Philosophy

International Journal of Academic Health and Medical Research (IJAHMR) ISSN: 2000-007X Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2018, Pages: 13-18  13 Association of Intraleukocytic Malaria Pigment with Disease Severity, Diagnosis and Prognosis in Sudanese Patients Afnan Ali Mohamed Abdelrahim University: Khartoum university  Abstract: malaria is one of the most frequent hemoparasitic infections in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Malaria in Sudan is the major public health problem. This study was aimed to investigate the association of intraleukocytic pigment with malaria infection (severity, diagnosis and prognosis), and to investigate the correlation of parasite density levels with Malaria Severity. A total of 176 participants was drawn from the population of sudanese patient above 5 years, who attended or were admitted to the Bashayer Hospital, with diagnosis suggestive of malaria, they were selected for inclusion in the study. Blood films were examined first for malaria parasites diagnosis ,this was followed by detection of malaria pigment in both negative and positive films.Then Immunochromatography test was done, Subsequently haemoglobin concentration was determined. This study was approves that malaria pigment in peripheral blood leukocytes is evident for malaria disease , and makes the method of pigment determination appropriate and useful in malaria diagnosis, especially in patients with an illness consistent clinically with malaria but with negative blood smear due to haemolytic anaemia .A total of 176, 73 male and 103 female aged from 7 years to 69 years , drawn to Bashayer hospital with symptoms of malaria showed ICT positive result .Blood films were positive in 98(55.7%) and negative in 78 (44.3%) of patients . Malaria pigment was observed with the mean (22.07). There was an association between ICT and malaria pigment (P-value = 0.000).There was no association between BF and malaria pigment ( P-value = 0.40).This study also approved that malaria pigment can be used in prognosis, were thirty five patient showed complications(19.9%) and 141 showed no complication(80.1%) ,there was association between complications and malaria pigment ( P-value = 0.004) .This study also validates the presence of malaria pigment in leukocyte as a marker for disease severity, there was association between severity and malaria pigment (P-value = 0.02). While there is no association between density and severity (P-value = 0.980). So we conclued, intraleukocytic malaria pigment produced by parasites during intra erythrocytic development is associated with severe disease, mortality and it is a useful diagnostic indicator in anaemic patients with negative blood smears. The varied complexities of the current diagnostic methods make the method of pigment determination appropriate and useful. Secondly, malaria pigment is significantly associated with severe malaria. Thirdly, parasitaemia levels are neither associated nor correlated with malaria severity and therefore parasitaemia alone is not a reliable measure of malaria severity. We recommend the use of malaria pigment as marker for malaria disease severity. We recommend that parasitaemia should not be used alone as an indicator of malaria severity. We further recommend that, the presence of pigment in leukocytes to be adopted for diagnosis of malaria especially in cases of negative blood films, and recommend using malaria pigment as indicator for malaria prognosis. Keywords--malaria; pigment;leukocytes 1. INTRODUCTION Malaria is one of the most frequent hemoparasitic infections in tropical and sub-tropical countries, and it is most important parasitic disease worldwide. According to the latest estimates, released in December 2014 by WHO, there were about 198 million cases of malaria in 2013, with estimated 584 000 deaths .Most deaths occur among children living in Africa where a child dies every minute from malaria. Malaria in Sudan is the major public health problem. It leads to an estimated 7.510 million cases and 35000 deaths every year(1).Malaria parasites belong to the genus Plasmodium (phylum Apicomplexa. In humans, malaria is caused by P. falciparum, P. vivax , P.ovale and P.malariae .Among those infected, P. falciparum is the most common species identified followed by P. vivax . Although P. falciparum traditionally accounts for the majority of deaths, recent evidence suggests that P. vivax malaria is associated with potentially life-threatening conditions about as often as with a diagnosis of falciparum infection . (2) Mortality due malaria has been increase partly due to delayed identification of severe cases. Mortality due to malaria can be reduced by stratification of patients for appropriate treatment and medical attention. All this can only be achieved with correct diagnosis. Misdiagnosis can occur in area where the patient with an illness consistent clinically with severe malaria but with negative blood smear due to haemolytic anaemia ,malaria pigment or (haemozoni(H2)) the end product of the detoxification of haem in peripheral blood leukocytes (monocytes and granulocytes) is evident for malaria disease in greater than 90% of patients with malaria . 2. MATERILS AND METHODS 2.1 Study Design: A prospective study design was used to assess intraleukocytic malaria pigment as it relates to malaria International Journal of Academic Health and Medical Research (IJAHMR) ISSN: 2000-007X Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2018, Pages: 13-18  14 severity, diagnosis and prognosis. This was a hospital based Cross sectional study. Conducted in Khartoum. 2.2 Study Plan: Blood films for malaria were examined first for malaria parasites ,this was followed by detection of pigment in both negative and positive blood films .Then Immunochromatography test was done, Subsequently haemoglobin concentration was determined. 2.3 Study Area: The study was conducted over a period of six months from November 2014 to April 2015 in Khartoum state At the Bashayer hospital. 2.4 Study Population and Sample Size: A total of 176 participants was drawn from the population of sudanese patient above 5 years, who attended or were admitted to the Bashayer hospital, with diagnosis suggestive of malaria, , were selected for inclusion in the study. 2.5 Inclusion Criteria: Patients above 5 years with P.falciprum malaria infection 2.6 Exclusion Criteria: Patients below 5 years with or without malaria infection 2.7 Methods: 2.7.1 Stained Blood Films: Thick and thin blood films for malaria were made on clean grease-free slides. Blood was obtained by finger pricking. The thin blood film was fixed with absolute methanol, and stained appropriately using Giemsa's staining method, these smears were stained with ten percent. Giemsa at pH 7.2 7.4 for 15 minutes. Giemsa stain is the most commonly used of the Romanowsky stains and is the best for routine diagnosis because of its applicability to both thick and thin smears, its stability on storage and its constant and reproducible staining quality over a wide range of temperatures . The stained films were then examined microscopically using 100 x objectives to estimating the parasite . One hundred microscope fields of the thick films were examined at l00x magnification before assigning a negative result. 2.7.2 Immunochromatography Test (ICT): Immuno chromatography tests based on the capture of the parasite antigen from the peripheral blood using monoclonal anti-HRP-II antibodies and anti-aldolase antibodies against the parasite antigen targets was used. ABON PLUS was used 2.7.3 Determination of malaria Severity: In this study, haemoglobin concentrations the main determinants of malaria severity. 2.7.4 Determination of Haemoglobin: Haemoglobin concentrations in the patients were determined by the SYSMEX device.Venous blood was collected in EDTA tube. 2.7.5 Determination of Parasitemia: Determinations of parasitemia were done using thick blood smears. Parasites density was estimated by crosses . Between 10 -100 fields (depending on parasitemia) were examined to determine the average number of trophozoites per thick film field. Ten fields are sufficient when the parasite density is high. For designation of the relative parasite count on a thick film, a simple code of from one to four crosses or the plus sign is used to report parasite numbers: + (1+) = 1 - 10 parasites per 100 thick film fields + + (2+) = 11 - 100 parasites per 100 thick film fields + + + (3+) = 1 - 10 parasites per one thick film field + + + + (4+) = > 10 parasites per one thick film field 2.7.6 Determination of presence and quantities of the malaria pigment in leukocytes: Was done using thin smears. Thin smears were fixed in absolute methanol for one minute before staining. These smears were then stained using Giemsa method for 15 minutes, then determined the white blood cell differential counts manually. Intraleukocytic malaria pigment was detected on thin films by counting 500 leukocytes and determining the proportions of haemozoin-containing neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. Total pigment-laden leukocytes per microlitre 3) (were calculated as follows: Total Pigment-Laden Leukocytes*Per Microlitre = (Percent pigment-laden leukocytes* [in a count of 500WBCs])x (absolute WBC count per microlitre) X (percent leukocytes* in differential count of peripheral blood) leukocytes* = neutrophils, lymphocytes or monocytes 2.8 Data Entry, Analysis and Presentation: Microsoft Excel and SPSS were used to enter these data for analysis. Data is presented in the results as tables and figures. 