page_title: Francesco Laparelli
section_title: Malta
hierarchical_section_title: Francesco Laparelli / Malta
caption_attribution_description: English: St. James Cavalier at Triq Girolamo Cassar in Valletta, Malta
context_page_description: Francesco Laparelli da Cortona was an Italian architect. He was an assistant of Michelangelo, and later was sent by the Pope to supervise the construction of Valletta in Malta.
context_section_description: The four-month Great Siege of Malta was lifted in September 1565, but the island was ruined. 
  The Grand Master Jean Parisot de la Valette determined to rebuild, choosing the high ground of Mount Sciberras as the site for the new fortress.  
  Francesco Laparelli was commissioned to undertake construction.
  He was sent to Malta by Pope Pius V, who also provided money for the reconstruction.
  Laparelli arrived on the island in December 1565 and gave his first report to the knights on 3 January 1566.
  He said that the fortications at Birgu, Senglea and St. Elmo had suffered so badly that four thousand laborers working 24 hours a day would be needed to make basic repairs.  Instead, he recommended the quicker and cheaper approach of building a new fortification on Mount Sciberras.
  In a report of 13 January 1566 Laparelli made a more forceful case for the new city, saying that 12,000 foot and 200 horse would be needed to hold the island without it, but only 5,000 foot if it were built. The knights sent messages to the European courts in which threatened to leave Malta if they were not helped by money and troops. On 14 March 1566, after receiving pledges from Spain and others, they decided to proceed.
  Laparelli laid out the town plan based on a grid pattern to allow sea breezes to flow through the city more easily in the summer, and designed the drainage system.  He specified that ramparts were to surround the city, and Fort Saint Elmo was to be rebuilt at the tip of the Scebarras peninsula. 
  The foundation stone of the new city of Valletta was laid in March 1566.Philip II of Spain sent Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino to check the design of the fortifications. 
  Giacomo Bosio has recorded the discourse between el Fratino and Laparelli that took place early in April 1566.
  The final proposal, published on 18 June 1566, was for a fortified city that extended up the peninsula to Fort Saint Elmo, with four bastions and two cavaliers guarding the landward side.  In 1567 the plan was refined to cover making the landward ditch deeper and constructing cisterns, storerooms, magazines and other essential buildings.
  Laparelli left Malta in 1569 to help in the naval war of the papacy against the Turks.
  Construction of the main buildings had not yet begun.
  Before he was able to return, he died in 1570 at the age of 49 in Crete from the plague. The building of Valletta was continued by his Maltese assistant, Girolamo Cassar.
caption: Saint James Cavalier, part of the fortifications of Valletta that retains Laparelli's design.
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