-» | INTELLIBENGE ow RESEARCH ~ INTHE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
INTELLIGENCE    INFORMATION    and   its   analysis   are   key 
elements  in  the  foreign  policymaking  process.  The  soundness 
of  our  foreign  policy  is  directly  dependent  on  the  accuracy  and 
completeness  of  our  information  and  on  the  objectivity  of  our 
assessments.  INR's  role  is  to  ensure  that  these  requirements 
are  met  through  the  teamwork  of  its  professional  staff  of 
analysts,  researchers,  and  technicians. 
To  do  this  job  successfully,  INR  officers  must  be  intimately 
familiar  with  the  issues  that  confront  U.S.  foreign  policy 
and  with  the  capabilities  of  U.S.  intelligence  sources.  They  are 
also  expected  to  adhere  to  the  highest  standards  of  clarity, 
conciseness,  and  logic  in  their  written  product,  most  of  which 
is  read  by  senior  policy  officials. 
Both  domestic  and  Foreign  Service  officers  who  have  had 
assignments  in  INR  look  back  on  their  experience  as  intellec- 
tually stimulating  and  as  an  excellent  vantage  point  from 
which  to  observe  and  participate  in  the  policy  process. 
^K1    u — if     d 
Hugh  Montgomery 
June  1983 
ill
Accurate  information  is— and  traditionally  has 
been-the  lifeblood  of  diplomacy.  But  in  an  era 
of  instantaneous  communication,  the  policymaker 
faces  the  problem  of  how  to  benefit  from  the  enor- 
mous volume  of  information  without  being  over- 
whelmed. Each  day  the  Department  of  State 
receives  thousands  of  telegrams  and  other  messages 
from  more  than  200  U.S.  Embassies  and  other 
posts  abroad,  as  well  as  press  items,  courier  pouch 
mail,  and  documents,  including  a  large  volume  of 
intelligence  reports,  from  other  U.S.  Government 
agencies. 
Even  with  this  flood  of  information,  the  Depart- 
ment's policymakers  do  not  always  have  all  the 
facts  they  need  to  support  sound  foreign  policy  deci- 
sions. Or,  more  commonly,  policymakers  lack  the 
time  personally  to  read  and  evaluate  in  broad 
perspective  the  information  that  is  available  and  to 
sift  out  the  most  relevant  items.  To  meet  their 
needs,  in  1946  the  Department  created  a  centralized 
unit,  the  Bureau  of  Intelligence  and  Research  (INR).
INR's  Role 
INR  has  two  primary  responsibilities: 
1.  To  provide  raw  and  finished  intelligence  to  the 
Department  from  the  Intelligence  Community,1  to  produce 
finished  intelligence  of  its  own  for  the  Department,  and  to 
participate  in  writing  Community-wide  intelligence 
assessments  and  estimates. 
2.  To  coordinate  for  the  Department  U.S.  intelligence 
activities  to  ensure  that  they  support  U.S.  foreign  policy 
interests. 
In  the  substantive  intelligence  field,  the  focus  is  on  timely, 
policy-oriented  research.  Through  close  working  relationships 
with  other  officials  in  the  Department— beginning  with  the 
Secretary,  Deputy  Secretary,  and  Under  Secretaries  and 
reaching  out  to  all  subordinate  levels— INR  is  continuously 
aware  of  the  key  problems  facing  policy  officials  and  adjusts 
its  work  priorities  accordingly. 
In  the  coordination  field,  INR  is  in  liaison  with  the  Central 
Intelligence  Agency,  the  Defense  Intelligence  Agency,  the 
Federal  Bureau  of  Investigation,  and  other  members  of  the 
Intelligence  Community.  It  represents  the  Department  on  the 
National  Foreign  Intelligence  Board  (NFIB),  the  National 
Foreign  Intelligence  Council  (NFIC),  and  the  committees  of 
1  Under  Executive  Order  12333,  the  Intelligence  Community  consists  of 
the  Central  Intelligence  Agency,  Defense  Intelligence  Agency,  National 
Security  Agency,  other  intelligence  components  of  the  Department  of  Defense 
and  military  services,  INR,  and  the  intelligence  sections  of  the  Federal  Bureau 
of  Investigation,  Department  of  Energy,  Department  of  the  Treasury,  and 
Drug  Enforcement  Administration.  They  are  all  represented  on  the  National 
Foreign  Intelligence  Board  (NFIB),  which  coordinates  the  programs  of  the 
Intelligence  Community.  The  Director  of  INR  is  the  State  Department 
member  of  NFIB.