3.RESULTS 3.1 Frequency Tables 3.1.1 Gender: The study population according to gender was 73 males and 103 females .They were drawn to Bashayer hospital for malaria investigation or admitted for treatment. Table (1) Table (1) Frequenc y Perce nt Perce nt Cumulative Percent Male 73 41.5 41.5 41.5 Femal e 103 58.5 58.5 100 Total 176 100 100 International Journal of Academic Health and Medical Research (IJAHMR) ISSN: 2000-007X Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2018, Pages: 13-18  15 3.1.2 (Age): The study population according to age categories was from 7 years to 69 years with age mean (34.59), median (33), and mode (22) .Table (2) Table (2) N Mean Median Mode Age 176 34.59 33 22 3.1.3 Malaria Pigmentation: Malaria pigment was observed with the mean (22.07), median (17), and mode (10). Table (3) Table (3) N Mean Median Mode Malaria Pigment 176 22.07 17 10 3.1.4 BF: Out of 176 blood films examined for malaria parasites 98(55.7%) were positive and 78 (44.3%) were negative of patients. Table (4). Table (4) Frequency Percent Percent Cumulative Percent Positive 98 55.7 55.7 55.7 Negative 78 44.3 44.3 100 Total 176 100 100  Chi square test for association between BF and Malaria Pigment (No association P-value = 0.40). 3.1.5 ICT: All patients were positive by RDTS. Figure (1) Figure (1): Frequency of positive results by ICT (RDTS)  Chi square test for association ICT and Malaria Pigment (There is association P-value = 0.000). 3.1.6 Severity: Disease severity among the malaria patients was, 38(21.6%) not sever, 138 (78.4%) with sever disease. Table (5) Table (5) Frequen cy percent percent Cumulat ive % Not Severe 38 21.6 21.6 21.6 Severe 138 78.4 78.4 100 Total 176 100 100  Chi square test for association between Severity and Malaria Pigment (There is association P-value = 0. 02). 3.1.7 Complications: Thirty five (19.9%) of the individuals were with malaria complications .Table (6). Table (6) Frequency Percent Percent Cumulative Percent Positive 35 19.9 19.9 19.9 Negative 141 80.1 80.1 100 Total 176 100 100 0 50 100 150 200 Positive Negative Frequency Frequency International Journal of Academic Health and Medical Research (IJAHMR) ISSN: 2000-007X Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2018, Pages: 13-18  16  Chi square test for association between Complications and Malaria Pigment (There is association P-value = 0.004).  P-value more than 0.05 means there is No association.  P-value less than 0.05 means there is association. 3.1.8 Anaemia: Anaemia was found In 111 (63.1%) of the Patients .Table (7). Table (7) Frequency Percent Percent Cumulative Percent Positive 111 63.1 63.1 63.1 Negative 65 36.9 36.9 100 Total 176 100 100 3.1.9 Density: Among the positive malaria cases by microscopy the density was 43 were with one cross, 27 with 2 crosses, 23 with 3crosses and 27 with 4 crosses. Figure (2) Figure (2): Density of parasitemia among positive cases by crosses 3.2 Cross Tabulation: 3.2.1 Density * Severity Cross tabulation : No association between density and severity (P-value = 0.980) .Table (8) Table (8) Severity Total Severe Not Severe Density + Count 9 34 43 Expected Count 9.3 33.7 43 ++ Count 5 22 27 Expected Count 5.8 21.2 27 +++ Count 5 18 23 Expected Count 5 18 23 ++++ Count 7 20 27 0 20 40 60 43 27 23 27 56 Frequency Frequency International Journal of Academic Health and Medical Research (IJAHMR) ISSN: 2000-007X Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2018, Pages: 13-18  17 Chi square test for association between Density and Severity (No association P-value = 0.980)  P-value more than 0.05 means there is No association.  P-value less than 0.05 means there is association. 3.2.2 Complications * Severity Cross tabulation: There was association between Complications and Severity (P-value = 0.000) Table (9). Table (9) Complications Severity Total Severe Not Severe Positive Count 22 13 35 Expected Count 7.6 27.4 35 Negative Count 16 125 141 Expected Count 30.4 110.6 141 Total Count 38 138 176 Expected Count 38 138 176 Chi square test for association between Complications and Severity (There is Association P-value = 0.000)  P-value more than 0.05 means there is No association.  P-value less than 0.05 means there is association. 4.DISCUSSION A total of 176, 73 male and 103 female aged from 7 years to 69 years with age mean(34.59), median(33),mode(22).drawn to Bashayer hospital with symptoms of malaria showed ICT positive result .Blood films were positive in 98(55.7%) and negative in 78 (44.3%) of patients. Malaria pigment was observed with the mean (22.07). There was an association between ICT and Malaria Pigment (Pvalue = 0.000).There was no association between BF and Malaria Pigment (P-value = 0.40). This result approves that malaria pigment in peripheral blood leukocytes is evident for malaria disease and makes the method of pigment determination appropriate and useful in diagnosis especially in patients with an illness consistent clinically with malaria but with negative blood smear due to haemolytic anaemia . Our study result is similar to the result obtained by (Bojang 4) ). Who reported that malaria pigment has been shown to be a useful diagnostic indicator in anaemic patients with negative blood smears. Our study showed an association between malaria pigment and complications( haemolytic anemia, black water fever, coma) .Thirty five patient showed complications(19.9 percent) and 141 showed no complication(80.1 percent) ,There was association between Complications and Malaria Pigment ( P-value = 0.004) .This result approved that malaria pigment can be used in prognosis. Our result agreed with (Kirsten E.Lyke et al ((5) finding who stated that total PMN pigment burden in patients with malaria was higher in those with cerebral manifestations and with combined cerebral manifestations and severe anemia , and that pigment was associated with a fatal outcome in patients with malaria., and demonstrates that pigmented leukocyte are associated with cerebral malaria and with death in patients with severe malaria .This our study showed an association between severity and complication , there was association between Complications and Severity (P-value = 0.000),this agreed with recent studies postulated that , the association of intraleukocytic malaria pigment with severity of malaria may facilitate the reduction of mortality from severe infection, and documented the association of severe and fatal malaria with the increased presence of malaria haemozoin in peripheral phagocytes. (Lell et al ((6) Our study showed an association between severity and malaria pigment, There was association between Severity and Malaria Pigment (P-value = 0. 02). While there is no association between density and severity, there was no association between Density and Severity International Journal of Academic Health and Medical Research (IJAHMR) ISSN: 2000-007X Vol. 2 Issue 11, November - 2018, Pages: 13-18  18 (No Association P-value = 0.980), this our result agreed with (Kirsten E.Lyke et al (5) ).This study validates the presence of malaria pigment in leukocyte as a marker for disease severity. Malaria pigment, recognizable within the cytoplasm of phagocytic cells by light microscopy may represent a peripheral marker for parasite biomass. 5. Conclusion The major conclusions that can be drawn from this study are: Firstly, intraleukocytic malaria pigment produced by parasites during intra erythrocytic development is associated with severe disease, mortality and it a useful diagnostic indicator in anaemic patients with negative blood smears. . The varied complexities of the current diagnostic methods make the method of pigment determination appropriate and useful. Secondly, malaria pigment is significantly associated with severe malaria. Thirdly, parasitaemia levels are neither associated nor correlated with malaria severity and therefore parasitaemia alone is not a reliable measure of malaria severity. Finally we can conclude that there is justification to reject the hypothesis for no association, since pigment-laden leukocyte, showed significant association with malaria severity, diagnosis and prognosis. Based on these results, the assessment of intraleukocytic pigment appears to be valuable for more detailed characterization of patients who present with P. falciparum clinical symptoms consistent with a malarial illness. REFERENCES (1)WWW. WHO.Com, Malaria Global )2)Baird Jk. "Evidence And Implications Of Mortality Associated With Acute Plasmodium Vivax Malaria". Clinical Microbiology Reviews (2013) 26 (1): 36-57. 3) )World Health Organisation. W. H. O. Criteria on Severe Falciparum Malaria in -The Medical Algorithms Project. Chapter 24. Institute for Algorithmic Medicine,) 2006( (4) Bojang, K.,. Progress And Challenges In The Diagnosis Of Severe Malaria. )2005( (5)Kirsten E.Lyke, Dapa A.Diallo, Alassane Dicko Association Of Interleukocytic Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria Pigment With Disease Severity, Clinical Manifestation And Prognosis In Sever Malaria. April 29, (2003) (6)Lell, B., Missinou, M. A., Issifou, S., Matsiegui, P. B., Olola, C. H., Taylor, T. E. And Kremsner, P. G. Assessment Of A Simplified Method For Counting Leukocytic Malaria Pigment. Am J Trop Med Hyg., (2005) 73 (3):588-92.


