on the abolishment of INOR, a¢e Annex B te this histcry. Zmemo Gp and 2 Atch @BBB Col Shankland, AF/INE to ACS/i. “INE Reorganization Information Memorandum, * 6 Jan 84, SD 60. 3ipia.; Intvw Q@MBB AFIS Aistorian vw. Maj Reicheobach, AFIS/INGA, 30 May B84. 4ipia Sipia. 6tbig. ‘Peleted per SUS Se 952d) C2)
a2 and groups which dealt with foreign CCeD employment. strategy. doctrine, and methodology. and 4t maintained the Aix Paros’s ali~ soarce CCSD data base.? COED Briefings im response to a Tequest from ‘the Strategic Air Command, Intelligence, the division provided ap SA~i0 Surface-torAiz (SAM) CCéD briefing, complete .with script, amotated prints, and positives. The materials were to be incorporated into a comand imtelligence briefing.” In part, the script stated the following: Ivor a detailed mission statement of the division, see APISR 23-4 45 Jai 82, Section R, SD 2. Listiog APIS/INO, “Briefings-1983," a.4., SD 61. Suter AFIS/INOA to AP/INES et al, “White House Briefing. ™ 75 Feb 83, SD 62. 4uer and 1 Atch@MMMMP AFIS/INOA to AF/INES et al, “Brief- ing Request 21 Apr a3, SD 63. Siistorical Data Rort QRMRMIMIRED ATIS/TNOA, Jan-Dec 83. 5D 37. Deleted per $ 0.9.C. 552(b) (21)
“ibid. 3tistorical Data 57. Atpia. Rort CREME APIS/INOA, Jan~Dec 23, 50 552(b) (4) wn c= uy iv y P= ad a a e 3
34 Key Briefing Topics s&s Three briefing topics stead out this year for their importasce or currency. Sites A briefing paper by the Special Studies Division described the deception as follows: Deleted per 5 U.5.¢. 2524>)}{I} Deleted per $ U.S.C. 552(b} (1)
~ vt fad ~ 2 2 mx a nw u “a 2 “ he S a ~~ a w < Z Trpid. 2gistorical Data Port QED APIS/INOA,. Jan—Dec 83, SD
Camouflage = The third topic concerned camouflage paint schemes or. aircraft of the Soviet/Warsaw Pacr. The division did a study on these in response to a query from Heatquarters, 0.5. Air Force, Europe and the study was significant because questions were posed and partially answered for the first time. The study addressed the types of aircraft and helicopters with camouflage patterns: the use of infrared-refiecting camouflage paint; and future developments in camouflage paint.4 Rational intelligence Estimate \ipid- 2tbia. 3Ibia. BQ USAFE to (queginie], “Request for Information,” 06 (Fltegible] oz Oct 83, SD 67. Draft Msg with 1p and Yop. AP/THE to 8g USAFE/INOA, Soviet/We Airer “ 9609002 Oct 483, SD 68; Historical Data Rp 7TSOR, Jan-Dec 83. SD 57. Deleted per 5 0.5.C. $52() 41)
~ a cos é x “ “ re) a = ” im ¢ a s 2 a € z ldistorical Data Rort QUMBMBBRD AFIS /tnoa, Jan-Dec 83, SD 21s, TIT 2praft Paper GRERMED 1953. So 6.
CCeD Status Reports Trpia. 2Ibid. 3 mhia. 4por the report for December 1982 and the valuable 12 monthly reports for 1983 see SD 70, Historical Data Rert AFIS/INGA, Jan-Dec 83, SD 57. 352{b) (1) Deleted per 5 U.S.C.
The topic “forgeries” was also discussed in ‘the April report Deleted per 5 U.S.C. 352(b) (1) lusg BP/SBE to ATG 10418, “Chad intelligence Status Report 83-02" 2519302 Apr 83, SD 70. 2mMsq INE to AIG 1048, “CC&D Intelligence Status Report 83~03" 9512052 Jnl 83. SD 70, 3Ksy AF/INE to AIG 10418, “CCSD Intelligence Status Report B3-04 ap 0512242 Jul 83, SD 70.
62 Users Poll in November, users of the format, need for executive summery, comments, the division polled the recipients and ccsD Status Reports imquiring about usefulness, additions/deletions, and other Results of the poll were compared and recommendations were to be incorperated into the Jannary 1984 edition.2 USAFINTEL S00~3 In November, the division completed the writing of *"USAFINTEL §500+3, Airfield CCED." It was to be published and widely distribute? in 1984. The sixty-six page document examined various techniques used by many natiows to enhance survivability of their air bases and warfighting capabilities. Not surprisingly, the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies were treated at Length.3 taisg “CCeD intelligence Status Eepart 83-05" Qigp [Tiregibie] Jul 83, sD°70. 2For a report on the poll's resulta see Memo AF/INE to AIG 104%8, APIS/IWOA te D/INE, *"CCsD Status Report Survey ~ Information Memorandum, * n.d., SD 7h. MSg AF/TNE to AIG 10418, “HQ USAF Monthly Camouflage, Concealment and Deception (CC£D) Stata Reports," 0811002 Nev 83, SD 72; Historical Data Fprt AFIS/INOA, Jan-Dec 83, SD 57. Joraft document AFIS/INOA, 1983, SD 73. 4ibia, PUSAPINTEL 500~3, Aix Field CCab™ g.t. 95200) ()) peleted per 5 U- Peleted per 5 U.S.C. 552¢b) (1)
ea The chief continutd by stating: fo] It ds equally Gaportant to wnderstaysd Ayteis st CCaD if practiced net just by the Sevaet Opigh 9° Eastern Europe. Many Sountries, frgend ang BP, Pry’ come to realize the importance Of CCED for Pydyfnfi gd theix relatively waall qiz forces. This meAy f\zt evident with nations io conflict, threastmfy Ay conflict, or which pérceive themsélveg  thy@ytagSd: Hence, we also addres airfield Coed. on wy wy iat gt basis.! With many nations exhibiting growing atystyts® and interest in C&&D-£tom the operational a ayly of the intelligence persPeceivethig begs the stftsSn: “What is the U.S. doing?" Within oAAF, the sly pag? Survivability Progyam seeks te Teduce the e¢tys of ingressing enemy forces on our installations. Cyd 4? viewed as a potentially low cast, bigh rebum agvits 4° help achieve that goal. Tf a $15,900 detyy Pest y” enetty ordnance and savts a $15 millions airergin, fet’ 2 good return on invesrtent !> Requests for Data from Orhey Agennits Periodicaliy during the year, the Speedy? Ss 2% Division requested infarmaticn from other agencjime, Mtyt fat needed to complete reports Sy studies pr 1 eplafys She Av Force's CC&D data base. In Chage cases, the Givisien Ay) pry paye sufficient numbers of personel to perform charyensy wWhtyiae CCsD research, or other ofyshizations were baties S&fafhl ce perform certain types of research. Strongbox Search Reqnest In April. one moh Fegtest was to the Natingas PyAyehy Agency for a search of the STRONGROX product file fyt My Ay rar and Iraq in 1980.3 Agreement with FRE in May, the divisinn extered into a workin? wofehaytr with ‘rhe Federal Research Division (FAD) of tpt AyhyAyy o4 Congress, whereby the FRD wuld, over a two year pexinh Ys he following: +) perform historical research om wrtiyg® Yar activity which occurred between 1968 and 1980 ard 2) yfoghs ye information in a format which sould allow dt to pe pUsyed dy We INOA~managed CCSD data base. 4 ‘ibid. *ibia. Bier QP Aris sinc, to BryS/OI et al, “stymAK Rpryoh Request," 27 Apr 63, 5D 74. ” Sstatf Summary Sheat QB and Atch QR Arisa wy PAA et al, "USAF CCsD Data Base Waearch,” 27 May £3, SD B
64 The first yeat of the agreement (FYS3 and FYB4) was to be primarily devored to the development and completion of the historical position of the Soviet/Warsaw Part wegment of the human intelligence (HUMINT) document file and the imagery intelligence (IMINT} file of the Air Force's CCaD data base. Also, FRO was ta begin the development of the Communist Asia, Middle East and Latin American portions of the data base. ' In the second year (FY85}, PRD was to develop and complete historical portions of the..Cammmist Asian, Middle Eastern, and Latin American segments of the BUMINT document file and the IMINE file of the Air Force's CCeD data base. The development of the Soviet/Warsaw Pact portion would continue. FHD was to analyze selected sources of foreign CCaD information which ievolved CCeD waterial produced from 1968-1980. It was also to catalog the following information devised from the sources: Specific CCD events, doctrine, organization. tactics, and strategy? AEDC Research Contract ‘iia. 2ipid. See also Ler QR aris/inca co Library of Congress. “continuation of Contract,” 16 Aug 83, and 2 Atch QR SD 76. ute GRP vith 1 Arch QBRMMH arzssinca to AFIS/AC, “AFSC Research Contract,* 16 Jul 93, 8D 77. Deleted per 5 U.S.C. 352(b) (1)
OTS 8 Research Project @B In December, the division requested that Detached Training Site (DTS) @ of the Air Force Intelligence Service Reserve conduct research on Soviet disinformation programs. The project was longterm with the initial reporting period being in September 198¢. The project involved two mijor tasrs. The first was to review Foreign Broadzast Infortatizon Service (PRIS} reports concerning Certral and South America. The DUS was to investigate describe Soviet/Warsaw Pach and Cuban disinformation campaigns affecte* directix cr indirectly U.S. anterests in tne to review Southwest Asian Fs g Paksstas, Afghanistan, Iran. Turrey. Soviet Asia (Kazakh, Turkme z. Uzbek. and Taczhik SSKs}, Transcaucasus (especieliy Arerbaidzhan). The OTS was te  deseribe Soviet tisinfermation campaigns which y or andirectiy U.S. interests in the region. qoncer to Deta Bases AFIS/INOA to AFIS/AC, “Reqnest for Contract See also Ltr Kort AEDC-83~8 , act No F : ; 406600~ 1-0-0004, « SDSL 4uer ae eistro, Program in Latin America an? 3Ibid. ‘@ See for example, Ler QB APis/INOA to AFIS/DAY, “word Processing {wee} Upgrade Procedures,” 6 Jnl 82. 5D 83 and 5 Atcha a bur = AFIS/INCA ts AFIS/INSC, to AFIS/REOO, “Soviet Disinformetior sthwest Asia,” 7 Dec #2, 50 82. ROA CG/XRP, Bi. $3 neleted per 5 0.5.0. $52(b} {1} Deteted per $ 0.8.0. $52(b} (1)
BE CAMCON-DIACLS—-SAFE In discovering the ease of using CAMCON, a camouflage, concealment and deception computer file at the DIA, which was orginally designed for the division to input data, the division requested that the DIA xvedeadign CAMCOM to incinde wore intelligence data. The request was approved and implemented. Since CAMCOM was part of the DIA's On-Line System {DIAQLS}, and DIACLS was to be followed by the Support for Anaiyst Pile Environment {SAFE}, the division requested conversation of ita CAMOON file from DIACLS te SAFE, It too mas approved. t CcomNS TAS AIRES & Tne division was able to have the DIA's Advanced Imagery Requirements and Exploitation System (ATRES) terminal and printer delivered at the division's location at the National Photographic Interpretation Center. REROSPACE INTELLIGENCE The Aerospace Intelligence Division was responsible for 1} owrrent intelligence briefing support to the Air Force chief of intr Q@MRR ana 3 Atchs QB aFIS/INE to Deputy Assistant Director for Defense Intelligence Systems, DIA, “Conversion and Support for CAMCON Pile,“ 24 Aug 83, SU 87 and 4 Atchs - 2trr QB wich 1 arch QIRBBB®. ar/ines. to AF/xD00C, “Request for Preparation of Statement of Requirement,“ 22 March 83, SD 68 and 8 Atch QB: itr Gp and 2 atch QB. AF/INES to avr/Parrs, “Coins TAS Force Activity Designator Rating Upgrade" GIBB n.d., sp 89; CWG TEM Notes 19 Oct 83, SD $0; Intww , AFIS Historian «. ze ichenbach. AFIS/INOA, 30 May 84. Site Qi Chief, Communications Management Division, DIA to AFIS/INOA, "Proposed AIRES Terminal Relocation,“ 30 Dec 83, 5D 91 and 1 Atch Deleted per 5 U.S.C. 352(>) 1}
staff, 2) maintenance of = 24-hour Alert Branch on behalf of the ACS/3 and the AFIS commander, and 3) providing graphics aupport to the ACS/i, Airy Staff. and AFIS, Editors and briefers from the @ivision provided current intelligence briefings and updates to aeniormranking Air Staff members, and support was rendered to Air Forte analysts for both current iatelligence and long-term estimates. ? Transfer of Administrative Responsibility 8 Effective 12 January, administrative responsibility for comma post exercises, contingency support staff, and the Continuity of Operations Plan, Department ef the Air Force, was transferred to'the division from the Command Suppart Branch of the Directorate of Intelligence Plans and Systems .2 WATCH Upgrads The new ACS/T, Maj. Gen. dames C. Pfautx, directed that the TCH bave an improved current intelligence production capability. a solution to some long-standing persennel manning problems, and an upeyrade of the physical appearance of the WATCH facility. Sy mig-OQctober, there was progress toward establishing a two-officer WATCH with the phasing out ef NCOs. All company grade officers in the Directorate of Estimates were to work as WATCH officers on a rotational five-week cycle, and 4 new training program was initiated to ensure reyoired comtimeity. As part of the physica! upgrade, the WATCH received carpeting and drapes, furniture was rearranged, portable maps were ordered, and the Xerox color machine contract was terminated.? Po As of Ortober, tmajor plans for the WATCH included manning by five mre company grade officers who were ta be assigned for a period of twelve months. Also, the facility was to be painted, receive an INDICOM cirewit, GEOCHRON clock. ane digital clocks, and a dropped ceiling and recessed lighting. In PY8S, an automated message handling system wag to be installed to provide functional distribution augppert, which was then provided hy the WATCH, thus freeing the WATCH officers to concentrate on current intelligence concerns.¢ BS Prom Anyust -throovh December, efforts were underway to have Cable News Network (CNN} broadcasting within the MATCH. CN WWistorical Date Rort (Bp arissinez, Jan-Dec B3, 5D 57. For a detailed mission statement see AFISR 23-1 Se 15 Jyi 82, Section R, SD Zz. 2Ltr QBRB APsINY to AF/IND et al, “Pransfer of Aduinistrative Responsibility," 214 Jan 93. 5D 92. 2 meno = AF/INE, Col Shankland, to ACS/1, “WATCH improve- mente ~ Information Memorandum,” 12 Occ 83, 89 93. “ibid. For details see Request for Services SM arxo rorn 73, AFIS/INQZA to 1947AS/DAQL, TT.12, INOG3-102, 25 Aug 83. SD 94 @od 4 Atchs' Z
6a. was to fill a critical void in late breaking information flowing to the facility.! The Directorate of Security and Commmications Management approved the use of a televiaion in the WATCH, which was oa sensitive security facility. unger the following conditions :? 1, QB the television be connected only to the Cable sews Network. . 2. Ability to receive other stations be iahibited. 3. Discussion of sensitive compartmented informatian {SCT} in the vicinity of the television be kept to « minimum, 4, No Giscussion of SCI be persitted when the wideo cassette recorder was being used. Current Intelligence Briefin In addition to upgrading the WATCH, the new ACS/I placed great emphasis upon expanding and improving daily current intelligence briefings.3 Use af Video Tape To accomplish this, one change involved the use of video tapes from network news broadcasts. To implement the practice of incerporating appropriate capes into the briefing, the chief of the division requested assistance from personnel in the Directorate of Estimates and the branches of his division.4 He stated: If you see a television newscast or are aware of a scheduled TV program which could be used to support the briefing, we can capture it on video tape and then present it as part of our briefing. The NMCC’s Visual Recording Facility (a 24-hour a day operation) and the Army's Audiovisual Center (a day shift operation} both tape nightly network news broadcasts, Arrangements can also be made with the Air Force TV Center to tape other scheduled programs. Since INOZC will soon he monitoring CNN, the Watch will be responsible for taping any pertinent material presented on this network. Ome of the first uses of video tape in a briefing concerned the terrorist bambing on 9 Octcher 1963, in Rangoon, Burma, ‘hich xilled seventeen South koreans, including four members of President Chun Doo~hwan’s cabinet. The tapes were from ther ap AF/INE to 1967 AS/DCC, “CCTV Drop for Intelligence @atch," 8 Aug 83, SD 95 and 4 Atchs yp *tbid. 3Por a detailed look at the division's manpower and budget initiatives for FY86-90, see Memo MMB and 8 Atchs QMp aris/cy co AP/INE, "FYB6-90 Prog P & 3 Data Call," n.d., SD 96. 4ntr GBB arissimoz to iNGZ Branches et al, “Video Tape Support of the ACS/I.Brief,” n.d., 5D 97 and 2 Atch thid.
