page_title: Imitation (music)
section_title: Examples in Classical Music
hierarchical_section_title: Imitation (music) / Examples in Classical Music
caption_attribution_description: English: Mozart Minuet from Trio K498, bars 76-86
context_page_description: In music, imitation is the repetition of a melody in a polyphonic texture shortly after its first appearance in a different voice. The melody may vary through transposition, inversion, or otherwise, but retain its original character. The intervals and rhythms of an imitation may be exact or modified; imitation occurs at varying distances relative to the first occurrence, and phrases may begin with voices in imitation before they freely go their own ways.
  Imitation helps provide unity to a composition and is used in forms such as the fugue and canon.
  The near universality of imitation in polyphonic styles in Western music is evidence enough of its paradoxical value in asserting the individuality of voices.
context_section_description: Imitation featured in both instrumental and vocal music of the Renaissance.  In the following passage from a Ricercar by Andrea Gabrieli, the instruments at first imitate at a distance of two beats.  Towards the end of the episode, bars 11–12, the imitation becomes closer, at a distance of only one beat:
  
  The fugues of J.S.Bach contain a variety of examples of imitation.  The fugue in Bb minor BWV 867, from Book 1 of the Well-tempered Clavier opens with a subject that is imitated at the interval of a fifth higher and at a distance of four beats:
  
  Later, the theme is imitated through all five parts at the distance of just one beat:
  This type of closely followed imitation is characteristic of fugues as they build towards a conclusion.  It is known as stretto.
  
  In the minuet of Mozart's Kegelstatt Trio K498, there are intricate passages that gain in interest and coherence through use of imitation.  Starting at bar 76, the clarinet is followed at a distance of three beats by the viola, then by the piano's right hand and finally, the left.  In bars 84-6, the piano creates an even closer chromatic weave, where the imitation is at the distance of only one beat:
  
  A more straightforward example of close imitation occurs later in the same movement at bars 94–100.  This is the linking passage that heralds the return of the opening of the Minuet.  The clarinet plays a sustained pedal note while the three lines played by the viola and the pianist's two hands express a single harmony, the dominant seventh (F7), to prepare for the return of the minuet in the key of B flat major, the tonic key:
  The whole movement can be heard on:
caption: Mozart Minuet from Trio K498, bars 76–86
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