Philosophy

International Journal of Academic and Applied Research (IJAAR) ISSN: 2000-005X Vol. 3 Issue 4, April - 2019, Pages: 41-42  41 Advantages of Using Public-Private Partnership for the Parties in Uzbekistan Zukhra Abdikarimova, Ravshan Salikhov Master, Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan E-mail address:  Abstract: The article highlights the role of public-private partnership in the socio-economic life of the countries and the importance of these relations in ensuring the welfare of the population in Uzbekistan. As well as, the importance of public-private partnerships for parties substantiate theoretically. Keywords: public, private sector, partnership relations, infrastructure projects, economic development. 1. INTRODUCTION In the modern world, public-private partnerships have been developing in new content in many countries through the reform of the infrastructure, as well as finding new sources of funding and the use of effective managerial methods. In turn, these relationships have led to widespread changes in the world, and have shown the path of development in many countries. Around the world, there is a steady increase in the number of countries which are developing by using various forms of partnerships between the public and private sectors. In the current period, the private sector's involvement in public-private partnerships enhances their economic activity and leads to new changes in the society. At the same time, this partnership shows their attractiveness for the state, to solve social problems, the creation of social facilities, the implementation of public services, the most important of which is the role of this partnership in addressing the rational use of the limited budget and many other opportunities. As well as, this partnership is more attractive for private sector to create high scale of opportunities. In other words, it can be explained by the fact that recently this concept has started to be called the "innovative partnership" formed between the government and the business community. The notion and mechanism of public-private partnership is absolutely new for Uzbekistan. However, it is so important for the country to apply to this partnership because of some reasons. For instance, the number of population has increased nearly twice since years of independence. In 1991, the number of population was 20607.7 million people, whereas the number increased and reach to 33254, 1 people in 2018. That is 61,4 % more compared to the number in 1991. In that case, the problem of providing population with infrastructure is becoming more actual problem for the country. As well as, it should be considered not only providing population with infrastructure but also quality of it should be considered. The most important social infrastructure and economic infrastructure are owned by the state in Uzbekistan. Meanwhile, the state budget is limited and cannot provide with all types of infrastructure alone. On the other hand, private sector has not got enough capability to implement and invest most of the infrastructure projects alone in Uzbekistan. Because, most of the infrastructure demand high level of investment and return only is expected for long-run period. It may be difficult for private sector to invest for infrastructure without state support. The public-private partnership models will be the best option for parties to obtain their goals because of the following advantages of using this mechanism: The advantages of using the public-private partnership mechanism for parties are as follows: For public sector For private sector The opportunity to engage private investors to build a facility will help to implement infrastructure projects in the current period without increasing the debt burden, even in the absence of sufficient budgetary funds. Strengthening the conditions for cooperation with the public sector within the framework of the long-term agreement. Not just the ability to buy the object, but also the ability to purchase services through bundles associated with its size and quality, which in turn promotes competition in the market of socially significant services. The possibility of cofinancing the project and the availability of additional safeguards. Distribution of project risks among partners. The presence of a government partner's contribution to the risksharing project. The resources and powers of the private partner can provide socially significant services, improve quality and look for different Providing additional paid services that reduce costs in the process of setting up or managing a project, and the ability to increase its profits International Journal of Academic and Applied Research (IJAAR) ISSN: 2000-005X Vol. 3 Issue 4, April - 2019, Pages: 41-42  42 solutions that reduce the cost of customer service and the high intensity of attracting new technologies. through the use of various solutions. Supporting effective market mechanism in reducing state involvement in the economy. Establishment of safeguards in the areas traditionally functioning by the state. The possibility of a broader access to innovation in the design of the project, and the immediate solution of issues related to investor involvement with the private initiative. The private partner seeks to find out how to independently examine the project structure, propose a draft, and reduce the term of the contract. As well as, the government is planning to solve the following problems by using this model in Uzbekistan: increasing the amount of private investment by uniting the resources of the public and private sectors; improving employment and quality of life of the population; attracting foreign financial, material, intellectual and other resources and rational use modern foreign management methods; promoting the effectiveness of state property management. In conclusion the condition of limited state budget and unlimited demand for quality of service and normal living of the population, development of these relations remains as a main task of the country's economy. Consolidation of partnership relations can lead to significant socio-economic changes in the country. Using this mechanism is more attractive for both parties. Mutual relations between state and private sector can give a lot of opportunities for parties to reach their goals. REFERENCES: 1. E.R. Yascombe. Public-Private Partnerships. Principles of policy and finance. 2007. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 2. Public-Private Partnerships. Reference Guide. © 2014 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, Asian Development Bank, and Inter-American Development Bank 3. A Guidebook On Public-Private Partnership In Infrastructure. Copyright © United Nations 2011 4. HK Yong. Public-Private Partnerships Policy and Practice. A Reference Guide. © Commonwealth Secretariat 2010.


Philosophy

International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS) ISSN: 2000-000X Vol. 2 Issue 8, August - 2018, Pages: 8-11  8 Complex Modulus of Waste Tires Reinforced Polystyrene Mahmoud Abdel-Halim Abdel-Goad Chemical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Egypt (E-mail:) Abstract: In this work, polystyrene/waste tires composites were prepared by incorporating of waste tires into polydisperse commercial polystyrene in a melt-mixing method. The rheological characterization of PS and PS/composite have been studied and compared. These properties were studied using ARES-Rheometer under nitrogen atmosphere in parallel plate geometry with diameter 8 mm. The measurements are carried out over a wide range of temperatures ranged from 120°C to 220°C and frequencies from 100 to 0.1 radians per second. The complex modulus (G*) were evaluated and compared with those of unfilled PS. The dynamic mechanical properties and stability at elevated temperatures were found to increase with the addition of waste tires to PS as confirmed by the results. The results showed that the value of G* at  = 1.0 radian/s is 1.8104 and 4.4104 Pa for PS and PS/waste tires, respectively. This difference rises at low frequencies-branch to be the value of G* at  = 0.06 radian/s is 8.8102 and 7.8103 Pa for PS and PS/waste tires, respectively. Generally G* increases by the addition of rubber as filler for PS Keywords: Polystyrene/waste tires composite, Rheology, Complex modulus 1. INTRODUCTION The growth rate of the use of particulate filled polymers is very fast in all fields of application Household articles and automotive parts are equally prepared from them. In the early stages, the sole reason for the introduction of fillers was to decrease the price of the polymer. However, as a result of filling all properties of the polymer change, a new polymer is in fact created. Some characteristics improve, while others deteriorate, and properties must be optimised to utilize all potentials of particulate filling. Optimization must include all aspects of the composites from component properties, through structure and especially interactions [1]. Disposal of waste rubber material is a global problem, and used tires constitute the largest volume of scrap rubber. Recycling of waste tires is essential due to economic and environmental reasons. Utilization of ground waste rubber has been reviewed recently. Finely ground waste tire rubber has been used as filler in rubbers and in thermoplastics [2]. Physical properties and processability are reported to be adversely affected when large volumes of waste rubber is added to a rubber compound. Dynamic mechanical analysis over a wide range of temperature and frequencies permits the determination of the viscoelastic behavior of molten polymers and, in particular, the study the glass transition of reinforced composites. Therefore, the investigations of the polymer composites using the mechanical and the dynamic mechanical analysis are becoming of great interesting [3-18]. The purpose of this work was to characterize in details the complex modulus of rubber filled polystyrene compared to the original material of unfilled polystyrene. 