There is an increase in the use of in-door wireless networking solutions via Wi-Fi and this increase infiltrated and utilized Wi-Fi enable devices, as well as smart mobiles, games consoles, security systems, tablet PCs and smart TVs. Thus the demand on Wi-Fi connections increased rapidly. Rule Based System is an essential method in helping using the human expertise in many challenging fields. In this paper, a Rule Based System was designed and developed for diagnosing the wireless connection problems and attain a precise decision about the cause of the problem. SL5 Object expert system language was used in developing the rule based system. An Evaluation of the rule based system was carried out to test its accuracy and the results were promising.

Philosophy

©2012-16 International Journal of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering ITEE, 5 (6) pp. 26-33, DEC 2016 26 ISSN: 2306-708X Volume 5, Issue 6 December 2016 ITEE Journal Information Technology & Electrical Engineering Rule Based System for Diagnosing Wireless Connection Problems Using SL5 Object *1 Samy S. Abu Naser, 2Wadee W. Alamawi; 3Mostafa F. Alfarra 1,2,3Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine E-mail: *, ABSTRACT There is an increase in the use of in-door wireless networking solutions via Wi-Fi and this increase infiltrated and utilized Wi-Fi enable devices, as well as smart mobiles, games consoles, security systems, tablet PCs and smart TVs. Thus the demand on WiFi connections increased rapidly. Rule Based System is an essential method in helping using the human expertise in many challenging fields. In this paper, a Rule Based System was designed and developed for diagnosing the wireless connection problems and attain a precise decision about the cause of the problem. SL5 Object expert system language was used in developing the rule based system. An Evaluation of the rule based system was carried out to test its accuracy and the results were promising. Keywords: Data Based System, Wireless connection, SL5 Object, Diagnosing, Wi-Fi. 1. INTRODUCTION Artificial Intelligence is the field that seeks to "build systems that exhibit intelligent behavior and perform complex tasks with a level of competence that is equivalent or superior to the level currently exhibited by human experts" [1,2,3,6]. Rule Based Systems are one of the subfields of artificial intelligence. Since its beginning, Rule Based Systems have been utilized to help mankind with problems within a limited scope. An Rule Based System is an interactive computer based decision tool that uses both facts, rules and heuristics to solve complex decision making problems, based on knowledge solicited from a human expert, i.e., a Rule Based System is a computer program that imitate the cognitive process of a human expert to resolve complex decision problems in a particular domain [7,8,9,10]. 2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The primary goals of rule based system is:  To make expertise available to technicians and decision makers who need quick response to their questions. There is no sufficient expertise to go around, surely it is not always on hand at the right time and the right place.  To give people a chance to know the problems in their systems by themselves, without the need of a human expert to identify the problem. That mean it is free compared with expert checkup cost.  To assist in publishing wireless communication problems solutions and make dealing with the problem very easy. 3. COMPONENTS OF EXPERT SYSTEM 3.1 Knowledge base Is a set of knowledge, experience, facts and the rules associated with specific field, for example, (medicine, engineering, physics, etc.), This rule set represents the experience gained from the work and research in this field , this knowledge base is in form of (rule based, form based, object based, case based) [21]. 3.2 Inference engine The inference engine apply rational rules to the knowledge base and infer new knowledge. This process would repeat as each new fact in the knowledge base might trigger further rules in the inference engine. Inference engines work mainly in one of two modes either special rule or facts: forward chaining or backward chaining. Forward chaining begins with the given facts and adds new facts. Backward chaining begins with goals, and works backward to find out what facts should be added so that the goals can be attained[22]. 3.3 User interface This is the system that allows a non-expert user to query (question) the expert system, and to receive advice. The user-interface is designed to be a simple to use as possible. Users can communicate with the expert system via[23] :  Lists choice  Natural Languages  Direct interaction with the user 3.4 Knowledge Engineer Works on improvement and development of different programs that represent expert system components, where he/she can insert the facts and the rules into different expert system[22]. 3.5 Domain expert A person who has the experience in a specific field which he/she is working in, for example if the expert system was specialist at psychology so, the domain expert is psychologist[21]. 4. