page_title: Total inorganic carbon
section_title: Marine carbon
hierarchical_section_title: Total inorganic carbon / Marine carbon
context_page_description: Total inorganic carbon is the sum of inorganic carbon species.
  Carbon compounds can be distinguished as either organic or inorganic, and dissolved or particulate, depending on their composition. Organic carbon forms the backbone of key component of organic compounds such as – proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Inorganic carbon is found primarily in simple compounds such as carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate, and carbonate.
context_section_description: Marine carbon is further separated into particulate and dissolved phases. These pools are operationally defined by physical separation – dissolved carbon passes through a 0.2 μm filter, and particulate carbon does not.
  There are two main types of inorganic carbon that are found in the oceans: 
  Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is made up of bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), carbonate (CO₃²⁻) and carbon dioxide (including both dissolved CO₂ and carbonic acid H₂CO₃).  DIC can be converted to particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) through precipitation of CaCO₃ (biologically or abiotically). DIC can also be converted to particulate organic carbon (POC) through photosynthesis and chemoautotrophy (i.e. primary production). DIC increases with depth as organic carbon particles sink and are respired. Free oxygen decreases as DIC increases because oxygen is consumed during aerobic respiration.
  Particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) is the other form of inorganic carbon found in the ocean. Most PIC is the CaCO₃ that makes up shells of various marine organisms, but can also form in whiting events. Marine fish also excrete calcium carbonate during osmoregulation.
  Some of the inorganic carbon species in the ocean, such as bicarbonate and carbonate, are major contributors to alkalinity, a natural ocean buffer that prevents drastic changes in acidity (or pH). The marine carbon cycle also affects the reaction and dissolution rates of some chemical compounds, regulates the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and Earth's temperature.
caption: Relationship between carbon types