This research investigates the primary constraint causing the low competitiveness of Indonesian footwear exports compared to Vietnam with new information from a number of the latest studies. This study uses Reveal Comparative Advantage (RCA) and the Trade Specialization Index (TSI). Differences in culture, economic structure, and firm rivalry all contribute to Indonesia’s power competitiveness. This research adds a competitive advantage to study the factors that hamper the low competitiveness of Indonesian footwear against Vietnam. The results show that Indonesia’s comparative advantage is more moderate than Vietnam, with an average RCA of 4, while Vietnam is 9. The average value of TSI is Indonesia close to 1 and Vietnam 1. The primary constraints are workers’ wages higher than Vietnam, and business services such as R & D have not utilized. The development of the footwear industry policy must identify from upstream to downstream. The affirmative system made must be used to overcome short-medium term problems.

Philosophy

Footwear Export Competitiveness of Indonesia and Vietnam Abstract This research investigates the primary constraint causing the low competitiveness of Indonesian footwear exports compared to Vietnam with new information from a number of the latest studies. This study uses Reveal Comparative Advantage (RCA) and the Trade Specialization Index (TSI). Differences in culture, economic structure, and firm rivalry all contribute to Indonesia's power competitiveness. This research adds a competitive advantage to study the factors that hamper the low competitiveness of Indonesian footwear against Vietnam. The results show that Indonesia's comparative advantage is more moderate than Vietnam, with an average RCA of 4, while Vietnam is 9. The average value of TSI is Indonesia close to 1 and Vietnam 1. The primary constraints are workers' wages higher than Vietnam, and business services such as R & D have not utilized. The development of the footwear industry policy must identify from upstream to downstream. The affirmative system made must be used to overcome short-medium term problems. Keywords: international trade, competitive products, footwear exports, exports Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meninjau faktor utama penyebab rendahnya daya saing ekspor alas kaki Indonesia dibanding Vietnam dengan menarik informasi dari sejumlah studi terbaru. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Reveal Comparative Advantage (RCA) dan Indeks Spesialisasi Perdagangan (ISP). Perbedaan dalam budaya, struktur ekonomi, dan persaingan perusahaan, semuanya turut berkontribusi menentukan keberhasilan daya saing Indonesia. Jadi, penelitian ini menambahkan pendekatan daya saing kompetitif untuk mengetahui faktor yang menjadi hambatan rendahnya daya saing alas kaki Indonesia terhadap Vietnam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan keunggulan komparatif Indonesia lebih rendah dari Vienam, dengan rata-rata RCA sebesar 4, sementara Vietnam 9. Untuk ISP, nilai rata-rata Indonesia mendekati 1, dan Vietnam 1. Penyebab utama karena upah pekerja yang lebih tinggi dari Vietnam dan layanan bisnis seperti R&D belum dimanfaatkan secara maksimal. Pengembangan kebijakan industri alas kaki harus diidentifikasi dari hulu ke hilir secara komprehensif dan berkelanjutan. Kebijakan afirmatif yang dibuat harus benar-benar digunakan untuk mengatasi masalah jangka pendek-menengah. Kata Kunci: perdagangan internasional, daya saing produk, ekspor alas kaki, ekspor JEL Classification: F13, F12, F17 How to Cite: Abdulkadir, A., Afriana, Wendra., & Azis, H. A. (2020). Footwear Export Competitiveness of Indonesia-Vietnam. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 9(2), 269-284. doi: . Amanah Abdulkadir1, Wendra Afriana2*, Harry Azhar Azis3 *Corresponding author Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Volume 9 (2), 2020: 269 284 P-ISSN: 2087-2046; E-ISSN: 2476-9223 Received: April, 21, 2020; Revised: July 15, 2020; Accepted: July 20, 2020. 1Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang. Jl.l. HS. Ronggo Waluyo, Karawang, West Java, Indonesia 2,3Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan, Senayan, Jakarta, Indonesia. Email: , ,  DOI:  Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Volume 9 (2), 2020: 269 284 270  DOI:  Introduction In most Asian countries, economic growth and development depend on export activities (Tsen, 2006). Bernard & Jensen (1999) argues that exports have a positive relationship with economic growth and contribute to increasing a country's productivity. Footwear is one of the commodities that have contributed significantly to Indonesia's economic growth. With a production of 1.41 billion pairs of shoes in 2018, Indonesia provides around 4.6% of the total world shoe production (Indonesia Ministry of Industry, 2019). However, referring to data from the Indonesia Ministry of Trade (2020), Indonesia's export commodities are still dominated by mineral exports (HS 27), which reached 14 percent or US$ 22.2 billion. The second position is occupied by plantation commodities such as animal or vegetable oil by 11.36 percent, Followed by commodity commodities and electrical equipment and parts by 5.51 percent, Then followed by commodities other than railroad/tram and its components by 5.27 percent. These products tend to increase in value and quantity of exports except mineral and vegetable/vegetable oil commodities, which have decreased in 2019 but still dominate. Meanwhile, footwear products (HS 64) always experience an increase in the national export share and ranks tenth of the national export commodity. For 2019, the contribution of footwear to domestic exports will be 2.85 percent. The footwear export industry has a significant role in bringing in foreign exchange. The industry is labor-intensive and plays a vital role in employment. The footwear industry can absorb an additional workforce of 24 people from 795 thousand people in 2017 to 819 thousand people in 2018 (Indonesia Ministry of Industry, 2019). The United States is the leading market destination for Indonesia. The exports of Indonesian footwear products to the United States in the last five years (2014-2018) increased compared to its footwear exports to the rest of the world (UN Comtrade, 2019). Among the five biggest footwear exporters in the world, only Vietnam in ASEAN, whose footwear exports have exceeded Indonesia in the last five years? As a result, Indonesia is the fifth largest footwear exporter globally and accounts for 2.85 percent of global exports. Exports become one of the strengths of the regional economy. The role of shipping is vital to support the economic growth of a region. The success of an area in international trade can also saw from the competitiveness of its export products. Export competitiveness becomes the driving factor of region export performance. Competitiveness has become the key to a region to succeed in its participation in globalization and world free trade (Bustami & Hidayat, 2013). Not surprisingly, every country competes to increase its superior product exports to continue competing in the international market. Thus, to increase Indonesia's competitiveness against Vietnam, the first step taken is to increase the number of its exports. Furthermore, several studies reveal that a country's competitiveness can saw from the size of its exports. Altomonte et al. (2012) show that dynamic exports can measure a country's competitiveness. Whereas Porter (1990) explains, entrepreneurs can take advantage of certain regions' comparative advantage to gain competitiveness. That is, dynamic exports are the right size for competitiveness. 