»       NATIONAL  SECU&iTY  COUNCIL  INTELLIGENCE 
DIRECTIVE  KO.  5l 
■  U.S.  ESPIONAGE  AND  COUNTEPJWEIiGENO: 
ACTIVITIES  ADuOAD 
(Revised  18  January  1961) 
Pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  Section  102(d)  of  the  National  Security 
Act  of  10-1-7,  rs  amended,  the  National  Security  Council  hereby  authorises 
end  directs  thnt: 
1.  For  the  purpose  of  this  directive: 
cl  Espionage  is  defined  as  that  intelligence  activity  which  Is  directed 
toward  the  acquisition  of  information  through  clandestine  operations. 
b.  Counterintelligence  is  defined  as  tlict  intelligence  activity,  *.vith 
its  resultant  product,  which  is  devoted  to  destroying  the  effectiveness  of 
inimical  foreign  intelligence  activities  and  which  Is  undertaken  to 
protect  the  security  of  the  nation,  and  its  personnel,  information  and 
installations  abroad,  against  espionage,  saboirge,  and  subversion. 
Counterintelligence  includes  the  process  of  procuring,  developir:f;,  re- 
cording, end  dirssm  mating  information  concerning  hostile  dander: tins 
activity  and  of  penetrating,  manipulating,  or  rnnrossin.fr  individuals, 
groups,  or  organisations  conducting  or  capable  of  conducting  such 
activity. 
^  2.  To  ensure  cenirfHi^d  direction  through  prior,  comprehensive  rx/.\ 
continuiri;:  coordination  of  all  ciand^-rlno  activities  auLhurired  herein, 
the  Director  of  Central  Inteilieence  snail: 
•  a.  Establish,  in  consultation  with  the  U.S.  Intelligence  Board,  the 
procedures  necessary  to  achieve  such,  direction  and  coordination. 
l>.  Coordinate  all  clandestine  activities  authorized  herein  and  con- 
ducted outside  the  U.S.  and  its  possessions,  including  liaison  which 
concerns  clandestine  activities  or  which  involves  foreign  clandestine 
services,  except  when  the  provisions  of  paragraph  r.  apply;  also  coordi- 
nate? clandestine  activities  with  overt  collection  ;:  brood. 
c.  Invite  departments  and  agencies  not  permanent  members  of  the 
U.S.  Intelligence  53-oard  which  have  clandestine  coimtsrivdemr^nee 
responsibilities  aurora  to  participate  in  the  U.S.  Intelligence  board 
deliberations  wiien  clandestine  counterintelligence  matters  i  ffecthig 
such  responsibilities  are  under  connderation. 
d.  Moke  mutually  agreeable  arrangements  with  other  departments 
and  agencies  for  such  cover  support  as  may  be  needed  by  tiw  Central 
Intelligence  Agency  and  coordinate  the  arrangements  for  cover  support 
required  by  any  other  department  or  rgency  to  carry  out  the  clandcs- 
*Thl-.  Directive  Mipcr.- ec!cs  KSCI.D  No.  S,  ekited  15  Scp'cir.bcr  105S,  v;);*cli  p»-vi- 
ou  !v  h.Ml  «:.:osriCcic:i  I.'JCID  Mo.  D,  (land  SI  Mn'.l  U:>'>. 
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tins  GcHvilles  authorlrcd  hi  paragraph  •!•  below,  except  v/hen  cuch 
cover  is  to  re  provided  unilaterally  and  wi'rhout  utilising  the  facilities 
c(,  or  bceomJnj  Juenihled  with,  other  departments  or  agencies  of  the 
government  or  non-governmental  organisations. 
3.  The  Cciifr^.1  Intelligence -Agency  has  primary  responsibility  'or  U.5J. 
clandestine  activities  abroad.  Subject  to  the  provisions  of  paragraph  C, 
it  is  responsible  for  the  following  cervices  of  common  concern: 
a.  The  conduct  o*  espicivago  outside  the  United  Str  tcs  nnd  it3  po> 
ccssions  In  order  to  meet  the  int-lll-eiice  ncc-cls  of  all  departments  and 
agencies  concerned,  in  connection  with  the  national  security. 
b.  The  conduct  of  claudsellno  counterintelligence  outside  (he  United 
Etatss  nnd  lis  po:  cess-ions. 
c.  The  conduct  of  iiaiscri  v/ith  foreign  clandestine  services  or  con- 
cerning the  above-  clsndeetine  activities  with  foreign  hur-hlgcnce  or 
security  services. 
d.  The  maintenance  for  the  benefit  of  the  intelligence  community 
Oi  central  fnac;:ce  and  records  o:  foreign  counterintelligence  informa- 
tion.   AH  departments  and  agencies  shall  contribute  to  this  -ndo::,  on 
.  a  continuing  basis,  such  materia!  collected  by  them  as  is  appropriate 
for  a  central  f-.le;  this  material  shall  be  collated  and.  analyzed  for 
appropriate  dissemination. 
e.  Upon  rermc-ft  and  to  the  e::tent  practicable,  ase-lsting  other  de- 
partments and  agencies  in  connection  with  their  cover  suppers  neea3. 