"Intelligence" 
The  term  "intelligence"  commonly  has  a  connotation  of 
secrecy  and  of  the  acquisition  of  information  that  was  intended 
to  be  concealed.  The  Bureau  of  Intelligence  and  Research,  as  a 
component  of  the  Department  of  State,  does  have  access  to 
classified  information  available  through  diplomatic  channels  and 
through  U.S.  intelligence  agencies.  But  the  essential  definition 
of  intelligence  as  a  part  of  the  foreign  policy  process  is  the  col- 
lection and  analysis  of  information  that  bears  on  the  conduct  of 
our  foreign  relations. 
Intelligence  information,  or  raw  intelligence,  is 
unevaluated  information,  no  matter  how  it  is  collected  or 
reported.  It  includes  press  reports,  foreign  radio  broadcasts, 
foreign  publications,  reports  from  our  Embassies  abroad,  and 
information  gathered  from  alt  intelligence  agencies. 
INR  subjects  this  raw  intelligence  to  evaluation  and  analysis 
to  put  it  into  the  context  of  ongoing  U.S.  national  security  and 
foreign  policy  concerns.  It  must  be  evaluated  for  accuracy  and 
credibility;  for  validity  and  significance  of  content,  after  being 
collated  with  other  data;  and  for  its  implications  for  U.S.  in- 
terests. The  result  of  this  process  is  finished  intelligence— a 
written  or  an  oral  report  to  policy  and  operational  officers. 
The  Bureau  of  Intelligence  and  Research  relates  new  in- 
telligence information  to  existing  facts  and  inferences.  Some- 
times the  structure  of  facts  and  inferences  will  indicate  that 
an  element  is  missing,  much  as  the  building  of  a  jigsaw  puzzle 
defines  the  shape  of  missing  pieces.  Sometimes  the  points 
of  connection  and  reinforcement  will  establish  a  high  proba- 
bility that  the  evidence  should  be  read  in  a  specific  way.  Some- 
times the  analytical  findings  suggest  future  patterns  or  devel- 
opments of  importance  for  foreign  affairs  or  national  security. 
Whether  the  information  comes  from  documents,  public 
statements,  or  second-  and  third-hand  reports  or  eyewitness 
accounts,  the  results  of  this  process  of  evaluation  are  judgments 
about  the  facts  and  what  the  future  direction  of  events  is  likely 
to  be.
the  Director  of  Central  Intelligence  which  work  on  programs, 
priorities,  and  substantive  problems  in  the  many  fields  of 
intelligence  collection  and  analysis.  INK  also  prepares  the 
Department's  senior  officers  for  meetings  of  the  National 
Security  Council's  committees. 
Thus,  INR  is  the  organization  specially  assigned  within  the 
Department  of  State  to  supply  intelligence  information  to 
meet  policy  needs,  to  provide  a  professional  intelligence 
analyst's  view  of  developments  abroad,  and  to  ensure  that  the 
Department  both  benefits  from  and  contributes  to  the  work- 
ings of  the  Intelligence  Community.  It  differs  from  many 
other  parts  of  the  Community  in  that  it  has  no  field  represent- 
atives to  collect  intelligence.  Rather,  for  its  daily  briefing 
papers,  special  analyses,  and  other  studies,  INR  uses  informa- 
tion gathered  by  the  Foreign  Service,  CIA,  Department  of 
Defense  intelligence  components,  the  FBI,  and  the  Foreign 
Broadcast  Information  Service  as  well  as  information 
available  in  scholarly  publications  and  in  the  press.  Although 
INR  papers  are  sent  to  other  agencies  represented  on  the 
National  Security  Council  and  to  the  NSC  Staff,  its  output  is 
geared  to  the  specific  needs  and  responsibilities  of  the 
Secretary  of  State  and  the  Secretary's  principal  assistants. 