2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION Samples preparation and characterization PS/waste tires composite was prepared by introducing waste tires into commercial PS with molecular weight about 210 7 g/mol. The waste tires were shredded into small particles sizes of about 2 mm. The mixture of PS and 12 wt % shredded tires are dry mixed by hand-mixing for around half an hour and heated at 300°C for 2 hours. Followed by preparation the samples of filled and unfilled PS for the rheological measurements under compression-mold at 190°C for 3 hours and 15 bars in a disc form with diameter 8 mm and thickness 2.2 mm. 3. MEASUREMENTS The dynamic mechanical measurements were performed for PS and PS composite by using an ARES-Rheometer (Rheometric Scientific). The rheometer was operated in the dynamic mode on the plate-plate geometry of 8mm diameter and about 2 mm gap. The gap size changes with the temperatures and is read electronically and allows absolute moduli to be determined. The measurements were performed in this study for the samples under nitrogen atmosphere, strain amplitude 1%, over temperature ranged from 120 to 220°C and angular frequency ( ) varied from 102 to10-1 radian/s. International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS) ISSN: 2000-000X Vol. 2 Issue 8, August - 2018, Pages: 8-11  9 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this study the experiments data which measured over a wide range of the temperature are shifted into a single log -log curve at a reference temperature T0 by using of the time-temperature superposition principle which described by Williams-LandelFerry [19] as, log aT = -C1 (T-T0) /(C2+(T-T0)).Where aT is the horizontal shift factor and constants C1 and C2 are material specific. aT shifts the data obtained at different temperatures along the log frequency,  axis as shown in Fig.1 and in vertical direction is given purely by bT (bT = 00/ TT  [20] ). Where  is the material density. Figure 1 shows the shear complex modulus (G*) as a function of frequency at temperatures ranged from 120 to 220°C. By choosing the reference temperature at 180°C, the horizontal shift factor shifts the high temperatures data of G* toward right side at low frequencies-branch along of G* which measured at 180°C and those at the low temperatures are shifted at high frequenciesbranch as shown in Figure 1. The vertical shift factor rises G* of the high temperatures to G* of 180°C and decreases those at low temperatures to reach G* of 180°C as shown in Figure 3. Because G* modulus decreases with increasing the temperatures as it is clear from Fig.1 . The master curves of the shear complex modulus, G* for PS and PS/waste tires at 180°C are logarithmically plotted against the angular frequency as seen in Figure 2. This quantity of G* is a combination of the storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G'') as, G*= G' + i G'' [21] . Where, G' is the ability of the material to store energy in the cycle of the deformation and G'' is the energy dissipated as heat in this cycle. Master curves of G* for PS and PS/waste tires display three distinct regions of behavior and that is typically for flexible-chain monodisperse homopolymer. These region are : the dynamic glass transition, rubbery plateau, and flow zones from the right side to the left side. At the flow regime, G* decreases further as shown in Figure 2. This corresponding to the complete relaxation of polymer chains at low shear rate, where the time allowed for relaxation is longer than the longest relaxation time in the polymer. The dynamic glass transition zone is located at high frequencies at which the shear rate is higher than the average relaxation time of the polymer chain. Therefore, the chains can not adjust quickly enough to dissipate the applied stress as a result, the observed modulus is high. As the deformation shear rate decreases, G* decreases until the intermediate regime of a rubber-like plateau is observed. This rubber-like region is somewhat flat and it is nearly independent on the frequency over the frequency range from about 1103 to 10 radians/s as shown in Figure 2. This rubber like behavior reflects the elasticity of the polymer and it is due to the entanglement of the chains, this entanglement depends on the type and the long of the chains. From the beginning of this regime of the rubber-like, G* is observed to rise for PS/waste tires composite than this of the original PS and this increase is significantly continued over the flow regime too at low frequencies as shown in Figure 2. As an example, the value of G* at  = 1.0 radian/s is 1.8104 and 4.4104 Pa for PS and PS/waste tires, respectively. But this difference rises at low frequencies-branch to be the value of G* at  = 0.06 radian/s is 8.8102 and 7.8103 Pa for PS and PS/waste tires, respectively. Generally this increase in G* by the addition of rubber as filler for PS is may be because the interaction between the rubber particles and the PS chains which increases the stiffness of the chains. The significant increase at low frequencies (means at long time and high temperature) may be due to the formation of the rubber-PS network. Since the formation of this matrix increases with the time at high temperature. 5. CONCLUSION In this study the PS/waste tires composite were prepared. The Rheological properties for PS composite are evaluated and compared to those of the original material of unfilled PS. These properties are determined by ARES Rheometer under nitrogen atmosphere in parallel plate geometry with diameter 8 mm. The measurements are carried out over a wide range of temperatures, ranged from 120°C to 220°C and frequencies from 100 to 0.1 radians per second. The results showed that the value of G* at  = 1.0 radian/s is 1.8104 and 4.4104 Pa for PS and PS/waste tires, respectively. This difference rises at low frequencies-branch to be the value of G* at  = 0.06 radian/s is 8.8102 and 7.8103 Pa for PS and PS/waste tires, respectively. Generally G* increases by the addition of rubber as filler for PS 6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The financial support by the International Bureau in Germany, helpful discussions of Dr. W.Pyckhout -Hintzen at research center Juelich, Germany are greatly acknowledged. International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS) ISSN: 2000-000X Vol. 2 Issue 8, August - 2018, Pages: 8-11  10 REFERENCES [1]. B.Pukanszky, E.Fekete, " Adhesion and surface modification", Advances in Polymer Science, V139, P.110-153,SpringerVerlag Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. [2]. J. I. Kim , S. H. Ryu , Y. W. Chang, " Mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of waste rubber powder/HDPE composite", J. of Applied Polymer Science, V.77, P. 2595-2602, 2000. [3]. W.Guo, M.Ashida, "Dynamic viscoelasticities for short fiber-thermoplastic elastomer composites", J. of Applied Polymer Science,V50, P.1435-1443,1993 . [4]. P. K. Sengupta, D. Mukhopadhyay ,"A dynamic mechanical study on unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites" J.of Applied Polymer Science,V51, P.831-840, 1994 [5]. G. Kalaprasad, G. Mathew, C. Pavithran, S. Thomas , "Melt rheological behavior of intimately mixed short sisal-glass hybrid fiber-reinforced low-density polyethylene composites. I. Untreated fibers",J. of Applied Polymer Science, V89, P.432-442, 2003 [6]. L. Ibarra, A. Macías, E. Palma , "Viscoelastic properties of short carbon fiber thermoplastic (SBS) elastomer composites", J.of Applied Polymer Science V57, P.831-842, 1995 [7]. P. V. Joseph, G. Mathew, K. Joseph, S. Thomas, P. Pradeep," Mechanical properties of short sisal fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites: Comparison of experimental data with theoretical predictions", J.of Applied Polymer Science, V88, P.602-611, 2003 [8]. V. M. Murty, S. K. De, S. S. Bhagawan, R. Sivaramakrishnan, S. K. Athithan, "Viscoelastic properties of short-fiberreinforced rubber composites and the role of adhesion", J.of Applied Polymer Science,V28, P.3485-3495, 1983 [9]. D. Roy, A. K. Bhowmick, S. K. De, "Dynamic mechanical properties of short carbon fiber-filled styrene-isoprenestyrene block copolymer", J.of Applied Polymer Science, V49, P.263-273, 1993 [10]. S.Yano, S. Hirose, H. Hatakeyama, B. Westerlind, M.Rigdahl, "Dynamic viscoelasticity of isoprene rubber reinforced with short cellulose fibers" J.of Applied Polymer Science, V40, P.657-667, 1990 [11]. G. Kalaprasad, S. Thomas, "Melt rheological behavior of intimately mixed short sisal-glass hybrid fiber-reinforced low-density polyethylene composites. II. Chemical modification", J.of Applied Polymer Science,V89, P.443-450, 2003 [12]. Xiaoyi Gong , "The dynamic mechanical behavior of random-in-plane short fiber-reinforced epoxy resin composites", Polymers for Advanced Technologies, V7, P.141-145, 1996 [13]. L.Ibarra, C.Chamorro , "Short fiber-elastomer composites. Effects of matrix and fiber level on swelling and mechanical and dynamic properties", J.of Applied Polymer Science, V43, P.1805-1819, 1991 [14]. Michio Ashida, Toru Noguchi, Satoshi Mashimo, "Effect of matrix's type on the dynamic properties for short fiberelastomer composite", J.of Applied Polymer Science, V30, P.1011-1021, 1985 [15]. L.I.Rueda, C.C. Antón, M. C. Rodríguez, "Viscoelastic properties of short fiber filled SBR composites",Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie, V160, P.29-39, 1988 [16]. L. Ibarra, " Dynamic properties of short fiber-EPDM matrix composites as a function of strain amplitude", J.of Applied Polymer Science, V54, P.1721-1730, 1994 [17]. M. Ashida, T. Noguchi, S. Mashimo, "Dynamic moduli for short fiber-CR composites", J.of Applied Polymer Science, V29, P.661-670, 1984 [18]. A. K. Rana, B. C. Mitra, A. N. Banerjee, "Short jute fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites: Dynamic mechanical study" J.of Applied Polymer Science, V71, P.531-539, 1999 [19]. J.D. Ferry, "Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers", 3rd ed. ( Wiley, New York, 1980) [20]. Mahmoud A.-Halim Abdel-Goad, "Synthesis Characterization, Rheological Properties and Microscopic Dynamic of Polymers with low Plateau Moduli" Phd's thesis, Muenster University, Germany, 2000. [21]. G.Heinrich, M.Klueppel, " Recent advances in the theory of filler networking in elastomers", Advances in Polymer Sciences, V160, P.1-44, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS) ISSN: 2000-000X Vol. 2 Issue 8, August - 2018, Pages: 8-11  11 Figure 1:Experiments data of G* were measured at different temperature as a function of  for PS and PS composite and shifted at T0 = 180°C by using aT and bT . Figure 2: Master curve of G* as a function of  for PS and PS composite at T0 = 180°C. 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 102 103 104 105 106 107 PS-composite PS G * P a  rad/s 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 102 103 104 105 106 107 aT aT bT high temp. PS-composite: shifted data at 180°C un-shifted data at different temperatures G * P a  rad/s


Abstract: In this work, polystyrene/waste tires composites were prepared using the melt-mixing method. The viscoelastic properties of PS and PS/composite have been evaluated and compared. These properties were studied using ARES-Rheometer under nitrogen atmosphere in parallel plate geometry with diameter 8 mm. The measurements are carried out over a wide range of temperatures ranged from 120°C to 220°C and frequencies from 100 to 0.1 radians per second. The dynamic and complex viscosity of the PS composites were studied and compared with those of unfilled PS.
