page_title: List of English inventions and discoveries
section_title: Geology and meteorology
hierarchical_section_title: List of English inventions and discoveries / Science / Geology and meteorology
caption_attribution_description: English: photogravure 128 mm x 171 mm
context_page_description: English inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques invented, innovated or discovered, partially or entirely, in England by a person from England. Often, things discovered for the first time are also called inventions and in many cases, there is no clear line between the two. Nonetheless, science and technology in England continued to develop rapidly in absolute terms. Furthermore, according to a Japanese research firm, over 40% of the world’s inventions and discoveries were made in the UK, followed by France with 24% of the world’s inventions and discoveries made in France and followed by the US with 20%.
  The following is a list of inventions, innovations or discoveries known or generally recognised to be English.
context_section_description: 1802: Nomenclature system for clouds developed by meteorology pioneer Luke Howard (1772–1864).
  1815: First geological map of Great Britain created by William Smith (1769–1839); Smith is responsible, as well, for the observation that fossils can be used to work out the relative ages of rocks and strata (Principle of Faunal Succession).
  1820: The dew-point hygrometer, an instrument used for measuring the moisture content in the atmosphere, invented by John Frederic Daniell (1790–1845).
  1820s: Scientific study of dinosaurs initiated by Gideon Mantell (1790–1852).
  1861: First weather map created by Francis Galton (1822–1911).
  1880: The Seismograph, for detecting and measuring the strength of earthquakes, invented by John Milne (1850–1913).
  1911 onwards: Geochronology pioneered by Arthur Holmes (1890–1965).
  1938–1964: The Callendar effect, a theory linking rising carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere to global temperature (Global warming), proposed by Guy Stewart Callendar (1898–1964).
caption: Karl Pearson's Grammar of Science (1892) influenced the young Einstein
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