page_title: Baalbek
section_title: Middle Ages
hierarchical_section_title: Baalbek / History / Middle Ages
caption_attribution_description: Русский: Американская колония в Иерусалиме была основана в 1881 году и представляла собой утопическую христианскую общину, организованную Анной и Горацио Спаффорд из Чикаго. Помимо своей основной религиозной цели воссоздания общины и духовных практик ранних христиан, община занималась гуманитарной деятельностью, и особенно активно в трудные годы Первой мировой войны. Отдел фотографий американской колонии был основан в 1898 году, когда община приобрела фотоаппарат для создания фотографий во время визита в Иерусалим кайзера Германии Вильгельма II. С течением времени архивы колонии становились все более обширными, в них хранились тысячи фотографий Ближнего Востока, в том числе важные снимки, сделанные в годы войны в Палестине. Одним из фотографов американской колонии был Эрик Мэтсон, из архивов которого была взята эта фотография. На этой фотографии изображена стена с выбоинами от снарядов знаменитого археологического объекта Баальбек в восточной Ливии. Баальбек являлся важным религиозным центром, который во времена Римской империи был известен под названием Гелиополис. В 1984 году Баальбек был включен в список Всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО. Археологические объекты; Мечети Français&#160;: La Colonie Américaine a été fondée à Jérusalem en 1881 en tant que communauté chrétienne utopique par Anna et Horatio Spafford, originaires de Chicago. Outre son objectif religieux en faveur d'une émulation des pratiques et de l'esprit des premiers chrétiens, la communauté s'est engagée dans le secours humanitaire, notamment pendant les années difficiles de la Première Guerre mondiale Le département photographique de la Colonie Américaine garde la trace de ses débuts avec l'achat en&#160; 1898 d'un appareil photographique acquis&#160;pour documenter une visite à Jérusalem du Kaiser Allemand Wilhelm II. Au fil des ans, les archives de la colonie ont augmenté pour inclure des milliers de photos du Moyen-Orient, y compris d'importantes images des années de guerre en Palestine. Parmi les photographes de la colonie&#160;:&#160;Eric Matson, cette image étant tirée de ses archives. Cette photographie montre un mur en colonnade du site archéologique fameux de Baalbek, à l'est du Liban. Baalbek était un important centre religieux connu sous le nom de Héliopolis à l'époque de l'Empire Romain. Elle a été inscrite comme site du Patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO en 1984. Sites archéologiques; Mosquées English: The American Colony in Jerusalem was founded in 1881 as a Christian utopian community by Chicago natives Anna and Horatio Spafford. In addition to pursuing its religious goal of emulating the spirit and practices of the early Christians, the community engaged in humanitarian relief efforts, notably during the difficult years of World War I. The American Colony’s photographic department traced its beginnings to the community’s 1898 purchase of a camera to document a visit to Jerusalem of the German Kaiser, Wilhelm II. Over the years, the colony’s archives grew to include thousands of photographs of the Middle East, including important images of the war years in Palestine. Among the colony’s photographers was Eric Matson, from whose archives this item is drawn. This photograph depicts a colonnaded wall from the noted archaeological site of Baalbek in eastern Lebanon. Baalbek was an important religious center known as Heliopolis in the Roman Imperial period. It was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984. Archaeological sites; Mosques 中文: 1881 年，芝加哥人安娜和霍雷肖·斯帕福德将在耶路撒冷的美国殖民地建为一个基督教乌托邦社区。 除了追寻早期基督徒的精神与做法的宗教目的，该社区还从事人道主义救济工作，特别是在一战期间的艰难岁月。 美国殖民地摄影部的起源，可以追溯到该社区在 1898 年购买一台照相机，记录了德国皇帝威廉二世对耶路撒冷的访问。 