4,  Subject  to  the  provisions  of  paragraph  2  above,  other  departmente 
end  agencies  with  commands  or  im.iallations  located  outside  the  U.S.  and 
ito  possessions  may: 
a%  Conduct  supplementary  espionage  in  order  to  scilefy  depart- 
mental intelligence  needs. 
the  security  of  their  pereennel,  commands,  activities  and  installations. 
c.  Conduct  liaison  with  forei/m  clandestine  services  or  concerning 
the  above  clandestine  activities  with  foreign  intelligence  or  zzcvzlly 
sendees. 
6.  The  departments  and  agencies  concerned  shall  assist  the  Central 
Intelligence  Agency  in  its  conduct  of  espionage  by  providing  guidance  in 
the  form  of  continuous,  timely  and  epeciuc  collection  requirements  and, 
and  agencies  shall  provide  similar  support  to  each  ether  as  required. 
0.  Tn  a  foreign  an-a,  e::cer>t  where  paragraph  3  applies,  the-  Director  of 
Central  Inte'.P^cnce  shall,  after  consultation  v : 1 1 i  the  Secretary  of  State, 
ensure  that  tlie  senior  U.S.  representative,  or  his  designated  representa- 
tive, is  appropriately  advised  of  U.S.  espionage  and  clandestine  counter- 
intelligence activities  conducted  in  or  from  the  area. 
7.  In  r  foreign  area  where  major  U.S.  military  commands  are  stationed 
the  designated  representative  of  the  Director  of  Central  Intelligence  shall 
keep  the  senior  U.S.  military  commanders,  or  their  designated  represents- 
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tlvc-i,  appropriately  informed  of  the  espionage  and  clandestine  counter- 
intelligence activities  nnd  operations,  conducted  by  the  Central  Intelli- 
gence Agency  in  or  /rem  such  areas,  inciudir/g  liaison  between  CIA  and 
forcigr  military  establishments. 
8.  In  active  theaters  of  war  where  U.S.  forces  are  engaged,  or  when  the 
President  so  directs: 
a.  Except  as  provided  in  sub-paragraph  b  below,  the  entire  Central 
Intelligence  Agency  organization  conducting  espionage  and  clar-dcs- 
tine  counterintelligence  operations  in  or  from  a  theater  shall  as  a  com- 
ponent force  be  under  the  direct  command  of  the  U.S.  Theater  Com- 
mander in  accordance  with  agreements  separately  reached  between 
the  Director  oi  Central  Intelligence  and  (he  Secrets ry  of  Defence,  and 
shall  provide  espionage  and  counterintelligence  support  to  military 
operations. 
b.  Espionage  and  counterintelligence  operations  which,  because  of 
some  exceptional  political,  diplomatic  or  other  implication,  are  con- 
ducted independently  by  the  Central  Intelligence  Agency,  shall  be 
coordinated  by  the  Director  of  Central  Intelligence  with  the  Secretary 
of  Defense  and,  as  appropriate,  with  the  Secretary  of  State. 
c.  The  Secretary  of  Defcn-.c  and  the  Director  of  Central  Intelligence 
shall  establish  general  procedures  for  the  coordination  of  liaison  on 
clandestine  activities  between  U.S.  military  commanders  and  foreign 
services  that  ene?ge  in  such*  activities. 
0.  In  addition  to  the  above,  the  Director  of  Central  Intelligence,  in 
consultation  with  the  U.S.  Intelligence  Board  and  other  interested  de- 
partments and  agencies  shall: 
a.  Develop  appropriate  policy  recommendations  'or  National  Secu- 
rity Council  ccv-icere tion  with  reepcer.  to  the  over-all  U.S.  cour-ter- 
iriteJLfcenco  effort  conducted  outside  the  U.S.  and  iir.  possessions. 
b,  To  the  extent  necessary  to  ensure  conformity  with  policies  ap- 
proved by  the  National  Security  Council,  provide  for  U12  coorainatiou 
of  all  types-  of  U.S.  counterintelligence  activities  conducted  abroad  and 
for  the  coordination  of  such  activities  with  those  conducted  by  the 
departments  and  agencies  responsible  for  domestic  counterintelligence.