271 Amanah Abdulkadir Footwear Export Competitiveness of Indonesia-Vietnam  DOI:  There are have various problems faced in export footwear, such as low-cost labor. Indonesia and Vietnam are both known as low-wage countries. However, Vietnam's wages are far lower than in Indonesia. It has attracted many investors to relocate their factories to Vietnam. Schmitz (2006) reveals that Vietnam emerged as a significant shoe exporter to Europe and the United States, perhaps because Taiwanese and Koreans helped build production capabilities and regulate the supply of all inputs needed in low-wage regions, such as Vietnam, China and India (Hoang & Hong, 2016). As a result, FDI in Vietnam has increased in recent years. In 2003, this share was 49% (Anh et al., 2006. cited by Hoang & Hong, 2016), but in 2015, this share increased by up to 80% (Hoang & Hong, 2016). Labor costs in Vietnam are still lower compared to its other neighbors, Thailand, and China. Vietnamese factory workers only get two-thirds of what their colleagues bring home in China. Thus, many companies prefer to move production to lower-cost regions such as Vietnam. The 2019 Total Workforce Index (TWI) report revealed the average monthly salary of Vietnamese workers at only US $ 242, the seventh of the regional average of US $ 1802. If footwear is a 'strategic' sector, does Indonesia, which has higher wages for workers than Vietnam, imply slower long-term export growth? An indicator of comparative advantage and competitive advantage in footwear introduced to check whether competitiveness in this industry boosts growth. To increase competitiveness, factors that must consider are not only those related to their comparative advantages (size of exports) and their competitive advantages. Reis & Farole (2012) stated that the obstacles major developing countries to compete in international trade generally behind the border, namely internal factors in a country such as logistics, customs, financing, conditions of production factors, and lack competition (Ridhwan et al. 2015). Meanwhile, Chan et al. (2004) state that competitive advantage positively influences company performance. Furthermore, the firm's strategy to gain a competitive advantage of footwear are manipulating the various resources needed and control those resources directly because these resources are the key to producing competitive advantage (Reed & DeFillipi, 1990. cited by Rijamampianina, 2003). This study will try to evaluate the gap by investigating the competitive and comparative advantages of Indonesia and Vietnam simultaneously in the footwear industry. Previous studies have only examined on one side, either comparative advantage (Amador & Cabral, 2008; Adulyanukosol & Silpcharu, 2020; Maqbool et al. (2018) or competitive advantage (Vuong et al. 2019; Zhang, 2018; Phan et al., 2016; Hoang & Hong, 2016; Batista et al., 2016). Thus, we add to the literature by examining not only based on empirical results (comparative advantage) but also a competitive advantage. By analyzing the competitiveness of the footwear industry from two sides (comparative and competitive), we will get a complete picture of the advantages of the footwear industry in both countries. Thus, this research aims is to review the primary constraints causing the low competitiveness of Indonesian footwear exports compared to Vietnam by drawing information from several recent studies. To understand the competitiveness issues that Indonesia will continue to face in the medium term, we offer a detailed analysis of Indonesian and Vietnamese footwear's comparative and competitive advantages. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Volume 9 (2), 2020: 269 284 272  DOI:  Methods This research investigates the factors that cause the competitiveness of the Indonesian footwear industry is lower than in Vietnam. We follow the methodology developed by Faustino (2008) to show whether Indonesia has comparative advantages or even relative disadvantages in the footwear industry. Meanwhile, to find out how much comparative advantage it has, we will use the methodology developed by Hinloopen (2001), which explicitly explains the concept of reveal comparative advantage (RCA), which was first introduced by Balassa (1965). According to him, there are four classifications used to determine the size of a country's comparative competitiveness, as explained in Table 1. Tabel 1. RCA Classification Classification Explanation 0<RCA ≤ 1 No comparative advantage 1<RCA ≤ 2 Week comparative advantage 2<RCA ≤ 4 Moderate comparative advantage RCA >4 Strong comparative advantage Source: Abtew (2017) To present the RCA index results, we use to export data from the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Division (UN COMTRADE) website, World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS). Mathematically the RCA Balasssa can be calculated with the following formula: Where: Xij is the value of commodity exports j from country i Xit is the total export value (product j) of country i Wj is the export value of commodity j in the world. Wt is the total world export value. After knowing the strengths of Indonesia and Vietnam's comparative advantages, we will detail the RCA determinants. To find out, we follow the approach developed by Lundmark (2010). According to him, RCA determines the product, production efficiency, geographical characteristics, and government policy. Furthermore, to further assure the strength of the comparative advantages of the two countries, afterward, we will use the trade specialization approach from Amable (2000). This approach measures the relationship between comparative advantage and trade specialization, positive or negative on economic growth. Furthermore, the method of Hotopp et al. (2005) explains that, with trade specialization, export productivity will increase. As a result, the comparative advantage of footwear products increases. 273 Amanah Abdulkadir Footwear Export Competitiveness of Indonesia-Vietnam  DOI:  Further, comparative advantage measures are a determinant of trade patterns, which leads to international trade specialization to be determined by several supply and demand factors (Abtew, 2017). According to Tambunan (2003), the comparative advantage of a country can measure using the TSI method. The formula of TSI: Where: Xia is the value of commodity exports in country j Mia is the value of imported commodities i in country j TSI identifies the growth rate of a commodity: First, TSI -1.00 to 0.50 means the product has low competitiveness or an importing country, in an introduction stage. Second, TSI -0.51 to 0.00 shows the industry has very low competitiveness, or the level of production is not high enough to reach its economies of scale, or the country is in import substitution stage. Third, TSIs 0.01 to 0.80 means the country has strong competitiveness and is expanding exports or in a growth stage. Fourth, TSI 0.81 to 1.00 means the commodity is in the maturation stage in world trade or already has powerful competitiveness. Fifth, TSIs 0 to 1.00, means the industry of country B cannot compete with country A in their domestic markets, and local production is less than domestic demand. Moreover, the principle of RCA is also mostly designed and sustained through a highly localized process. Differences in national values, culture, economic structures, institutions, and histories all contribute to competitiveness success (Abtew, 2017), which are those factors that are a competitive advantage. Further, competitive advantage was first introduced by Porter (1990) as a tool of analysis in increasing competitiveness. Sachitra & Chong (2016) described the four main attributes used in Diamond National Porter to determine a country's competitive advantage: condition factors, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and firm's strategy structure rivalry. From the four attributes, the condition factor is considered the most appropriate in determining a country's competitive advantage. For this reason, this research will also investigate in detail these factors. It hope that the full investigation will not only based on empirical values from the results of RCA or TSI scores but also on the research of factors that considered t o contribute to the success of competitiveness (Porter Diamond Model), can help provide recommendations for making appropriate policies in the face of obstacles major in the footwear industry. Results and Discussion This section will reveal comparative (market share) & competitive advantages (strategy, structure, and firm rivalry) between Indonesia and Vietnam. Thus, the competitiveness between the two countries will be known. Then, the next step is to provide relevant recommendations for improving the productivity improvement of footwear exports. The measurement of comparative advantage uses RCA. Comparative advantage is revealed if RCA > 1. Table 2 shows that Vietnamese RCA has been maintained in the top 5 and become the highest RCA among ASEAN footwear exporters. However, Vietnam's RCA Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Volume 9 (2), 2020: 269 284 274  DOI:  shows a slow downward trend in 2014 of 11.8 and down to 9.62 in 2017, which shows that Vietnam's comparative was obvious and competitive at an early stage, but not optimistically in the next few years. Table 2. RCA of ASEAN Countries Country 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Indonesia 3.94 4.39 4.75 4.61 4.61 Malaysia 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 Singapore 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.05 Thailand 0.51 0.44 0.38 0.39 0.39 Vietnam 11.8 10.2 9.81 9.62 Meanwhile, Indonesia, even in second place, showed a steady and upward trend. Indonesian RCA increases every year (2014-2016) and stagnant in 2017 and 2018. It implies that Indonesia's comparative advantage is getting stronger while Vietnam is weakening. If Indonesia wants to surpass Vietnam in comparative advantage, then Indonesia must increase its number of exports. Furthermore, several studies reveal that a country's competitiveness can saw from the size of