page_title: Literature of al-Andalus
section_title: Nasrid period (1238-1492)
hierarchical_section_title: Literature of al-Andalus / Nasrid period (1238-1492)
caption_attribution_description: The Three Chairs
context_page_description: The literature of al-Andalus, also known as Andalusi literature, was produced in Al-Andalus, or Islamic Iberia, from the Muslim conquest in 711 to either the Catholic conquest of Granada in 1492 or the Expulsion of the Moors ending in 1614. Andalusi literature was written primarily in Arabic, but also in Hebrew, Judeo-Arabic, Aljamiado, and Mozarabic.
  Abdellah Hilaat's World Literature Encyclopedia divides the history of Al-Andalus into two periods: the period of expansion, starting with the conquest of Hispania up to the first Taifa period, and the period of recession in which Al-Andalus was ruled by two major African empires: the Almoravid and the Almohad.
context_section_description: According to Salah Jarrar, the "bulk of [literature in the Nasrid period] dealt and was closely involved with the political life of the state. The conflict between the last Muslim state in Spain and the Spanish states seems to have dominated every aspect of life in Granada."
  The polymath and statesman Lisān ad-Dīn Ibn al-Khatīb is regarded as one of the most significant writers of the Nasrid period, covering subject such as "history, biography, the art of government, politics, geography, poetics, theology, fiqh, Sufism, grammar, medicine, veterinary medicine, agriculture, music, and falconry." The last of the poets of al-Andalus before the fall of Granada was Ibn Zamrak.
  As for prose, which began in al-Andalus with Ibn Shahid and Ibn Hazm, it quickly leaned toward replicating the prose of the Mashreq. Siraj al-Muluk by Abu Bakr al-Turtushi, as well as the Al-Balawi Encyclopedia and the list of maqamat that replicated those of Al-Hariri of Basra, such as those of Ahmed bin Abd el-Mu'min of Jerez (1222). The Almohads encouraged religious and scientific composition: in the religious sciences, Ibn Essam (1426) wrote at-Tuhfa (تحفة الحكام في نكت العقود والأحكام) and Ibn as-Sayid of Badajoz wrote about language. The works of some writers, such as the grammarian Ibn Malik and Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati, reached the Mashreq and had an influence there.
caption: The Court of the Myrtles of the Alhambra featured 11 qasā'id by Ibn Zamrak, 8 of which remain.[3]
exif: {"Image Make": "Canon", "Image Model": "Canon EOS 5D", "Image Orientation": "Horizontal (normal)", "Image XResolution": "72", "Image YResolution": "72", "Image ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Image Software": "QuickTime 7.6.3", "Image DateTime": "2009:12:31 03:44:40", "Image HostComputer": "Mac OS X 10.6.2", "Image ExifOffset": "221", "EXIF ExposureTime": "1/125", "EXIF FNumber": "28/5", "EXIF ExposureProgram": "Unidentified", "EXIF ISOSpeedRatings": "400", "EXIF ExifVersion": "0220", "EXIF DateTimeOriginal": "2009:12:27 18:12:39", "EXIF DateTimeDigitized": "2009:12:27 18:12:39", "EXIF ShutterSpeedValue": "7", "EXIF ApertureValue": "5", "EXIF ExposureBiasValue": "0", "EXIF MeteringMode": "Pattern", "EXIF Flash": "Flash did not fire, compulsory flash mode", "EXIF FocalLength": "16", "EXIF FlashPixVersion": "0100", "EXIF ColorSpace": "sRGB", "EXIF ExifImageWidth": "1024", "EXIF ExifImageLength": "683", "EXIF FocalPlaneXResolution": "83347/27", "EXIF FocalPlaneYResolution": "136017/44", "EXIF FocalPlaneResolutionUnit": "2", "EXIF CustomRendered": "Normal", "EXIF ExposureMode": "Auto Exposure", "EXIF WhiteBalance": "Auto", "EXIF SceneCaptureType": "Standard"}