Threefold  Contribution 
INR  makes  three  contributions  to  the  foreign  policy  proc- 
ess. First,  it  handles  information  from  all  parts  of  the  world 
and  systematically  selects  and  analyzes  relevant  material.  Its 
analysts  often  have  many  years  of  experience  in  their 
specialized  fields,  enabling  INR  to  undertake  analyses  in 
greater  depth  than  otherwise  would  be  possible.  Because  the 
Bureau  is  closely  knit  and  compact,  it  quickly  can  put.  into 
focus  whatever  range  of  information,  geographical  and  func- 
tional, is  relevant  to  foreign  policy  questions.  INR  thus  is
specially  designed  to  give  other  Department  bureaus  a  distilla- 
tion of  the  information  they  want,  when  they  want  it. 
The  Bureau  adds  a  distinctive  ingredient  to  the  viewpoints 
that  develop  within  the  Department  concerning  foreign  policy 
issues  and  trends.  This  suggests  that  there  must  be  overlap 
between  INR  and  the  other  bureaus,  which  also,  within  their 
fields  of  responsibility,  digest  information.  That  overlap  is 
deliberate  and  forms  the  basis  for  the  second  major  INR  con- 
tribution. 
In  the  tradition  of  checks  and  balances,  the  Department 
has  felt  the  need  for  a  supplier  of  information  and  interpreta- 
tion parallel  to  the  historic  source  in  the  geographic  and  func- 
tional bureaus— a  supplier  whose  view,  conditioned  by  the  par- 
ticular qualities  of  analytical  work,  would  complement  and  on 
occasion  differ  from  the  viewpoints  of  bureaus  whose  central 
focus  is  formulation  of  policy.  Secretary  Marshall,  some  three 
decades  ago  when  he  set  the  framework  which  still  shapes 
INR's  organization,  said  that  this  complementary  and  inde- 
pendent view  was  what  he  wanted.  Succeeding  Secretaries 
have  endorsed  the  idea— and  have  found  the  same  advantages 
in  it. 
The  demand  in  the  Department  for  INR  products  shows 
that  most  officers  find  it  useful  to  check  their  ideas  against  a 
viewpoint  arrived  at  in  an  organization  separate  enough  to 
render  an  independent  judgment,  but  close  enough  to  appre- 
ciate their  problems.  The  outer  limits  of  the  Bureau's  activity 
in  this  field  are  marked  by  the  tradition  that,  although  INR 
may  assess  the  prospective  consequences  of  alternative  U.S. 
policies,  it  does  not  itself  formulate  or  recommend  foreign 
policy  in  the  way  that  the  other  bureaus  do,  nor  does  it  design 
courses  of  action. 
Finally,  INR  concentrates  in  a  single  unit  the  staff  work 
necessary  to  assist  the  Department  in  its  relations  with  the 
Intelligence  Community  and  all  of  the  latter's  complex
technological  and  operational  processes.  It  is  a  two-way 
street.  The  Bureau,  through  ramified  connections  with  the 
agencies  that  make  up  the  Community,  ensures  that  the 
Department  receives  all  the  relevant  information  that  these 
agencies  collect  and  produce.  Equally  important,  INR  acts  to 
fulfill  the  Department's  obligations  toward  the  Community 
agencies. 
INR  Reports 
INR  produces  reports  designed  to  furnish  intelligence  in- 
formation and  analysis  to  policy  officers.  Some  of  these  have 
exclusive  distribution;  others  are  distributed  widely  within 
government  and,  when  unclassified,  outside  government. 
Besides  its  regular  publications,  the  Bureau  prepares  studies 
in  the  form  of  memoranda  for  senior  officers,  some  in 
response  to  ad  hoc  requests  for  INR's  judgments,  others 
initiated  by  INR. 
Although  the  Bureau  undertakes  many  types  of  work,  it 
stresses  carefully  drafted,  succinct  analytic  reports  that  will 
directly  assist  Department  policy  officers  in  their  work.  It 
seeks  to  provide  an  independent  viewpoint  based  on  the  use  of 
all  information  available. 
Among  the  Bureau's  regular  publications  are: 
•  The  Morning  Summary,  prepared  in  collaboration  with 
the  Department's  Executive  Secretariat.  This  daily  publication 
is  intended  both  to  inform  the  Secretary  of  State  and  his  prin- 
cipal deputies  of  current  events  and  current  intelligence  and 
to  supply  them  with  tightly  drafted  analyses  assessing  the 
importance  of  developments  and  trends.  The  first  part  of  the 
Summary  consists  of  short  gist-and-comment  reports  based  on 
newly  available  information.  The  second  part  usually  consists 
of  three  one-page  "essays"  drafted  by  INR  analysts.  This
highly  classified  publication  is  also  circulated  to  a  few  top 
officials  in  other  foreign  policy  agencies. 