at the 10 November NIGHTLINE presentation on the American Broadcast- ing Corporation (ABC). increased Use of Viewgraphs A second change in the briefing invelved an increase in the number of vugrapis used to illustrate the commentary: the average mmber prepared ¢ach day increased from approximately 25 to 00, Managerial and production emphasis was focused on providing the briefing recipient with «4 sense of movement and immediacy. Briefing times were increased using Gouble screen projection. and emphasis was placed upon the currency of the current intelligence briefing. Thus, WATCH officers aad briefers were required to perfors some of their own analysis for the priefings. Use of infortstion from intelligence sources was inereasea.? Earlasr Access to Newspapess In December, the division requested from the thief of the Air Force's News Clipping and Analysis Service that hriefers be allowe? to vasit the service's work area at 9300 hrs each morning to revies the contents of the Kashingten Post and other available newspapers, in liew of sranning papers obtained at the Pentagon's concourse newsstand at 0530 hrs.3 Revised Intelligence Sommries With the increase in the complexity and number of briefings requested by the new ACS/1, the division placed greater amphasis on current intelicence rather than on expanded background briefings. The WATCK's carrent intelligence report. “Executive Summary," created in 1982. was terminated. replaced by “Morning Highlights.” The new report was a contise executive summary of current inteliigence developments and was incorporateé in a new product of the same name by the Directarate of Estimates. which received extensive distribution at the Air Staff level. The product resulting from the marning briefing was used in a daily message from the ACS/I, and it too was converted to a new fomnat and published as the “Air Force Intelligence Daily Message.” Because the ACS/1 emphasized the WATCH's role in providing time sensitive, analytic, an@ current intelligence support te his office, the RATCH's level of current dotelligence production was higher in 1983 than it had ever been. Ver QRH ej Leheurenx, aFIS/INGZ, to Donald Martin, ABC News/Legal, 2& Dec 82, SD 32, 2Bistorical Data Rort QB arisyinoz, Jar-Dec 83, 50 37. Fine QRH AFIS/INE to SAF/AAR, fr. Zubkoff, "Support for the Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence,” 19 Sec 83, SD 99. 4yistorical Data Rart QB aPis/micz, Jan-Dec 83, 5D 57.
city Quarterly Briefings for AF/CHS ) On 16 December, the ACS/I directed that quarterly intelligence briefings be provided for the Air Porce's chief master sergeant and for those senior enlisted personnel whom the chief recommended. At 4 later date, the ACS/I told the chief: Air Force Intelligence produces Intelligence briefings covering a wide range of topics, from descrip- tions of the latest activity in world "hot spots* to in- © depth analyses of foreign weapans development. The briefings are designed to provide Air Force personnel the background required to understand, carry out. and help formilate national security policies and programs. Tt is my firm belief that senior Air Force enlisted personnel form an integral part of our national security system and consequently “need to know” current intelligence information. I feel this need can best be Satisfied by providing these individuals with recurring intelligence briefings, 7 QB we drictings were te begin in 1984.7 ‘ier ie acs/1 i to AF/CMS, “Intelligence Briefings for Senior Enlisted Personnel,“ 4 Jan 84, SD 109 and 2 Atchs Qi. 2thia.
+ The “WATCH* facility prior to its tenov: ors. Rix R. Mtlie and SSqt Louies T, Therkton,
~ DIRECTORATE OF TARGET INTELLIGENCE MISSION The Directorate of Target Intelligence (INT} provided target intelligence and weaponeering, mapping, charting, and geodesy (MC&G} support to the chief of etaff of the Air Force and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, The directorate was the Air Force point of contact with the Defense Mapping Agency and maintained liaison with Airy Force targeting elements worldwide, the Air Staff, and the Oefense Intelligence Agency. It collaborated with the Air Force research, .development, testing, and evaluation community on applying targeting and MCsG considerations to advanced weapons systems, and it validated and monitored the MC&G and geophysical data requirements of major commands and separate operating agencies. ! ORGANIZATION The directorate was organized into two major divisions: Concepts and Applications (INTA} and Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy (INTB). Tne Concepts an? Applications Division performed the classical targeting function and was the Air Force point of contact for the Defense Nuclear Agency and the Oefense Intelligence Agency for nuclear weaponeering and target intelligence. it also served as the functional manager for officer and enlisted career fields in targeting and was the office of primary responsibility for several targeting publications. Phe Givision consisted of four branches: Concepts; Systems and Resources; Policy and Plans; and Weaponeering.? The Happing, Charting, and Geodesy Division was the focal point for MCaG matters for the fir Staff and was the functional manager for Air Force cartographic/geodetic career fields. It was the principal Air foree point of contact for the Defense Mapping Agency and the program element monitor for Air Force service support to that agency. There was no formai branch structure within the small division, hut informally there were three subdivisions: Geodesy, Advanced Systems and Resources, and Maps and Charts.? ther QP ane atch QRH arissinr to arisp@, “APIS Exercise Plan for Pressure Point 84 (AFIS EXPLAR coza) QR 9 Sep 83, SD 401. For a detailed mission statement see AFISR 235 aS "Organ zation and Functions Air Force Intelligence Service," 15 Jul 82, SD 2. 2 information Sheet QB. "HQ AFIS/INT Directorate of Targets,” Oct 83, SD 182, 32bid; Intvw QM. AFIs wistorian w. Lt Col Wilder and Lt Col Vincent et al, APIS/INT 10 May 84.
72 PERSONNEL Key Personne} On 38 September, the director of Targets, Col. John S. McKenney, retired from the Air Force. He had been head of the directorate since 21 September 1981. The day before the retires ment, me colonel reflected upon his tenure with Targets and wrote: When I assumed this position, two. things concerned me. First, and foremost, the targeting function as a whole lacked direction, caused by the absence of clear goals and effective, dynamic leadership. Second, the targeteers were not doing the job of 2 higher headquarters with respect to formilation of policy, doctrine, and leadership of the Air force's targeting commnity. This was, in my view, the result of its subordination to INO [Directorate of Operational Intekligence} with operational control exercised by INE (Directorate af Estimates]. What I had was a shop involved in many make work projects with little, if any, impact on the way the Air Force accomplishes its war- planning/warfighting mission--the main function of targeteers. Given my concerns, I established three goals. First, the targeting function had to get back into the mainstream of the Air Force targeting policy business. This included such things as providing guidance to the Aix Staff on matters affecting warfighting doctrine, munitions and systems {hoth weapon systems and MC&G collection systems), training of targeteers and MCaG personnel, and effective support to the MAJCOMS. Second, I needed to breathe a breath of life into the targeting/MCEG skill throughout the Air Force. Since the end of Vietnam, targeteer strength declined by over 200% and the MC&G career field has failed to keep pace. Many felt the need to get out of their field since they viewed it as a dying art form--and, more importantly, one which did net offer promotion opportunity. Goal three was to elevate targets to a three Jetter Air Staff element. The reason was (and is} targeting is an intelligence function with responsibil- ities in its own right. Under INE, targeteers hecame analysts devoted to producing intelligence. My view is that targeting is, in fact, principally a user of finished intelligence from whatever source and thee QM. col wckenney, AFIS/INT, to ACS/I, “End of Tour Report,“ 29 Sep 43, SD 103.
23 targeteer/MCsG responsibilities are in reality more clesely related in mission function to the operational community. I believe the AFAITC course reflects this. At the school, entry into the targeting course requires a fully trained and experienced intelligence officer. The course teaches the new targeteer to be an operator. The MCaG officer is similarly dedicated to the Ops side of the house, supplying, not true intelligence, but the MC&G tools to plan for and hit the target. I felt the need to become an Air Staff element, as oppesed to an AFIS element, in order to do two things. Gne was to provide the formal position of policy formulater for targets. The other was to enhance our ability te work with our principal son~intelligence staff counter-parts, ¥0 and RD, as well as evaluate the Status of targets with the commands and equally important, the targeteers in the field. The colonei stated that he had not fully accomplished each of the goals, but had made considerable headway with them. Among other things, he cited the participation of the directorate in several joint action groups such as the Joint Technical Coordinating Group for Munitions Effectiveness: a series of informal briefings and discussions with Air Staff elements: the hosting of the first worldwide Air Force targets conference: and the petablishment of Targets as 8 separate three-letter director— ate. Upon Colonel McKenney's retirement, Lt. Col, Phillip D. Wilder assumed command of the directorate. He had heen chief of the Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy Division since 9 August 1979. On 1 October Lt. Col. Charles Rose assumed command of the MC&G Division: Lt, Col. Thomas E. Vincent continued as chief of the Concepts and Applications Division. 2 The directorate was headquartered in Building 568% on Bolling AFB and was manned at its authorized strength:> NUMBER AUTHORIZED NUMBER ASSIGNED OFFICERS 13 43 ENLISTED 3 3 CIVILIANS 6 6 TORAL 22 22 Tria. Zintww QP. aris xistorian w. Lt col wilder and Le col Vincent, et al, APIS/INT, 10 May 84: Historical Data Rprt APIS/INT, Jan-Dec 82. for biographical information on Col McKenney see SD 144 and for Lt Col Wilder see SD 165, 3ibid.
4 TARGETING MATTERS Conferences The directorate co~hested the Standardized Futuristic tata Base Conference at Bolling AFB on tt~12 January and hosted the Air force Target Intelligence Conference at Lowry AFB on 7+%1 February. Standardized Futuristic Dats Base Conference This data base conference was the result of meetings and discuasions between personnel from the Strategic Air Command {SAC} and Af/IN and AFIS about the lack of a standardized data base for weapons development, planning, and acquisition. In addition to SAC, other commands in attendance were Tactical Air Command, ‘Military Airlift Command, Air Force Systems Command, Electronic Security Command, Pacific Air Forces, Central Command Air Forces, and Electronic Systeme Division. ? The conferees were in full agreement about the need for a national futuristic data base, and both working groups concluded that current and proposed documents on installation and order of battle (08) data lacked the detailed data and geographic coverage required for force planning across the spectrum of Air Force major commands and the Air Staff. fach working group defined its requirements for these types of data. Also, the conferees estab- lished pricrities for country coverage. The targets working group stated that future documentation should define the methodology and discipline to he appiied to making installation projections. This would allow standardization in installation projections regardless of the region of the world. Additionally, the conferees identified functional classification codes and the minimum essential data elements necessary to make the essential data Sase useful. For these installations related to OB, unit name and beddown would be ‘ner QP aris/iwta to SAC/INA et al, "Standardized Futuristic Data Base Conference” QJMB 4 Feb 83, sp 106. 2tbid. 3thid. Deleted per $ U.S.C. 952(b) (2)
included ta allow integration with the order of battle data bases. ? The group agreed that to effectively reapond to consumer OB requirements, an automated data base, capable of sorting and finding numerous key words, was required. They defined in detail data elements for ali forces and systems of interest and specific table formats far documents about defense intelligence projections for planning, bad The conferees agreed, that as a primary course of action to follow-up on the conference’s efforts. a draft intelligence production requirement was to be drawn up ané forwarded to command action officers for review and comment. Upon receipt of the comments, Maj. Samuel M. Taylor of the Concepts and Applications Division and a representative from the Directorate of Estimates prepared a revised document for the ACS/I, who did approve, sign, and send it to the director of the Refense Intelligence Agency. In the interim, the SAC/IN provided each major command with an extract from the SAC Strategic Intelligence Forecast File for its respective area of responsibility. The commands reviewed the extracts to determine their ability te support the need for futuristic data. Comments were forwarded ta the conference hosts for consolidation and coordination with SAC action offices.4 Air Force Target Intelligence Conference From ?=11 February, the directorate hosted the second annual Air Force Target Intelligence Conference at the Armed Forces Air ‘intelligence Training Center, Lowry AFB, Colorado. Conferees inciuded forty-four representatives from twenty-seven different elements of the worldwide targeting community. The conference was convened as a forum to review current and forthcoming developments affecting both the theory and practice of targecing and to exchange views on functional issues facing the Air Porce targeting comminity.> linia. 2tpia. Sibi; rare QD AFIS Historian w. Lt Col Wilder and Lt Col Vineent et al, AFIS/INT, 10 May 84; Ltr ACS/I to Director, DIA, "Standardized Futuristic Data Base 9 Jul 63, on file in AFIS/INTA, fuer QB weisyiwta to sac/ina et al, "Standardized Futuristic Data Base Conference GB’ 4 Feb 83, SD 106. 3Proceedings Gp. Vol I, ana Supporting Documents ap. Vol II, USAF Target Intelligence Conference, 7+11 Feb 83, Lowry AFB, Vol I, pi, SD 47. (Hereafter cited as Proceedings}.