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION ©2012-16 International Journal of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering ITEE, 5 (6) pp. 26-33, DEC 2016 27 ISSN: 2306-708X Volume 5, Issue 6 December 2016 ITEE Journal Information Technology & Electrical Engineering With the increasing use of in-door wireless networking solutions via Wi-Fi and the increasing infiltration and utilization of Wi-Fi enable devices, as well as smart mobiles, games consoles, security systems, tablet PCs and smart TVs, the demand on Wifi connection increased rapidly. In 2014, Cisco estimated that 32% of mobile data traffic indoors was carried using Wi-Fi. This is forecasted to go up to 48% by 2017. A recent report specially made by the European Commission recognized that over 71% of all wireless data traffic that was transported to tablets and smart mobiles in the EU was transported using Wi-Fi [24]. Due to the increase of the number of devices that are connected to the wireless network, maintaining the wireless connection becomes a severe matter which require experts to solve the day by day connection problems. In this paper, a Rule Based System that uses the expertise of communications and networking experts in maintaining the wireless connection has been designed and developed. 5. LITERATURE REVIEW Ruled Based systems had been developed for a variety of domains: diagnosing human diseases of the neck, skin, male fertility, foot, low back pain, genital of infant, genital of men, nausea and vomiting, mouth, shoulder, eye, ear, breast cancer, urination, feeding in infants and children. Diagnosing plant diseases. Diagnosing of electrical and/or mechanical equipment, identification of software/hardware problems and integrated circuit failures, as well as faultdetection in nuclear power systems. Guiding freshmen students for selecting a major. Furthermore, selecting exploratory factor analysis procedures [1-5,7-13,14-23]. It is required for a rule based system to recognize the possible causes that could clarify the symptoms and suggest appropriate solutions. To be able to perform the tasks, a rule based system should gather sufficient domain knowledge regularly and dynamically to emulates the reasoning of a human and decision makings anchored in the most updated knowledge [11]. Rule Based systems are naturally very domain specific. The knowledge engineer of such rule based have to bound his or her scope of the system to just what is required to conquer the target problem. Expert System programming languages are frequently wanted to achieve the specific objectives of the system [14-15]. Rule Based systems tenders the reimbursement of increasing the frequency, consistency and probability of making good decisions, serving dispense human expertise, smoothing the progress of realtime, low-cost expert-level decisions by the non-expert. Rule Based systems consists of major system components and interface with individuals in various roles. The major components are (as shown in Fig. 1) [6,18-20]. Fig. 1 Rule Based System components and human interfaces 6. METHODOLOGY The Rule Based System mainly consists of three parts: The knowledge base, the inference engine, and the user interface. In order to interpolate the expertise into the system, SL5 Object expert system language is used as the knowledge base. SL5 Object is considered to be a declarative programming language, i.e. when implementing the solution to a problem, instead of specifying how to achieve a certain goal in a certain situation, we specify what the situation (objects, rules and facts) and let the SL5 Object inference engine derive the solution for us[14]. SL5 Object has a user friendly interface that explain the available options to the user and show the results after reaching the conclusion. Choosing SL5 Object was due to its effectiveness in implementing the user interface, and its platform independency [14]. We used the flowchart in figure 2 to represent the objects, rules and fact of the knowledge base. The knowledge based was stored in SL5 Object Expert System language. 7. EVOLUTION OF THE RULE BASED SYSTEM This section describes the results of evaluating the Rule Based System for diagnosing the wires communication problems. A evaluation was performed in the labs of the Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology of Al-Azhar University in Gaza. More than 30 test cases where used to feed data to the rule based system and the diagnosis of each test case was recorded and then compared with the actual diagnosis. At the end of testing rule based system for diagnosing the wires communication problems, 27 cases out of 31 were successfully diagnosed and 4 cases were partially diagnosed. Thus the evaluation shows a success rate of %87. ©2012-16 International Journal of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering ITEE, 5 (6) pp. 26-33, DEC 2016 28 ISSN: 2306-708X Volume 5, Issue 6 December 2016 ITEE Journal Information Technology & Electrical Engineering Fig. 2 A flowchart of Wireless Connection problem description[25] Figure 3 shows the starting session of the rule based system for diagnosing wireless connection problems. Figure 4 and figure 5 shows part of the dialogue between the end user and the rule based system. Figure 6 shows the conclusion of the rule based system, where the diagnosis of the problem is stated and the recommendation outlined for the end user. ©2012-16 International Journal of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering ITEE, 5 (6) pp. 26-33, DEC 2016 29 ISSN: 2306-708X Volume 5, Issue 6 December 2016 ITEE Journal Information Technology & Electrical Engineering Fig. 3 User Interface display of the Rule Based System Fig. 4 Rule Based dialogue question 1 Fig. 5 Rule Based dialogue question 2 Fig. 6 Result of the Rule Based system 8. CONCLUSIONS There is an increase in the use of in-door wireless networking solutions via Wi-Fi and this increase infiltrated and utilized Wi-Fi enable devices. Maintaining these devices and diagnosing their connection problems requires lots of hard work; therefore, in this paper, a rule based System that used for diagnosing wireless connection problems was designed and developed to help users and technicians in maintaining these devices. An evaluation of the rule based system was performed in the faculty of Engineering and Information. The results of the valuation shows a success rate of 87%. 