Title: Ultra-rare disruptive and damaging mutations influence educational attainment in the general population
Authors: last_name: Ganna
first_name: Andrea
name: Andrea Ganna
affiliations: label: 1
institution: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
country: USA
name: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston02114, MA, USA
label: 2
institution: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 3
institution: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 4
institution: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet
country: Sweden
name: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
notes: Indicates equal contribution
last_name: Genovese
first_name: Giulio
name: Giulio Genovese
affiliations: label: 2
institution: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 3
institution: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 5
institution: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School
country: USA
name: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115, USA
notes: Indicates equal contribution
last_name: Howrigan
first_name: Daniel P.
name: Daniel P. Howrigan
affiliations: label: 1
institution: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
country: USA
name: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston02114, MA, USA
label: 2
institution: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 3
institution: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
last_name: Byrnes
first_name: Andrea
name: Andrea Byrnes
affiliations: label: 1
institution: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
country: USA
name: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston02114, MA, USA
label: 2
institution: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 3
institution: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
last_name: Kurki
first_name: Mitja
name: Mitja Kurki
affiliations: label: 1
institution: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
country: USA
name: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston02114, MA, USA
label: 2
institution: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 3
institution: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 6
institution: Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki
country: Finland
name: Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki , Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
last_name: Zekavat
first_name: Seyedeh M.
name: Seyedeh M. Zekavat
affiliations: label: 2
institution: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 7
institution: Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center,Massachusetts General Hospital
country: USA
name: Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center,Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA, 02114, USA
label: 8
institution: Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
country: USA
name: Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
last_name: Whelan
first_name: Christopher W.
name: Christopher W. Whelan
affiliations: label: 2
institution: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 3
institution: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 5
institution: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School
country: USA
name: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115, USA
last_name: Kals
first_name: Mart
name: Mart Kals
affiliations: label: 9
institution: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu
name: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu , Tartu 51010, Estonia
label: 10
institution: Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu
name: 10 Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu , Tartu 50409, Estonia
last_name: Nivard
first_name: Michel G.
name: Michel G. Nivard
affiliations: label: 11
institution: Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam
country: Netherlands
name: 11 Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
last_name: Bloemendal
first_name: Alex
name: Alex Bloemendal
affiliations: label: 1
institution: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
country: USA
name: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston02114, MA, USA
label: 2
institution: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 3
institution: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
last_name: Bloom
first_name: Jonathan M.
name: Jonathan M. Bloom
affiliations: label: 1
institution: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
country: USA
name: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston02114, MA, USA
label: 2
institution: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 3
institution: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 12
institution: Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
country: USA
name: 12 Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA02139, USA
last_name: Goldstein
first_name: Jacqueline I.
name: Jacqueline I. Goldstein
affiliations: label: 1
institution: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
country: USA
name: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston02114, MA, USA
label: 2
institution: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 3
institution: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
last_name: Poterba
first_name: Timothy
name: Timothy Poterba
affiliations: label: 1
institution: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
country: USA
name: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston02114, MA, USA
label: 2
institution: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 3
institution: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
last_name: Seed
first_name: Cotton
name: Cotton Seed
affiliations: label: 1
institution: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
country: USA
name: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston02114, MA, USA
label: 2
institution: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 3
institution: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
last_name: Handsaker
first_name: Robert E.
name: Robert E. Handsaker
affiliations: label: 2
institution: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 3
institution: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 5
institution: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School
country: USA
name: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115, USA
last_name: Natarajan
first_name: Pradeep
name: Pradeep Natarajan
affiliations: label: 2
institution: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 7
institution: Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center,Massachusetts General Hospital
country: USA
name: Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center,Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA, 02114, USA
last_name: Mägi
first_name: Reedik
name: Reedik Mägi
affiliations: label: 9
institution: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu
name: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu , Tartu 51010, Estonia
last_name: Gage
first_name: Diane
name: Diane Gage
affiliations: label: 3
institution: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
last_name: Robinson
first_name: Elise B.