76 Maj. Gen. Robert %. Bechel of the Directorate of Operations Office delivered the opening addresa at the conference and nated how operatore and intelligence personnel must closely cooperate.! He stated:? As an operator, I am a consumer of intelli- gence produced by the "classical intelligence cycle of Planning. collection, analysis. and dissemination. t see this cycle as a pure intelligence function with operator interfaces occurring at the heginning of the cycle in the form of requirements, and at the end of the cycle when the product is disseminated. This operstions and intelligence interface which occurs during dissemination is a complex and "closely knit” one. The product of the classical intelligence cycle in the form of data-bases containing targets, various orders of hattle, etc., are utilized by hoth operators and intelli-gence personnel in a very closely integrated planning effort to accomplish our goal of weapons on the target. The distinction between operations and inteli- igence blurs when we look at the functions required to plan an aircraft strike mission which must penetrate enemy defenses. As a commander, I must allocate sorties and weapons to those targets which will provide the greacest contribution to the success of the operation. I cannot de this unless targeteers tell me what targets are available and which ones are the most important, Weaponeers must determine the vulnerability of the target to the weapons available, Route and penetration planning to reach the selected target requires an inte~ grated effort between threat analysts and route planners. The result of this integrated and interactive process (a fragmentary order, etc.) assures generation of an aixcraft at the right time, with the right weapons to execute the planned strike on the target. Tintww APIS Historiag w. Lt Col Wilder and Lt Col Vincent, et al, AFIS/INT, 10 May 84. 2Proceedings QD Vol I, pp 3-4, SD 107, Deleted per $ U.S.C. 552(b) {1}
within the overall theme of “warfighting,” the conference examined the following four topics: a. @ Changing defense and aerospace doctrinal guidance and initiatives in both tactical and strategic warfighting strategy and their potential effects on targeting. b. @& The impact of current and developing warfighting concepts and evolving Air Force missions on the targeting process. c. Current and forthcoming weapons systems that Air Force targeteers must be prepared to target, existing and planned intelligence systems which support the targeting effort, and command organizational and procedural responses to common targeting problems. a. eo The status of and outlook for critical targeting resources? experienced targets personel, equipment, data bases, ang other essentiais. The conferees formulated seven major targeting action items and highlighted a number of issues for further consideration. The major action items were:? a t Investigate the need for and feasibility of developing a targeting architecture to be included as part of the Air Force Intelligence Plan {AFIP), b Examine the impact of new or changing maritime and Space mission environments on targeting. c. Highlight the impact of the forthcoming Global Posi- tioning System and WGS-B4 datum on intelligence data bases and targeting procedures. ¢. Continue development and implementation of the Pro~ posai for improved Targeting Applications {PITA}. e. Review comand comments on the intelligence Yargeting Officer Course Training Standard to determine the need for a follow-up utilization and training conference. £. a Determine the possibility of sending Reserve targeteers for formal targeting training prior to their arrival at mew duty stations. ge Explore the need for joint targeting doctrine and examine the means to derive it. As of August, six months after the conference, the directorate had accomplished the following, with regard to the action items:3 Item 1, Orafted an outline for the targeting architecture for inclusion in the Air Force Intelligence Filan. Iproceedings aD Vol. 1, pi, SP 107. 2thid, 4fhis is a partial listing. For a complete list see Msg AFIS/INT to SAC/INT et al, “Status of 1942 Targeting Conference Action Items,* 2322152 Aug $3, SD 108.
79 The office of primary responsibility for the plan reviewed it, and it was then sent to conmand targeting offices for review. Ttem 2. Provided advice about the space intelli- gence plan, participated in a werking group for apace intelligence, and defined maritime objectives and key targets. Item 3, Requested that the Defense Mapping Agency provide its World Geodetic System-@4 implementation plan for review, @ Item 4. Held the first steering group meeting for the Props: for Improved Targeting Applications (PITA). The group reviewed twenty-eight issues submitted by senior intelligence officers and found that they were command oriented oz under the purview of the Air Staff. It was decided not to pursue the estah-lishment of the BITA structure at that time. Ieem 5. Included the APIS Functional Intelligence Augmentation Taam (FIAT) inte AFIS MOBPLAN 728~5- 8 Item 6, Completed action. ttem 7. Worked the issue in many forums: discussions with Air doctrine office of primary responsibility; participation din annual siz Force doctrine conference: and ciscussion of targeting concerns in Joint Chiefs of Staff arena. interdiction and Standoff Study ‘Memo and Atchs APIS/INTA to AF/INEG for Coordina~ tion, “Project Air Interdiction, 27 May 93, SO 109, Heleted per 5 0.8.C. $52(b} (1)
79 On 9 May, a working group was formed by the Air Force Plans and Research and Development Offices, under Cal. Ben Neleon, 3r.. Chief, Tactical Forces Division. Its task was to prepare the briefing requested by Dr. DeLauer, to include offensive counter- air and maritime operations. By 12 May, it was apparent that intelligence had to be involved with the group, and = the Directorate of Estimates and the Directorate of Targets were requested to and did send representatives. ! The group worked according to Major General Smith's recommendation: If we are going to recapture the initiative in the interdiction area and the weapons needed to do this mission, we must present a very thoughtful briefing which includes: a concept of operations for interdiction, lessons learned from previous interdiction campaigns, target identification and prioritization, weapons systems and minitions needed, and at least some @iseussion of the guidance systems needed, Although it might be some-what easier if we avioded addressing attacking air bases and ships, because of Dr. DeLauer’s memo, we must fold these two areas into our briefing. Although it will not be possible te do a total and complete interdiction analysis hy 15 June, we must develop the best possible concept of ops for interdiction prior to 15 June, and then continue our efforts beyond the th of June until the analysis is complete. It would be a mistake if we just outlined our positions on standoff weapons without doing as thorough a job as possible. We can make a strong case for our position only if it is based on a thorugh anlaysis of the interdiction campaian. Finaliy. we must insure that we include ali the relevant commands in the development ef our briefing 80 that we not only provide the hest product that we can within the time constraints, but also build the greatest possible institutional support through the Air Staff and the MAJCOM. Deleted per 5 U.5.0,. 552(b) (1)
The briefing was given to Dr, DeLaver on 15 June, and after second briefing in July to persons within the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the @irectorate’s participation in the ad hoe working groups ceased. ‘new SD APIS Historian Col Wilder and Lt Col Vincent, APIS/INT, 10 May 84. 352(b} 4} wv ? Day tt 2 oe ed bs 3
Providing Technical Adv ise The directorate regularly provided Air Staff and targeting elements worldwide with technical advice about targeting, weaponeering, and MC&AG matters. Conventional Weapons Convention tn April, the directorate advised the Arms Control and International Negotiations Division about the "Certain Conventional Weapons Convention,“ which was in the process of being drafted. * Ther QB AFIs/TNrA to AF/XOXNI, "Certain Conventional Weapons Convention QJ (Your letter, undated),: 14 Apr 83," sD 410. *tbid. Deleted per $ 0.5.0. 552(b} (1)
az Deleted per 5 U.S.C, 252(d) C1) Tasking by AF/IN Frequently, elements of AF/IN tasked the directorate for technical informatios. Systems Attack Capability s.t. 552¢b)(1) peleted per 5 0. Vibad. 2Xeno QBB and atch Info Memo McKenney, to Lt Gen Chain, BPIS/INT, Col
Briefing for AD Personnel On 29-31 August, Colonel McKenney and the chiefs of the branches provided a targeting overview briefing for the personnel at the Armament Division of the Air Force Systems Command at Eglin AFB, Florida. Some of the topics discussed were command, control, and communication (03) studies, development of tonventional weapons, and viability of incendiary weapons. Also in attendance were personnel from the Armed Forces Air Intelligence Training Center and participants in the BLUE FLAG Exer ise, c3 GATES 53 Subsequent to the review, the directorate advised Air Porce targeteers to take an active interest in the development of cS GATES and te meet with appropriate command systems officers to Iuemo @B AFIS/INTA to AE/INES, “Hardened C3 Weaponeering Yr itr, 5 Apr 83),” 7 Apr 83, SD it Tntew AFIS Historian w. Lt Col Wilder and Lt Col Vincent. AFIS/INT, 10 May 84; Meg QJ. AFIS/THTA to AD/IN, *Target Briefings for AD Personnel,” 0922302 Aug 83, SD 114, 4uso QB, AFIS/INT to TAC/INAT et al; "C? GATES,” 2021202 Bec Bl, FD 115. Deleted per 5 3.5.6. 452(b) GQ) s.c. 252(0) QD, Peleted Pet ou.
Bg Aiscues it. According to the chief of the MCaG Division: “Exam~ ination of C3 GATES documentation indicates it has tremendous potential as an automated decision aid fer conducting c3 and electronic combat/alectronic warfare {EC/EW) target “analysis. However, to accomplish this empanded mission will require additional data bases and hardware added to the aystem. These additional capabilities are in existence and will not require new technelogy. Examples are data bases and software for terrain masking analysis and defense penetration analysis."! information Update to JMEM/AS In November, the directorate communicated with the organization for the Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manual/Air-to~ Surface (IMEM/AS)* and provided members updated information on a variety of topics: c¢luster weapons and runways; & revised WANG 2000 automated weaponeering optimization program (AWOP); optical wands for HP+41 programs; A-10 30mm gun effectiveness; a WANG 2200 complex target program; guided weapons sethodclogies: and compatible nuclear programs,? Nuclear Weaponeering Software In October the directorate sent an information update to Air Force targeteers regarding software and publications for nuclear weaponeering. Much of the infornuation mentioned activity of the Qafense Nuclear Agency, which had contracted for the production of a variety of nuclear weaponeering software in response to Air Force requests for the development ef nuclear planning programs for handheld calculaters and small computers, compatible with HP-41 and WANG 2200 equipment, which was used for conventional weaponeering. 3 Target Director‘s Update In December, Lt. Col. Wilder sent a comprehensive information update to all Air Force targeteers worldwide, which addressed some of the follewing topics: annual targeting conference; revision of targeting course 8085; combined effects munitions in the USAF inventory: conerete penetrator bomb; target officers’ society, and professional readings. “We are sensitive to the crying need for better communications on a continucus basis,” Lt. Col. Wilder told the targeteers. "As the Air Force focal point for targeting, mapping, charting, and geodesy, we intend to faster the development of the profeseional targeteer, *GMEM/AS wag a major study panel of the Joint Logistics Commanders. Urbid. Ler QD. APIS/INTA to "SMEM/AS User Information,” 21 Nov 83, So 416. Fler ®. AFIS/INTA to TAC/INAT et al, “Nuclear Weaponeering Software and Publications,* t4 Oct 43, SD 117.
&s and the tergeting community in turn, though sharing information items during the year. By our updates, we hope to alert each other to new develpments, build networking and cohesiveness, and prowote the career Field through greater unity."' Revision of Manuals. Handbooks, and Plans FM Wt-31-1 During the year, the directorate reviewed and suggested revisions to manusis, handbooks, or plans, which were published hoth within and outside the Air Porce.? In January, in conjunce tion with the U.S. Army Nuclear and Chemical Agency, it revised the first volume of FM 101-31. 2 manual which provided unclassified guidance to commanders and staff about the operational aspects of tactical nuclear weapons employment in combat operations. The directorate’s inpet made FM }i~3t a joint dervice document. Once coordinated, it was to be published as AFP 200+F1-1. As of Denember, the draft was being edited at Fort duachuca, Arizona.} Aix Commander and Staff Warfighting Manual in September, directorate personnel traveled to Hurlburt Pield. lorida. to meet with personnel from the Air/Ground Operations School and to advise on the “Air Commander and Staff Warfighting Manual.“ They discussed the impact of targeting on warfighting and the various Air Force missions vis~a-vis a variety of targets. They attempted to change perceptions that tf} unconventional warfare targets and 23 comand, control, and com munications targets were separate targeting campaigns; they emphasized the necessity for a single target list. The draft «as to be completed in 1984 and discussed at the Targer Intelligence Conference at Relly AFB, Texas.4 Communist-world Weaponeerine Handbook The directorate advised the Defense Intelligence Agency an April about changes in its Commmist-world Weapons Effectiveness, Selection, and Requirements Handbook in order to Ler Wp and t Atch QI. “Target Director's Update,“ AFIS/INT to All Targsteers. "Target Director’s Update,” 27 Dec 93, SD 448, 2for those not mentioned in the text see Ltr p and 4 Atch , AFIS/IND to APIS/HP, “AFIS Objective Flan {Your ltr, 24 Aug 83},” Sep 63, SD 153; Ltr QB and t Acch QP. arzs/tnt to ariszer, “AFIS Exercise Plan for PRESSURE POINT 84 {APIS EXPLAN 0024) QB." 9 Sep 83, SD 303; Ler S&S AFIS/INT to AFIS/KP, "USAF War and Mobilization Plan (WMP-1}," 9 Dec 83, SD $46. Sitr QI APIS/INT to AFIS/xOMF et al, “Revision of FM 101- 3t-1,° 6 Jan BF, SD 120, Strip Rprt QP Cart Polifka, *AGOS,“ 3 Ort 83, SD 121,
36 make that publication more comprehensive. Four suggestions were offered, each with its own rationale. ! Tasking Other Agencies When in need of data and information to prepare briefings, answer questions, review publications, and sa forth, the directorate tasked other unite to provide the needed information. Inprecisely~located Targets The ACS/I designated the directorate his office of primary responsibility for the problem of defining the term. “imprecisely~located targets* (ILTs). The directorate wrote a "“strawman” definition, which the ACS/I sent to a number of major commands asking for comments. The draft definition was the following: "An imprecisely~located target (ILT} is a known force or function for which a fixed wartime lccation cannet be determined with sufficient time and accuracy to permit effective force application. "? As a result of the coordination effort, the “strawmnan”™ definition became the Air Force's official definition. Seminar for Weaponeering Instructors in April, Colonel MoXKenney requested that the organization for the Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manuyal/Air to Surface (JMEM/AS) and the Operational Users Working Group sponsor a one-week seminar in June for selected weaponeering instructors. The purpose of the symposium was to 1) establish a detailed understanding of recently released WANG 2200/HF~41 C¥ weaponeering methodologies, 2) review new complex weaponeering methodologies {stick bomb targeting, complex target, and Monte Carlo runway methods), 3} address the impact of data changes in the JMEM/AS basic manual and delivery accuracy manual, 4) consider special problems of interest and 5) exchange information on instructional methods, sample problem sets, and other nateriai.* Torr QR. aris/int to DIA/DB~4c, “Recommend Changes in DIA Comminist-world Weapons Effectiveness, Selection, and Requirements Handbook (DDB-2662-21-82) QB." 14 Apr 83, SD 122. 2her QB and atch Msg QB Acs/r to ar/cvss, “imprecisely~ Located Targets (ILTs) (QP (ty ber, 28 Dec 82), 26 Mar 23, SD 123. 3tntww QB Avis Historian wv. Lt Col Wilder and Lt Col Vincent et al, AFIS/INT, 10 May 34. 4usq GBB. AFIS/INTA to AFAITC/TTMMAT et al, “Proposed JMEM/AS OUNG Seminar for Weaponeering Instructors” 2220302 Apr 83, SD 124.