9. SOURCE CODE OF RULE BASED SYSTEM USING SL5 OBJECT ATTRIBUTE start SIMPLE ATTRIBUTE Do you have A Wi-Fi adapter in your device? COMPOUND Yes, No ATTRIBUTE Is there's a wireless network in the area? COMPOUND Yes, No ATTRIBUTE Is your Wi-Fi adapter turned on? COMPOUND Yes, No ATTRIBUTE Verify if there's a router active in the area? COMPOUND Yes, No ATTRIBUTE Is this network considered a HOME network? COMPOUND Yes, No ATTRIBUTE Is your device able to get other Wi-Fi networks? COMPOUND Yes, No ATTRIBUTE Your device support 5 GHz? COMPOUND Yes, No ATTRIBUTE Are you close enough to router? COMPOUND Yes, No ATTRIBUTE Is it a security login problem? COMPOUND Yes, No ATTRIBUTE Works on Ethernet? COMPOUND Yes, No ATTRIBUTE Blocked by firewall security? COMPOUND Yes, No ATTRIBUTE Check it the cable are damaged or not connected properly? COMPOUND Yes, No ATTRIBUTE Is there's internet in the router? COMPOUND Yes, No ATTRIBUTE Is the router is on the default settings? COMPOUND Yes, No ATTRIBUTE Intermittent connections? COMPOUND Yes, No ATTRIBUTE Are you use compatible standards device? COMPOUND Yes, No ATTRIBUTE Can you connect your laptop to public networks? COMPOUND Yes, No ATTRIBUTE Is there's interferer signal like Bluetooth device? COMPOUND Yes, No ATTRIBUTE Is your router firmware updated? COMPOUND Yes, No INSTANCE the domain ISA domain WITH start: = TRUE INSTANCE the application ISA application WITH title display: = introduction WITH conclusion display: = Conc WITH numeric precision: = 8 WITH simple query text" = : ?* is " * WITH numeric query text: = "What is the value of: * of "* WITH string query text" = : * of ©2012-16 International Journal of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering ITEE, 5 (6) pp. 26-33, DEC 2016 30 ISSN: 2306-708X Volume 5, Issue 6 December 2016 ITEE Journal Information Technology & Electrical Engineering "* WITH time query text" = : * of "* WITH interval query text" = : * of "* WITH compound query text" = : * of "* WITH multicompound query text" = : * of "* INSTANCE introduction ISA display WITH wait: = TRUE WITH delay changes: = FALSE WITH items [1]: = textbox 1 INSTANCE textbox 1 ISA textbox WITH location: = 10,10,755,419 WITH pen color: = 700,700,700 WITH fill color: = 1,1,1 WITH justify IS left WITH font: = "Arial" WITH font style IS bold WITH font size: = 14 WITH text "= : Rule Based System for Diagnosing Wireless connection problems Written By WADEE AMAWI MOSTAFA FARRA In this project, we will design an expert system which will be able to anyone to diagnoses wireless problem and detect it.The process involves analyzing this system to specify the required specifications of the design. The analysis includes detect the problems of the wireless connection system, and put the rules to facility the design process. After analyzing, the design will be ready to be executed. The design phase primly will depend on the rules of the analyzing phase. This design must be implemented and tested in order to show if the system is working as intended in the design. The system developed using SL5O Simple Level 5 Object" INSTANCE Conc ISA display WITH wait: = TRUE WITH delay changes: = FALSE WITH items [1]: = title textbox WITH items [2]: = diagnosis textbox WITH items [3]: = advise textbox INSTANCE title textbox ISA textbox WITH location: = 20,10,800,70 WITH pen color: = 0,0,0 WITH fill color: = 200,200,100 WITH justify IS center WITH font: = "Arial" WITH font style IS bold WITH font size: = 14 WITH text: = " Diagnosing Wireless connection problems " INSTANCE diagnosis textbox ISA textbox WITH location: = 20,110,800,130 WITH pen color: = 0,0,0 WITH fill color: = 170,170,170 WITH justify IS left WITH font: = "Arial" WITH font size: = 14 WITH text" "= : INSTANCE advise textbox ISA textbox WITH location: = 20,280,800,130 WITH pen color: = 0,0,0 WITH fill color: = 170,170,170 WITH justify IS left WITH font: = "Arial" WITH font size: = 14 WITH text" "= : RULE r0 IF start THEN ASK Do you have a Wi-Fi adapter in your device RULE r1 IF Do you have A Wi-Fi adapter in your device IS No THEN text OF diagnosis textbox: = "You don't have A WiFi adapter" AND text OF advice textbox: = "Please contact support to install one" RULE r2 IF Do you have A Wi-Fi adapter in your device IS Yes THEN ASK Is there's a wireless network in the area? RULE r3 IF Is there's a wireless network in the area? IS No THEN ASK Is your Wi-Fi adapter turned on ? RULE r4 IF Is your Wi-Fi adapter turned on IS No THEN text OF diagnosis textbox: = "Your A Wi-Fi adapter turned off" AND text OF advice textbox: = "Turn it ON Most laptops have a switch or button on the case that powers the wireless network devices the wireless button or switch is(usually)located in one of three places : >==top of the keyboard >==side of the computer or on the front of the computer" RULE r5 IF Is your Wi-Fi adapter turned on IS Yes THEN ASK Verify if there's a router active in the area? ©2012-16 International