•  Regional  and  functional  summaries,  prepared  by  the 
analytical  offices  of  INR  on  a  daily,  weekly,  or  biweekly  basis. 
In  mid-1983,  these  included  African  Trends,  Arab-Israeli 
Highlights,  Central  American  Highlights,  East  Asia  and 
Pacific  Weekly  Higklights,  Global  Issues  Review,  Inter- 
American  Highlights,  Politico-Military  Analyses,  Science  and 
Technology,  and  Soviet  Weekly.  These  serial  publications  con- 
sist of  short  essays  or  brief  analytical  items  and  gists  of 
significant  intelligence  reports.  They  are  designed  to  keep  the 
senior  officers  who  follow  these  policy  issues  up-to-date  in 
ways  that  minimize  demands  on  their  time. 
•  Single-subject  reports  published  under  three  distinctive 
mastheads:  Current  Analyses,  papers  that  analyze  recent  or 
ongoing  events  and  assess  prospects  and  implications  in  the 
next  6  months.  Analysts  rely  primarily  on  current,  intelligence 
in  preparing  these  reports.  Assessments  and  Research,  papers 
that  assess  past  trends  or  project  the  course  of  events  beyond 
6  months.  These  reports  include  those  for  which  the  analyst 
has  done  substantial  background  or  in-depth  research  on 
broader,  long-range  issues.  Policy  Assessments,  papers  that 
analyze  the  context  or  results  of  past  policies  (retrospective 
analyses)  or  that  assess  comparative  policies  or  policy  options. 
Studies  in  these  series  vary  in  length;  may  contain  special- 
ly prepared  maps,  charts,  and  other  visual  aids;  generally  are 
circulated  throughout  the  government,  including  U.S.  missions 
abroad;  and  sometimes  consist  of  the  text  or  a  digest  of  a 
study  done  under  contract  by  a  nongovernment  expert. 
•  Geographic  studies.  INR's  Office  of  the  Geographer 
issues  special  studies  on  land  and  maritime  boundaries  that 
are  important  basic  research  tools  for  American  and  foreign 
cartographers.
INR  Briefings  and  Intelligence 
Community  Activities 
INR  closely  interacts  with  geographic  and  functional 
bureaus  of  the  Department  and  with  the  other  intelligence 
agencies.  The  Bureau's  position  as  part  of  both  the  Depart- 
ment of  State  and  the  Intelligence  Community  facilitates  its 
efforts  to  draft  studies  of  direct  pertinence  to  policy  officers. 
Part  of  the  Bureau's  work  consists  of  briefings  given  to 
the  policy  officers.  This  may  include  the  INR  Director's  par- 
ticipation in  the  Secretary's  regular  staff  meetings,  INR  office 
directors'  daily  meetings  with  Assistant  and  Deputy  Assistant 
Secretaries,  and  meetings  of  individual  analysts  with  country 
directors  or  desk  officers.  INR  officers  comment  on  develop- 
ments and  issues  that  have  been  revealed  or  illuminated  by 
intelligence.  They  call  to  the  attention  of  and  discuss  with 
policy  officers  any  important  raw  intelligence  reports  and 
analysis  received' from  other  agencies.  Through  these  con- 
tacts, INR  officers  can  identify  issues  that  should  be  further 
studied  by  analysts  within  INR  or  elsewhere  in  the  Intelli- 
gence Community.  Many  INR  papers  are  written  in  response 
to  questions  raised  in  briefings  or  meetings.  Papers  also  are 
prompted  by  informal  conversations,  phone  calls,  cables,  and 
memoranda. 
INR  analysts  work  closely  with  other  segments  of  the 
Intelligence  Community  in  many  ways,  perhaps  most  impor- 
tantly in  contributing  to  the  preparation  of  such  interagency 
assessments  as  National  Intelligence  Estimates  (NIEs). 