its exports. Altomonte et al. (2012) showed that dynamic exports could saw to measure a country's competitiveness. In contrast, Porter (1990) explains that entrepreneurs can take advantage of a particular region's comparative advantage to gain competitiveness. That is, dynamic exports are the right size for competitiveness. However, the way to use this depends on other Indonesia capabilities discussed in the following content. The first step taken by Indonesia to increase the number of footwear exports is to identify well the specialization that each type of footwear product has. To measure it, use the Trade Specialization Index (TSI). Some research shows the impact of product specialization. Hotopp et al. (2005) examine how exporters' performance is associated with by-product specialization or diversification and shows that companies that can develop more diverse products have better export productivity than those who do not. Meanwhile, Companies tend to focus on specific product ranges rather than various items that allow for economies of scale to be exploited (Baldwin & Gu, 2004; Vuong et al. 2019). No different, Amable (2000) shows inter-industry specialization and comparative advantage in electronics has a positive effect on productivity growth. Besides, education seems to act complementary to trade specialization and strengthen the positive impact of electronics. Table 3. TSI for HS 6404 of ASEAN Member Countries Country 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Vietnam 1 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.99 Indonesia 0.91 0.92 1 0.84 0.78 Cambodia 0.94 0.96 0.98 0.98 0.98 Myanmar 0.09 0.25 0.69 0.89 0.98 Thailand 0.21 0.06 -0.04 -0.4 Singapore -0.29 -0.23 -0.59 -0.23 275 Amanah Abdulkadir Footwear Export Competitiveness of Indonesia-Vietnam  DOI:  Table 3 shows calculation of TSI of footwear products (HS 6404) among ASEAN member countries, that Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia have the highest TSI compared to others. The three countries have TSI values of 1 and almost during the last five years (20142018). It means that the product has extreme competitiveness. Meanwhile, TSI calculation results with HS 6403 (footwear products with outer soles made of rubber, plastic, leather or composition leather and leather uppers (not including orthopedic footwear, skating shoes with ice or roller skates attached, and pedestal toy legs)) shows that Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia are still the three countries that dominate the highest value for this HS 6403 product, with a value of 1 and almost 1 (see Table 4). The three countries' TSI values fluctuate, the top three led by Vietnam and followed by Cambodia and Indonesia. In 2015, Vietnam's TSI went down to 0.98, and stagnant until 2018. Cambodia's TSI fluctuated, from 0.98 in 2014, then stagnated at 0.99 for two years and dropped to 0.98 in 2017. The three countries' TSI is positive (above 0 to 1) for HS 6403 products. They have strong competitiveness and have the potential to be exporting the product. Table 4. TSI of HS 6403 of ASEAN Member Countries Country 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Vietnam 1 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 Indonesia 0.93 0.93 1 0.93 0.92 Cambodia 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 Myanmar 0.53 0.58 0.7 0.67 0.78 Thailand NA 0.48 0.48 0.52 0.41 Singapore NA -0.38 -0.33 -0.94 -0.36 Vietnam, Indonesia, and Cambodia also as significant producers of HS 6402 products (see Table 5). HS 6402 is a footwear product with an outer sole and rubber or plastic top (excluding waterproof footwear from heading 6401, orthopedic footwear, skating shoes with ice or roller skates attached, and toy footwear). For this product, Indonesia ranks third, and Cambodia ranks second. Indonesia's TSI in 2016 was 0, while Vietnam's 0.98, and Cambodia's 0.42. The data for this product is somewhat surprising. In 2014 Cambodia had a negative TSI (-0.75), which was much lower than Indonesia, but in just two years, Cambodia moved from an importer to an exporting country. Table 5. TSI for HS 6402 in ASEAN Country 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Vietnam 1 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 Indonesia 0.74 0.74 0 0.63 0.56 Cambodia -0.75 0.62 0.42 0.95 0.94 Myanmar 0.5 0.53 0.86 0.88 0.86 Thailand 0.34 0.24 0.28 0.18 Singapore -0.15 -0.1 -0.2 -0.19 Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Volume 9 (2), 2020: 269 284 276  DOI:  Overall, the TSI for footwear products HS 6402, HS 6403, and HS 6404 are always above 0.5. Indonesia has a comparative advantage to be an exporter of these footwear products. Indonesia's specialization in footwear exports indicates that Indonesia has the capital to compete with footwear products from Vietnam because Indonesia has a comparative advantage as much as Vietnam. However, efforts to increase Indonesia's comparative advantage are not only influenced by its export productivity. However, it also influenced by Vietnam's competitive advantage. To analyze the competitive advantage between Indonesia and Vietnam, it will use the national diamond porter method. This method is considered suitable, which is more descriptive. The main attributes used to measure competitive advantages are strategy, structure, and firm rivalry. Several studies have shown that there are factors that can affect an increase in competitiveness. Ridhwan et al. (2015) argued that Indonesia still has problems in four factors: labor (skill set), logistics, policy, and domestic institutions, which should be a concern of the government for increasing Indonesia's footwear export competitiveness. Furthermore, Cho & Moon (2013) argued that Indonesia's efforts to increase competitiveness are at a developing stage: physical factors (business environment) and human factors. Other vital factors that have contributed to efforts to increase competitive advantages in the condition factor in the footwear industry are innovation and information technology. Adulyanukosol & Silpcharu (2020) revealed that four factors influence the competitive advantage of footwear design in the Thai footwear industry. Namely, design, market analysis, innovation, and information technology. Furthermore, referring to the results of a literature study, the primary constraint related to Indonesia's condition factor is the labor costs in Vietnam lower than Indonesia. Thus, it will be easier for Vietnam to attract companies to place their production in Vietnam. In 2016, there were more than 700 footwear companies in Vietnam, while in Indonesia only 472. This result shows in Table 6. Table 6. Number of Footwear Companies in Vietnam and Indonesia in 2016 Indicator Indonesia Vietnam Number of firms 472 More 700 Number of workers 795,490 1,5 millions Source: Indonesian Footwear Association (APRISINDO) (2017); Vietnam Industry (2020). The minimum wage for Vietnamese workers is at the lowest level of 48-69 cents/hour. At the same time, that number for Mexican workers is 56-73 cents/hour, Peru: 1.17 USD/ hour, Chile: 1.86 USD/hour. In line with these, Figure 1 shows that manufacturing labor cost per hour for Vietnam is lowest that China and Mexico. As a result, many old suppliers have turned into liaison agents for new suppliers in low-wage countries like Vietnam (Schmitz, 2006). With low wages, which is the main reason companies were there in the first place. It indicates that Vietnamese export firms continue to enjoy the labor advantages, and significantly increased the comparative advantages of the middleand low-grade products of footwear through large-scale production, cost reduction and other ways. On the other hand, 277 Amanah Abdulkadir Footwear Export Competitiveness of Indonesia-Vietnam  DOI:  it also shows that Vietnamese footwear products are low in added value and still rely on low grade, low quality, and low price to penetrate the international market. In the past two years, the human factor, namely labor, is considered a very influential factor in the competitiveness of footwear exports in Indonesia. Indonesia has high labor costs. The wages of footwear and footwear workers in Indonesia are considered high. Referring to data from the Board of Trustees of the Indonesian Footwear Association (Aprisindo), the average minimum wage for shoe workers in Tangerang, Banten, is the location of the most shoe and footwear industry in Indonesia, reached the US$ 179 or around Rp1.7 million / month. While Vietnam is US$ 95/month, and Cambodia is only US$ 61/month. Figure 1. Manufacturing labor costs per hour for China, Vietnam, Mexico from 2016 to 2020 (in U.S. dollars) Source: Duffin (2019). Therefore, one of the triggers of the declining trend in world import demand for Indonesian footwear products is because foreign companies prefer to invest in other countries like Vietnam and Cambodia. It is based on one of them because the wages of workers in Vietnam are cheap (Indonesia Ministry of Trade, 2020). Furthermore, in the last five years, the minimum wage is the highest compared to China and Vietnam. Indonesia's minimum wage increase reached 37.95% compared to China, only 17.5%, and Vietnam by 26%. High minimum wages can cause unemployment. In the interim analysis, the company will choose to move the factory to an area with a lower UMR. As a result, layoffs occur. This condition is in line with the results of the study of Ridhwan et al. (2015), which shows that minimum wages that are too high can cause layoffs and relocation of factories to provinces with a lower regional minimum salary (UMR). The cost of dismissal is high, around 50 times the weekly salary. It corroborated by the research of Takii and Ramstetter (2007), which stated that the regional minimum wage policy and the high cost of layoffs could hamper the improvement of footwear export competitiveness. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Volume 9 (2), 2020: 269 284 278  DOI:  Moreover, although wages are still low relative to Indonesia, Vietnam cannot rely on a low-cost. Low costs labor in Vietnam led to lower production costs. The impact, an added value, is also little. For example, for shoes at low prices, research and development costs, design, and marketing are too small. In effect, the added value is low. Simply put, this is due to the percentage of unskilled labor, reaching 50% of the total workforce. Consequently, companies have weaknesses in managerial skills, inefficient organization, and limitations in supplying other resources (GDS, 2011; Hoang & Hong, 2016). Furthermore, Hoang & Hong (2016) argue that low-cost workers' competitive advantage will not last long. Vietnamese shoe manufacturers must find other benefits in manufacturing. The reason, technological development will have an impact on the demands of skilled labor. For this reason, investment in information technology must become Vietnam's concern. Several studies have shown that increasing information technology investment is relatively beneficial for young Vietnamese residents who can work in international companies with high wages and social status (Shillabeer 2013). Sakellariou & Patrinos (2003) studied the impact of computer use on workers' salaries in Vietnam. Workers with higher education get a higher average annual wage increase than lower-skilled workers. Overall, the competitive advantage of low-cost labor is not sustainable. Vietnamese footwear producers have to find and change their business strategy based on other benefits in production processing (Hoang & Hong, 2016). At the same time, Indonesia, a country with higher wages than Vietnam, has positive effects on the domestic economy. The benefit of this position is to have a skilled workforce; thus, an organization is more efficient. GDS (2011) argued that, although Vietnamese were having the competitive advantage of cheap labor, 50% of the workforce in the footwear industry is unskilled. It is clear to prove that low-cost labor strategy will not last long. To accommodate the problem of high labor costs, Indonesia must: First, improve the workforce; with an improved quality of labor, it will reduce labor costs incurred so that companies will be more efficient. Second, properly arrange labor wage policies. To increase worker's real income, the government can help provide subsidies in the form of workers' housing, transportation, or education costs for workers' children without increasing labor costs for companies. Table 7. Top Footwear Exporting Countries in 2015-2019 Exporters Share in value in world's exports, % in 2015 Share in value in world's exports, % in 2016 Share in value in world's exports, % in 2017 Share in value in world's exports, % in 2018 Share in value in world's exports, % in 2019 World 100 100 100 100 100 China 21.01 18.05 17.07 16.08 16.06 Italy 14.09 15.05 15.01 15.01 14.02 Vietnam 9 8.08 8.09 9.04 13.04 Germany 4.07 5.03 6.04 6.07 6.07 Indonesia 4.05 4.06 5 5 4 Source: UN Comtrade, 2020. 279 Amanah Abdulkadir Footwear Export Competitiveness of Indonesia-Vietnam  DOI:  As a low-cost country, Vietnam competes through an aggressive pricing strategy, made possible by extraordinary low production costs. For a company, the low cost associated with making a profit. As a result, Vietnam is the third-largest player on global footwear export (see Table 7). Vietnamese exports of footwear have increased by an average annual rate of 9.45 percent for five years. At the same time, Indonesian footwear exports have increased by 4.62 percent. The value of Indonesian footwear exports estimated at US$2.6 billion in 2019. Growth has been particularly strong in the post-financial crisis period since 2009, which coincides with a generalized depreciation of the Indonesian rupiah vis-à-vis the US dollar and other major consumer-market currencies. Table 8. The Major Destination For Indonesian Footwear Importers Share in value in Indonesia's exports, % in 2015 Share in value in Indonesia's exports, % in 2016 Share in value in Indonesia's exports, % in 2017 Share in value in Indonesia's exports, % in 2018 Share in value in Indonesia's exports, % in 2019 World 100 100 100 100 100 USA 26 25.03 27.01 27.08 33 China 7.07 7.06 9.04 10.02 12.08 Germany 8.07 9.09 8.08 8.08 8.04 Belgium 8.02 7.05 8.01 8 7.04 Japan 5.04 5.05 5 4.08 4.08 United Kingdom 7.08 5.09 5.06 5.07 4.01 Source: UN Comtrade, 2020. Overall, Vietnam has seen footwear exports increase more quickly than Indonesia. Indonesia's global market share is highest in uppers made from textile products (HS 6403), trailing only China, Vietnam, and Belgium in terms of global exports. Indonesian footwear products have a substantial worldwide reach and imported by 142 different countries around the world (The Conference Board of Canada, 2018). The top five countries account for more than half of the total, with the United States by far the most common destination for Indonesian footwear, followed by China, Germany, Belgium, and Japan. It can be seen in Table 8. Moreover, Vietnam and Indonesia always occupy the top position as the most significant footwear exporting country in ASEAN. In 2016, the value of Indonesian and Vietnamese footwear exports declined, along with the number of world exports, which also fell. However, the Indonesian export demand increased again in 2017 and 2018. Meanwhile, even Vietnam's exports increased in 2017, but the number of footwear exports was lower compared to 2015 (see table 7). These result show that there is an increasingly important dependence on some specific economies in the world. The unstable development and crisis of these economies could negatively impact the footwear export of Vietnam and Indonesia. In addition to wages, the low utilization of business services also makes Indonesia unable to optimize footwear exports' productivity. Indonesia ranked second-lowest with a percentage of 24%, while Vietnam was ranked third (30%). Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Volume 9 (2), 2020: 269 284 280  DOI:  Figure 2. Low Share of Business Services in Exports Source: The Conference Board of Canada, 2018. As can be seen in Figure 2, business services account for 24 percent of Indonesian footwear exports in total. Specifically, Figure 3 shows that Indonesia captures just 28 per cent of computer services, 32 per cent of R&D, and 39 per cent of machinery and equipment leasing. The low usage of services in footwear R&D will have consequences for weak competition competence. There is a strong relationship between investment in R&D and the demand for skilled labor. Companies that have high intentions of R&D will need higherskilled work. In the future, the need for skilled labor expected to continue to increase in line with product culture, which has a shorter life cycle and demands high R & D capability in every company. Figure 3. Domestic share of servicers involved in exports are low for some industries Source: The Conference Board of Canada, 2018. Thus, overall, Indonesia faces several significant obstacles in efforts to increase its competitiveness against Vietnam, namely, higher employee wages and low utilization of business services, especially in R&D services. If Indonesia can make the high-wageest conditions to improve the quality of workers, then the added value will increase. After all, the high quality of human resources is needed to drive the development of R&D that can attract foreign investors to innovate in the footwear industry. The result is that export productivity will also increase. Furthermore, the successful export of footwear products as an assembly segment must supported by other factors, such as highly skilled R & D, technology, and human resources. 