ad The seminar was held in China Lake, California, the week of 27 June. Ten instructors f-om around the world attended.’ Airfield Critical Nodes For over a year the directorate was working on the problem of identifying the critical parts of airfields and airfield operations that must be destroyed to neutralize enemy sir power and to then compose @ list of priority fields. Based on command inputs, the directorate developed a consolidated list of airfield “eritical nodes.“ @ to revise Defense Intelligence Agency Manual 57-24 to include this new information. Additionally, a continuing intelligence requirement was submitted for human intelligence collection for command specified airfields. In September, the directorate requested that certain ccsmand targeteers discuss the list with representatives to the Defense Intelligence Agency's conference and to solicit support for the item's incorporation into DIAM 57-24,2 Incendiary Effects of Weapons Any ) Corrugated sheet metal roofing over one inch wood planking supported by steel trusses. 2. Onevhalf inch corrugated composite concrete/asbestos roofing Supported by wood crossmembers and trusses, a. Composite roof-gravel over tar on three inch compressed fiber panels supported by flat steel trusses. 4. Four inch reinforced concrete. ‘iia. 2usg |) APIS/INTA to SC/IRT et al, “Airfield Critical Nodes,“ 0216002 Sep 83, SD 125. ?Intvw ) AFIS Historian w. Lt Col Wilder and Lt Col Vincent et ai, AFIS/INT, 10 May 84; Ltr AFIS/INT to TAC/INAT et al, “Incendiary Effects of Combined Effects Weapons 83, SD 126. 4ipid, Sipia, 2" 2 Nov Deleted per 5 U.S.C. 352(b)(1) Deleted per $ U.S.C. 552(b) {1}
3a GATOR Mine Planning Information ® In December, Lt. Col, Wilder made a request for information about the GATOR mine gystem from the Anti~Armor Program Office at the Systems Command's Armament Division at Eglin AFB, florida. The request was made because the CBU-89 GATOR mine was goon to be added to the Air Force's sunttions inventory. and targeteers were starting to receive requests to perform application analyses for the weapon. The weaponeers lacked some of the essential planning data needed ta utilize the small computer mine methods from the Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manual. The golonel asked that the response be sent by 4 January yaa. PACOM Staff Assistance Visit Prom 3-16 August, Maj, Stewart Davey and Capt. Lois Polifxa made a visit to the Pacific theater to discuss MCaG and targeting igaues with Pacific Command offices and to provide targeting personnel with theater MCsG and targetiag orientation. Regarding personnel issues, they noted three problems: undermanning, inexperience, and lack of continuity due to short tours in Korea, With the support area, they learaed that many units were having difficulties obtaining handheld calculators (HP- GIN}, The base supply system seemed to be the source of the problem.> Some of the directerate‘s actions te correct the problems were to work with the Air Force Manpower Personnel Center and the Directorate of Intelligence Plans and Systems to have only trained targeteers sent to the Pacific. The leck of continuity was to be cvrrected in part by insuring that at least one accompanied billet remain in the 6 TIG target branch. The suggestion was made to 6 TIG to replace one military billet with a civilian targeteer hillet. Through appropriate channels, a message was sent to the units requesting that they report their particular problems with obtaining calculators, and the directorate was going to make a buik purchase cf the items 4 Funding for the JTCG/ME tn May, the ACS/I's request was approved for a letter from the principal deputy assistant secretary for Reséarch, Development and Logistics to the secretary's counterpart in the Ther , AFIS/INT to AD/YAM, "CBO-89/8 GATOR Mine Planning Information,” $ Dec 83, SD 127. 2For a detailed discussion of their findings see Trip Rpts , Capt Polifka, APIS/INT, 26 Aug 83 and 2 Sep 83, SD 124. These reports include comments by the ACS/I. 3Ipid. 4tbid.
ag army, which called for funding assistance for the Joint Technical Coordinating Group for Munitions Effectiveness (TTCG/ME}. Maz. Russell P. Lecklider of the Concepts and Applications Division was the Air Force's point of contact on this matter. @ The JTCG/ME produced physical vulnerability estimates for reat systems and potential targets, determined weapon effectiveness, and developed methodologies for planners to select employment options. The program was originally funded by the Department of Defense, but was subsequently funded through the Army's budget.2 The secretary told his counterpart :3 @ The effort has been essentially flat funded for the past 10 years. While inflation has greatly reduced the value of the funds allocated, the need for effectiveness data for new weapons and vulnerability data for new adversary weapons has increased dramatically. Additionally, Z understand the Aray has further reduced this funding te supplement high priority Army programs. Consequently, some valuable ongoing and planned projects have been reduced or will be deleted. Major General Marks, AF/IN, has written to the CommaiMers of the Air Force Systems Command and the Air Force Logistics Command requesting support in restoring funding through the Joint Logistics Commanders. How- ever, given the vital contribution this effort makes to effective force employment, i believe we mist become personally involved to assure funding is restored and perhaps increased. 12 solicit your strong support. As a result, the Army restored a budget cut and sugtamed the same level of funding. The directorate would continue to work this issue to obtain increased funding for the group.4 MAPPING, CHARTING, AND GEODESY Coordination of MCEG Requirements and Products The coordination of activity, both within and outside the Air Force, which involved mapping. charting, and geodesy matters, was the thrust of much of the year's activity for the directorate an@ the MCG Division. The directorate’s involvement with the MCsG commeity included contact with the Air Force Systems Command, the Department of the interior, the Defense Mapping Agency, and the Central Intelligence Agency. istaff sumary Sheet QB, and atchs WH acs/t to sar/ar et al, “JTOG/ME Punding Support,” 6 May 83, SD 128. 2thid. Fipid. Sineve . BPIS Sistorian w. Zt Col Wilder and Lt Col Vincent, et al. AFIS/INT, 10 May 84,
90 MCLG Task Force Lt. Col. Wilder formally interviewed thirty individuals from twenty-four organizations and was the principal author of the task force's highly classified final document, “Report to ADUSD(T) on Defense Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy System Requirements (U)" issued 29 Octcher 1982. In 1983, the colonel briefed the House committee on the results of the study.” The task force recommended three things: 1} modifica- oduct require: a tions to the new pri evelopment process, bad an } & ge kt acquisition regulations of the Department of Defense and the military services.3 . ap The unclassified executive summary was as follows:4 a& Congress has always suspected the impreciseness of the Service/Command Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy (MC&éG} requirements process. The Dr. dermann Study Group was Satisfied that the MCaG area requirements from the commands did aot cause the problems, but still suspected the requirements translation process. The joint task force reviewed the MCSG product requirements process. its objective was to ensure user Tintww QP. aris sistorian wv. Le gol wilder and Lt Col Vincent et al, APIS/INT, 10 May 84; Memo QJM. Asse dep under Sec of Mefense (Intell) to Task Force Members, "Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy (MC&G) Support ," 7 Jul 82, SD 129. 2tpid. The report is on file in AFIS/INT. 3Executive Summary "Report to ADUSD{I) on Defense Mappix Charting, and Geodesy System Requirement e- Thid, Deleted per 5 U.S.C. 552(b) C1}
requirements were translated effectively by the Defense Mapping Agency and integrated properly into product/production specifications. Imagery source requirements could possibly change if requirements were misinterpreted. The task force interviewed engineers, opera- tors, developers and program managers. Cross~checking and information exchanges occurred throughout the data collecting period with planners, the DMA System Office Joint Study Group, the DMA Special Program Office for Exploitation & Modernization, and the DMA production cantezs. Guidelines were 6 consider requirements through 1992; to consider alternatives whenever possible; and to rationalize unique user desires versus UMA Sarvice support. The DMA produces a wide range of information in many forms. The generic problems facing DOD are navigation/targeting positioning and feature descrip~ tors. Position accuracies, hath point to point relative and World Geodetic System (WGS) absolute, are inherent considerations with almost any DMA product. Features are shown on conventional maps and electronically stored as Digital Feature Analysis Data. Digital Terrain Eleva- tion Data is comparable to electronically stored map contour information. The task force focused its attention on weapon systems requirements and products which would impact on imagery collection. From its review of a subset of DMA products which are imagery dependent, the task force concluded that DMA over time accurately translated user requirements into product/production specifications. The task force affirms DMA'’s diligence and care to. produce MC&G products comprising an optimized tradeoff hetween minimum essential data elements and those intended for unbounded flexibility. Standard products, like the 4:50,000 scale topographic map specification, exemplify DMA's good stewardship. Unlike the DMA product development~process, the task force represented an integrating group of users rather than producers. The task force was well aware the Services/Commands want the best possible product. Without presuming the production process consideration or the results of other study groups, the task force could not quantify deficiencies in current products, Inconsistencies exist in the manner in which new product development occurs. The Services and commands begin the breakdown through their own faulty xvequirements development process. DMA, in an effort to provide the best possible support, attempts to anticipate future requirements. History supports their view that requirements become more demanding before accommodation is made to production realities and defendable needs.
92 The task force in the report forecasts its view of the 1992 MCsG data requirement in relation to proposed new weapon systems. It documents a need to include a joint service caucus with the OMA before a new product requirement is levied upon DMA by any one user. Throughout the impending gap period, the user cance!’ lays primarily with currency and first time coverage of certain products. After the gap pertod, imagery source of higher quality will be needed for high resolution feature data of installations, aimpoints and harbogs. Te task force recommends modifications to the new product requirements deelopment process, 4 more active role for the MC&SG Working Group of the COMTREX, and a change to DOD and Service acquisition regulations. Agreement with AFSC In an effort to bring mapping, charting, and geodesy requirements tore into perspective as related te advanced weapons systems, the ACS/I requested that the Air Force Systems Command invelve the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) with the weapons development process ~- early in the process. The ACS/I suggested that cartographic and geodetic experts be placed in key positions in the command. He stated, "I firmly believe increased emphasis on cartographic expertise can save millions of dollars in duplicative programs and incompatible systems, and help assure operational capability. Too often, System Program Offices presume DMA support or accept hardware designe which generate huge, hidden DMA support costs. MC&G Officers placed within the development community could plan for supportable computer geegraphics, a critical factor affecting operational success."! The ACS/I‘'s request was in accord with a memorandum to the military service assistant secretaries from the undersecreatary of defense for Research and Engineering, which stated that individuals designated by Department of Defense components as heing responsible for planning new major programs stowld coordinate with the Defense Mapping Agency, Plans and Requirements, to identify MCsG implications of any new program. the acS/I also mentioned a problem noted by many current high-level managers: the inability te keep abreast of rapidly developing and proliferating computerized requirements. He stated, "Despite close and cooperative working efforts of my MCSG staff (APIS/INTB} and their cartographic/geadetic {specialty code $7XX) point of contact at AFSC/TEUX, their efforts to stay abreast Ther QB and 1 atch @®, acsvt to ut Gen Bond, AFSC/CV, nes., 15 Feb $3, SD 130. 2 Memo , RK, O, DelLauer toe Ass‘t Secretary of the Army ¢RDEA} et al, "Defense Mapping Agency {DMA} Participation in the Sevelopment Cycle of Weapon Systems," 3 Nov 92, 50 131.
“ of the MC&AG needs of future weapons systems have been overcome by the current strides in weapons technology. This deficiency can only be attributed to a shortage of MCEG expertise and the lack of visibility in this area.”} On 14 March, Lt. Gen. Robert M. Bond, the vice commander of the Air Force Systems Command, answered the ACS/I by stating that the command was studying positions to identify those requiring personnel with cartographic and geodetic expertise and in speciality codes S7Xx. The findings would be coordinated with the directorate's MC&G Division. He cited other actions to include MC&G considerations in the development process, but by the end of 1983, AFSC had not brought more cartographic/geodetic experts into the command.2 Federal Digital Cartagraphic Programs On 4 April, a memorandum from the dixector of the Office of Management and @udget established the Federal Interagency Coordinating Committee on Digital Cartography, to he chaired by the Department of the Interior. The committee was formed to 1} improve the use of digital cartographic base data within the federal government, 2) provide 2 framework for its proper manage- ment, and 3) consider the needs of data producers, as well as those of users of end products built on the base data. The United States Geological Survey within the Department of the Interior davited all agencies with activities or interest in digital cartographic base date to participate in an organizational meeting on 2? May 1983, Mr. Constantine N. Pappas and Mr, Neil C. Sunder~ land of the directorate's MC&G Division were the Air Force repre- senzatives at the meetings. Other Department of Defense erganizations represented were the Defense Mapping Agency and the Naval Research Laboratory. At the meeting held at the U.S. Geological Survey, a consensus was reached to form a steering committee with membership at the department level. The committee formed working groups, through which interested bureaus would make contributions. The working gtoups were: reports, requirements, standards, technology exchange, and user application, Two people from the MCsG Division were on the groups: Capt. John Predericks, requirements, and Mr. Neil Sunderland, user applications.4 . ‘her QBp ana 1 atch QB. Acs/1 to Lt Gen Bond, aFSC/CV, n.s., 15 Feb a3, SD 130, 2uer QB. arsc/cv to ACS/T, n-s., 14 Mex 83, SD 147; Intow APIS Historian w. Lt Col Wilder and Lt Cel Vincent, AFIS/INT, 30 May 84. temo QB. arissinvs, and atch BB. 4. c. Sunderland, “Coordination of Federal Digital Cartegrapbic Data Programs," 16 Aug 83, SD 432. Arid.
a4 @ By the end of the year, the groups had composed charters and esigned user survey questions. The onky military representatives whe continued to work with the program were members of the directorate. | Policy Statement on Digital Data Support 2 To foster better ccoperation among the military services and the Defense Mapping Agency, representatives from the Air Porce, Army, Navy, and Marines signed a proposed policy statement about digltal data support for research and development and recommended that the Oefense Mapping Agency adopt it. The agreement stated<? i. e& The Services recognize an  increaging requirement for digital cartographic data for tesearch and development (R&D) efforts. To satisfy these require-ments, we propose limited areas within the continental United States (CONUS) be f{dentified specifically for R&D support. These areas {atch 1} eontain representative samples and prototypes of Defense Mapping Agency {DMA} digital data hases. They also encomass various terrain types and are being used for many present R&D efforts, Oata within these areas will be current and meet data base specifications. DMA will concentrate pratotyse development within these areas, including densification and enhancement of data. The Services shall endeavor to have contractor study reports shared with their respective laboratories and OMA, The Services’ mapping, charting, and secdesy represen~ tatives, in joint cseperation with DMA, agree ta maximize use of this policy. 2. This policy applies only to the CONUS. While it is reeognized that R&D efforts cannot be totally excluded from European and other non-CONUS data, justification for such requests will undergo close scrutiny. Delineation of these areas will have to he flexible and adaptable to changes in the data bases and service or contractor needs. Validation wiil be directed toward using data already available. Only new tart P&D projects will fall under this guidance. 3. This policy will reduce and/or help prevent large amounts of data duplication, provide consistant suppert to Rad contractors, provide a measure of comparison between competing contracts, allow DMA to concentrate prototype development in established areas, and allow better evaluation and comparison of OMA data bases. Tintyw Pp APIS Historian w. Lt Col Wilder and it Col Vincent et al, AFIS/INT, 10 May 84, 2Ltr . APIS/INTR to OMA (Requirements Division), "Policy on Digital Data Support to Research and Development,” 2 Sep 83, $9 133 and Arch @&®.