NIEs,  coordinated  among  the  intelligence  agencies  and 
reviewed  by  the  NFIB,  present  the  most  senior  official  judg- 
ment of  the  Community  on  major  problem  areas  related  to 
foreign  affairs  and  national  security.  They  may  deal  with 
political,  economic,  and  strategic  issues  or  may  focus  on  a 
single  event  or  problem,  a  country,  a  region,  or  a  worldwide
issue.  At  every  stage,  INK  is  involved,  from  helping  an  oliicer 
of  the  Department  who  wishes  to  frame  a  request  for  an  NIK 
to  the  final  step  when  the  Director  of  INK  participates  on  the 
NFIB  with  fellow  intelligence  agency  heads  in  discussing  and 
defining  the  contents  of  the  final  text.  Bureau  analysts  par- 
ticipate in  interagency  working  groups  to  develop  terms  of 
reference  for  NIEs;  they  often  submit  written  or  oral  con- 
tributions; and  they  spend  much  time  in  interagency  meetings 
at  which  draft  estimates  are  revised  and  differing  assessments 
aired  prior  to  NFIB  consideration. 
Bureau  Organization 
The  Bureau  of  Intelligence  and  Research  is  headed  by  a 
Director,  who  has  the  rank  and  authority  of  an  Assistant 
Secretary  of  State  (largely  for  historical  reasons,  he  has  a 
different  title)  assisted  by  four  Deputy  Assistant  Secretaries. 
The  INR  Director  participates  in  the  regular  staff 
meetings  conducted  by  the  Secretary  and  the  Deputy 
Secretary.  As  the  Secretary's  senior  adviser  on  intelligence 
matters,  the  Director  is  responsible  for  representing  the 
Department  on  the  National  Foreign  Intelligence  Board  and  in 
other  interagency  intelligence  groups.  The  Director  handles 
intelligence  matters  with  appropriate  elements  of  the  NSC 
Staff  and,  with  the  Senior  INR  Deputy,  leads  a  staff  of  about 
320  people.2  The  INR  staff  is  grouped  in  three  major  parts, 
each  under  one  of  the  other  Deputy  Assistant  Secretaries  (see 
chart). 
2  About  200  of  these  are  foreign  affairs  or  intelligence  analysts;  the  rest 
are  clerical,  administrative,  and  other  specialist  support  staff.  The  analysts  are 
about  evenly  divided  between  Civil  Service  personnel  in  permanent  status  and 
Foreign  Service  officers  on  2-  or  3-year  assignments  to  the  Bureau.  The  pur- 
pose of  this  division  is  to  provide  a  balance  between  the  INR  experience  of  the 
permanent  staff  and  the  recent  field  experience  of  the  Foreign  Service 
officers.
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INR's  structure  reflects  its  principal  responsibilities  (p.  2). 
One  deputy  is  responsible  for  the  Bureau's  current  analysis 
output.  A  second  supervises  work  involving  longer  term 
assessments  and  research,  both  in  the  Bureau  and  from  the 
academic  world.  The  third  deputy  guides  the  Bureau's  coor- 
dination activities  relating  to  the  other  intelligence  agencies' 
operations  abroad. 
Current  Analysis 
The  largest  part  of  INR's  staff  is  directed  by  the  Deputy 
Assistant  Secretary  for  Current  Analysis  (INR/CA).  Six  of  the 
seven  offices  in  this  grouping  correspond  to  the  principal 
geographic  areas  of  the  world:  Africa  (AA);  Latin  America 
(IAA);  East  Asia  and  the  Pacific  (EAP);  the  Soviet  Union  and 
Eastern  Europe  (SEE);  Western  Europe  (WEA);  and  the 
Near  East  and  South  Asia  (NESA).  The  seventh  is  the  Office 
of  Politico-Military  Analysis  (PMA). 
The  primary  function  of  these  offices  is  to  produce 
analyses  of  developments  and  issues  that  are,  or  will  be,  of 
concern  to  the  policymaker.  CA  offices  perform  "traditional" 
research  in  that  they  acquire  information  and  evaluate,  store, 
retrieve,  and  use  it  for  the  benefit  of  their  readers.  They  pro- 
duce finished  intelligence  in  that  their  work  is  based  on 
classified  information  as  well  as  on  more  conventional  open 
sources,  is  directed  to  issues  of  immediate  or  potential  con- 
cern to  policymakers,  and  is  intended  to  analyze  developments 
and  not  merely  chronicle  them.  These  offices  are  responsible 
for  preparing  the  regional  and  other  special  summaries  men- 
tioned above,  for  briefing  senior  officers,  and  for  preparing 
the  INR  contributions  to  Community-wide  estimates  and 
assessments. 
