THE  HOSTILE  INTELLIGENCE  ESTABLISHMENT  IN  ITALY(U) 
HEADQUARTERS 
AIR  FORCE  OFFICE  OF  SPECIAL  INVESTIGATIONS 
WASHINGTON,   D.  C.     20314 
JANUARY  1975 
Classified   by  Commander.  AFQSI 
Exempt   from    General    Declassification 
Schedule  of    Executive   Order   11652 
Exemption   Category  2 
Oeelassify    when  Authorized  fey  !hr^>w 
Originator 
'—    -«.  ,-i.r..^  •— «. .
• 
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THE  HOSTILE  INTELLIGENCE  ESTABLISHMENT 
IN  ITALY  (U) 
Table  of  Contents 
PREFACE 
Mfip 
T'"LY 
1  A-.l 
INTRODUCTION 
.  ne    >etti  na   
love^nmentdi    °rocesses.    .    .    . 
The   Italian   Communist  -arty    . 
USAF  Presence     
Host  Country  Security  Agencies 
i  *     w 
'HPEAT 
Soviet  Intel! iaence  Services 
i  he  soviet  .-n ssi en  .  .  . 
"*"*>£  '^oe r3 1 i nc  Environment. 
Modus  Operandi  .... 
Intelligence  Targets  . 
Selected  T^se  wistcries 
Othe»*  Hostile  Intelligence  Services 
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CONCLUSION 
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Italy:  Administrative  Division! 
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INTRODUCTION 
(U)  This  study  assesses  the  espionage  and  subversive 
threat  Dosed  by  Soviet  and  other  hostile  intelligence  services 
to  the  USAF  and  to  U.S.  security  interests  in  Italy.  The  Soviet 
Union  retains  a  substantial  interest  in  the  role  of  the  U.S. 
Air  Force  and  other  NATO  military  forces  in  this  strategic  part 
of   southern  Europe  on  the  Mediterranean  and  is  aware  of   the 
interlocking  nature  of   !,'.S.  defense  commitments.  Recent  inter- 
national developments  with  respect  to  the  Middle  East  and  new 
importance  placed  on  this  area's  oil  resources  give  added  sig- 
nificance to  clandestine  activity  of  the  Soviet  Intelligence 
Services  (SIS)  in  Italy. 
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Italy,  composed  of  a  "ong  peninsular  mainland .  two 
major  islands,  anc  numerous  minor  ones,  almost  bisects  the  Medi- 
terranean Sea.   Its  position  on  the  main  routes  between  Europe, 
Africa  and  the  'iear   East  nas  given  it  political,  economic  and 
strategic  importance.  With  an  area  of  116,303  square  miles,  it 
is  the  third  largest  country  in  Western  Europe.  The  nation  has 
a  population  of  55,007,000,  larger  than  that  of  any  of  the  coun- 
tries with  which  it  snares  a  common  boundary.   It  is  mostly 
rugaec  and  mountainous.   Tne  climate  's  generally  mild. 
Governmental  Processes  -U) L 
■[})     Of  the  four  major  powers  of  Western  Europe,  Italy  per- 
haps "as  nac  the  priefest  exoenence  with  unified,  representative, 
democratic  government,   'he  present  system  of  the  government  of 
".taly  was  establisnec  in  "P46-1947  by  an   elected  Constituent  Assem- 
bly ,* composed  principally  of  elder  statesmen  and  elements  of  the 
anti -Fascist  resistance  forces.  Two  decades  of  free,  democratic 
aovernment  have  not  yet  enanled  parliamentary  institutions  to  put 
down  deep  roots  in  the  Republic.  The  capacity  to  govern  and  to 
effect  reform  continues  to  be  conditioned  by  the  fragility  of  its 
democratic  traditions. 
(I!)  The  current  round  of  inflation,  unemployment  and  strikes 
»iai  so  crippled  the  tou'-try  that  the  ;;enter-left  coalition  of 
Christian  Democrats  -nj  Socialists. 