wo as The DMA acknowledged receipt of the policy statement and suggested some revisions. In principle it accepted the concept, but disagreed over some specifics, which were not yet ironed out by the end of the year. Geographic Information Systems Working Group On 25 duly, the firat meeting of the Geographic Information Systems Working Group of the Geographic Information Systems Subcommittee of the Intelligence Handling Committee of the Central Intelligence Agency was convened with representatives from agencies and organizations involved in geographic and cartographic data handling and utilization. Air Force primary and alternate representatives on the group were, Mr. Neil ¢. Sunderland and Capt. John R. Predericks of the targeting directorate. The overall purpose of the group was to develop a comminity approach to geographic date handling with an initial focus on the use of video-disk technology. A proposed charter for the group was distiibuted to attending agencies and organizations for comment. By the end of the year, the Intelligence Handling Committee had approved the charter and the group was working on a needs assessment study, Geodetic and Geophysical Requirements On 15 July, Deputy Chief of Staff, Intelligence, 8rig. Gen, Paul H. Martin submitted to the Defense Mapping Agency the Girectorate's geodetic and geophysical (G&G) requirements for fiscal year 4986-1993 ..3 He also raised several requirements issves which he requested that the director of the DMA consider, discuss, and act upon. The general stated:4 a. Ron survey GsG support such as projects provided to the Ballistic Missile Office of Air Force Systems Command {i.e., Peacekeeper targeting software, Missile Launch Site Data Tapes, Targeting Gravity Disturbance Model Data Tapes, etc.) should be included in your quarterly Geodetic and Geophysical Support Automated Listing (GCSAL} report. The GGSAL should contain all GéG requirements submitted thorugh the requirements process. b. Our geodetic data base survey has indicated “command support for DMA to establish and trntww QB aris Historian w. Lt Col Wilder and Lt Col Vincent, APIS/INT, 10 May 84. 2Hemo . Chairman, Intelligence Information Handling Committee, to GISS/GIS WG Members, “Jont GISS/GISNG Members,” THC/MMB3-56, 22 Dec 83, SD 133 and 10 Atchs GB: Intw , AFIS Historian w. Lt Col Wilder and Lt Col Vincent et al, APIS. » 0 May 84. 3See List , “Defense Mapping Agency G&G Support Automated Testing (GGSAL), 19 Jan &4, SD 134, 4itr @. DACS/I to Director DMA, "Geodetic and Geophysical {G&G} Requirements FYB4~91,7 715 Jui 83, SP 435 and 7 Atch .
he maintain a computer-oriented geodetic data hase. We suggest a meeting of OMA, command representative our staff to discusa such a product prier to submitting a formal requirement. c Does DMA have requirements to provide geodetic ‘ey support under wartime scenario, that requites Air Force enlisted surveyors assigned to DMA 45 the resource? tf wo, is thia reflected in any jours planning document? At issue, is whether the career field can retain viable serving primarily as a peacetime: resource ta DMA, As of the end of 1983, the issues were gtill open items. ARAPS Tertiinal Installation @ As of the end of December, the Targete Directorais ‘ad not received a response to its letter of 18 November 1987 «5 tne Security and Comminications Managament Directorate ragai.: a installation of a 2400 BPS digital circuit between the i 7 Directorate at Seliing AFB and the Gefeanse Mapping Agency, Yydro- graphic/Tepegraphic Center, Brookmont, Maryland. The requested start time was 2 January 1984, Since the spring of 1980, Targets had been coordinating with numerous offices and agencica abet this project, which necessitated the installation of an 3 Requirements and Products Status (ARAPS) UTS-40 Terminal. ? bd Lt. Cal. Wilder as division chief was project off: for & « and had been working with developing the systen «°. i975, when he was stationed at the Defense Mapping Aae! Aerospace Center in St. Louis, Missouri. He could proba: called “Mr. ARAPS™ and was eager to get the terminal funets f te enable the directorate ta tap into the Sefense Mapping Agency*s data bases on 3) requirements and 2] production management, which an tura would enable the directorate to petter know which Air Force units were an the DMA requirements lists, fer which type of information, and when the information was requested and sched :tec for output. "ARAPS can help us broker on behalf of the Ais Force,* the colonel stated.? MCSG Conference On 17 October, the Cefensa Mapping Agency hosted a Mapping, Charting. and Geodesy Conference, and in attendance were the ACS/E and members of the directorate. Prior to the conference, Lt. Col. Wilder had thought deeply about issues thai. required close coaperatian between the Air Force and the Defense Mapping Agency. He identified seven areas and problems which in Ther ) AFIS/INT to AFIS/IRS, “Area Requirements and Product Status {ARAPS} Terminal Installation," 27 Dec 83, SD 136 and 29 Atehs . 2intyw » AFIS Historian w. Lt Col Wilder and Lr ol Vineent, APIS/INT, 10 May 84.
bis view needed attention to meat Air Force operational requirements: 1) developing digital data policy. 2) streamlining requirements processing, 3) xevamping the basic MC&G officer's course, 4) developing a data element dictionary, §) using co- producer products directly, 6} adopting the World Geodetic System- $4, and 7) continuing to improve the aervice~DMA partnership. ! Some of these issues were discussed at the conference, but some resolved. They were complex topica, discussed before at other conferences. Yor example, the World Geodetic System-s4 was a datum, a teference that all geographic lecations could he measured adcainst. Its adoption in place of WGS-72 involved agreement by international allies, treaty revisions, and changes in foreign military equipment sales, and wo forth.2 The colonelts seven points were issues the directorate would be addressing for years to come, ? PERSONNEL MATTERS When the directorate was established in 1982, if assumed responSibility as the office of collateral responsiblity for the BOSX/201XI targeting career fields, and it reviewed and monitored the utilization, classification, and training of Air Force active duty and reserve personnel in those fields. The directerate aiso served as functional manager for the Air Force's 5716 and 5734 cartographic/geodetic career fields. Director's Assessment Before ne retires, Colonel McKenney considered the state of the targeting and MC&G career fields, and hie agsessment of them was pessimistic-«for the present and immediate future. He Stated: I do not believe the Air Force-wide picture is... rosy, With the possible exception of SAC fand 1 think the exception is temporary} all commands face, in my view, an acute shortage of qualified targeteers and MCSG) officers. Worid-wide, there are about 250 targeteer slots with 200 or so filled. The MCeG field has but 6? officers. That does not however, reflect the true picture. There is a real shortage of experience with many of the officers not even qualifying for the fully qualified AFSC due to lack of grade or experience. Riso I believe many shops are misplaced in the command structure. As I alluded to earlier, targets ia often a t"program Excerpt (ip, “$983 Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy Conference,” 17 Oct 83, SD 437. The ACS/I did not deliver the Speech as printed. 2tatw , AFIS Historian w. Lt Col Wilder and Lt Col Vincent, AFIS/INT, 10 May 84.
38 step~child of intelligence with the targets and MCaG afficer being neither an intelligence officer nor an operator. Sottwehow, the percepticn must change. ‘Too, in peacetime the targets/MC&EG profession is not a highly visable one as ig the estimates/current intelligence profession. Therefore, we have trouble recruiting good personnel. Seme senior officers actually advise the younger troops to stay out of targets hecause it is hard {the targets course at Lowry {s considered to be one of the most difficult non-technical courses in the Air Force} and it is not visible, thua, does not offer very good prometion potential. Similarly, the MCaG field ig highly technical and requires significant training beyond that normally found in the civilian education community. Like the targeteer, MCaG officers, except those assigned toa OMA, tend to be buried in the organizational structure of «ost commands. That attitude has to change if the Air Force is to have a quality targeting function. The future is even more bleak. 8ased on ay discussions with senior officers familiar with targeting and in conversations with several senior operators, 1 think the picture will worsen and probably rapidly. The advent cf new systems, many still in the black worid, new collection and data handling systems, improved munitions reguiring even more finite target data, and the changing nature of warfighting doctrine means the requirement for qualified targets officers will increase within 4-4 years by an order of magnitude. Some suggest numbers like SG60-600 9085s by 1990. My question is, “Where will they come from and how will we train theme" Right now, our personnel management system cannot cope and our training program is ill-equipped to turn out that number of graduates who can do the job with the tools they will have available, In sum, I believe the targets and MC&G career fields have been negiected in favor of the peacetime niceties. The hiatus of the past ten years is reaching alarming proportions. I think the initiatives we have taken in INT have started a turnaround but, it is just the beginning of a long, and probably hard road toward recovery. ? In contrast with the field conditions, the colonel thought the state of the Directorate of Targets was “good.” were adequate personnel whe were highly trained, motivated, experienced,2 ‘oer @p. aris/int, col mokenney, to acS/I, “End of Tour Report,” 29 Sep 83, SD 103. 2Ibia. There
Revision of AFR 36~? On 11 October. the revised edition of AFR 36-1 "Officer Classifications,“ was published. The directorate had submitted and had had approved extensive revised specialty descriptions for the cartographic geodetic officer (AFSC 5734} and cartographic geofetic staff officer {AFSC 5716}. The changes imposed mandatory educational requirements on officers ta ensure that they keep pace with rapid technical advances in cartography, geodesy, and supporting specialities.? Regarding the ravision of APR 36*f and the AFSCs 8Bxx. the directorate was quite displeased with changes recommended hy the Air Force Manpower and Personnel Center (APMPC), Mx. William c. Vogt, the acting chief of the Concepts and Applications Division, stated the following about the AFMPC's revision: This office is somewhat dismayed by AFMPC’s rewrite of the #0XX restructure of AFR 36-1. As it was announced and generally accepted at the UsT Conferences, representatives were supposed to he empowered to speak for their commands. The intent of this action was to enable conferees to develop a product their parent commands would coordinate. However, the extensive changes AFMEC has made gives question as to the utility of having neld UsT Conferences when the conferences’ findings/determinations were so arbitrarily ignored. This is even more disappointing when one considers the full cooperation of AFMPC representatives in providing guidance to the conferees on how to achieve many of the changes, Changes, which were agreed upon only after much negotiation ana compromise by the conferees. This is especially true in the consolidation ef the 8054/9076 AFSCs into a single APSC. It should be noted to AFMPC, thet many intelligence personnel already feel alienated toward the command because they think it is totaliy indifferent toward the ind@ividueal and capricicus in applying AF regiiations and manuals to the personnel system. This re-write will only re-enforce this negative attitude AF wide while AFMPC defends its action, under the guise “good of the Air Force,” eS If we accept the structure as written by AYMPC, all CTSs validated at the UsT conferences become null and void. A®IS/INT would not endorse any new 8055 or 8076 CIS without carefully examining it to assure no conflict with the 8086 training program, It woald be erroneous to assume we could simply divide the 8076 CTS written at the UsT Conference just to satisfy AFMPCs action. Thus, acceptance of this package would cause ‘her gS. AFMPC/RPO3 to ATC/TTSA, “Proposed Change to APR 36~ 1, APSCs 5734 and 5716," ? Apr 83, SD 138 and 2 Atchs (HH.
the whole modernization of the training program to come to a halt. Equally. fatlure to approve means extended negotiations with AFMPC to find resolutton--again bringing the modernization process to a halt. One must therefore question what AFMPCs objective was in their restructure, APHPC did heed some of the recommendations, and the directorate considered this action to be a satisfactery compro~ mige.* Consideration of USAFA Graduates as CeG Officers On 7 June, the ACS/I requested that Air Force Manpower and Personnel approve the assignment of Air Force Academy graduates as cartagraphic geodetic officers. He recommended that the number of graduates allowed to enter the field each year be limited to two, since there were only 75 cartographic geodetic officers authorized within the Air Force.3 In justifying the request, he stated:4 Tne critical nature of cartographic and geodetic support to sophisticated weapons systema is rapidly being recognized. As a result, che career field is growing. The Defense Mapping Agency is proposing an inerease of approximately 20 positons, tied te new preduction supporting Air force ‘weapons systems now unger development. At least four commands are preparing justifications for additonal manpower at the MAJCOM and numbered Air Force ievel, iz Farce Systems Command is conducting a review of the need for additional cartogra- phic and geodetic expertise in systems development erganizations, We can reasonably expect 2 45 percent growth accompanied by enhanced visibility of these officers over the next few years. Tne ACS/I also justified his request by explaining that the cartographic geodetic officer performed direct combat support and was in a technical Air Force specialty code. S7XX, He said, “the direct combat support and technical ature of the Cartographic Geodetic Officer career feild, combined with the high level of most of the positions and their importance to the future ef the Air Force's warfighting capability, warrants opening the field to USAFA graduates. Conversely, the education and military thee QB. arrssteta co AF/INYX, “AFRIS 36-1 Revision (80XX Restructure} {Your Ltr, 22 Apr 83},*% 26 Apr @3, SD 139. 2tnevw , AFIS Historian w. Lt Col Wilder and it Col Vincent et al, AFIS/INT, 10 May &4. JacS/I to AP/MP, “Initial Assignment of USAFA Graduates as Cartographic Geodetic Officers,” 7 Jun 83, SD 140 and 2 Atchs @-. Thid.
skills of Academy graduates will provide valuable leavening to this smail but vital group of officers."? On 29 August. the assistant deputy chief of ataff for Manpower and Personnel, disapproved the ACS/I's request. Maj. Gen. Keith D. McCartney provided three reasons for the denisl:? 1. The 57XX was not a “pure” technical field, bat one requiring an academic background, which included some emphasis in the physical sciences, He was concerned with dilluting the “pure” engineering and scientific/technical line career fields. 2. @ Based on retention of USAFA graduates in support specialit: . eventually 43 percent or 32 officers of the 75 officers in the S7XxX career field would be USAFA graduates. The Air Porce average for academy gradyates in all support fields was 6.5 percent, The predicted 45 percent growth in 57XX manning would not prevent 4 disproportionate share of USAFA graduates in the field. 3. There appeared to be no serious present or future problems in manning the 57Xx specialty. The major qeneral’s nonconcurrence did not preclude graduates from transferring into the career field at later career points. He recommended crossflow inte 57%X as the best way to provide a controlled flaw of DSAFA graduates into the cartographic geodetic career field. Tne directorate was Jisappointed with the response and theaght that the 43 percent calculation figure was unrealistic.> Assessment of Intelligence Air Reserve Porces @ in October, the directorate made its annual assessment ef intelligence reservists and concluded that they made “outstanding contributions” to the mission. Ten officers and one enlisted person were the reservists fer the directorate in 1983. Whe officers were in specialty codes #085 (eight) and 5734 (two). The NCO was in 20670.4 Some of the activity performed by the reservists were the following:5 4. J Formulated an in-depth bomb damage ssaessment program to be integrated into the target intelligence training program. ‘ipia. Aner . AF/MP to AF/IN, "initial Assignment of USAFA Graduates as Cartographic Geodetic Officers {Your Ltr, 7 Jun @3),“ 29 Aug 83, SD 141. 3 tntww , API€ Historian w. Lt Col Wilder and Lt Col Vincent, AFIS/INT, 16 May 84. 4tbia. Sty QP. arissinr to aAr/inyx, “Annual Assessment of the Intelligence Air Reserve Forces." 24 Oct 63, SD 142.