281 Amanah Abdulkadir Footwear Export Competitiveness of Indonesia-Vietnam  DOI:  Some of the previous studies show that innovation, research, and development (R&D) and human resources as a driver of competitiveness. Rua & França (2014) concluded that the competitive advantage in the Portuguese footwear industry must be based on value-added products and developed through innovative manufacturing processes and differentiation to take advantage of economies of scope (Batista et al., 2017). Ortega et al. (2014) mentioned that both exports and innovation and R&D are critical factors for the growth of firms and economies. They find that firms that invest in R&D are considerably more likely to export, but the reverse is not valid. Even though exporting does not stimulate investment in R & D, exports and R & D have a joint effect on improving productivity. Smith et al. (2002) also found that R&D is essential for being an exporting firm. The positive relationship between exports and innovation also found by DiPietro & Anoruo (2006), and Correia & Gouveia (2015). The research of Chadha (2009) also analyzes the export performance of 131 Indian pharmaceutical firms for the period 1989-2004. The results indicate that technology proxied by foreign patent rights has a positive impact on exports. It suggests that developing countries with innovation skills for process innovations can penetrate international markets in the later stages of the product cycle using patents, the barriers to trade in the early stages of the product cycle. In their study for Vietnam's SME Sector, Nguyen et al. (2007) find that innovation as measured directly by new products, new production processes, and improvement of existing products, are essential determinants of exports by Vietnamese SMEs. Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that Vietnam is comparatively superior compared to Indonesia, with an average value of RCA of 9 and TSI 1. While RCA Indonesia is only four, and TSI is close to 1. The analysis with Diamond National Porter shows that Indonesia still faces significant challenges in wages and the low share of business service. With the condition of Vietnam, which is known as a low-cost country, it will be easier to attract investors. This result implements the development of footwear industry policies that must identify from upstream to downstream comprehensive and sustainably. Affirmative policies made must be used to overcome short-medium term problems. Some strategies suggested improving it. Strategies suggested are: First, improving the quality of the workforce. High wages, combined with high-quality workers, will produce comparative advantages for Indonesia. Second, increasing productivity. Third, increasing R&D activity, and 4) increasing awareness of more environmentally friendly specifications. If those policies can implement as well as possible, The Indonesian footwear industry will grow positively. Then Indonesia's footwear exports will equal or even exceed Vietnam's exports. References Abtew, M. A. (2017). 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Philosophy

International Journal of Academic Information Systems Research (IJAISR) ISSN: 2643-9026 Vol. 3 Issue 8, August - 2019, Pages: 20-27  20 Improving Research Performance Efficiency in Palestinian Universities Using E-learning Strategies Samia A. M. Abdalmenem 1 , Rasha O. Owda 2 , Maram O. Owda 3 , Samy S. Abu Naser 4 , Mazen J. Al Shobaki 5, Youssef M. Abu Amuna 6 1Department of Management and Financial Business, Al-Quds Open University 2,3,4Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine 4Department of Information Technology, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine 5Dean of Bait Al-Mqds College for technical Science, GazaPalestine 1Samia.Monen@Gmail.Com, , , , ,  Abstract: The study aimed to identify e-learning strategies and their relation to increasing the efficiency of research performance in foreign and Palestinian universities (University of Ottawa, Munster, Suez Canal, Al-Azhar, Islamic, Al-Aqsa). The analytical descriptive approach was used for this purpose, and relying on the questionnaire as a main tool for data collection. The study society consists of senior management in Palestinian universities, where the number of senior management personnel in the universities was 206. The random stratified sample was selected, and the Statistical Analysis of Social Sciences (SPSS) program was used. The study found a significant relationship between e-learning strategies and the efficiency of research performance in universities. It also reached the participation of senior management in the research that develops the university performance in the Palestinian universities. The senior management indicated that they care to follow the policies of implementing the development of scientific research. While the senior management in foreign universities indicated that they are interested in the sequence of policies to implement the development of scientific research. The study also showed that senior management in Palestinian universities interested in providing the appropriate budget for elearning. The study recommended that the senior management of Palestinian universities should provide an e-learning budget and encourage employees to continue using e-learning strategies. The administration in the Palestinian universities should adopt and support outstanding research, and the need to encourage interest in the implementation of policies for the development of scientific research. Keywords: Efficiency, Research performance, e-Learning strategies, Palestinian universities. 1. INTRODUCTION E-learning considered as one of present day wording, and it is an after effect of consolidating science and innovation in the instructive field. E-learning takes an interest in arranging, usage, assessment, and the improvement of e-learning in instructive and non-instructive foundations. Likewise, there are specific focuses in the educational program plan and improvement, and change them into modern electronic stages to keep pace with the suitable changes in labor advertise. E-learning seeks to achieve objectives and functions that contribute to solving educational and scientific problems, and developing them through active educational programs, using Internet, and providing feedback, access to educational efficiency in the educational and research performance. [1] Training innovation gives scholastics the essential aptitude to build up their presentation. E-learning adds to changing the job of the instructor and the student. The student has turned into a scientist and voyager of information. Concerning the instructor, he turned into an organizer, guide, facilitator, evaluator, and development. The learner has become a scholar and an explorer of knowledge. Scientific research is the second goal that universities seek to achieve. It is a societal necessity that contributes to the presence of universities in society through it. E-learning is a means of education that aims to interact through the use of computer technology, which stimulates the development of skills, enhance creativity using modern electronic methods, and provides e-learning content to all students both inside and outside the university. Also E-learning contributes to the learning process in an easy and enjoyable way for learner, achieves the principle of equal educational opportunities, and aims to increase the efficiency, quality, and flexibility of education process. One of the objectives of e-learning is to provide a rich and multi-source learning environment, and redefine roles of learning. Others objectives such as: create incentives, encourage communication inside educational process, model education, exchange educational experiences through channels Communication with the preparation of a International Journal of Academic Information Systems Research (IJAISR) ISSN: 2643-9026 Vol. 3 Issue 8, August - 2019, Pages: 20-27  21 generation of teachers and students whom are able to deal with modern technology skillfully. [2] [3] It can be said that the importance of e-learning is reflected in improving the quality of higher education and its development through the improvement of methods and teaching techniques to cope with the general development of modern international technology. Education has become required to search for methods and educational models to face many challenges because of its ability to deliver the content of educational programs, activities and courses online. E-learning strategies vary in order to suit learners' abilities, diversity of goals, and decisions. The strategies used are defined through e-learning, which is how education is provided to learners. E-learning includes the design of different learning strategies that help to achieve objectives. The e-learning strategies include a number of measures to provide E-learning content that helps learners to achieve educational goals with great skill and professionalism. Increasing research performance efficiency is linked