Journal of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering ITEE, 5 (6) pp. 26-33, DEC 2016 31 ISSN: 2306-708X Volume 5, Issue 6 December 2016 ITEE Journal Information Technology & Electrical Engineering RULE r6 IF Verify if there's a router active in the area? IS No THEN text OF diagnosis textbox: = "The router is not active in the area" AND text OF advice textbox: = " Try to enable the router The active LED should indicate the activity. You can try another laptop in the same room" RULE r7 IF Verify if there's a router active in the area? IS Yes THEN ASK Is this network considered a HOME network? RULE r8 IF Is this network considered a HOME network? IS No THEN text OF diagnosis textbox: = "The network is not a HOME network" AND text OF advice textbox: = "Sometimes the corporate networks might be hidden Ask the network admin for the network settings". RULE r9 IF Is this network considered a HOME network? IS Yes THEN ASK Is your device able to get other Wi-Fi networks? RULE r10 IF Is your device able to get other Wi-Fi networks? IS No THEN text OF advice textbox: = "Possible wireless adapter failure, try to reinstall driver. If problem stays the same, try to use different connection software to connect" RULE r11 IF Is your device able to get other Wi-Fi networks? IS Yes THEN ASK Your device support 5 GHz? RULE r12 IF Your device support 5 GHz? IS No THEN text OF diagnosis textbox: = "Your device is not support 5 GHz" AND text OF advice textbox: = "Some Wi-Fi networks use the 5 GHz connection. Make sure your router is on the 2.4 GHz mode" RULE r13 IF Your device support 5 GHz? IS Yes THEN ASK Are you close enough to router? RULE r14 IF Are you close enough to router? IS No THEN text OF diagnosis textbox: = "You are far away from the router" AND text OF advice textbox: = "You might be on the edge of the coverage area, get closer to the router" RULE r15 IF Are you close enough to router? IS Yes THEN text OF advice textbox: = "The problem might be due to router failure or overheating Try to reset the router to its factory condition Then run the manufacture's setup program to configure the router " RULE r16 IF Is there's a wireless network in the area? IS Yes THEN ASK Is it a security login problem? RULE r17 IF Is it a security login problem? IS Yes THEN text OF diagnosis textbox: = "You have a problem in a security login" AND text OF advice textbox: = "Try to re-enter the encryption and password" RULE r18 IF Is it a security login problem? IS No THEN ASK Works on Ethernet? RULE r19 IF Works on Ethernet? IS No THEN ASK Blocked by firewall security? RULE r20 IF Blocked by firewall security? IS Yes THEN text OF diagnosis textbox: = "You are blocked by firewall security" AND text OF advice textbox: = "Make sure that the firewall settings allow you to access the internet Or restore the default settings" RULE r21 IF Blocked by firewall security? IS No THEN ASK Check it the cable are damaged or not connected properly? RULE r22 IF Check it the cable are damaged or not connected properly? IS Yes THEN text OF diagnosis textbox: = "your cable was damaged" AND text OF advice textbox: = "Change the cable that provide the router with internet" RULE r23 IF Check it the cable are damaged or not connected properly? IS No THEN ASK Is there's internet in the router? RULE r24 IF Is there's internet in the router? IS Yes THEN text OF advice textbox: = "Laptop hardware issue" RULE r25 IF Is there's internet in the router? IS No THEN text OF diagnosis textbox: = "No internet in the router" AND text OF advice textbox: = "Try to reboot the router, ©2012-16 International Journal of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering ITEE, 5 (6) pp. 26-33, DEC 2016 32 ISSN: 2306-708X Volume 5, Issue 6 December 2016 ITEE Journal Information Technology & Electrical Engineering if nothing happens then it is ISP or Hardware failure" RULE r26 IF Works on Ethernet? IS Yes THEN ASK Is the router is on the default settings? RULE r27 IF Is the router is on the default settings? IS No THEN text OF diagnosis textbox: = "the router is not on the default settings" AND text OF advice textbox: = "You should try to reset the router to its factory condition and then run the manufacturer's setup program to configure the router" RULE r28 IF Is the router is on the default settings? IS Yes THEN ASK Intermittent connections? RULE r29 IF Intermittent connections? IS No THEN ASK Are you use compatible standards device? RULE r30 IF Are you use compatible standards device? IS Yes THEN ASK Can you connect your laptop to public networks? RULE r31 IF Can you connect your laptop to public networks? IS Yes THEN text OF advice textbox: = "Check router default set, no security or MAC addressing reboot router continued problem indicate wireless router failure or incompatibility" RULE r32 IF Can you connect your laptop to public networks? IS No THEN text OF advice textbox: = "Laptop wireless adapter fault, or OS software settings. Try latest driver software rescue" RULE r33 IF Are you use compatible standards device? IS No THEN text OF diagnosis textbox: = "you are not use compatible device Like (a/g/n)" AND text OF advice textbox: = "Try compatibility modes but be prepared to update old hardware" RULE r34 IF Intermittent connections? IS Yes THEN ASK Is there's interferer signal like Bluetooth device? RULE r35 IF Is there's interferer signal like Bluetooth device? IS Yes THEN text OF diagnosis textbox: = "interferer signal in the range" AND text OF advice textbox: = "Try