2. . Developed target graphics tn support of AF/IN's analysis of offensive and industrial capahilities of “third world” countries, 3. Assessed inadequacies of a Defense Mapping Agency {OMA} prototype review &205 chart and organized an Air Porce command series of it to revise specificationa and make corrections. 4. Performed liaison duties between the Rome Air Development Center and the directorate to ensure that the latter was involved in new weapon systams development and acquisition. S. Provided guidance to the Air Yorce Academy with acquisition of saps and charts te support survival, evaaion, resistance and escape training. 6. Provided target analysis and nuclear weaponeering of sensitive enemy hard targets in support of flag officer directed projects. Revision of Training Courses By October, the Armed Forces Air Intelligence Training Center had completed the revision of the Intelligence Target Officers Course 8085, effective 4 January 1984. The revision resulted from @ Utilization and Training Workshop called by the Air Force Manpower Personnel Center. Zt was neld at Lowry AFB, Colorado, 31 August - 1 Sepremher 1982, at which the 8035 course was evaluated and determined to be in need of revision. The course was lengthened from 24.4 academic days to 85 days, 21 of which were to be spent on weaponeering, Student use of the WANG 2200 and the main frame computer AWOP was ingluded. ! In November, the directorate provided advice about the proposed Electrenic Combat Support Officers course, to be taught at the Armed Forces Air Intelligence Training Center. According to the thinking of personnel in the Concepts and Applications Divigien, it was important that the course emphasize that electronic warfare/electronic combat (EW/EC} targeting was the responsibility of the targeteer. Use of EW/EC and attacking 3 countertteesures were not_newe concepts. Targeteers for years had sought ways to attack ccm targets, with varying resulta, They had also ased EW/EC to support mission survivability. The only difference was that in 11983 beth concepts had attained greater visibility in operations and planning staffs. Farther, the application of EW/EC had become more sophisticated. Two things remained basic: C3CM was not a new war winning target system, and EW/EC was just another weagon option to be applied to overali Strategy. The targeteers, the directorate suggested, must be taught to lock at the complete picture and not focus on any one tysg QM oaris/ist oto TAC/INAT ocet al, | “Target Intelligence Officers Course, "2122302 2 Get 83, $9 143, and 1 Atch
element in satisfying mission objectives. Some of the direc torate’s suggestions were adopted, not all of then? SHCEG Flyer" Newsletter In November, the directorate printed the first edition of @ Mapping, charting, and geodesy newsletter and titled it “MCsG flyer." It was sent te MC&G personnel throughout the Air Force.2 The director of Targets tock the opportunity in the first edition to introduce Lt. Col. Chuck Rose as the new head of the MC&G Division, and to share his thoughts about the NCkG career field:3 I am going to be blunt with all of you. Most of the Air Porce has little appreciation for what we do, and we have done little to help them understand the eritical importance of our work. MC&G products are the toilet paper of war-~neticed only when not available. What that means, if we are to continue our career field reforms, make new weapons operationally effective, and advance the state~ofthe-art, is that we must persistently and consistently do two things. First, we must work much more conesively in support of each other. 3 call on each of you te make up your minds to support each other, and particularly to support your new leader. Support. him by sharing the things he ought to know to better represent you in Washington. Make sure your senior officers know who he is, and put in a plug if you tan. Second. those of you in DMA need to remember your greatest contribution to DMA comes from your input of Air Force concepts and doctrine. The Aix Force users, whem you represent, need you to speak up for their reguiresents at every opportunity. The measure is “what are you Going for the Air Force.” These two things together add up to networking, cooperating, sharing aad caring, combined with a much greater sense of the blue of our uniferms. We are not a segment of the work force that isn’t paid for overtime. We are the front line of our key element of national power ~ air power, The directorate planned to publish the newsletter on a regular basis. Imsg BS. AFIS/INTA to ESC/INN et al, “Target Intelligence Officer's Course," 2317302 Nov 63. SD 144 and 1+ Atch 7 Intew , APIS Historian w. Lt Col Wilder and Lt Col Vincent, AFIS/INT, May 84. 2Newslecter QB}. “csc Flyer,” APIS/INTB, Nov 83, SD 145. 3ipia.
Steff meaberes from the Pirectorate of Targo' From left to right: Lt. Col. Phillip 0. Wilder, Mr, oo R. Pappar, 14. Michael S. Kearns, and Capt. John R. Fredexicks,
DATELLIGENCE EDUCATION AND TRADYING Directorate of Joint Services Support Directorate of Soviet Affaire Birectorate of Attache Affairs
Loe DOLRECTORATE Of JOINT SERVICHS SUPPORT PIVOPAL YEAR bg In 1983, the Joint Services Support Directorate bed a piveta year, resulting in greater reaponsibilities, new authority. and organizational changes. Members of Congress, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the secretary of the Air Porce, and the chief cf staff of the Air Porce were interested in the activity of the directorate and supportive of its efforts to carry out irs Cepartment of Defense responsibilities. Tre directorate‘s name was changed from @vasion and Escape/Prisoner of War to Joint Services Support Directorate: its functional address symbol was changed from INR to INU; its organizational structure and mission were scrutinized and reorganized in a plan submitted to the ACS/I; it received new responsibilities for evasion and escape matters and received more authority through revised directives ta carry out its Code of Conduct responsibilities: and it assumed responsibility for maintaining the Department of Defense historian/librarian function for the Code of Conduct. REVISED MISSION STATEMENT a Tn resgonse to the changes, the directorate prepared a revised mission statement, which was submitted to the APIS Mas- power and Organization Division for publication in the revised AFIS Regulation 23-1, “Organization and Functions Air Force Intelligence Service.” The revised statement was as follows;! a. @® vrissm is the responsible Air Force activity for intelligence aspects of the BOD Combat Survival program, including analysis and production of inteliigence information related ta US Prisoners of War/aetained personnel. be Serves as the Chief of Staff, Air Force (CSAP) designated executive agent for Combat Survival and related matters, c we Determines AF/IN positions on Combat Survival d Prisoner of War (P®}) matters and serves as tre GPR for coordinating these matters with the Direc- terate of Plans and Operations {(AF/XO} and other Air Staff elements. d. frovides intelligence support in develop~ ing Combat Survival operational tactics, techniques, procedures, publications, equipment, and sraining pro- grams. JAFISR 23~1 QB. 15 Fev 64, Section R, SD 182. The detailed mission statement for the Directorate of Evasion and Escape/Prisoner of War (INR) is found in APISR 23-1 @. 15 dul 82, Section Q, SD 2.
e. ae Has primary responeibility for debriefing repatriated US Air Force PW/detainees and for coordinat~ ing these debriefings with other Air Staff offices to inaure proper coverage of ail areas of interest. z. Selects and trains personnel to conduct debriefings of US PW/detainees as required. 9. QBB Responsible for all operational aspects of Air Porce participation in resistance training programs, including guidance, and coordination with all branches of the Armed Forces. he @& Responsible for the production of worid- wide Combat Survival related intelligence Contingency Guides, i. Serves as the Executive Agent’s action office for the DOD Code of Conduct training program. 3. a Represents the Air Force on joint services and interagency committees and working groups that deal with Combat Survival and PW policies and issues. k. QB kesponsible for providing hostage survival training to selected AF personnel. 1. = Responsible for all DOD Code of Conduct historian and librarias functions. BACKGROUND Much of the directorate’s activity within the Air Porce and within the Department of Defense stemmed from events of 1980 when the directorate was established and when its primary governing directive was issued. The events of 1983 require some understanding of why and how the young directorate performed its mission for 1980 to 1983. DODD 1369.7 eS Department of Defense Directive {DODD} 1300.7, “Training and Education Measures Necessary to Support the Code of Conduct,” was iasued 23 May 1980 and designated the secretary of the Air Force as the Department of Defense executive agent for standardization of Code cf Conduct training. Subsequent ta the issuance of the directive, om 29 October 1980, Secretary of the Air Force Bans Mark sest a memorandum to the other service secretaries designating the assistant chief of staff, intelligence {ACS/Z} as the office of primary responsiblity for the directive and designating the HQ AFIS Directorate of Evasion and Escape/Prisoner of War as the action office.! ther , AF/INYS to INU, “FY %84 Congressional Action Inem/Report (XOXP Ltr, 21 Sep 83),“ 30 Sep 83, SD 149. Memo Secretary of the AF Hans Mark to Secretary of the Army, Secretary of the Navy, “Assignment cf Responsibilities for Code of Conduct Training ~~ Action Memorandum,” 29 Oct 80, SD 150.
108 2 DOOD 1300.7 specifically stated that the secretary of the Alr Porce shall do the following:! a. @® cevetop, in coordination with the other Military Departments, and distribute mltimedia training materials ta support Code of Conduct-related training throughout the Armed Forces. Materiale will include guidance concerning the application of realistic, well- monitored training. b. Conduct research and develop appropriate training programs, or modify existing programs, on a continging basis, to prepare personnel to resist newly discovered captor handling techniques, including abuses of captives while in confinement and other exploltive practices. Provide newly developed or modified training programs to the Military Services for their use. ce we Establisn clear, expeditious lines of com- munication between the execative agent an@ training facilities throughout the Armed forces. a. QB ensure chat: (1) QJ training materials conform to this Directive and the report of the 1976 Defense Review Committee for the Code of Conduct (reference (c}} and clearly identify Service-unigue training requirements. (2) QB ocoerrinal matertal allows sufficient flexibility in its level of interpretation end implementation to meet Service-unigue training needs. 2. GBP Perform the function of storian oz librarian in all matters related ta the Code of Conduct and provide for the identification, collection, and control of a copy or capies of ail documentation extant or oreduced in the future concerning the Code of Conduct and related topics. Directorate Established es In early 1990 it was apparent that DODD 1300.7 would soon signeé and published, and that the Intelligence Services Division of the 7602¢ Air Intelligence Group would hegin te officially function as action office for the joint-service implementation of the directive, Several meetings were held and Tp0pp 1300.7 2. “Training and Education Measures Necessary te Support the Cede of Conduct,” 23 May 80, as Ateh 2 of Start Summary Sheet QM, Cot Webb, AFIS/INU, to AF/IN et ai, “Air Force intelligence Service's Joint Service Support Directorate Manning,” 5 Dec 83, SO 151,
ine tentative plans were made to reorganize the division into three branches: Technical Applications, Evasion and Escape, and Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE} Guides. @ In May 1980, the deputy secretary of defense did sign the difective, and in line with the recommendations from Project STREAMLINE snd from a Management Effectiveness Inspection of the 76024 Air Intelligence troup {AIG}, the division was moved from the 76624 AIG and established as an AFIS directorate on 1! July 1980. The resulting internal reorganization was based on a good prediction at the time af the directorate's future requirements. It was organized into two divisions according to their physical location, not according to their functions.2 @ éfter 1980, the directorate began an effort to promilgete Cade of Conduct guidance to the survival schools of the Air Force and Navy and to assist the Marine Corps and Army in developing Code of Conduct training laboratories appropriate to their special needs. The directorate experienced resistance to standardization from people within the military training community who were themselves trained according to a different interpretation of the Code or who were unqualified to assess eurrent needs. The directorate realized that it was not an easy task to standardize Code training. Although the directorate was not tasked to train ali members of other services, it was supposed to "train the trainers." To this end, 03d misunderstandings and tisinterpretations had te be rectified, training material appropriate to each service and level of training had to be designed, and service effforts had to be monitored for compliance with the standard.3 Other Authorities in 1981, the directorate was instrumental in having Air Force qulation 50-16 published, 7 July 1981, titled "Code of Conduct Training.* The seguiation provided guidance for the development and execution of training in advancing the aims an objectives of the Code of Conduct, announced by Executive Order JwProposed APIS/INR Reorganization" @. Atch 4 of Staff Summary Sheet @. Col Webb, AFIS/INR, to ACS/1 et al, “Code of Conduct Program Manning/Reorganization,* 12 Apr 83, SD 152. 2tpia; Ler QB. anc 1 atch AFISC/IGAL to 76024 AINTELG/CC, "Report of Management Effectiveness Inspection {MEI} ef Headquarters 76024 Air Intelligence Group (76624 AINTELG) {PN 73-9011) QM, 10 Mar 20, SD 153; Ler QM. %oo2a aic/ce to APISC/IGAI, “Report of Management Effectiveness Inspection ~ PN 79 ~9011 QR (Your Ler, QARBB. 10 war 80), 18 Jul BO, SD 154. Batch a. Revision of Annex R to AFIS Objective Plan, “Joint Services Support Directorate {INU)“ , with Ltr ww. INU ta xP, “AFIS Objective Plan (APIS/CV Ltr, 24 Aug $3)" es. 20 Sep 83, SD 155.