to the ability of universities to employ e-learning to improve research. There are scientific studies that prove that employing E-learning strategies in an effective manner can contribute effectively to the development of the educational process and to enhance the communication between the parties to the educational and research process. Wide spread of communications and information technology are important variables affecting universities, which reflected their effects on university performance. Despite the increasing growth of e-learning, there are many challenges facing its application in Palestinian and foreign universities, which need special budgets, experts, content development, and information security protection. Although the experience of Palestinian universities in adopting Elearning strategies compared with foreign universities still new, the paper aimed to search about E-learning strategies that contribute to increasing research performance by reviewing the problem, objectives, and importance of learning strategies through desk study, field, and finally the research plan. Expanding the proficiency of research execution is identified with the capacity of colleges to utilize e-learning out how to improve inquire about. Higher, across the board correspondence, and data advances are compelling factors in colleges, which mirrored their impacts on college execution. 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 E-learning strategies The procedure of instruction is a section and a significant segment of any foundation's advancement. This procedure gets through the viability or effect of people and workers in the association through qualities and frameworks that are prepared to do continually achieving hierarchical change and improving the exhibition of the association dependent on the use of ability. Spread of present day advancements in the time of mechanical improvement, techniques and instruments have developed that have raised the proficiency of college training and research. E-learning has turned into a significant piece of the instructive procedure. The various systems of training, support, and adjusted in the ideal use in the instructive procedure. E-learning defines as an activity that uses technology with the Internet and facilitates learning and education, and the Internet is easily associated with content on a computer. [4] Resenbeg (2007) calls attention to that when discussing elearning methodologies, we should understand that they are initially the consequence of general training techniques, and focused on that e-learning systems are one of the types of instruction procedures that significantly influence the presentation and effectiveness of an instructive organization. [5] Fig.1. E-learning Concept The e-learning system looks to advance transformational approaches in educating and instructing, and educational plans that positively affect understudies, staff, managers and different partners, associate students, make a feeling of having a place, and empower them to take an interest through the guiding principle of coordinated effort over a gathering A wide scope of social orders through exchange and electronic communication .It is an example or plan to coordinate the principle targets of Web based educating through a guide to get to advanced substance to add to sorting out learning through e-learning. [6] According to Abu Naser et al. (2019), e-learning strategies can be summarized as follows: [7] 1 The concept of e-learning strategies is not an e-learning term, but an integrated approach through which educational and research performance can be improved. 2. The application of the concept of e-learning strategies and programs is linked to the vision and mission of the universities, which contribute to the achievement of their objectives and the goals of the dealers together. 3. The application of programs and methods of using elearning strategies leads to employee satisfaction, which International Journal of Academic Information Systems Research (IJAISR) ISSN: 2643-9026 Vol. 3 Issue 8, August - 2019, Pages: 20-27  22 contributes to improved capacity and willingness to perform in universities. 4. Is the source of attracting and attracting students who believe that the educational process is for them fun and easy, and helps them to innovate, which in turn contributes to increase the efficiency of performance as indicated by the focus group. Catherine (2016) study found five positive learning strategies in this area and that the use of computer skill in education improves the credibility of education, and students favor the use of computer learning skill. [8] Different investigations with respect to the achievement of logical research in developing colleges in Saudi Arabia have uncovered the accessibility of material perspectives, for example, databases, labs, and budgetary help for society through research seats. Data innovation, information the executives and separation preparing are one of the key vital elements for structure hierarchical learning. It additionally found the capacity of colleges to adapt to the fast changes in educating and logical research. Separation preparing in colleges decreases preparing time, and there are numerous shortcomings in the accessibility of innovation.[9] [10] From the above, the areas of e-learning strategies and research performance can be identified as described below in the table (1). Table 1: e-learning strategies implementation e-learning strategies Implementation requirements 1 Planning, organization, skill, interaction, feedback, problem solving, goals. Plans, strategies 2 E-learning strategies, web-based learning strategy, multimedia software scientific presentation strategy. Technology 3 E-learning contracts, e-discussion, e-lecture, participatory e-learning, self-orientation, web exploration, project strategies, e-collaborative strategy, e-simulation, e-problem solving strategy Human resources, financial resources, infrastructure Source: Authors As e-learning strategies became an important part of modern education process, there are many objectives and types of elearning. One of the most important objectives is helping employees and their aides get ready showing material for understudies, make up for absence of involvement in one another, and give them propelled aptitudes. E-learning deals with an assortment of instruments. The new instructive framework expect various students in inclinations, mentalities, arrangements, and wants, and along these lines gives various approaches to get to the data and devices in an assortment that suits the distinction in the characteristics of the students. Also it can address the absence of scholarly and preparing frameworks in some instructive areas through virtual study halls, and accomplishes full collaboration, straightforwardly with educator and student. Accomplishes equivalent instructive chances, where the student can defeat the obstructions of time and separation if the selection of training on the Web, as e-learning can give. E-learning enables understudies to look for data by speaking with companions, looking through databases on the web, and through online networking. [11] To achieve e-learning objectives, essential procedures must take place in learning and planning to success such as changing the approach of training at the college level, with the goal that innovation is a fundamental device in the instructive science at all stages, which adds to correspondence among personnel and understudies. Add to that giving physical, human and framework prerequisites, getting ready suitable electronic projects and courses, and preparing the components of the instructive framework. Dr. Mr. Gad Ruler to these prerequisites recorded as a hard copy the administration of colleges and establishments of advanced education improvement procedures and strategies for development. Also direct research, studies, and encounters in the field of elearning, far reaching appraisal, and consistent improvement. [12] E-learning strategies could be arranged as follow: [13] 1. Multimedia strategy. 2. The scientific e-statement. 3. Electronic declamation. 4. Scientific e-experimentation. 5. Cooperative education. 6. Electronic training. 7. Self-education. 