          The results showed that the frequency,   is shifted from 0.46  to 0.072 radians/s  and the value of  dynamic viscosity increases from 5.0104 to 1.3105 Pa.s by the addition of the rubber for PS. Zero-shear viscosity, 0 was found to be increased from is 9.5104 for PS/waste tire composite to 4.5104  for PS.
          The flow activation energy is calculated from 0 by using the rheometric software to be 1.063 105 and 1.46 105 J/mol.K for Ps and PS composite, respectively.

Philosophy

International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS) ISSN: 2000-000X Vol. 2 Issue 8, August - 2018, Pages: 12-15  12 Dynamic and Complex Viscosity of Polystyrene/ Waste Tires Composites Mahmoud Abdel-Halim Abdel-Goad Chemical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Egypt (E-mail:) Abstract: In this work, polystyrene/waste tires composites were prepared using the melt-mixing method. The viscoelastic properties of PS and PS/composite have been evaluated and compared. These properties were studied using ARES-Rheometer under nitrogen atmosphere in parallel plate geometry with diameter 8 mm. The measurements are carried out over a wide range of temperatures ranged from 120°C to 220°C and frequencies from 100 to 0.1 radians per second. The dynamic and complex viscosity of the PS composites were studied and compared with those of unfilled PS. The results showed that the frequency,  is shifted from 0.46 to 0.072 radians/s and the value of dynamic viscosity increases from 5.0104 to 1.3105 Pa.s by the addition of the rubber for PS. Zero-shear viscosity, 0 was found to be increased from is 9.5104 for PS/waste tire composite to 4.5104 for PS. The flow activation energy is calculated from 0 by using the rheometric software to be 1.063 10 5 and 1.46 105 J/mol.K for Ps and PS composite, respectively. Keywords: Polystyrene/ waste tires composites, Dynamic and Complex Viscosity. 1. INTRODUCTION The growth rate of the use of particulate filled polymers is very fast in all fields of application Household articles and automotive parts are equally prepared from them. In the early stages, the sole reason for the introduction of fillers was to decrease the price of the polymer. However, as a result of filling all properties of the polymer change, a new polymer is in fact created. Some characteristics improve, while others deteriorate, and properties must be optimised to utilize all potentials of particulate filling. Optimization must include all aspects of the composites from component properties, through structure and especially interactions [1]. Composite materials are created by combining two or more components to achieve desired properties, which could not be obtained with the separate components. The use of reinforcing fillers, which can reduce material costs and improve certain properties, is increasing in thermoplastic polymer composites. The advantages of polymer composites on performance, economy, or ecology have accelerated the research activities in the field of polymer composites in terms of academic and industrial interests [2-18]. The motivation for this work was to evaluate in details the dynamic and complex viscosity for rubber filled polystyrene compared to the original material of unfilled polystyrene. 2. EXPERIMENTAL PART Samples preparation and characterization PS/waste tires composite was prepared by introducing waste tires into commercial PS with molecular weight about 2107 g/mol. The waste tires were shredded into small particles sizes of about 2 mm. The mixture of PS and 12 wt % shredded tires are dry mixed by hand-mixing for around half an hour and heated at 300°C for 2 hours. Followed by preparation the samples of filled and unfilled PS for the rheological measurements under compression-mold at 190°C for 3 hours and 15 bars in a disc form with diameter 8 mm and thickness 2.2 mm. 3. MEASUREMENTS The dynamic mechanical measurements were performed for PS and PS composite by using an ARES-Rheometer (Rheometric Scientific). The rheometer was operated in the dynamic mode on the plate-plate geometry of 8mm diameter and about 2 mm gap. The gap size changes with the temperatures and is read electronically and allows absolute moduli to be determined. The measurements were performed in this study for the samples under nitrogen atmosphere, strain amplitude 1%, over temperature ranged from 120 to 220°C and angular frequency ( ) varied from 102 to10-1 radian/s. International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS) ISSN: 2000-000X Vol. 2 Issue 8, August - 2018, Pages: 12-15  13 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this study the experiments data which measured over a wide range of the temperature are shifted into a single log -log curve at a reference temperature T0 by using of the time-temperature superposition principle which described by Williams-LandelFerry [19] as, log aT = -C1 (T-T0) /(C2+(T-T0)).Where aT is the horizontal shift factor and constants C1 and C2 are material specific. aT shifts the data obtained at different temperatures along the log frequency,  axis and in vertical direction is given purely by bT (bT = 00/ TT  [20] ). Where  is the material density. The complex viscosity * is plotted as a function of frequency,  in Figure 1 for PS and PS/waste tire. * falls rapidly with increasing  as shown in Figure 1. At very low shear rates * is called the melt viscosity, 0 ( zero-shear viscosity), at which the viscosity is independent on the frequency. The flow activation energy is calculated from 0 by using the rheometric software to be 1.063 105 and 1.46 105 J/mol.K for Ps and PS composite, respectively. The addition of the rubber alters the beginning of the plateau in the viscosity as shown in Figure 1 . Since it is shifted from 0.46 to 0.072 radians/s as shown in Figure 1 and the value of 0 increases from 5.010 4 to 1.3105 Pa.s by the addition of the rubber for PS. This because the increase in the compaction due to the introduction of the rubber. These values of 0 are again tested and evaluated from the modeling of the experiments data (Fig.2) of the viscosity by using Winter theory. This theoretical model is a spectrum was empirically expressed by Winter et al. [39] and it depends on the transition zone ,entanglement and flow regime as explained earlier in details in the theoretical part. It is clear from Figure 2 the plateau of the viscosity at low frequencies and the difference between 0 for PS/waste tire and the original material of PS is more significant. Where 0 for PS/waste tire is 9.510 4 compared to 4.5104 of PS as shown in Figure 2. 5. CONCLUSION Polystyrene/waste tires composites were prepared in this study by incorporating small particles of waste tires into polydisperse commercial polystyrene (PS) in a melt-mixing method. The dynamic and complex viscosity of PS composites were evaluated and compared to those of the original material of unfilled PS. These properties are determined by ARES Rheometer under nitrogen atmosphere in parallel plate geometry with diameter 8 mm. The measurements are carried out over a wide range of temperatures, ranged from 120°C to 220°C and frequencies from 100 to 0.1 radians per second. The results showed that the frequency,  is shifted from 0.46 to 0.072 radians/s and the value of dynamic viscosity increases from 5.0104 to 1.3105 Pa.s by the addition of the rubber for PS. Zero-shear viscosity, 0 was found to be increased from is 9.510 4 for PS/waste tire composite to 4.5104 for PS The flow activation energy is calculated from 0 by using the rheometric software to be 1.063 10 5 and 1.46 105 J/mol.K for Ps and PS composite, respectively. 