Lig 10631, “Code of Conduct for Netbers of the Armed Forces of the United States,“ ag amended. It asaigned responsibilities for the establishment and operation of training programs, and prescribed different levels of training for USAP personnel depending upon their individual circumstances, ? Hostage and Anti-Terrorism Training Under the autherity a HQ USAF Operacing Instructien 21> §, the directerate conducted the official Air Force debriefings of the three Air Force persounel held hostage in Iran for fourteen months, published the debriefing results and produced a video~ taped account cf experiences of the senior Air Force detainee. Tne directorate also developed and widely presented briefings on hostage behavior in peacetime captivity situations. Follawing the regcue of kidnapped Brig. Gen. James Dozier, USA, in February 1982, the directorate participated in the detailed intelligence debriefing which ensued. Lessons learned were applied to the directorate ‘s hostage behavior briefings. 4 tarr 50-16. “Code of Conduct Training," 7 July 81. as Tab 1 of Stafé Summary Sheet (MB). Col webb, APIS/INR to ACS/I et al, "Code of Conduct Program Manning/Reorganization," 12 Apr 83, SD 156. 2acch QP, Revision of Annex ® to AFIS Objective Plan, “Joint Services Support Directorate [INU)" QM, with ter MB, mv to w, “AFIS Objective Plan (AFIS/CV Ltr, 24 Aug 83)" 9B, 20 Sep 83, SD 155. Peleted per 5 U.S.C. 352(b} CL}
EVENTS OF 1983 @ From 1980 to 1983, the directorate had thus begun to mak! 5 impact felt among the military services in the area of Code of Conduct and SERE training and had been assigned additional responsibiiities for antiterroriem training. Events of 1983 would be pivotal in giving the directorate even more responsibilities and authority. Request from the Chairman, JCS Om 1 April 1983, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gen. John W, Vessey, Jzr., USA, asked Gen. Charles &. Gabriel, the chief of staff of the Air Porce, the question, "Could Air Porce in the role of DOD Executive Agent for Code of Conduct matters, review appropriate policies and their implementation in coordination with other Services?"2 General Vessey explained why he was concerned with Code of Conduct training. He stated that at a damary luncheon of the National League of POW/MIA Pamilies, Cmdr Ralph Gaither (USN), former prisoner of war and a menber of the league's board of directors, had mentioned that the military gervices lacked uniformity in training associated with the Code of Conduct. In a later conversation with the Joint Staff, Gaither had suggested that DOD and other directives, while adequate, were not being implemented as effectively as they might in all cases. He expressed special concern over training for those individuals subject to moderate or higher risk of capture.3 General Gabriel's Response On 28 June 19893, General Gabriel answered General Vesey by stating that in response to Vessey's inquiry, a rather extensive review was done of policies and training programs associated with the Code of Conduct, There was, indeed, a lack of uniformity in the training programs by the services. The causes Vipid, 2Intww , AFIS Historian w. Cel Webb et al, APIS/INU, 17 Apr 84. Meno Gen J. Vessey, Jr., USA to Gen Gabriel, “Code of Conduct Training." 1 Apr 83, as Tab 2 of Staff Summary Sheet, , APIS/INR to AFIS/CV et ai, "DOD Directive 1300.7 Changes.” 19 Nov 84, SD 158. Fibid. Deleted per 5 U.S.C. 524d) (1)
42 from the Air Force perapective were the wording and implementation of the governing directives.! General Gabriel explsined that service policies essentially derived from Department of Defense Sirective 1300.7, which was the overall governing directive for Code of Conduct policies. Individual service interpretations of the policy were very broad +- same reading it dn its narrowest acope, while others inputing much broader guidance than was explicit: in the directive. While the secretary of the Air force was designated as the executive agent for the Code of Conduct hy DODD 1300.7, Little or aq «authority was conveyed with chat responsibility. The combination of these two facters — broad interpretation by the services and lack of authority to moniter and coordinate service implementation -~ severely limited the cohesivenesa and effectiveness of the Code af Conduct training activities.2 In the general's judgment, fairly sweeping changes were necessary to correct the situation, e suggested that the changes be oriented toward providing authority for the program to those agencies having the resources to carry out the program. Also, 4 clear definition of policy objectives was needed, He concluded by stating, “We are, therefore, initiating corrective action which we intend to bring through the JCS. We will keep you posted on the progress, "*3 Briefing for AY Chief of Staff On 22 August, Celonel Webb and Major Dussault briefed Gentral Gabriel on the topic, "Code of Canduct~~Captivity Related Training." On 29 August they delivered a talking paper to the executive officer to General Gabriel, based on the briefing. The officer advised them to keep the general informed about programs of strengthening and revising COND 1300,7 and the directorate's invelyement with the Code training programs of the other services, The ACS/1 was apprised of this.4 The talking paper and briefing specifically addressed the differences in the military services‘ prisoner of war training programs, According te DODD 1300.7, training was ta be funded on three levels.3 1 eS Level A for all members of the Armed Forces. Theme » Gen Gabriel, Chief of Staff, to Chairman, JCS, “Code of Conduct Training," 28 Jun 43, as Tab 4 of S.iaff Summary Sheet . AFIS/INU to AFIS/CV et al, "00D Dire-cive 1300.7 Changes,” 10 Nav 83, $6 1568. 2Thia. FIbia. 4vemo For Recor ) APIS/INR, 29 Aug $3, SD 199. 59000 1300.7 a May 80, SD 158,
iz 2. @ Level B for personnel whose military rales entailed moderate risk of capture. 3. Level ¢ for personnel whose roles entailed a xelatively high risk of capture or made them vulnerable to greater-thansaverage exploitation by a captor. rd The Air Ferce and Navy had training programs at all thr ‘evels. The Army had no level C program, but one was being developed It did have level A and B training, with the iatter having just begun in 1982. Navy instructors and Army inetructors all visited Air Force level © schools. Action Initiated to Revise DODD 3309.7 a Prior to General Gabriel's responding to General Vessey. the directorate, as the action office for the executive agent, discussed with the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for tanpower, Reserve Affairs and Logistics (ASD/MRA&L) the problem of the ambiguity of DOP 1300.7, Steps were initiated to clarify the directive and te give the Air Force 1%) the responsibility to monitor and coordinate service training programs and 2) the authority te ensure greater improvements in training uniformity and adequacy. By 10 November, the directorate and the assistant secretary's office nad made considerable progress in working ont the revisions of DODD 1300.7. Eleven sections were drawn up, one of which specifically provided guidance for peacetime conduct of U.S. military personnel.- Subcommittee on Military Readiness Hearing Wnile the extensive review of Code of Conduct policies and training was underway at the request of General Vessey, the Subcommittee on Military Readiness of the House Committee on Artted Services, chaired by Congressman W.C. Daniels (D-VA} was also interested in readiness, training, doctrine, ané equipment for gurvival, evasion, resistance, and escape (SERE). Congressman Daniels requested that the secretary of the Air Force arrange for ‘ealking Paper @. “Captivity Training in the Department of Defense," AFIS/INRB, 24 Aug 23, SD 159. 2Staff Summary sneer QD. ACS/I to AF/CC, “Review of Policies and Training Associated with COC," 25 dun 63, as Tab 3 of Staff Summary Shet QB. aFIS/INU to AF/IN et al, “DOD Directive 1300.7 Changes,” 10 Nov 83, SD 158. 3praft Revisions of DOD Directive 1300.7 QY. Unnumbered Tab of Ibid.
eid an Air Force witness to appear before his subcommittee to discusa SERE matters. t On S April. two Air Force officers appeared before the readiness subcommittee: Col. Dale E. Stovall, the assistant director for Special Plans, 4Q. USAF, and Col. Ronaid 2. Webb, the director of the Directorate of Evasion and Escape, Prisoner of War, BQ, AFIS. Their unclassified statement presented an overall view of héw the SERE program worked within the Air Force, and what the Air Force was doing te promote SERE training throughout the services. They also explained that the Air Force was designated “executive agent” for two separate functions. They stated:2 = we believe that our long temp interest in SERE is rgely responaible for our selection as Executive Agent to the Secretary of Defense for training in Because of unique service requirements, survival and cotthat rescue have always been service responsibilities. The Air Force, therefore, is not the Executive Agent for survival or combat rescue and there are no farral overall joint or DOD SERE programs. The statement that the Air Force was nat the executive agent for "survival ané combat yescue" was appropriate because Congressman Daniels was also holding hearings on the subject of the services' capabilities with regard to "CSAR," Combat, Search and Rescue.? Reorganization Pian -_ On 32 April, a week after Congressman Daniels’ hearing, Colonel Webb submitted to the ACS/I a proposed plan for reorganizing the directorate. According to the plan, the changes wete to do the following: a Assign a tithe to the diractorare that conforma to USAF standards, and more nearly enanciates the directorate functions.? Mare Qe. Rep “Dan" Daniels to Sec Verne Orr, n-s., 22 Mar 83, ag Tab 3 of Staff Summary Sheet QP arts/mwr to aPis/uo et al, "Code of Conduct Frogram Manning/Reorganization,* 12 Apr 83, SD_152, Deleted ver 5 U.S.C. 552(b) (1)
Vis b. wa Provide a functional alignment in the director: to facilitate management. 2 co Enable Mr. Watkins’ bistorical and current kKnowledgé of the directorate functions to be more thoroughly utilised.? 4. Rename the divisiona and some of the branches more accurately identify their functions.4 e. Remove any obvious connections between the reorganized directorate and the former by changing the directorate symbol from INR te INv.5 £. Impreve manning in the Cote of Conduct area, emp. ing joint service representation and set up a etructure to deal with hostage sarvival issues/training requirements of the future.6 On 6 September, the ACS/I approved the directorate‘s reorganization plan »..uh basically established two new branches, one for each division. The Library and Archives (JNUAC) Branch was established within the Code of Conduct Division (IFJA), whach had its nate changed from Code of Conduct/Survival, Evasior Resistance, Escape Division,” The antiterrorism Branch {INUBB) was eStablished within the Defense Support Programs Division (INDE). AF Secreatry’s Request for Tri-Service Manning a A&A key point in the directorate's reorganization plan was for tri-service manning of the directorate in accordance with tri~ service responsibilities as outlined in DODD 1300.7. Late in the year, on 27 December, Secretary of the Air Force Verne Orr, acting as the Department of Defense executive agant for Code of Conduc training programs, tTeguested assistance from the assistani. secretary of defense for Manpower, Reserve Affairs ané Logistics to acquire joint service manning of the INU directorate. He requested the authorization of one commiasioned officer and one noncommissioned officer from each of the Army and Navy Departients. Ke stated that one of the pexsonnel from the Navy Department mist be from the Marine Corps, \-Geproposed AFIS/INR Reorganization” . Atch 4 of Staff Sumary Sheet JP. Col webb, AFIS/INR, “Code of Conduct Program Manning/Reorganization," 12 Apr 83, SD 152. Tintww QB. aris wistorian w, Col Webb, et al, APIS/ING, 17 Apr 84. 8 Sec AF Verne Orr to AD/MRASL, “DOD Code of Conduct Training Programs,“ 27 Dec 83, as Tab 1 of Staff Summary Sheet . APIS/CV to AF/IN et al, “Air Force Intelligence Service'a Joint Services Support Directorate Manning,™ 5 Dec 83, SD 157.
The secretary explained the need far the manpower by atating, “increasing high level emphasis on Code ef Conduct related readiness and service co dination in achieving adequate. uniform and consistent trair programs throughout the OOD has significantly increased the cumplexity of the workload of the EA OBR. To expeditiously ach-uve the goxl, the BA actian office, currently manned by Air Force personnel aoniy, mast develop a full understanding of each military department's unique requirements and related procedures, and # credibility which would foster the other service's complete support and cooperation. I suggest that representation from the other two military departments in the EA action office would strengthen the service coordination desired by Congress and the 000, improve the understanding of service-unique training programs, and build the necessary EA credibility.” The secretary's request for two personnel from the Arty and Navy each was in accordance with a recovmendation in 1979 by the acting assistant secretary of the Air Force for Manpower Reserve Affairs and Installations to the same office te which Secretary Orr was then directing his request. As ef the closing period for this history, that office had sent no response to the secretary. Directorats’s Name Changed Prior to the approval from the ACS/L of the directorate's proposed reorganization plan, Colonel Webh requeated in June that the ACS/I approve twa things: 1} the change in the functional address symbol of the directorate from INR to INU, and 2) the change in the name of the directorate to one of the following: "Joint Services Support Directorate,” “Intelligence Unit Support Oirectorate," or “Intelligence Support and Resources Unit Readiness. "2 In justifying the changes. the colonel stated: In accordance with AFR 19-4, HQ USAF/DA develops, manages, and administers the Functional Address Gystem and assigns standard two and three- position Functional Address Symbols. Once approved and assigned, these symbols identify basic functions af the Ade Porce organization at all levels,..no matter where they are placed in an organization.3 ‘Meno &. Acting Assistant Secretary of the AY, Manpower, Reserve Affairs and Installations, to ASD/MRsL, “DOD Directive 4300.7, Training and Education Measures Necessary to Support the Code of Conduct,” 36 Jul 79, ag Tab 3 of Ibid. 2earbon Staff Summary Sheet aap. Col Webb, AFIS/INU to AP/IN et al, “Change of Functional Address Symbol for INR," 2Z Jun 83, SD 164. 3thid,
J The aymbol INR presently assigned to this @irectorate has been approved by HQ OSAP/DA, but it attaches to this directorate & connotation of *Reconnaisaance/Surveillance.” Additionally, according to AFR 10-6, a aymbol identifying the functions of EGE/PW within Intelligence has not been approved. ! The ACS/I did approve the new name, Joint Services Support Directorate. and the new functional address symbol, INU, and they were effective 23 September 1963.2 ACS/I_ as Executive Agent for E&E One of the most significant events of the year was the ACS/I's acceptance cf responsibility as executive agent for evasion and escape matters. On 23 duly, he informed Maj. Gen Perry M. Smith of the Aix Force Plans and Operations Office that AF/IN would accept the responsibility and explained why? The humanitarian, budgetary, and military considerations associated with US combat personnel being isolated in hostile territory during eae conflict require the Department of Defense to take all yeasonable steps to expedite their safe return to US control. A wartite capability in this regard demands peacetime preparation. If Americans are being held prisoner, we have the added responsibility to assist them in their situation if it is at ail possible. P Not to develop these capabilities now, during peacetime, couid mean high American easuaities during the next conflict, a seramble among the services to xeinvent er recreate: these capabilities at the most inopportune time, or an wonecessary waste of time and resources in the process.4 Iypia, 2aPYS Weekly Burietin No, 48, Item 4, 23 Sep 83, SD 162. 3Memo (RMMRGRMERD. 9 ACS/I to AF/XOX (Maj Gen Smith), “evasion and Escape (E&E} Executive Agent (ZA, Qj - information Memorandum," 23 Jul a3, SD 163. 4ipid. Stpia. Deleted par 5 U.S.C. 552(b} (1)
On 15 August Maj. Gen. John A. Shaud, the director of Plats, answered the ACSI/I by stating, “He welcome your willingness to accept EA responsibility for Es on behalf of CC/AR, We are confident that AF/IN can provide the expertise and manpower the program truly deserves. XO will retain policy oversight responsibility and ve will give you our full support, “2 Qn 6 September the ACS/I accepted the executive agent xesponstbility, asaigned his assistant for joint matters as the Aix Staff point of contact for ESE related matters, and designated as his action office the APIS Directorate of Evasion and Egcape/Prisoner of War.3 On 7 October 1983, the APIS commander, Brig. Gen. Pawl H, Martin, informed the directorate that the new Air Staff point of contact for ESE matters wae the intelligence Systeme Division (AF/INYS).4 PERSONNEL fhe reorganization and activity of the directorate did not result in a major transfer of personnel within or out of the directorate. Thus, there were no major personnel changes in 1993. Key Personnel Col. Ronald J. Webb continued as director of the Joint Services Support Directorate: he had also been director of the Evasion and Escape/Prisoner of War directerate since 1 December 1982. Ut. Col. Larry &. Ledbetter was head of the Code of Conduct Division: on 12 September 1983 he had signed in as chief of the Code of Conduct/SERE Division. Maj. Robert G. Dussault headed the Defense Support Programs Division, 4 position he held in the old directorate since 1 May 1962. CMSgt Richard E. Shear was chief of Administration within the directorate, Mr. Claude Watkins was a special assistant to the director and had been with the directorate since its establishment in 1980.5 ‘tpia. 2 Hema + Maj Gen Shavd, Birector of Plans, OCS/Ps0, to AF/IN (MGEN Pfautz), “Evasion and Escape {E&E}) Executive Agent {ZA}," 15 Aug 83, SD 164. I Memo . @CS/I to AF/¥OX {Maj} Gen Shaud), “Evasion and Escape (f&6E} Executive Agent (EA} - Information Memorandum, @ Sep 33, SD 165. aber } AFIS/CC to APIS/TINU, “Air Staff Focal Point for Evasion and Escape (Es£} Matters,” 7 Gct 63, SD 151. Sintww QP. AFIS Historian w. Col Webb et al, AFIS/INU, 17 Apr 84. Deleted per § 0.8.6. 552(b) (1)
149 Hanning Strength in December, the directorate was manned at the following asthirized strength: Number Authorized Number Assigned Officers 7 ? Eniiated 4 4 Civilians aia cs TOTAL 24 aa Colonel Webb - Speaker in Demand oner of war matters much in demand in 1983, because he was an excellent lecturer, offered a thoughtful and thought-provoking presentation, and was a former POW in North Vietnam for six years, Included in some of his activity during the year were the graduation dining-in address at the Seniox Marine Corps RCO Academy at Quantico: a speech at the American ex-POW convention in Cleveland, Ohio, and a television interview: a filming of # public service television spot at the Pentagon about MIA matters: and participation in the Combat Survival lecture tour toe the United Kingdom. The Bolling Beam newspaper of the 1100 ABW presented a feature article on him, as did The Intelligencer, the AFIZ monthly newspaper, Cn 23 February, Srig. Gen. Pauli H. Martin presented Colcnel Webb with the Defense Superior Service Hedal.? Ld Colonel Webb was 4a spaaler about Code of Conduct and pri: CODE OF CONDUCT AND SERE ACTIVITY Mission Withie the directorate, the Code of Conduct Givision with its three branches, Training. Production, and Library/Ar- chives, developed, monitored, sand evaluated Code of Conduct related training and educstion programs, policies, and procedures for all branches of the Arned Forces.> According to the division’s mission statement, it also was involved with the following: Development and production of multiple media Cade of Conduct*related training materials for the military services.4 trpia, 2Historical Data Rprt APIS/INY, Jan-Dec 83, SD 166: The Intelligences, AFIS/PA, Apr 83, SP 167; Biographical Sketch. “Colonel Ronald d, Webb,“ 18 Jan 44, SD 383. SAFISR 23-1@H, 15 Feb 64, 9D 162. Axia,
£20 Management of the research, drafting, and publication of worldwide Combat Survival Contingency Guides! (Prefer ta the directorate and division name changes, these guides were called the Survival, Evasion, Resistance. and Eacape (SERE} Contingency Guides. 2 Management responsibility over the acquisition of data bases needed to supports the Combat Survival Contingency Guide program. 3 Management of the Department of Defense Uibrazy/Ar~ chives. Code of Conduct The Code of Conduct consisted of six articles, which set for guidelines for military behavior, embodying time-honored concepts and traditions that dsted back to the days of the American Revolutien. All O.S, military personnel in combat were guided by the standards of the Code of Conduct. In essence the Code stated that all military forces were to resist capture to the best of their ability while means were at hand to do so. When personnel were captured, the Code provided guidelines for ingividual hehavior within which prisoners of war could faithfully continue to support their sountry and retain their personal integrity. even in the face of enemy mistreatment, Unfortunately, measures suggested by the original Code of Conduct Committee in 1955 to insure that Code training guidance was standardized among the services were not implemented. The consequence of this failure was that personnel trained at different times, in different places, and hy different military services received varying interpretations and amounts of training. A ye-examination of the Code of Conduct in the aftermath of the Southeast Asia conflict revealed the depth of misunderstanding which had evolved in the 20-year life of the Code among those it was intended to help. Thus, a key recommendation of the committee which re-examined the Code after the Vietnam War wag that a focal point be established to insure that uniform Code training Trpia. | 2aFISR 23-1 QB. 15 sul 2, Section o, So 2. 3AFISR 23-1 , 15 Feb 64, Section R, SD 182. 4rpid. Sror a list and interpretation _of the six articles of the Code of Conduct see BODD 1300.7 SS. "Training and Education Measures Necessary to Support the Code of Conduct,” 23 May 80 as Tab 1 of Staff Summary Sheet Ss. AFIS/INR to ACS/I, “Cade of Conduct Program Manning/Reorganization,” 12 Apr 83, SD 152. Atch Revision of Annex R to AFIS Objective Plan, “Joint Services Support Directorate {INU)* @. with Ler gg wu to ww, "AFIS Objective Plan (AFIS/CV¥ Ltr, Aug 52)" gp. 20 Sep 63, SP 155.