8. Electronic simulations. Whatever the strategy used in e-learning, it still considered as integrated curriculum uses a set of methods, tools, and associated programs to improve and develop the educational process, which contributes to the process of increasing the efficiency of performance in universities, achieving their goals. [14] In addition of that, to improving knowledge, accessed by the learner and the teacher, which helps him to creativity, which in turn leads to attract, attract customers, loyalty to universities, and its reflection on the culture of society. [15] 2.1 Scientific research efficiency Information is the reason for the production of new chances, as it has turned out to be certain that the consequences of research by colleges must be utilized to make new devices and better conditions for future life. Since the procedure of college improvement isn't restricted to quantitative development, extension of occasions and exercises, yet should take choices to raise the exhibition of logical research, and create methodologies that add to coordination among colleges and logical research focuses, International Journal of Academic Information Systems Research (IJAISR) ISSN: 2643-9026 Vol. 3 Issue 8, August - 2019, Pages: 20-27  23 and add to budgetary help for all mainstays of logical research, magazines, libraries , Periodicals, counseling, instructional classes, and grants. [16] The development of research performance in universities has become an urgent requirement, where modern progress has produced a square represented in the university, scientific research, technology, and society, and without linking between them is not right for one party to perform, and being properly without interaction with the other party. Hamid (2013) explained the definition of university research performance as the sum of the activities of a faculty, department, college, or university in order to contribute to development and scientific progress, which can be measured in several ways, including: the amount of publication, quotation, or peer assessment. [17] Research performance defined as the research product or product of research activity that contributes to scientific progress. It is also the ability to use a range of research activities with minimal time and effort, which contribute to the development of the university, and progress through the practice of the university or its customers to produce the best research results, and whose results contribute to the development, community and development. It also includes the use of all research strategies that contribute to the development and development of the university and its departments, and its outputs are capable of scientific and practical development in universities. [18] [19] Logical research is one of the principle targets of any college, and positions second in significance after scholastic instruction, and has turned into a conspicuous job in the hypothetical and connected fields, as the advancement of any nation is estimated by the significance of logical research, and the endeavors applied in contributing what is amassed giving subsidizing to colleges and research focuses to play out their capacities viably and superbly. [20] There are many indicators that can be used to measure university research performance; those indicators are summarized in the following table (2). [21] Table 2: Indicators of university research performance Indicator 1 1. The adequacy and efficiency of faculty members at the university. 2 Number of professors, assistants, assistant teachers and repeaters. 3 Efficiency of organizational and human structures in the field of graduate studies. 4 Percentage of expenditure on scientific research and graduate studies at the national level and at the level of each research institution. 5 Number of researchers with degrees from abroad. 6 The number of scientists, researchers and distinguished at the international level within their fields of specialization. 7 Efficiency and adequacy of resources and physical, laboratory and research resources. 8 Number of researches or researchers who have received certificates of appreciation or awards. 9 The nature of the relationship between the university and local universities and conferences research assignments research participation. 10 Quality of postgraduate studies and research provided. Source: Gad El-Rab, S. (2009). Indicators and benchmarks Measuring and Evaluating Performance Strategic: Approach for Continuous Improvement and Competitive Excellence, Cairo, New Book Library, p. 162. Another scholars debate that university research performance must be built on special criteria diverse between fact, freedom, responsibility, integrity, mastery of work, and cooperate. The basic principles are specifications for good research, and that the research process is not a personal process, but a scientific, social, cultural and humane work must be based on the basis of ideals, values, knowledge, ethics, and the researcher must be a degree of responsibility in the use of information. [22] From the theoretical framework, the following question is answered : Q1: What is the level of scientific research efficiency in foreign and Palestinian universities from the point of view of senior management? The following hypothesis is tested: H1: There is a relationship between e-learning strategy and scientific research efficiency performance in educational institutions from the point of view of senior management. 3. RESEARCH DESIGN 3.1 Methodology of the study The methodology of the study and its procedures is a major focus through which the practical aspect of the study is accomplished. The data required to conduct the statistical analysis are obtained in order to reach the results that are interpreted in the light of the study literature on the subject of the study. 3.2 Population and sampling The study conducted on (senior management) in the Palestinian and foreign universities, which are: (Islamic University, Al-Azhar University, Al-Aqsa University, University of Munster, University of Ottawa and Suez Canal University) as shown in table (3). Table 3: Distribution of the society of the study No. The University Total 1. Palestinian Universities Islamic University 106 2. Al-Azhar University 65 3. AL-Aqsa University 64 4. Foreign Universities Moneyster University 75 5. Ottawa University 95 6. Suez Canal 38 International Journal of Academic Information Systems Research (IJAISR) ISSN: 2643-9026 Vol. 3 Issue 8, August - 2019, Pages: 20-27  24 University Total 443 The random stratified sample was used by the university to reach (206) individual. A sample of 30 unit was chosen to test the internal consistency, structural honesty, and stability of the questionnaire. 3.3 Research tool The research instrument was prepared by studying the Since the nature of hypothesis and the variables involved are the ones that control the selection of the appropriate tool, accordingly, the researchers have prepared a measure for that study commensurate with its objectives and requirements, the elements of e-learning strategy and university research efficiency performance. The process of designing and preparing the study scale has gone through several stages and steps: 1. Review the literature of e-learning strategy, and previous studies on the subject of the current study. 2. Collect and define scale paragraphs. 3. Formulation of the standard expressions according to the study sample. 4. Set the meter instructions. 5. Correct the meter. 6. Conduct a study of stability and honesty of the scale. The first dimension referring to e-learning strategy prepared by the authors from (14) paragraphs. The second dimension of the instrument which measures university research efficiency performance, was developed by the authors also from (7) paragraphs as shown in table (4). Table 4: Dimensions and paragraphs Fields Paragraphs E-learning strategies 14 Electronic Planning Strategy 7 University research efficiency performance 7 Source: Authors Also Trustees validity has been conducted by a group of expert in e-learning and academic research. Those statements were further revised and modified by the experts in a subsequent stage before drafting the final version of the questionnaire. A five-point Lekert scale of agreement was used for measurement, running from "Strongly Agree" to "Strongly Disagree", with a Neutral category for scale midpoint. Several statistical tools were used for data analysis and hypothesis testing, including reliability Correlation using Cronbach's alpha, "ANOVA", Simple Linear Regression. 3.4 Validity and reliability assessment The truth of the questionnaire was confirmed in two ways: A. The truth of the arbitrators: "The truth is apparent": The study tool was presented in its initial form to a group of arbitrators consisting of (24) of specialists in the academic, administrative, professional, statistical and educational technology. The researchers responded to the opinions of the arbitrators and the necessary deletion and modification In the light of the proposals submitted, and thus the questionnaire was finalized. B. Internal consistency: The consistency of the internal consistency means the consistency of each paragraph of the questionnaire with the area to which this paragraph belongs. Table 5: Content Validity No. eLearning Strategies Pearson Co. Sig. 1. Strategic Planning 0.918** 0.000 2. University research efficiency performance 0.927** 0.000 * The correlation is statistically significant at α≤0.05. * * The correlation is statistically significant at α≤0.01. The stability of the research questionnaire was verified by the Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient and the midterm fragmentation and the results were as shown in Table (6). Table 6: Alpha Cronbach and the midterm split No. Areas Paragraphs Cronbach's coefficient alpha Halfspilt