name: Elise B. Robinson
affiliations: label: 1
institution: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
country: USA
name: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston02114, MA, USA
label: 2
institution: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 3
institution: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
last_name: Metspalu
first_name: Andres
name: Andres Metspalu
affiliations: label: 9
institution: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu
name: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu , Tartu 51010, Estonia
last_name: Salomaa
first_name: Veikko
name: Veikko Salomaa
affiliations: label: 13
institution: Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare
country: Finland
name: 13 Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
last_name: Suvisaari
first_name: Jaana
name: Jaana Suvisaari
affiliations: label: 13
institution: Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare
country: Finland
name: 13 Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
last_name: Purcell
first_name: Shaun M.
name: Shaun M. Purcell
affiliations: label: 14
institution: Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
country: USA
name: 14 Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, USA
label: 15
institution: Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
country: USA
name: 15 Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, USA
last_name: Sklar
first_name: Pamela
name: Pamela Sklar
affiliations: label: 14
institution: Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
country: USA
name: 14 Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, USA
label: 15
institution: Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
country: USA
name: 15 Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, USA
last_name: Kathiresan
first_name: Sekar
name: Sekar Kathiresan
affiliations: label: 2
institution: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 7
institution: Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center,Massachusetts General Hospital
country: USA
name: Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center,Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA, 02114, USA
last_name: Daly
first_name: Mark J.
name: Mark J. Daly
affiliations: label: 1
institution: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
country: USA
name: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston02114, MA, USA
label: 2
institution: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 3
institution: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
last_name: McCarroll
first_name: Steven A.
name: Steven A. McCarroll
affiliations: label: 2
institution: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 3
institution: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 5
institution: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School
country: USA
name: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115, USA
last_name: Sullivan
first_name: Patrick F.
name: Patrick F. Sullivan
affiliations: label: 4
institution: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet
country: Sweden
name: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
label: 16
institution: Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina
country: USA
name: 16 Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill,North Carolina 27599-7264 USA
last_name: Palotie
first_name: Aarno
name: Aarno Palotie
affiliations: label: 1
institution: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
country: USA
name: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston02114, MA, USA
label: 3
institution: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 6
institution: Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki
country: Finland
name: Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki , Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
last_name: Esko
first_name: Tõnu
name: Tõnu Esko
affiliations: label: 2
institution: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 9
institution: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu
name: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu , Tartu 51010, Estonia
last_name: Hultman
first_name: Christina
name: Christina Hultman
affiliations: label: 4
institution: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet
country: Sweden
name: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
last_name: Neale
first_name: Benjamin M.
name: Benjamin M. Neale
affiliations: label: 1
institution: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
country: USA
name: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston02114, MA, USA
label: 2
institution: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 3
institution: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
Affiliations: label: 1
institution: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
country: USA
name: Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston02114, MA, USA
label: 2
institution: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 3
institution: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
country: USA
name: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
label: 4
institution: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet
country: Sweden
name: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
label: 5
institution: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School
country: USA
name: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115, USA
label: 6
institution: Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki
country: Finland
name: Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki , Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
label: 7
institution: Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center,Massachusetts General Hospital
country: USA
name: Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center,Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA, 02114, USA
label: 8
institution: Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
country: USA
name: Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
label: 9
institution: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu
name: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu , Tartu 51010, Estonia
label: 10
institution: Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu
name: 10 Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu , Tartu 50409, Estonia
label: 11
institution: Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam
country: Netherlands
name: 11 Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
label: 12
institution: Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
country: USA
name: 12 Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA02139, USA
label: 13
institution: Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare
country: Finland
name: 13 Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
label: 14
institution: Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
country: USA
name: 14 Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, USA
label: 15
institution: Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
country: USA
name: 15 Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, USA
label: 16
institution: Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina
country: USA
name: 16 Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill,North Carolina 27599-7264 USA
Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Document type: preprint
Year: 2016