page_title: Peace of Westphalia
section_title: Delegations
hierarchical_section_title: Peace of Westphalia / Delegations
caption_attribution_description: English: Sebastian Dadler Original Medal N.D. (1648), Christina of Sweden, Peace of Westphalia. Copper medallion d. = 55 mm. Christina, Queen of Sweden, 1632 - 1654 Portrait with feathered helmet r., curved at r.: "CHRISTINA"/ The Queen as Minerva standing l., holding an olive branch in her l. arm, and grasping the tree of knowledge with her r. hand. curved at l.: "REPERTRIX". Der Westfälische Frieden, Stadtmuseum Münster, Nr. 84. Kungliga Myntkabinette, Stockholm, Sweden (H1S 268.20) (Ag). Condition: Beautiful EXTREMELY FINE.
context_page_description: The Peace of Westphalia is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. They ended the Thirty Years' War and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire, closing a calamitous period of European history that killed approximately eight million people.
  The negotiation process was lengthy and complex. Talks took place in two cities, because each side wanted to meet on territory under its own control. A total of 109 delegations arrived to represent the belligerent states, but not all delegations were present at the same time. Three treaties were signed to end each of the overlapping wars: the Peace of Münster, the Treaty of Münster, and the Treaty of Osnabrück. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire, with the Habsburgs and their Catholic allies on one side, battling the Protestant powers allied with France, which was Catholic but strongly anti-Habsburg under king Louis XIV.
context_section_description: The peace negotiations had no exact beginning and ending, because the 109 delegations never met in a plenary session. Instead, various delegations arrived between 1643 and 1646 and left between 1647 and 1649. The largest number of diplomats were present between January 1646 and July 1647.
  Delegations had been sent by 16 European states, 66 Imperial States representing the interests of 140 Imperial States, and 27 interest groups representing 38 groups.
  The French delegation was headed by Henri II d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville and further comprised the diplomats Claude d'Avaux and Abel Servien.
  The Swedish delegation was headed by Count Johan Oxenstierna and was assisted by Baron Johan Adler Salvius.
  The Imperial delegation was headed by Count Maximilian von Trautmansdorff. His aides were:
  In Münster, Johann Ludwig von Nassau-Hadamar and Isaak Volmar.
  In Osnabrück, Johann Maximilian von Lamberg and Reichshofrat Johann Krane.
  Philip IV of Spain was represented by two delegations:
  The Spanish delegation was headed by Gaspar de Bracamonte y Guzmán, and notably included the diplomats and writers Diego de Saavedra Fajardo, and Bernardino de Rebolledo.
  The Franche Comté and the Spanish Netherlands were represented by Joseph de Bergaigne (who died before peace was concluded) and Antoine Brun.
  The papal nuncio in Cologne, Fabio Chigi, and the Venetian envoy Alvise Contarini acted as mediators.
  Various Imperial States of the Holy Roman Empire also sent delegations.
  Brandenburg sent several representatives, including Volmar.
  The Dutch Republic sent a delegation of six, including two delegates from the province of Holland (Adriaan Pauw) and Willem Ripperda from one of the other provinces; two provinces were absent.
  The Swiss Confederacy was represented by Johann Rudolf Wettstein.
caption: Sebastian Dadler undated medal (1648), Christina of Sweden, portrait with feathered helmet right. Obverse
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