P.ii.i-.nr,  fell  apart  in  Octooer  iv7-  ove'  wnat 
taken  to  deal  with  the  interna'  crisit.   In 
->acof.  ov  forme"-  Premier  Mariano 
easures  snould  be 
act,  the  domestic 
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situation  has  deaenerated  to  such  a  degree  tnat  many  moderate 
politicians  fear' Italy's  economic  woes  cannot  be  solved  with- 
out the  helD  of  the  Italian  Communist  Party  wmcr.  won  27'  of 
the  vote  in  the  last  election. 
The  Italian  Communist  Party  (U) 
(U)  The  Italian  Communist  Party  (PCI)  is  the  largest,  most 
dynamic,  and  most  influential  of  the  Comnunist  parties  in  Western 
Europe.  Led  largely  by  intellectuals,  it  is  well  organized, 
strongly  disciplined  and  skilled  in  reaching  the  Italian  voter. 
The  PCI  is  Italy's  second  largest  political  party  taking  a  back- 
seat to  the  Christian  Democratic  Party  which  has  been  the 
dominant  party  in  all  governments  since  1946.  It  must  be  noted 
that  Italian  Communists  are  net  a  small  fringe  minority,  as  may 
be  the  case  in  most  Western  democracies,  but  a  highly  visible 
force  in  contemporary  Italian  society.  In  fact,  the  PCI  has 
evolved  from  a  post-war,  potentially  dangerous,  insurrectionary 
party  to  a  professedly  respectable  opposition-type,  moderate 
party. 
(U)  The  party  has  been  determined  in  its  opposition  to  the 
U.S.  and  to  Italy's  NATO  affiliation.  Relations  with  Moscow  are  a 
constant  consideration  in  the  party's  policy  positions  as  well 
as  in  its  top  personnel  choices.  While  one  of  the  most  independ- 
ent of  major  Communist  parties  i-  the  ^ree  world,  it  is  never- 
theless strongly  influenced  by  tne  Communist  Party  of  the  Soviet 
Union  (CPSU).
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25. 
IDENTIFICATION  OF  USAF  INSTALLATION  LOCATIONS  IN  ITALY 
OL  A,  2187th  Communications  Squadron,  Codogne,  Italy 
Aviano  Air  Base 
OL  B,  2187th  Communications  Squadron,  Qderzo 
OL  F,  2187th  Communi cations  Squadron,  Portogruaro 
OL  D,  2187th  Communications  Squadron,  Cecgia 
OL  J,  2187th  Communications  Squadron,  Mt.  Venda 
OL  C,  2187th  Communications  Sauadron,  Conselve 
Det  9,  1141st  Soecial  Activity  Squadron,  Vicenza 
OL 
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G, 2187th  Communications  Squadron,  Longare 
I,  2187th  Communications  Souadron,  Mt.  Calvarina 
K,  2187th  Communications  Squadron,  Mt.  Corna 
E,  2187th  Communications  Squadron,  Ghedi 
4AA,  USAF  Postal  and  Courier  Service,  Milan 
L,  2187th  Communications  Squadron,  Mt.  Paganella 
N,  2187th  Communications  Squadron,  Mt.  Cima  Gallina 
H,  2187th  Communications  Squadron,  Bressanone 
7401st  Munitions  Support  Squadron,  Rimini 
OL  M,  2187th  Communications  Squadron,  Mt.  Climone 
7235th  Ammunition  Supply  Squadron/Det  2,  40th  TAC  Group,  Camp  Darby 
U.S.  Embassy,  LL  512  USAF  Eurooean  Postal  &  Courier  Service 
OL  R,  2187th  Communications  Souadron,  Det  9,  1141st  Special  Activity 
Squadron,  7260th  Support  Squadron  L.P.O.O.,  Rome 
Det  ^a,  ci67th  Communications  Squadron,  Mt.  Vergine 
San  Vito  dei  Normanni  Air  Station,  Brindisi 
Det  27,   2187th  Communications  Squadron,  Marti na-Franca 
Det  26,  2187th  Communications  Squadron,  Mt.  Nardello  (Reggio-Calabria) 
Det  25,  2187tn  Communications  Squadron,  Mt.  Limbara  (Sardinia) 
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(Key  to  Map  on  Page  10) 
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P     RESTRICTIONS  ON  COMMUNIST  TRAVEL 
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ZONAL  BOUNDARIES  AND 
LOCATION  OF  USAF 
INSTALLATIONS 
Zone  B 
(Figure  2) 
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