多年来，该殖民地的档案不断增加，包括数以千计的中东照片，其中包括在巴勒斯坦战争年代的重要图片。 殖民地摄影师中包括埃里克•马特森，本作品即出自该摄影师之手。 这张照片拍摄的是黎巴嫩东部著名的巴勒贝克考古遗址的列柱墙。 巴勒贝克是重要的宗教中心，在罗马帝国时期被称为赫利奥波利斯。 1984 年入选联合国教科文组织的世界遗产。 考古遗址; 清真寺 Português: A Colonia Americana em Jerusalém foi fundada, em 1881, pelo casal de Chicago, Anna e Horatio Spaford, como uma comunidade cristã utópica. Além de perseguir seu objetivo religioso de emular o espírito&#160;e as práticas dos primeiros cristãos, a comunidade se envolveu nos esforços de ajuda humanitária, especialmente durante os difíceis anos da Primeira Guerra Mundial. O departamento&#160;fotográfico da Colônia Americana&#160;identificou suas origens na aquisição, feita&#160;pela comunidade em 1898, de uma câmera para documentar a visita do Kaiser alemão Wilhelm II a Jerusalém. Ao longo dos anos, os arquivos da colônia cresceu, a ponto de&#160;incluir milhares de fotografias do Oriente Médio, inclusive importantes imagens dos anos de guerra na Palestina. Entre os fotógrafos da colônia&#160;estava Eric Matson, de cujos arquivos&#160;este item foi retirado. Esta fotografia mostra uma parede, ladeada por colunas, do importante sítio arqueológico de Baalbek, no Líbano Oriental. Baalbek foi um importante centro religioso, conhecido como Heliopolis, no período do Império Romano. Foi nomeado Patrimônio Histórico Mundial pela Unesco em 1984. Sítios arqueológicos; Mesquitas العربية: أسس المستعمرة الأمريكية في القدس في عام 1881 كمجوعة مسيحية مثالية كل من أنا وهوراشيو سبافورد، وهما من سكان شيكاغو. وبالإضافة إلى انغماسها في متابعة تحقيق هدفها الديني المتمثل في محاكاة روح وممارسات&#160; المسيحيين الأوائل، انخرطت المجموعة في جهود الإغاثة الإنسانية، لاسيما خلال السنوات الصعبة للحرب العالمية الأولى. يعود تاريخ بداية قسم التصوير في المستعمرة الأمريكية إلى عام 1898عندما اشترت المجموعة آلة تصوير لتوثيق زيارة قيصر ألمانيا ولهلم الثاني إلى القدس. وقد نمت محفوظات&#160; المستعمرة على مر السنين لتشمل الآلاف من الصور الفوتوغرافية للشرق الأوسط، بما فيها صور هامة لسنوات الحرب في فلسطين. وكان من بين مصوري المستعمرة اريك ماتسون الذي أُخذت هذه المادة من أرشيفه. تظهر هذه الصورة يصور جدار بأعمدة من الموقع الأثري الشهير بعلبك في شرق لبنان. وكانت بعلبك مركزا دينيا هاما معروفا باسم هليوبوليس في فترة الإمبراطورية الرومانية. وقد سمتها اليونسكو موقعا للتراث العالمي في عام 1984. المواقع الأثرية; المساجد Español: La Colonia Americana de Jerusalén se fundó en 1881, de mano de Anna y Horatio Spafford, nativos de Chicago, como una comunidad cristiana utópica. Además de perseguir su objetivo religioso de emular las prácticas y el espíritu de los primeros cristianos, la comunidad se involucró en esfuerzos de ayuda humanitaria, especialmente durante los difíciles años de la Primera Guerra Mundial. El departamento fotográfico de la Colonia Americana tuvo su origen en 1898 cuando la comunidad compró una cámara para documentar una visita a Jerusalén del káiser alemán, Guillermo II. Con el trascurso de los años, los archivos de la colonia crecieron con miles de fotografías de Oriente Medio, incluyendo importantes imágenes de los años de la guerra en Palestina. Entre los fotógrafos de la colonia se encontraba Eric Matson, a cuyos archivos pertenece este artículo. Esta fotografía muestra un muro con columnata del famoso yacimiento arqueológico de Baalbek en el Líbano oriental. Baalbek fue un importante centro religioso, conocido como Heliópolis en la época del Imperio Romano. Fue fue nombrada Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO en 1984. Sitios arqueológicos; Mezquitas
context_page_description: Baalbek is a city located east of the Litani River in Lebanon's Beqaa Valley, about 67 km northeast of Beirut. It is the capital of Baalbek-Hermel Governorate. In Greek and Roman times Baalbek was also known as Heliopolis. In 1998 Baalbek had a population of 82,608, mostly Shia Muslims, followed by Sunni Muslims and Christians.