CA  analysts  have  a  particular  responsibility  for  comment- 
ing on  current  developments  and  on  issues  of  current  concern
to  policymakers.  Their  special  contribution  is  to  lend  perspec- 
tive and  depth  to  events  by  putting  them  in  a  broader,  policy- 
relevant  context,  judging  whether  they  reflect  the  continua- 
tion or  interruption  of  a  trend,  and  estimating  their  likely 
future  course. 
In  practice,  the  boundaries  between  "current"  analysis  and 
other  analytical  work  are  difficult  to  define.  An  analysis  of  a 
fast-breaking  situation,  for  example,  may  involve  placing 
events  in  long-term  perspective,  and  a  long-range  assessment 
may  be  the  prerequisite  to  a  decision  on  a  current  and  even 
urgent  issue.  The  common  denominator  is  the  application  of 
specialized  knowledge  and  technical  expertise  to  the  analysis 
of  foreign  policy  situations. 
As  substantive  experts,  therefore,  CA  analysts  also  under- 
take longer  range  studies  and  assessments.  When  performing 
in  that  capacity  they  operate  under  the  guidance  and  direction 
of  the  Deputy  Assistant  Secretary  cited  next. 
Assessments  and  Research 
The  Deputy  Assistant  Secretary  for  Assessments  and 
Research  (INR/AR)  has  the  primary  responsibility  for  the 
Bureau's  long-range  analytical  studies,  as  noted  above.  In 
addition,  this  deputy  directs  the  following  offices  and  staffs: 
The  Office  of  Long-Range  Assessments  and  Research 
(LAR)  prepares  its  own  long-range  assessments  on  selected 
topics,  contributes  on  occasion  to  assessments  prepared 
elsewhere  in  the  Bureau,  and  commissions  from  contractors 
and  consultants  those  which  cannot  be  done  in  INR.  The  office 
also  manages  a  program  for  contract  research  studies  and 
conferences  on  issues  identified  by  other  State  Department 
bureaus  and  units.  Finally,  LAR  is  the  staff  through  which  the 
Department  discharges  the  Secretary  of  State's  respon-
sibilities  concerning  the  coordination  of  ail  U.S.  Government- 
supported  research  on  foreign  affairs. 
The  Office  of  Economic  Analysis  (EC)  produces  reports 
for  policymakers  on  current  and  longer  range  issues  involving 
such  international  economic  concerns  as  foreign  economic 
policies,  business  cycles,  trade,  financial  affairs,  food,  popula- 
tion, energy,  and  economic  relations  between  the  industrial- 
ized countries  and  the  developing  nations.  EC  uses 
econometric  modeling  to  assess  the  effects  of  alternate 
economic  policies. 
The  Office  of  the  Geographer  (GE)  prepares  studies  of 
policy  issues  associated  with  physical,  cultural,  economic,  and 
political  geography;  the  law  of  the  sea;  U.S.  maritime  issues; 
and  international  boundaries  and  jurisdictional  problems.  It 
produces  maps  for  the  Department  and  reviews  maps  and 
charts  produced  by  other  agencies  to  ensure  consistency  in 
:    menclature  and  in  matters  of  sovereignty.  It  represents  the 
Department  and  the  U.S.  Government  at  international 
geographic  and  cartographic  forums  and,  as  appropriate,  pro- 
vides geographic  expertise  to  foreign  governments. 
The  Office  of  Global  Issues  (GI)  produces  finished 
intelligence  on  selected  transnational,  regional,  and  global 
topics.  Its  reports  and  briefings  deal  with  political  issues  of 
importance  to  the  United  States  which  are  raised  in  interna- 
tional forums  and  with  such  functional  international  issues  as 
the  political  psychology  of  conflict,  international  terrorism, 
science  and  technology,  narcotics,  human  rights  and  refugees, 
oceans,  and  the  environment. 
The  Reports  Coordination  and  Review  Staff  (RCRS)  is 
responsible  for  the  management  and  final  production  of  INR's 
formal  reports,  either  regular  series  (Current  Analyses, 
Assessments  and  Research,  Policy  Assessments)  or  special 
publications.  Its  principal  concerns  include  editorial  review, 
typography,  printing,  and  distribution  of  these  reports.
