page_title: APEC China 2001
section_title: Legacy
hierarchical_section_title: APEC China 2001 / Legacy
caption_attribution_description: English: SHANGHAI. Chinese President Jiang Zemin announcing a final declaration of the APEC economic leaders.Русский: ШАНХАЙ. Оглашение итоговой декларации лидеров экономик АТЭС Председателем КНР Цзян Цзэминем.
context_page_description: APEC China 2001 was a series of economic and political meetings between the 21 member states of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum held in the People's Republic of China during 2001. Various meetings were held across the country, with leaders from all the member countries meeting 20–21 October 2001 in Shanghai.
context_section_description: The leaders agreed that, despite the sound fundamentals of their economies, the impact of the attacks on an already weak short-term outlook meant that they should "act quickly and decisively to stabilize markets, boost global demand, and facilitate an early pick-up in global economic activity". The Shanghai Accord iterated the group's support for the 1994 Bogor Goals of reducing tariffs between one another to zero by the year 2020. The importance of China to such action—at the time, it was the only country in the Asia-Pacific region experiencing rapid economic growth—led to renewed support for its impending ascension to full membership in the World Trade Organization and prompted calls to "work together to fight against protectionism in all forms". Some smaller states like Malaysia had expressed discontent in Shanghai with how globalization placed the rich "firmly in control". US trade representative Robert Zoellick praised China for its efforts at APEC and the following months for pushing such member economies to join the Doha round of trade negotiations.
  In light of the growing importance of the internet, the leaders also agreed to take steps—including two programs arranged at the earlier ministerial meetings—to expand digital penetration to all members, with the aim of reducing the "digital divide" between more and less developed states.
  The APEC leaders issued a separate counter-terrorism statement, committing to "prevent and suppress all forms of terrorist acts in the future", including enacting regulations and legislation to prevent terrorist funding. Bush spoke of the fight against terrorism as "the urgent task of our time", claiming "there is no isolation from evil" and "every nation must oppose this enemy or turn into its target". He used the conferences, particularly his centerpiece address, as an opportunity to enlist the support of Asian political and business leaders for counterterrorism and his nascent war in Afghanistan, as well as economic recovery from the attacks. Some efforts were weakened by resistance from APEC's three majority Muslim states, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei. Chinese officials also initially attempted to maintain the summit's economic focus before yielding to American concerns. In the end, both Jiang and Putin spoke strongly about the need to "unswervingly oppose... terrorism in any form, whenever and wherever it occurs and who[m]ever it targets", while particularly connecting such opposition to Russia's ongoing Chechnyan Conflict and China's issues tamping down Uyghur separatism, both of which had drawn some international complaints. Rather than considering these cases separately, Jiang advocated "a unanimous attitude and a sole standard should be adopted in fighting terrorism and... all forms of terrorism should be opposed and crushed". At the same time, Jiang emphasized that reprisals against terrorism—such as that beginning to be untaken by the United States—should be undertaken within UN guidelines and frameworks. In the months following APEC, the United Nations Security Council would unanimously pass Resolutions 1377 (concerning international counterterrorism); 1378 and 1383 (condemning the existing government of Afghanistan and envisioning its future replacement under UN auspices); and 1386 (authorizing the International Security Assistance Force to assist the US military in the removal of the existing Afghani government).
  The Leaders' Family Photo—an annual "silly shirt" ritual where world leaders don traditional outfits presented by their host—presented a quandary to Chinese officials, since the available options of representative clothing were by turns too revolutionary (Mao suits), too imperialist (Qing changshan and qipao), too archaic (earlier Hanfu), or too international (business suits). In lieu of selecting any of these, Jiang presented world leaders with the "tang suit" or tangzhuang, an "ambiguously traditional" silk jacket with a Mandarin collar and knotted buttons that employed western sartorial techniques like draping, darts, set-in sleeves, and shoulder pads to c
caption: Jiang Zemin reading the 2001 Leaders' Declaration before the other assembled heads of state, all dressed in tang jackets.
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