page_title: Linaria vulgaris
section_title: Ecology
hierarchical_section_title: Linaria vulgaris / Ecology
caption_attribution_description: Eesti: Aedkimalane (Bombus hortorum) hariliku käokannuse (Linaria vulgaris) õiel. Valingu, Loode-Eesti. English: Garden bumblebee (Bombus hortorum) on the common toadflax (Linaria vulgaris). Valingu, Northwestern Estonia.
context_page_description: Linaria vulgaris is a species of toadflax, native from Europe to Siberia and Central Asia. It has also been introduced and is now common in North America.
context_section_description: The plant is widespread on ruderal spots, along roads, in dunes, and on disturbed and cultivated land.
  Because the flower is largely closed by its underlip, pollination requires strong insects such as bees and bumblebees (Bombus species).
  The plant is food plant for a large number of insects such as the sweet gale moth (Acronicta euphorbiae), mouse moth (Amphipyra tragopoginis), silver Y (Autographa gamma), Calophasia lunula, gorgone checkerspot (Charidryas gorgone carlota), toadflax pug (Eupithecia linariata), satyr pug (Eupithecia satyrata), Falseuncaria ruficiliana, bog fritillary (Boloria eunomia), Pyrrhia umbra, brown rustic (Rusina ferruginea), and Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla.
  It may be mildly toxic to livestock.
caption: Pollination by garden bumblebee
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