6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The financial support by the International Bureau in Germany, helpful discussions of Dr. W.Pyckhout -Hintzen at research center Juelich, Germany are greatly acknowledged. REFERENCES [1]. B.Pukanszky, E.Fekete, " Adhesion and surface modification", Advances in Polymer Science, V139, P.110-153,SpringerVerlag Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. [2]. Andries Voet , "Reinforcement of elastomers by fillers: Review of period 1967-1976", J. of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews, V15, P.327-373, 1980. [3]. R. P. Kumar, M. L. Amma, S. Thomas, "Short sisal fiber reinforced styrene-butadiene rubber composites", J. of Applied Polymer Science,V58, P.597-612,1995. [4]. V. M. Murty, S. K. De , "Short-fiber-reinforced styrene-butadiene rubber composites", J. of Applied Polymer Science,V29, P. 1355-1368, 1984 [5]. J.George, S. S. Bhagawan, N. Prabhakaran, S. Thomas, "Short pineapple-leaf-fiber-reinforced low-density polyethylene composites", J. of Applied Polymer Science V57, P.843-854,1995 [6]. V. M. Murty, S. K. De ,"Effect of particulate fillers on short jute fiber-reinforced natural rubber composites",J. of Applied Polymer Science,V27, P.4611-4622, 1982 [7]. D. Nabi Saheb, J. P. Jog ,"Natural fiber polymer composites: A review" Advances in Polymer Technology,V18, P.351-363,1999 [8]. E. Ruckenstein, L.Hong , "Conducting rubberlike copolymer-carbon fiber composites", J.of Applied Polymer Science,V53, P.923-932, 1994. International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS) ISSN: 2000-000X Vol. 2 Issue 8, August - 2018, Pages: 12-15  14 [9]. K. L. Fung, R. K.Li, S. C. Tjong , "Interface modification on the properties of sisal fiberreinforced polypropylene composites", J.of Applied Polymer Science,V85, P.169-176, 2002 [10]. S.K.Kutty, G. B. Nando , "Short kevlar fiber-thermoplastic polyurethane composite", J. of Applied Polymer Science, V43, P.1913-1923, 1991 [11]. Wolfgang G. Glasser, Razaina Taib, Rajesh K. Jain, Ron Kander, "Fiber-reinforced cellulosic thermoplastic composites", J. of Applied Polymer Science, V73, P.1329-1340, 1999 [12]. M.Shibata, K.Ozawa, N.Teramoto, R.Yosomiya, H.Takeishi, "Biocomposites Made from Short Abaca Fiber and Biodegradable Polyesters" Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, V288, P.35-43, 2003 [13]. R. S. Rajeev, A. K. Bhowmick, S. K. De, S. Bandyopadhyay , "Short melamine fiber filled nitrile rubber composites", J.of Applied Polymer Science, V90, P.544-558, 2003 [14]. C.Vajrasthira, T.Amornsakchai, S. Bualek-Limcharoen, "Fiber-matrix interactions in aramid-short-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composites", J.of Applied Polymer Science, V87, P.1059-1067, 2003 [15]. M.A. Martins, I. Joekes, "Tire rubber-sisal composites: Effect of mercerization and acetylation on reinforcement", J.of Applied Polymer Science V89, P.2507-2515, 2003 [16]. V. G. Geethamma, R. Joseph, S.Thomas,"Short coir fiber-reinforced natural rubber composites: Effects of fiber length, orientation, and alkali treatment" J. of Applied Polymer Science,V55, P.583-594, 1995 [17]. D. K. Setua, B. Dutta, "Short silk fiber-reinforced polychloroprene rubber composites",J.of Applied Polymer Science,V29, P.3097-3114, 1984 [18]. J.Son, D. J. Gardner, S. O'Neill, C. Metaxas, "Understanding the viscoelastic properties of extruded polypropylene wood plastic composites", J.of Applied Polymer Science, V89, P.1638-1644, 2003 [19]. M.Baumgaerted, M.E.De Rosa, J.Machado, M.Masse, H.H.Winter, "The relaxation time spectrum of nearly monodisperse polybutadiene melts" Rheol.Acta, V31, P.75-82,1992. Figure 1: Master curve of * as a function of  for PS and PS composite at T0 = 180°C. 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 101 102 103 104 105 106 0 PS-composite PS  * P a .s  rad/s International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS) ISSN: 2000-000X Vol. 2 Issue 8, August - 2018, Pages: 12-15  15 Figure 2: Determination of 0 theoretically for PS and PS composite at T0 = 180° 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 101 102 103 104 105 106 0 Ps-composite theo. PS theo.  P a .s  rad/s


Philosophy

International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS) ISSN: 2000-000X Vol. 2 Issue 8, August - 2018, Pages: 51-54  51 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis for Waste Tires Reinforced Polystyrene: Shear Compliance Mahmoud Abdel-Halim Abdel-Goad Chemical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Egypt (E-mail:) Abstract: Polystyrene/waste tires composites were prepared in this study by incorporating small particles of waste tires into polydisperse commercial polystyrene (PS) in a melt-mixing method. The dynamic mechanical properties of PS and PS/composite were studied using ARES-Rheometer under nitrogen atmosphere in parallel plate geometry with diameter 8 mm. The measurements were carried out over a wide range of temperatures ranged from 120°C to 220°C and frequencies from 100 to 0.1 radians per second. The shear compliance of PS composite were studied and compared with those of unfilled PS. The shear compliance were studied and evaluated. Where the values of J' at  = 0.06 radians/s are 110-4 and 5.310-5 Pa-1 for PS and PS composite, respectively At  = 0.1 radians/s the addition of the rubber alters the value of J'' from 1.610-4 to 8.410-5 Pa-1. That means the stability of PS is enhanced by the incorporation of the rubber Keywords: Polystyrene composite, Waste tires, Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy, Shear Compliance. 1. INTRODUCTION Composite materials are created by combining two or more components to achieve desired properties, which could not be obtained with the separate components. The use of reinforcing fillers, which can reduce material costs and improve certain properties, is increasing in thermoplastic polymer composites. The advantages of polymer composites on performance, economy, or ecology have accelerated the research activities in the field of polymer composites in terms of academic and industrial interests [1-18]. Disposal of waste rubber material is a global problem, and used tires constitute the largest volume of scrap rubber. Recycling of waste tires is essential due to economic and environmental reasons. Utilization of ground waste rubber has been reviewed recently. Finely ground waste tire rubber has been used as filler in rubbers and in thermoplastics [19]. Physical properties and processability are reported to be adversely affected when large volumes of waste rubber is added to a rubber compound. The purpose of this work was to characterize in details the shear compliance of rubber filled polystyrene compared to the original material of unfilled polystyrene. 