page_title: Zhonghua minzu
section_title: History
hierarchical_section_title: Zhonghua minzu / History
caption_attribution_description: Qing dynasty languages on a sign at the summer palace in fr:Résidence de montagne de Chengde; from left to right&#160;: Mongolian, Chagatai, Chinese, Tibetan, Manchu (丽正门 / 麗正門 / Lì zhèng mén / Gate of Beauty and Rightousness / Porte de la Beauté et de la Justice) or sometimes (大南门 / 大南門 / Dà nán mén / Greater south gate / Grande porte du Sud) - location&#160;: http://wikimapia.org/55817/cn/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%E9%96%80-%E9%BA%97%E6%AD%A3%E9%96%80-Greater-south-gate
context_page_description: Zhonghua minzu is a key political term in modern Chinese nationalism related to the concepts of nation-building, ethnicity, and race in the Chinese nationality.
  Zhonghua minzu was established during the early Republican and Nationalist periods to include Han Chinese people and four major non-Han ethnic groups: the Man, the Meng, the Hui, and the Zang, under the notion of a republic of five races advocated by Sun Yat Sen and the Chinese Nationalist Party.
  Zhonghua minzu was initially rejected in the People's Republic of China but resurrected after Mao Zedong's death to include the mainstream Han Chinese and 55 other ethnic groups as a huge Chinese family. Since the late 1980s, the most fundamental change of the PRC's nationalities and minorities policies is the renaming from "the Chinese People" to "the Chinese Nation", signalling a shift away from a multi-national communist people's statehood of China to one multi-ethnic Chinese nation state with one single Chinese national identity.
context_section_description: An older similar term would be Huaxia, but the immediate roots of the Zhonghua minzu lie in the Qing dynasty founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro in what is today Northeast China. The Qing Emperors sought to portray themselves as ideal Confucian rulers for the Han Chinese, Great Khans for the Mongols, and Chakravartin kings for Tibetan Buddhists.
  "Dulimbai Gurun" (Written ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ
  ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ) is the Manchu name for China, has the same meaning with the Chinese name "Zhongguo" (Written 中國, means "Middle Kingdom"). The Qing identified their state as "China" (Zhongguo), and referred to it as "Dulimbai Gurun" in Manchu. The Qing equated the lands of the Qing state, including present day Manchuria, Xinjiang, Mongolia, Tibet and other areas as "China" in both the Chinese and Manchu languages, defining China as a multi ethnic state, rejecting the idea that China only meant Han areas, proclaiming that both Han and non-Han peoples were part of "China", using "China" to refer to the Qing in official documents, international treaties, and foreign affairs, and the "Chinese language" (Dulimbai gurun i bithe) referred to Chinese, Manchu, and Mongol languages, and the term "Chinese people" (中國之人 Zhongguo zhi ren; ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ
  ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ‍ᡳ
  ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ Dulimbai gurun-i niyalma) referred to all Han, Manchus, and Mongol subjects of the Qing.
  When the Qing conquered Dzungaria in 1759, they proclaimed that the new land was absorbed into "China" (Dulimbai Gurun) in a Manchu language memorial. The Qing expounded on their ideology that they were bringing together the "outer" non-Han Chinese like the Inner Mongols, Eastern Mongols, Oirat Mongols, and Tibetans together with the "inner" Han Chinese, into "one family" united in the Qing state, showing that the diverse subjects of the Qing were all part of one family, the Qing used the phrase "Zhongwai yijia" (中外一家) or "neiwai yijia" (內外一家, "interior and exterior as one family"), to convey this idea of "unification" of the different peoples. A Manchu language version of a treaty with the Russian Empire concerning criminal jurisdiction over bandits called people from the Qing as "people of the Central Kingdom (Dulimbai Gurun)". In the Manchu official Tulisen's Manchu language account of his meeting with the Torghut Mongol leader Ayuki Khan, it was mentioned that while the Torghuts were unlike the Russians, the  "people of the Central Kingdom" (dulimba-i gurun 中國, Zhongguo) were like the Torghut Mongols, and the "people of the Central Kingdom" referred to the Manchus.
  Before the rise of nationalism people were generally loyal to the city-state, the feudal fief and its lord or, in the case of China, to the dynastic state. The French Revolution and subsequent developments in Europe paved the way for the modern nation-state and nationalism has become one of the most significant political and social forces in history. Nationalism spread in the early 19th century to central Europe and from there to eastern and southeastern Europe and in the early 20th century nationalism began to appear in China.
  While Qing rulers adopted the Han Chinese imperial model and considered their state as Zhongguo ("中國", the term for "China" in modern Chinese), and the name "China" was commonly used in international communications and treaties (such as the Treaty of Nanking), domestically however, some Chinese nationalists such as Sun Yat-sen initially described the Manchus as "foreign invaders" to be expelled, and planned to establish a Han nation-state modelled closely after Germany and Japan.  Fearing, however, that this restrictive view of the ethnic nation-state would result in the loss of large parts of imperial territory, Chinese nationalists discarded this concept. The abdication of the Qing emperor inevitably led to controversy about the status of territories in Tibet and Mongolia. While the emperor formally bequeathed all the Qing territories to the new republic, it was the position of Mongols and Tibetans that their allegiance had been to the Qing monarch; with the abdication of the Qing, they owed no allegiance to the new Chinese sta
caption: Lizheng gate(麗正門) in the Chengde Mountain Resort(避暑山莊). On the sign hanging over the gate there is written the letters used in the Qing Dynasty. From the left:  Mongolian script, Chagatai Arabic script, Chinese, Tibetan, and Manchurian.[9] These five languages are collectively referred to as "Chinese languages".
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