page_title: George Wald
section_title: Research
hierarchical_section_title: George Wald / Research
context_page_description: George Wald was an American scientist who studied pigments in the retina. He won a share of the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Haldan Keffer Hartline and Ragnar Granit.
context_section_description: As a postdoctoral researcher, Wald discovered that vitamin A was a component of the retina.  His further experiments showed that when the pigment rhodopsin was exposed to light, it yielded the protein opsin and a compound containing vitamin A.  This suggested that vitamin A was essential in retinal function.
  In the 1950s, Wald and his colleagues used chemical methods to extract pigments from the retina.  Then, using a spectrophotometer, they were able to measure the light absorbance of the pigments.  Since the absorbance of light by retina pigments corresponds to the wavelengths that best activate photoreceptor cells, this experiment showed the wavelengths that the eye could best detect.  However, since rod cells make up most of the retina, what Wald and his colleagues were specifically measuring was the absorbance of rhodopsin, the main photopigment in rods. Later, with a technique called microspectrophotometry, he was able to measure the absorbance directly from cells, rather than from an extract of the pigments. This allowed Wald to determine the absorbance of pigments in the cone cells (Goldstein, 2001).
caption: Wald plotted the absorbance of rod pigment (black curve), then later the absorbance of cone pigments (red, green, and blue curves)