Test 3. Strategic Planning 7 0.933 0.938 4. University research efficiency performance 7 0.953 0.950 E-Learning Strategies 14 0.963 0.962 The results shown in Table (6) show that the value of the Cronbach alpha coefficient is high for all dimensions, with values ranging between (0.933 and 0.963). The results for split-half was similar to the Alpha-Cronbach method, ranging between (0.938-0.962). This means that the questionnaire is accurate in measuring what is being measured and that the stability coefficient is high and fulfills the research objectives. 3.5 Data analysis The relative weights of e-learning strategies in foreign and Palestinian universities were determined from the point of view of senior management, as shown in table (7) Table 7: The arithmetic mean, the relative weight, and the value of (T) of e-learning strategies Field Universities SMA S.D. R.W. Ttest P.V. E-Learning Strategies Foreign Universities 3.56 0.86 68.78 4.692 0.000 Palestinian Universities 2.91 1.3 58 0.34 0.318 Table (7) shows that the mean of e-learning strategies from the point of view of senior management in foreign universities (3.56) is higher than the default average (3). The International Journal of Academic Information Systems Research (IJAISR) ISSN: 2643-9026 Vol. 3 Issue 8, August - 2019, Pages: 20-27  25 value of test t is equal to (4.692), which is statistically significant at (0.01). This is due to the availability of material and human resources, continuous follow-up to the development of the technological education process, and the development of e-learning strategies. The average of E-learning strategies (2.91), the value of test t is equal to (0.33) with statistical significance (0.318), which is greater than 0.05, thus increasing the average of e-learning strategies from the point of view of senior management in Palestinian universities is not statistically significant, researchers attribute this to financial situations, crises, and inability to implement strategic plans. University research efficiency performance was determined from the senior management point of view using the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, relative weight, test value "T" and "Sig" as shown in the following table (8). Table 8: Descriptive analysis for university research efficiency performance No. University research efficiency performance SMA S.D. R.W. Ttest

P.V Rank 1. Senior management is involved in research that develops university performance 3.55 1.29 71.03 5.59 0.00 1 2. Top management motivates employees to study abroad 3.46 1.40 69.29 -0.87 0.39 2 3. The senior management follows the policies of implementing the development of scientific research 2.93 1.44 58.51 0.97 0.33 7 4. Senior management is working on a future plan for scientific research 3.07 1.23 61.42 0.67 0.50 4 5. Top management puts in its plan the continuous development of scientific research centers 3.05 1.16 60.92 1.69 0.09 5 6. Senior management facilitates participation in scientific conferences 3.13 1.34 62.70 0.45 0.65 3 7. Top management helps disseminate scientific research electronically 3.04 1.33 60.71 0.93 0.35 6 University research efficiency performance 3.11 1.5 62.14 7.56 0.000 *The value of (T) of the table at the level of significance of 0.05 about 1.98 From data analysis in table (8), senior administration concurred that university research efficiency performance was passages (1,2,6) positioned first with an overall load of 71.03%,.69.29%, and 62.70% separately, mean (3.11) and test esteem (7.56), and the likelihood of (sig.) = (0.000), which is less than level (0.05). Along these lines they measurably noteworthy at the degree of essentialness (α≤ 0.05), showing that the normal reaction to this passage has expanded over the level of lack of bias to a moderate degree, which implies that there is extensive endorsement by the respondents on this section. In general, the views of the senior management agreed on the dimension of university research efficiency performance and obtained an approval ratio with an average of 3.11 indicating that the average response level of this axis has increased to a neutral level (3) where it exceeded the middle class. The researchers attributed this to the fact that universities seek to increase the efficiency of university research, and put them on top of their priorities, to reach the research excellence in the light of global technological development. The relative weights of dimensions of university research efficiency performance from the point of view of senior management in foreign and Palestinian universities: Table 9: Descriptive analysis for university research efficiency performance between universities No . Field University SM A S-D R.W Ttest P.V 1. university research efficiency performanc e Foreign Universitie s 3.50 1.2 3 62.1 0 0.2 1 1.25 2. Palestinian Universitie s 3.10 1.0 0 61.2 9 0.9 3 0.35 6 Table (9) shows that the relative weight (62.10%) and the arithmetic average of university research efficiency performance from the point of view of senior management in foreign universities (3.11) is higher than the default average (3), where the value of the test (T) is equal to (0.21) and is statistically significant value at (0.00). The researchers attributed this to the fact that the senior management sets out a strategic plan that set out the objectives of the universities and the methods of upgrading the universities research quality, as it strives to reach high quality outputs in elearning. For the Palestinian universities, the relative weight was 61.29%, the mean university research efficiency performance was 3.10 and the value of T was (0.93) and the statistical value was 0.000. This is due to the physical conditions experienced by the universities of the Gaza Strip because of the poor economic situation in the Gaza Strip and the number of unapproved universities, which affected all aspects of life in the universities, which in turn affected university research efficiency performance. 3.6 Hypothesis Test  is a significant relationship between the strategies of e-learning and university research efficiency performance. To answer this hypothesis, correlation coefficients and the probability value (Sig) were used to find the relationship and the level of significance from the point of view of senior management. Table 10: Correlation coefficient between e-learning strategies and university research efficiency performance Hypothesis Pearson Sig. There is a significant relationship between the total areas of e-learning strategies and university research efficiency performance *0.902 0.000 International Journal of Academic Information Systems Research (IJAISR) ISSN: 2643-9026 Vol. 3 Issue 8, August - 2019, Pages: 20-27  26 Table (10) shows that the correlation coefficient is (0.902) and that the probability value (Sig) is equal to (0.00) and is less than the significance level (α≤ 0.05). This indicates a statistically significant relationship between e-learning strategies and university research efficiency performance due to the interest of the senior management in presenting strategic plans that focus on e-learning through the vision and mission of universities and quadratic analysis, which in turn reflects on university research efficiency performance. According to that, we accept hypothesis H1 and refuse H0. 4. CONCLUSION The study found that there is a significant relationship between e-learning strategies and increasing university research efficiency performance. The study also showed senior management does not follow the policies of implementing the development of scientific research. The study found that there is more support for university research efficiency in both foreign and Palestinian universities. This indicates that research performance plays an important role in universal classification for any university. It also reached the participation of senior management in research that develops university performance in universities. The investigation suggested that the top administration in the Palestinian colleges should focus on giving e-learning spending plan and urge workers to keep utilizing e-learning techniques The Palestinian colleges ought to embrace and bolster recognized looks into, and the significance of empowering the execution of approaches for the advancement of logical research. The study additionally prescribed the significance of showing instructive substance in a straightforward and simple way. Also, the foundation of a complex adaptable mechanical framework. 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