2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION Samples preparation and characterization PS/waste tires composite was prepared by introducing waste tires into commercial PS with molecular weight about 2107 g/mol. The waste tires were shredded into small particles sizes of about 2 mm. The mixture of PS and 12 wt % shredded tires are dry mixed by hand-mixing for around half an hour and heated at 300°C for 2 hours. Followed by preparation the samples of filled and unfilled PS for the rheological measurements under compression-mold at 190°C for 3 hours and 15 bars in a disc form with diameter 8 mm and thickness 2.2 mm. 3. MEASUREMENTS The dynamic mechanical measurements were performed for PS and PS composite by using an ARES-Rheometer (Rheometric Scientific). The rheometer was operated in the dynamic mode on the plate-plate geometry of 8mm diameter and about 2 mm gap. The gap size changes with the temperatures and is read electronically and allows absolute moduli to be determined. The measurements were performed in this study for the samples under nitrogen atmosphere, strain amplitude 1%, over temperature ranged from 120 to 220°C and angular frequency ( ) varied from 102 to10-1 radian/s. International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS) ISSN: 2000-000X Vol. 2 Issue 8, August - 2018, Pages: 51-54  52 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figures 1-2 give the dynamic data of filled and unfilled PS at various frequencies and temperatures along with the constructed master curves for J' and J'' as a function of the reduced frequency (WaT). J'() is a measure of the energy stored and recovered per deformation cycle, therefore is called the storage compliance. J''() is a measure of the energy dissipated as heat per cycle of the sinusoidal deformation, for that is called the loss compliance. The Master curves of J'() and J''() show three regions because of the wide range of the temperatures at which the samples were measured. These regions are the same as in the G* () curves as explained above. The values of J'() and J''() for PS are changed by the addition of the rubber filler in particular at low frequencies as shown in Figures 1-2. These Figures show significant enhancement in the moduli for filled PS at low frequencies which are associated to the melt (flow) regime at high temperatures. Where the values of J' at  = 0.06 radians/s are 110-4 and 5.310-5 Pa-1 for PS and PS composite, respectively as shown in Figure 5. And in Figure 6 at  = 0.1 radians/s the addition of the rubber alters the value of J'' from 1.610-4 to 8.410-5 Pa-1. That means the stability of PS is enhanced by the incorporation of the rubber. Because the increase in the stiffness and strength of the PS chains by the addition of the rubber. The significant increase at low frequencies (means at long time and high temperature) may be due to the formation of the rubber-PS network. Since the formation of this matrix increases with the time at high temperature. That is confirmed in the dynamic shear compliances J' and J'' as seen in Figures 1-2. 5. CONCLUSION In this study the waste tires reused in the production of PS composite. The dynamic mechanical properties for PS composite are evaluated and compared to those of the original material of unfilled PS. These properties are determined by ARES Rheometer under nitrogen atmosphere in parallel plate geometry with diameter 8 mm. The measurements are carried out over a wide range of temperatures, ranged from 120°C to 220°C and frequencies from 100 to 0.1 radians per second. The shear compliance were studied and evaluated. Where the values of J' at  = 0.06 radians/s are 110-4 and 5.310-5 Pa-1 for PS and PS composite, respectively At  = 0.1 radians/s the addition of the rubber alters the value of J'' from 1.610-4 to 8.410-5 Pa-1. That means the stability of PS is enhanced by the incorporation of the rubber 6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The financial support by the International Bureau in Germany, helpful discussions of Dr. W.Pyckhout -Hintzen at research center Juelich, Germany are greatly acknowledged. REFERENCES 1. B.Pukanszky, E.Fekete, " Adhesion and surface modification", Advances in Polymer Science, V139, P.110153,Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. 2. Andries Voet , "Reinforcement of elastomers by fillers: Review of period 1967-1976", J. of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews, V15, P.327-373, 1980. 3. R. P. Kumar, M. L. Amma, S. Thomas, "Short sisal fiber reinforced styrene-butadiene rubber composites", J. of Applied Polymer Science,V58, P.597-612,1995. 4. V. M. Murty, S. K. De , "Short-fiber-reinforced styrene-butadiene rubber composites", J. of Applied Polymer Science,V29, P. 1355-1368, 1984 5. J.George, S. S. Bhagawan, N. Prabhakaran, S. Thomas, "Short pineapple-leaf-fiber-reinforced low-density polyethylene composites", J. of Applied Polymer Science V57, P.843-854,1995 6. V. M. Murty, S. K. De ,"Effect of particulate fillers on short jute fiber-reinforced natural rubber composites",J. of Applied Polymer Science,V27, P.4611-4622, 1982 7. D. Nabi Saheb, J. P. Jog ,"Natural fiber polymer composites: A review" Advances in Polymer Technology,V18, P.351-363,1999 8. E. Ruckenstein, L.Hong , "Conducting rubberlike copolymer-carbon fiber composites", J.of Applied Polymer Science,V53, P.923-932, 1994. 9. K. L. Fung, R. K.Li, S. C. Tjong , "Interface modification on the properties of sisal fiberreinforced polypropylene composites", J.of Applied Polymer Science,V85, P.169-176, 2002 10. S.K.Kutty, G. B. Nando , "Short kevlar fiber-thermoplastic polyurethane composite", J. of Applied Polymer Science, V43, P.1913-1923, 1991 11. Wolfgang G. Glasser, Razaina Taib, Rajesh K. Jain, Ron Kander, "Fiber-reinforced cellulosic thermoplastic composites", J. of Applied Polymer Science, V73, P.1329-1340, 1999 International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS) ISSN: 2000-000X Vol. 2 Issue 8, August - 2018, Pages: 51-54  53 12. M.Shibata, K.Ozawa, N.Teramoto, R.Yosomiya, H.Takeishi, "Biocomposites Made from Short Abaca Fiber and Biodegradable Polyesters" Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, V288, P.35-43, 2003 13. R. S. Rajeev, A. K. Bhowmick, S. K. De, S. Bandyopadhyay , "Short melamine fiber filled nitrile rubber composites", J.of Applied Polymer Science, V90, P.544-558, 2003 14. C.Vajrasthira, T.Amornsakchai, S. Bualek-Limcharoen, "Fiber-matrix interactions in aramid-short-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composites", J.of Applied Polymer Science, V87, P.1059-1067, 2003 15. M.A. Martins, I. Joekes, "Tire rubber-sisal composites: Effect of mercerization and acetylation on reinforcement", J.of Applied Polymer Science V89, P.2507-2515, 2003 16. V. G. Geethamma, R. Joseph, S.Thomas,"Short coir fiber-reinforced natural rubber composites: Effects of fiber length, orientation, and alkali treatment" J. of Applied Polymer Science,V55, P.583-594, 1995 17. D. K. Setua, B. Dutta, "Short silk fiber-reinforced polychloroprene rubber composites",J.of Applied Polymer Science,V29, P.3097-3114, 1984 18. J.Son, D. J. Gardner, S. O'Neill, C. Metaxas, "Understanding the viscoelastic properties of extruded polypropylene wood plastic composites", J.of Applied Polymer Science, V89, P.1638-1644, 2003 19. J. I. Kim , S. H. Ryu , Y. W. Chang, " Mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of waste rubber powder/HDPE composite", J. of Applied Polymer Science, V.77, P. 2595-2602, 2000. Figure 1: Master curve of J' as a function of  for PS and PS composite at T0 = 180°C 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 Pure PS PS/rubber J ' P a -1  rad/s International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS) ISSN: 2000-000X Vol. 2 Issue 8, August - 2018, Pages: 51-54  54 Figure 2: Master curve of J'' as a function of  for PS and PS composite at T0 = 180°C. 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 Pure PS PS/rubber J " P a -1  rad/s


Abstract: Waste polyethylene (PE) bags were reused in the modification of commercially available bitumen. The bitumen/PE blend was prepared by mixing homogenously commercial bitumen with waste PE in the molten state. The samples of bitumen blend and bitumen base were rheologically analyzied. The rheological properties such as complex modulus, shear compliance, torque and complex viscosity of bitumen and bitumen blend were studied using an ARES- Rheometer (Rheometric Scientific, Co.) in the dynamic mode, plate-plate geometry with diameter 8 mm. The measurements were performed over a wide range of temperatures ranged from-10°C to 60°C and frequencies from 100 to 0.1 radians per second. The results evidence that the shear compliance and torque are improved by the incorporation of the waste PE into bitumen.