to change the laptop location by moving it away from the interference region" RULE r36 IF Is there's interferer signal like Bluetooth device? IS No THEN ASK Is your router firmware updated? RULE r37 IF Is your router firmware updated? IS Yes THEN text OF advice textbox: = " Possibly >==ISP problem >==or wind and weather affecting the signal" RULE r38 IF Is your router firmware updated? IS No THEN text OF diagnosis textbox: = "your router firmware is not update" AND text OF advice textbox: = "Upgrade the router firmware to the latest version" END REFERENCES [1] Naser, S.S.A. and Ola, A.Z.A., 2008. AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR DIAGNOSING EYE DISEASES USING CLIPS. Journal of Theoretical & Applied Information Technology, 4(10). [2] Abu-Naser, S.S., El-Hissi, H., Abu-Rass, M. and ElKhozondar, N., 2010. An expert system for endocrine diagnosis and treatments using JESS. Journal of Artificial Intelligence, 3(4), pp.239-251. [3] Naser, S.A., Al-Dahdooh, R., Mushtaha, A. and ElNaffar, M., 2010. Knowledge Management in ESMDA: Expert System for Medical Diagnostic Assistance. AIML Journal. 10(1). pp.31-40. [4] Naser S.S.A. and Mahdi, A.O., A PROPOSED EXPERT SYSTEM FOR FOOT DISEASES DIAGNOSIS. American Journal of Innovative Research and Applied Sciences. 2016; 2(4):155-168. [5] Naser S.A. and Aead A.M.,2013. Variable Floor for Swimming Pool Using an Expert System Preparation of Papers for International Journal of. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER). 3(6). pp-3751-3755 [6] A. B. Badiru and J. Cheung, Fuzzy engineering expert systems with neural network applications, vol. 11. John Wiley & Sons, 2002. [7] Naser, S.S.A. and Hamed, M.A., An Expert System for Mouth Problems in Infants and Children. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS). 2(4). Pp.468-476. [8] Naser, S.S.A. and Al-Nakhal, M.A., A Ruled Based System for Ear Problem Diagnosis and Treatment. World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development,2(4). pp.25-31. [9] Naser, S.S.A. and AlDahdooh, R.M., 2016. Lower Back Pain Expert System Diagnosis And Treatment. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS), 2(4). pp. 441-446 [10] Naser, S.S.A. and Alhabbash, M.I., MALE INFERTILITY EXPERT SYSTEM DIAGNOSES ©2012-16 International Journal of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering ITEE, 5 (6) pp. 26-33, DEC 2016 33 ISSN: 2306-708X Volume 5, Issue 6 December 2016 ITEE Journal Information Technology & Electrical Engineering AND TREATMENT. American Journal of Innovative Research and Applied Sciences. 2016; 2(4). [11] Naser, S S.A. and ALmursheidi, S.H.., 2016. A Knowledge Based System for Neck Pain Diagnosis. World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development (WWJMRD), 2(4), pp.1218. [12] Naser, S.S.A., Baraka, M.H. and Baraka, A., 2008. A PROPOSED EXPERT SYSTEM FOR GUIDING FRESHMAN STUDENTS IN SELECTING A MAJOR IN AL-AZHAR UNIVERSITY, GAZA. Journal of Theoretical & Applied Information Technology 4 (9). [13] Naser, S.S.A. and Hasanein, H.A.A.,2016. Ear Diseases Diagnosis Expert System Using SL5 Object. World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(4).pp.41-47. [14] Naser, S.S.A., SL5 OBJECT: SIMPLER LEVEL 5 OBJECT EXPERT SYSTEM LANGUAGE. International Journal of Soft Computing, Mathematics and Control (IJSCMC), 2015, 4(4) , pp.25-37. [15] Abu Naser, S. , Kashkash K., and Fayyad M. Developing an Expert System for Plant Disease Diagnosis, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology. 2008; 1(2):78-85. Available:  [16] Azaab, S., Abu Naser, S. and Sulisel, O., 2000. A proposed expert system for selecting exploratory factor analysis procedures. Journal of the college of education, 4(2), pp.9-26. [17] Naser S.S.A., NA Alaa, 2008. A Proposed Expert System for Skin Diseases Diagnosis. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 4 (12), 1682-1693 [18] Naser S.S.A., BG Bastami, 2016. A Proposed Rule Based System for Breasts Cancer Diagnosis. World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development 2 (5), pp. 27-33. [19] Naser S.S.A., Mohammed Zakaria Shaath. 2016. Expert system urination problems diagnosis, World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development. 2(5). pp.9-19. [20] Naser S.S.A., Hilles M.M.,2016. An expert system for shoulder problems using CLIPS, World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development 2 (5), 1-8. [21] Abu Naser S. S., Al-Hanjori M. M., 2016. An expert system for men genital problems diagnosis and treatment. International Journal of Medicine Research,1(2).pp.83-86. [22] Abu Naser S.S.,Alawar M.W., 2016. An expert system for feeding problems in infants and children. International Journal of Medicine Research. 1(2).pp.79-82. [23] Abu Naser S.S., El-Najjar A. A., 2016. An expert system for nausea and vomiting problems in infants and children, International Journal of Medicine Research. 1(2).pp.114-117. [24] J. Marcus and J. Burns, "Study on impact of traffic offloading and related technological trends on the demand for wireless broadband spectrum," wik-Consult sur mandat de la DG CONNECT, UE, 2013. [25] Raja'a A. Khalid et al , 2014, Expert System to Troubleshoot Connection problems International Journal of Computer Science Engineering and Technology( IJCSET) , 4(8), pp.238-


This paper aims to study the impact of Crowdfunding financial attributes on entrepreneurship risk taking. This study was applied on Arabic Crowdfunding platforms from all crowdfunding models.
