page_title: Treaty of Badajoz (1801)
section_title: Background
hierarchical_section_title: Treaty of Badajoz (1801) / Background
context_page_description: The Treaty of Badajoz was signed by Spain and Portugal on 6 June 1801. Portugal ceded the border town of Olivença to Spain and closed its ports to British military and commercial shipping.
  On the same day, Portugal signed a separate Treaty of Badajoz with France, which Napoleon, then First Consul of France, refused to sign. An amended version was agreed in September 1801, which is known as the Treaty of Madrid; France received large parts of Portuguese South America in what is now Brazil plus a payment of 20 million francs.
context_section_description: For much of the 18th century, Spain and France were allies but after the execution of Louis XVI in 1793, it joined the War of the First Coalition against the French First Republic. After being defeated in the War of the Pyrenees, Spain left the Coalition and made peace with France by the 1795 Peace of Basel.
  Under Charles IV, government was controlled by Chief Minister Manuel Godoy, as the King spent most of his time hunting. Driven by Godoy, Spain agreed an alliance with France in the August 1796 Second Treaty of San Ildefonso and declared war on Britain, then engaged in the 1798-1802 War of the Second Coalition. 
  Portugal had also joined the First Coalition but unlike Spain did not make peace with France. It was in a difficult position; Napoleon demanded they support his economic blockade by closing their ports to British shipping  but their economy was dependent on trade with Brazil. These links could easily be cut by a hostile Royal Navy while Britain was also the main market for Portuguese agricultural products. Economic self-interest meant Portugal inclined towards Britain but needed support; between 1791-1801, the British government supplied money, supplies and a force of 6,000 soldiers under General Charles Stuart.
  Stuart captured the Spanish island of Menorca in 1798, previously occupied by Britain from 1708-1782 and whose recovery was the major achievement of Spain's participation in the 1778-1783 Anglo-French War. The loss undermined Godoy, who had been removed as Chief Minister in 1797 and promoted to Captain-General. 
  British troops were withdrawn from Portugal in early 1801; Godoy returned as Chief Minister and in May, Spain invaded Portugal in the War of the Oranges. The main focus was the siege of the Portuguese town Elvas but neither side pursued the war with much enthusiasm. When a French army corps entered North-Eastern Spain to 'support' their Spanish allies, the two quickly came to terms. 
  There was also limited action in South America where Spain and Portugal had been arguing for 300 years over the delineation of borders in the Río de la Plata region. These had been fixed by the First Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1777 and the 1778 Treaty of El Pardo but war in Europe gave both sides an excuse to improve their positions. A Spanish attempt to seize Mato Grosso in modern Brazil was repulsed while the Portuguese captured the Misiones Orientales, allocated to Spain in 1778. Although not referenced in the Treaty of Badajoz, this territory has been part of Brazil since independence from Portugal in 1822.
caption: Manuel Godoy ca 1805-1808 by Madrazo
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