Philosophy

International Journal of Academic and Applied Research (IJAAR) ISSN: 2000-005X Vol. 2 Issue 3, March - 2018, Pages: 5-8  5 Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Bitumen Composites: Part II Mahmoud Abdel-Halim Abdel-Goad Chemical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Egypt E-mail: Abstract: Waste polyethylene (PE) bags were reused in the modification of commercially available bitumen. The bitumen/PE blend was prepared by mixing homogenously commercial bitumen with waste PE in the molten state. The samples of bitumen blend and bitumen base were rheologically analyzied. The rheological properties such as complex modulus, shear compliance, torque and complex viscosity of bitumen and bitumen blend were studied using an ARESRheometer (Rheometric Scientific, Co.) in the dynamic mode, plate-plate geometry with diameter 8 mm. The measurements were performed over a wide range of temperatures ranged from-10°C to 60°C and frequencies from 100 to 0.1 radians per second. The results evidence that the shear compliance and torque are improved by the incorporation of the waste PE into bitumen. Keywords: bitumen; rheology, waste plastics. 1. INTRODUCTION Bitumen is the black adhesive that binds flexible pavements on roads and airfields together. Bitumen is also used in other areas of application, such as waterproofing, flooring and joint materials. Almost all bitumen originates from crude oil and is the residue of a refining process. It is well-known that bitumen is a very complex and temperature dependent material consisting of hydrocarbon molecules. Naphtenic-base crude oils often give a large yield of bitumen that may be of good quality, while paraffinic crude oils may give bitumen of good quality or yield bitumen not suitable for road construction [1]. Nowadays a very large majority of the roads are constructed using a mixture of bitumen (5 wt %) and mineral aggregates. Notwithstanding this low bitumen content, the performance of the road pavement depends to a large extent on the properties of bitumen itself, since it constitutes the only deformable component. The correlation between the complex colloidal structure of bitumen and its viscoelastic response is therefore a subject of scientific and technical interest [2 -7]. Polymer additives are well-known to improve the rheological properties of bitumen The polymer addition allows an increase in the resistance of the binder to permanent deformation at high temperature.Besides, the fracture properties including critical stress intensity factor (K1C) at low temperature of polymer modified bitumens (PmB's) were shown to be higher than those of the bitumen base.To determine the crack propagation mechanism controlling fracture properties, previous studies have focused on establishing the relationship between the fracture properties and the morphology of polymer modified bitumen [8]. The addition of synthetic polymers to enhance service properties over a wide range of temperatures in road paving applications was considered a long time ago and nowadays has become a real alternative. As has been pointed out in relevant papers about bitumen and polymer/ bitumen blends[9 -18 ] understanding the interactions of asphaltene and maltene (main components of bitumen) with the polymer, is a crucial point to gain insight into the routes to improve the capacities of these systems. In recent years, the volume of municipal plastic waste (MPW) has increased greatly, and this has resulted in a critical problem for modern society and future generations. Polyolefins, poly(ethylene terephthalate), Polyvinylchloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) are among the most common components of plastic waste because they are among the most frequently used commercial plastics in our daily lives and in industry.Recycling mixed plastic residues in the form of blends is attractive from academic and industrial points of view because of the improvements in the impact strength , dimensional stability, stress cracking, and processability with respect to virgin blends[19]. In the present study, waste plastics are used as a filler for making bituminous roof mastic up to a level of 20 wt %. The viscoelasticity of a bitumen modified with waste 9wt% PE is analysed and compared to bitumen base. 2. EXPERIMENTS PART Materials and preparation Waste plastics were collected from the garbage, sorted and shredded into coarse particles. The waste plastics and commercial bitumen were weighted and heated individually in an oven until melt. Molten waste plastic was poured into the molten bitumen and stirred vigorously to give a homogenous sample. The hot mixtures were then cast into a ring stamp with 25 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness for rheology testing. Measurements Solid-state dynamic viscoelastic measurements of all the pure bitumen and bitumen blends samples were accomplished in a Solid state institute, Research center Juelich, Germany. In this study we used an ARESrheometer (Advanced Rheology Expanded System, Rheometric Scientific Co.,) in the dynamic mode, under International Journal of Academic and Applied Research (IJAAR) ISSN: 2000-005X Vol. 2 Issue 3, March - 2018, Pages: 5-8  6 nitrogen atmosphere, plate-plate geometry with 25 mm in diameter to determine the rheological characteristics of the neat bitumen and bitumen blends. The measurements were performed over a wide range of temperatures ranged from 25°C to 160°C and frequencies from 100 to 0.1 radians per second. A sample ( about 1.0 g) was placed in the lower plate then the upper parallel plate was lowered for a tight contact with the sample. All the samples were held at a constant temperature of 50°C for 10 min, cooled to 25°C and measured at temperatures (25, 40, 60, 80, 100, 110, 120, 130°C, 145°C and 160°C). The applied strain were 2%. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In this section the master curves at 25°C of the storage (J') and loss compliance (J'') versus  are presented in Figures 3 and 4, respectively. J'() is a measure of the energy stored and recovered per deformation cycle, therefore is called the storage compliance. And J''() is a measure of the energy dissipated as heat per cycle of the sinusoidal deformation, for that is called the loss compliance. Figures 1-2 show the dynamic shear compliances moduli for bitumen blends compared to pure bitumen. These Figures show clearly two regions reflect the behavior of the material under the measured temperatures as a function of. As shown in Figures 1-2 the incorporation of the waste PE into bitumen affect on the J'() and J''() moduli. Since these moduli are enhanced for the bitumen blends. This is clear at  ~ 5.210 3 radians/s where the value of J' changed from 1.510 -7 for neat bitumen to 1.010 -7 Pa -1 in the case of bitumen/PE blend. But at low frequencies the effect is more noticeable. since at  ~ 5.910-2 radians/s, the values of J' become 4.010 -5 and 1.310 -6 Pa -1 for pure bitumen, and bitumen blend, respectively. The same effect is observed also for J'' moduli in Figure 2. In this Figure at  ~ 91 radians/s the values of J'' are 4.310 -7 and 1.910 -8 Pa -1 for neat bitumen, bitumen-PE, respectively. This because of the matrix formation between the PE chains and bitumen which leads to increase the strength and stiffness. This increase in the stiffness and strength by the introduction of the waste PE to bitumen is confirmed also in the shear creep stress, J(t) in Figure 3. This Figure show J(t) as a function of time for pure bitumen and bitumen blends. As shown in Figure 3 J(t) increases with time and the difference between the values of J(t) in the case of neat bitumen and bitumen blends is higher at long times than at short times. Since at t ~ 200 seconds, the values of J(t) are, 1.110 -3 and 1.410 -5 Pa -1 for neat bitumen and bitumen-PE, respectively. This indicates the improvement of the stability of the bitumen for a long time by the addition of the waste PE due to network of bitumenPE. The torque in NM as a function of frequency for neat bitumen and bitumen blends are logarithmically plotted at 100°C in Figure 4. The torque decreases with decreasing the shear rates as shown in Figure 7.This Figure evidences also that the addition of waste plastics to bitumen enhances the torque. Since the torque increases from 5.010 -4 to 1.310 -3 , 2.710 -2 , 3.210 -1 , 4.310 0 and 5.710 1 NM by the addition of 3, 7, 9,13 and 20 % PET , respectively. This because the formation of the bitumen-plastic matrix which leads to increase stiffness of the bitumen blends. 4. CONCLUSION Waste PE bags were used as a modifier in making improved bitumen. The blend compared to bitumen base was subjected to evaluate their response against temperature and frequency sweeps. By using an ARESRheometer (Rheometric Scientific, Co.) in the dynamic mode and parallel plate geometry with diameter 8 mm. The measurements were performed over a wide range of temperatures ranged from - 10 to 60°C and frequencies from 100 to 0.1 radians per second. It was found that shear compliance and torque are enhanced by the incorporation of waste 9wt%PE. 5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The financial support by the International Bureau in Germany, helpful discussions of Dr. W.Pyckhout and Dr.S. Khale at FZJ, Germany are greatly acknowledged. REFERENCES [1] Y.Edwards, P.Redelius,Energy & Fuels, V17, P.511-520, 2003. [2] O. Gonzalez, J. J. Pena, M. E. Munoz, A. Santamaria, A. 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Figure 1: Master curves of J' for bitumen/PE blend and bitumen base at T0 =25°C Figure 2: Master curves of J'' for bitumen/PE blend and bitumen base at T0 =25°C Figure 3: The shear creep for bitumen/PE blend and bitumen base at T0 =25°C 1 0 -4 1 0 -3 1 0 -2 1 0 -1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 0 3 1 0 4 1 0 5 1 0 6 1 0 7 1 0 8 1 0 9 1 0 -7 1 0 -6 1 0 -5 1 0 -4 1 0 -3 ne a t b itum e n b it.-9 % P E J ' P a -1  ra d /s 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 -9 10 -8 10 -7 10 -6 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 p ure b itum e n b it . -9 % P E J " P a -1  ra d /s 10 -6 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 -7 10 -6 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 ne a t b itum e n b it . -9 % P E J t P a -1 t im e , s International Journal of Academic and Applied Research (IJAAR) ISSN: 2000-005X Vol. 2 Issue 3, March - 2018, Pages: 5-8  8 Figure 4: Master curves of the torque for bitumen/PE blend and bitumen base at T0 =25°C 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 ne a t b itum e n b it.-9 % P E to rq u e N M  ra d /s