          The population of the study consists of individuals, entrepreneurs, investors, employees at electronic-crowd funding Arabic platforms. According to last statics at (2018), there are (12) legit Arabic platforms working in this field. Several statistical tools were used for data analysis and hypotheses testing, including reliability Correlation using Cronbach’s alpha, “ANOVA”, Simple Linear Regression. The overall findings of the current paper show that there is a significant statistical impact for financial properties on entrepreneurship and this effect around (25%). Furthermore, the current paper is unique by topic and population as it is the first study on Arabic crowdfunding platforms.

Philosophy

The Impact of Crowdfunding Financial Attributes....... Youssef abu amuna & Mazen alshobaki 513 للعلوم االقتصاديـة واإلداريـة المثـقـال مجـلة مجلد خاص, )مؤتمر جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية( "The Impact of Crowdfunding Financial Attributes On Entrepreneurship Risk Taking" Youssef M. Abu Amuna Mazen J. Al Shobaki Abstract This paper aims to study the impact of Crowdfunding financial attributes on entrepreneurship risk taking. This study was applied on Arabic Crowdfunding platforms from all crowdfunding models. The population of the study consists of individuals, entrepreneurs, investors, employees at electronic-crowd funding Arabic platforms. According to last statics at (2018), there are (12) legit Arabic platforms working in this field. Several statistical tools were used for data analysis and hypotheses testing, including reliability Correlation using Cronbach's alpha, "ANOVA", Simple Linear Regression. The overall findings of the current paper show that there is significant statistical impact for financial properties on entrepreneurship and this affect around (25%). Furthermore, the current paper is unique by topic and population as it is the first study on Arabic crowdfunding platforms. Keywords: Crowdfunding, financial properties, risk taking, entrepreneurship. The Impact of Crowdfunding Financial Attributes....... Youssef abu amuna & Mazen alshobaki 514 للعلوم االقتصاديـة واإلداريـة المثـقـال مجـلة مجلد خاص, )مؤتمر جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية( Introduction Crowdfunding as an additional financing new model for entrepreneurship is still under theoretical and academic study as it is new phenomenon which starts at 1997. Variables that control crowdfunding still not raise to theoretical phase in literature review and more academic study and depth analysis about it are in need. This paper is an academic study about financial attributes in Arabic crowdfunding platforms that can support entrepreneurship and support additional financial tools. According to (Abu Naser et al., 2018), many dynamic variables affecting crowdfunding (legislations, education system, culture, e-business models, financial technology) (Abu Naser, et al., 2018). The objective of this study is to measure the impact of crowdfunding financial attributes on entrepreneurship risk taking through (12) Arabic crowdfunding platforms. The history of crowdfunding in the Arab world began late in 2014 through some sites (Eureka) in the United Arab Emirates, (Zomal) in Lebanon and (Ymken, Shukruh) in Egypt. The idea of participatory crowdfunding for entrepreneurship financing still needs further research in the Arab world, with an industry worth $ 59.564 billion in (2017) and a weak Arab market share worth $ 35.76 million. (Abu Amuna, et al., 2018). In view of the literature review, the study raises the question of: Q1. How financial attribute affect Crowdfunding in Arabic region? Q2. What is the impact of financial attribute on entrepreneurship risk taking? Literature Review In addition to the various traditional financing methods, crowdfunding is a modern way of financing that is compatible with e-business models, and there must be certain elements to achieve them and to ensure their success as well as an encouraging culture of entrepreneurship. A few Arabic studies about crowdfunding focus on foreign platforms like kickstarter and Indiegogo, as they are the most famous worldwide plat forms (Abushaban, 2014). Other Arabic studies focus on variables affecting Crowdfunding in general and the readiness to accept this model of e-business as additional tool for financing small and micro projects (El Talla, et al., 2017). In spite that this tool of finance started globally at (2005) when (Kiva) platform for microfinance loans established, and the exist of hundreds of researches studying this field of science from known authors like (Mollick, 2014, Block, 2014, Ahlers, 2015, Agrawal, 2015), the Arabic academic researchers are still rare. The evolution of the concept of funding in recent decades, developed in a remarkable way in terms of its form and those who offer them. This development was due to several reasons, including: Increased competition, The intensification of inflation Direct government intervention Indirect economic activity The global economic crisis (2008( The technological advances The Impact of Crowdfunding Financial Attributes....... Youssef abu amuna & Mazen alshobaki 515 للعلوم االقتصاديـة واإلداريـة المثـقـال مجـلة مجلد خاص, )مؤتمر جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية( Crowdfunding has been defined under different terms, from different points of view. In simple terms, Crowdfunding relies on the meeting of non-professional investors and entrepreneurs via internet platforms . It is one of the most important funding resources in internet era which contributes to the activation of the sources of funding for economic foundation, especially start-up projects. Also it is considered an alternative to bank financing that does not fit often with the status of small and medium enterprises at the beginning of the evolution of its activity (Sharma and Lertnuwat, 2016). The World Bank defines Crowdfunding as "enabling companies and business organizations relying on the Internet to collect the necessary funds, whether voluntary or investment by many individuals" (InfoDev, 2014). Abu Amuna (2018), Abu Naser et al. (2018), Ahlers et al. (2015) define