page_title: History of books
section_title: List of notable printing milestones
hierarchical_section_title: History of books / Printing press / List of notable printing milestones
caption_attribution_description: English: Jikji or "Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters", published in 1377, Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty. It is the earliest known book printed with movable metal type. 한국어: 백운화상초록불조직지심체요절(白雲和尙抄錄佛祖直指心體要節, 간단히 불조직지심체요절, 직지심체요절, 직지)은 백운화상 경한이 선(禪)의 요체를 깨닫는 데에 필요한 내용을 뽑아 1372년에 펴낸 불교 서적으로, 상·하권으로 이루어져 있다. 원나라에서 받아온 불조직지심체요절의 내용을 대폭 늘려 상·하 2권으로 엮은 것이다. 전 세계에 남아 있는 금속 활자로 인쇄된 책 중에서 가장 오래된 것으로, 2001년 9월 4일 《승정원일기》와 함께 유네스코 세계기록유산에 등재되었다. 현존하는 것은 하권 1책 뿐인데, 1900년대 말 콜랭 드 프랑시 주한 프랑스 공사가 프랑스로 가지고 갔으며 현재 프랑스 국립도서관에 소장되어 있다. 이는 독일 구텐베르크의 활자보다 78년 이상 앞서 편찬되었다.
context_page_description: The history of the books became an acknowledged academic discipline in the 1980s, Contributors to the discipline include specialists from the fields of textual scholarship, codicology, bibliography, philology, palaeography, art history, social history and cultural history. Its key purpose is to demonstrate that the book as an object, not just the text contained within it, is a conduit of interaction between readers and words.
  Prior to the evolution of the printing press, made famous by the Gutenberg Bible, each text was a unique hand crafted article, personalized through the design features incorporated by the scribe, owner, bookbinder and illustrator. Analysis of each component part of the book reveals its purpose, where and how it was kept, who read it, ideological and religious beliefs of the period and whether readers interacted with the text within. Even a lack of evidence of this nature leaves valuable clues about the nature of that particular book.
context_section_description: 1377: Jikji is known to be the first printed book using movable metal print technology by Koryo (Korea). Jikji is abbreviated title of a Korean Buddhist document, Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters.
  1455: The Gutenberg Bible (in Latin) was the first book printed in Europe with movable metal type, by Johannes Gutenberg.
  1461: Der Ackermann aus Böhmen printed by Albrecht Pfister, the first printed book in German, and also the first book illustrated with woodcuts.
  1470: Il Canzoniere by Francesco Petrarca, the first book printed in the Italian language.
  1472: Sinodal de Aguilafuente was the first book printed in Spain (at Segovia) and in the Spanish language.
  1473: Chronica Hungarorum was the first book printed in Hungary. It was printed by Andreas Hess in Buda.
  1474: Obres e trobes en llaor de la Verge Santa Maria was the first book printed in the Valencian language, at Valencia.
  c. 1475: Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye was the first book printed in the English language.
  1476:  La légende dorée printed by Guillaume LeRoy, the first book printed in the French language.
  1476: Aristotle's De Animalibus, the first printed compilation of works on biology, (translated from the Greek) was printed in Venice, the basis of medical education for 1600 years prior: not to be confused with Albertus Magnus's version, translated from Arabic by Michael Scot.
  1476: Grammatica Graeca, sive compendium octo orationis partium, probably the first book entirely in Greek, by Constantine Lascaris.
  1477: The first printed edition of Geographia by Ptolemy, probably in 1477 in Bologna, was also the first printed book with engraved illustrations.
  1477: The Delft Bible, the first book printed in the Dutch language.
  1482: Euclid's Elements the first printed version (by Erhard Ratdolt), was the basis of mathematical education for 1600 years prior.
  1483: Misal po zakonu rimskoga dvora, the first book printed in the Croatian language and in Glagolitic alphabet.
  1485: De Re Aedificatoria, the first printed book on architecture
  1487: "Pentateuco", the first book printed in Portugal, in Hebraic language, by the Jew Samuel Gacon in Vila-a-Dentro, Faro.
  1494: Oktoih was the first printed Slavic Cyrillic book.
  1495: The first printed book in the Danish language.
  1495: The first printed book in the Swedish language.
  1497: "Constituições que fez o Senhor Dom Diogo de Sousa, Bispo do Porto", first book printed in the Portuguese language, by the first Portuguese printer, Rodrigo Álvares, in Porto, on January the 4th.
  1499: Catholicon, Breton-French-Latin dictionary, first printed trilingual dictionary, first Breton book, first French dictionary
  1501: Harmonice Musices Odhecaton, printed by Ottaviano Petrucci, is the first book of sheet music printed from movable type.
  1501: Aldus Manutius printed the first portable octavos, also inventing and using italic type; the series began with Virgil and Horace.
  1508: Chepman and Myllar printed the first books in Scotland.
  1511: Hieromonk Makarije printed the first books in Wallachia (in Slavonic)
  1512: Hakob Meghapart printed the first book in Armenian – Urbatagirk.
  1513: Hortulus Animae, polonice believed to be the first book printed in the Polish language.
  1516: A reprint of the Lisbon edition of the Sefer Aburdraham is printed in Morocco, the first book printed in Africa.
  1517: Psalter, first book printed in the Old Belarusian language by Francysk Skaryna on 6 August 1517
  1539: La escala espiritual de San Juan Clímaco, first book printed in North America – Mexico
  1541: Bovo-Bukh was the first non-religious book to be printed in Yiddish
  1544: Rucouskiria by Mikael Agricola, the first book printed in the Finnish language.
  1545: Linguae Vasconum Primitiae was the first book printed in Basque
  1547: Martynas Mažvydas compiled and published the first printed Lithuanian book The Simple Words of Catechism
  1550: Catechismus by Primož Trubar was the first book written in the Slovene language.
  1561: The first printed books in the Romanian language, Tetraevanghelul and Întrebare creştinească (also known as Catehis
caption: Jikji, Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters, the earliest known book printed with movable metal type, 1377. Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.
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