SPechiL REPORT - THE HOSTILE INTELLIGENCE ESTABLISHMENT IN ITALY (U) HEADQUARTERS AIR FORCE OFFICE OF SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS WASHINGTON, D.C. 20314 JANUARY 1975 Classified by Commander, AFOSI Exempt from General Declassification Schedule of Executive Order W652 oo Exemption Category 2 oe : y- a, Deelassify when Authorized *Y., thes - ore Originator, Wok Ae
IN (TALY (U) Table of Contents S THE HOSTILE INTELLIGENCE ESTABLISHMENT © A L Page PREFACE . Vi {£0 ITALY . iti INTESOUCTION . | The Settina Loe | Tavernmentar Srocesses. ] The ftalian Communist Farty 2 USAF Presence ....... 2.4.44 3 dost Country Security agencies. 4 THE THOCAT Fo Lf ff ke ee £ Soviet Intelligence Services. 5 The Soviet ‘lissicn F The Yoerating Eevironcvant. 3 Modus perandi toe ke eee 1 Inteliligerce Targets ....... je Setectad Tage Historias, 12 Ntner Yostite Inteijiaence Services ..... 17 CAS taeda CLUSION 2 6 2. ee ee ee ee ee ee ew 20 ANDOVMA
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“~rP-OMTVN yore INTRODUCTION (U) This study assesses the espionage and subversive threat posed by Soviet and other hostile intelligence services to the USAF and to U.S. security interests in Italy. The Soviet Union retains a substantial interest in the role of the U.S. Air Force and other ‘iATO military forces in this strategic part of southern Eurcpe on the Mediterranean and is aware of the interlocking nature of \'.S. defense commitments. Recent inter- national developments with respect to the Middle East and new importance placed on this area's oi] resources give added sig- niticance to clandestine activity of the Soviet Intelligence Services (SIS) in italy. The Setting [U} ‘us  Tealy, composed of 2 ‘ong peninsular Mainland. two major islands, anc numerous minor ones, almost bisects the Medi- terranean Sea. [its position on the main reutes between curope, Africa and the Near Cast nas given it political, economic and strategic importance. With an area of 116,303 square miles, it ig tne third largest country in western Europe. The nation nas 4 sopulation of 35,.097.090. laraer tnan that of any of the coun- ertes with which it sneres 4 common boundary. t is mostly rugaec and mountainous. Tne climate :s generally mild. Governmental Processes [U) ‘us Of the four major powers of Western furope, Italy per- . wy 4aps$ nas nac tne oriefest experience with unified, representative, Gemocratic government. The cresent system of the government of ‘taiv was establisned in 1744-1947 bv an elected Constituent Assem- bly. composed princinvelly of elaer statesmen and elements of the enti-Fascist resistance forces. Two decades of free, democratic aovernment have not yet enadled parliamentary institutions to put down deep roots in the Republic. The capacity to govern and to effect reform continues to be conditioned by the fragility of its cemocratic traditiors. (U) The currest round of inflation, unemployment and strikes has so crisnled the courtry that the center-left coalition of Christian Democrats «nz Sociairwsts. Puitor, fell apart in octoper if75 Sve. what Tedsures snould be taken to deal with the interna: crisiz. In fact, the domestic saaded sv former Premier Mariano me — 9
-p-OMmMTMN Oouma” OSI I situation has deaenerated to sucr 2 degree tnat many moderate politicians fear Italy's economic woes cannot be solved witn- out the heip of the Italian Communist Party wnicn won 27° of the vote in the last election. The Italian Communist Party (U (U) The Italian Communist Party (PCI) is the largest, most dynamic, and most influential of the Communist parties in Western Europe. Led largely by intellectuals, it is well organized, strongly disciplined and skilled in reaching the Italian voter. The PCI is Italy's second largest political party taking a back- seat to the Christian Democratic Party wrich has been the dominant party in all governments since 1946. It must be noted that Italian Communists are not 2 smati fringe minority, as may be the case in most Western democracies, but a hignly visible force in contemporary Italian society. In fact, the PCI has evolved from a post-war, potenticzlly dangerous, insurrectionary party to a professedly respectable opposition-type, moderate party. (U) The party has been determined in its opposition to the U.S. and to Italy's NATO affiliation. Relations with Moscow are a constant consideration in the party's colicy positions as well as in its top personnel choices. While one of the most independ- ent of major Communist parties in the free world, it is never- theless strongly influenced by tne Communis* Party of the Soviet Union {CPSU}.
~ an IN) st net ee OwWON AD 21. eke) Gee ee ets PWN HOWOMON DWM AWN ~~ 7 8 8 «© © «6 © «© © © ©» «© © 2 24. 25, IDENTIFICATION OF USAF INSTALLATION LOCATIONS IN ITALY OL A, 2187th Communications Squadron, Codogne, Italy Aviano Air Base OL 8, 2187th Communications Squadron, QOderzo OL F, 2187th Communications Squadron, Portogruaro OL 5, 2187th Communicatians Squadron, Cecaia OL J, 2187th Communications Sauadron, Mt. Venda QL C, 2187th Communications Sauadron, Conselve Det 9, 1141st Special Activity Squadron, Vicenza OL OL OL OL OL OL OL OL G, 2187th I, 2187th K, 2187th £, 2187th 4AA, USAF L, 2187¢th N, 2187th H, 2187th Communications Squadron, Longare Communications Squadron, Mt. Calvarina Communications Squadron, Mt. Corna Communications Squadron, Ghedi Postal and Courier Service, Milan Communications Squadron, Mt. Paganella Communications Squadron, Mt. Cima Gallina Communications Squadron, Bressanone 7401st Munitions Support Squadron, Rimini OL M, 2187th Communications Squadron, Mt. Climone 7235th Ammunition Supply Squadron/Det 2, 40th TAC Group, Camp Darby U.S. Embassy, LL 512 USAF European Postal & Courier Service OL R, 2187th Communications Sauadron, Det 9, 1141ist Special Activity Squadron, 7260th Support Squadron L.P.9.0., Rome Det 26, ci6/tn Communications Squadron, Mt. Vergine San Det Det Det Vito dei Normanni Air Station, Brindisi 27, 2187th Communications Squadron, Martina-Franca 26, 2187th Communications Squadron, Mt. Nardello (Regqio-Calabria) 25, 2187tn Communications Squaaron, Mt. Limbara (Sardinia) (Key to Map on Page 10) -~pP>-OMTMN ADOUVMA OSI
- P RESTRICTIONS ON COMMUNIST TRAVEL: , ZONAL BOUNDARIES AND LOCATION OF USAF INSTALLATIONS (Figure 2)