it as "a broad term used to describe the increasing spread of the fundraising process is done through the Internet, where there are groups of individuals who own the money make small contributions to achieve a particular goal" (Abu Amuna, et al., 2018). Crowdfunding is characterized by its flexibility on the one hand, and its ability to adapt to environmental changes around it to fit with the objectives and policies of each country, and with the patterns of entrepreneurial projects prevailing in each country. There are four main categories of Crowdfunding: Equity, Debt or Peer to Peer lending (financial models), Reward and Donation based Crowdfunding (non-financial models). * Reward base: This type of financing is common in financing a product or project which is still being developed. A form of compensation for the financer is the right to pre-order the product or get the product sent when it is finished. An advantage of this form of financing is that it is an alternative market research; if the investors are not willing to invest, they are not interested in the product or project (Douglas J., et al., 2014). * Donation based: In this model, individuals donate to the project without expecting any financial return or percentage from the project owner (Lehner, 2013). * Equity based: In this model, the financiers have part of the property rights or participate in the profits or management, as previously agreed with the owner of the project. This model can achieve a high financial gains, and capital can be increased significantly as a result of attracting a large number of investors who are looking for shares in a company or a successful project outside the restrictions of stock market, brokers and do not have large amounts of money to speculate in the stock market (Sharma and Lertnuwat, 2016). * Lending based: This model also (Peer-to-Peer). The idea behind this type of Crowdfunding is to cut out the mediators and get cheaper loans or as an investor, get better interest rates (Bruton et al., 2015). Each model has it is own financial attributes which might attract investors to involve in. The following table (1) clarifies those attributes for each model. The Impact of Crowdfunding Financial Attributes....... Youssef abu amuna & Mazen alshobaki 516 للعلوم االقتصاديـة واإلداريـة المثـقـال مجـلة مجلد خاص, )مؤتمر جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية( Table 1: Financial Attributes Model Investor Entrepreneur Reward Small contribution Raise capital Donation Small contribution Charity Equity Medium contribution Loosing assets is possible Can't sell the share Raise capital Might be debtor Lending High risk Losing money is possible Return is good Bankruptcy is possible High interest Source: Authors Crowdfunding depends on the existence of entrepreneurial culture within the country, and studies on the subject show that factors such as culture, legal environment and economic incentives have an impact on the development and success of entrepreneurship (Josefy et al., 2016) These factors are either restricts or enables stimulating entrepreneurship projects, and therefore governments should encourage entrepreneurial culture by supporting entrepreneurship, business incubators and business accelerators. To achieve success, entrepreneurship requires a supportive ecosystem of interrelated factors ranging from infrastructure to access to financial services. Decision-making institutions play a very important role in the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Risk taking is one of the important factors that effect on entrepreneur capabilities and passion. Risk taking consists of: 1. Initiative: One of the most important features of entrepreneurship is that it takes more risky steps than environmental conditions. Initiative is to follow the promising opportunity rather than simply respond to competitors' movements and be a leader in innovation and at the forefront of competitors (Alsakarna, 2010). 2. Startup opportunities: Is a measure of start-up companies that are motivated by opportunity but face regulatory constraints. The motivation to start a business is a good indicator of the quality of work. Entrepreneurs who are aware of the opportunities are more skilled and more willing to profit and continue to work as this is an opportunity to increase income or achieve personal goals. On the other hand, nonentrepreneurs are forced to do this because there are no other options (Ács et al., 2017). 3. Risk taking: Is a clear process for selecting projects, collecting basic information in terms of cash flow and return on investment and focusing on negatives and positives that affect project objectives (Alhabeel and Abukarn, 2015). 4. Access to international markets: Access to international markets is the main determinant of growth and export capacity is a key factor in entering foreign markets. This requires capacities beyond those required by companies that are produced only for local markets. This also requires opening up the country to international entrepreneurs, accepting them in the local market and applying globalization (Cieslik, 2017). From previous literature review, the following hypothesis in this paper can be written as: H0: There is a statistically no significant effect for Crowdfunding financial attributes on entrepreneurship risk taking. The Impact of Crowdfunding Financial Attributes....... Youssef abu amuna & Mazen alshobaki 517 للعلوم االقتصاديـة واإلداريـة المثـقـال مجـلة مجلد خاص, )مؤتمر جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية( Research design 1. Study population and sampling This study conducted at (12) Arabic Crowdfunding platforms with total members (47.692). A pilot sample of (53) units was used to study the tools of the study, to verify the validity and stability of these tools. The paper sample consist from (545) unit from all platforms. 2. Research instrument Since the nature of hypothesis and the variables involved are the ones that control the selection of the appropriate tool, accordingly, the researchers have prepared a measure for that study commensurate with its objectives and requirements, the elements of financial attributes and risk taking. The process of designing and preparing the study scale has gone through several stages and steps: 1. Review the literature of crowdfunding, and previous studies on the subject of the current study. 