Coordination 
The  staff  directed  by  the  Deputy  Assistant  Secretary  for 
Coordination  (INR/C)  functions  as  the  focal  point  for  other 
elements  of  the  Community,  other  areas  of  the  Department, 
and  missions  overseas  on  the  conduct  and  direction  of  all  U.S. 
intelligence  collection  activities  having  significance  for  foreign 
affairs.  It  coordinates  the  Department's  role,  including  the 
Secretary's  participation,  in  the  National  Security  Planning 
Group,  which  coordinates  special  intelligence  activities  and 
sensitive  intelligence  collection  operations,  and  in  the  Senior 
Interagency  Group  for  Intelligence,  which  establishes 
priorities  and  reviews  intelligence  and  counterintelligence  pro- 
grams. To  accomplish  these  missions,  INR/C  is  organized  into 
the  following  components: 
The  Office  of  Intelligence  Liaison  (IL)  coordinates  pro- 
posals for  special  intelligence  activities.  Its  basic  responsibility 
in  connection  with  these  programs  is  to  ensure  thorough  con- 
sideration of  their  support  of  and  implications  for  U.S.  foreign 
policy.  IL  participates  in  briefings  on  intelligence  matters  for 
Department  officers  gohg  to  and  returning  from  overseas 
posts.  It  also  handles  liaison  with  designated  foreign  intelli- 
gence representatives. 
The  Office  of  Intelligence  Coordination  (IC)  works  with 
the  Defense  Intelligence  Agency  and  the  Federal  Bureau  of 
Investigation  on  intelligence  problems  of  mutual  concern.  It 
represents  the  Department  in  Community  coordination  of 
priorities  for  national  intelligence  collection  and  production 
and  works  with  other  agencies  on  human  source  collection 
efforts.  It  manages  the  Department's  effort  to  counter  anti- 
U.S.  propaganda;  serves  as  the  focal  point  for  Foreign  Service 
reporting  plans  and  evaluations;  coordinates  the  U.S.  Govern- 
ment's map  and  publications  procurement  abroad;  represents 
the  Department  in  handling  defector  cases;  and  processes
requests  for  biographic  data  and  other  Community  intelligence 
production. 
The  Office  of  Intelligence  Resources  (IRE)  provides 
staff  support,  representation,  and  coordination  for  the  Depart- 
ment's interests  in  technical  intelligence  programs  and  the 
National  Intelligence  Budget.  It  works  closely  with  other  Com- 
munity agencies,  concerned  areas  of  the  Department,  and 
overseas  missions  in  planning,  deploying,  and  evaluating 
technical  collection  activities.  Finally,  it  advises  Department 
officers  on  the  use  of  intelligence  produced  by  major  technical 
systems. 
Special  Functions 
Apart  from  the  responsibilities  managed  by  the  Deputy 
Assistant  Secretaries  for  Current  Analysis,  Assessments  and 
Research,  and  Coordination,  two  offices  in  INR  serve 
bureauwide  needs.  They  report  directly  to  the  Senior  Deputy 
Assistant  Secretary. 
The  Office  of  the  Executive  Director  (EX)  handles  for 
the  Bureau  all  administrative  and  management  activities  in- 
cluding organization,  budget  and  fiscal,  personnel,  training, 
security,  and  general  administrative  support  services.  The 
Executive  Director  represents  the  Bureau  in  these  areas 
within  the  Department  and  the  Intelligence  Community.  This 
office  also  manages  a  student  intern  work-study  program  in 
which  a  limited  number  of  outstanding  university  students 
spend  3-4  months  working  as  junior-level  analysts  in  INR's 
regional  and  functional  offices. 
The  Office  of  Intelligence  Support  (IS)  is  the  Depart- 
ment's center  for  receiving  intelligence  information,  in  both 
documentary  and  electrical  form,  and  for  processing  and
disseminating  it  under  requisite  security  safeguards  Backed 
up  by  other  INR  offices,  most  of  which  have  space  and  person- 
nel within  the  center,  IS  assures  that  Department  officers 
have  speedy  access  to  urgent  intelligence  items  as  well  as 
appropriate  INR  comments  and  studies.  IS  staffs  INR's  Watch 
Office,  which  is  co-located  with  the  24-hour  Operations  Center 
in  the  Department's  Executive  Secretariat.