took place emong all the services. The Air Force was designated the focal point.? Sade of Conduct Film Project Work began this year on a new file about the Cede of Conduct, which was to be a level A introductory film for aki indi~ viduals initially entering military service. Mr. John A, Mitchell represented the INU directorate, which was the "technical advisor™ for the film. The producer was the Defenge Audio Visual Agency, Norton AFB, California, in conjunction vith the Armed Forces Information Service.? a In June, Mr. Mitchell attended « “concept” conference about e film. At the time, it was agreed that the objective of the film was the following: “To introduce the fighting man's Code of Conduct to a broad, general audience within the Separtment of Defense, in doing so, the Film will explain what the code is. relative to the conditions of being a prisoner of war, It should motivate the viewer te seek more information regarding the specifics of the code and to embrace its moral principles while pursuing a career within the U.S. Armed Forces."3 As technical advisor, Mitchell agreed to assist in scheduling and providing individuals for research interviews for the scriptwriters use. The script plan discussed at the conference addressed tne Tasue of the “sontent" of the fils and the following statement was agreed upon: "This 2$-minute film should incorporate state~ ments from former POWs which will lend credibility to the code as @ standard which a fighting man may use to cope with the hostile POW environment and return home with his head held bigh. Research will develop statements from POWs which will underscore each of the six elements of the Code. Stock footage will be researched and identified by the writer as prescribed in DAVA-N-SOP 95-3. Live action scenes will be incorporated where stock is not available or appropriate. “4 Mitchell attended other conferences in November and Dece@Ber and was optimistic about the filis's quality and progress. The film vas to be printed and ready for distribution by early June 1984. Production of Contingency Guides Background ibid, 2intww @. arts Historian w. Col Webb et al, AFIS/INU, 17 Apr 84; "Memo for Record and Atch QB. 3. Mitchell, AFIS/INR,” Trip Report - Defense Audio Visual Agency (DAVA}, Norton AFS, CA,” 29 Jun a3, SD 168. 3rbia. Stbid.
Tarch @MBB Revison of Annex R to AFIS Objective Plan, “Joint with Ler INU to XB, Services Support Directorate (INU)* Sep 83, SD "APIS Objective Plan {AFIS/CV Ltr, 24 Aug 93)" 158, 2itpids See also Rprt QM "SER Related Intelligence Produced by and/or Available from INU,” 1 Jan 84, $9 169. 3Higtorical Data Rers AFIS/INU, Jan-Dec 83, SD 166. Deleted per $ U.S.G. 252¢b) (1)
Establishment of Library/Archives ee Efforts were underway this year to eateblish a library and ives within the directorate te fulfill action office and executive agent responsibilities for the eatabiishment of a Code eof Conduct historian/librarian fimetion. according to Department of Defense Directive 1300.7, 20 May @0, Section ©, Paragraph 3-.e, which stated: 3. The Secretary of the Air Force. as executive agent, shali: e. Perform the function of historian or librarian in ali matters related to the Code of Conduct and provide for the identification, collection, and control of a copy or copies of all documentation extant ox produced in the future concerning Code of Conduct and related topics. (1} Documentation will include, but not be ti ea to, the reports of the 1955 Defense Advisory Comaittee on Prisoners of War and the 1976 Defense Review Committee for the Code of Conduct (reference {e¢}}, Code of Conduct training materials (manuals, pamphlets, audio-visual presentations}, reports, scholarly papers, and other publications or manuacripts. (2) These materials will be available for use? review, and research by the Military Services, and other agencies, and personnel. Within the Bir Force, the Code of Conduct histor.an/librarian function was being performed at the Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE} School of the Air Training Command (ATC) at Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington, Within the @irectorate in the AFIS compound, the Library/Archives Branch {IRAUC) .had custody of the papers of the Prisoner of War Experience and Analysis Program and performed a variety of research and acquisiton tasks in support of the Training Branch {INUAA}. Upon effective date of change to paragraph 4b.(4) of Air Force Regulation 50-16, the function of historian and librarian, Ipaper. ep AFIS/INU to AFIS/XP, “AFIS Productivity Plan, Joint Services Support Directorate," Submitted 20 Oct 83, SD 170. 2popp 1300.7 ay “Training and Education Measures Necessary te Support the Code of Conduct,” 26 May 80, as Tab 2 of Staff Summary Sheet am. APIS/CV to SAF/OS et al, “Air Force Intelli~ gence Service’s Joint Services Support Directorate Manning,” 5 Dec 83, SD 151. Deleted per 5 U.S.C. $52(b} (2)
124 in all matters related to the Code of Conduct, was to transfer to the directorate from the Air Training Command! ae The transfer of the function was recommended by the director of Legislation and Legal Policy of the Military Peraonnel and Force Management Office of the assistant secretary of defenre, on 7 June. The director stated: The increased attention being given to the Code” of Conduct, its history and training in support thereof, through Congressional inquiries and hearings could better be served with the historian/librarian function an@ concomitant regearch capabilities locally available. Additionally, the detailed requirements for therough coordination of programs among the Military Departiaents, development of more specific uniform training quidance for ali Military Department's training pregcams and consideration for development of a4 peacetime conduct policy in the very near future alt would be facilitated by the transfer. Farther, the value of the historian/librarian function as « local research resource available to the headquarters of other Federal agencies alse would be extensive. & Each of the foregoing factors would justify, by Itself, having the historian/librarian available locally to departmental~level decision~making offices of the Defense agencies, the Military Departments, and other officials having a need for historical background or perspective in implementing extant or developing new Code of Conduct policies. Accordingly, this office concurs with the relocation of the Code of Conduct histerian/librarian function to the Washington, 6.C., metropolitian area and collocation with the Director, Escape and Evasion/?¥. [It is recommended the relocation be accomplished expeditiously. Exercise RIDGE RUNNER @3 Purpose The third annual exercise RIOGE RUNNER was conducted Ti~ 23 September, at and in the vicinity of Camp Dawson, West Virginia, of the West Virginia Army National Guard. The @irectorate and its Training Branch {INURA} sponsored the exercise in accordance with APIS EXPLAN 01-83, Its purpose was to provide WRistorical Data Rprt @MM. aPIS/INv, Jan-dec a3, 5D 166. 2vema MMB Director, Legislation and Legal Policy, OASD, to Dixector AFIS/INR, “Code of Conduct Historian/Librarian,*™ 7 dun 83, SO 171, 3thid.
125 # concentrated training program for selected members of ali four U.S. armed services whose doties entailed 1) teaching and/or briefing U.S. combat personnel on the eubject of evasion or 2} conducting basic, advanced or continued evasion training. ? Uniqueness eS The exercise was unique for five yeasons:2 J, frain the trainers” was its basic cencept- 2. There was no forced captivity. 3. There was no interrogation. 4. It was not a small part of a larger exercise. 5. It was conducted in an area representative of 8 large pertion of the world and containing a4 cooperative population. Participants turing the exercise, 84 students (xunners) completed ali phas' and represented the active Air Force, Na the Air and Army Guard, and the Re ischedula of Events, "Exercise Ridge Runner 83,“ AFIS/INR, n.d., 62 172, After Action Port “xercise Ridge Runner 83,* by Claude Watkins, AFIS/INU, SD 173. 2tpia. 3meno QM director, Legislation and Legal Policy, OASD, to Director APIS/INR, “Code of Conduct Ristorian/librarian,* 7 Sun 63, SD 17%. 4tpid, Safter Action ort oo Exercise Ridge Runner 83, by Claude atkins, APIS/INU, SD 173, Deleted per 5 U.S.C. 352(b) (2)
a Yi Cad rs A, eee urs Teleted per & U.S.04 3$2¢b} (L} EI ‘ Reaults and Cost The number of runners, &4, was the largest of any of the previous RIDGE RUNNER exercises, and they sustained less serious injuries (one minor ankle sprair and one minor grain pull) than in Irhid. 2thid. tpi, 4after Action Rprt QM Exercise RIDGE RUNNER 63, AFIS/INU, SD 173. Srpia
EN q enone 1982 or 1981. None in 1963 were apprehended by the passive eneny forces. ! The exercise cost $32,000. The directorate stated that when that amount was prorated against the vaiue of the unique and important training for 84 people over twelve days, the trade off was highly positive. Lessons Learned ep According to the directorate's “after action” report. the major “lessons learned" with applicability to future BIDGE RUNNER exercises vere:3 pacts . ~ = pt b. Cd The three days allocated for academics and iocal area field training practice was inadequate and resulted in one twelve-hour academic aay and insufficient time for the field practice. Recotimenda tion: time be increased from three to four days: the number of evaders be reduced to one per war- time area; the subject of escape not be mentioned; the number of ex-PWs be reduced to one. The extra time thus made available will result in a more motivating academic schedule and a full day and night for pre-exercise CLBLNLNG sm Coordination for RIDGE RUNNER 84 Frow 21-23 October, MSgt Charles W. Lovelady of the Training Branch visited Camp Dawson to clear operational and messing fund accounts, obtain lost receipts, brief operational area commanders on RIDGE RUNNER 63 "lessons learned,” and begin the coordination process for RIDGE RUNNER 84. He accomplished all aspects of his mission.4 pie. ibid. 3 ibid. 4icr QB. AFIS/INU, “Trip Report,” 25 Oct 83, SD 174. Peleted per 5 U.S.C. 352(b) {1}
425 Maxine Corps SERE School, Cherry Point, NC for example, in March, Colonel Webb and SMSgt Mitchell visits the Marine Corp's SERB School at Cherry Point, Rorth Caroling. ‘Tne purpose was to assist the acheol with developing a resistance training program. Colonel Webb made a two-hour presen~ tation ahaut his experience as a prisoner of war in North Vietnam, and SHSgt Mitchel, made a presentation on the development of the INR directorate, a history of the Code v€ Conduct, communist methods of exploitation, effective resistance techniques, and suggestions for operating 4 resistance training laboratory. Col. Jerry Marvel, the commander of the HCAS at New @iver, North Carolina, was alse a former prisoner of war is North Vietnam, and he and Colonel Webb held a one-hour extemporaneous discussion about their POW experiences, which was video taped, with a copy being sent to the AFIS compound. Colonel Webb believed that the Marine SERE School staff were dedicated to their mission and eager to adopt Air Force suggestions about their developing program. Army SERE School, Fort Sragg, NC Aliso in March, Colonel Webb and SMSgt Mitchel} visited the Army SERE School at Port Bragg, Berth Carglina to familiarize themselves with the school facilities, operations, and development of the Army's training program. They saw the extensive training facilities at Camp Mackall, North Carolina, and monitored a one~ hour presentation on evasion principles and techniques. The colonel thought that the progress of the Army's program over the Yast two years was commendable, especially with the approval for funding for the conatruction of a resistance training laboratory, the completion of which was to enable the Army to have a high- risk-of-capture training progran.> 2memo for Record @M. Col Webb, AFIS/ING, “Trip Report ~ MCAS cherry Point/fore Bragg NC," 6 Apr 83, SD 178. Toia. Deleted per 5 U.s-c. 22th
ee FOAL EAGLE 63 SEREREX Sad In October and November, TSgt Alien E. Erickson of the Code of Conduct Training Branch observed the YOAL ZAGLE 83 SEREREX (survival, evasion, resistance, escape, and rescue exercise) in Xorea, conducted by the Combined Unconventional Warfare Task Force in the 9th Combined Special Porces Operationsi Rase area of operations. * The SEREREY consisted of 1) evasion courses. emphasizing joint training in survival procedures and techniques for rescue forces and evaders «and 2) interrogation, emphasizing joint training for interrogators and prisonera of war in interrogation, indoctrination, and resistance techniques.2 Observations a TSgt Erickson was an observer and his trip report included many observations about the safety precautions imposed on the erercise operations, especially with the interrogation center and process. Some of his other findings were the following: a. Py Ar least some ROXAP personnel receive resistance training of some sort. I observed a ROKAF NCO ase more than 5 resistance postures quite skiill- fully.4 Bb. a US Army personnel observed received little Code of Conduct/Resistance Training. Some young enlisted personne} remembered that there was such 23 thing from a lecture they had received in basic training two years before. One WO-t received OUT from his travel partner while they were evading. Re said he had no resistance training at ali.? e. Some USAF crewmembers had trouble recalling the detaiis of navigational skills that they bad learmmed as long as 11 years earlier or as recently as two years ago but managed te sort it cut enough to reach their objectives on time. Other than that subject, their retention/recall of survival xnowledge was amazing. a, The aforementioned aircrews were able to move through heavily populated countryside for three days without being detected by the Jocal populace or the US and ROK Special Forces troops that were assigned as apetters in the area. e. Evaders said that they wished that they had received more night navigation training and practice. The evaders also said that they were going to talk to their life support personnel in an attempt to ‘trip Rprt @Wm. TSgt A. E. Erickson, AFIS/INU, “FOAL EAGLE 83 SEREREX," 1¢ Dee 63, SD 173, 2xpid. 3thid. atria. Stpia. Sipia. 77pid.