2. Collect and define scale paragraphs. 3. Formulation of the standard expressions according to the study sample. 4. Set the meter instructions. 5. Correct the meter. 6. Conduct a study of stability and honesty of the scale. The first dimension referring to Crowdfunding financial attributes prepared by authors from (12) paragraphs. The second dimension of the instrument which measure entrepreneurship risk taking was developed depending on Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI) and consist from (6) paragraphs. Also Trustees validity has been conducted by a group of expert in Crowdfunding and entrepreneurship field. Those statements were further revised and modified by the experts in a subsequent stage before drafting the final version of the questionnaire. A five-point Lekert scale of agreement was used for measurement, running from "Strongly Agree" to "Strongly Disagree", with a Neutral category for scale midpoint. Several statistical tools were used for data analysis and hypothesis testing, including reliability Correlation using Cronbach's alpha, "ANOVA", Simple Linear Regression. 3. Validity and reliability assessment The study adopted Cronbach's α to measure the internal consistence reliability of the questionnaire. The results showed that Cronbach's α valueS for all dimensions were > (0.5). It indicated that the design of the questionnaire had a high internal consistency as shown in table (2). Table 2: Coefficients of Alpha Cronbach Field No. of paragraphs Alpha-Cronbach stability Financial attributes 12 0.680 Entrepreneurship risk taking 6 0.622 4. Data analysis and discussion of results Simple linear regression used to test whether there is an impact for one independent variable (Financial attributes) on a dependent variable (Entrepreneurship risk taking). The results are shown in Table (3) and table (4). The Impact of Crowdfunding Financial Attributes....... Youssef abu amuna & Mazen alshobaki 518 للعلوم االقتصاديـة واإلداريـة المثـقـال مجـلة مجلد خاص, )مؤتمر جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية( Table 3: Anova Test Field F Sig. R R2 Entrepreneurship risk taking 181.873 0.000 0.501 0.250 Table 4: Linear Regression Field Model B Beta T Sig. Entrepreneurship risk taking constant 0.877 5.438 0.000 Financial Attributes 0.689 0.501 13.486 0.000 The results of Anova test indicate that sig. is less than (0.05) for independent variable (Financial Attributes), which mean that there is significant statistically effect for independent variable (Financial Attributes) on entrepreneurship risk taking. Pearson coefficient and regression coefficient sign for independent variable was positive. This result means whenever the value of independent variables increase, there will be increase in entrepreneurship risk taking. Changes in the independent variable is responsible for the interpretation of a rate (r2= 25%)) of all the changes that occur in entrepreneurship risk taking, and there is a rate (100 r2) due to other factors specific to the other independent variables and other factors not mentioned in the model, in addition to the random error. Table (3) reveals that the findings of significance level are less than (0.05), which means that we can rely on the previous model and circulating the sample results on research community. Therefore, the results of the analysis proved the existence of a relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. According to that, we accept hypothesis H1 and refuse H0. The H1 hypothesis can be written as: H1: There is a statistically significant effect for Crowdfunding financial attributes on entrepreneurship risk taking. Table (4) determines the figure of linear regression equation for the impact of Crowdfunding financial attributes on entrepreneurship risk taking. This equation can be written as follow: Conclusion: Crowdfunding as a new concept needs more attention and declaration to the community, especially in poor communities where there are high unemployment and less work opportunities. Microfinance has become a tool of democratization of entrepreneurship funding, while Crowdfunding potentially opens entrepreneurship funding to masses. Combining both Crowdfunding and microfinance can lead to an acceleration of poverty eradication. Entrepreneurship risk taking = 0.877 + (0.689 * Financial attributes) The Impact of Crowdfunding Financial Attributes....... Youssef abu amuna & Mazen alshobaki 519 للعلوم االقتصاديـة واإلداريـة المثـقـال مجـلة مجلد خاص, )مؤتمر جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية( One of the most factors for Crowdfunding that effect on entrepreneurship risk taking is financial attributes for Crowdfunding models. As shown from data analysis, Crowdfunding financial attributes effect on entrepreneurship risk taking. This result encourages entrepreneurs to adopting new financial models to enhance their start-up projects. Other factors which not included in this study such as Crowdfunding models, legislations, Fintech also effect on entrepreneurship and need to be study in future researches. The Impact of Crowdfunding Financial Attributes....... Youssef abu amuna & Mazen alshobaki 520 للعلوم االقتصاديـة واإلداريـة المثـقـال مجـلة مجلد خاص, )مؤتمر جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية( References [1]Abu Naser, S. S., Abu Amuna, Y. M., El Talla, S. A. & Al Shobaki, M. J. (2018), "Crowdfunding Role in Boosting the Entrepreneurial Creativity of University Students", International Journal of Academic Management Science Research (IJAMSR), 2(4): 1-12. [2]Abu Amuna, Y. M. (2018), "the Electronic-Crowd Funding and its Impact on the Entrepreneurship: A Field Study", PHD Dissertation, Suez Canal University, Egypt. [3]Abushaban, R. (2014), "Crowdfunding as a Catapult for Innovation in the Middle East: Obstacles and Possibilities", IEEE 2014 Global Humanitarian Technology Conference, Washington, DC, USA: P.433-440. 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