  It is home to the Baalbek temple complex which includes two of the largest and grandest Roman temple ruins: the Temple of Bacchus and the Temple of Jupiter. It was inscribed in 1984 as an UNESCO World Heritage site.
context_section_description: Baalbek was occupied by the Muslim army in AD 634 (AH 13), in 636, or under Abu ʿUbaidah following the Byzantine defeat at Yarmouk in 637 (AH 16), either peacefully and by agreement or following a heroic defense and yielding 2,000 oz (57 kg) of gold, 4,000 oz (110 kg) of silver, 2000 silk vests, and 1000 swords. The ruined temple complex was fortified under the name al-Qala‘ (lit. "The Fortress") but was sacked with great violence by the Damascene caliph Marwan II in 748, at which time it was dismantled and largely depopulated. It formed part of the district of Damascus under the Umayyads and Abbasids before being conquered by Fatimid Egypt in 942. In the mid-10th century, it was said to have "gates of palaces sculptured in marble and lofty columns also of marble" and that it was the most "stupendous" and "considerable" location in the whole of Syria. It was sacked and razed by the Byzantines under John I in 974, raided by Basil II in 1000, and occupied by Salih ibn Mirdas, emir of Aleppo, in 1025.
  In 1075, it was finally lost to the Fatimids on its conquest by Tutush I, Seljuk emir of Damascus. It was briefly held by Muslim ibn Quraysh, emir of Aleppo, in 1083; after its recovery, it was ruled in the Seljuks' name by the eunuch Gümüshtegin until he was deposed for conspiring against the usurper Toghtekin in 1110. Toghtekin then gave the town to his son Buri. Upon Buri's succession to Damascus on his father's death in 1128, he granted the area to his son Muhammad. After Buri's murder, Muhammad successfully defended himself against the attacks of his brothers Ismaʿil and Mahmud and gave Baalbek to his vizier Unur. In July 1139, Zengi, atabeg of Aleppo and stepfather of Mahmud, besieged Baalbek with 14 catapults. The outer city held until October 10 and the citadel until the 21st, when Unur surrendered upon a promise of safe passage. In December, Zengi negotiated with Muhammad, offering to trade Baalbek or Homs for Damascus, but Unur convinced the atabeg to refuse. Zengi strengthened its fortifications and bestowed the territory on his lieutenant Ayyub, father of Saladin. Upon Zengi's assassination in 1146, Ayyub surrendered the territory to Unur, who was acting as regent for Muhammad's son Abaq. It was granted to the eunuch Ata al-Khadim, who also served as viceroy of Damascus. 
  In December 1151, it was raided by the garrison of Banyas as a reprisal for its role in a Turcoman raid on Banyas. Following Ata's murder, his nephew Dahhak, emir of the Wadi al-Taym, ruled Baalbek. He was forced to relinquish it to Nur ad-Din in 1154 after Ayyub had successfully intrigued against Abaq from his estates near Baalbek. Ayyub then administered the area from Damascus on Nur ad-Din's behalf. In the mid-12th century, Idrisi mentioned Baalbek's two temples and the legend of their origin under Solomon; it was visited by the Jewish traveler Benjamin of Tudela in 1170.
  Baalbek's citadel served as a jail for Crusaders taken by the Zengids as prisoners of war. In 1171, these captives successfully overpowered their guards and took possession of the castle from its garrison. Muslims from the surrounding area gathered, however, and entered the castle through a secret passageway shown to them by a local. The Crusaders were then massacred.
  Three major earthquakes occurred in the 12th century, in 1139, 1157, and 1170. The one in 1170 ruined Baalbek's walls and, though Nur ad-Din repaired them, his young heir Ismaʿil was made to yield it to Saladin by a 4-month siege in 1174. Having taken control of Damascus on the invitation of its governor Ibn al-Muqaddam, Saladin rewarded him with the emirate of Baalbek following the Ayyubid victory at the Horns of Hama in 1175. Baldwin, the young leper king of Jerusalem, came of age the next year, ending the Crusaders' treaty with Saladin. His former regent, Raymond of Tripoli, raided the Beqaa Valley from the west in the summer, suffering a slight defeat at Ibn al-Muqaddam's hands. He was then joined by the main army, riding north under Baldwin and Humphrey of Toron; they defeated Saladin's elder brother Turan S
caption: The ruins of a Baalbek mosque c. 1900
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